TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately the lithium-phosphorus complex oxide-carbon composite is obtained using raw material (b) obtained by mixing lithium source, phosphorus source, metallic element source and precursor of electroconductive carbon material, and electroconductive carbon material and raw material (a), or mixing lithium source, phosphorus source, metallic element source and precursor of electroconductive carbon material. The mechanochemical process is performed using mechanical unit which supplies compressive force and shear force to the to-be-processed product. Preferred Composition: The amount of electroconductive carbon material is 0.5-10 %mass. The precursor of electroconductive carbon material is saccharide. Preferred Properties: The lithium-phosphorus complex oxide particles have average particle diameter of 10-500 nm. The lithium-phosphorus complex oxide-carbon composite has electrode density of 2.8 g/cm3 or more, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 10 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The terminal vinyl group number/1000 carbon atoms of polyethylene resin is 3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is made of Eigen complex H9O4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - The fabric covers are made of group consisting of carbon fiber, polyester fabric, and Kevlar (RTM: para-aramid synthetic fiber).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves: reacting halogenated thiophene of formula (II) with Mg powders in a solvent of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain Grignard reagent (alkyl halogenated magnesium) of formula (III); reacting halogenated thiophene of formula (IV) with Mg powders in a solvent of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain Grignard reagent (alkyl halogenated magnesium) of formula (V); and then reacting the Grignard reagent (III) and (V) with a halogenated aliphatic or halogenated aromatic of formula Br-(X)b-Br in presence of NiCl2 (1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (dppe) and a solvent of ethyl ether to obtain compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    X=benzene-1,4-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, 2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-diyl, or thiophene-2,5-diyl;    R1-R4=H or CH3;    b=1;or    R1 and R2+the carbon atoms, or R3 and R4+the carbon atoms=(1,2)dioxetane, (1,3)dioxolane or (1,4)dioxane.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Compounds i.e. 1,4-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzene of formula (Ia), 9,10-di(thiophen-2-yl)anthracenes, 1,4-bis(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzene, 5,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine, and 2,5-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)thiophene are disclosed as compound (I).    EXAMPLE - 1,4-Di(thiophen-2-yl)benzene was prepared by reacting 2 mole of thiophen-2-ylmagnesium bromide with 1,4-dibromo-benzene in presence of NiCl2 (1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (dppe) and a solvent of ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains (in %mass) aluminum oxide (20-99.9) and sulfur (0.1-3). The desulfurizing agent has specific surface area of 150 m2/g or more and pore volume of 0.5 ml/g or more. The aluminum oxide is alpha -alumina. The adsorbent is chosen from zeolite, ferrierite, ZSM-5, mordenite, L type zeolite, beta -zeolite, and faujasite type zeolite. The cation of adsorbent is chosen from sodium ion, potassium ion and calcium ion. The hydrocarbon oil has sulfur content of 0.1-10 mass ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tetrafluoroethylene derivative is hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro-1-butylene, perfluoro-1-pentylene, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, perfluoroethyl vinyl ether or perfluoropropyl vinyl ether. The dispersing agent is perfluoroalkyl ether having tripolycyanamide structure. The initiator is azodiisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide. The sulfonating agent is concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, mixed acid of concentrated sulfuric acid and fuming sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, acetyl sulfonate or chlorosulfonic acid. The mol ratio of tetrafluoroethylene, ( alpha ),( beta ),( beta )-trifluorostyrene and tetrafluoroethylene derivative is (45-85):(10-45):(0.1:10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Tetrafluoroethylene or its derivative, and ( alpha ),( beta ),( beta )-trifluorostyrene is subjected to free-radical copolymerization in presence of dispersing agent, solvent and initiator, to form copolymer. The obtained copolymer is sulfonated using sulfonating agent, to form sulfonic-acid group-containing fluororesin (I). Preferred Property: The resin has ion-exchange volume of 0.85-1.50 mmol/g and number-average molecular weight of 80000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filler material includes surface treated silica and/or surface treated alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ultrahigh molecular weight polyolefin is ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, which is combined with crosslinkable polyethylene, high density polyethylene, or other polyethylene of lower molecular weight than that of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid contains nitrogen-containing organic cation. The ionic liquid has electrode protective film formation property with respect to positive electrode material surface and negative electrode material surface, when used as electrolyte material of lithium secondary battery. Preferred Property: The ionic liquid has ionic conductivity of 0.0001 mS/cm or more at 30 degrees C. Preferred Process: The process further involves fluorinating the product obtained by cyanation reaction. Preferred Definitions:    X=fluoro;and    n=3-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Installation: In the installation, the convertor includes a combined electricity/heat production apparatus, where the combined electricity/heat production apparatus has an electricity output that at least partly serves as the electricity supply for the oxy-hydrogen generator. The convertor includes at least one of an absorption machine to produce low temperature fluid to cool the building, a heating unit to produce high temperature fluid to heat the building and a motor/generator to produce electricity for use in the building. The electricity supply is connected to at least one of solar or wind energy generators. The water supply is connected to a rain water collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive may be lithium iodide or ammonium iodide. The redox couple may be iodine ions (I-/I3-) or bromine ions (Br2/Br-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox couple is thiocyanogen ion ((SCN)2-) or thiocyanate ion ((SCN)-). The choline halide is alkylacyl choline halide or alkylacyl choline ammonium halide, preferably butyrylcholine halide. The alcohol is glycerol. The ionic liquid comprises butyrylcholine halide and glycerol at molar ratio of 2.5-3.5:1. The composition further comprises imidazole ionic liquid, preferably iodinated 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazole iodonium; and additive, preferably tetrabutylammonium iodide, N-methylbenzimidazole, or iodinated 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazole iodonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dye is polycarboxylate ruthenium pyridine, polyphosphate ruthenium pyridine, or multinuclear ruthenium bipyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyoxometalate catalyst comprises ruthenium (Ru4O4) core or cobalt (Co4O4) core. The oxidant is tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) ((Ru(bpy)3)3+). The oxidant is a photochemically generated oxidant. The photochemically generated oxidant is tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ((Ru(bpy)3)2+). The catalyst comprises polyoxometalate compounds of cobalt-containing polyoxometalate ((Co4(H2O)2( gamma -PW9O34)2)10-) and ruthenium-containing polyoxometalate (((Ru4O4(OH)2(H2O)4)( gamma -SiW1 0O36)2)10-), (((Ru4O5(OH)2(H2O)4)(~y-PW10O36)2)9-). The supramolecular structure comprises nanostructure or nanomaterial. Preferred Contents: The turn over frequency is approximately 5 s-1. The oxygen yield is approximately 50 (preferably 70) wt.% of an sacrificial electron acceptor. Preferred Processes: The method further comprises applying of external voltage. The external voltage is applied by positively biased electrode. The (Ru(bpy)-3)3+ is generated by the irradiation of (Ru(bpy)3)2+ in the presence of persulfate. The oxidant is generated photochemically by sunlight. The method further comprises reducing hydrogen ions produced form oxidation of water to form hydrogen gas; and providing hydrogen gas as a fuel in a hydrogen fuel cell or in a combustion reaction. The hydrogen ions are reduced to hydrogen gas using hydrogen evolution catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active material is a lithium-containing transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The collector is an aluminum alloy foil containing iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is a polymeric material containing fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium-nickel-metal oxide (LiaCoO2+( sigma ), LiaNi0.8\|0.1Co0.15\|0.1Al0.05\|0.05O2+( sigma ), LiaNi0.8\|0.1Co0.2\|0.1O2+( sigma ), LiaNiO2+( sigma ), LiaMn2O4+( sigma ), LiaMn0.5\|0.1Ni0.5\|0.1O2+( sigma ), LiaMn1.5\|0.1Ni0.5\|0.1O4+( sigma ), LiaMn0.33\|0.1Ni0.33\|0.1Co0.33\|0.1O2+( sigma ), or LiaNi0.33\|0.1Co0.33\|0.1Mn0.33\|0.1Mg0.05\|0.05O2+( sigma )).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process liquid is water. The sulfide solid electrolyte material is lithium sulfide-phosphorus sulfide compound (Li2S-P2S5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The continuous and dense carbon film is formed on a metal substrate e.g. iron substrate, copper substrate, aluminum substrate, nickel substrate, titanium substrate, alloys substrate, stainless steel substrate, plain carbon steel substrate, low-alloy steel substrate, copper alloy substrate, aluminum alloy substrate, nickel alloy substrate and titanium alloy substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrile-based polymer is 8 %mass or more with respect to the total amount of the binder. The content of binder is 5 %mass or less with respect to the total amount of the positive electrode mixture layer. The nitrile-based polymer is a polymer having a unit containing methacrylonitrile or polyacrylonitrile. The fluororesin is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin comprises a composite material including polyolefin; and either metal particles or ceramic particles, or a phase change material in a form of microparticles or microcapsules which absorbs heat by a phase change.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The ceria and alumina are dispersed on nm scale. Preferred Components: The content rate of aluminum in preparation ratio of cerium and aluminum is plus minus 20%. The content of ceria is complex oxide is 50-99 mass%. The complex oxide contains zirconia. The content rate of zirconium in preparation ratio of zirconium is plus minus 20%. The gas containing ammonia contains oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Properties: The detection film has a thickness of 10-100 nm. The content of palladium particles in the detection film is 20-70 %mass. The hydrogen sensor further consists of a buffer layer (3) containing tantalum nitride, provided between the substrate and detection film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode active material is carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The viscosifying material is a cellulose derivative, and the binder is a polymer which can be dispersed in an aqueous medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is halogen-type solvent chosen from fluorine-type solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder polymer is silicone-type polymer, and contains silicon, phosphorus and nitrogen. The binder polymer does not include unsaturated bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton type zeolite is Y type or beta type zeolite. The fuel gas is town gas or liquified petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is copper, aluminum, cobalt, nickel or iron-nickel-chromium, nickel tungstate, nickel-phosphorus tungstate, nickel-tin, cobalt-tin, nickel-manganese, nickel-magnesium, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, ruthenium or rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A basic structure of the substrate is polyamide or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material is a mixture comprising one or more than two of expansion graphite, fin graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, long carbon fiber, short carbon fiber, and carbon nanometer tube. The dispersant is one or mixture of more than two of ethanol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and isobutanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second raw material added in the thermoplastic plastic is a mixture comprising one or more than two of polyvinyl chloride, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether-ether-ketone, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode is a positive electrode, and the electrically active material comprises oxides, nitrides, carbides, borates, phosphates, sulfides, halogenides of transition metals and/or main group metals. The electrically active material is lithium-iron-phosphate. The nanocomposite has an average particle size of 5-400 nm, preferably 20-300 nm. The electrically conducting nanoparticles are present at 4-10%, preferably 5%. The nanocomposite electrode material comprises at least one nanoparticulate electrically conducting material e.g. a carbon material. The nanoparticulate electronically active material is milled prior and/or after the carbon coating. The electrode is a negative electrode, and the electronically active anode material comprises silicon, alloys of (LixAlSi), (LSiSn), or nitrides of (LixVN) (where x and n are not defined). Preferred Method: The electronically active nanoparticles are coated with a conductive layer, preferably a carbon or graphite/graphene layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive polymers are polyacetylenes, polyanilines, polypyrrols and polythiophenes. The binder is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte layer has a separator containing a resin (c). The maximum component of resin (a), maximum component of resin (b) and maximum component of resin (c) are same polymeric material. The polymeric material is a thermoplastic polymeric material having melting point of 100-400 degrees C. The polymeric material contains polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether nitrile and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The adhesive layer at the electrolyte-membrane side contains more reaction inhibitors than the diffusion-layer side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The main component has a silicon-containing structure of formula: H2C=CH-Si(-CH3)2-(-CF(-CF3)-CF2O-)n-Si(-CH3)2-CH=CH2, the crosslinking agent has a silicon-containing structure of formula: H-Si(-CH3)2-O-(-Si(-CH3)2-O-)x-(-Si(-CH3)(-H)-O-)y-Si(-CH3)2-H, and the adhesiveness-improving agent has a silicon-containing structure of formula: X3-n'Men'-Si-R-Y'.n=20-900;x,y=10-900;X=methoxy, ethoxy or 2-methoxyethoxy;R=ethylene or propylene;Y'=amino, vinyl, methacryl, isocyanato, mercapto, ureido or epoxy;andn'=0 or 1.The adhesive agent further contains a reaction inhibitor having two or more alkenyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper alloy further contains 0.03-2 weight% of zinc, tin, nickel, magnesium, cobalt, manganese, chromium, zirconium, titanium, silicon and/or silver. Preferred Properties: The precipitate of copper alloy has diameter of 1-50 nm size and density of 100/ mu m2 or more. The thickness of oxide film of the resin junction portion is 4-300 nm. The average grain size on the surface of copper alloy is 30 mu m or less, and tensile strength of copper alloy is 300 MPa or more. The copper-alloy collector consists of copper-alloy board having thickness of 0.1 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The sulfonated polymer is obtained by performing oxidative-coupling polymerization of aromatic compound of formula (II) in presence of oxidizing agent and sulfonating, or by carrying out condensation polymerization of binaphthyl compound of formula (III) and aromatic compound of formula (IV).X=halo. Preferred Definitions:    n=1 or 2;    R1-R12=group other than sulfonic acid or its derivative;and    R13-R20=sulfonic acid group.    EXAMPLE - 1,1'-Dinaphthyl ether phenyl sulfone (3 mmol) and iron chloride (12 mmol) were reacted with nitrobenzene at room temperature for 6 hours, and obtained liquid was poured into methanol containing concentrated hydrochloric acid, washed and vacuum-dried, to obtain polymer precursor having number average molecular weight of 29000. The obtained polymer precursor (0.25 g) and chlorosulfonic acid (0.15 mL) were reacted in presence of dichloromethane for 3 hours, washed, and resulting residue was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone and mixed with triethylamine and water to hydrolyze sulfonyl chloride group in the mixture, to obtain sulfonated polymer having ion exchange capacity of 1.07 milliequivalent/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The predetermined battery cell contains lithium carbide/lithium-cobalt oxide (LixC6/LiyCoO2), where x and y are not defined. Other battery cell contains lithium-titanium oxide/lithium iron phosphate (Li4+xTi5O12/LiyFePO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is ruthenium or iron. Preferred Property: The transition metal is in the form of microparticles with particle size of 1 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The carbon-based film composite layer on metal titanium intermediate layer is mixture of carbon, titanium carbonate and metal titanium. The carbon atoms comprises 50-95% and titanium atoms comprises 5-50% in carbon-based film composite layer on the metal titanium intermediate layer. Preferred Processes: The deposition of carbon-based film composite layer on metal titanium intermediate layer is carried out by simultaneously performing titanium target and carbon target reaction magnetron sputtering on metal titanium intermediate layer of metal bipolar plate in deposition vacuum chamber. The reaction of carbon and titanium is accompanied when carbon-based film composite layer is deposited on metal titanium intermediate layer to produce titanium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid is phosphoric acid solution or phosphoric acid condensed product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal alkoxide is tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethoxysilane, titanium n-butoxide, pure titanium tetrapropoxide, tetrapropoxy zirconium, tributoxy aluminum, pentabutoxy niobium, tin tetrabutoxide, methyl trimethoxysilane or diethyl diethoxysilane. The additive is Brij 56 (RTM: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether), Pluronic F127 (RTM: nonionic surfactant) and acetylacetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive polymer is polymer capable of dissociating or accepting proton with/without water. Preferred Groups: The polymer has sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, imidazole group, thiazole group, thiophene group, pyridine group, amino group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group or oxygen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is carbonaceous material which can occlude-discharge lithium metal, lithium alloy or lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Pack: In the battery pack, the fan is mounted such that airflow to the fan and then downstream of the fan passes over some of the battery modules and the heat exchanger, where the fan is a reversible fan such that the fan pulls air in a first direction for a first period of time, and then reverses flow and pulls air in an opposed direction for a second period of time. The fan and the liquid heat exchanger are both mounted within the casing, and at a central location, with a set of battery modules both upstream of the fan, and downstream of the fan. One of the sources of fluid is an engine cooling loop and provides the heating fluid, and the other of the sources of fluid is an engine drive cooling loop and provides the cooling fluid. Preferred Driveline: In the electronic driveline, at least one fan is mounted such that airflow to the fan and then downstream of the fan passes over some of the battery modules and the heat exchanger. The electric motor is for driving a vehicle axle. In maintaining the battery pack, a fan moves air over the heat exchanger and the set of battery modules, where the fan is a reversible fan, and pulls air in a first direction for a first period of time over some of the battery modules upstream of the heat exchanger, and then over others of the battery modules downstream of the heat exchanger, and then the fan reverses flow and pulls air in an opposite direction for a second period of time, where periods of time for fan reversal are selected to be less than one minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing oxide active material is lithium-magnesium-manganese-cobalt complex compound of formula (LiaMgbMnxCoyO(2 plus minus alpha )) (c). The sodium-magnesium-containing oxide is of formula (NacMgbMnxCoyO(2 plus minus alpha )) (d). The lithium-containing oxide active material has a crystal structure belonging to an O2 structure, T2 structure and/or O6 structure.either x, y = 0.45-0.55; orx+y = 0.90-1.10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanomaterial is added to water. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial solution is applied in the form of slurry on the substrate. The carbon nanomaterial and other particles are mixed together in the aqueous solution. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial solution is added on a non-absorbent substrate, or on absorbent and/or porous substrate, which extracts water from the carbon nanomaterial solution. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial solution is added on a planar formed substrate. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial is applied by film casting method on the substrate. The carbon nanomaterial network is prepared in the form of 3D body, plate or flexible paper. Preferred Components: The carbon nanomaterial network, preferably carbon nanomaterial 3D networks or carbon nanomaterial non-wovens, exhibit a porosity of above 50%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method above further comprises evaluating the difference between the output voltage and the maximum voltage and selecting the auxiliary load to utilize the difference. The auxiliary load is selected from alternating (AC) loads, direct current (DC) loads and their combinations. The magnitude of the auxiliary load is selected to maximize power plant efficiency within the selected operating voltage range. The auxiliary load is selected from a set of multiple loads each of which provides known level of voltage variation. Reactant flows to the fuel cell power plant are held substantially constant. The auxiliary load is controlled in a manner that provides a known and continuously variable level of voltage variation within a control range. Operating a fuel cell power plant comprises evaluating power needs of an external load to determine a fixed IDC value sufficient to supply the needs; providing output power to the external load at a level provided by the fuel cell power plant at the fixed IDC value; and adjusting the output power to the external load so as to maintain operation of the fuel cell power plant at the fixed IDC value, where the fuel cell power plant has an output voltage at substantially fixed reactant flows, and further comprising the steps of comparing the output voltage to a maximum voltage of the external load, and selectively turning on an auxiliary load when the output voltage is greater than the maximum voltage where a portion of the output voltage is provided to the auxiliary load and remaining voltage to the external load is less than the maximum voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grain diameter of the carbonyl nickel powder is 2.2-2.8 mu m; and the density is 0.5-0.65 g/cm3. The pore-forming agent is active carbon or urea; where the adding amount is 1-10% of the mass of the carbonyl nickel powder. The wetting agent is absolute ethyl alcohol; where the adding amount is 20-30% of the mass of the carbonyl nickel powder. The dispersing agent is Tween 80(RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate); where the adding amount is 1-3% of the mass of carbonyl nickel powder. The plasticizer is polyethylene glycol; where the adding amount is 3-5% of the mass of carbonyl nickel powder. The bonding agent is polyvinyl alcohol; where the adding amount is 3-5% of the mass of carbonyl nickel powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multi-hole parent metal is carbon paper, carbon cloth, or multi-hole metal net. The fluorine polymer latex is polyfluortetraethylene latex, polyvinylidene fluoride latex, or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon latex. The carbon soot is multi-hole conducting carbon soot, acetylene black powder, carbon nanotube, or active carbon micro powder. The solvent with 80-140 degrees C boiling point is methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropanol, propyl alcohol, toluene, or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The platinum precursor is platinum chloride, potassium tetrachloroplatinate or tetraamine platinum chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cell has porous carbon electrode structures formed using reactive materials comprising sulfur and sulfide ions with impervious backing sheets and porous carbon particles adhered on backing sheet, or in intimate contact with the sheet surface. The porous carbon is chosen from cocoanut, charcoal, and polychlorinated biphenyl synthetic charcoals. The electrode is made of carbon bonded by a polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetic particles comprise iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The inert material comprises polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell consists of electrode, electrolytic membrane containing anion exchange membrane and alcohol as liquid fuel. The liquid fuel contains alkali.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The iron group metal complex is of formula (II).M=mixture of iron, cobalt and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Carrier: The electroconductive carrier is carbon paper, cloth or porous metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid is phosphoric acid solution or phosphoric acid condensed product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal silanol compound is methyl orthosilicate, ethyl orthosilicate, methyl trimethoxysilane, or diethyl diethoxysilane. The additive is Brij 56 (RTM: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether), Pluronic F127 (RTM: nonionic surfactant) and acetylacetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: In preparing the polyvinylidene fluoride grafted and blended poly 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid proton exchange film, the film is soaked in deionized water for 6-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles comprise a material consisting of silica, titania and/or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first nanostructured domain comprises a material consisting of polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyolefins and/or polydienes. The backbone comprises polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyethers, polydienes, polyolefins, polyacrylates and/or polymethacrylates. The pendants comprise oligoethers, substituted oligoethers, nitrile groups, sulfones, thiols, polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles and/or other polar groups. The second nanostructured domain comprises a material consisting of polystyrene (preferred), hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, fluorocarbons, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers that contain styrene, methacrylate and/or vinylpyridine. The polymer comprises either a diblock copolymer or a triblock copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The barrier is made of woven fabric or nonwoven fabric which uses electroconductive inorganic fiber. The inorganic fiber is carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The active material consists of metal and/or alloy which can occlude-discharge lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material is negative electrode active material chosen from carbon-type negative electrode material, silicon-type negative electrode material and tin-type negative electrode material, preferably silicon-type negative electrode material and tin-type negative electrode material. The silicon-type negative electrode material and tin-type negative electrode material further contain element chosen from boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, arsenic, selenium, bromine, niobium, cobalt and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is silica, alumina and/or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The difference between inorganic-filler concentrations in layers (I,II) is 10-95 %mass. Layer (I) contains 5-90 %mass of polyolefin resin, and layer (II) contains 60-100 %mass of polyolefin resin. The polyolefin resin contains propylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer. The compounding mass ratio (polypropylene/propylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer) is 1.5-60. The membrane contains resin composition containing polypropylene and propylene copolymer in a mass ratio of 80/20-0/100. The melting point of propylene copolymer is 120-145 degrees C, or resin composition containing polypropylene and propylene copolymer in a mass ratio of 90/10-0/100, and inorganic filler (5-80 %mass). The melting point of propylene copolymer is 110-150 degrees C. The mass ratio of propylene copolymer and inorganic filler is 0.1/1-1.5/1. The heat of fusion of propylene copolymer is 60 J/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode contains spinel-type lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The chain-shaped carboxylate ester is methyl acetate. The solvent contains 20 volume% or less of chain-shaped carbonate and/or cyclic carbonate. The content of cyclic carbonate in solvent is 10 volume% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Wheel: The wheel is a car wheel, a bicycle wheel, a motorcycle wheel, a train wheel, or an airplane wheel. The rim is made of metal. The wheel further comprises two tires, and the rim being interposed between the two tires; one tire, and the rim being attached to a side of the tire. The hub is made of metal. The rim comprises a set of thermally and electrically conductive portions, each two adjacent thermally and electrically conductive portions are separated by an electrically insulating portion. The electrically insulating portion is made of elastic material. The hub comprises a set of electrically conductive portions, each two adjacent electrically conductive portions are separated by an electrically insulating portion. Alternatively, the wheel comprises: a metal rim exposed out of a circumference surface of the wheel, and capable of contacting with the ground; an electrically conductive hub; and a thermoelectric device connected between the metal rim and the electrically conductive hub for generating electric energy using temperature difference between the metal rim and the electrically conductive hub; and a battery with two electrodes thereof connected to the metal rim and the electrically conductive hub for collecting electric energy generated by the thermoelectric device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ductile material is selected from the group consisting of silver or silver alloy, nickel or nickel alloy, copper or copper alloy, cobalt or cobalt alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy and/or iron or iron-alloy, or precious metal such as platinum, silver and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Drying comprises conventional drying, vacuum drying, freeze drying, and/or supercritical drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of electroconductive material and binder is 1-20. The active material contains graphite and/or silicon oxide. Preferred Components: The surface of the active material is coated with a carbon material. A conductive support agent and solvent are used during manufacture of electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lead alloy is lead-tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transition metal of lithium transition metal nitride is selected from one among iron, cobalt, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of non-reinforcing carbon black is preferably 10-50 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number-of-moles of zirconium is 0.0005-0.003. The complex oxide is in the form of secondary particles formed by aggregating primary particles having an average particle diameter of 0.6-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer consists of low melting point layer containing primary polymer, and high melting point layer containing secondary polymer.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=optionally substituted phenyl of formula (i);    R3=trimethylsilyl;    n=0-5;and    p=5-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The new polymer is obtained by polymerizing a propynyl-benzene derivative of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    R1=optionally substituted phenyl of formula (i);    n=0-5;and    R3=trimethylsilyl.    EXAMPLE - Tetra-n-butyltin (215 mu L) was added to toluene (17.1 mL) solution of tantalum pentachloride (143 mg) in nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes. Toluene solution (4.27 mL) of 4-trimethylsilyl diphenyl acetylene (1.07 g) was added to the toluene solution and stirred at 80 degrees C for 3 hours. Chloroform (200 mL) was added and the obtained product was dissolved. A polymer was precipitated by adding the chloroform solution to acetone/chloroform liquid mixture (2400 mL). The deposit was filtered and dried, to obtain a reddish brown polymer (0.725 g) with a yield of 67.8%. The polymer had excellent solubility in various solvents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The molten salt (20) is pure salt or its mixture, preferably carbonate salt, more preferably lithium and sodium carbonate salt mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The unconverted fuel compound is aromatic compound, long-chain carbon compound and/or sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: In the catalyst, the platinum phosphide comprises a surface layer on a platinum catalyst core, where the platinum catalyst core comprises a Pt- transition metal alloy, where the transition metal is selected from cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and combinations. The platinum phosphide is directly on a support material, where the support material is selected from a carbon support material, a metal oxide, a carbide, a nitride, a boride, and combinations. Alternatively, the catalyst comprises a platinum complex where platinum is complexed with a nonmetal or metalloid selected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), boron (B), nitrogen (N), and combinations. The platinum complex comprises a surface layer on a platinum catalyst core. The platinum complex is directly on a support material. Preferred Fuel Cell: In the fuel cell, the catalyst is located at a cathode or an anode. The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Preferred Method: In making the catalyst, the phosphiding agent is selected from elemental phosphorus (P), phosphine gas (PH3), trioctyl phosphine (TOP), phosphides, and combinations. The heating step occurs in a vacuum. The platinum catalyst and the phosphiding agent are heated at 200-1000 degrees C for 5-60 minutes. The heating step comprises treating the platinum catalyst and the phosphiding agent with microwave radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The soft polymer has glass transition temperature of 15 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vinyl fluorosilane is dimethyl vinyl fluorosilane, ethylmethyl vinyl fluorosilane, diethyl vinyl fluorosilane, di-n-propyl vinyl fluorosilane, di-n-butyl vinyl fluorosilane or diphenyl vinyl fluorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The hardly graphitized carbon material has average particle diameter of 5-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphitized material is mesocarbon pellets of graphitized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The portion of manganese in spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide is substituted by aluminum, magnesium, lithium, cobalt and/or nickel. The content of lithium tetrafluoroboric acid in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.8 mol/l or more, preferably 1 mol/l less. The lithium manganese composite oxide is of formula: LiMn2-xMxO4 (I), where M is aluminum, magnesium, lithium, cobalt and/or nickel and x is 0-0.1. The carbon material is amorphous carbon or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. The liquid flame retardant is phosphazene-type flame retardants (A) and (B). The content of flame retardant is less than 25 weight% with respect to the liquid mixture of non-aqueous electrolyte and flame retardant. The positive electrode plate contains lithium transition-metal composite oxide as positive electrode active material. The negative electrode plate contains carbon material negative electrode active material. Preferred Property: The boiling point of phosphazene-type flame retardant (A) and phosphazene-type flame retardant (B) is 194 degrees C and 125 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer electrolyte is a copolymer having repeating unit of formula: -(CF2CF2)- (1), and repeating unit of formula: -(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2CFX)nOp-(CF2)m-SO3H))- (2).X=fluoro or -CF3;n=0-1;m=0-12;andp=0 or 1.n and m are not 0 simultaneously. Preferred Membrane: The microporous membrane is a multilayered structure obtained from polyolefin. Preferred Properties: The elasticity modulus of the microporous membrane is 250 MPa or less along machine direction and transverse direction. The dimensional-change ratio (planar direction/film thickness direction) of the fluoropolymer electrolytic membrane in water at 80 degrees C is 0.50 or less. The moisture content of the fluoropolymer electrolyte is 30-300 %mass at 80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrazone polymer containing repeating unit (I) coordinates with metal seed(s) to form metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal in the metal oxide is silicon or titanium, preferably titanium. The metal oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide or rutile-type titanium oxide. The metal oxide which forms nanostructure is different from the metal oxide in the source liquid. The solid base material contains glass, metal and/or inorganic oxide. Preferred Process: The nanostructure comprising anatase-type titanium oxide is calcined at 300-700 degrees C, or nanostructure comprising rutile-type titanium oxide is calcined at 800-1200 degrees C. The solid base material is coated with a layer containing aggregate of nanofiber, nanoparticles or nanoribbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive particles are carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphite, nanocarbon, carbon black, nano diamond, and/or nanoporous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The platinum-ruthenium-cobalt/carbon ternary alloy nanometer catalyst has particle size of 3-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The catalyst is used along with platinum black.Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of platinum and gold is 0.1-10:1. The mass ratio of catalyst and platinum black is 0.1-10:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum or gold, or their alloy.The metal component of carrier is of formula: M or MN.M = iridium and/or ruthenium;andN = platinum, gold, palladium, osmium, rhodium, tantalum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tin and/or selenium.When the metal component is MN, the mass ratio between M and N is 0.5-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid-state chemical hydride comprises an alkali metal having hydrogen boride, an alkali metal hydride, a metal hydrogen boride or a metal hydride. The solid-state chemical hydride (30-70%) comprises sodium borohydride, sodium hydroxide, lithium borohydride, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, potassium borohydride, aluminum borohydride. The solid-state catalyst (0-25%) comprises solid-state acids, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper, or iron containing metal salts. The method further comprises forming various geometric and/or other shapes and placing the hydrogen fuel into vessel, and disposing specific liquid comprising water or an aqueous solution in the vessel to react with the specific liquid to provide a steady rate of hydrogen release.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid-state chemical hydride (30-70%) is of formula BxNyHz selected from borazane, diborane diammoniate, polyamine borane, borazine, borane-tetrahydrofuran complex or ethylborane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer matrix comprises a hydrophobic polymeric elastomer comprising silicone, rubber or silicone rubber. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy foil further contains titanium (0.005-0.5) and zirconium (0.0001-0.3). Preferred Properties: The foil has a thickness of 1-15 mu m, a tensile strength of 170-280 N/mm2, a bending strength of 350-1200 times, an elongation of 4-10%, and an electrical resistance value of 2.7-3.7 mu O.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bismuth-containing compound is a compound of bismuth and manganese, preferably bismuth manganate (Bi2Mn4O10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed ratio of the content of oxide powder (a) with respect to content of oxide powder (b) is 50:50-70:30. The oxide powder (a) is lithium cobaltate powder. Preferred Property: The oxide powders (a) and (b) have cumulative particle diameter of 20-30 mu m and 4-7 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin (I) is chosen from polyethylene and polypropylene, and the resin (II) is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyether nitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of crystal particles is 0.1-0.5 m2/g. The crystal particles contain 40% or more of individual particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound is pyridine optionally having 1-4C alkyl group, 1-4C alkoxy group or halogen. The amino acid is neutral amino acid. The hydrohalide salt is hydrochloride or hydrobromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer (a) is polyarylene of formula (III), preferably of formula (IV) or of formula: -(((Ar1-Y1)a-Ar2-Z1-((Ar3-Y2)b-Ar4-Z2)c)n-(Ar1-Y1)a-Ar2 ))-.R2=fluoro, cyano, or 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy or 2-20C acyl (all optionally substituted by fluoro, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy);or adjacent two R2=ring;m=1 or 2;k,j=0-3;a-c=0 or 1;n=3 or more;Ar1-Ar4=bivalent aromatic group chosen from 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy or 2-20C acyl (all optionally substituted by fluoro, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy, or 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy (both optionally substituted by fluoro, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy or 6-10C aryloxy);Y1,Y2=single bond, -CO-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, or fluorene-9,9-diyl group;andZ1,Z2=-O- or -S-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant consists of antimony, phosphorus, arsenic, boron, aluminum and gallium. The powder is made of an alloy comprising silicon and metal, where an amount of the metal is 1-99 wt.% of the anode. The metal consists of iron, lithium, sodium, magnesium, copper, nickel, zinc, aluminum, germanium, gallium, silver and manganese. The electrolyte comprises an aqueous alkaline solution, which comprises silicic acid at a concentration of 0.001-70 wt.% of the solution and a fluoride of which a concentration is 0.001-50 wt.% of the solution. The fluoride consists of hydrogen fluoride, ammonium fluoride and potassium fluoride. The catalyst consists of palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese and their oxides and/or a carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass-making feedstock contains magnesium component, calcium component, barium component, lithium component, sodium component and transition metal element component. The feedstock contains composition having oxides of silicon, aluminum, boron and sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (C2) comprises dimethyl sulfone, diethyl sulfone, dibutyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, ethyl phenyl sulfone, 4-fluorophenyl methyl sulfone, l-methyl-2-((phenylsulfonyl) methyl) benzene, methanesulfonylacetone, methylphenylsulfone, 4-(methylsulfonyl)toluene, boric acid, methylboronic acid, isopropylboronic acid, butylboronic acid, (2-methylpropyl)boronic acid, p-tolylboronic acid, 3-methyl-l-butylboronic acid, o-tolylboronic acid phenylethyl boronic acid, 2,3-dimethylphenylboronic acid, 2,6-dimethylphenyl boronic acid, dimethyl phosphite, trimethyl phosphite, diethyl phosphite, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dibutyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tripropyl phosphate, propylenecarbonate, undecanoic gamma -lactone, and/or their analogs.The molar ratio of component (C1) to component (C2) is 1:5-5:1, preferably 1.2:1 to 1:1.2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The buffer solution used in the manufacture of hydrogen storage alloy is disodium hydrogen phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carrier has pores with diameter of 2-8 nm and 20-100 nm, preferably 2-7 nm and 20-50 nm. Preferred Composition: The porous carrier contains silica, alumina and/or titania. The active metal is nickel, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum and/or palladium, preferably nickel. The catalyst further contains cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen is manufactured by hydrocarbon reforming process chosen from steam reformation, self-thermal reformation, partial oxidation reformation and carbon dioxide gas reformation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfate groups at the axial ligands replace some or all of hydroxyl groups with sulfate groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal alcoholate is methyl silicate, ethyl orthosilicate, tetrabutoxy titanium, tetraisopropyl titanium, tetraisopropoxy zirconium, tetrabutoxy zirconium, tributoxy aluminum, pentabutoxy niobium, tetrabutoxy tin, methyl trimethoxy silane or diethyl dioxyethyl silane. The phosphoric acid is condensation product of phosphoric acid. The additive is Brij 56 (RTM: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether), Pluronic F127 (RTM: block copolymer surfactant) and acetylacetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive polymer is Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer), polyvinyl phosphoric acid, polyvinyl imidazole and sulfonated polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective layer is made of copper, nickel, tin or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first phase comprises polybenzimidazole and phosphoric acid. The second phase comprises silicon carbide and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass solder further comprises: up to 0.5 wt.