TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gallium source material comprises at least one of a dissolved gallium metal and a dissolved Ga salt, where the gallium salt is gallium chloride, gallium sulfate, gallium sulfamate, gallium acetate, gallium carbonate, gallium nitrate, gallium perchlorate, gallium phosphate, gallium oxide or gallium hydroxide. The conductive surface is a copper layer formed over a base layer. The alkali metal salt is a lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt, rubidium salt, cesium salt, beryllium salt, magnesium salt, calcium salt, strontium salt or barium salt. The alkali earth metal salt is a beryllium salt, magnesium salt, calcium salt, strontium salt or barium salt. Preferred Method: The potential difference between the anode and conductive layer is established in a pulsing manner. The method further comprises: depositing an indium layer over the gallium layer; and reacting the copper, gallium and indium layers in presence of at least one of selenium and sulfur to form a copper indium gallium selenide (sulfide) solar cell absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrodeposition solution further comprises: a pH adjustment agent, where the solution has a pH value of 0-7; and an organic additive, where the organic additive is surfactant, suppressor, leveler or accelerator. The pH adjustment agent comprises at least one of an acid, an alkali metal salt of the acid and an alkali earth metal salt of the acid. The acid is sulfamic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, boric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, arsenic acid, benzoic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or amino acid. Preferred Components: A volume ratio of the organic solvent to water is 0.05-99, preferably 0.1-10. The organic solvent comprises a monohydroxy alcohol, which contains at least one of methanol, a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol and a tertiary alcohol. The primary alcohol is ethanol, 1-propanol, isobutanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol or 1-heptanol. The secondary alcohol is isopropyl alcohol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol or 2-hexanol. The tertiary alcohol is tert-butanol or tert-amyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.