TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The functional layer is: a charge transport layer (4) or both electron transport and photo generation layer; an electron transport layer; and a charge transport layer and where the device further comprises a charge generation layer between the electrode and the charge transport layer. The non-electroluminescent electronic device further comprises a counter electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole trap component has a HOMO greater than or equal to 0.4eV or greater than or equal to 0.5eV than the HOMO of the electron transport component. The concentration of the hole trap component in the functional material is 0.1-4 mol%. The functional material is a mixture comprising two or more compounds, one or more of which are electron transport compounds and one or more of which are hole trap compounds. The at least one of the electron transport compounds and the hole trap compounds monomeric or polymeric compounds; and at least the hole trap compounds monomeric or polymeric compounds. The functional material comprises a monomeric hole trap compound, which is substituted heteroaryl compounds of formula (R-(Ar1-Y1(Ar3)-Ar2)m-R) (I), substituted triphenyl-amine compounds of formula (II), substituted N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine compounds of formula (III) or substituted N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetraphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine compounds of formula (IV). The functional material comprises one or more electron transport compounds or the polymeric electron transport compound or copolymer comprises an electron transport unit comprising one or more moieties comprising anthracene, benzanthracene, ketone, imidazole, benzoimidazole, phenanthrene, dihydrophenanthrene, fluorene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, triazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, pyrene, perylene, phosphinoxide, phenazine, phenanthroline, triarylborane or their derivatives (all optionally substituted). The functional material is or comprises a copolymer comprising two or more different repeating units, one or more of which are electron transport units and one or more of which are hole trap units. The polymeric hole trap compound or copolymer comprises a hole trap unit of formula (-(Ar1-Y1(Ar3)-Ar2)m-) (V), substituted triphenyl-amine moiety of formula (VI), substituted N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine moiety of formula (VII) or substituted N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetraphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine moiety of formula (VIII). The polymeric electron transport compound or copolymer comprises one or more electron transport units substituted fused heterocyclic compounds of formula (IX), substituted anthracene compounds of formula (X) or substituted tricyclic compounds of formula (XI). The polymeric electron transport compound or copolymer is a copolymer of formula ((-(A2)x- -(B2)y- -(C2)v- -(D2)w- -(E2)z-)n) (XII). (I) is substituted aryl compounds of formulae (XIII)-(XVI). The functional material is a mixture comprising an electron transport copolymer of formula ((-(A2)x- -(C2)v- -(D2)w- -(E2)z-)n) (XVII).Y1 = N (preferred), P, P=O, PF2, P=S, As, As=O, As=S, Sb, Sb=O or Sb=S;Ar1 = mono nuclear or polynuclear (hetero)aryl (optionally substituted) or single bond;Ar2, Ar3 = mono nuclear or polynuclear (hetero)aryl (optionally substituted);m = 1-3;R = (hetero)aromatic (optionally substituted), H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, alkoxycarbonyl, silyl, carboxy group, halo, -CN, -NO2 or -OH;r = 0-4;s = 0-5;A1, B1, B1a = divalent group, preferably comprising -CR1R2-, -NR1-, -PR1-, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -CO-, -CS-, -CSe-, -P(=O)R1-, -P(=S)R1- or -SiR1R2-; eitherR1, R2 = silyl (optionally substituted), 1-40C (hydro)carbyl (optionally substituted and optionally contains one or more heteroatoms), H, halo, -CN, -NC, -NCO, -NCS, -OCN, -SCN, -C(=O)NR5R6, -C(=O)X, -C(=O)R5, -NH2, -NR5R6-, -SH, -SR5, -SO3H, -SO2R5, -OH, -NO2, -CF3, -SF5; orR1R2+fluorine moiety = optionally forms spiro group;X = halo;R5, R6 = (hydro)carbyl (optionally substituted and optionally contains one or more hetero atoms) or H;a, b = 0-1;o = greater than or equal to 1;Ar4, Ar5 = mono- or polynuclear (hetero)aryl (all optionally substituted and fused to the 7,8-positions or 8,9-positions of the indenofluorene group);c, d = 0 or 1;X1, X2 = -CR1=CR1-, -CC- or -N-Ar8-;Ar6-Ar8 = 2-40C bivalent (hetero)aromatic ring system (both optionally substituted by one or more groups in (I));g = 0 or 1;h = 0-2;A2, C2, D2, E2 = electron transport unit; andB2 = hole trap unit.In formula (XII),either x, v, w, z = 0-1; andx+v+w+z = 0.96-1; andy = 0-0.04; orx+y+v+w+z = 1; andn = less than 1.In formula (XVII),either x, v, w, z = 0-1; orx+v+w+z = 1; andn = greater than 1.