% of vanadium pentoxide, antimony trioxide and/or cobalt oxide; and up to 5 wt.% of zirconium oxide. Preferred Components: The sum of SiO2 and B2O3 is up to 50 (preferably 36-43) wt.%. The glass solder exhibits a thermal expansion coefficient in glassy state ( alpha (20-300),G) of 6x 10-6-11x 10-6 K-1 and/or the glass solder exhibits a thermal expansion coefficient in crystalline state of ( alpha (20-300),k) of 8x 10-6-12x 10-6 K-1. The molar ratio of SiO2/BaO is less than 2 (preferably less than 1.7). The hemisphere temperature of glass solder is 850-1000 degrees C. The crystalline filler is sanbornite, 3YSZ (3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia), wollastonite and/or enstatite. The composite exhibits a thermal expansion coefficient in the crystal phase ( alpha (20-300),k) of 9.5x 10-6-14.5x 10-6 K-1. The hemisphere temperature of glass solder is 850-1000 degrees C of the composite is 850-1020 degrees C. The difference in thermal expansion ( alpha (20-300)) of the composite before and after the crystallization process is less than 2x 10-6 (preferably less than 1x 10-6 K-1). EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: silicon dioxide (28.1); boric oxide (10); aluminum oxide (1.7); magnesium oxide (4.4); and barium oxide (55.8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode is made of one among titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, antimony, bismuth, tungsten, graphite and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of rhodium is 0.1-1 weight% with respect to total weight of catalyst. The content of nickel is 10-24 weight% with respect to total weight of catalyst. Preferred Property: The rhodium has specific surface area of 100-300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid petroleum gas is propane and/or butane. The volume ratio of propane and butane is 10-40:60-90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The required amount of the additive is 0.005-3% of the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gelatinization is performed by heating the raw-material mixture at temperature more than room temperature to 100 degrees C. The gel is maintained for 100-200 hours, preferably 150-160 hours. The gel is baked at less than 900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conjugate component of polymer is a copolymer of polysulfone and perfluoro alkylene sulfonamide. The solid electrolytic membrane contains polymer of borate compound. The electrolyte solution contains polysulfide ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polysulfide, cellulose, aramid, polyimide, polyamidoimide, nylon, modified polypropylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further contains gelatinizer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The antimony ion salt is antimony trioxide, antimony sulfate, and/or antimony-potassium tartrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reducing agent is ascorbic acid, hydrazine dihydrochloride, and/or hydrazine hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of copper and molybdenum is 5-10:1. The catalyst contains 0.1-20 wt.% of copper and 0.1-10% of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of manganese is 60-90% of the total mol quantity of cobalt, nickel and manganese. The crystal lattice is doped with aluminum, silicon, titanium, iron, zirconium, magnesium and chromium, the doping quantity is 0.01-0.1 mol/mol of (I). The crystal phases are crushed after the symbiosis. The rotating speed of the ball mill crushing is 1500-3000 rpm for 2-5 minutes after the crystal phase mixture or symbiosis. The cobalt, nickel and manganese compound is hydroxy, oxalate or carbonate. The crystal phase precursor is sintered at 750-1000 degrees C for 4-15 hours and further cooled naturally. Preferred Method: The preparation of (I) comprises: mixing the conductive carbon black with a mass ratio of 2-3% and the polyvinylidene fluoride with a mass ratio of 2-2.5%; adding N-methyl pyrrolidone based on the ratio of the mixture to N-methyl pyrrolidone, that is 1:0.9; mixing them uniformly to form a paste; coating it on the aluminum foil collector, drying it and pressing it to form an positive piece.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon-type particles are chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), furnace black and carbon fiber. The average particle diameter of carbon complex is 50% or less of average particle diameter of lithium transition metal oxide. The lithium transition metal oxide is lithium nickel-based oxide of formula: LixNiyM1-yO2 (I), preferably lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide of formula: LixNiyMncCodO2 (Ia).M=manganese, cobalt or magnesium;x=0.95-1.05;y=0.4-0.9;c=0.05-0.4;d=0.1-0.4;andc+d=1-y.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The surface of lithium transition metal oxide of the particles is further coated with inactive material containing membranous polymeric resin having melting point of 80 degrees C or more and organic solvent. Preferred Component: The membranous polymeric resin is chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material particles contain carbonaceous material. Preferred Process: The method further involves mixing aqueous binder solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose and ammonium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, is 5:5-8:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silica in electrolyte solution is 0.5-5 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The surface layer contains lead-tin-type alloy or lead-antimony-type alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ferrite crystal grains have particle size of 1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid sulfide electrolyte material contains sulfide glass. The element of group 14 or group 15 is phosphorus, silicon or germanium. The raw-material composition comprises lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide, and has molar fraction of lithium sulfide of 70-85%, or raw-material composition comprises lithium sulfide and silicon sulfide or lithium sulfide or germanium sulfide, and has molar fraction of lithium sulfide of 50-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The average particle diameter of primary particles of lithium-metal oxide composite is 0.01-0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer is laminate of metal layers formed by electroless plating and electrolysis metal plating. Preferred Composition: The slurry composition contains negative electrode active material, binder, dispersion medium and graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has glass transition temperature of -70 degrees C to 80 degrees C, and elasticity modulus of 10-1000 MPa at 25 degrees C. The polymer has cationic group or anionic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: In the thermal management system, the thermal transfer channel is substantially parallel to the two columns. It is also located between the at least two columns. All of the thermal transfer channels are formed of longitudinal supports. The thermal transfer channels are enclosed heat pipes. The thermal transfer channels align the energy storage cells within the columns. The system further comprises structural supports parallel to thermal transfer channels where the structural supports provide heat absorption to reduce heat transfer from one cell in thermal runway to the adjacent cell. In the energy storage system, the horizontal support is provided by the flexible membrane, which is formed of a flexible printed circuit board (PCB). The flexible membrane forms electrical connections between the longitudinally adjacent energy storage cells. The flexible membrane includes electrical interconnects disposed on it. The energy storage cells further includes two laterally adjacent energy storage cells, and the flexible membrane allows for some misalignment between the laterally adjacent energy storage cells. The flexible membrane provides electrical contacts for voltage measurement of a lateral group of energy storage cells. The lateral group of energy storage cells is connected in parallel. The flexible membrane reduces heat transfer from one cell to another in thermal runway to adjacent cells by reducing longitudinal heat transfer or by undergoing a phase change. Preferred Method: In actively cooling battery cells, the battery cells are configured within the battery column. The heat enters the evaporator portion and vaporizes the fluid, thus forming a vapor. The vapor is transported to the condenser portion where latent heat is expelled and the vapor condenses to form a condensed liquid. The condensed liquid is transferred back to the evaporator portion via capillary action through the wick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material particles include lithium titanium composite oxide particles of formula Li4+xTi5O12. The aluminum foil and the aluminum alloy foil have an average crystal grain size of 0.1-3 mu m.x=-1 to 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The aluminum alloy foil is formed of an alloy containing aluminum and iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and/or silicon. The alloy includes 95-98.5 wt.% aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate, collector and the collector receiving portion are made of copper, copper alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The 1st catalyst particles contain alumina.The 2nd catalyst particles contain at least one of copper, zinc, chromium, or nickel.The 2nd catalyst particles further contain platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing element includes ethylene propylene diene M-class (EPDM) rubber, ethylene propylene (EP) rubber, natural rubber, chloroprene rubber (CR) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal oxide (a) is preferably of formula: Lix1Nia1Mnb1Coc1Md1O2. The transition metal oxide (b) is preferably of formula: Lix2Nia2Mnb2Coc2Md2O2. The transition metal oxide (c) is preferably of formula: Lix3Nia3Mnb3Coc3Md3O2. The content of transition metal oxides (a-c) is 50 %mass or less. The difference in nickel content between transition metal oxides (a-c), is 0.05 or more.x1-x3=0.2-1.2;a1=0.7-0.9;a2=0.55-0.8;a3=0.2-0.65;b1-b3=0.05-0.25;d1-d3=0-0.1;anda1+b1+c1+d1, a2+b2+c2+d2, a3+b3+c3+d3=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains 30 mol% or more of transition metal which is manganese. The content of anion compound and carbonate is 0.1-30 mol% and 0.01-5 mol% (preferably, 0.1-1 mol%), respectively. The composite oxide is of formula: Li(Mn2-xMx)O4, LiNi0.3+yMn0.3+zCo0.4-y-zO2 or LiNi0.5+aMn0.5-aO2, and has spinel structure.M=nickel, cobalt, aluminum, chromium, titanium, iron, zinc, magnesium or lithium;x=0-0.5;y,z=0-0.4;anda=0.05-0.2.Preferred Process: The method further involves pouring nonaqueous electrolytic solution (a1) containing anion compound (I) into battery and performing initial charging. The voltage of the battery is maintained at decomposition voltage value of carbonate for 1 hour, during initial charging of battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon base material is dispersed in solvent, before mixing with dispersion liquid. Preferred Condition: The separation of alloy catalyst is carried out at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode active material is particulate negative electrode active material containing aluminum, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, indium, zinc or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electroconductive component contains a polymeric material, which is a thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The battery (B) containing the positive electrode active material has initial stage discharge capacitance of 150 mAh/g or more. The positive electrode (1) containing the positive electrode active material has resistance of 10 ohm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxidative atmosphere contains 18-100 vol.% of oxygen. The baking is performed in oxidative atmosphere containing 50 vol.% or more of oxygen and calcination temperature of 1000 degrees C or less. The lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxide is added to water in the mass ratio of 0.5:1.0 to form a slurry, washed with water, filtered and dried. The water washing is performed by stirring the composite oxide slurry in water for 30-60 minutes. The heating is performed at 300-700 degrees C and oxidative roasting of the composite hydroxide is carried out at 300-500 degrees C. The lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxide is calcined at 350-780 degrees C before baking. Preferred Compound: The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide and/or lithium carbonate. The salt concentration of the mixed aqueous solution is 1-2.2 mol/l in the sum total of each salt. Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 1.0 m2/g or more and average particle diameter of 15 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous metal plate is made of stainless steel, titanium, titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains lithium-containing compound as positive electrode active material. The negative electrode contains metallic lithium, carbon material, material containing lithium and/or alloy-forming element as negative electrode active material. Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution is gelatinized electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-containing compound is chosen from metal chalcogenide containing lithium and metal oxide containing lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous solvent is mixed solvent of 2 or more types of solvents. Preferred Definitions:    R1=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group having 8-20 nuclear atoms, preferably biphenylene, naphthylene, terphenylene or anthranylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The highly rigid material is a powder of water-soluble urea resin. The highly rigid material has a diameter of 1-5 mu m and a length of 100-200 mu m, and is scattered at a distance of 1-20 mm from the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heating temperature during crystallization process is 150-400 degrees C. Preferred Components: The solvent is hydrocarbon, or includes compound chosen from ester-containing compound of formula: R1-O-C(=O)-O-R2, ether-containing c\ompound of formula: R3-O-R4-O-R5 or cyano group-containing compound of formula: R6-CN.R1,R2=2C or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or cycloalkyl;R3,R5,R6=2C or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl;andR4=1C or more alkylene or arylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is fluorine-type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The borosilicate glass has softening point of 500-900 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The amount of borosilicate glass is 0.05-0.5 part weight with respect to 100 parts weight of manganese-containing lithium transition metal composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guide plate is made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode is one of LiCoO2 and LiFePO4. The second electrode includes one of (H)xTiNi, (H)xTi2Ni, (H)xLaNi5, (H)xFeTi, (H)xMg2Ni, or beta -Ti or their alloys (where x = not defined). The aqueous electrolyte includes one of LiNO3, Li2SO4 and LiClO4. The non-lithium cations include hydrogen cations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The nanoparticle of the metal comprises noble metal alone or in combination with a transition metal; a metal alone or in combination with another metal. The deposited metal nanoparticle has a median size of 1.3-2.5 (preferably 1.5-2) nm. The substrate comprises exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet; graphite particle or carbon black. The nanoparticle is formed on the substrate by microwave irradiation of a precursor to the metal in a solution of an ionic liquid in a reducing liquid solvent. Preferred Components: The metal is selected from platinum, ruthenium, nickel, iron, silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, tin, tungsten, chromium and/or molybdenum. The deposited metal nanoparticle has at least one dimension that is less than or equal to 10 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary nickel-type alloy catalyst and secondary nickel-type alloy catalyst contain nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismuth-contained precursor is bismuth chloride or bismuth nitrate. The platinum-contained precursor is chloroplatinic acid or platinum tetrachloride. The reducing agent is sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite or sodium borohydride. The molar ratio of sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite to total amount of metal atom is 100-120. The molar ratio of sodium borohydride to total amount of metal atom is 50-60. The reducing atmosphere is to modified atmosphere comprising more than 2% hydrogen in terms of volume and other component inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid. The porous substrate is the silicon oxide anode porous ceramic plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mole ratio of the precursor of metal oxide, deionized water, organic solvent, aqueous solution of inorganic acid, and the additive is 1:1-8:1-100:0-0.1:0-5. The precursor of metal oxide is a metal alkoxide(s). The metal alkoxide is tetramethoxysilane, titanium tetrabutoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tertbutoxide, penta-butoxy niobium, tin tetrabutoxide, or methyltrimethoxy silane. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, or propyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin chosen from cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, aramid, polyimide, nylon, modified polypropylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene is dissolved in an organic solvent. The insulation fiber layer contains cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, aramid, polyimide, nylon, modified polypropylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. The resin concentration dissolved in organic solvent is 3-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of component (b) is more than mass ratio of component (a). The component (a) is a catalyst with supports rhodium and sodium to alumina. The component (b) contains cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and is a catalyst with supports oxide of iron and cobalt to ceria. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained by mixing component (a) and component (b), and performing bilayer coating of component (a) and component (b). The component (b) is obtained by impregnating ceria with cobalt-containing solution and iron-containing solution. Preferred Layers: The catalyst has inner layer containing component (b) and surface layer containing component (a). Preferred Property: The thickness of the catalyst layer containing component (b) is more than the catalyst layer containing component (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst containing iron, cobalt and/or nickel, preferably iron and/or cobalt, and which does not contain platinum, rhodium or palladium, is arranged at upstream portion. The catalyst containing platinum, rhodium and/or palladium, preferably rhodium is arranged at downstream portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxide source is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. Preferred Process: The hydroxide source is calcium hydroxide microcrystal obtained by reacting calcium salt and alkali metal hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanopowder comprises tungsten carbide, silicon dioxide, and/or titanium dioxide. The catalyst support further comprises ruthenium oxide, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, tungsten carbide, molybdenum carbide, zirconium carbide, tungsten nitride, or molybdenum nitride nanowires. The catalyst metal comprises platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or alloys or mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alloy material includes (in wt.%) magnesium (0.3-1.3), zinc (0.1-0.3) and aluminum (remainder). The alloy material further contains silicon (0.2-0.4), iron (0.3-1), copper (0.2-1) and manganese (0.9-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The housing comprises aluminum, copper, iron, stainless steel, ceramic or polymer. The ceramic comprises silicon nitride, silicon carbide, sialon, alumina or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutyleneterephthalate or perfluoroalkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: In the cylinder type secondary battery above, the support plate comprises an insulating material. The insulating material is polyethylene or polypropylene. A portion of the bent section is adjacent to and overlaps the peripheral edge of the support plate. The support plate and the upper insulating plate comprise the same material. The support plate has a central through-hole. It is circular, rectangular or hexagonal. A thickness of the support plate is from about 0.3 mm to about 0.5 mm. A length from the center of the upper insulating plate to the peripheral edge of the support plate is from about 85% to about 97% of a length of the first electrode tab extending from a center of the upper insulating plate to a periphery of the bent section. The upper insulating plate and the support plate are integral to one another; or the upper insulating plate and the support plate are modular. Thickness of the central section of the upper insulating plate is from about 0.3 mm to about 0.5 mm thicker than a thickness of the peripheral section of the upper insulating plate. Length from the center of the upper insulating plate to the peripheral edge of the central section is from about 85% to about 97% of a length of the first electrode tab extending from a center of the upper insulating plate to a periphery of the bent section. Radius of curvature of the bent section is from about 0.5 mm to about 0.6 mm. The support plate is circular, rectangular or hexagonal. Preferred Method: In assembling cylinder type secondary battery, radius of curvature of the bent section remains substantially the same when pressing the cap assembly. Pressing the cap assembly compresses the bead portion formed around the periphery of the can.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication between the data port and external processing device are configured according to wireless protocol e.g. serial communication protocol such as the USB protocol, parallel communication protocol, wireless communication protocol e.g.Bluetooth protocol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydride is metal hydride, preferably calcium hydride. Preferred Process: The heat treatment is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere at 100-1000 degrees C under pressure of 103 Pa or less. Preferred Definitions:    M=Mn, Co or Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-noble metal based catalyst further comprises a carbonaceous support. Preferred Components: (I) is of formula (ZraMcMdOmNn) (II), preferably Zr4Co1OxNy/C, Zr4Fe1OxNy/C, Zr5Cu1OxNy/C, Zr3Ni1OxNy/C, Zr3Cr1OxNy/C, Zr2Zn1OxNy/C, Zr1Ti1OxNy/C, Zr1V1OxNy/C, Zr1Mn3OxNy/C, Zr1Mo4OxNy/C, Zr1W5OxNy/C, Zr2Fe5OxNy/C, Zr1Co10OxNy/C, Zr8Co1Mn1OmNn/C, Zr6Fe2Mn1OmNn/C, Zr8Fe1Co1OmNn/C, Zr6Fe1Zn1OmNn/C, Zr6Ni1Zn1OmNn/C or Zr6V1Zn1OmNn/C. The atomic ratio of zirconium to M is 1:8 to 8:1. (I) is present at 5-80 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the non-noble metal based catalyst.c, d = 1-8; andm, n = 0.2-48.Preferred Method: The nitrifying step is performed by heat treating at 300-1000 degrees C in an environment comprising ammonia/nitrogen or nitrogen/oxygen. The precursor solution is mixed with the support slurry at 70-100 degrees C. The drying step is performed at 60-100 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Cobalt nitrate solution (2.94 ml) (prepared by adding water to cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (4.73 mg) and stirring the mixture) was mixed with a zirconium nitrate solution (3.29 ml) (prepared by adding water to zirconyl nitrate (28.16 mg) and stirring the mixture) to give a precursor solution. Separately, XC-72 (RTM: Carbon black) (0.4 g) was mixed with water (80 parts by volume based on 20 parts by volume of ethanol) to prepare a support slurry. The precursor solution was mixed with the support slurry at 90 degrees C in an oil bath for 30 minutes and the resultant mixture was dried at 80 degrees C for 8 hours in a vacuum condition. The resulting product was heat treated at 900 degrees C for 30 minutes under an ammonia gas atmosphere, and then cooled under a nitrogen atmosphere to give Zr4Co1O0.2N1/C (20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the catalyst).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electroconductive metal is lanthanum boride, niobium carbide, zirconium nitride, and/or cesium. The electroconductive metal is gold, platinum, nickel and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support structure contains metal oxide or metal phosphate of titanium, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, yttrium, molybdenum, indium or tin. The catalyst particles contain noble metal(s) or transition metal(s). The noble metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium and its alloy. The transition metal is chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, vanadium, titanium, zirconium and chromium. The intermediate layer contains boron-doped-diamond, graphitized carbon, diamond-type carbon, carbide and/or conductive polymer. Preferred Process: The method further involves depositing intermediate material on support structure, and chemically dissolving the intermediate material to provide the voids which expose surface on support structure. The catalyst particles are deposited in voids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: (i) dissolving multicomponent metal salts in deionized water; (ii) co-precipitating or coordinated precipitating a multicomponent catalyst composition by adding co-precipitating agent solution; (iii) filtering, drying and milling the obtained co-precipitated catalyst composition; (iv) calcinating the milled catalyst composition by thermal oxidation at 400-1200 degrees C; and (v) dried grinding the calcinated catalyst composition after thermal oxidation. Preferred Components: The metal salts are nitrate, sulfate, alkoxide, carbonate, or chloride form. The co-precipitating agent is a basic aqueous solution i.e. ammonium bicarbonate solution, and that does not contain metal components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor is vertical fixed-bed reactor, horizontal fixed-bed reactor, rotary kiln reactor, mobile bed reactor or fluidized bed reactor. EXAMPLE - Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3.9H2O), magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2.6H2O) were dissolved in deionized water to afford multicomponent metal salts solution. Ammonium bicarbonate was dissolved in deionized water as co-precipitating agent solution. The co-precipitating agent solution was added drop by drop to the multi-component metal salts solution with stirring for 60 minutes at room temperature to afford precipitate of catalyst composition. The obtained precipitated catalyst composition was filtered using filter paper. Then, the obtained filter cake was dried at 120 degrees C in the oven for 24 hours, followed by milled the cake using a dry type of high speed rotary mill. Then, the milled catalyst composition was calcinated at 600 degrees C for 4 hours under air atmosphere for thermal oxidation. Finally, the obtained iron-aluminum catalyst was grinded again by a dry type of high speed rotary mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The assistant proton transmitter substance is silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, titanium(IV) oxide, boron phosphate, zirconium orthophosphate, zirconium phosphate, tungstophosphoric acid, cesium hydrogen sulfate, cesium dihydrogen phosphate, H-mordenite, H-surface, zirconium hydrogen phosphate, zirconium orthophosphate, cerium phosphate, titanium(II) monohydrogen phosphate or zirconium hydrogen phosphate. The metallic element of high valence metallic compound is tungsten, iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, vanadium, zinc and/or lanthanum. The oxides with perovskite structure are cerium titanate of formula CexTi1-xO2, calcium lanthanum titanate (Ca0.6La0.27TiO3), lanthanum cerium manganate of formula La1-yCeyMnO3 or lanthanum cerium calcium manganate (La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3).x=0.25-0.4; andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high valence metallic compound which can be loaded onto assistant proton transmitter substance is cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, nitrogen heterocyclic ring, EDTA, dimethylformamide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide complex compound as nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, acetate, hydroxide and/or oxides with perovskite structure of metallic elements with highest valence and middle valence.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluorinated duolite resin is polymerized by tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkene monomer with acid exchange group of formula CF2=CFO(CF2CF(CF3))fO(CF2)gSO2F.f=0 or 1; andg=2-4.Preferred Composition: The microporous film is expanded polyfluortetraethylene film, micro polyfluortetraethylene-hexafluoropropylene film, multihole polyimide, silicon dioxide film, titanium(IV) oxide film, zirconium oxide film, aluminum oxide film or multihole glass film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal in the metal compound is tungsten, zirconium, iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, cobalt, vanadium, zinc, titanium or lanthanum. The component (C) is oxide with perovskite-structure chosen from cerium-titanium oxide (CexTi(1-x)O2), calcium-lanthanum titanate (Ca0.6La0.37TiO3), lanthanum-cerium manganate (La(1-y)CeyMnO3) and/or lanthanum-cerium-calcium-manganate (La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3).x=0.25-0.4;andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal compound is chosen from components (A-C). The component (A) is complex compound of cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, nitrogenous crown ether, nitrogenous heterocyclic compound, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dimethylformamide and/or dimethylsulfoxide. The component (B) is hydroxide of metal element having high valency. The perfluoro alkene monomer is of formula: CF2=CFO(CF2CF(CF3))fO(CF2)gSO3R' or CF2=CFO(CF2)3PO3HR'. The fluorine-containing monomer is of formula: CF2=CFRf4Y'4 or Y'5(CF2)a(CFRf5)b(CFRf6)cO(CF(-CF2X1)CF2O)n'-CF=CF2.f,n'=0 or 1;g=2-4;R'=H, fluoro, chloro or bromo;Y'4,Y'5=bromo, iodo or cyano;a-c=0 or 1, where a-c are not 0 simultaneously;X1=fluoro, bromo or iodo;andRf4-Rf6=perfluoroalkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The perfluoro ion-exchange resin is copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro alkene monomer(s) with acid-exchange group and/or fluorine-containing monomer(s) with crosslinking position.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter ratio of conductive additive (b) and conductive additive (a) is 0.1-0.0001. Preferred Compound: The conductive additive is carbon-type additive, preferably carbon nanotube, graphite, carbon fiber and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer is polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate and/or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer.
Preferred Definitions:    R=aromatic group chosen from 17 claimed groups e.g. aromatic group of formula (i-v);and    R"=aromatic group chosen from 9 claimed groups e.g. group of formula (vi-ix).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solvent further contains carbonate chosen from cyclic carbonate and non-fluorine carbonate, and fluorine-containing ether. Preferred Definitions:    Ra=fluoroalkyl having (HCX1X2)- at the terminal;    X1,X2=H or F;and    RaCF2=fluoroalkyl having fluorine content of 40-82.7 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH of the precipitant solution is 7.5-12. The pH of the washing liquid is 3.5-8.5. Preferred Composition: The precipitant in the precipitant solution is chosen from ammonia and ammonium hydrogen carbonate. The washing liquid contains washing agent chosen from ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, sodium hydrogen sulfite and sodium sulfite. The molar ratio of precipitant and tin is 2.5-10. The tin-containing solution contains tin salt and aqueous solvent. The aqueous solvent is hydrochloric acid. The molar ratio of tin salt and hydrochloric acid is 0.2-0.5. Preferred Process: The dripping rate of the tin-containing solution in the precipitant solution is 10-100 cm3/hour. The washed and separated precipitate is dried at 40-150 degrees C and baked at 200-700 degrees C. A reducing agent (b) is further added to the solution containing noble metal precursor carrying support, heated, refluxed at 50-75 degrees C for 2-8 hours, separated by precipitation, washed using pure water, and dried at 70-100 degrees C in air or inert gas. The reaction solution is refluxed at 75-85 degrees C for 2-8 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of the adhesive layer gasket is determined according to the JISB0601 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alternately, the outer surface of the container is coated with an absorber which absorbs and desorbs an absorptive substance containing water vapor or carbon dioxide. The adsorption agent is chosen from silica gel, zeolite and activated carbon. The absorber is chosen from calcium oxide and magnesium oxide. The adsorptive substance or absorptive substance is engine waste gas, and has temperature of more than -30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The method alternately involves stirring negative electrode active material which contains nickel-aluminum-manganese-cobalt complex of formula: La1-(~a)T1(~a)NixAlyMnzCo(~b)T2(~c) or aluminum-manganese-iron complex of formula: La1-(~a)Mg(~a)NixAlyMnzFe0.6-(~c)Sn(~c), where x+y+z+0.6 is 5.6-6, in aqueous alkali solution. The aqueous alkali solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. The base mole concentration of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is 3-20 mol/L, and base mole concentration of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is 10-20 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler is conductive fiber having length more than the size of electroconductive fine particles. The length of the conductor fiber is 5-100 mu m. When the content of carbon in internal electrode catalyst layer is 100 %mass, the content of carbon fiber as filler is 1-30 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The negative electrode active material particles contain graphite or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The small and large particle binders contain styrene-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A preset amount of fullerene is dissolved in an organic solvent, and a preset amount of mesoporous silica (KIT-6) having three-dimensional large pores with cubic la3d symmetry is added to the obtained solution. A composite is formed by heating the mixture in nitrogen atmosphere and maintaining at 900 degrees C. The composite is washed with hydrofluoric acid, silica is removed, and the composite is dried to obtain regular mesoporous fullerene. Preferred Property: The regular mesoporous fullerene has a specific surface area of greater than 200 m2/g as measured by nitrogen adsorption method. EXAMPLE - Fullerene (60 mg) was dissolved in 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (5 g). KIT-6-150 (mesoporous silica) was mixed and the obtained sample was moved to carbonization chamber. The sample was held in nitrogen atmosphere at 900 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain a mesoporous fullerene. The mesoporous fullerene was washed with hydrofluoric acid, silica was removed, and the product was dried at 100 degrees C for 24 hours. The obtained mesoporous fullerene had a particle size of 70 nm and a specific surface area of 310.5 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves separating generated gas, ash, activated carbon and water produced during hydrothermal treatment into generated gas and liquid mixture containing ash, activated carbon and water. The recovered activated carbon is purified to volatilize the volatile liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further comprises gelatinizer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=optionally substituted aryl;and    R5-R8=optionally substituted alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon materials consist of natural graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode is selected from group consisting of lithium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum, indium and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder contains polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, styrene butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose and acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The solubility parameter of the resin is 1.9 or more times greater than the solubility parameter of the solvent. Preferred Composition: The resin contains polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide and/or polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt containing oxalate complex as anion is lithium bis(oxalate)borate. The content of (meth)acrylate of polyhydric alcohol is 0.01 weight% or more. The (meth)acrylate of polyhydric alcohol is chosen from ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte battery contains lithium ion-conductive solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has a specific surface area of 1-6 m2/g and an average particle diameter of 10-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated group. The compound having phenol group is 3,3',3",5,5',5"-hexa-t-butyl-a,a',a"-(mesitylene-2,4,6-tolyl)tri-p-cresol. The phosphorus compound is tetrakis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)(1,1-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl phosphonite. The negative mix further contains an antioxidant containing an oxygen atom and a hydroxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing transition-metal complex oxide is lithium-manganese spinel complex oxide of formula: LiaMn2-bM1bO4, lithium-nickel complex oxide of formula: LiNi1-cM2cO2, or lithium-cobalt complex oxide of formula: LiCo1-dM3dO2, where a is 0.9 or more, b is 0-1.5, M1 is metal chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, chromium, vanadium, titanium, manganese, calcium, strontium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon and germanium, c and d are 0-0.5, M2 is metal chosen from iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, chromium, vanadium, titanium, calcium, strontium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon and germanium, M3 is metal chosen from iron, nickel, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, chromium, vanadium, titanium, manganese, calcium, strontium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon and germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The acrylic acid-type resin is chosen from ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid, sodium polyacrylate, acrylic acid-type copolymer, sodium salt of acrylic acid-type copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of the support is coated with thin film of material (iii) which consists of metal, alloy, metal oxide, semiconductor and/or metal nitride having electroconductivity, preferably tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the particles of material (iii) is 0.2-5 times the average particle diameter of the metal microparticles. Preferred Composition: The material (iii) contains particles (excluding active metal microparticles) of metal, alloy, metal oxide, semiconductor, carbonaceous material and/or metal sulfide having electroconductivity, preferably tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic oxide fine particles contain silica, and have particle diameter of 40 nm-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The calyx pyrrole is of formula (I). The content of lithium salt in the electrolyte solution is 0.1-3 mol/L.R1-R4=aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl;two substituents of R1-R4=ring;andn=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The gas diffusion layer has air permeability of 14-70 second/cm2 with respect to 25 ml of air. The surfactant has mean molecular weight of 1670, ethylene oxide content of 40 weight% and thermal decomposition temperature of 320-360 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic resin particles are polytetrafluoroethylene particles (45). Preferred Condition: The molded product is heated at 130-180 degrees C. The dried molded product is heated at 320-360 degrees C. The molded product is formed by maintaining the mixture to a porous substrate (55) which is metal mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material which forms the frame contains polyphenylene sulfide, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene oxide, polypropylene, or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wire bond comprises aluminum, nickel and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anion in the ionic liquid includes halogenide, phosphate, arsenate, antimonate, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, phosphonate, phosphinate, borate, sulfonate, carboxylate, imide and/or methide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation in the ionic liquid includes imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrazoliun, quinolium, thiazolium, triazinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, ammonium and/or sulfonium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Construction: At least one of the service regions (20 - 22) contains at least one fluid switching component (17) for the battery pack. The fluid or electricity switching components (13) are replaceably mounted in the service region(s). The second housing section is openable via at least one repair lid (27) and at least one service region is opened via a separate service lid (24, 25) in the repair lid. At least one of the fluid or electricity switching components is mounted on one of the service lids. The optional contact-protected high voltage fuse (13) is mounted on one of the repair or service lids, and on removal of lid the high voltage supply in the second housing section is interrupted. At least one fluid switching component is a coolant pump, a coolant filter or a coolant supply component for the battery cell pack; a hygroscopic component; and/or an air filter, via which the first housing section is connected with the open air to equalize the pressure. In particular the first and second housing sections are connected via an air channel and the air filter leads exclusively from the second housing section to the open air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal cation comprises manganese, iron, nickel and/or titanium. The cathode comprises spinel-type lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate and/or lithium nickelate or lithium mixed oxide, which contains manganese, cobalt and nickel. The inorganic material comprises zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material comprises polymer and polyethyleneterephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion of the acid inducer is hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoroarsenate and/or hexafluoroantimonate. The acid inducer further contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate and/or lithium hexafluoroantimonate, and quaternary ammonium salt, imidazolium salt and/or quaternary phosphonium salt. Preferred Property: The acid inducer has reactivity more than the electrolyte during hydrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide is supported on a surface of a carbonaceous base material. The inorganic oxide is an oxide of an element comprising titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, germanium or tin. The catalytic metal is a metal comprising ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, platinum or gold. The compound is a silane compound. EXAMPLE - Titania (3 g) was added to an aqueous 2-propanol solution (300 ml, 95 vol.%), and the resultant mixture was stirred at a room temperature for 10 minutes. 