TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: (II) Further comprises a filter layer disposed over a surface of the waveguide component. The waveguide component further comprises scatterers. In (II): the waveguide component is transparent to the light coupled to the waveguide component from a light source and to light emitted by quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles; the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles comprises a core/shell structure; the waveguide component is adapted for having a light source optically coupled to that; the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are included in a layer disposed over a predetermined region of a surface of the waveguide component; the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are included or embedded in a predetermined arrangement disposed over a predetermined region of a surface of the waveguide component; the layer and the predetermined arrangement has a thickness of 0.1-200 microns; and the layer further comprises a host material in which the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are distributed and the layer is sufficiently thick to absorb light incident on that. (III) Further comprises scatterers, where the scatterers are included in the composition in an amount of 0.001-15 wt.% of the weight of the host material. In (III), the composition is disposed or embedded in a predetermined arrangement over a predetermined region of a surface of the waveguide component, where the predetermined arrangement has a thickness of 0.1-200 microns. In (IV), the layer further comprises scatterers, where the scatterers are included in the layer in an amount of 0.001-15 wt.% of the weight of the host material. (IV) Further comprises means for coupling light from a light source into the waveguide component. In (V), the film includes 0.001-15 wt.% quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles based on the weight of the film. In (VI) the composition includes 0.001-15 wt.% quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles based on the weight of the host material and the composition further comprises scatterers, where the scatterers are included in the composition in an amount of 0.001-15 wt.% of the weight of the host material. In (VII): the light source is optically coupled to an edge or to a surface of the waveguide component; the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are included in a predetermined arrangement or a layer disposed over a surface of the waveguide component, where the layer further comprises a host material in which the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are distributed and scatterers; and the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are included in the layer in an amount of 0.001-15 wt.% of the weight of the host material. (IX) Further comprises scatterers. (IX) Includes two or more optical components, where: the optical components are arranged such that the waveguide component of each is parallel to that of each other optical component and each optical component is coupled to a separate light source; and the optical components are separated from each such that there is no optical communication between the optical components, where the separation can be achieved by an air gap due to physical spacing between the components or by a layer of low index of refraction material. The device comprises: a display; a solid-state lighting device; or a sign. (X) Further comprises scatterers in an amount of 0.001-15 wt.% based on the weight of the host material. In (X), the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles comprises a ligand on a surface of that, where the ligand has an affinity for the host material. (XI) Includes 0.001-15 wt.% quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles based on the weight of the film. In (XI): the carrier substrate comprises a substantially optically transparent material; the nanoparticles are included in a host material; the nanoparticles are included in the composition in amount of 0.001-15 wt.% based on the weight of the host material; the predetermined arrangement and the composition further comprises scatterers; and the film is adapted to be fixedly or removably attached to a surface. The kit further comprises a waveguide component. In the kit: the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are disposed in a predetermined arrangement; and the film includes 0.001-15 wt.% quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles based on the weight of the film. In the thin film electroluminescent lamp: the nanoparticles are disposed in a predetermined arrangement over a predetermined region of the surface of the lamp; the nanoparticles are included in a host material; the host material includes 0.001-15 wt.% quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles based on the weight of the host material; the quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles are included in a layer disposed over a surface of the lamp; the layer further includes a host material, where the layer includes 0.001-15 wt.% quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles based on the weight of the host material; the host material and the layer further includes scatterers; the scatterers are included in amount of 0.001-15 (preferably 0.1-2) wt.% based on the weight of the host material; and the weight ratio of quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles to scatterers is 1:100-100:1. The thin film electroluminescent lamp further comprises: one or more filter layers; one or more reflective layers; out-coupling features on a surface of the lamp over which the nanoparticles are disposed; and out-coupling features over the nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least a portion of the nanoparticles include two or more chemically distinct ligands. The ligand comprises: a native ligand; benzylphosphonic acid (optionally including at least two chemically distinct substituent groups on the ring of the benzyl group in addition to Sp) and/or a conjugate base of the acid preferably, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid and/or a conjugate base of the acid; or an organic amine, where at least one functional group comprises a terminal hydroxyl group or a fluorinated organic amine. The nanoparticle comprises a core comprising a first material and a shell disposed over at least a portion of a surface of the core, where the shell comprises a second material. The second material comprises a semiconductor material. In (I) at least one additional shell is disposed over at least a portion of a surface of the shell. The film comprises a decal.