NOVELTY - Affecting an intra-molecular cyclization, comprises: either contacting pyrazole compounds (I) or their salts or solvates with a catalyst comprising copper and at least one organic ligand, to form 1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline compounds (II) or their salts or solvates; or contacting pyrazole compounds (III) or their salts or solvates with a base, in the absence of a metal catalyst, to form 1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline compounds (IV).    USE - (II) and (IV) are useful in the treatment/prevention of cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. No biological data given.    ADVANTAGE - The process is scalable or large-scale process and cost-effective. The process provides (II) and (IV) in good yield and purity. The process: minimizes the number of isolation procedures, e.g. avoids chromatography steps; and reduces environmental impact (e.g. less solvents and reduced amount of metal catalysts). The process is more reliable and safer to perform (e.g. avoids diazotization steps).    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Affecting an intra-molecular cyclization, comprises: either contacting pyrazole compounds of formula (I) or their salts or solvates with a catalyst comprising copper and at least one organic ligand, to form 1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline compounds of formula (II) or their salts or solvates; or contacting pyrazole compounds of formula (III) or their salts or solvates with a base, in the absence of a metal catalyst, to form 1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline compounds of formula (IV).    n = 0-4;    N1, N2 = nitrogen atoms of a pyrazole ring;    X1 = F, Cl, Br, I, tosylate or mesylate;    R1 = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl (all optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents of T), CN, halo, OR4, SR4, NR4R5, C(O)R6, C(O)NR4R5, OC(O)NR4R5, C(O)OR4, NR7C(O)R6, NR7C(O)OR4, NR7C(O)NR4R5, NR7C(S)NR4R5, NR7S(O)2R6, S(O)2NR4R5, S(O)R6 or S(O)2R6;    r = 2-4;    m = 0-2, provided that the sum of m and r is not greater than 4;    X2 = F, Cl or Br;    T = 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 1-6C haloalkyl, 2- to 6-membered heteroalkyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, CN, halo, OR14, SR14, NR14R15, C(O)R16, C(O)NR14R15, OC(O)NR14R15, C(O)OR14, NR17C(O)R16, NR17C(O)OR14, NR17C(O)NR14R15, NR17C(S)NR14R15, NR17S(O)2R16, S(O)2NR14R15, S(O)R16 or S(O)2R16; either    R4, R5, R7 = H, acyl, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 2- to 6-membered heteroalkyl, aryl, 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, 3-8C cycloalkyl or 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl; or    NR4R5 = 5-7-membered heterocyclic ring;    R6 = acyl, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 2-6-membered heteroalkyl, aryl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, 3-8C cycloalkyl or 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl;    R2 = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (all optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents of T) or H;    R3 = amino protecting group covalently bonded to N1 or N2 of the pyrazole; and    Cy1 = aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl (all optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents of 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 1-6C haloalkyl, 2-6-membered heteroalkyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, CN, halo, OR14, SR14, NR14R15, C(O)R16, C(O)NR14R15, OC(O)NR14R15, C(O)OR14, NR17C(O)R16, NR17C(O)OR14, NR17C(O)NR14R15, NR17C(S)NR14R15, NR17S(O)2R16, S(O)2NR14R15, S(O)R16 or S(O)2R16); either    R14, R15, R17 = H, acyl, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C haloalkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 2-6-membered heteroalkyl, aryl, 5-6-membered heteroaryl, 3-8C cycloalkyl or 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl; or    NR14R15 = 5-7-membered heterocyclic ring; and    R16 = acyl, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 2-6-membered heteroalkyl, aryl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, 3-8C cycloalkyl or 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl.    INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for:    (1) process-1 for preparing pyrazole compounds of formula (XII) or their salts or solvates comprising contacting pyrazole compounds of formula (X) with a sulfinylimine compounds of formula (XI); and    (2) pyrazole compounds (Q) of formula (XX) and (XXII) or their salts or solvates.    M = Li or MgX;    X = halo; and    R10a = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl (all optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents of 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl, 1-6C haloalkyl, 2-6-membered heteroalkyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl, 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, CN, halo, OR14, SR14, NR14R15, C(O)R16, C(O)NR14R15, OC(O)NR14R15, C(O)OR14, NR17C(O)R16, NR17C(O)OR14, NR17C(O)NR14R15, NR17C(S)NR14R15, NR17S(O)2R16, S(O)2NR14R15, S(O)R16 or S(O)2R16).    In formula (XX), (XXII),    X1 = halo;    m = 0-3; and    R40 = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl (all optionally substituted by 1-5 substituents of R40), H, S(O)R10a or S(O)2Cy1.