3-Mercaptopropylmethoxysilane (1.9 g) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred at 50 degrees C for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered, and the remaining substance was cleaned with 2-propanol, and dried in atmospheric air at 100 degrees C for 12 hours, where a substance in which the surface of titania was modified with thiol groups via silicon, was obtained. The obtained titania (0.5 g) having thiol groups was added to ion exchange water (50 ml), and the resultant mixture was stirred at a room temperature for 10 minutes. The ion exchange water (50 ml) containing potassium tetrachloroplatinate (0.47 g) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred at 70 degrees C for 2 hours, where platinum was bonded to the thiol groups. The mixture was filtered, and the remaining substance was cleaned with ion exchange water so that a complex of platinum that had not been bonded to the thiol groups was removed. After the obtained substance was dried in vacuo, a reduction treatment was performed at 150 degrees C for 3 hours, while allowing the passage of an argon gas containing hydrogen (3%) using a tube furnace, hence reducing the complex of platinum bonded to the thiol groups into a metallic state. The substance thus obtained was mixed with a carbon block, to obtain the composite catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic fine particles are inorganic-oxide particles, preferably mesoporous inorganic fine particles containing 2 or more types of metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionic liquid is preferably a quaternary ammonium compound of formula: (R2)-N+(-R1)(-R3)-R4.X- or an imidazolium compound of formula (I). The electrolytic composition further contains a polymeric compound, preferably an ethylenically unsaturated monomer.R1-R4=optionally substituted alkyl;any 2 groups of R1-R4+N=ring;Rp,Rr=alkyl;andRq,Rs,Rt=H or alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticles comprise platinum or platinum-alloy nanoparticles. The transition metal compound comprises tantalum oxyphosphate, niobium oxyphosphate, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum, vanadium, niobium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, tin, cobalt, metal borate, aluminate, silicate, selenate, tellurate, germanate and/or stannate. The conductive support comprises carbon, metal carbide and/or metal phosphide. The amount of metal nanoparticles is 70% or less. The amount of transition metal compound is 99% or less. The amount of conductive support is 0-70%. Preferred Process: The nanocomposite is further annealed under inert atmosphere or mixed gas of inert and hydrogen atmosphere at 100-1300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel and tungsten in thin film is 20-30 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing composite metal oxide of positive electrode active material is preferably LiNiaCobAlcO2, LiNidCodMnfO2, LigMnhO2 or LiFeiCojMnkO2, where a is 0.7-1, b is 0-0.3, c is 0-0.03, a+b+c is 0.9-1.1, d is 0.3-0.6, e is 0-0.4, f is 0.3-0.6, d+e+f is 0.9-1.1, g is 0.4-0.6, h is 0.9-1, i is 0.3-0.6, j is 0.1-0.4, k is 0.3-0.6 and i+j+k is 0.9-1.1. The value of m, n and l in fluoropolymer is preferably 0.50-0.90, 0.10-0.45 and 0.05-0.08 respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of water in organic solvent is 100 ppm or less, preferably 30 ppm or less. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material is positive electrode active material containing lithium-containing composite metal oxide of formula: LixM1yM21-yO2, preferably of formula: LiNix'Coy'Alz'O2, LiNix"Coy"Mnz"O2, LiaMnbO2 or LiFea'Cob'Mnc'O2, where M1 is nickel or manganese, M2 is cobalt, aluminum or iron, x is 0.4-1, y is 0.3-1, x' is 0.7-1, y' is 0-0.3, z' is 0-0.03, x'+y'+z', x"+y"+z" and a'+b'+c' are 0.9-1.1, x", z", a', c' are 0.3-0.6, y" is 0-0.4, a is 0.4-0.6, b is 0.9-1, and b' is 0.1-0.4. The electrode active material is negative electrode active material containing silicon and/or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid type polymer, polymethacrylic acid type polymer, polyimide, polyamide or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel cell system is communicated with a control unit via a Controller area network bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The crosslinked product is a polymerized resultant product of the first benzoxazine-based monomer with a crosslinkable compound including polybenzimidazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzoxazole, or polyimide. The first monomer (I) is of formulae (III)-(XI). The second benzoxazine-based monomer (II) is preferably compound of formula (XII). EXAMPLE - Tertbutylphenol (1 mol), p-formaldehyde (2.2), and aniline (1.1) were mixed, and stirred at 110 degrees C for 1 hour without any solvent to prepare a crude product. The crude product was cleaned twice in an aqueous 1 N sodium hydroxide solution, and in distilled water. The cleaned crude product was dried using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the resultant was filtered, and the solvent was removed. The product was vacuum dried to obtain a benzoxazine-based monomer at a yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell produces the direct current power using fuel gas containing hydrogen and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode has aluminum foil equipped with a lower layer having a film containing compound which does not have swelling property with respect to organic solvent, and carbon microparticles, and an upper layer with a film comprising a binder, carbon microparticles and a positive electrode active material having ionic permeability. The negative electrode has copper foil equipped with a lower layer having a film containing compound which does not have swelling property with respect to organic solvent, and carbon microparticles, and an upper layer with a film comprising binder, carbon microparticles and a negative electrode active material having ionic permeability.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains ternary lithium compound (Li(CoxMnyNiz)O2) of nickel, cobalt and manganese, lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, titanium disulfide, lithium-iron phosphate and/or lithium-manganese phosphate, where x-z are not defined. The negative electrode active material contains graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (a) is chosen from acrylamide, acrylonitrile, chitosan pyrrolidone-carboxylic-acid salt, hydroxypropyl chitosan, phthalic anhydride, maleic acid anhydride, trimellitic anhydride and pyromellitic dianhydride. Preferred Properties: The electrical conductivity of lithium ion or fluorine ion of compound (a) is 1x 10-2 S/cm or more. The compound (a) has number average molecular weight of 50000 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The collector contains a compound (a) which crosslinked polysaccharide high molecular polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of cobalt is 20-35 atomic% or 45-55 atomic%. The magnetic alloy further contains silicon (4 atomic% or less). The content of component (a) is 0.05-4.9 atomic%. The platinum group metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel charge is catalyzed using a catalyst selected from the group consisting of nickel, nickel-molybdenum, alpha alumina, aluminum silicon dioxide, other air electrode oxygen reduction catalysts, and other catalysts used for hydrocarbon cracking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ECU database contains a pre-loaded table spanning a range of fuel octane ratings and oxygenator additives which are selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethanol, octane and cetane boosters and other fuel oxygenator agents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The light-scattering unit is glass powder sintered compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sulfide-solid electrolyte material is glass-type sulfide-solid electrolyte material or crystal-type sulfide-solid electrolyte material. The glass-type sulfide-solid electrolyte material is lithium sulfide-phosphorus sulfide material, lithium sulfide-antimony sulfide material, lithium sulfide-silicon sulfide material, lithium sulfide-germanium sulfide material or lithium sulfide-boron sulfide material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystal-type sulfide solid-electrolyte material is thio-LISICON (lithium superionic conductor) material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The double bond in the monomer or oligomer is silicon-oxygen double bond or carbon-carbon double bond. The radical polymerization initiator is thermal radical polymerization initiator or radical photopolymerization initiator. The raw-material composition further contains electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The width-direction length of belt-shaped support is 300 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-titanium complex oxide is lithium titanate spinel of formula: Li4+xTi5O12, where x is -1 to 3. The lithium-containing phosphorus oxide is of formulae: LisFePO4 (i), LisFe1-tMntPO4 (ii), and LisCoPO4 (iii), where s is more than 0 to 1.15 and t is 0-1. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains propylene carbonate. The negative electrode further contains carbon supported by lithium-containing phosphorus oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming the nanowires into an electrode in an energy storage device having a discharge capacity of greater than or equal to 400 mAh/g. Preferred Components: The first comprises silicon, germanium or tin. The energy storage device is a lithium-ion battery. The second element comprises silicon; or oxygen, nitrogen and/or carbon. The catalyst comprises nickel, iron, aluminum gold and/or copper controlled at 900-1050 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises (wt.%) rare-earth metal oxide (35), conductive carbon (55), and PTFE emulsion (15). The weight ratio of the graphite to acetylene black is 1:2. The rare-earth metal oxide is lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, dysprosium oxide, or erbium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heat-processing and reduction process are carried out at 130 degrees C or more, and less than autolysis temperature of the platinum compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material in the positive electrode active material layer is carbon, nickel or aluminum. The electroconductive material in the negative electrode active material layer is carbon, titanium or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene-butadiene rubber, PTFE and polyimide. The resins (I,II) are chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene-butadiene rubber, PTFE, polyimide, polystyrene, polyamide and polyolefin. The resins (III,IV) are chosen from polyphenylene ether, polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate and polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution composition contains ionic compound (1-60 %mass). Preferred Process: The ionic compound is obtained by carrying out salt exchange reaction of salt of imidazolinium derivative and alkali metal salt of tricyanomethide, and extracting and purifying the resulting mixture. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is ( gamma )-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal carbonate is chosen from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and rubidium carbonate. The alkaline-earth metal carbonate is chosen from magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate and barium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic dihalogen-type monomer is chosen from 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone, bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane. The phenolic-type monomer or bisphenol-based monomer is chosen from hydroquinone sulfonic acid potassium salt, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-diphenyl oxide disodium salt, 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene-3-sulfonic acid monosodium salt, 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid monosodium salt, potassium-5,5'-carbonylbis(2-fluorobenzenesulfonate) and potassium-2,2'-(9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene)sulfonate. The organic solvent is chosen from N,N'-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal compound includes a metal bound or coordinated to halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and/or carbon. The metal compound is a metal oxide. The metal compound includes an alloy of a metal with one or more other metals. The average size of the particles is 50 nm to 1 mu m. The substrate is quartz, glass, silica, silicon and/or alumina, preferably silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is a noble metal, preferably gold, silver, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and/or iridium, more preferably gold or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Preferably, in preparing the perfluorinated high-temperature proton conductor composite film, the process in (b) comprises placing the pre-treated Nafion film into the drying oven to dry for 6-8 hours at 100-120 degrees C into constant weight; and the process in (c) comprises placing for 1-2 hours at room temperature, slowly vaporizing the water in the film, placing the composite film into the vacuum drying tank, and drying for 1-2 hours at 90-110 degrees C into constant weight. Preferred Composition: In (a), the volume concentration of the H2O2 aqueous solution is 3-8%, and the temperature is 70-90 degrees C; and the concentration of the H2SO4 aqueous solution is 0.3-0.8 mol/L, and the temperature is 70-90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electric generation unit comprises a unit cell in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) having an electrode containing platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst is an alumina support catalyst comprising 0.1-10 wt.% each of platinum and palladium. The first catalyst comprises 0.001-5 wt.% promoter selected from cerium (Ce), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and/or cobalt (Co). The second catalyst and the third catalyst are formed by coating a monolithic support with a catalyst material. Volume of the first catalyst is one quarter to one half of the volume of the second catalyst. Volume of the third catalyst is one half to 3/2 of the volume of the second catalyst. The ATR further comprises a fourth catalyst disposed at a rear portion of the third catalyst to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide contained in the reformate produced in the second catalyst. The fourth catalyst is a transfer catalyst for converting carbon monoxide and water into hydrogen and carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel has a composition ratio of ethanol:water:hydrogen peroxide of 35:32.5:32.5 to 25:37.5:37.5, preferably 30:35:35. Volume of the fuel supplied is 1/100 to 1/1000 of the volume of the reformate produced. The fuel is a liquid fuel supplied to the first catalyst. The primary fuel includes methanol, ethanol, formic acid, and/or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of hydraulic urethane monomer or urethane prepolymer, and fluorine-type polymer is 40/60-60/40. The enclosure further contains water or polyhydric alcohols. The polyhydric alcohols consist of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and/or glycerin. The dispersion liquid contains (in %mass) phase-transition substance (10-40 with respect to dispersion liquid), fluorochemical surfactant (2-30 with respect to phase-transition substance), and glycol type flow promoter (10-100 with respect to phase-transition substance). When an encapsulation wall is formed as stage (I) of microcapsulation, 2-50 %mass of surfactant is contained with respect to phase-transition substance. Preferred Properties: The particle diameter of the capsule is 10-50 mu m. The ratio of thickness of wall component with respect to the particle diameter of capsule is 2-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Oxide of reaction suppressing portion is lithium-niobium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pore has aperture diameter of 0.1-5 mu m. The ratio of length and aperture diameter of pore is 10-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of support structure is measured in accordance with JISB0601 standard. The tensile strength of support structure is measured in accordance with JISK7127 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of magnesium and silicon in the negative electrode material is 1:2-1:40. The content of crystalline magnesium silicate is 25-95 %mass. The content of carbonaceous material is 5-75 %mass. The portion of carbon precursor is substituted by carbonaceous material, during manufacturing process of negative electrode material. Preferred Properties: The crystalline magnesium silicate has microcrystal size of 5-50 nm. The crystalline silicon has microcrystal size of 2-30 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium compound is chosen from magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium oxalate, magnesium ethoxide and magnesium acetylacetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The surface is roughened to produce adatoms or clusters of adatoms of a metallic material. The metallic material comprises silver, osmium, palladium, iridium, platinum, gold, and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The adsorbate material includes a reducible organic or inorganic molecule that requires more than one electron to fully reduce. It includes bis-l,2-(4-pyridyl)acetylene (BPA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol is glycerol or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gaseous atmosphere is air, nitrogen gas or argon gas. The solvent can be inorganic solvent including aqueous neutral solution, aqueous acid solution, or aqueous alkali solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing macrocyclic compound is phthalocyanine, phorphyrin, dibenzotetraaza-annulene, its metal coordination compound, its derivative, and/or metal coordination compound of its derivative. Preferred Material: The nanomaterial is carbon nanoparticle, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber or carbon nanosphere. The metal coordination compound includes metal coordination compound of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc. The solvent can be organic solvent including ethanol, chloroform or N,N-dimethylformamide. Preferred Method: The preparation of the electrocatalyst includes mixing (pts.wt.) solvent (100-2000), nitrogen-containing macrocyclic compound (1-10) and carbon nanomaterial (10-100), ultrasonically mixing at 10-60 kHz for 6-24 hours, removing solvent, and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal in the metal alkoxide is chosen from aluminum, silicon, titanium, gallium, germanium, zirconium, niobium, lanthanum and tantalum. The metal in the metal salt is chosen from lanthanum, aluminum, vanadium, silicon, titanium, tantalum, barium, germanium, gallium, niobium and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickener is chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin, palmitic acid, amide, polyacrylic acid and polyoctanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous separator contains material comprising 20 %mass or more or 40 %mass or less of aramid resin. The aramid resin is poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide), poly(parabenzamide), poly(4,4'-benzanilide terephthalamide), poly(paraphenylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid amide), poly(2-chloro paraphenylene terephthalamide), polyphenylene terephthalamide and/or 2,6-dichloro paraphenylene terephthalamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The conductive support agent is graphite group conductive support agent chosen from artificial graphite, natural graphite and graphitized carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The nonionic cellulose resin is chosen from hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The element of high valence metal compound is iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, vanadium, zinc, or lanthanum. The high valence metal compound is loaded on assistant proton conduction matter and/or reinforcing fiber; or combined double salt of nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate or acetate of highest valence state or middle valence state of element. The high valence metal compound is cyclodextrin, crown ether, diacetone, nitrogenous crown ether or nitrogenous heterocyclic ring, complex compound of EDTA, dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide of highest valence state or middle valence state of the element, preferably hydroxide of the highest valence state or middle valence state of the element, or perovskite structured oxide of highest valence state or middle valence state of element. The perovskite structured oxide is CexTi1-xO2, Ca0.6La0.27TiO3, La1-yCeyMnO3 or La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3.x=0.25-0.4;andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fiber used as reinforcer is glass fiber (e.g. alkaline resisting glass fiber or alkali-free glass fiber), or fluorocarbon fiber (e.g. PTFE fiber or fluorinated ethylene propylene fiber); the fiber prepared with ion exchange function and poly-perfluoro propyl vinyl ether fiber, ceramic fiber (e.g. natural flint clay or aluminum silicate fiber), and mineral fiber (e.g. quartz fiber, carborundum fiber or basalt fiber, oxide fiber or fiber(s)). The assistant proton conduction matter is silicon dioxide (SiO2), zirconia (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), boron phosphate (BPO4), zirconium phosphate (Zr3(PO4)4, Zr(HPO4)2), tungstophosphoric acid (H3PW12O40), cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO4), H-mordenite, H-montmorillonite, acid zirconium phosphate (HZr2(PO4)3), cerium phosphate (Ce(HPO4)4), or titanium (II) monohydrogen phosphate (Ti(HPO4)2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic ion is chosen from metallic ion of ferric chloride, ferric chloride hydrate, cupric chloride, ceric sulfate, and iron sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer of the conducting polymer is chosen from pyrrole, aniline, thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and phenylenevinylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyvinyl alcohol has molecular weight of 200000, and diameter of 50-1000 nm. The thickness of the conducting polymer is 10-200 nm. Preferred Composition: The concentration of polyvinyl alcohol is 100 parts weight. The content of metallic ion and conductive polymer is each 50 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The anode active material has a specific surface area of 5 m2/g or less. The lithium-containing metal oxide has layer structure of hexagonal phase crystal, cubic crystal spinel structure, and/or monoclinic or orthorhombic crystal structure. Preferred Compounds: The lithium-containing metal oxide is chosen from 14 compounds e.g. compounds of formulae: LiaNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2+d, LiaCo1-x'-y'Zrx'My'O2+3, Li4+y'Ti4-y'M'y'O12+d-sQs, LiaMn1-x"Mx"O2+d, and Lia'Mn2-x'"Mx'"O4+d.M=boron, magnesium, aluminum, chromium, vanadium, titanium, iron, zirconium, zinc, silicon, yttrium, niobium, gallium, tin, molybdenum and/or tungsten;a=1-1.2;x=0-0.95;y,z=0-0.7;1-x-y-z=0-0.3;d=0-0.1;x'=0-0.05;y',x'+y'=0-0.1;M'=lithium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, strontium, chromium, vanadium, titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, zinc, silicon, yttrium, niobium, gallium, tin, molybdenum and/or tungsten;Q=sulfur or halo;s=greater than 0 and 0.1 or less;x"=0-0.5;a'=1-1.3;andx'"=0.3-0.7.Preferred Conditions: Pressurization is carried out to 1-10 bar. The heat-treatment process is carried out at 300-1000 degrees C for 30 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The ceramic thin film has thickness of 1x 101 mu m or more and 1x 102 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is made of graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline storage battery is a nickel hydride secondary battery having positive-electrode active material containing nickel hydroxide, and negative-electrode active material containing hydrogen storage alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The acrylic type polymer has a glass transition temperature of 10-55 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The organic-inorganic hybrid material contains 5-200 parts weight of silica with respect to 100 parts weight of copolymer. Both the positive mix and negative mix contain the binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pH of suspension is 6 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antacid material is metal carboxylate, metal organic salt, silicate and/or alkali hydroxide. The antacid material layer further contains electroconductive material and binder. The amount of antacid material contained in the antacid material layer is 0.1-90 wt.%. The electrode further contains electrolyte solution containing fluorine as electrolyte anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is (meth)acrylate-type polymer or diene polymer. The binder has glass transition temperature of 20 degrees C or less. The electrode further contains a dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode provided in the battery consists of vanadium, manganese and cobalt. The battery is made up of lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless sensor network is complaint with IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst particles comprise platinum, ruthenium and palladium. The carbon nanotubes have average diameter of 0.31-0.36 nm (preferably, 0.33-0.34 nm), and average length of 100-100000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer in emitter-base contact trenches is made of titanium (Ti)/titanium nitride (TiN) or cobalt/TiN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The O-rings made of nitrile rubber is specified based on JISB2401 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The O-ring is made of fluoro-resin, nitrile rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, silicone rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, isobutylene isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel hydroxide particles further contain elements chosen from magnesium, manganese, iron and cobalt. The lithium compound is chosen from lithium hydrate, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, lithium peroxide, lithium acetate and lithium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material having specific surface area of 0.4-1.8 m2/g contains graphite particles whose interlayer distance in (002) plane is 0.335-0.337 nm. The surface of graphite particles is covered or adhered by amorphous carbon (1-30 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface-treating agent is silane coupling agent which has alkyl, acryl, methacryl, epoxy and/or vinyl as organic functional groups. The electrolytic solution further contains aprotic solvent, disulfonic acid ester, vinylene carbonate or its derivative(s), or 1,3-propane sultone or its derivative(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The electrolyte solution is gelatinized using polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: In the ionic membrane above, the fiber used as the reinforced material is selected from one or more of alkaline-resisting glass fiber, alkaline-free glass fiber, polytetrafluoroethylene fiber, fluorinated ethylene propylene fiber, the fiber made by the current technology CN101003588A, fluorinated ethylene propylene methyl ethyl ether fiber, fluorocarbon compound fiber, ceramics fiber, mineral fiber and oxide fiber. The metallic elements of the high metallic compound used to form the physics cross binding is selected from tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), yttrium (Y), manganese (Mn), ruthenium (Ru), cerium (Ce), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti) and lanthanum (La) element. The high metallic compound can be loaded on the reinforced fiber. The high metallic compound is selected from one or combined complex salt of nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate or acetate which are in the highest valence state and middle valence state of these elements. the high metallic compound is chosen from cyclodextrin, ether, acethylacetone, nitrogenous ether or nitrogenous heterocyclic ether, EDTA, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) complex; the high metallic compound is selected from hydroxide which is in the highest valence state and middle valence state of these elements; or the high metallic compound is selected from oxide which is provided with perovskite structure and in the highest valence state and middle valence state of these elements, including, but not limited to, CexTi(1-x)O2 (x=0.25-0.4), Ca0.6La0.27TiO3 (y=0.1-0.4) and La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monomer material is furfuryl alcohol whose content is 10-100 g with respect to 100 g of complex particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is furan resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The modified lithium titanate has granularity of less than 1 mu m and specific surface area of more than 2.0 m2/g. The lithium salt is lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium boron tetrafluoride (LiBF4), LiBF6, lithium arsenic hexafluoride (LiAsF6), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), lithium bis(pentafluoroethane sulfone)imide (LiN(SO2C2F5)2), and/or LiN(SO2C2F5)2. Preferred Method: The conductive agent is super electrically conductive carbon black, electrically conductive graphite, and/or electrically conductive carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ketone solvent is acetone and/or methyl ethyl ketone. The ether solvent is diethyl carbonate, carbonic acid diisopropyl fluorophosphonate, ethyl acetate, ethyl methyl ester, glycol sulfite, and/or trimethylene sulfite. The heterocyclic solvent is gamma -butyrolactone and/or tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Method: The solvent of the sizing agent of negative and positive electrodes is N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide, or dimethylacetylamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solute of conductive polymer solution is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), copolymer of sulfonated PVDF-hexafluoropropylene, homopolymer or copolymer of oxirene-propylene oxide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, and/or polyurethane. The solvent of conductive polymer solution is mixed solvent of ketone, ether, and/or heterocyclic solvent. Preferred Method: The coating amount of sizing agent of the negative electrode is less than 40 mg/cm2. The coating amount of the sizing agent of positive electrode is less than 40 mg/cm2. The binder is Teflon (RTM: PTFE), PVDF, and/or polymer type resins.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1-Chloro-5'-(2-(chlorobis(triphenyl-5-phosphanyl)platinio)ethynyl)-diaza-1-ruthenaspiro(pentacyclo(10.6.1.02,7.08,19.013,18)nonadecane-1,8'-tricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)tridecane)-1'(13'),2,2',4,4',6,6',8(19),9,9',11,11',13(18),14,16-pentadecaene of formula (Ia) is specifically claimed as platinum-ruthenium binuclear complex (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium chlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, and lithium hexafluorophosphate. The occlusion amount of lithium ion of negative electrode is 90% or less of capacitance difference of positive electrode and negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is aluminum, tin, alloy containing 20 wt.% or more of aluminum, tin and silicon, or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent of electrolyte is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The crystalline resin comprises high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tabs and substrate comprise metallic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: In the positive electrode active material, the small particle diameter-positive electrode active material particles are blended at 10-50 mass%. The 1,3-dioxane is present at 0.5-3 mass%. The vinylene carbonate compound is present at 0.5-5 mass%. The aromatic compound is present at 0.5-3 mass%. EXAMPLE - A nonaqueous electrolyte was prepared by mixing ethylene carbonate, methylethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate so that the mixing ratio became 30:60:10 (in volume ratio at 25 degrees C) to prepare a solvent mixture; dissolving hexafluorolithium phosphate (LiPF6) in the resultant solvent mixture so that the LiPF6 became 1 mol/L; and adding (mass%) 1,3-dioxane (2), vinylene carbonate (2), and cyclohexylbenzene (2) to the resultant solution. The solution was added with small particle diameter-positive electrode active material particles at 10 mass%. An electrode was inserted into an aluminum-made outer can molded beforehand into a cup shape (concave shape) and then an opening part of the outer can was sealed with a sealing plate on which a liquid inlet was provided. The nonaqueous electrolyte was injected through the liquid inlet and then the liquid inlet was sealed to produce a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a size of thickness 4.3 mmx width 34 mmx height 43 mm. The rated capacity of this nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was 750 milliampere-hour. The battery had enhanced safety when overcharged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The cell is prism-shaped. The parts of the casing are bonded together in two joining regions (6, 12). At least one part of the casing has a heast transfer region (7) in contact with a temperature control element or medium. At least one part of the casing is stiff and/or at least one part is thin-walled. At least one part of the casing has a coating. At least one part of the casing has a recess for receiving a stack of electrodes. The conductor of the second stack is connected to the first stack or its conductor and emerges through an opening in the casing. The stacks of electrodes have cathodes comprising a lithium iron phosphate with an olivine structure, a spinel-type lithium manganate (especially LiMn2O4), a lithium cobaltate (especially LiCoO2), a lithium nickelate (especially LiNiO2) or a lithium mixed oxide containing manganese, cobalt and nickel. The stacks have separators with little or no electron conductivity comprising a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven coated with an inorganic material that is ion-conductive between -40 degrees C and 200 degrees C, especially zirconium oxide in the form of particles with a maximum diameter below 100 nm. Preferred Battery: The temperature control element has a channel filled with a temperature control medium and/or is connected to a heat exchanger. The temperature control medium flows through the channel. The temperature control medium flows against or partially around the heat transfer region of the casing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer material is capable of forming furan resin by polycondensation. The monomer material is furfuryl alcohol. The acid is hydrochloric acid. The content of monomeric material is 10-100 g with respect to 100 g of conjugated particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive further contains an electrolyte dissociation promoter (B), a carbonate compound (C) having polymerizable unsaturated bond, and a compound (D) having a vinyl ether group or propenyl ether group. The modified polysiloxane is of formula: (Q1)c-SiO((-R1)3-c)-(SiO(-R2)(-R3))a-(SiO(-Q1)(-R4))b-SiO((-R5)3-d)-(Q1)d or of formula (I).R1-R8=alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy or aryloxy;Q1,Q2=group having nitrogen atom and polymerizable unsaturated bond, preferably group of formula (i) or (A2)g-N+(-CH3)-((R10O)m-R11)3-gY-;a=0-200;b=4-200;c,d=0 or 1;e=0-100;f=1-100;e+f=7-200;R9=H, methyl or ethyl;A1,A2=organic group (a) having polymerizable unsaturated bond, preferably -R12-C(-Q3)=C(-Q4)-Q5, group of formula (ii) or (meth)acryloyloxy alkyl group;X-,Y-=anion;R10=2-4C alkylene;R11=1-3C alkyl;g=1-3;m=1-5;R12,R13=1-3C alkylene;Q3-Q5,Q7-Q9=H, 1-4C alkyl group, phenyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl;andQ6=H or halo.Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte dissociation promoter is ether compound having donor number of 16-40 and/or sulfoxide compound having donor compound 16-40. The sulfoxide compound is of formula: R14-S(=O)-R15. The ether compound is of formula: R16-O-(CH2CH2O)n-R17. The carbonate compound is of formula (IX and/or X). The compound (D) having vinyl ether group or propenyl ether group is cyclohexane derivative of formula: R22-CH=CH-O-(CH2)p-O-CH=CH-R23 or R24-CH=CH-O-(C2H4O)q-O-CH=CH-R25.R14-R17=1-5C alkyl;n=1-10;R18,R19=H or 1-3C alkyl;R20,R21=H or 2-3C alkenyl;R22-R25=H or methyl;p=4-10;andq=1-5.Preferred Salt: The onium salt is imidazolium salt and/or quaternary ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: Two or more types of catalyst is supported on carbon powder. The carbon powder is heat-processed at 500-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complex oxide is complex oxide of formula MeMnO3. The positive electrode contains lithium transition metal composite oxide.Me=Sm, Y, La, Pr, Eu, or Dy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton transmitter selected from silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, boron orthophosphate, zirconium orthophosphate, zirconium hydrogen phosphate, dizirconium hydrogen triphosphate, titanium (II) monohydrogen phosphate and/or zirconium containing compound of formula Zr2H(P3O10)2. The metal element of the high valence metal compound is tungsten, zirconium, iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, cerium, vanadium, zinc, titanium and/or lanthanum. The high valence metal compound is composite salt of nitrate salt, sulfate salt, carbonate salt, hydroxide, phosphate salt, and/or acetate salt. The high valence metal compound is oxides with perovskite structure selected from CexTi(1-x)O2, Ca0.6La0.27TiO3, La(1-y)CeyMnO3 or La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3.x=0.25-0.4;andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high valence metal compound is cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, nitrogen-containing crown ether, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, EDTA, dimethyl formamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fiber is alkali-resisting glass fiber, alkali-free glass fiber, PTFE fiber, fluorinated ethylene propylene fiber, fiber with ion exchange function prepared according to CN101003588A, fluorinated propyl vinyl ether fiber, fluorocarbon polymer fiber, ceramic fiber, mineral fiber and/or oxide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The microporous membrane is cellular glass membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microporous membrane is silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium or aluminum oxide membrane. The metal element of the high valence metal compound is tungsten, zirconium, iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, cerium, vanadium, zinc, titanium and/or lanthanum. The high valence metal compound is composite salt of nitrate salt, sulfate salt, carbonate salt, hydroxide, phosphate salt, and/or acetate salt. The high valence metal compound is oxides with perovskite structure selected from CexTi(1-x)O2, Ca0.6La0.27TiO3, La(1-y)CeyMnO3 or La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3.x=0.25-0.4;andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high valence metal compound is cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, nitrogen-containing crown ether, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, EDTA, dimethyl formamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The microporous membrane is PTFE, micropore PTFE-hexafluoropropylene or porous polyimide membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition has less than 1 wt.% of Na2O. Preferred Components: The metal nanoclusters have a size distribution of 0.6-0.9 nm. The metal nanoclusters comprise at least one metal compound comprising titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, manganese oxide, iron, iron oxide, cobalt, nickel, copper, copper oxide, zinc, zinc oxide, gallium, germanium, zirconium, zirconium oxide, niobium, molybdenum, molybdenum disulfide, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, cadmium selenide, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold, lead, bismuth, cerium or cerium oxide. The metal nanoclusters are platinum nanoclusters. The zeolitic material is an aluminosilicate zeolite. The porous zeolitic material is a sodium zeolite with a framework silicon (Si):aluminum (Al) ratio greater than approximately 1:1 and less than approximately 1.6:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material is granular carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder in the conductive layer is polyvinylidene fluoride and the binder in the active material layer is carboxymethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material is a mixture of three or more types of compounds which contain sulfur, iron or lithium, a mixture of two or more types of compounds which simultaneously contain two or more of sulfur, iron and lithium, or a mixture of 1 or 2 or more types of compounds containing sulfur, iron or lithium, and 1 or 2 or more types of compounds simultaneously containing two or more of sulfur, iron and lithium. Preferred Conditions: Heat-processing is carried out by accommodating the raw material in an electroconductive container and supplying a direct current pulse current with electricity to the container. The non-oxidizing atmosphere is inert-gas atmosphere or reducing-gas atmosphere. The heat-processing temperature is 300-1600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The stretching elongation rate of negative electrode is 3% or more. The stretching elongation rate of porous insulating layer is 3% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode collector contains aluminum and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The baking process is carried out at temperature increasing rate of 5-1000 degrees C/minute and calcination temperature of 700-2300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The collector has elongation rate of 10% or more and specific resistance of 2x 10-8 to 1x 10-5 ohm.m, when collector is made of aluminum. The collector has elongation rate of 10% or more and specific resistance of 60x 10-8 to 10x 10-5 ohm.m, when collector is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is lithium. The metal (MA) is tin. The molar ratio of metal (MA) to the alkali metal is 1:2-1:50. At least one surface of the base material contains copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-nickel-based oxide is preferably of formula: LixNiyMncCodO2.c=0.05-0.4;d=0.1-0.4;andc+d=1-y.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The single fiber diameter of carbon fiber is 5-60 mu m. The thickness of the nickel coating layer is 0.5-10 mu m. The carbon fiber is in the form of bundle having 10-1000 book of single fiber or 2-10 book of twisted single fiber. The thickness of hydrogen storage alloy layer is 0.5-40 mu m. The thickness of the ionic-permeability polymer substance layer is 2-20 mu m formed in carbon fiber. Preferred Composition: An alkali-soluble oxide used in manufacture of ionic-permeability polymer substance is silicon oxide. Preferred Process: The hydrogen storage alloy layer is formed by performing nickel coating using slurry containing hydrogen occlusion alloy powder, binder and conductive support agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The slurry contains 0.5-1 wt.% of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer as binder with respect to hydrogen occlusion alloy powder. The conductive support agent is carbon black. The ionic-permeability polymer substance contains polyvinyl alcohol as main component. The ionic-permeability polymer substance contains styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer and alkali-proof metal oxide containing zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total volume of lithium particles is 60-100 volume% of total volume of insulating material. The thickness of protective layer is 5-40 mu m. The insulating material is silica and/or alumina. The insulating material is powder having average particle diameter of 0.05-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide, polyetherimide, polyamide, polyether ether ketone, polyarylate, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, preferably polyimide, polyamide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy comprises component (A) of rare earth element and magnesium-containing element and component (B') of nickel-containing element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polytetrafluoroethylene is dispersed by an anionic water-soluble thickener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of lithium particles and electroconductive material in protective layer is 10-90 volume% and 5-50 volume%, respectively. The amount of insulating inorganic material is 5-90 volume%. The insulating inorganic material contains inorganic oxide chosen from silica, alumina and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises component chosen from carbon, zinc, semiconductor, semimetal, magnetic material and/or metal, preferably nickel. The particles (A) are nickel hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, lithium and/or lithium hydroxide particles. The magnetic particles are cobalt, nickel, iron, samarium-cobalt alloy and/or neodymium-iron-boron alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating layer further contains binder chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, fatty acid, liposomes and/or polymers, preferably hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy methylcellulose and/or methyl cellulose. Portion of magnetic particles comprises coating of inert material chosen from silane and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and second catalysts are selected from precious metals, and mixtures of precious metals (preferably platinum, and/or ruthenium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first and second catalysts are selected from alloys of precious metals (preferably platinum-containing compounds, and/or ruthenium-containing compounds).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion conducting polymer is selected from Nafion (RTM: ionomer), sulfonated polytrifluorostyrene, sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyamide, and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal element of the high valence metal compound is tungsten, zirconium, iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, cerium, vanadium, zinc, titanium and/or lanthanum. The high valence metal compound is composite salt of nitrate salt, sulfate salt, carbonate salt, phosphate salt, and/or acetate salt. The high valence metal compound is oxides with perovskite structure selected from CexTi(1-x)O2, Ca0.6La0.27TiO3, La(1-y)CeyMnO3 or La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3.x=0.25-0.4;andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high valence metal compound is cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, nitrogen-containing crown ether, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, EDTA, dimethyl formamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fiber is alkali-resisting glass fiber, alkali-free glass fiber, PTFE fiber, fluorinated ethylene propylene fiber, fiber with ion exchange function prepared according to CN101003588A, fluorinated propyl vinyl ether fiber, fluorocarbon polymer fiber, ceramic fiber, mineral fiber and/or oxide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The laminate is in form of elongate film or roll wound-up by a core. The polymer electrolyte membrane is formed by carrying out solution-casting of polyelectrolyte solution containing polymer electrolyte and organic solvent. The organic solvent contains aprotic polar solvent. The polymer electrolyte is polymer electrolyte having ion exchange group, preferably copolymer comprising structural unit including ion exchange group and structural unit excluding ion exchange group. The polyolefin film is a film comprising polypropylene resin or a film comprising polyethylene-type resin which contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The adhesiveness between polyolefin film and polymer electrolyte membrane at 180 degrees tensile strength is 0.5-10 gf/20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anti-theft cover plate is made of steel plate and roasted by high-temperature resistant paint or chromium-plated at a surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalytic liquefaction reactor comprises an acid catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feed stream comprises light hydrocarbon(s) from methane, ethane, propane, butane, and/or isobutane. Preferred Method: A portion of the feed stream is converted to reactive products comprising acetylene and/or ethylene by pyrolysis, partial oxidation, combustion, oxidative coupling, electric arc, resistance heater, plasma generator, and/or catalytic conversion. The method further comprises separating some carbon dioxide or hydrogen from the reactive product stream. It further comprises conveying a portion of the hydrogen to a fuel cell or turbine; providing oxygen to the fuel cell or turbine; and reacting the hydrogen with the oxygen in the fuel cell or burning the hydrogen with the oxygen in the turbine to produce electricity. The method further comprises conveying a portion of the hydrogen to the hydrogenation reactor. The catalytic liquefaction reactor is operated at 300-1000K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride or polytetrafluoroethylene. The cyclic hydrocarbon compound is perfluorodecalin. The concentration of cyclic hydrocarbon compound in the electrolyte solution is 20-80 volume%. The electrolyte solution includes hydrocarbon-based solvent chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate or ethylene carbonate. The binder carries out chemical-crosslinking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of nickel powder, copper powder, and yttria-stabilized zirconia powder is 10:50:40-50:10:40. Preferred Property: The nickel-copper-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermet has particle size of 0.5-4 mu m. Preferred Process: The manufacture of cathode material further involves adding antifoaming agent, dispersing agent, and plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is fish oil. The plasticizer is glycerol or dibutyl phthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The antifoaming agent is polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinal-type lithium-titanium complex oxide in the coating layer is of formula: Li4+xTi5O12, where x is -1 to 3. The substance is oxide substance, preferably lithium-titanium complex oxide, lithium-molybdenum complex oxide and/or lithium-niobium complex oxide having ramsdellite, anatase, rutile, brookite and bronze structure. Preferred Property: The coating layer has thickness of has 5 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The abundance ratio of diamond structure and graphite structure in carbonaceous substance is 0.18. The carbonaceous substance is highly oriented thermally decomposed graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode collector consists of aluminum containing iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat shrink material is included with polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolytic membrane assembly has one electrolytic membrane containing sulfonic acid (-SO3H) group. The electrolytic membrane is obtained by hydrolyzing the electrolytic membrane precursor containing sulfonyl fluoride (-SO2F) group in the terminal of side chain, and acid treating. The hydrolysis of electrolytic membrane precursor is performed by alkaline solution and acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The sodium salt is chosen from hexafluoro sodium phosphate, tetrafluoro sodium borate, and sodium salt ((CF3SO2)2NNa, (C2F5SO2)2NNa), preferably hexafluoro sodium phosphate. The amount of nitrile compound is 1-90 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, preferably ethylene carbonate. The cyclic ester is gamma -butyrolactone. The linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoropolymer comprises poly(tetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The composition has a surface tension that is 25-35 mN/m higher than the average surface energy of the porous support. The porous support has an average surface energy of 2-10 mN/m. The resultant composite membrane has an average surface energy on at least one side of greater than or equal to 30 mN/m. The composition is a curable composition; and the increase in viscosity is achieved by a process comprising curing the composition. The porous support is a porous support, which has been treated with fluoro compound and/or silicon compound, using wet-chemical or plasma coating technique. It has been treated with heptadecafluorodecylacrylate and/or heptadecafluorodecene. The composition comprises curable monomer(s) having acidic or basic groups, which are weakly acidic groups, which are carboxy and/or phosphate groups, or weakly basic groups, which are tert-amine groups. The curable composition is applied to the support moving at a speed of over 10 m/minute. The continuous process of preparing a composite membrane is performed using a manufacturing unit comprising a composition application station, an irradiation source for increasing the viscosity of the composition, a membrane collecting station, and a mechanism for moving the support from the composition application station to the irradiation source and to the membrane collecting station. The viscosity increase is performed by irradiating the composition for less than 3 seconds. The air permeability of the support is below 3000 L/m2.s, measured at 200 Pa. The porous support has an average surface energy of 2-10 mN/m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymeric layer comprises anionic and/or cationic groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of hydrogen atom with respect to carbon atom is 0.08-0.25. The carbon material has nitrogen-atom content of 0.5 weight% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aldehyde compound is formaldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves washing the polymer, drying, heating the polymer in oxidizing-gas atmosphere at 400 degrees C, to obtain a baked product and heating the obtained baked product at 600-3000 degrees C in an inert gas atmosphere. The polymerization reaction is carried out in presence of basic catalyst. Preferred Definitions:    R'=H;and    R=1-12C linear alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is 3-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is chosen from polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyphenylene-vinylene-polyvinylene, polythiophene and polypyrrole. Preferred Property: The conductive polymer has melting point of 80-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler is carbon type filler chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, carbon black, graphite or acetylene black, silica type filler chosen from clay fine particles (phyllosilicate), silica particle, basket-like polysilsesquioxane compound, or metal oxide type filler chosen from alumina, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or cerium dioxide. The additional amount of carbon type filler with respect to 100 wt.% of resin or resin blended materials is 0.01-100 wt.%. The additional amount of silica type filler or metal oxide type filler with respect to 100 wt.% of resin or resin blended materials is 1-300 wt.%. The filler(s) are selectively contained in resin and/or elastomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The filler is uniformly dispersed to resin and/or elastomer. Preferred Composition: The content of filler with respect to 100 wt.% of incompatible resin or elastomers is 0.01-300 wt.%. The resin and/or elastomer is blended material of thermoplastic resin and thermosetting resin, blended material of thermoplastic resin and synthetic rubber, blended material of thermoplastic resin and natural rubber, or blended material of thermoplastic elastomer and natural rubber, synthetic rubber or thermoplastic elastomer. The blended material of incompatible thermoplastic resins is polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoride ethylene, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyetheretherketone, polyarylate, polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyamide 46 and/or polyamide 11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon particles are chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: carbon black), channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black and carbon fiber, and have grain size of 0.01-1 mu m. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2, where x, y and x+y are 0-1, and z is 0.95-1.15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer resin is polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene and/or their copolymers, and has melting point of 80-200 degrees C. The molar ratio of polymer resin and carbon particles is 90:10-10:90. The coating amount of polymer resin and carbon particles is 0.5-10% with respect to total weight of active material. The coating area of surface of lithium-transition metal oxide with polymer resin and carbon particles is 20-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel-type lithium oxide contains particles (A) and particles (B), and is of formula: Li-xNiyMncCodO2, where c+d is 1-y, c is 0.05-0.4 and d is 0.1-0.4. Preferred Properties: The nickel-type lithium oxide has average particle diameter of 3-20 mu m. The particles (A) have average particle diameter of 0.01-8 mu m. The particles (B) have average particle diameter of 3-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is inactive to an electrolyte and an organic solvent, and is polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene and/or their copolymers. The coating area of nickel-type lithium oxide with the polymer is 20-80%. The coating amount of polymer is 0.5-10% with respect to total weight of active material. The coating thickness of polymer is 0.1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method preferably comprises conducting chemical vapor deposition for thermal decomposition of heavy oil residue at 1273K to obtain carbon microsphere with uniform grain diameter; refluxing the carbon microsphere (1 g) in 5 mol/L nitric acid solution at 393K, and filtering; performing ultrasonic oscillation to the carbon microsphere processed by nitric acid solution to prepare carbon slurry; slowly adding H2PtCl6 solution (7.5 ml) and metal chloride solution (4 ml), and uniformly mixing, where density of platinum (Pt) is 7.4 mg/ml and density of metal in metal chloride solution is 8 mg/ml; gradually adding reducing agent, and adjusting the mixed solution to neutral; heating the mixed solution to 333K and keeping temperature for 30 minutes; washing the mixed solution for several times using distilled water; and filtering and drying in vacuum. Preferred Component: The metal chloride solution is tin(II) chloride solution, ruthenium(II) chloride solution, or palladium(II) chloride solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The palladium salt is palladium chloride or palladium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid polyalcohol is glycerol or glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter (D50) of complex oxide of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt is 3-20 mu m. The coating thickness of alumina is 0.1-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of nickel is preferably 40-70% with respect to total content of transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is selected from aluminum chloride, ion chloride, solid phosphoric acid or hydrogen fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tetrafluoroethylene derivant is selected from hexafluoropropylene, perflour 1-butylene, perflour 1-pentene, perflour methyl vinyl ether, flour ethyl vinyl ether. The initiating agent is selected from azodiisobutyronitrile or dimethylbezene peroxide. The perfluoroalkylated agent is selected from 1,3-perfluoropropane sultone, 1,4 perfluoropropane sultone, 1,5- perfluoropentane sultone or 1,6-perfluorohexane sultone. The solvent is selected from chloroform, dichloroethane, cyclohexane, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N- dimethylformamide , N,N-diethylformamide , N-methyl ketopyrrolidine , acetone, cyclohexanone or nitrobenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The catalyst can also be aluminum silicate. The mole ratio of the perfluoroalkylated agent to catalyst to polymer containing benzene ring and solvent is 1:0.1-5:0.01-2:4-25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium nickel-type oxide (1) is preferably LixNiyMncCodO2, where c is 0.05-0.4, d is 0.1-0.4 and c+d is 1-y. The carbon-based material is chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), channel black, furnace black, lamp black and carbon fiber. The molar ratio of non-reactive material and carbon-type material is 90:10-10:90. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of lithium nickel-type oxide is 3-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium nickel-type oxide (1) is preferably LixNiyMncCodO2, where c is 0.05-0.4, d is 0.1-0.4 and c+d is 1-y. The carbon-based material is chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), channel black, furnace black, lamp black and carbon fiber. The molar ratio of non-reactive material and carbon-type material is 90:10-10:90. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of lithium nickel-type oxide is 3-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive carbon is chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), channel black, furnace black, lamp black and carbon fiber. The molar ratio of ion conductive solid compound and conductive carbon is 90:10-10:90. The ion conductive solid compound is chosen from lithium phosphate, lithium sulfide and lithium-lanthanum titanate. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is 8 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermistor is injected in the horizontal aperture of the mounting unit using molten/curing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide contains particles containing aggregate of fine particles of condensed phase structure. The ion conductive solid compound is chosen from lithium phosphate, lithium sulfide and lithium-lanthanum titanate. The coating area of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide with ion conductive solid compound is 20-80%. The coating amount of ion conductive solid compound is 0.5-10% with respect to total weight of active material. Preferred Properties: The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide has average particle diameter of 3-20 mu m. The aggregate of fine particles in lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide has average particle diameter of 0.01-8 mu m. The coating thickness of ion conductive solid compound is 0.1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode active material comprises an anode active material consisting of stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric alloys or intermetallic compounds and oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, and tellurides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum and cadmium. The electrode active material comprises a cathode active material consisting of lithium cobalt oxide, doped lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, doped lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, doped lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium vanadium oxide, doped lithium vanadium oxide, lithium vanadium phosphate, lithium transition metal phosphate, lithium mixed-metal phosphates, metal sulfides, metal phosphides and/or metal halogenides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cerium ammonium nitrate has a concentration of 0.05-0.5 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precipitant (2-20 times cerium ammonium nitrate quantity) is carbamide and/or urotropine. The silane coupling agent (0.1-0.5 times cerium ammonium nitrate quantity) is 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The second conduit is further provided with an anti-explosion valve for preventing the explosion danger caused by tempering. The water storage tank is provided with a content gauge inside and the content gauge is electrically connected with the computer control unit for detecting the water level in the water storage tank and thus to warn for water draining. The control valve is a manual or an automatic valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Vanadium sulfate and vanadic sulfate are mixed in the mol ratio of 2:1 to obtain a solution containing V2+ ion and V3+ ion in the ratio of 1:1. The additive is sodium sulfate. The reductant is sodium sulfide or sodium sulfite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel base compound is formed by at least two of nickel, nickel oxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, or nickel hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is conducting acetylene black, spherical carbon black, or carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-heat-fusible sheet provided between the exterior films consists of polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide or cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrode has volume resistivity of 0.1-1 m Omega .cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance (S) is water and/or lower alcohol. The lower alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel, zirconium, component (A), component (B) and tantalum is 35 weight%, 30 weight%, 25 weight%, 5 weight% and 5 weight%, respectively. Preferred Property: The thickness of palladium thin film is 50-5000 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen permeable alloy component has a palladium thin film coated on the hydrogen permeable alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline liquid comprises 5-30 weight% of sodium hydroxide solution or 5-30 weight% of potassium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluororesin contains (in mol%) tetrafluoroethylene (30-69.9, preferably 40-59.5), ethylene (60-30, preferably 50-40) and fluorine-containing monomer (0.1-10, preferably 0.5-5). Preferred Process: The fiber is further prepared by treating using alkaline liquid. The fluorine-containing polymer fiber is woven to form fiber sheet by textile technology. Preferred Condition: The fiber is controlled to 20-500 denier. Preferred Definitions:    n=0-1;    a+b=1-4;    Rf",Rf'=-F or -CF3;and    A=-SO2F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fluid: In the fluid above, the oil phase carries the aqueous phase out of the fuel cell as the oil phase exits the fuel cell. The aqueous phase is a byproduct of the fuel cell. The oil phase is a hydroflorether. Aqueous phase includes an additive, where the additive is at least one of a rust inhibitor, an oxidative inhibitor, and an antiwear agent. Emulsifier is a nonionic emulsifier. Emulsifier comprises at least one of a polymer having hydrophobic moieties or hydrophilic moieties, or both. Preferred Device: In the device above, the fuel cell fluid includes an oil phase for carrying the microemulsion. The controller is configured to control the valve to adjust an amount of an aqueous phase of the fuel cell fluid; or the controller is configured to control the valve in response to a condition of the fuel cell fluid exiting a fuel cell. The condition comprises saturation of the fuel cell fluid with an aqueous phase, where the aqueous phase is water. Fuel cell is a porous plate fuel cell; or the fuel cell fluid is a coolant. Preferred Method: In the method above, the aqueous phase fluid includes liquid byproducts, thermal byproducts, or both.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A raw material of manganese and a raw material of cobalt are mixed with raw material containing metallic nickel and raw material containing lithium, to obtain mixture. Preferred Composition: The complex oxide further contains metallic elements other than nickel and lithium, and the metallic elements are manganese and cobalt. The raw material of manganese comprises manganese dioxide, trimanganese tetroxide and/or manganese carbonate. The raw material of cobalt contains cobalt hydroxide and/or tricobalt tetraoxide. The raw material of lithium contains lithium carbonate. Preferred Property: The metallic nickel has average particle diameter of 10 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device has a contact connection element made of metal e.g. copper, brass and bronze, or metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The difference of melting point of inner layer in the exterior film and melting point of outer layer in the coating film is 9 degrees C or more. The melting point of inner layer in the exterior film is 124 degrees C or more. The thickness of the coating film is 0.08-0.25 mm. The melting point of outer layer in the coating film is 168 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The crosslinked unsaturated carboxylic ester polymer has structural unit of formula: -(CH2-C(-R1)(-COOR2))-.R1=H or 1-3C alkyl;andR2=1-3C alkyl.The exterior component is a laminated film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell System: The temperature of the fuel cell is less than the predetermined value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of insulating particles is less than the average particle diameter of lithium particles. The ratio of average particle diameter of insulating particles with respect to average particle diameter of lithium particles is 0.001-0.2. The secondary particles further contain electroconductive particles adhered to the surface of lithium particles. The ratio of average particle diameter of electroconductive particles with respect to average particle diameter of lithium particles is 0.001-0.2. The ratio of average particle diameter of secondary particles with respect to average particle diameter of lithium particles is 1.01-2. The negative electrode active material contains silicon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum, indium and/or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The total area of lithium particles is 6x 109-1.8x 1010 mu m2 per 1 cm2 of electrode, when negative electrode active material contains lithium and a material capable of alloying. The total area of lithium particles is 2.3x 109-7.1x 1010 mu m2 per 1 cm2 of electrode, when negative electrode active material is carbon material. The average particle diameter of lithium particles is 10-30 mu m, when negative electrode active material contains lithium and material capable of alloying. The average particle diameter of lithium particles is 2-15 mu m, when negative electrode active material is carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The positive electrode active material contains graphite fluoride. The solute contains lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carboxylic acid is preferably 0.02 parts weight or more with respect to 100 parts weight of nonaqueous solvent and solute. The carboxylic acid is butyric acid and/or pentanoic acid. The nonaqueous solvent contains ( gamma )-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium metal oxide of formulae: Li( alpha )O2 (I) and/or Li( beta )2O4 (II), where alpha and beta are cobalt, manganese, aluminum and/or nickel. The total content of elements in alpha and beta is 50 atomic% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flow transition is a gas diffusion layer. The reactant is oxygen, air, hydrogen, methanol, diesel, and/or chemical hydrides. The reactant flow field comprises a stamped metal plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery further has film containing metal oxide formed on surface of negative electrode active material layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organometallic compound with respect to electrolytic solvent is 0.0001-0.1 mol/L. The content of organometallic compound with respect to supporting electrolyte is 0.0001-1 weight%. The supporting electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate. Preferred Definitions:    M=silicon, germanium or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen evolution reaction catalyst comprises ruthenium compound such as Ruthenium-Iridium-Oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The battery cell is a prismatic battery cell. The distal end is a point or an edge. The tooth further comprises a channel extending away from the region of the sharp feature to allow gases within the region of the point to move away from the battery cell. The tooth further comprises a second sharp point and a channel between the first and second sharp points to allow gases between the points to move away from the battery cell. The first battery cell comprises a region of increased expandability relative to the rest of the battery cell, the region defining a specific expansion path for the battery cell, and where the distal end is situated along the specific expansion path. The region of increased expandability comprises a port exposing a puncturable portion of the battery cell. The tooth extends at least partially into the port. The sidewall of the wall structure is a part of a heatsink. The sidewall of the wall structure is a busbar support that is mounted to a heatsink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The electrically insulating cladding is a glass dielectric chosen from the group consisting of soda-lime glass, boron-silicate glass or potash-lead-silicate glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical hydride comprises lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride and/or lithium hydride. The metal hydride comprises lanthanum nickel (LaNi5), lanthanum nickel manganese alloy (LaNi4.6Mn(0.4)), manganese nickel cobalt aluminum alloy (MnNi(3.5)Co(0.7)Al(0.8)), manganese nickel cobalt manganese aluminum alloy (MnNi4.2Co(0.2)Mn(0.3)Al(0.3)), titanium iron nickel alloy (TiFe(0.8)Ni(0.2)), calcium nickel (CaNi5), vanadium titanium iron (V(0.9)Ti(0.1))(0.95)Fe(0.05) and/or lanthanum nickel aluminum alloy (LaNi(4.7)Al(0.3)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The power cable conforms to LIN, CAN or IEEE 802.15.4 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The activity of nitrous oxide-reductase is restricted or interrupted by appropriate irreversible- and/or reversible- or non-competitive- and/or competitive- inhibitors and/or substrate- or product inhibitors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gradual reduction of nitrates and/or nitrites is a biodegradation of nitrates and/or nitrites from nitrates and/or nitrites containing substances, where the nitrates are first reduced to nitrites, the nitrites are further reduced to nitric oxide and the nitric oxide is further reduced to nitrous oxide. The gradual reduction of nitrates and/or nitrites and/or nitrogen oxide is respectively carried out using appropriate reductase. The nitrous oxide is separated from the liquid phase and/or from the exhaust gas. The nitrous oxide is separated or purified from the exhaust gas by selective membrane process. The copper ions are reduced, complexed, separated or exchanged before and/or during the denitrification process. The copper ions are complexed, reduced and/or removed by chelating agents, by reducing with appropriate metals or metal ions and further redox system and appropriate ions, by using selective ion exchangers and/or by electrochemical reaction. The nitrate and/or nitrite containing substances comprise household wastewater, household wastes and/or wastewater, wastes and/or waste materials obtained from industries and/or agriculture. The nitrate and/or nitrite containing substances are obtained during the production of biogas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxidation reaction comprises combustion of coal, natural gas or fuel in an internal combustion engine or an oxidation reaction in a fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device is provided with a hybrid controller area network (CAN) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fiber used as reinforcements is also selected from alkali-resistant glass fiber, alkali-free glass fiber, ceramic fiber, mineral fiber or oxide fiber. The supporting proton conductive material is selected from silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, boron phosphate, zirconium orthophophate, zirconium hydrophosphate, tungestophosphoric acid, cesium hydrogen sulfate, cesium dihydrogen phophate, H-mordenite, zirconium hydrogen phophate, cerium phophate, titanium monohydrogen phophate. The metallic element of the high-valent metal compounds is selected from nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate or acetate of tungsten, zirconium, iridium, yttrium, mangnese, ruthenium, cerium, vanadium, zirconium, titanium or lanthanum. The high-valent metal compounds is selected from oxide with perovskite structure: CexTi(1-x)O2, CaO0.6La0.27TiO3, La(1-y)Ce3MnO3 or La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3.x=0.25-0.4; andy=0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metallic element of the high-valent metal compounds is also selected from: cyclodextrin, crownether, acetylacetone, azotic crownether and azotic heterocycle, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Fiber used as reinforcements is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene fiber, fluorinated ethylene propylene fiber, poly vinyl ether fiber perfluoropropyethyl or fluorocarbon polymer fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The functionalized polymer has: a molar ratio of nitrogen to carbon of 0.168-0.175, and sulfur to carbon of 0.018-0.4; a molecular weight of 105 g/mol or above; and an intrinsic viscosity, measured in dimethylsulfoxide, of 1-5 dl/g. The functionalized polymer is soluble in aprotic polar solvents and in strong acids. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Diphenylether-dicarboxylic acid and hydrazine sulfate were reacted for 1 hour at 160 degrees C, then the reaction temperature was increased to 180 degrees C. 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid was added to the reaction vessel and the reaction was carried out for 2 hours. The molar solubility rate of polyphosphoric acid/hydrazine sulfate and the molar monomer rate of hydrazinesulfate/4,4'-diphenylether-dicarboxylic acid were kept constant at 10 and 1.2, respectively. A molar ratio of polyhydrazide, formed in situ, to 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid of 1:1 was used. After completion of the process, the reactive medium was put into lukewarm water containing 5 wt./vol.% sodium hydroxide solution to precipitate the functionalized polytriazole polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst solution contains metallic catalyst and solvent. The metallic catalyst includes platinum-ruthenium catalyst or platinum catalyst. Pneumatic pressure of 0.1-0.6 MPa and voltage of 10-20 kV are applied to diffuse catalyst into electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is chosen from deionized water, 1-propanol, ionomer and isopropyl alcohol. The catalyst is dispersed to the thickness of 1-10 mu m. The liquid fuel of fuel cell is methanol, ethanol or formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antacid material is chosen from metal carboxylate, metal salt of organic acid, silicate and alkali hydroxide. Preferred Composition: The content of antacid material is 0.01-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode active material. Preferred Condition: The electrochemical element is formed using electrolyte organic type electrolyte solution including fluorine as electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The microparticles comprises polymer (20 parts or more, preferably 100 parts or more, and more preferably 300 parts or more), wollastonite fiber, talc and zinc oxide. The polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride. The battery separator further comprises a reinforcing web.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The current sensor is connected with an energy management system of a motor vehicle over the measuring lines and the evaluation circuit over a Local interconnect network-bus for detecting electrical state variables of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The cathode (1) comprises the cathode active material (70-98.5 wt.%), a conductivity-endowing material (0.5-30 wt.%) and a binder (1-10 wt.%), relative to the total amount of the cathode active material, the conductivity-endowing material and the binder. The cathode active material has a specific surface area of 0.01-3 m2/g. The anode collector (4) contains the anode active material deposited on it. The cathode containing the cathode active material and an anode collector containing the anode active material are separated by a separator (5) and immersed in a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte. EXAMPLE - Cathode active material lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) was combined with a carbon black (conductivity-endowing material) and dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone with a dissolved polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) to obtain slurry. The weight ratio of the cathode active material, the conductivity-endowing material and the binder was 91/6/3. The slurry was applied on an aluminum collector and dried in vacuum for 12 hours to give a cathode. The cathode and anode (Li2SiO) were placed opposite to each other through a separator (polypropylene film) without electric connection and placed in a cell. The cathode collector was connected to an aluminum tab and the anode collector was connected to nickel tab, then the tabs were electrically connected outside of the laminated cell and the cell was filled with an electrolyte and sealed to give lithium secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains (in weight%) molybdenum (5 or less), and vanadium (0.1-1.5), tungsten (0.1-2), lanthanum (0.0005-1), zirconium (0.0005-1) and/or boron (0.0005-0.1). The secondary passivation coating has thickness of 2-4.5 nm. The stainless steel has contact resistance of 10 m( Omega ).cm2 or less at 60-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal complex with 3-dimensional structure is assembled on multiple porphyrins metal complex and constituted by metal ion and organic compound provided with multiple parts coordinated to metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is 4,4'-azopyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thickness of layer formed using solution containing crosslinking agent is 14 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode and cathode are independent of each other made of cermet nickel oxide-cerium gadolinium oxide, strontium doped lanthanum manganite, cermet nickel oxide-yttria stabilized zirconia, lanthanum-nickel oxide, chromo-manganite, ferrites, cobalts and titanates. The electrolyte material comprises doped ceramic oxides such as yttrium-zirconium, zirconium-scandium and manganite of strontium lanthanum doped with cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The secondary battery has ion-conductive electrolyte solution (12) arranged between positive electrode and negative electrode (11) which contains lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is formed by anodic oxidation which uses aqueous solution of hydroxide containing lithium, sodium, potassium, barium, strontium or calcium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The negative electrode is covered by a liquid alloy containing composite material of lithium, carbonaceous material, lithium and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion-conductive electrolyte solution contains lithium dissolved in organic solvent which is a carbonate-type organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation (m1) of the catalyst involves co-precipitating or coordinated precipitating a multi-component catalyst composition comprising catalytic metal salt and inactive porous support; filtering, drying and grinding the obtained co-precipitated catalyst composition; and calcinating the obtained catalyst composition at 400-800 degrees C under air atmosphere. Preferred Method: In the method (m2) at the time of supplying carbon source, only gas phase of carbon source is supplied without mixing hydrogen gas which acts as a catalyst reducing agent. The magnesium oxide (MgO) acts as a co-precipitating agent by directly bonding with catalytic metal salt, in a co-precipitating or coordinated precipitating step. Preferred Definitions:    M1=Al;    M2=Mg;    p and q=0.10-0.90;    x,y=0.10-0.60;    z=0.05-0.70.    EXAMPLE - Co(NO3)2.6H2O (21.24 g), V2O5 (6.61 g), Fe(NO3)3.9H2O (14.47 g), magnesium oxide (MgO) (6.63 g) was separately dissolved in deionized water (100 ml). The obtained 4 solutions were mixed into 1 solution at room temperature and stirred for 60 minutes. Then, the obtained precipitated solid material was filtered and washed with deionized water, followed by recovering cake shape material. The obtained cake shape material was dried at 120 degrees C for 12 hours. Then, the dried material was grinded. Finally, catalyst (20.32 g) was obtained. The mole.% of Co:V:Fe:Mg was 21.1:21.0:10.4:47.5 in the obtained catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst in the catalytic liquefaction reactor comprises an acid catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises providing a second feed stream comprising a portion of the natural gas stream and/or a portion of a stream separated from the process; and conveying the second feed stream to a reaction section of the reactor where the second feed stream is heated by intimate mixing with the feed stream to a temperature and for a time sufficient such that reactive products comprising acetylene and/or ethylene are produced. The natural gas stream is at 1-20 bar, and preheated at 400-1800 K. The feed stream is preheated at 400-1800 K. It is maintained at greater than or equal to 400 K for 0.1-100, preferably 0.2-10 m-seconds. The catalytic liquefaction reactor is at 300-1000 K. The method further comprises separating a gas or vapor from the hydrocarbon liquids and using a portion of the gas or vapor stream to partially quench the reactive product stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin is polyolefin-type resin. The polyolefin-type resin is polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The thermoplastic resin is resin particles having average particle diameter of 0.1-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is polyolefin resin, preferably polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic particles contain barium titanate, lead-zirconate titanate, hafnia, strontium titanate, tin oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3), nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, alumina, titanium oxide, lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate and/or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder polymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene), polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, carboxymethylcellulose and/or acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer. The electrode assembly contains high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether-ether-ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide and/or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetone, water, ethanol, methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol or glycerin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The perfluorinated resin is of formula: -((CF2CF2)x-CF2CF(-O(CF2CF(-CF3)O)n(CF2)pSO3H))y-, -(CF2CF2)a-(CF2CF((-OCF2CF(-CF3))c(CF2)d-COOH))b-, or -(CF2-CF2)e-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)3-P(=O)(-OH)(-OH)))f-.x=3-15;n=0-2;p=2-5;c=0 or 1;d=1-5;a=3-11;b=1-3;e=3-20;andf=1.Preferred Process: The perfluorinated resin is prepared to perfluorinated resin solution using solvent by solution pouring, casting, screen printing, spray finishing or dipping technology. Preferred Film: The fluoropolymer thin film is one-way stretched film or two-way stretched film. Preferred Properties: The fluoropolymer thin film has thickness of 1-20 microns, preferably 5-15 microns, void fraction of 60-97%, preferably 80-95%, and diameter of aperture of 0.2-5 microns, preferably 1-3 microns. The perfluorinated resin has ion exchanging capacity of 0.90-1.60 mmol/g, preferably 0.85-1.50 mmol/g, or 0.80-2.50 mmol/g and molecular weight of 10-60000. The perfluorinated resin solution has solid content of 1-80%. The weight ratio and viscosity of the perfluorinated resin solution is 1-4000 cP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is less than 10 wt.%. The portion of carbon is doped inside the lithium-containing transition metal oxide. The content of carbon in the surface of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 50-99.9% with respect to total content of carbon. The carbon (0.01-7 wt.%) is coated on the surface of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide with respect to total content of lithium-containing transition metal oxide. The content of doping metal is 0.01-10 wt.% with respect to total content of lithium-containing transition metal oxide. The content of nickel is greater than the content of manganese and cobalt. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is preferably of formula: Li1+aMn(1-x-y-z)NixCoyDzO2 (II). The content of nickel is 40-70% with respect to total content of transition metal (M). The lithium precursor is lithium carbonate. The transition metal precursor is transition metal oxide.a=-0.3 to 0.3;x=0 to less than 0.8;y=more than 0 and less than 0.8;z=more than 0.01 and less than 0.1;(1-x-y-z)=0 to less than 0.5;andD=zirconium, magnesium or titanium.Preferred Condition: The sintering process is carried out at 900-1100 degrees C for 20 hours. Preferred Definitions:    D1,D2=magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metal sheet substrate is provided with a cobalt-containing layer between substrate and nickel-containing layer. The metal sheet substrate is made of unalloyed or low-alloy steel, or stainless steel, aluminum or its alloy, or titanium. The nickel-containing layer is nickel layer, nickel-molybdenum alloy, nickel-chromium alloy or nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy layer. The nickel-containing layer is provided with a spatial distribution of conductive particles such as graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A metal conductive layer (a) containing zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, tin, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum and/or gold is formed between catalyst electrode layer and metal surface of the separator. Preferred Composition: The separator comprises a material of metal of aluminum, titanium, magnesium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, hafnium, zinc, bismuth and/or antimony. The separator comprises a central layer containing iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, magnesium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, chromium, tungsten and/or nickel, and a surface layer comprising aluminum, titanium, magnesium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, hafnium, zinc, bismuth and/or antimony. The electrode metal conductive layer (b) of catalyst electrode layer side contains ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum and/or gold. The separator metal conductive layer (c) at side of separator contains titanium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, tin and/or silver. Preferred Properties: The catalyst electrode layer has thickness of 0.1-200 mu m. The porous layer has thickness of 0.1-300 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains alloy of lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The roughened surface of support has roughness of 0.1-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfolane derivative and benzene derivative is 20-80 weight% and 80-20 weight%, respectively. Preferred Definitions:    organic group (g)=perfluoroalkyl, organosilyl group, ester bond, ether linkage, carbonate bond, sulfonyl coupling, nitrile group, or alkyl group optionally having nitrile group;    X-=BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(Rf'SO3)2-, C(Rf'SO3)3- or Rf'SO3-;and    Rf'=1-12C fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heater combusts gases of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, butane, propane, methanol, ethanol, ether, ethane, pentane, and dimethylether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous catalytic walls are made of rock wool coated with catalysts selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, copper, zinc, nickel, iridium, tin, osmium, ruthenium silver, titanium oxide, iron, and transition metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reformer is operated at a reformer operation temperature of 500-850 degrees C. It is recovered from the reformer at a recovery temperature of greater than or equal to 500 degrees C. The water-gas shift reaction zone comprises a first stage and a second stage, where first stage is operated at a temperature that is higher than the second stage, and the feedstream is in heat exchange contact with stream(s) selected from a first stage water-gas shift product stream, a second-stage water-gas shift product stream, and/or reformate. The feedstream is introduced into the reformer as vapor at 150-400 pounds/square inch. It is introduced into the reformer in the absence of compression. The feedstream is introduced into the reformer at a steam to carbon molar ratio of 2:1-4:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The steam reforming catalyst comprises metal component, modified support, and promoter. The metal component comprises nickel (0.1-60 wt.%). The promoter comprises rare earth element (0.1-15 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bio-based feedstock comprises alcohols, acids, ketones, ethers, esters, and/or aldehydes. It comprises ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bio-based feedstock is derived from biomass selected from lignin, corn, sugar cane, syrup, beet juice, molasses, cellulose, sorbitol, algae, glucose, and/or acetates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), removing the embedded pore-forming particles comprises chemically etching the embedded pore-forming particles. The chemically etching is performed with aqueous sodium hydroxide or hydrogen fluoride. Removing the embedded pore-forming particles comprises heating the embedded pore-forming particles. The dispersing insoluble pore-forming particles in the liquid medium comprise ultrasonic vibrating. Heating the precipitate in a controlled atmosphere comprises heating to 1000 degrees C. The titanium compound is titanium (IV) alkoxide compound (preferably titanium (IV) isopropoxide or titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexyloxide). The liquid medium comprises alcohol or aqueous/alcohol medium. The insoluble pore-forming particles are at least one of silica particles, polymer particles, nylon particles, or vinyl chloride particles. The insoluble pore-forming particles are silica particles, and in which the silica particles are dispersed in the liquid medium in an amount to provide 1.2 parts by weight of silicon per part of titanium. The insoluble pore-forming particles are 10-15 nanometers in largest dimension. The dopant element comprises at least one element selected from lanthanum, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, strontium, vanadium, and yttrium (preferably niobium). The pores in the crystalline, dopant element-containing titanium dioxide particles are surface-area increasing, internal and external pores. The controlled atmosphere comprises hydrogen or ammonia. The dopant element is niobium, the catalyst support particles contain Ti/Nb in an atomic ratio of 2, and the catalyst support particles have a BET surface area of 125 m2/g. In method (M2), the catalyst particles are noble metal (preferably platinum). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-type solvent is 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluorocyclopentane or 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorocyclopentane, and has boiling point of 70-100 degrees C. The binder is fluorine-containing compound. The content of solid electrolyte and binder is 80-99 weight% and 1-20 weight%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The positive electrode active material is baked at 700-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous medium is water. The amount of aqueous medium is 50-180 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide. Preferred Process: The calcination is performed in an atmospheric air. EXAMPLE - Aluminum isopropylate as aluminum alcoholate was hydrolyzed with water to form a slurry of aluminum hydroxide and the slurry was dried to obtain a first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide. The first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide had a dry bulk density of 0.12 g/cm3, a Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of 294 m2/g and an average secondary particle diameter of 11 mu m. Then, the first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide (100 parts by weight) was mixed with water (58 parts by weight) as an aqueous medium using a continuous jet mixer to obtain a wet powdery aluminum hydroxide. The wet powdery aluminum hydroxide was charged in a container (13 L) equipped with agitating blades and dried while agitating the powder to evaporate water to obtain a second dry powdery aluminum hydroxide. The second dry powdery aluminum hydroxide powder had a dry bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, a BET surface area of 183 m2/g and an average secondary particle diameter of 18.3 mu m. The second dry powdery aluminum hydroxide was maintained and calcined in a furnace at a temperature of 1280 degrees C during 7 hours to obtain alpha alumina having a BET surface area of 3.5 m2/g and an average secondary particle size of 34 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polymer (c), expanded graphite powder and pitch-type carbon fiber is 100 parts mass, 30-300 parts mass and 100-400 parts mass, respectively. The content of flame-retardant thermally-conductive inorganic compound with respect to 100 parts mass parts of the polymer (d) is 50-300 parts mass. The polymer (c) is poly(meth)acrylate (c1). The polymer (d) is poly(meth)acrylate (d1). The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (a) further contains (meth)acrylate (a1). The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (b) further contains (meth)acrylate monomer (b1). The layer (A) is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer (a1) in heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (a). The layer (A) is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer (b1) in heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (b). Preferred Property: The volume resistivity of layer (B) is 1010 ohm.cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of monomer unit (A) and monomer unit (B) is 5/95-50/50. The total content of monomer units (A and B) contained in the copolymer is 50 %mass or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The copolymer has a heat crosslinkable group chosen from epoxy group, N-methylol amide group and oxazoline group, and hydrophilic group chosen from carboxylic acid group, hydroxyl group and sulfonic acid group. The binder is crosslinked by heating, or irradiating by energy beam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of normal paraffin of non-aromatic component is 5 parts mass or more with respect to 100 parts mass of aromatic component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weak acidic group is carboxyl group. The strong basic anion-exchange group is quaternary ammonium salt group, or quaternary pyridinium salt group. The content of cross-linked monomer is 0.5-40 mole% with respect to total content of polymerizable monomers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesion amount of polymer (B) with weight average molecular weight of 8000-10010000 is 0.0001-0.5 mg/cm2. The polymer (B) is polyacrylic acid. Resin (A) is formed using cross-linked monomer having more than 2 functional groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The positive and negative electrode tab leads further have a chitosan layer (14).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The roughness of surface on which partially coated layer is not formed and nickel-coated layer is 0.03-0.5 mu m each.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The surface roughness (Ra) of aluminum plate is 0.03-0.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chitosan layer contains chitosan or its derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The infusibilized pitch has oxygen content of 5-20 wt.%. Preferred Component: The inert gas is mixed gas of nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, water vapor and incomplete combustion gas of butane. Preferred Condition: The inert gas does not react with pitch after infusible process, and exists in gaseous state at temperature above minimum temperature of detarring process and below upper limit temperature of detarring process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogel is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyethyleneimine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, methyl cellulose, hydroxy-propylcellulose, polyacylamide, starch or partially hydrolyzed cellulose acetate, and exist in network form. The hydrogels are made of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol, preferably physically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol. The electrospun polymer fibers are poly-L-lactide, polystyrene or polyvinyl butyral. Preferred Process: In the process, the hydrogel particles are physically crosslinked and are produced through a process comprising: preparing an aqueous solution of a water soluble polymer; preparing a sediment of aqueous liquid culture of bacteria; contacting the polymer with the sediment; stirring the obtained mixture at high speed; physically crosslinking the polymer; and filtering the formed hydrogel containing bacteria, in which the aqueous solution of water soluble polymer is an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyamine is polyallyl amine. Preferred Parameter: The polyamine has weight average molecular weight of 700-8000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel electrode has collector comprised with porous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The (meth)acrylic ester-type monomer containing hydroxyl group is hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is graphite-type material and easily graphitized carbon material. The metal foil is aluminum, copper, nickel or stainless steel. The lithium salt is lithium chlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and/or lithium hexafluorophosphate. The metal porous component is foaming nickel-chromium alloy formed using foaming nickel having nickel fabric weight of 150-500 g/m2 and foaming urethane having porosity of 80-97%, or nonwoven fabric-type nickel-chromium alloy formed using nonwoven fabric-type nickel having nickel fabric weight of 150-500 g/m2 and nonwoven fabric containing polyolefin fiber. Preferred Properties: The capacitance of negative electrode is more than the capacitance of positive electrode. Preferred Composition: The occlusion amount of lithium ion is 90% or less with respect to difference of capacitance of negative electrode and positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains solvent chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pull rod is made of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The baffle is made of composite of polyphenylene sulfide and glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium ion conductive oxide is of formula: Li7La3M2O12, where M is zirconium and/or hafnium. Preferred Properties: The lithium ion conductive oxide has peak separated into two at Bragg angle of 15.8-17.5 degrees in powder X-ray diffraction pattern. The lithium ion conductive oxide has lattice constant (a) of 13-13.2 Angstrom and lattice constant (c) of 12.6-12.8 Angstrom or 12.5-12.7 Angstrom measured in tetragonal system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer formed on the positive electrode layer is made of polycrystalline silicon, single crystal silicon, amorphous silicon, metal oxide and oxide semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of alloy of any one of metal from the group of nickel, iron, aluminum, copper and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The lithium ion secondary battery further contains positive electrode, negative electrode and separator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorine-containing ether (I) is preferably of formula: HCF2CF2-O-CH2CH2CH2CH3, HCF2CF2-O-CH2CH(CH3)2 or HCF2CF2-O-CH2C(CH3)3. The non-fluorine-type cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. The content of fluorine-containing ether (I) and non-fluorine-type cyclic carbonate are 1-60 volume% and 5-50 volume%, respectively. The electrolyte solution further contains solvent (b) which consists of fluorine-containing ether, fluorine-containing ester, fluorine-containing carbonate, fluorine-containing lactone and/or non-fluoro-type linear carbonate. The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide or lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode further contains an electroconductive auxiliary agent and a binder. The amount of oxygen in the silicon oxide particles is 0.8-1 with respect to 1 atom of silicon. The average value of cross-sectional area at the bottom of protrusion is 0.4-5.4 mu m2. The doping quantity of lithium is 1.4-3.8 mmol with respect to 1 mole of silicon. The average particle diameter of silicon oxide particles is 5-30 mu m. The average height of protrusion is preferably 5-16% with respect to average particle diameter of lithium-containing silicon oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon desulfurizing agent further contains phosphorus oxide. The porous inorganic oxide is silica. The solution or suspension liquid contains silica and/or its precursor as the porous inorganic oxide and/or its precursor. Preferred Process: The coprecipitate is further supported with phosphorus compound. Preferred Condition: The hydrocarbon desulfurizing agent and kerosene are contacted at 0-400 degrees C, pressure of 0.1-1.1 MPa and liquid space velocity of 0.01-100/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent contains: copper oxide (30-50 wt.%), zinc oxide (30-45 wt.%) and aluminum oxide (5-40 wt.%); copper oxide (50-80 wt.%), zinc oxide (10-40 wt.%) and zirconium oxide (1-10 wt.%); copper oxide (30-60 wt.%), magnesium oxide (10-30 wt.%) and silicon dioxide (10-60 wt.%); or chromium oxide and/or barium oxide (up to 5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode catalyst is an alloy of platinum and ruthenium, mixture of elementary platinum and elementary ruthenium, or mixture of elementary platinum, platinum-ruthenium alloy, and ruthenium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid is sulfuric acid and formic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton-conductive ion-exchange resin contains perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is at least one co-catalyst selected from manganese oxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide, rhenium oxide, molybdenum oxide, and tungsten oxide. The oxide carrier is formed of at least one oxide selected from aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, titanium dioxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ). The metal oxide is distributed on the surface of the nickel active catalyst layer. The metal oxide is distributed within the nickel active catalyst layer. The metal oxide is distributed on the surface of and within the nickel active catalyst layer. The amount of the nickel is 1-40 parts by weight. The amount of metal of the metal oxide is 0.5-20 parts by weight. Preferred Method: The loading of the nickel precursor and the loading of the metal oxide precursor are performed by deposition precipitation, co-precipitation, wet impregnation, sputtering, gas-phase grafting, liquid-phase grafting, or incipient-wetness impregnation. The heat-treating is performed for from 2-5 hours at 500-750 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains transition metal and/or transition metal salt, preferably iron salt, copper salt, cobalt salt and/or molybdenum salt. The catalyst is ferric chloride, copper(II)chloride or cobalt/molybdenum catalyst. Preferred Process: The catalyst in the catalyst layer is reduced at 600-1200 degrees C for 5-200 minutes by chemical vapor deposition method using hydrogen gas (20-200 sccm). The transparent conductive carbon nanotube film is grown at 600-1200 degrees C using a carbon source and a carrier gas. Preferred Property: The flow-rate ratio of carbon source and carrier gas is 1:8-3:4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst solution is obtained using a solvent. The uniform catalyst layer is formed on the substrate by coating and drying the catalyst solution. Preferred Properties: When the catalyst is ferric chloride or copper(II)chloride, the concentration of catalyst solution is 0.03-2 wt.%. When the catalyst is cobalt/molybdenum catalyst, the concentration of catalyst solution is 0.001-2 wt.%. The thickness of the wet film of uniform catalyst layer is 11-33 mu m. Preferred Compound: The solvent is alcohol solvent, ether solvent or ketonic solvent, preferably methanol, ethanol, acetone, diethylether or glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride as binder and the active material layer contains carboxymethylcellulose as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is platinum (Pt), Pt-cobalt, Pt-ruthenium, Pt-iron, and/or Pt-nickel, or a supported catalyst containing at least one catalyst metal disposed on carbonaceous support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The 1-20C ammonium perfluoroalkylsulfonate (20-100 pts. wt.) is ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, ammonium perfluorohexanesulfonate, ammonium perfluorooctanesulfonate, ammonium perfluorodecanesulfonate, ammonium nonafluorobutanesulfonate, and/or tetrabutylammonium nonafluorobutanesulfonate. The material (M1) comprises phosphoric acid or 1-20C organic phosphonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The binder is poly(vinylidenefluoride), PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyurethane, and/or styrene butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material containing graphene includes carbon material comprising layered graphene or two or more-fold graphene, or carbon material containing water-soluble graphene obtained by oxidizing carbon material containing graphene. The carbon material containing graphene supports the stable-structured platinum cluster containing platinum of formula: (Pt)n (II).n=1-1000.Preferred Condition: The mixture of platinum solution and carbon material is heat-processed in argon air flow containing hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The platinum particles are platinum-type particles containing pure platinum or platinum-containing metal component of formula: PtM (I).M=ruthenium, gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium or transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum solution is dinitroamine platinum ethanol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The distribution particle size of the carbon material is 2 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery composition further contains solvent, binder component, and positive electrode active material and/or negative electrode active material. The binder component is high molecular compound having fluorine atom in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin having basic functional group is polymer (A) and/or polymer (B). The polymer (A) is obtained by reacting primary and/or secondary amino group of amine compound in polyamine, isocyanate group of urethane prepolymer having isocyanate group in both terminal, hydroxyl group of phenyl polymer having 2 hydroxyl groups, and isocyanate group of diisocyanate, and has amine titer value of 1-100 mg.potassium hydroxide/g. The polymer (B) is obtained by reacting isocyanate group of polyisocyanate having 2 or more isocyanate groups, primary and/or secondary amino group of polymer having amino group, primary and/or secondary group of polyamine having 1 or more primary and/or secondary groups, and (meth)acryloyl group of polymer having 1 or 2 (meth)acryloyl groups in the terminal, and has amine titer value of 5-100 mg.potassium hydroxide/g. The vinyl polymer having 2 hydroxyl groups in both terminal is obtained by radical polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomer and compound having 2 hydroxyl groups and 1 thiol group in a molecule. The polymer having 1 or 2 (meth)acryloyl groups in the terminal is vinyl polymer or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylate of yttrium is acetate or citrate. The content of yttrium carboxylate and zirconium oxyacetate in mixed solution with respect to total content of yttrium oxide and zirconium oxide is 1-10 %mass. The molar ratio of carboxylic acid group with respect to total content of yttrium and zirconium in the aqueous solution is 1.2-2.5, and is adjusted by adding acetic acid or citric acid to the aqueous solution. Preferred Conditions: The pH of mixed aqueous solution is 4-5.5, and is adjusted by adding acetic acid or citric acid to the aqueous solution. The method further involves performing desalination process of mixed aqueous solution which is subjected to hydrothermal treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst-containing carbon carrier has hydrophilicity of 0.3 or less, measured by water vapor adsorption/nitrogen adsorption amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles include a catalyst. The catalyst includes an oxide, a dioxide (preferably silicon dioxide), a metal and a metal alloy. The solution is an aqueous solution, and further includes a surfactant, which increases the wettability of the solution onto the carbon nanotubes without disturbing the suspension of the nanoparticles. The solution is a non-aqueous solution. Preferred Method: The solution is applied by: dripping the solution onto the carbon nanotubes; spraying the solution onto the carbon nanotubes; or dipping the carbon nanotubes into the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The active metals are preferably molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid type desulfurizing agent is Lewis acid type desulfurizing agent. The sulfur content of hydrocarbon oil in which sulfur content is reduced is less than or equal to 5 mass ppb. Preferred Process: The reduction of sulfur content is performed at - 30-100 degrees C. The color of solid acid type desulfurizing agent can be identified from exterior. Preferred Components: The transparent or semitransparent desulfurizer with detection part which detects color of solid acid type desulfurizing agent by measuring light with wavelength of 400- 550 nm by sensor is filled desulfurizing agent made into hydrocarbon oil with sulfur contents of less than or equal to 20 mass ppb and slurry form, equipped with cylindrical main body container and flange provided in each of entrance of main body container and exit and heat storage agent jacket, and installed in exterior of housing with fuel cell and fuel treating apparatus. Preferred Parameter: The size of particles of desulfurizing agent is 0.1-2 mm. The diameter of entrance of main body container and exit is 0.1-1 time the internal diameter of cylindrical part of main body container. The internal volume of desulfurizer A is 2- 100 times the internal volume of high temperature desulfurizer B.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon oil with sulfur contents of 0.1-10 mass ppm is lamp oil or light oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The expanded grid contains lead-calcium-tin alloy comprised of 0.7-2.2 wt% of tin and 0.05-0.09 wt% of calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The graphitized mesophase carbon particles have average particle diameter of 6-30 mu m, fracture strength of 10-100 MPa and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.5-6 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate is 50-90 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The other sulfide is chosen from phosphorus sulfide, silicon sulfide, boron sulfide and germanium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The solid electrolyte manufacturing apparatus further has a heat-exchange unit (60) which heat-exchanges between the pulverization synthetic unit and synthetic unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is lithium-transition metal composite oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thiophene repeating unit further contains 1-5C alkyl group substituted in the 4-position of thiophene ring. The thiophene repeating unit is of formula (I or II).R1,R4=ethylene or propylene;R2,R5=methyl or ethyl;R3=H or 1-5C alkyl;n=1-5;andM+=alkali-metal cation or hydrogen ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material layer is made of lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nitride oxide and lithium manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nickel-aluminum intermetallic compound nanoparticles have Brauner-Emmett-Teller surface area of 50 m2/g or more. Preferred Process: The nickel-aluminum intermetallic compound nanoparticles are obtained from nickel aluminum alloy ingot by vacuum arc-plasma vapor deposition method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains cation chosen from lithium ion, potassium ion, sodium ion, ammonium ion or calcium ion, an anion chosen from fluorine ion, chlorine ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion or phosphate ion, and fine powder of acidic carbon as an acidic additive. Preferred Properties: The pH of the electrolyte solution is 2-5. The specific surface area of the fine powder is 1200 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material is a material which occlude-discharges lithium. The radical (a) is an oxygen radical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) is chosen from nitrone compound and nitroso compound. The content of compound (A) contained in the ionic-conduction medium is 80 volume% or less. The ionic-conduction medium is a non-aqueous ionic-conduction medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The predetermined interval is 5-15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: At least two membranes contain block copolymer (I). Two structure electrolytic membranes formed by laminating 3 or more polymer electrolyte membranes which form the outermost layer of the electrolyte laminated film, are polymer electrolyte membranes having ion-exchange capacity higher than 1.6 meq/g. Preferred Components: Block (A) is a polymeric block consisting of an aromatic vinyl-type compound unit as a main repeating unit. The ratio of aromatic vinyl-type compound unit in block (A) is 50 %mass or more. Block (A) consists of restricted block (A1) which does not have ion-conductive group but functions as a restricted phase, and ion-conductive block (A2) having ion-conductive group. Block (A1) is a polymeric block having an aromatic vinyl-type compound unit of formula (IA), and block (A2) is a polymeric block having an aromatic vinyl-type compound unit of formula: -C(-R5)(-Ar1)-CH2-. Polymeric block consists of 2-8C alkene unit, 5-8C cycloalkene unit, 7-10C vinyl cycloalkene unit, 4-8C conjugated alkadiene unit, 5-8C conjugated cycloalkadiene unit, and/or 7-10C vinyl cycloalkene unit, 4-8C conjugated alkadiene unit, or 5-8C conjugated cycloalkadiene unit, in which portion of or all carbon-carbon double bonds are hydrogenated, preferably 2-8C alkene unit, 4-8C conjugated alkadiene unit, and/or 4-8C conjugated alkadiene unit in which portion of or all carbon-carbon double bonds are hydrogenated. The mass ratio of blocks (A1,A2) is 85:15-20:80. The mass ratio of blocks (A,B) is 95:5-5:95. The ion-conductive group is -SO3M or -PO3HM.R1=H or 1-4C alkyl;R2-R4=H or 1-8C alkyl, with at least one being 1-8C alkyl;Ar1=6-14C aryl optionally have 1-3 substituents;R5=H, 1-4C alkyl, or 6-14C aryl optionally having 1-3 substituents;andM=H, ammonium ion, or alkali metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal fluoride comprises aluminum fluoride. The layered lithium metal oxide composition has a structure of xLiMO2(1-x) Li2M'O3, where M represents metal ions having an average valance of +3 and comprises manganese, cobalt and nickel and M' represents metal ions having an average valance of +4 and comprises manganese and x is 0-1 and a structure of Li1+xNi( alpha )Mn( beta )Co( gamma )O2, where x is 0.05-0.25, alpha is 0.1-0.4, beta is 0.4-0.65, and gamma is 0.05-0.3 or a structure of Li(1.2)Ni(0.175)Co(0.10)Mn(0.525)O2. The first material has a structure of xLiMO2(1-x) Li2M'O3, where M represents metal ions having an average valance of +3, and M' represents metal ions having an average valance of +4 and x is 0-1 and a metal fluoride coating on the first material, and a metal/metalloid fluoride coating on the lithium metal oxide composite. The positive electrode material has a structure of Li1+xNi( alpha )Mn( beta )Co( gamma )M''( delta )O2zFz, where x is 0.05-0.25, alpha is 0.1-0.4, beta is 0.4-0.65, gamma is 0.05-0.3, delta is 0-0.1 and z is 0-0.1, and M'' is manganese, zinc, aluminum, gallium, barium, zirconium, titanium, calcium, cesium, yttrium and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The lithium ion secondary battery has positive electrode, negative electrode, separator and electrolyte solution. The negative electrode contains hardly graphitized carbon material. The electrolyte solution contains solvent and electrolyte. The solvent contains cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate and halogenated cyclic carbonate. The amount of halogenated cyclic carbonate with respect to solvent is 0.4-1.6 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains lithium transition metal oxide having compositional formula: LiMnxM1yM2zO2.M1=cobalt and/or nickel;M2=cobalt, nickel, aluminum, boron, iron, magnesium and/or chromium;x+y+z=1;x,y=0.2-0.6;andz=0.05-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, preferably ethylene carbonate. The linear carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate, preferably mixture of dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate. The volume ratio of dimethyl carbonate with respect to ethyl methyl carbonate is 1-1.4. The weight ratio of halogenated cyclic carbonate with respect to weight of carbon material is 1-3. The halogenated cyclic carbonate is 4-fluoroethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The capacitor comprises anion such that the cation is present in a salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anion is halogen anions, (CF3SO2)2N-, B(C2O4)2-, or tetrafluoroborate anion. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3, R5, R6=-CH3 or-C2H5;    R4=(CH2)n; and    n=less than 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation contains quaternary ammonium ion or lithium ion. The negative electrode contains a material which occludes and discharges metallic lithium, lithium alloy or lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrode active material further contains 4,5-bis(methylthio)-1,3-dithiole-containing compound of formula (II or III). The compound (I) is preferably of formula (Ia). The compound (II) is preferably of formula (IIa). The compound (III) is preferably of formula (IIIa).R7-R20=R1;or R7+R8,R9+R10,R15+R16,R17+R18=ring;andr=1 or more.Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains a nonaqueous solvent and salt consisting of an anion and a cation dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent. The nonaqueous solvent is chosen from chain carbonate, chain ester, chain ether, cyclic carbonate and cyclic ether. Preferred Property: The nonaqueous solvent has dielectric constant of 10-30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An ethylene-propylene diene copolymer protective layer is placed between a solar energy battery panel and the top surface of the automobile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-type electrolyte solution contains fluorine-containing carbonate or fluorine-containing ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution is fluorine-type electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen ion conductor contains iron as metallic element for forming perovskite-type structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrodes are made of copper, lithium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive fiber is carbon nanotube. The insulating layer is silica glass layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The first and second cells are arranged so that their base surfaces lie opposite each other. Each diverter section of each cell has electrical connecting parts connected to each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive (0.005-5.0 mass%) is diphenyl guanidine, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, benzothiazole, 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-one, cyclohexyl benzothiazole sulfenamide and/or N,N-diisopropyl-2- benzothiazole sulfenamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyfunctional aliphatic alcohol ether-type epoxy resin with respect to total amount of mixed resin and phenol resin hardening agent is 25-50 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substance (S) includes carbon material. The carbon material is composite carbon material formed by coating surface of carbon black with amorphous carbon material different from carbon black, or carbon black. The positive electrode active material is metal oxide capable of doping and de-doping lithium ion reversibly. The positive electrode has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1500-3000 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Construction: The energy store (ESP1) optionally also includes a thermally conductive connecting layer (specifically thermally conductive polyurethane foam, thermally conductive GAP filler, a thermo-pad, a thermally conductive paste, a thermally conductive foam material or a double-sided adhesive tape) between the first side surface and the cooling element (KF). The cell body (ZK) of the flat cell(s) (Z1) contains packing surrounding the cell body and having a connecting section standing away from the cell body at least along the first side surface; preferably the cooling element has at least one indentation to receive this connecting section. The energy store also includes a cooling plate (KB) thermally coupled with a cell base surface to improve heat removal, the cooling plate preferably being connected with the cooling element (KF). In particular the energy store contains at least two flat cells (Z1, Z2), each connected via a base surface with the cooling plant and connected via the first side surface with the cooling element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The energy store optionally includes a thermally conductive connecting layer, of thermally conductive polyurethane foam, between the first side surface and the cooling element (KF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocarbon is XC-72 carbon or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The stabilizing agent is polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bipolar electrodes comprises an active material layer made of lithium transition metal composite oxide, another active material layer made of a material selected from the group consisting of lithium transition metal composite oxide and graphite, carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The assembly has a sealing agent comprising a material selected from the group consisting of polyimide-based resins, polyethylene resins and polypropylene resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode comprises a solid material of metal. The metal is chosen from zinc, iron, magnesium, aluminum, lithium and their mixture. The electrolyte comprises at least one aqueous solution chosen from sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, triflic acid, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, lithium chloride, and their mixture, preferably potassium hydroxide. The anode comprises a porous material configured to filter fuel particulates from electrolyte for collecting fuel. The fuel particulates are chosen from zinc, iron, magnesium, aluminum, lithium, and their mixture. The cathode comprises catalytic material chosen from manganese oxide, nickel, cobalt, activated carbon, silver, platinum, and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon catalyst has transmittance of 10% or more at wavelength of 1-5 nm, 70% or less at wavelength of less than 1 nm, 80% or more at wavelength of 2-5 nm, 10% or less at wavelength of less than 2 nm, 70% or less at wavelength of 3-5 nm, and 20% or less at wavelength of less than 3 nm. Preferred Condition: The heat-processing of carbon catalyst is carried out at 300-1500 degrees C, or at temperature less than the heating temperature of raw material. The carbon catalyst is washed using acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon catalyst has microcrystal size ratio of 1-5 nm of 50% or more, microcrystal size of carbon net surface comprising carbon structure of 7.2 nm or less, and microcrystal size ratio of 1 nm of 40% or less in microcrystal size distribution. Preferred Compound: The electroconductive carbon material is carbon black. The metal is transition metal. Preferred Process: The metal in the carbon catalyst is removed. The activity of carbon catalyst is improved by heat-processing at 300-1500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The carbon structure is formed by heating and carbonizing raw material containing thermoplastic resin, metal and electroconductive carbon material. Preferred Compound: The thermoplastic resin is a polymeric ligand which is coordinated to the metal. The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyvinyl pyridine, salen polymer, polypyrrole, polyvinyl pyrrole, 3-methyl polypyrrole, polyvinyl carbazole, polyamide, polyaniline, poly bismaleimide and polyamidoimide. Preferred Composition: The raw material contains a complex in which thermoplastic resin is coordinated to the metal. The thermoplastic resin contains nitrogen atom as a ligand atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous particles are carbon particles having average particle diameter of 0.3-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent substance is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zeolite has average particle diameter of 20 nm or less. Preferred Compound: The lithium compound is lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic net is made of a material selected from a group consisting of an alloy of aluminum, titanium, iron, copper, nickel, zinc, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base and the upper cover are made of engineering plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oxide film has thickness of 0.1-1 mm, preferably 0.1-0.5 mm. The electrode assembly has a metallic catalyst coated on electrolyte. The metallic catalyst contains platinum, palladium, nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Preparation of anode of the air battery is as follows: Magnesium hydride or magnesium-based metal hydride powder, polypyrrole-modified carbon soot, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution or polyvinyl alcohol solution in mass ratio of 1:0.1-0.5:1-3 are mixed with slurry, then coated on base material and dried at room temperature, to obtain anode of the air battery. Preparation of cathode of the air battery is as follows: Polypyrrole-modified carbon-containing transition metal hydroxide is mixed with water, polytetrafluoroethylene suspension (5 weight%) and absolute ethyl alcohol in mass ratio of 1:3:2-7:3-6, to obtain slurry. The obtained slurry is coated on carbon paper or carbon cloth having hydrophobic property and then dried, to obtain cathode of the air battery. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the electrolyte of air battery is 1-6 mole/L. The mass ratio of magnesium hydride or magnesium-based metal hydride to base material in the anode is 1:0.05-0.5. The mass ratio of polypyrrole-modified carbon containing transition metal hydroxide catalyst to carbon paper or carbon cloth in cathode is 1:10-100. The base material of anode is a porous metal material like nickel foam or copper foam, or porous material made of carbon fiber, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal oxide includes lithium-nickel-manganese cobaltate of formula: LiaNixMnyCozO2.a=0.9-1.1;x-z=more than 0;anda+x+y+z=2.The content of lithium-nickel-manganese cobaltate is 30-70 weight%. The molar ratio of nickel, manganese and cobalt is 0.4-0.7:0.05-0.4:0.1-0.4. The inorganic particles are barium titanate, lead-(zirconium, titanium)oxide, lead-lanthanum-zirconium titanate, lead(magnesium, niobium)oxide, lead titanate, hafnium oxide, strontium titanate, tin oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide and/or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separating film contains binder polymer and inorganic particles. The binder polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose and/or acrylonitrile-styrene butadiene copolymer. The porous separating film material is high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, high-molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide and/or polyethylene naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cap-up is made of steel, and the vent plate is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material of core is soft carbon, hard carbon, natural graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbead, mesophase pitch and/or petroleum and coal tar pitch derived coke. The positive temperature coefficient medium is barium titanate. The shell further comprises metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide and spinel-type lithium-titanium oxide, and conductive material. Preferred Properties: The positive temperature coefficient medium has average particle size of 2 nm to 1 mu m. The metal oxide has average particle size of 20-800 nm. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carbonaceous material and positive temperature coefficient medium is 100:0.1-100:2. The weight ratio of carbonaceous material and metal oxide is 100:0.55-100:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has average particle diameter of 4-8 mu m, specific surface area of 1-1.6 m2/g and tap density of 1.5-2.1 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The difluorophosphate is obtained by reacting components (A), hexafluorophosphate and component (D). Preferred Composition: The component (D) is halide, carbonate, borate, phosphate, hydroxide, and/or oxide of alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, aluminum or onium, preferably halide, carbonate, borate, phosphate, hydroxide, and/or oxide of alkali metal, more preferably lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride. The component (A) is preferably phosphoric acid, diphosphorus pentoxide, phosphoric acid trichloride, diphosphoryl chloride, and/or pyrophosphoric acid. The component (C) is alkali metal halide. The alkali metal halide is lithium fluoride and/or lithium chloride. The hydrogen fluoride is a mixture of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid or anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, and organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The mineral acid is sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode active material contains titanium oxide and/or lithium titanate (LiTi2O4 and Li2Ti3O7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous electroconductive particles are carbon black having shape factor of 25-500. Preferred Property: The gas diffusion base material has heat conductivity of 0.16-3 W/m.K.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive water-repellent layer further contains water-repellent material, and has thickness of 5-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal compound and/or alkaline earth metal compound are added to positive electrode. The electrolytic salt is fluorine-containing lithium salt. The positive electrode active material has compositional formula: LiMPO4, where M is iron and/or manganese, and is preferably lithium iron phosphate. Lithium carbonate is added to at least one portion of electric power generation element as alkali metal compound. The amount of lithium carbonate is 0.3 %mass or more with respect to total of positive electrode active material. The electroconductive coating material is carbon. The amount of carbon is 0.6 %mass or more with respect to total of 100 %mass of positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles contain silica, and have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm. The electrode film contains 1-50 parts weight of inorganic particles with respect to 100 parts weight of active material, and further contains ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer comprises metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, metal carbide, metal nitride or metal carbonitride, and has thickness of 30 nm or more. The coverage of intermediate layer by the electroconductive carbon layer is 30-100%. The intensity ratio of D-band peak intensity and G-band peak intensity of the electroconductive carbon layer is 1.3 or more measured by Raman-scattering spectral analysis. The metallic base material layer contains iron, titanium, copper, aluminum and/or their alloys as constituent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant is hydrophobic. The coolant is silicone oil, mineral oil distillate, mineral oil raffinate, synthetic oil or biological oil. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling plate and the cooling pipe are made of aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Ceramic fleece is used as an elastic mat containing fiber glass, where the elastic mat is arranged between the lead vanes and a material withdrawal unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pole is made of copper. The electrically conductive housing part is made of copper or aluminum, or the housing part is provided with an aluminum layer at an outer side. A film made of nickel is placed between the pole and the housing part. Another pole is made of aluminum. A copper film and/or an aluminum film is selected as an electrode film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or barium hydroxide is selected as the carbon dioxide-absorbing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supply amount control unit has thermal responsive component (5) formed using bimetal, memory alloy or thermosensitive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The spacers are made of compressible material that is selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide and alumina silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide nanomaterial comprises alumina, alumina-boria, alumina phosphate, activated alumina, hafnia, kaolinite, magnesia, montmorillonite, aluminosilicates, silica gels, clay, active clay, aerogel or xerogel silica, silica-magnesia, mesoporous silica porous material, silica-alumina, solid super acids, solid super acids-sulfated, titania, zeolites, zirconia and/or sulfated zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current interrupt device (CID) and the safety vent element comprise an aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating gasket is comprised of a material e.g. synthetic polymer, synthetic fluoropolymer and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: In the Energy generating system (2), the energy is generated at least during the discharging of the capacitive elements. The energy is generated at least during the charging of the capacitive elements. It further comprises control means for changing the fluid (22) from the concentrate to the diluate and vice versa. It further comprises transfer means for transferring the capacitive elements from the concentrate to the diluate and vice versa. At least one of the capacitive elements comprises active carbon. The first and/or second capacitive elements comprise a salt solution (10). The additional energy source is provided for at least partially charging of the capacitive elements. The first and/or second capacitive elements are substantially shaped as wires (26) connected to a current collector. The wires (26) of the first and second capacitive elements are compressed together. The wires (26) are connected in a series connection. Preferred Method: In for generating energy from salt gradients in a fluid (22), the energy is generated during the charging and discharging of the capacitive elements. The first and/or second capacitive elements are substantially shaped as wires (26) that are connected to a first and second current collector respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy board contains 0.8-2.5 %mass of iron as beta -stabilization element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor electrically connecting the catalyst component layer and electrode element, comprises transition metal and electroconductive carbon. The conductor contains electroconductive paste that comprises gold, silver and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductor contains electroconductive paste that comprises resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrically insulating coating is comprised of plastic, Teflon (RTM: PTFE), Kalrez (RTM: Perfluoroelastomer) or Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive material is chosen from gold, platinum, silver, copper and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silicone composition comprises a moisture curable silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains platinum nitrate, platinum chloride and platinum hydroxide. Preferred Component: The support is alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconium oxide. Preferred Condition: The heating is carried out at 300-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) has electrical conductivity of (0.01-10 (preferably 0.1-2) S/cm at 25 degrees C). The first and second crystalline substances have a molar ratio of (1 to 0.01-0.05). The amount of iron is present at 90-100 mol.%. The first crystalline substance comprises metal alloys of formula (LiFePO4), (Li0.99Y0.01FePO4), (LiRiFe1iPO4) (all preferred), (LiMnPO4), (LiCoPO4), (Li3Fe2(PO4)3), (LiTi2(PO4)3), (Li3V2(PO4)3), (Li2NaV2(PO4)3), (LiTiPO5), (LiVMoO6), (LiVWO6), (LiVP2O7) or (LiFeAs2O7); and the second crystalline substance comprises metal alloys of formula (Bi4Ti3O12), (CuNb2O6), (MnTaO4), (FeWO4), (ZnZrNb2O8), (NiNb2O6), (NiZrNb2O8), (FeTiNb2O8), (MnTiNb2O8), (MgSnNb2O8), (ZnTa2O6), (Cu0.85Zn0.15Nb2O6), (YBa3Ti2O8.5), (Zr0.75Ti0.75Sn0.5O4), (HfTiO4) or (MgNb2O6). The mixed crystal further comprises carbon (1-5 wt.%).i = 0-0.1; andR = Mn, Co, Ni, Ti, Mg, Ca or Zn. EXAMPLE - Mixture of manganese carbonate, titanium dioxide and niobium pentoxide (1:1:1 molar ratio), was ground in a ball mill for 5 hours, and heated in a nitrogen atmosphere at 10 degrees C/minute to 500 degrees C and sintered the product for 10 hours. Mixture of lithium-iron-phosphate with resulting manganese-titanium-niobium-oxide of formula (MnTiNb2O8) (1:0.04 molar ratio) was added with starch as a source of carbon (5 wt.%). The lithium-iron-phosphate was prepared by mixing lithium carbonate, ferrous oxalate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in a lithium:iron:phosphate (1:1:1 molar ratio) and the lithium-iron-phosphate was prepared by other lithium, iron and phosphate sources or by a third party. Then the mixture was ground in a ball mill for 10 hours, removed and dried at 80 degrees C, and heated the resulting powder in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere at 10 degrees C/minute to 600 degrees C, and continue sintered the product for 20 hours to obtain a lithium-iron-phosphate/MnTiNb2O8/C mixed crystal cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive ion-containing inorganic particles is 1-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of active material. The electrode film further contains ionic liquid. The electroconductive ion-containing inorganic particles are lithium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of graphite is 40-75% with respect to thermoplastic resin. The sheet (14B) has thickness of 40-250 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is polypropylene, modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer or polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide in negative electrode active material is lithium titanate, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide and/or tin oxide, preferably lithium titanate. Preferred Properties: The oxide in negative electrode active material occludes lithium in lithium metal standard electric potential of 0.2-2.5 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electric conductors and the metal wires are made of copper, nickel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode has thickness of 0.5-10 mm. The lithium secondary battery has battery capacity of 4929 mA.hour or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon material is carbon fiber. The air electrode collector is carbon paper or carbon cloth comprising carbon fibers. The metal ion is lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfoimide salt is sulfonyl group-containing compound of formula: N-(-SO2-R1)(-SO2-R2).M+ (I).M=alkali metal;R1,R2=functional group containing fluoro and carbon;andor R1+R2=ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystal structure of composite titanium oxide is sodium-titanium oxide-type (Na2Ti6O13) tunnel structure of monocyclic component. The lattice constant of monocyclic component of composite titanium oxide is determined by amount of sodium and lithium remaining in the composite titanium oxide. The monocyclic component of composite titanium oxide has a-axial length of 1.46-1.48 nm, b-axial length of 0.373-0.375 nm, c-axial length of 0.91-0.93 nm and ( beta )-angle of 96-99 degrees . Preferred Process: The sodium-titanium oxide is subjected to lithium ion exchange reaction with lithium fused salt at 30-500 degrees C. The proton exchange reaction is carried out using aqueous acid at 20-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The welded pipe further contains niobium (1.0 or less), titanium (1.0 or less), molybdenum (4.0 or less) and/or copper (4.0 or less), aluminum (1.0 or less), alkaline earth metal or rare earth metal (0.10 or less) and/or boron (0.010 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte consists of sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphite complex includes expandable graphite having an average particle size of 20-200 mu m, planar graphite having an average particle size of 20-200 mu m, and spherical graphite having an average particle size of 5 to 80 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin includes one or more kinds of the resins comprising polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly methyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystalline polymer, polyether ether ketone, polyimide and polyether sulfone, and the thermosetting resin includes one or more kinds of the resins comprising epoxy resin and phenol resin. EXAMPLE - Planar graphite having an average particle size of 70 mu m was mixed with spherical graphite having an average particle size of 20 mu m at a ratio of 3-1 wt.% to obtain graphite powder. The graphite powder was mixed with expandable graphite having an average particle size of 170 mu m at a ratio of 3-1 wt.% using a dry mixer to form a graphite complex. The graphite complex (75 wt.%), a carbon black (2 wt.%), and a thermoplastic resin polypropylene (23 wt.%) were mixed and made into a pellet shaped material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In forming a porous fuel cell sheet, the screen is a wire screen. Flattening joins a first wire of the wire screen to a second wire of the wire screen. Flattening also cold welds a first wire of the wire screen to a second wire of the wire screen. The method includes weaving wires to form the screen. The wires comprise metal wires. The wires have a generally circular cross-section. The screen includes openings before the flattening step, and the flattening step decreases a width of the openings to form the apertures. The screen has a higher porosity than the sheet. Flattening also comprises rolling and compressing the screen. The sheet is operative to support a cell. The apertures are operative to communicate the fluid between an interconnector and a cell. Flattening comprises multiple rolling and compression steps. Flattening also comprises multiple rolling and compression steps with intermediate annealing steps. Preferred Fuel Cell Stack Assembly: The cell comprises a thick film tri-layer cell. The flattened screen comprises flattened metal wires. The fuel cell stack assembly includes an interconnector, and where the sheet is configured to communicate a fuel cell fluid between the interconnector and the cell. The cell comprises an anode portion adjacent the sheet layer. The sheet supports the cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotubes are modified or pristine carbon nanohorns, modified or pristine carbon nanocapsules, modified or pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes, modified or pristine double-walled carbon nanotubes, or modified or pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes are modified or pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes, modified or pristine double-walled carbon nanotubes, or modified or pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises pulverizing the melt compounding material from the melt compounding step to form a melt compounding powder, and the molding step comprises placing the melt compounding powder in a mold. The molding step is a compression molding or injection molding. Preferred Component: The polypropylene resin is the homopolymer of propylene. The polypropylene resin is the random copolymer of propylene and ethylene. EXAMPLE - Propylene homopolymer (1.10 g), graphite powder (40 g) and pristine carbon nanotubes (0.8 g) were melt compounded at 180 degrees C and 50 rpm for 10 minutes. The melt compound material was removed from the brabender and cooled at room temperature. The melt compound material was divided into several lumps, which were then pulverized in a mill for two minutes and half to form powders. A slab mold was fastened to the upper and lower platforms of a hot press. The pre-heating temperature of the mold was set at 180 degrees C. After the temperature had reached the set point, the powder was disposed at the center of the mold and pressed at 1500 psi to form a specimen. After 30 minutes, the heater was turned off and the specimen was cooled in the mold to 80 degrees C, which was then removed from the mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The liner, the cap and the collar are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat conductive layer is made of copper or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat absorbing layer is made of resin material such as fluororesin, magnesium hydroxide containing polypropylene resin, or modified polyphenylene ether resin, butyl rubber or water-containing gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium secondary battery contains lithium composite metal oxide and lithium containing olivine-type phosphate as positive electrode active material and high crystalline carbon material capable of occluding and discharging lithium and lithium alloy as negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiN(SO2CF3)2) and/or lithium bis(pentafluoroethane sulfonyl)imide (LiN(SO2C2F5)2). Preferred Property: The molar ratio of hexafluorophosphate and mixture of lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide and/or lithium bis(pentafluoroethane sulfonyl)imide is 70:30-99:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing phenol has fluorine atom in ortho-position and/or para-position. The non-aqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate. Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing phenol is tetrafluoro phenol and/or pentafluorophenol. The linear carbonate is symmetrical linear carbonate and asymmetrical linear carbonate, preferably diethyl carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate and cyclic carbonate containing double bond or fluorine. The asymmetrical linear carbonate is chosen from methyl ethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate and methylbutyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel consists of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dioxane, formaldehyde and formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert gas is argon gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of N-methylpyrrolidone is 99.8 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode material has the structure of space group Fd3m. The battery container contains a non-aqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode further comprises a conductive plate. Preferred Method: In the lithium secondary battery, capacity retention is greater than or equal to 70%, after repeating 1000 cycles of charge and discharge in 2.7-4.2 V at a charge-discharge rate of 0.5 C under a 50 degrees C environment. The positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are wound and located within the battery container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cubic metal oxide has the structure of formula (AOy). The cubic metal oxide is present at 0.1-3 wt.%. The lithium phosphate is present at 0.1-3 wt.%.y = 1-2; andA = Mg, Al, Co, or Ni. EXAMPLE - Lithium hydroxide, manganese dioxide, and magnesium oxide were used as the raw material, where the ratio of lithium, manganese and magnesium was 1.12:1.8:0.08. The raw materials were subjected to wet pulverization mixing with a crusher. The obtained powder was dried and then placed in a high-purity alumina vessel, and calcinated at 600 degrees C for 12 hours and was then disintegrated after cooling the air. The disintegrated powder was again placed in the high-purity alumina vessel and fired at 900 degrees C for 12 hours, and was then disintegrated to give a positive electrode material (LiMn(1.8)(Li(0.12)Mg(0.08))O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material comprises lithium oxide and negative electrode material comprises carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode active material contains lithium complex of formula: LiaNixCoyMzOb, where M is chosen from manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, copper, zinc, chromium, zirconium, strontium and silicon, a is 0.9-1.1, b is 1.9-2.2, x is 0.3-0.8, y is 0.1-0.5, z is 0.01-0.5, and x+y+z is 1. The ionic conduction film contains hexafluoro lithium phosphate and/or tetrafluoro lithium borate as electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monobasic lead sulfate of 5-30 %mass is added with respect to lead powder in active material. The content of phosphoric acid in electrolyte solution is 0.05-1 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite metal oxide further contains iron, and has a BET specific surface area of 2-30 m2/g. The composite metal oxide is of formula: Liz(Ni1-x-yMnxFey)O2, where x, y and x+y are greater than 0 and less than 1, and z is 0.5-1.5. The molar ratio of nickel, manganese with respect to the total amount of nickel, manganese and iron is 0.1-0.7. The molar ratio of iron with respect to the total amount of nickel, manganese and iron is 0.01-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of graphite particle to nitrogen-containing material is 99.5/0.5-70/30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nitrogen-containing material is urea, urethane resin, urea resin and/or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive further contains electrolyte dissociation promoter (B), carbonate compound (C) having polymerizable unsaturated bond of formula (I and/or II) and compound (D) having vinyl ether group or propenyl ether group. The nitrogen-containing onium salt (A) is imidazolium slat of formula (III) and/or quaternary ammonium salt of formula: (Q)a-N+-((R4O)n-R5)4-a Y'-. The electrolyte dissociation promoter (B) is ether compound of formula: R10-O-(CH2CH2O)n1-R11 and/or sulfoxide compound of formula: R8-S(=O)-R9. The donor number of ether compound and sulfoxide compound is 16-40. The compound (D) is cyclohexane derivative having vinyl ether group or propenyl ether group(s) or of formula: R16-CH=CH-O-(CH2)p-O-CH=CH-R17 or R18-CH=CH-O-(C2H4O)q-O-CH=CH-R19.R1=H, methyl or ethyl;R2,R4=2-4C alkylene;R3,R5=1-3C alkyl;Q=organic group having polymerizable unsaturated bond, preferably (meth)acryloyloxyalkyl, -R6-C(-Q1)=C(-Q2)-Q3 or group of formula (i);m=1-10;X,Y'=anion;n,q=1-5;a=1-3;R6,R7=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3,Q5-Q7=H, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl;Q4=H or halo;R8-R11=1-5C alkyl;n1=1-10C;R12,R13=H or 1-3C alkyl;R14,R15=H or 2-3C alkenyl, where R14 and R15 are not H simultaneously;R16-R19=H or methyl;andp=4-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton-conducting structure comprises core (11) comprising tin pyrophosphate and coating layer (12) which is formed on the surface of core and contains tin and oxygen. Preferred Property: The coordination number of oxygen with respect to tin is 12 or less, preferably 6 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The preset radio signal which is the beacon is received by mobile communication terminal in accordance with Bluetooth standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous hydrocarbon is natural gas or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: To (I): either at least one compound from at least one elements of silicon, aluminum, germanium, boron, antimony, bismuth, phosphorus or arsenic is added in dissolved or dispersed form, where the mass portion of the element is 0.1-20%, where the compound is oxide, chloride, nitrate, acetylacetonate, salt of fatty acids or naphthenate; or at least one compound from elements of platinum, palladium or silver is added in dissolved form. The heat treatment step takes place at greater than 45 degrees C. The preparation of the layer takes place many times, where each single layer has a composition, which is different from one another, such that the obtained total layer is formed from many single layer. Preferred Components: The metal oxide particles have a particle size of greater than or equal to 20 nm or less than or equal to 1 mu m. The metal oxides particles are silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or aluminum oxide. (I) contains one or more dispersion agents. The surface to be coated is metal, glass or ceramics. The liquid mixture further contains at least one compound from elements with low sintering temperature, which is lithium, sodium or potassium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface of the magnetic-conducting heater bodies are coated with polyfluortetraethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atoms of group IIIA-VIIB are platinum, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, or iron. In the metal particles, the precursors of the Group IIIA are VIIB metal borides, preferably cobalt-boron compound of formula CoiBj.The hydrophobic group is: siloxane compound of formula SiORR1; halogen; and perfluorinated carbon compound of formula CnFmHp.The metal particles have a size of 1-100 nm.The metal particles are nanoparticles of cobalt-fluorine type (CokFk1).The metal particles are metal nanoparticles carrying a hydrophobic nano-metric layer of CF2 and CF3, or dimethylsiloxanes (SiO(CH3)2) type.R, R1 = H, alkyl, 1-30C alkenyl, or 6-30C aryl;i = 0-25;j = 1-8;n, m = less than 0;p = less than or equal to 0; andk, k1 = non zero.Preferred Method: In the method, a grafting of fluorine layer on the surface of metal particles is done by hydrofluoric acid treatment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor compound (1) is precursor compound of formula (3) or formula (5). The ketone compound (2) is ketone compound of formula (4) or formula (6).X=2-4C hydrocarbon in which carbon atom(s) may be substituted by N, O, S, Si, H, F, cyano, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 3-8C cycloalkyl, 3-8C cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aralkyl; andR3-R6=H, F, N, O, S, Si, cyano, 1-4C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl, 3-6C cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The membrane has TD 105 degrees C heat shrinkage of less than or equal to 0.5%, preferably less than or equal to 0.25%; MD maximum shrinkage in molten state of 25.0%; TD maximum shrinkage in molten state of 11.0%. Preferred Components: The membrane comprises first and third layers and second layer located between first and third layers. The first layer comprises polyethylene (1.0-10.0 wt.%) having mol. wt. of greater than 1.0x 106, and polyethylene (90-99 wt.%) having mol. wt. of 1.0x 106. The third layer comprises polyethylene (1.0-10.0 wt.%) having mol. wt. of greater than 1.0x 106, and polyethylene (90.0-99.0) having mol. wt. of greater than 1.0x 106. The second layer (wt.%) comprises polypropylene (5.0-40.0, preferably 40), polyethylene having mol. wt. of greater than 1.0x 106 (0-10.0), and polyethylene having mol. wt. of 1.0 x 106 (60.0-95.0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal is chosen from copper, cobalt, chromium, tungsten, silver, nickel and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The dielectric layer is formed by atomic layer deposition. The primary electrode is formed using sintered metal particles. Preferred Components: The electrical capacitor further has insulation layer(s) formed proximate to periphery of capacitor to separate electrodes. The component (C) is a capacitor or a resistor. The capacitor has dielectric layer as secondary material(s). The resistor has a conductive layer as secondary material(s). The porous material is formed of sintered particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The floating coolant composition further comprises deionized water and alkylene glycol. The content of trimethylglycine is 0.02-6 wt.% with respect to total content of floating coolant composition. The content of deionized water and alkylene glycol is 35-65 wt.% and 30-60 wt.% respectively. The alkylene glycol is chosen from monoethylene glycol, monopropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, triethylene glycol and tripropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred: The metal of metal hydroxide is platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The length of the high temperature fuel gas channel is 0.8-1.2 m. The thickness of the heating intersection plate fin is 0.3-0.7 mm; where the section of the heating intersection plate fin is a square wave shaped structure. The width of the square wave is 3-7 mm; the height is 1.2-1.8 times of the width; and the length is 8-12 times of the width of the heating intersection plate fin. Preferred Components: In the compact plate-fin heat exchange reformer, an inlet of the high temperature fuel gas channel is connected with an exhaust pipe of the high temperature fuel gas battery or the other high temperature fuel gas supply pipe; an outlet is connected with the other heat exchanger or exhausted directly; an inlet of the fuel gas heating channel is connected with a cold fuel gas supply pipe; the outlet is connected with the inlet of the fuel gas reforming channel; an inlet of the fuel gas reforming channel is connected with the outlet of the fuel gas heating channel; the outlet is connected with an anode inlet of the high temperature fuel battery. The high temperature fuel gas channel and fuel gas heating channel uniformly comprises a baffle plate and a heating intersection plate fin; where the heating intersection plate fins are mounted between two baffle plates in parallel; and 50% of each heating intersection plate fin and the closing heating intersection plate fin are lapped. The fuel gas reforming channel comprises a baffle plate, a catalyst layer, and a heating intersection plate fin; where the catalyst layer is clung to the inner sides of the two baffle plates tightly; the heating intersection plate fins are mounted between the two baffle plates in parallel; and 50% of each heating intersection plate fin and the closing heating intersection plate fin are lapped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The raw material compound is lithiophosphate or mixture of lithium carbonate and monoammonium dihydrogen phosphate. The raw material compound has compositional formula: LiaXbY'cPdOe or LiaXbY'cPdOeFf. The lithium phosphorus oxynitride compound has compositional formula: LiaXbY'cPdOeFfNg.X=titanium, zirconium, germanium, indium, gallium, tin and/or aluminum, or manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel;Y'=boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, antimony and/or selenium, or magnesium, aluminum, titanium, gallium, copper, vanadium, niobium, zirconium, cerium, indium and/or zinc;a=value between 0.5 and 5, or 0.001-1.5;b=0.5 or more and less than 3, preferably 0.7-1.3;c=0 or more and less than 2.98, preferably 0-0.4;d=more than 0.02 and 3 or less, preferably 0.7-1.3;b+c=0.7-1.3;c+d=value between 2 and 4;e=more than 3 and 12 or less, preferably 3-5;f=value between 0.002 and 2, preferably 0.002-2;andg=0.002-2.The raw material compound is obtained using mixture containing lithium source, element (X) source, element (Y) source, phosphorus source and fluorine source. The lithium phosphorus oxynitride compound is particulate having average particle diameter of 100 nm to 100 mu m and specific surface area of 0.1-300 m2/g. Preferred Agent: The nitriding agent is solid or liquid at normal temperature. The nitriding agent is urea. Preferred Condition: The calcination temperature during manufacture of oxynitride compound is 100-800 degrees C. The raw material composition is baked for 10 minutes to 7 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon nanofiber has interplanar distance (d002) of hexagonal plane of 0.35 nm or less. Preferred Method: Ferric nitrate is dispersed in solvent, and carbon black (3-20 wt.%) is added and mixed to obtain slurry. The slurry is dried to produce ferric nitrate catalyst. Pyrolytic reaction is carried out at 500-700 degrees C in atmosphere containing nitrogen and hydrogen in ratio of 5:5-9.5:0.5. The carbon source is carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (3) is 2-ethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-methylpyrazine, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethylpyrazine, 2,6-diethylpyrazine and/or tetramethylpyrazine. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl, ethyl or propyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The separator containing heat resisting material is a separator having laminated film which is formed by laminating heat-resistant porous layer on porous film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant porous layer contains filler and heat-resistant resin which is nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer, preferably aromatic polyamide. The porous film contains polyolefin resin. Preferred Property: The thickness of the heat-resistant porous layer is 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Each center metallic element of two N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylene diamino metal complexes or two N,N'-bis-8-quinolyl-o-phenylenediamine metal complexes are bonded with one oxidizing material. The oxidizing material is oxygen atom. The catalyst further includes platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte solution further contains cyclic carbonate compound having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, cyclic carbonate compound having fluorine atom, monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The biomass comprises wood, crop residues, animal remains, municipal waste and/or agricultural waste; or biomass contaminated with inorganic or organic pollutants. The moisture content of the substrate is adjusted by adding a liquid comprising manure, liquid agricultural and/or industrial waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fabric: The coating is in the form of a circuit path, especially with branches and/or loops. The metal is silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, gold, titanium, chromium or an alloy thereof. The fibers are entirely synthetic. The coating is 20-500 nm thick. The fabric is a taffeta or twill fabric, especially a screen printing, filter or sieve fabric. Preferred Process: The coating is produced by applying a mask to the fabric, coating the fabric with metal by sputtering or vapor deposition, and removing the mask. The mask is preferably water-soluble and is applied by screen printing or inkjet printing and is removed with a jet of steam or pressurized water. Alternatively, the fabric is completely coated with the metal by sputtering, electrodeposition, chemical coating or vapor deposition and the coating is either: treated with an etchant, especially an acid in paste, solution or ink form, by screen printing or inkjet printing and the etchant and etched coating are removed with water or steam after 5-30 minutes; or partially removed with high-energy radiation, especially laser radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of fluorine-containing linear carbonate and/or fluorine-containing linear ether with respect to propylene carbonate is 30/70-70/30. The electrolytic salt is tetraalkylammonium salt, spiro bipyridinium salt or imidazolium salt. The fluorine-containing linear carbonate is of formula: R1-O-C(=O)-O-R2 (Ia), R3-O-C(=O)-O-R4 and/or R5-O-C(=O)-O-R6. The fluorine-containing linear ether is of formula: R'1OR'2 (Ib) or R'3CH2OR'4.R1=fluoroalkyl or alkyl having (HCX1X2) at its terminal portion, preferably 1-3C alkyl (10-76 %mass);R2=linear carbonate which has -CF3 at its terminal portion, preferably fluoroalkyl (10-76 %mass);R3=10-76 %mass of fluorine-containing ether group which has CF3 at its terminal;R4=10-76 %mass of fluorine-containing ether group or fluorine-containing alkyl;R5=10-76 %mass of fluorine-containing ether group which has HCFX3- at its terminal;X1-X3=H or fluoro;R'1=3-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;R'2=2-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;R'3=2-5C fluorine-containing alkyl;R6=H or alkyl group optionally substituted by halo and optionally having hetero atom;andR'4=1-5C fluorine-containing alkyl.The fluorine-containing linear carbonate (Ia) is methyl-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate and/or bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)carbonate. The fluorine-containing linear ether (Ib) is 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propane and/or 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further contains high molecular compound and lithium electrolyte salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support is a graphitized carbon support. The content of catalyst substance in the electrolytic-membrane side is 5-50%, and the content of catalyst substance in the gas-diffusion-layer side is 15-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-supporting support is chosen from carbon particles, carbon fibers, graphitized carbon particles, graphitized carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, nanohorns, fullerene, ceramics, and metal oxides. The ratio of non-supported carbon support is 5-60 wt.% with respect to the sum total content of both supports.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: Regions (1a) of the electrolytic membrane consist of fluorine-type cation-exchange resin membrane, and region (1b) consists of a hydrocarbon type cation-exchange resin membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ratio of pore capacity of activated carbon having diameter of 40-100 nm, and total BJH pore capacity is measured by nitrogen absorption and desorption method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Construction: The coolant supply and abstraction channel sections (5, 6) are located on the top side of the housing. The coolant channel in the back wall (3) of the housing has a meandering shape. The housing is parallelepipidal, and receives parallelepipidal energy storage cell(s). The holder has a base section (4). The back wall is formed by a cooling plate having two parts, which are connected together at their outer sides. A chamber is provided between the coolant supply and abstraction channel sections to receive the associated electronics. The upper side of the coolant supply and abstraction channel sections has an indentation to receive a tensioning strip. The cell holder stack has two end plates, enclosing the stack at both ends and preferably having connections to the coolant supply and abstraction channels. A tensioning device is provided to brace the cell holder. Cell connectors are provided for electrical connection of adjacent cells. The individual cell holders in the stack are inserted with spacings from each other, to compensate for tolerances. The multicell energy source includes an outer housing, fixed to the retaining base of the cell holder stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electro-conductive layer is tungsten or tungsten carbide. The base material is sheet-like aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper is in the form of a plate, a mesh or particles, and comprises copper nanoparticles (preferred). The nanoparticles are round-shaped nanoparticles, nanorods or nanowires. The cathode comprises a catalyst layer comprising a non-noble metal and/or a non-metallic substance (preferred). The non-metallic substance is a metal complex, which is ferrocene or Prussian blue. The anode compartment further comprises an alkaline aqueous solution comprising a metal alkali hydroxide, which is sodium hydroxide (preferred), potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide or barium hydroxide. The metal alkali hydroxide is present at 0.5-6 M, preferably 3-6 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidant is a peroxide (0.5-25 wt/wt.%), preferably hydrogen peroxide. The fuel is present at 0.01-1 M in the alkaline aqueous solution. The cathode compartment further comprises an acidic aqueous solution, where the acid is: present at 0.1-5 M; and hydrochloric acid and/or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator is a solid electrolyte membrane, which is a Nafion membrane (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) and/or a polypropylene membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-metallic substance is a metal complex (preferred) or an organic substance, where the metal complex is ferrocene or Prussian blue. In the fuel system: either the anode or the cathode comprises the catalyst layer; or both the anode and the cathode comprise the catalyst layer. In the anode, the catalyst layer comprises: a non-noble metal, which is copper (preferred) or its alloy; or silver, gold, copper or an alloy of at least 2 of silver, gold and copper. The copper is in the form of a plate, a mesh or nanoparticles (preferred). The nanoparticles are round-shaped nanoparticles, nanorods or nanowires. In the cathode, the catalyst layer comprises: the non-noble metal (preferred) and/or the nonmetallic substance; silver, gold, copper or an alloy of at least 2 of silver, gold and copper, and the non-metallic substance; or the nonmetallic substance. The catalyst layer is devoid of platinum or a platinum group metal. The anode compartment further comprises an alkaline aqueous solution comprising a metal alkali hydroxide (0.5-6 M, preferably 0.6-2 M), which is sodium hydroxide. In the anode compartment, the fuel and the non-noble catalyst layer are selected such that at least a portion of the catalyst layer remains unoxidized when the fuel cell is operated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidant is a peroxide (0.5-25 wt/wt.%), preferably hydrogen peroxide. The fuel is present at 0.01-3 M in the alkaline aqueous solution. The cathode compartment further comprises an acidic aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator is a solid electrolyte membrane, which is a Nafion membrane (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) and/or a polypropylene membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An organic halogen compound of formula: R1-X is reacted with sodium salt of methane thiol, to obtain sulfido compound of formula: R1-S-CH3 which is oxidized to obtain sulfone compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1=2-ethyl hexyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One sulfone compound (I) is disclosed i.e. methyl-2-ethylhexyl sulfone of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - 3-Chloromethyl heptane (in g) (74.4) and methyl-mercaptan sodium aqueous solution (187.8) were mixed, maintained at 60 degrees C and stirred for 2 hours. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was added to the resultant product and stirred for 10 minutes. The dichloromethane layer was fractionated and washed once using ultrapure water (30 ml). Then, hydrogen-peroxide solution (102) was added to the obtained 35% dichloromethane layer, maintained at 60 degrees C, stirred for 2 hours and methyl-2-ethylhexyl sulfone (Ia) (86.5) was obtained at yield of 90% with respect to 3-chloromethyl heptane. The sulfone compound had melting point of 10 degrees C, exothermic start temperature of 167 degrees C and solubility of 3 g/100 g of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material used for accumulator is high tensile steel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of providing the pouch sealably connected comprises connecting the pouch and/or the first manifold in the presence of an inert gas. Preferred Component: The solvent comprises a carbonate solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The core material of the cathode or anode plate comprises an aluminum alloy. Each surface material of the cathode or anode plate comprises aluminum alloys, unalloyed aluminum, gold and its alloys, titanium and its alloys, niobium and its alloys, tantalum and its alloys, stainless steel, nickel and its alloys, and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bipolar plate assembly further comprises a hydrophilic coating applied to an outer surface of the first surface material of the cathode plate, the second surface material of the cathode plate, the first surface material of the anode plate, or the second surface material of the anode plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The ink comprises up to 40, preferably more than 10 vol.% particles of the functional material. Preferred Components: The functional material is a metal, a metal alloy, carbon, a polymer, a semiconductor, a glass and/or a ceramic. The metal is silver, copper, nickel and/or alloys. The particles of a functional material have a median particle size of greater than 200 nm. The fine features have a width of not more than 200 mu m. Preferred Method: The step of extruding the ink onto the substrate through the fine applicator is a mono-extrusion process or coextrusion process. The coextrusion process comprises extruding a first ink and a second ink so that the second ink shares at least one common boundary with the first ink, where the second ink is substantially free of particles of a functional material, and the first and second ink both have a dynamic shear viscosity of greater than 10 Pa.s at a shear rate of less than 1/second, and more than 20 ml of each of the first and second ink per cm2 of filter area can be dispensed through a 400 mesh screen filter before a pressure drop through the filter doubles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The long chain polymer makes up 3-33 wt.% of a soluble portion of the ink, and has an average molecular weight of 1000-300000 g/mol, viscosity of 45 mPa.s for a 5% solution of the long chain polymer in an 80/20 mix of toluene and ethanol solvents. The long chain polymer is cellulose derivatives, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, or acrylics. EXAMPLE - Typical printing ink comprised (in wt.%) of: silver flake (78.1); diethyl sebacate (12.3); diethylene glycol butyl ether (6.7); and Ethocel-45 (RTM: Ethylcellulose) (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The shell is formed with barium titanate having an average diameter of 1 nm to 1 mu m and metal oxide having an average diameter of 1-100 nm, and includes olivine-type ferric phosphate lithium oxide. The lithium metal oxide is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide represented as (Li(NiaCobAlc)O2), where a, b and c are 0-1 and a+b+c is 1, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide represented as (Li(NiaCobMnc)O2), where a, b and c are 0-1 and a+b+c is 1, and/or lithium manganese oxide. The metal oxide is aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and/or lithium metal oxide that is layered lithium metal composite oxide, lithium cobalt oxide and/or spinel-type lithium manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanowire has diameter of 5-10 nm and length of 0.1-1 mu m. The nanowire does not have clear peak in D and G band, when measured using Raman spectrum. Preferred Process: The heat-processing is performed at 150-300 degrees C. The nanowire is immersed in a solvent and partially dissolved copper component are removed, after heat processing. The copper chloride is dissolved in ammonia aqueous solution and than contacted with acetylene gas by gaseous conditions with concentration of 5 volume% or less by the solution interface of the raw material. Preferred Component: The solvent contains ammonia, nitric acid and/or carbon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymetalorganosiloxane is compound of formulae Xq-M-(O-Si(R1)(R5)-O-Si(R2)(R6)-R4)n, M-(O-Si(R1)(R5)-O-(Si(R2)(R6)-O)m-Si(R3)(R7)-R4)n, ROM-(O-Si(R1)(R5)-O-(Si(R2)(R6)-O)m-Si(R3)(R7)-R4)n-1, O=M-(O-Si(R1)(R5)-O-(Si(R2)(R6)-O)m-Si(R3)(R7)-R4)n-2 and O=M(=O)-(O-Si(R1)(R5)-O-(Si(R2)(R6)-O)m-Si(R3)(R7)-R4)n-4, M-(O-Si(R1a)(R5a)-O-Si(R3a)(R7a)-R4a)n, ROM-(O-Si(R1a)(R5a)-O-Si(R3a)(R7a)-R4a)n-1, O=M-(O-Si(R1a)(R5a)-O-Si(R3a)(R7a)-R4a)n-2 and O=M(=O)-(O-Si(R1a)(R5a)-O-Si(R3a)(R7a)-R4a)n-4 or preferably Ti(OSi(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3)4, Al(OSi(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3)3, VO(OSi(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3)3, Zn(OSi(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3)2, Sn(OSi(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3)4 and In(OSi(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3)3.R1a,R3a,R4a,R5a,R7a=H or 1-10C alkyl.Preferred Process: The manufacture of article further includes coating base material with compound before hydrolyzing. Preferred Definitions:    M=Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Mo, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ce, Gd, Lu or W, Al, Ga, Sc, Y, Ti, V, Zn, Cd, In, Sb or Sn coordinated with Lewis base;    m,p=0;    R1-R7=H or preferably Me.    EXAMPLE - The polymetalorganosiloxane was manufactured by mixing titanium isopropoxide (9 g) with dry cyclohexane (250 ml), heating mixture at 55-60 degrees C, dripping dry cyclohexane solution of acetoxy pentamethyl disiloxane (26.5 g) over intense bottom for 1 hour of stirring, heating at 55-60 degrees C for 2 hours, standing to cool to room temperature, removing volatile substance under reduced pressure, and distilling residue at 0.05 torr in 80-82 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The three ridgeline-like pleat portions constitute at least one portion of corner portion comprising polygonal opening portion. Preferred Property: The maximum depth of the recessed portion is 10-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon ball precipitation process is carried out with gas concentration of raw hydrocarbon gas (a) of 30-100 vol.%, gas supply line speed of raw hydrocarbon gas (a) of 0.02-4 m/second and atmospheric temperature of 900-1200 degrees C. The composite-carbon ball precipitation process is carried out with atmospheric temperature of 900-1200 degrees C and residence time of raw hydrocarbon gas (b) of 1-20 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is made of a metal comprising aluminum, zinc, magnesium and/or alloys. The metal forming the anode comprises a metal having an additive comprising gallium, indium, tin, cadmium and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel matrix is formed from starch and glycerin. The electrolyte comprises a pH neutral gelled solution of saline at a concentration of 5 wt.%, starch at a concentration of 2-3 wt.%, alcohol at a concentration of 7.5 wt.% and glycerin at a concentration of 7.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal oxide has composition of formula: Li1+aMn1-w-x-y-zNiwCoxD1y(D2D3)zO2.D1'y(D2',D3')z', where D2 is magnesium, titanium, zirconium or aluminum, a is between -0.3 and 0.3, w is 0-0.8 (including 0), x is 0-0.8, y is 0.001-0.02, z is 0.005-0.1, 1-w-x-y-z is between 0 and 0.5 (including 0), D1 is fluorine, D2 is magnesium, titanium, zirconium, aluminum or iron, D3 is S and D1'-D3' are D1. Sulfuric acid or sulfate is further added during the manufacture of the lithium-transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Propyne sultone and/or fluoroethylene carbonate are further added to the electrolyte in the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A separation region configured for heat transfer is provided between the electrochemical cells. The separation region is formed using diamond, poly-diamond, alumina, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, or silicon carbide. The electrochemistries are chosen from lithium, lithium-ion, lithium-metal-polymer, lithium-air, lead-acid, nickel metal hydrate, nickel-zinc, zinc-air, molten salts (sodium-zinc-nickel chloride), sodium aluminum chloride, nickel-cadmium, and silver-zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The insulating particles contains aluminum particles. The battery case is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The pyridyl 5-membered heterocyclic derivative (I) is chosen from 30 derivatives e.g. 3-(pyridine-2-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 3-(pyridine-3-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 3-(pyridine-4-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole 5-carboxylic acid, 3-(pyridine-2-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-methylcarboxylic acid and 3-(pyridine-3-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-methylcarboxylic acid. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains (in %mass) unsaturated sultone compound of formula (II) (0.001-10), vinylene carbonate compound of formula (III) (0.001-10) and cyclic carbonate compound of formula (IV) (0.001-10). The content of pyridyl 5-membered heterocyclic derivative (I) is 0.001-10 %mass.R1-R4=H, fluoro, or 1-12C alkyl optionally substituted by fluoro;m=0-3;R5,R6=H, methyl, ethyl or propyl;andX1-X4=H, fluoro, chloro or 1-3C alkyl optionally substituted by fluoro.All X1-X4 are not hydrogen atoms simultaneously. Preferred Definitions:    Q=isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazolin-3-yl, isoxazolin-5-yl, or 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of lithium-manganese-iron phosphate and lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide is 10:90-70:30. The number of the manganese atom contained in the lithium-manganese-iron phosphate with respect to the total number of manganese atom and iron atom is 50-100%. The number of cobalt atom contained in the lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide with respect to total number of nickel atom, manganese atom and cobalt atom is 0-67%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: In the battery above, the particles have dimension inferior to 500 microns. Preferably, the battery comprises, in sequence, a cathode compartment (11), presenting a central hole to allow the passage of the atmospheric oxygen, which is the cathode fuel, an electricity collector (2), a cathode (13), a polymeric porous separator, an electricity collector (1), a seal (16) made of material resistant to alkali attack and an anode compartment (17). The electricity collector (2) is made of conductive metal having low electric resistance. The cathode (13) is a catalyst capable of reducing oxygen applied on a conductive support. The anode compartment comprises a support frame presenting in its interior a series of grooves forming a serpentine (3) forming an obliged path for a suspension comprising of the particles and the electrolyte. 7. Battery according to claim 6 where the electrolyte is an alkaline solution circulating in the anode compartment under the action of a pump. The battery further comprises an auxiliary external tank (6) connected to the anode compartment by tubes (4) and (5) capable of operating as recharge cell once all the zinc covering the particles is transformed into zincate or when the voltage is no more sufficient to run the device connected to the battery, comprising at is inferior and superior extremities respectively a negative electrode (8) and a positive electrode (7) to which the necessary difference of potential difference is applied during the recharge of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Obtaining colored zirconia further comprises: (f) sintering product obtained in step (e) in air. The stabilized zirconia powder has a ratio of 2.5%-3.5% mol. The zirconia powder is stabilized with 3 mol% yttria. The suspension of step (a) conducts water. The iron compound is selected from a chloride or nitrate. The compound iron is iron chloride tetrahydrate. The suspension of step (a) conducts alcohol. The iron compound is selected from alkoxide, oxalate, and citrate. The compound iron is iron acetyl acetonate. The magnetic stirring of step (b) is maintained between 15 mm and 180 mm. The agitation is maintained between 40 minutes and 80 minutes. The solids content of zirconia suspension of step (a) is in the range of 30 to 70% by weight. The atomization process is conducts a flow of air or nitrogen. Step (d) occurs at a cold isostatic pressure between 100 and 400 MPa. Step (e) occurs at a temperature between 800 and 1400 degrees C. The stage presintering takes place at a temperature of 900 degrees C. The material is sintered at temperatures between 1200 and 1600 degrees C. Sintering occurs at a temperature between 1300 and 1500 degrees C. The duration of the sintering stage is more than 10 minutes. Preferred Material: In the material colored by zirconia, the final density is greater than 98% of the theoretical density of zirconia, harder than 12 GPa, a flexural resistance of 800 MPa, a monoclinic phase content of less than 5% and colorimetric color coordinate basterisk which is in the range of 0-70. The proportion of iron is between 0001 to 0.5% by weight of the final material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat-conducting half shells and a cooling wall are formed from aluminum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-conducting half shells and the cooling wall are made of a filled silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or metal alloy includes iron and its alloy, chromium and its alloy, iron-chromium alloy, stainless steel, nickel and its alloy, nickel-chromium alloy, cobalt alloy, manganese alloy and aluminum and its alloy. The first and second metals/alloys include chromium and its alloy, iron-chromium alloy, stainless steel, nickel and its alloy and nickel-chromium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The periphery wall is made of foamed material e.g. resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition-metal-silicon complex oxide is lithium-manganese-silicon complex oxide (Li2MnSiO4). The negative electrode active material contains lithium-titanium phosphate (LiTi(PO4)3), titanium phosphate (TiP2O7) and lithium vanadate (LiV2O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The additional electrode consists of nickel metal or alloy containing nickel, nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, gold, cobalt, silver, tungsten, iron, copper or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Hydrate of sodium cobaltate contains nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode material is adhered with ceramic does not reacting with lithium. The ceramic is chosen from alumina, silica, titania, silicon carbide and silicon nitride. The adhesion amount of ceramic with respect to silicon is 2-50 wt.%. The negative electrode material containing silicon atom is coated with metal. The metal is chosen from nickel, copper, silver, cobalt, iron, chromium, tungsten, titanium, gold, platinum, palladium, tin and zinc. The amount of metal is 1-80 wt.% with respect to silicon. The positive electrode active material is compound having compositional formula: LiyMO2, where M is cobalt, nickel, iron and/or manganese, and y is 0-1.2, or compound having spinel structure of formula: LizMn2O4, where z is 0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The negative electrode material is coated with thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution further contains an organic solvent containing carbonate-type solvent, fluorine-type solvent and/or sulfone-type solvent, and other electrolytic salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The conductive carbon contains particulate carbon (13) and fibrous carbon (14).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves controlling the return pump and the methanol pump to maintain the predetermined concentration of methanol in the dilution tank. The method (M1) involves measuring electric current from the fuel cell main body to a load, where the electric current value is determined before initiating the step of controlling the quantity of the supplied aqueous methanol solution. In the method (M1), the required minimum quantity of the supplied aqueous methanol solution is determined as a minimum quantity required to draw a predetermined voltage value at the predetermined electric current value in accordance with a voltage versus current characteristic curve showing a relation between the electric current value drawn by the load from the fuel cell main body and a voltage value employing the quantity of the supplied aqueous methanol solution having a predetermined methanol concentration as a parameter, where the quantity of the supplied aqueous solution is not varied based upon input from a detector detecting an actual current drawn by the load. Preferred Components: The direct methanol fuel cell further comprises a dilution tank that is the sole supplier of the supplied aqueous methanol solution to the fuel electrode, a return pump that supplies water to the dilution tank, and a methanol pump that supplies methanol to the dilution tank. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkenyl or alkynyl end group comprises vinyl, allyl, or ethynyl. The protecting group provides amino, hydroxyl (both preferred), or aldehyde upon deprotection. The aryl group is phenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly (3-substituted thiophene) is present at at least 86%, preferably at least 91% of monocapped with alkenyl or alkynyl end group. The poly (3-substituted thiophene) is a poly(3-alkyl thiophene) or regioregular polythiophene. The poly (3-substituted thiophene), which is at least 70% monocapped with alkenyl or alkynyl end group is also 20 (preferably 1)% or less dicapped. The poly(3-substituted thiophene), which is at least 95% monocapped with alkenyl or alkynyl end group is also 1% or less dicapped. The poly(3-substituted thiophene) is at least 90%, preferably 98% head-to-tail regioregular. The polythiophene is deprotected. Preferred Process: The poly (3-substituted thiophene) is prepared by (i) Grignard metathesis polymerization of one or more 3-substituted thiophene monomers to form a polymer product, and (ii) quenching the polymer product with an excess of Grignard reagent followed by treatment with a proton source. The regioregular polythiophene block and the ATRP polymer block are covalently joined by a group comprising an alkylene group, preferably ethylene group. The polyp-(substituted thiophene) precursor is prepared by using Grignard metathesis polymerization of one or more 3-substituted thiophene monomers. The precursor is reacted with the alkenyl or alkynyl reagent by quenching the precursor with an excess of Grignard reagent. The reaction of the precursor with the Grignard reagent is followed by treatment with a proton source. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thermally-conductive component has the shape of flat plate or circular tube. A cooler (5) is provided on the surface of thermally-conductive component. The reformer is further provided with a heat exchanger. The flow path is a metal. A heater (3) is installed in the flow path. The thermally-conductive component is a clad material having aluminum layer provided on aluminum or non-aluminum material surface, and an anodized film formed on the surface. The reformer utilizes the waste heat of generator or power engine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound containing carbon in a molecule is carbon monoxide or carbonyl sulfide. The catalyst layer consists of metal supported on a support. The metal is cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, iron, zinc, vanadium, platinum, palladium, gold, rhodium, iridium, cerium, ruthenium and/or lanthanum. The support is a composite consisting of two or more of alumina, titania, zirconium oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, and cobalt oxide, or alumina, zinc oxide, silica, zirconium oxide, or diatomaceous earth. The anodized film contains alumina subjected to boehmite treatment and baked, after enlargement of surface pore. The surface pore is filled with alumina, zinc oxide, silica, and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The conductive carbon is graphite or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The weight ratio of binder with respect to conductive carbon is 0.01-1. Preferred Compound: The binder is water-soluble compound, preferably cellulose derivative or latex derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains carbon black complex (1-30 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A crystallization promoter solution obtained by dissolving crystallization promoter in solvent or crystallization promoter dispersion liquid obtained by dissolving crystallization promoter in liquid is produced. Active raw material containing insoluble solid substance is dispersed or mixed with promoter solution or promoter dispersion liquid, and raw material dispersion liquid is obtained. The raw material dispersion liquid is sprayed to produce raw material mist, which is then heat-processed. The mist is supplied from upper direction of reactor to downward direction during heating, and powder of lithium cell active substance material is produced. A gas is blown to powder along predetermined direction. Coarse particles contained in powder are dropped under gas flow by self-weight. The coarse particles are recovered and separated by a collection receptacle provided at exit of reactor. The reactor has fixed temperature of 500-1100 degrees C. The raw material mist powder (70% or more) reach fixed temperature in heating region of reactor. The reactor is a thermal reaction furnace having furnace core pipe made of heat-resistant steel. Preferred Promoter: The crystallization promoter is boron or boron compound, preferably anhydrous boric acid, boric acid, meta-boric acid, perboric acid, boronic acid and/or borinic acid. Preferred Material: The active material for lithium cell is spinel-type lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, olivine-type lithium-iron phosphate, lithium titanate or their partial substitution material and impurity-containing component. The lithium cell active substance material contains spherical active material particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aspect ratio of the carbon particles is 1-10. The carbon particles comprises carbon particles (a) having volume average particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m and carbon particles (b) having volume average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m. The weight ratio of carbon particles (a) and carbon particles (b) is 0.05-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive adhesive layer contains carboxymethyl cellulose and a surfactant. Preferred Process: The conductive adhesive layer is formed by coating a conductive adhesive composition comprising carbon particles, binder and water as a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The electroconductive carbon particles are graphite or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is water-soluble cellulose derivative or latex derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activated charcoal is steam activated coconut husk activated charcoal. The electroconductive filler is carbon black having specific surface area of 800-1600 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon particles contain graphite or carbon black, and have electrical resistance of 0.0001-1 Omega .cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic solvent is alcohol. Preferred Property: The sum total compounding quantity of surfactant and/or organic solvent is 0.5-20 parts weight with respect to carbon particles (100 parts weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The piezoelectric transducer has piezoelectric layer that is made of piezoelectric material selected for group consisting of lead zirconate titanate, barium titanate, lead titanate, potassium niobate, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, sodium tungstate or sodium potassium niobate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductivity polymer is selected from polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly-phenylene vinylene, poly 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene, polyacetylene, polyfluorene and poly-phenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon black has: a Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area of 30-2000 m2/g which is measured using nitrogen according to ASTM D3037; and an oil absorption number of 100-500 ml/100 g, measured in according to ASTM D2414.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises: an organic polymer (5-99.9 wt.%); a dispersant; at least one wax other than a propylene-olefin-copolymer wax; and copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate. Preferred Components: The composition comprises propylene-olefin-copolymer (0.05-99.95 wt.%); and carbon black (0.05-99.95 wt.%), where the sum of the propylene-olefin-copolymer and the carbon black is 0.1-95 wt.% based on the total wt.% of the total composition. The organic polymer is thermoplastic polycondensates, styrene polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyacrylate copolymers, polyacetals, polyadducts, polyolefins and/or polyolefin copolymers. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %): propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax (50); carbon black (25); nonpolar polyethylene wax homopolymers (15); nonpolar polyethylene wax homopolymers (8.5); and zinc stearate (1.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The module utilizes tubular members and a bottom housing member that are made of plastic. The housing is made from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalysts include (wt.%): MnO (40-48), CuO (26-30) and La2O3 (26-30). Preferred Components: The La2O3 is mixed with cerium oxides, where g-atom content of cerium is less than 50% g-atom content of La. The mixed oxides are supported on inert porous inorganic carriers including alumina, silica or silica-alumina. The alumina is gamma -alumina in form of microspheroidal particles or hallow cylinder of single- or three-lobed cylindrical granules provided with through bore at lobes, parallel to axis of the lobes. The amount of supported mixed oxide is 15-25 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The carrier has porosity of more than 0.3 cm3/g and surface area of more than 30 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Catalyst supported on gamma -alumina was prepared from (wt.%) lanthanum oxide (36.5), manganese oxide (39.3), and copper oxide (24.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The master controller comprises an internal controller area network communication module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ignition unit comprise flame-proof component for preventing entry of flame into combustion portion. The fuel is chosen from hydrogen, alkane compound, vinyl compound, alkyne compound, ether compound and ketone compound, preferably propane or butane, and has flash point of 25 degrees C or less. The combustion portion comprises combustion catalyst. The recombination raw material comprises methanol and water. The reaction portion comprises recombination catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-containing compound comprises doping elements that is formed by one of sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, boron, aluminum, chromium, vanadium, titanium, manganese, iron, zinc, nickel, lithium, magnesium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is selected from sulfuric acid, organic buffer, and hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is selected from hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, carboxyl acid, borohydride, and vanadium. The oxidizer is selected from nitric acid, peroxide, permanganate, and vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The secondary battery further comprises filler for filling in spaces or voids between the flakes, where the filler contains a powder with average particle size less than about 17 mu m in any direction. The secondary battery comprises an electrode containing conductive substrate coated with polycrystalline or monocrystalline flakes of at least one metal oxide or metal phosphate material, where the flakes have a shortest dimension of about 17 or 25 mu m and longest dimension of greater than 60 mu m. In the secondary battery, the flakes are positioned to form a layer that is at least 30 mu m thick. Preferred Method: When the conductive substrate is formed with two opposite facing sides, the step of coating the primary slurry further involves coating both sides of the conductive substrate; and densifying the coated substrate by applying a selected uniaxial pressure that aligns the flakes in a generally preferred orientation, where the conductive powder is carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flakes are aligned to form a cathode coating that is at least 30 mu m thick. The flakes have a shortest dimension of about 17 mu m or 25 mu m. The flakes are polycrystalline or mono crystalline. The filler consists of a metal oxide and/or a metal phosphate material. The metal oxide material is selected from LiCoO2, Li(Mn1-x3(M3)x3)2O4 and Li((M1)x1(M2)x2Co1-x1-x2)O2; or Li(M'1)(1-x)MnxO2 (preferably LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 (NMC)). The metal phosphate material is of formula LiM'aPO4. The cathode active material is a NMC material.M1 and M2=Li, Ni, Mn, Cr, Ti, Mg or Al;M3=Li, Ni, Co, Cr, Ti, Mg and/or Al;x1=0-0.5;x2 and x3=0.1-0.5;x=0-0.8;M'1=at least one metal element (preferably nickel and/or cobalt);M'a=Fe, Mn, Ni and/or Co.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The drying is done at 80-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours. The calcining is done at 300-700 (preferably 400-700) degrees C for 2-24 hours. The method further comprises mixing and heating a carrier precursor in an organic solution containing an acid (5-20 pts.wt./1 pts. wt. of oxide carrier) and ethylene glycol (10-60 pts.wt./1 pts. wt. of oxide carrier) to obtain a mixture; and calcining the mixture at 400-700 degrees C for 2-24 hours to obtain a oxide carrier. Preferred Components: The platinum precursor is present at 0.5-5 pts.wt./100 pts. wt. of oxide carrier. The cerium precursor is present at 1-20 pts.wt./100 pts. wt. of oxide carrier. The oxide carrier is formed of alumina, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and/or cerium oxide. The dispersing medium is water and/or alcohol. The acid is an inorganic acid from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or boric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is an organic acid from citric acid, a 1-20 carbon aliphatic carboxylic acid and/or a 1-30 carbon aromatic carboxylic acid. EXAMPLE - A tetraammineplatinum (II) nitrate solution (0.22 g) was added (g) with cerium nitrate hexahydrate (2.42) and gamma -alumina (100), added to water (50 ml), stirred for 6 hours, vacuum dried at 60 degrees C, dried at 110 degrees C for 16 hours, calcined at 500 degrees C for 2 hours in air, and cooled at 300 degrees C for 2 hours in hydrogen atmosphere to obtain non-pyrophoric shift reaction catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cationic surfactant is quaternary ammonium salt. The battery positive electrode composition contains battery positive electrode active material particles consisting of lithium complex oxide sintered compact, electroconductive substance and binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The lithium complex oxide sintered compact further contains resin particles, cationic surfactant and/or polyvinyl alcohol derivative. The polyvinyl alcohol derivative is obtained by introducing or substituting group of quaternary ammonium salt by polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ethylenically unsaturated monomer is chosen from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and their esters.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin particles are obtained by subjecting ethylenically unsaturated monomer to emulsion or suspension polymerization in presence of nonionic surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The environmental medium is gas phase. The device contains material chosen from inert gas or reactive gas, water vapor, hydrogen vapor and/or oxygen vapor, preferably water vapor. The level of the water vapor in the gas phase is controlled using humidity controller chosen from saturated salt solution, bubble humidifier and membrane humidifier. The separator is made of material chosen from ceramic material, plastic material, metallic material, and porous material chosen from zirconium phosphate and borosilicate glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sample contains proton conductor chosen from ionic polymer, sulfonated polymer, acid surface functionalized nanostructure, ionic liquid, acid-doped polymer, heteropolyacid, phosphate and/or silicate glass, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate and ceramic doped double oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive particles comprise two types of carbon materials having differing average particle diameter. The compounding ratio of carbon material with small average particle diameter and carbon material with high average particle diameter is 1:0.7-1:2. The porosity of anode-gas diffusion layer is 42% or more. The porosity of cathode-gas diffusion layer is greater than 60% to 76% or less. The content of polymeric resin is 10-17 wt.%. The diffusion layers comprise carbon fibers (2-7.5 wt.%). The carbon fibers are vapor-growth carbon fibers, milled fibers, or chopped fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The porous polyolefin film has tensile strength of 1-200 N/m, and thermal contraction rate of 0-4%/hour in width direction at 120 degrees C. The length of film roll is 100-10000 m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide polymer block contains silicon, or aluminum, titanium and/or zirconium. The lithium slat is lithium acetate (CH3COOLi), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (CF3SO3Li), lithium imide-containing compound (LiN(CF3SO2)2) and/or lithium imide-containing compound (LiN(C2F5SO2)2).The positive electrode active material contains spinal-type lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4).Preferred Properties: The solid electrolyte has film thickness of 50 nm to 5 m m, ionic conductivity of 1x 10-6 S/cm or more, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 10 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The metal oxide polymer block is obtained by coupling 5-90% of metal atom with monovalent organic group. The organic group is 1-5C alkyl or alkenyl. The organic polymer block has structure of formula: -((CH2)m-O)n-. The weight ratio of the copolymer and organic polymer block in metal oxide polymer block is 90:10-20:80.m=2-5;andn=1 or more.Preferred Property: The average molecular weight of organic polymer block is 100-2000. The precursor for forming the organic polymer block is polyethylene glycol and/or polypropylene glycol. Preferred Process: The copolymer is obtained by reacting organic polymer compound with product obtained by polycondensation of metal oxide of formula: R1bM(OR2)c(OH)a-b-c.M=metal;R1=monovalent organic group;R2=1-8C lower alkyl;a=valance of metal M;b=0-2;andc=0 or more, preferably value between 0 and (a-b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is carbon paper or carbon cloth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electroconductive material is carbon fiber or carbon material. The water-repellent material is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The Gurley second which is a unit of gas permeance resistivity applies in the Gurley method based on JIS P8117-1998 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous layer includes carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water vapor permeation suppression layer is made of porous polyethylene membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal alkoxide is chosen from titanium alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, tin alkoxide or silicon alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer of low-melting point nanofiber layer is polyolefin type polymer or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The base material consists of wet-laid nonwoven fabric or dry type nonwoven fabric. Preferred Properties: The ratio of average fiber diameter of fiber contained in low-melting point nanofiber layer and average fiber diameter of fiber contained in heat-resistant nanofiber layer is 90/10-10/90. The ratio of fabric weight of low-melting point nanofiber with respect to fabric weight of heat-resistant nanofiber layer is 1.5-5. The separator has fabric weight of 5-40 g/m2, strength of 0.3 kg/15 mm or more, liquid absorption of 2 g/g or more and permeability of 0.1-3 cc/m2/second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The epitaxial thin film has hydrogen adsorption current and hydrogen desorption current peak value of 100-400 mV, preferably 100-200 mV (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) in hydrogen adsorption and desorption waveform (cycle number of 10 or more) by cyclic voltammetry method. The thin film exhibits peak originating in specific surface orientation, preferably (111) plane of platinum or platinum alloy in X-ray diffraction spectrum. The thin film is formed on substrate containing secondary element or its compound. The secondary element is chosen from IV-XII group metal of IV-VI period, carbon and silicon. The epitaxial thin film has (111) step surface and (111) flat surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The electrode material has specific surface area of 1800-2800 m2/g, pore capacitance of 0.5-1.5 ml/g and average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m. Preferred Process: The electrode material is formed by carrying out alkali activation of non-graphitizing carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The component is made of good heat conductive material e.g. plastic deformable metal, such as copper.
EXAMPLE - Cathode and anode catalysts in each cell were carbon supported platinum (50 wt.%) and carbon supported Pt/ruthenium (Ru) (40 wt.%/20 wt.%), respectively. Each electrode was prepared by applying catalyst inks onto PTFE impregnated carbon fiber paper substrates. The cathode and anode catalyst layers included approximately 0.7-0.75 mg Pt/cm2 cathode and 0.3 mg Pt/cm2 anode, respectively. NAFION (RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer) ionomer (1100 equivalent weight) was also used in each catalyst layer. The ionomer present in the cathode catalyst layers was varied from cell to cell. Each membrane electrode assembly (MEA) had 25 mu m thick membrane made of a different ionomer. Grafoil (RTM: flexible graphite material) reactant flow field plates with linear flow channels were located on either side of the MEAs, thus completing the fuel cells assembly. The stack was then operated under dry automotive conditions at 60 degrees C and the voltage outputs at several current densities were determined. Further, for two of the cells, the start up time to reach 50% of nominal power output was determined from - 45 degrees C (start up time for the other cell was not available). Performance of the fuel cells was improved, even under normal operating conditions, at ionomer to catalyst wt.% up to 33:67. The start up time for fuel cell C (with a greater ionomer:catalyst ratio in the cathode) was less than that for fuel cell B.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The sensor device has an anodic oxide film of titanium alloy containing 0.01 %mass or more of platinum or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell generates power by using fuel such as organic fuel comprising liquid-type, gel-type, solid-type or gaseous-type fuels containing alcohol, aldehyde or acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The catalytic platinum alloy carbon support layer comprises several carbon support particles, several platinum alloy particles and appropriate polymers dispersed on surfaces of carbon support particles. The primary thin platinum alloy black layer is formed on the ionic exchange membrane or catalytic platinum alloy carbon support layer. The primary substrate layer comprises carbon substrate. The primary thin platinum alloy black layer comprises appropriate polymers and several platinum alloy particles linked by the polymers to form primary thin platinum alloy black layer. The primary substrate layer comprises carbon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell generates power by using fuel such as organic fuel comprising liquid-type, gel-type, solid-type or gaseous-type fuels containing alcohol, aldehyde or acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The non-catalytic carbon support layer comprises several carbon support particles and appropriate polymers (118) dispersed on the surfaces of carbon support particles. The catalytic platinum alloy carbon support layer comprises several carbon support particles, several platinum alloy particles (115) and appropriate polymers dispersed on surfaces of carbon support particles. The primary thin platinum alloy black layer is formed on the ionic exchange membrane or catalytic platinum alloy carbon support layer. The primary substrate layer comprises carbon substrate. The primary thin platinum alloy black layer comprises appropriate polymers and several platinum alloy particles linked by the polymers to form primary thin platinum alloy black layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer material layer is made of low density polyethylene, polypropylene, silicone rubber and fluorinated ethylene propylene. The inner material layer is made of silicone sponge material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melting point of separator is measured based on JISK7121 standard. The oxygen index of the separator is measured based on JISK7201 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat resistant resin layer comprises polyethylene-terephthalate film or polyethylene naphthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The binder having glass transition temperature of -50 degrees C to 40 degrees C is acrylate-type polymer or diene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer is maintained at 0 degrees C or less in the presence of a weak base, and filtered under reduced pressure at 200 ml/minute or more. Deaeration is carried out while the polymer is maintained at 0 degrees C or less. Preferred Polymer: The polymer has an aromatic principal chain. The polymer having sulfonic acid group and sulfonyl halide group is obtained by processing a polymer with a halo sulfone agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An organic halogen compound of formula: R2-X is reacted with thiol of formula: R1-SH, to obtain a sulfido compound of formula: R1-S-R2 (Ia). The obtained compound (Ia) is oxidized using an oxidizing agent, to obtain a compound (I).X=halo. Preferred Definitions:    R1=propyl, isopropyl, butyl or s-butyl;and    R2=isobutyl or s-butyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. propyl isopropyl sulfone of formula: CH3-CH(-CH3)-S(=O)2-CH2-CH2-CH3 (Ia), propyl isobutyl sulfone, propyl-s-butyl sulfone, propyl-t-butyl sulfone and isopropyl butyl sulfone.    EXAMPLE - 1-Butanethiol (in g) (13.5) and 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (60) were added, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour in nitrogen atmosphere. 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane (13.7) was added to the resulting solution and stirred at 60 degrees C for 2 hours and cooled to room temperature. Further, dichloromethane (50 ml) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Then, the dichloromethane layer was fractionated and washed using ultra-pure water (30 ml). Hydrogen-peroxide solution (19.2) was added to the obtained 35% dichloromethane layer and stirred at 30 degrees C for 2 hours. The dichloromethane layer was distilled, to obtain colorless and transparent liquid of butyl isobutyl sulfone (16). The butyl isobutyl sulfone had yield of 90%, melting point of 1 degrees C, exothermic start temperature of 200 degrees C, viscosity of 8 cp at 25 degrees C and water solubility of 3.7 g/100 g at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The interfacial layer contains carbon-supported electrochemical catalyst, perfluorinated polymer electrolyte and carbon black. The carbon-supported electrochemical catalyst and nanowire-supported electrochemical catalyst contain nanoparicles which are chosen from platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and their alloy, preferably platinum and ruthenium. The nanowires are chosen from carbon, ruthenium oxide, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide (WCx), molybdenum carbide (MoCx), zirconium carbide (ZrCx), tungsten nitride (WNx) and molybdenum nitride (MoNx), where x is positive integer. Preferred Property: The nanoparicles in electrochemical catalyst have size of 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton-conducting membrane layer contains hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles comprise ruthenium-doped platinum and nitrogen. The catalyst support further comprises a proton conducting polymer in contact with the carbon powder and nanoparticles comprising ruthenium-doped platinum. The metal of electrochemical catalyst nanoparticles and metal catalyst of catalyst support comprise platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and/or their alloy. The atomic ratio of oxygen in nanoparticles to one of the metals in nanoparticles is 3.6-5, preferably 3.6. The ratio of oxygen to ruthenium is 3.6-6, preferably 3.6. The content of metallic ruthenium is less than 30% and the content of metallic platinum is 70-87%. The content of metallic ruthenium is less than 20%, preferably 2%. The nanowire is chosen from ruthenium oxide, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, titania, tin oxide, tungsten carbide (WCx), molybdenum carbide (MoCx), zirconium carbide, tungsten nitride (WNx) and molybdenum nitride (MoNx), where x is positive integer. The cross-linked carbon powder is cross-linked through graphene sheets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group IIIA and group IIIB elements include platinum, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt, chromium, nickel and iron. The second component is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, cesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride and manganese chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline solution is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and/or magnesium hydroxide. The carbon powder is activated charcoal and carbon black. The titanium oxide has particle size of 0.01-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The outer diameter and inner diameter of the conductive diamond hollow-fiber film is 50 nm to 10 mu m and 20 nm to 5 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic active metal phase is formed by a metal comprising metals or alloys of transition metals. The catalytic active metal phase is nickel, cobalt, iridium, iron, rhodium, platinum, palladium or an alloy of the metals. The support is one or more metal oxide comprising oxides of silicon, aluminum, rare earths including lanthanum or cerium, titanium, zirconium, magnesium, calcium, mixed oxides of alkali metal and alkaline-earth, aluminum and/or magnesium silicate, or calcium phosphate and their derivatives. The catalyst support has a roughness factor of 100-1000 m2/m2. The catalyst further comprises one or more promoters comprising lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, gadolinium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or alloys of the metals. The substrate is a metal plate fitted with microstructured elements. The substrate is a stack of plates bearing microstructured elements forming a reactor. The reactor is microstructured exchanger reactor mounted in upstream of a fuel cell. Preferred Process: The metal substrate is heated to a temperature of greater than 900 degrees C for a minimum period of one hour to form an intermediary layer between the metal substrate and the catalyst support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfur on basis of total weight of meso-porous carbon composite material is greater than or equal to 5%. The electrolyte material is nonaqueous electrolyte or solid electrolyte. Preferred Parameter: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of meso-porous carbon composite material is 400-2000 m2/g. Preferred Components: The carbon composite material further has pore with average diameters of 1-40 nm. The secondary battery further has separator which is arranged in nonaqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode and negative electrode contain aluminum (Al) sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The porous support is a modification catalyst. The support has water vapor modification catalytic function of hydrocarbon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell layers are filled with resin material selected from a group consisting polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon carbide composite is of formula: X-Si-C, where X is nickel, copper, silver, tin, zinc, gold and/or boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrode (B) contains sodium metal or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system includes a system interface device, which is configured for data communication according to a standard such as local interconnect network (LIN), controller area network (CAN)or FlexRay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is selected from conductive acetylene black, spherical carbon black or carbon nanotube. The composite catalyst has iron, which is selected from iron, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, ferric ferrous oxide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electrolytic salt is 0.1-25 %mass. The electrolytic salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The disiloxane having 2-alkenyl group directly coupled to silicon atom is a compound of formula (1 or 2), preferably 1,3-diallyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-disiloxane. The content of disiloxane having 2-alkenyl group directly coupled to silicon atom is 0.01-5 %mass. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains non-aromatic linear carbonate compound (0.01-5 %mass). The non-aromatic linear carbonate compound is vinylene carbonate of formula: HCC-CH(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-R9, HCC-CH(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-C(-R10)(R11)-CCH, HCC-CH(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-CnH2n+1-mClm or HCC-CH(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-CnH2n+1-mFm.R1,R2,R9=1-6C alkyl;R3-R8=H or methyl;R10,R11=H or 1-6C alkyl;n=1-6;andm=integer which is more than or equal to 2n+1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The quinone diimine derivative is of formula (4). The electron-accepting dopant substance is aryl sulfonic acid derivative of formula: (A(-SO3H)n-X)q-B.X=O, S or NH;A=naphthalene ring or anthracene ring optionally substituted by substituent other than X and SO3H;B=optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, 1,3,5-triazine or group of formula (iii or iv);W1,W2=O, S, S(O), S(O2) or group coupling with N, Si, P or P(O);n=1-4;andq=1 or more.Preferred Composition: The varnish further contains organic solvent (0.0001-10 %mass) and silane compound (1-50 %mass) chosen from dialkoxysilane compound, trialkoxy silane compound, tetraalkoxy silane compound and silicone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The poly(5-nitroindole) loaded catalyst electrode is produced by dissolving 5-nitroindole into boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and ether mixed solution to obtain electrochemical solution. The prepared electrochemical solution is transferred into an electrochemical reaction device having a substrate material, working electrode and platinum as paired electrodes and silver/silver chloride as reference electrode, where nitrogen is fed for 20 minutes. The substrate material is decorated by poly(5-nitroindole) and placed into aqueous solution of metal salt in inert gas environment, where deposition electricity quantity is controlled to obtain poly(5-nitroindole) loaded catalyst electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, butanone, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl propionamide, and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferred Method: The step (A) involves slowly adding PVC (5-15, preferably 10 g) to mixed solution including potassium hydroxide ethanol saturated solution (200-300, preferably 250 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (150-250, preferably 200 ml), and reacting for 1-7 hours at 15-30 degrees C in presence of argon; and naturalizing reaction solution with 2 M hydrochloric acid, filtering product, water cleaning until there is no chloride ion, cleaning with acetone until filtrate is colorless, vacuum drying at room temperature to obtain black powered polyacetylene. The step (B) involves mixing polyacetylene with sulfur at ratio of 1:1-5 (preferably 1:3), putting into alcohol ball to grind for 1.5-2.5 (preferably 2.5) hours, taking out and putting into vacuum drying box to bake for 8-12 (preferably 10 hours) hours at 85-95 (preferably 90) degrees C; heating material in argon flow, maintaining temperature at 180-220 (preferably 200) degrees C for 1-3 (preferably 3) hours and maintaining temperature at 280-320 degrees C for 2.5-3.5 hours; and cooling with stove and taking out to obtain sulfurated polyacetylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-containing polyethylene halide is polyvinylidene fluoride, poly-1,2-dichloroethylene, PVC, polyvinylidene chloride, and/or their copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of thermoplastic synthetic fiber, heat-resistant synthetic fiber and natural fiber is 25-50 %mass, 60-10 %mass and 15-40 %mass, respectively. The polyester fiber is polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and/or fully aromatic polyarylate. The heat-resistant synthetic fiber is fully aromatic polyamide, fully aromatic polyester, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide and/or polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole. The separator further contains synthetic fiber having crystallinity degree of 50% or more. The synthetic fiber is fully aromatic polyamide, fully aromatic polyester, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole, polyethylene and/or polypropylene. Preferred Properties: The thermoplastic synthetic fiber has diameter of 5 mu m or less and length of 10 mm or less. The heat-resistant synthetic fiber has diameter of 1 mu m or less. The natural fiber is solvent-spun cellulose having diameter of 1 mu m or less and length of 3 mm or less. The separator has thickness of 60 mu m or less, density of 0.2-0.7 g/cm3 and air permeability of 100 seconds/100 ml or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat exchanger plate is made contact the heat exchanger tube through an adhesive tape comprising aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The concentration of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, hexamethylenetetramine, and copper nitrate trihydrate is 0.0375 M, 0.5 M, and 0.004-0.067 M, respectively. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticle contains copper (8% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cylindrical nanostructured core is a bar, rod, or wire. The cylindrical nanostructured core has a diameter of 2-100 nm and a length of 10-1000 nm. The cylindrical nanostructured core consists of palladium. The atomic layer consists of platinum. The continuous atomic layer coating is a submonolayer, monolayer or bilayer. The cylindrical nanostructured core comprises a non-noble metal core covered with a noble metal core shell which is nickel, cobalt, iron or a refractory metal. The refractory metal is titanium, tantalum, niobium or tungsten. The noble metal core shell comprises palladium, gold, rhenium, iridium or ruthenium. The transition metal consists of palladium, the non-noble metal layer consists of copper, and the noble metal salt is platinum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode active material comprises a lithium-transition metal oxide (preferably lithium-cobalt, lithium-nickel, lithium-manganese, lithium-chromium, lithium-iron, lithium-vanadium and/or lithium-titanium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode ink composition further comprises component selected from a binder, a conductive agent, a moisturizing agent, a dispersant, and a buffer. The electrode ink composition comprises (wt.%) first solvent (80-100) and electrode active material (1-20). The viscosity of the electrode ink composition is less than or equal to 100 (preferably 0.5-5) mPa.sec when measured at 25 degrees C and shear rate of 1000 s-1. Preferred Component: The first solvent is a solvent comprising amide group. The amide group is selected from dimethyl acetamide and/or dimethyl formamide. The solvent further comprises a second solvent selected from saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol, ketone, ester, ether and/or dimethylsulfoxide. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (parts by weight): LiCoO2 (4.65), acetylene black (AB) (0.15), and poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVdF) (0.2) added to dimethyl acetamide (DMAC) (95) was prepared. A comparative composition comprised (wt.%) LiCoO2 (4.65), acetylene black (AB) (0.15), and PVdF (0.2) added to N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (95). Both the electrode ink composition were printed on an aluminum foil by using an ink-jet printer to form a particular pattern and degree of pattern accuracy was evaluated with the naked eye which was good/bad for test/comparative composition respectively, and viscosity of test/comparative composition was 4.21/4.66 mPa.sec at 1000s-1 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The collector contains an alloy or oxide of nickel, titanium, aluminum, copper, platinum, iron, chromium, tin, zinc, indium, antimony and/or potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The unsaturated carboxylic acid is maleic acid anhydride, maleic acid, itaconic acid anhydride and/or itaconic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: At least one portion of resin fiber is covered with metal component. Preferred Composition: The polymeric material (b) contains polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonionic water-soluble solid used for manufacturing the gas diffusion layer is boric acid and the nonionic porous material used for manufacturing the gas diffusion layer is hydrophobic silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The primary and secondary active materials are lithium-manganese complex oxide, lithium-nickel complex oxide, lithium-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-containing iron oxide, graphite and/or amorphous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of conductive support agent and binder is 1:2-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme is supplied in the form of aqueous solution, and is chosen from catalase, superoxide dismutase and oxidase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous structure formed in membrane electrode assembly is made of activated carbon fiber, silica gel, activated alumina or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The equivalence ratio of the isocyante group of the polyfunctional isocyanate with respect to the hydroxyl group of carboxyl-group containing polyolefin resin is 1.0-10.0. Preferred Resin: The Carboxyl-group containing polyolefin resin is a modified polyolefin resin obtained by graft-copolymerizing a homopolymer of propylene, or the copolymer of propylene and ethylene with an ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid or its acid anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium sulfide-antimony sulfide (Li2S-Sb2S3)-type composition is lithium-antimony sulfide (Li3SbS3)-type composition. The amorphous forming process is mechanical milling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The damping element is made of polyurethane, silicone or acryl polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The interior of the housing is made of epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: Compound (A) consists of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings. The molecular structure is preferably of formula (II). Structural unit (b) is of formula (III, IV or V). The sulfonic acid or sulfonate density is 0.1-5 mEq/g.R=alkylene, preferably 3C or 4C alkylene in which at least one portion of hydrogen is substituted with halo. Preferred Definitions:    H'C'y=heterocyclic ring containing pyridine ring, or pyridine ring.    EXAMPLE - (In g) nickel-1,5-cyclooctadiene complex (1) was stirred with N,N-dimethylformamide. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene (0.46 ml) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (0.58) were added and stirred. 5-Bromo-2-((5-chloropyridin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine (0.053), sodium 3-((3,5-dibromopyridin-2-yl)oxy)propane-1-sulfonate (0.221), and N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.264) were added and reacted. The crude product was collected, purified and dried, to obtain sulfonic-acid-group-containing polypyridine (0.092) of formula (Ia). The compound had an acid value of 1.6 mEq/g, and excellent radical resistance, proton conductivity, film-forming property, chemical stability, thermal stability, heat resistance, ion-exchange capacity, and activity as acidic catalyst.    l-n=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: Compound (A) consists of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings. The molecular structure is preferably of formula (II). Structural unit (b) is of formula (III, IV or V). The sulfonic acid or sulfonate density is 0.1-5 mEq/g.R=alkylene, preferably 3C or 4C alkylene in which at least one portion of hydrogen is substituted with halo. Preferred Definitions:    H'C'y=heterocyclic ring containing pyridine ring, or pyridine ring.    EXAMPLE - (In g) nickel-1,5-cyclooctadiene complex (0.92) was stirred with N,N-dimethylformamide. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene (0.41 ml) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (0.52) were added and stirred. 2-Bromo-6-((6-bromopyridin-2-yl)dimethylsilyl)pyridine (0.062), sodium 3-((3,5-dibromopyridin-2-yl)oxy)propane-1-sulfonate (0.199), and N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.238) were added and reacted. The crude product was collected, purified and dried, to obtain sulfonic-acid-group-containing polypyridine (0.073) of formula (Ia). The compound had an acid value of 1.9 mEq/g, and excellent radical resistance, proton conductivity, film-forming property, chemical stability, thermal stability, heat resistance, ion-exchange capacity, and activity as acidic catalyst.    l-n=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is chosen from polycarbonate, polystyrene, general purpose polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester methacrylate, polypropylene, high impact polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyester, polyamide, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyethenmide, polylactic acid, high impact polystyrene, aquilobutalstyrene, nylon, acrylic, amorphous polymer, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, low-density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, thermoplastic ethylene, polypropylene, rubber and phenolic component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A low reflection material provided in the surface of the terminal board consists of plated layer made of material selected from the group comprising matt nickel material, matt silver material, matt gold material, tin, chrome, cobalt oxide, or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxycarbonitride is a mixture containing oxycarbonitride containing metal (A) (0.2 %mass or more) and oxycarbonitride containing metal (Z) (0.2 %mass or more). The molar ratio of metal (A) and metal (Z) is 1-15. The combinations of metal (A) and metal (Z) are metal (a) chosen from titanium and zirconium, metal (b) chosen from vanadium, niobium, and tantalum, and metal (c) chosen from molybdenum and tungsten. The metal oxycarbonitride is of formula: AaZbCxNyOz. The catalyst layer further contains electroconductive particles.A=metal (A);Z=metal (Z);a=0.01-1;b=0-0.99 (excluding 0);x,y=0.01-2;z=0.01-3;a+b=1;andx+y+z=5 or less.Preferred Process: The metal carbonitride is further obtained by heating compound chosen from oxide of metal (A), nitride of metal (A), and carbide of metal (A) with mixture containing at least carbide in an inert gas atmosphere or in nitrogen atmosphere, when the mixture does not contain nitride. The metal oxycarbonitride is heated at 400-1400 degrees C in oxygen gas concentration of 0.1-10 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic polymer comprises monomers consisting of acrylates, phthalamides, acrylonitriles, cellulose, styrenes, alkyls, alkyls methacrylates, alkenes, halogenated alkenes, amides, imides, aryletherketones, butadienes, ketones, esters, acetals, carbonates and/or co-monomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles are colloidal particles, which are patchy particles. The chemical moieties A1, A2, B1, B2 comprise DNA. The DNA comprises sequence comprising: ccatgcgcatgg (SEQ ID NO: 1); agcatgcatgct (SEQ ID NO: 2); agctgtcaagga (SEQ ID NO: 3); gcctctgagaga (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the complement of any one of the sequences. The seed particle is constructed using holographic optical traps. The material is a photonic crystal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The cellulose polymer has 5 or 6-membered ring cyclic structure which forms a hydrogen bond between oxygen and water in a molecule. The oxygen atom is bonded through 1C or 2C. The side chain having oxygen atom from the carbon atom of the 6-membered ring compound is formed. The oxygen atom forms a portion of ether linkage, carbonyl bond, or carboxyl coupling. The carbon atom of a portion which comprises the 6-membered ring has a side chain including acetate ester group or propionic-acid ester group bonded with a methylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing solvent is chosen from fluorine-containing ether, fluorine-containing carbonate and fluorine-containing ester other than fluorine-containing formate, preferably fluorine-containing linear ether, fluorine-containing cyclic ester, fluorine-containing linear carbonate and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate.The total amount of fluorine-containing formate solvent and fluorine-containing solvent is 60 volume% or more.The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains non-fluorine-type solvent.The fluorine-containing formate solvent is chosen from 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl formate, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl formate and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl formate.The electrolytic salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aza-crown ether compound has structure containing nitrogen atom(s) in aza-crown ether ring bonded with organic group having polymerizable unsaturated bond. The organic group is of formula: -R-C(-Q1)=C-(O2)-O3 (I), (II) or methacryloyloxyalkyl group. The additive further contains disassociation promoter, carbonate compound of formula (III and/or IV) having polymerizable unsaturated bond, and cyclohexane derivative having vinyl ether group or propenyl ether group. The aza-crown ether compound is chosen from aza-12-crown-4-ether, aza-14-crown-4-ether, aza-15-crown-5-ether and aza-18-crown-6-ether. The electrolyte dissociation promoter is ether compound and/or sulfoxide compound having donor number of 16-40. The sulfoxide compound is of formula: R1-S(=O)-R2. The ether compound is of formula: R3-O-(CH2CH2O)n-R4. The cyclohexane derivative is of formula : R9-CH=CH-O-(CH2)p-O-CH=CH-R10 (V) or R11-CH=CH-O-(C2H4O)q-O-CH=CH-R12 (VI).R=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3,Q5-Q7=H, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl;Q4=H or halo;R1-R4=1-5C alkyl;n=1-10;R5,R6=H or 1-3C alkyl;R7,R8=H or 2-3C alkenyl;R9-R12=H or methyl;p=4-10;andq=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cell is provided with a battery element which has a negative electrode active material layer made of graphite type carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The injection direction of solution is inclined to 10 degrees or more with respect to normal line direction of surface of porous base material. The solution is injected in fan shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular anion contains oxo-acid type anion, imido-acid type anion, thio-acid type anion and/or hydrohalic acid type anion, preferably oxo-acid type anion. The ion conductor further includes Bronsted acid or Bronsted base. The Bronsted acid is conjugate acid of the protic ion and Bronsted base is a conjugate base of protic ion. The inorganic solid-acid salt contains ions of elements chosen from IA, 4A and 4B groups of the periodic table, oxo-acid type anion and cations chosen from ammonium ion and hydrogen ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular cation contains hetero atom(s) including cations of imidazolinium derivative, pyridinium derivative, pyrrolidinium derivative, piperazinium derivative, ammonium derivative, phosphonium derivative and sulfonium derivative, preferably piperazinium derivative cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The lead contained in the plate grid material is pure lead having purity of more than 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiN(SO2CF3)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The linear block copolymer is diblock copolymer. The structural polymer block is ionically non-conductive. The block copolymer is polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block poly(ethylene oxide)triblock copolymer and/or polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide)diblock copolymer, and further comprises additional linear polymer block. Preferred Composition: The structural polymer block comprises polystyrene. The conductive polymer block comprises poly(ethylene oxide) and/or lithium salt. Preferred Properties: The structural polymer has molecular weight of 5000 Daltons or more. The structural polymer has elastic modulus of 1x 107 Pa to 3 GPa. The conductive polymer has elastic modulus of 1 MPa or less. The conductive and structural polymers both have molecular weights of 15000 Daltons or more, preferably 50000 Daltons or more. The electrolyte has ionic conductivity of 1x 10-4 Scm-1. The poly(ethylene oxide) block has molecular weight of 50,000 Daltons or more. The polystyrene block has molecular weight of 50000 Daltons or more. The volume fraction of poly(ethylene oxide) block is between 0.2-0.5, preferably 0.25-0.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Production of superfine rare-earth polishing powder comprises:(A) dissolving cerium nitrate (2 pts.wt.) and praseodymium nitrate (1 pt.wt.) in organic solvent (1 pt.wt.), dropping 2 mol/L alkali liquid (0.6), agitating and dissolving for 10-30 minutes to obtain transparent sol;(B) putting obtained transparent sol in jacket of reaction kettle and evaporating in water bath to transform sol into gel; and(C) drying gel at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, roasting at 600 degrees C for 2 hours, controlling heating rate at 100 degrees C/hour, and maintaining temperature for 10 hours to obtain mono-dispersed superfine rare-earth polishing powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is citric acid. The alkali comprises ammonia or organic amine, or mixture of amines or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The core material has grain size of 5-8 mu m and tap density of 1.2-1.6 g/cm3. The carbon coating has thickness of 10-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol and/or polyethylene imine. The conductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, polythiophene and/or poly(sulfur nitride).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The active material is a lithium-transition-metal composite oxide. The active material has an average minimum particle size of 10-100 nm and an average maximum particle size of 150-900 nm. The active-material layer has a thickness of 300 nm or more to 10 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The electrode active material layer has a film thickness of 300 nm or more to 10 mu m or less. The active material has an average minimum particle size of 10-100 nm, and average maximum particle size of 110-900 nm. When the discharge capacity maintenance factor during discharging at discharge rate of 1C is set to 100%, the discharge capacity maintenance factor during discharging at discharge rate of 50C is 50% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The active material is lithium-transition metal complex oxide, which is electroconductive material. During the manufacture of electrode plate, the electrode-active-material-layer-forming solution is obtained by dissolving metallic elements chosen from lithium-element-containing compound, cobalt and nickel, manganese, iron and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion-supply means is a microcapsule containing lithium fluid obtained by dissolving lithium compound in a solvent. The concentration of the lithium in lithium fluid is the same as the concentration of lithium ion in electrolyte at the beginning.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nitride layer contains chromium nitride. The metal layer contains chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing solvent is chosen from fluorine-containing ether, fluorine-containing ester and fluorine-containing carbonate other than fluorine-containing ester, preferably fluorine-containing linear ether, fluorine-containing cyclic ester, fluorine-containing linear carbonate and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate. The total amount of fluorine-containing ester solvent and fluorine-containing solvent is 60 volume% or more. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains non-fluorine-type solvent. The fluorine-containing ester solvent is chosen from methyl 3,3-difluoropropanoate, methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropanoate, ethyl difluoroacetate and ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropanoate. The electrolytic salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and lithium bis(trifluoroethanesulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode is magnesium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stable radical is nitroxyl radical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The stable radical-containing compound is a compound in which the nitroxyl radical is bonded directly with polymer or polycyclic aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material comprises an overcharge additive (0.5-2 wt.%) comprising a carbon compound, preferably lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The water-soluble liquid is dilute sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is silver or gold. The nanostructure deposits are wires (preferred), sheets, cubes, spheres, needles or rods. The metal nanostructure deposits comprise metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid dopant comprises tartaric acid, camphosulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, poly(styrene sulfonic acid) and/or para-toluenesulfonic acid. The metal is silver and the acid dopant is citric acid or para-toluenesulfonic acid. EXAMPLE - The concentrated polyaniline solution was poured onto a glass substrate and smeared into a homogeneous thin film. The glass substrate and film were kept in a leveled oven at 55 degrees C or 2 days. The dried film was then detached from the glass substrate. The pristine metal-polyaniline films were then dried in air for 1 hour, then sandwiched between two Kim wipes, and placed under a flat metal weight (15 kg) for 1 day to keep the dry film flat. The resulting thermally cured, dense polyaniline film had a thickness of 1-350 mu m. The films were then doped by immersing them into an acid solution for 24-144 hours followed by three rinses in water (100 ml) for 1-30 minutes. The acid doped films was cut into pieces and immersed into freshly prepared aqueous metal ion solutions, and worked up to give metal-polymer composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite particles are of natural graphite. The graphite particles have interlayer distance between planes of 0.335-0.337 mm. The anode active material has specific surface area of 1.0-1.8 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon with which surface of graphite particles is coated or which is deposited has amount of 1-30 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises disulfonic acid ester. The electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is gelled by polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The central cylindrical base housing is comprises of copper tubing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton exchange membrane comprises a sulfonic perfluorocarbon proton conductive membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali formate is sodium formate or potassium formate. The alkali hydroxide is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The alkali carbonate is sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is an alloy of bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, zinc and/or indium, preferably bismuth-tin-indium alloy. Preferred Property: The melting point of the alloy is 70-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The Y element contained in primary phase of the hydrogen-absorbing alloy has hydrogen-permeability of 10% or less. The Y element contained in eutectic phase of the hydrogen-absorbing alloy base material has average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less. The hydrogen-absorbing alloy raw material has Vickers hardness of 270 or less HV. The hydrogen-absorbing alloy film has thickness of 0.01-1 mm. Preferred Composition: The content of niobium in the primary phase is 70 atomic% or more. The total content of X element is 60 atomic% or more of the Y elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gate region has a gate structure positioned on a silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The semiconductor structure is made of aluminum indium gallium (AlxInyGa1-x-yN) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol and water is used when dispersing the catalyst particles, and the mixed solvent is comprised of group consisting of ethoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) in amount of 0.1-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polyvinyl alcohol with respect to carboxymethyl cellulose in the mixture layer is more than 0:10 and 4:6. The negative electrode active material is carbon material, preferably graphite. The latex-type binder is styrene-butadiene rubber. The total content of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol in the mixture layer is 0.2-2 weight%. The content of latex-type binder in the mixture layer is 0.5-2 weight%. Preferred Property: The degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol is preferably 500-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic-oxide particles are rutile titanium-dioxide particles. The content of inorganic-oxide particles with respect to the total amount of active-material layer is 0.1-3 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves removing layer of inorganic lithium compound using polar solvent. Preferred Compounds: The polar solvent is water. The inorganic lithium compound is lithium sulfate. The positive electrode active material has tap density 2-2.5 g/cc. The sulfated compound is sulfate or sulfate hydrate of lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, magnesium, niobium, titanium, aluminum and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium or 1-hexyl-3-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium. (II) is 1-hexyl-2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium or 1-hexyl-2-propyl-3,5-diethylpyridinium. (III) is 1-octyl-3-methylpyridinium or 1-hexyl-3-methylpyridinium. (IV) is 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium trifluoromethyl carbonate, 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium nitrate or 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-dimethylaminopyridinium bromide or 1-hexyl-3-methyl-dimethylaminopyridinium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide. (V) is a 1-hexyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium cation or a 1-hexyl-2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium cation. (VI) is a 1-hexyl-2-propyl-3,5-diethylpyridinium compound. The ionic compounds (IV)-(VI) and the 1-ethyl nicotinic acid ethyl ester cations are liquid. Preferred Definitions:    R11, R13, R17, R19 = -C2H5; and    X = (CF3SO2)2N, (CN)2N, ethylsulfate, ester ethyl sulfate, Cl, bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, BF4 or Br.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of graphite-type carbon material to amorphous carbon is 60:40-90:10. Preferred Components: The amorphous carbon is carbon black. The graphite-type carbon material is artificial graphite. The additive is lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode comprises graphitic carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) has a layer structure of lithium metal complex of formula (Li2MO3.(1-a)LiM1O2).M = metal cations with an average valance of +3 with at least one cation of Mn ion or Ni ion; andM1 = metal cations with an average valance of +4.Preferred Components: The fluorine source comprises ammonium bifluoride. Preferred Process: The heating step is performed at 350-500 degrees C for 2-10 hours. The fluorine source and the metal oxide composition are blended as powders prior to the heating step. Preferred Definitions:    x = 0.10-0.19;    alpha = 0.15-0.35;    beta = 0.35-0.60; and    z = 0.01-0.1, preferably 0.01-0.075 (where x+ alpha + beta + gamma + delta is equal to 1).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The active material has an average particle diameter of 0.1-100 mu m and a BET specific surface area of 100-800 m2/g. The primary particles of the active material have an average particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-containing sulfate is lithium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The washing of precursor sheet in an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid is carried out between solidification of polyacrylonitrile in the precursor sheet and formation of precursor sheet containing polyacrylonitrile. The dimethylacetamide solution obtained by dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate is impregnated into the carbon short fiber paper. The dry precursor sheet is heat-pressed before carbonization process. The heat-pressed precursor sheet is subjected to oxidation treatment. The porous electrode base material is formed by joining carbon short fibers containing carbon dispersed in two-dimensional plane and forming pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material layer of the positive electrode contains the acicular active material particle containing material selected from the group consisting of lithium-transition metal composite oxide, lithium-transition metal phosphoric acid compound and lithium- transition-metal sulfated compound. The active material layer of the negative electrode contains the acicular active material particle comprising metal oxide selected from tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide and vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of fibrous carbon is 200 nm or less. The ash content of carbon black composite material regulated by JIS K 1469 is 1 %mass or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The spherical carbon particles are acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: In the electrolyte solution for alkaline zinc redox flow cell above, the source of the soluble zinc ion can be zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2), potassium zinc hydroxide (K2Zn(OH)4) or sodium zinc hydroxide (Na2Zn(OH)4) or its mixtures. The concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is 1-14 mol/L; the concentration of NaOH is 0.0-10 mol/L; the concentration of LiOH is 0.0-1.0 mol; and the total concentration of KOH, NaOH and LiOH is 1-4 mol/L. The additives can be three items as follows: (a) sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) or zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) or its mixture, the concentration of carbonate being 0-2 mol/L; (b) soluble silicate, aluminium salt, aluminate, lead salt, plumbite, indium salt, bismuth salt, molybdate, tin salt, stannate, boric acid or borate or its mixtures, the adding concentration being 0-1.5 mol/L; and (c) one or more alkyl quaternary ammonium salt, and the adding concentration being 0-0.5 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frames are made of polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst includes manganese dioxide or cobalt phthalocyanine. The conductive material is selected from mesoporous carbon, graphite, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, and carbon fiber. The solid electrolyte includes a polymer electrolyte or an inorganic solid electrolyte. The metallic material includes one selected from stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, iron, titanium, and copper. The carbon material includes carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water-repellent material includes a water-repellent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The electrolyte solution contains acidic electrolyte, preferably perchloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is aluminum or magnesium. The anode catalyst does not contain noble metal, such as platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic layer is made of fluorine type binder, acrylic rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, acrylic type rubber and vinyl polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The purified carbon nanotubes are chosen from single wall carbon nanotubes, double wall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. The carbon microparticles are chosen from graphite, flake graphite, spherical graphite, expanded graphite and mesocarbon microbeads. Preferred Properties: The carbon microparticles have diameter of 1-50 mu m. The paper has density of less than 1.5 g/cm3 and thermal stability of more than 600 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The freestanding carbon nanotube paper further contains semiconductor nanoparticles chosen from silicon, germanium, gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, tin selenide, tin telluride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, titania, indium phosphide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphide, zinc telluride, cadmium selenide and/or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion battery contains liquid electrolyte material and solid electrolyte material. The liquid electrolyte material contains ionic liquid chosen from l-R-3-R'-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-R-3-R'-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, l-R-l-R'-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and l-R-3-R'-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. An organic solvent is used during manufacturing process of freestanding carbon nanotube paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solid electrolyte material is a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate is 100-400 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of (meth)acrylate polymer and (meth)acrylate monomer. The content of calcium carbonate is 20-85 %mass with respect to total amount of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Preferred Property: The aluminum hydroxide has average particle diameter of 1-80 mu m. Preferred Component: The calcium carbonate is heavy calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further contains plasticizer and (meth)acrylate monomer. Preferred Component: The polymer is (meth)acrylate polymer. Preferred Process: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet is sheet-type molded product of solidified material obtained by molding the heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition containing (meth)acrylate polymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer, into sheet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Lithium nitrate, manganese nitrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, fuel, solvent and nitrogen are used during manufacturing process of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is glycine. The solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing high-performance low-platinum catalyst for a methanol fuel cell, the Pd salt mentioned in step (a) refers to Pd chloride or Pd nitrate. The concentration of the chloroplatinic acid or the mixture of chloroplatinic acid and ruthenium trichloride is that the theoretical mass of platinum or platinum and ruthenium is 2%-3% of the mass of the catalyst precursors. In step (b), if the mixture of chloroplatinic acid and ruthenium trichloride is adopted, the mass ratio of the chloroplatinic acid to the ruthenium trichloride is 1:0.2-1:5. The carbon powder should be pre-processed through the following steps: firstly, repeatedly washing it using acetone; and then processing it using 1-3 mol.L-1 while stirring; and finally, oxidizing it for 1-5 hours using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a mass concentration being 20-30%. The Pt or Pt and Ru cover the Pd alloy and are together carried on the carbon powder. The mass of Pt or Pt and Ru is 2-20% of total mass of the catalyst; and the Pd alloy modified by Pt or Pt and Ru accounts for 10-60% of the total mass of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The chloride and nitrate of metals is dissolved in ethylene glycol at a rate of 1:0.3-1:3. Preferred Component: The reducing agent is sodium borohydride, formic acid, formaldehyde, or ascorbic acid. Reduced platinum covers the surface of zinc metal, iron metal, tin metal, cobalt metal, nickel metal, and/or copper metal to form a core-shell structure. The catalyst comprises (mass %) platinum (1-15), and metal (10-60). Preferred Material: The shell is made of platinum. The inner core is zinc metal, iron metal, tin metal, cobalt metal, nickel metal, and/or copper metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is ethylene glycol, formic acid, formaldehyde, or ascorbic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble salt solution precursor comprises trichloroplatinic acid, ruthenium trichloride, hexachloroiridic acid, palladium chloride, rhodium trichloride, osmium trichloride, chloroauric acid, chromium nitrate, nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, manganous chloride, copper dichloride, titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, vanadium tetrachloride, ferric chloride, gallium nitrate, molybdenum hexachloride and/or sodium selenite. The alkaline material comprises sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal nanoparticle comprises metal element or metal alloy. The metal element comprises platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os) or gold (Au). The metal alloy is alloy comprising Pt, Ru, Ir, Pd, Rh, Os and/or Au; or alloy of formula M'N'.M'=Pt, Ru, Ir, Pd, Rh, Os and/or Au;andN=Cr, Mn, Cu, Ti, Sn, V, Fe, Ga, Mo and/or Se.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethanediol, cis-butanediol or propanetriol. The reducer comprises sodium borohydride, formaldehyde, aldehyde, methanoic acid, acetic acid, hydrazine, sodium citrate or ascorbate. Preferred Ratio: The mass ratio of ethanol to water in aqueous ethanol solution is 0.5-100:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton-conducting polymer comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin, sulfonated polysulfone resin, sulfonated polyphenyl thioether resin, sulfonated polybenzimidazole resin, sulfonated polyphosphazene, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polystyrene resin or sulfonated poly(ether-ether-ketone) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing gas is hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide, preferably hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The rare-earth element is scandium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium and/or europium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode core and the current collecting plate are made aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper or a copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode activated material is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate or lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (preferably lithium iron phosphate). The cathode activated material is selected from natural or artificial graphite (such as meso-carbon micrbeads, needle coke graphite), carbon filaments or hard carbon (preferably graphite).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium phosphate compound is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is at least one member of 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one or 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The content of (I) is 1-7 wt.%, and a content of the 1,2-dimethoxyethane is 1-15 (preferably 5-10) wt.%. The negative electrode active material contains a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid in step (B) is p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, alkylbenzene sulfonic acid and/or p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid. The solvent in step (C) is water, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethanol, isopropanol, acetone and/or hexafluoroisopropanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step (A) includes heating starch at 100-150 degrees C, and cooling same to room temperature. The oxidation heating in step (F) is executed at 150-300 degrees C. The carbonization in step (F) is executed at 500-1400 degrees C under vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. The vacuum heat treatment in step (F) is executed at 1400-2200 degrees C. Preferred Components: The fiber formable polymer in step (C) is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polycarbonate, polylactic acid, polyvinylcarbazole, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate, collagen, polycaprolactone and/or poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The wt. ratio of fiber formable polymer to starch is 5:5-8:2. Preferred Properties: The porous carbon fiber has mesopores with average diameter of 5-10 nm. EXAMPLE - Starch composite fibers were stabilized by oxidation heating process at 150-300 degrees C. The treated fibers were carbonized at 500-1400 degrees C under vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere to produce porous carbon fibers. Next, prepared porous carbon fibers were subjected to vacuum heat treatment at 1400-2200 degrees C to obtain porous carbon fibers with average pore size of 10 nm. The porous carbon fiber product obtained in above temperature range was found to have a specific surface area of 320-480 m2/g. The fibers also had mesopores with size of 10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is acetylene black. The usage-amount of carbon material is 15-70 %mass with respect to total amount of lithium sulfide and carbon material. The lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte containing inorganic compound having sulfur as constituent element. Preferred Condition: The manufacturing process of lithium sulfide carbon composite is carried out at 700-1400 degrees C under pressure of 10 MPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material in the laminated ceramic capacitor contains nickel, its alloy, copper or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode composition further contains surfactant and organic solvent with boiling point of 50-150 degrees C. The surfactant is anionic surfactant and the organic solvent is alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive fine particle layer includes carbon particles made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage material comprises hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, carbon, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, and/or other elements. The counter electrode comprises an exchange matrix for materials chosen from non-noble elements with an affinity for hydrogen. The counter electrode comprises an exchange matrix comprising elements or compounds with iron, cobalt, nickel, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium palladium, rhenium osmium, iridium, platinum, mercury, catalytic alloys, and/or other materials with an affinity for hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The average particle diameter is less than or equal to 3 mu m. The baking temperature is 400-900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The amount of alkali metal hydroxide in alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution is greater than or equal to 1 mole. The alkali metal hydroxide is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide. The lithium compound is chosen from hydroxide, oxide, chloride, carbonate and nitrate of lithium. Preferred Process: The manufacture of nickel containing oxide further includes baking and mixing nickel containing hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metallic element is chosen from magnesium, aluminum, tin, zinc, silver, lead, germanium, indium and vanadium. The doping element is chosen from boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anion of metallic element is chosen from chlorine ion, bromine ion, iodine ion, boron tetrafluoride ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, trifluoromethane sulfonate ion, perchlorate ion, hexafluoroarsenate ion, hexafluoro-antimonate ion, aluminum chloride ion, trifluoroacetate ion, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ion or bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic solvent is chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane or its derivative(s), formamide, dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methylacetate, methylpropionate, ethylpropionate, phosphate triester, trimethoxymethane, diethylether, 1,3-propane sultone, sulfolane, 3-methyl 2-oxazolidinone, tetrahydrofuran or its derivatives(s) and 1,2-diethoxyethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: Li(LixMgyAlzMn2-x-y-z)O4d, where x is 0.01-0.08, y is 0.02-0.07, z is 0.06-0.14 and d is 0 or more. Preferred Properties: The microcrystal size of the spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide is 500-2000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum in alloy is 20-25 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The collector is maintained at 25-200 degrees C for 5 minutes to 24 hours. The concentration of carbon dioxide gas is more than 20% in chamber. Preferred Compounds: The lithium is deposited on active material film by vacuum evaporation method by supplying electric potential of 0.3-0.7 V. The active material contains silicon compound of formula: SiOx.x=0.2-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic structure is cloth-form and/or film-form porous structure, and has Gurley value of 50-1000 seconds/100 cc. The organic structure comprises 20 weight% or more of component chosen from polyolefin, polyester, cellulose, aramid and/or polyimide. The electroconductivity material includes electroconductive paste containing electroconductive polymer material and/or electroconductive filler (2a), and binding polymeric material (2b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The transfer sheet has catalyst layer formed on polymeric film, inorganic substance film or electroconductive porous sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The acid-proof binder is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flame-retardant component is phosphate ester, pentabromo diphenylether, octabromo diphenylether, decabromo diphenylether, tetrabromo bisphenol A, hexabromo cyclododecane, chlorinated paraffin, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide, aluminum hydroxide, and/or magnesium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The wall material comprises melamine resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, and/or phenol resin. Preferred Properties: The sensitive microcapsules are electrodeposited to a thickness of 1-100 mu m. The microcapsules have a diameter of 1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has equivalent circular diameter of 5 mu m or more, specific surface area of 200 m2/g or less and interlayer distance (d002) of 0.350-0.385 nm measured by X-ray diffraction method. Preferred Component: The carbon material is obtained from a pitch-type carbon precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Composition: The electrode further contains electroconductive auxiliary material. Preferred Property: The thickness of the electrode is 400 mu m or less. Preferred Process: The electrode is made into a sheet form by rolling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particulate support is carbon and/or silicon. Preferred Properties: The particulate support is in the form of carbon spheres having diameters of 10-1000 (preferably 30-50) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core-shell nanoparticles comprise alkanethiolate shells. Preferred Properties: The nanoparticles have relative size monodispersity of plus minus 0.6 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The isoparaffins of greater than or equal to 15 carbons constitute 1.8-9 (preferably 2-9, especially not greater than 7) mass%. The isoparaffins of greater than or equal to 17 carbons constitute not greater than 3 mass%. The paraffins of less than 13 carbons constitute not less than 70 (preferably not less than 75) mass%. The normal paraffins of greater than or equal to 13 carbons constitute not greater than 1 (preferably not greater than 0.5) mass%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The content-flow block layer contains metal material which has tolerance with respect to melt of alkali salt containing silicon. The metal material contains nitride of iron, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, titanium and/or stainless steel. The temperature suppression layer has thickness of 500-3000 mu m and heat conductivity of 0.2 W/mK or less, preferably 0.1 W/mK or less. The metal material is not melted when contacted with liquid of ortho-lithium silicate at 1450 degrees C. The temperature suppression layer has porous resin sheet having heat conductivity of 0.1 W/mK or less. The temperature suppression layer contains 30-95 %mass of binder and 5-70 %mass of endothermic inorganic compound particles which exhibits endothermic peak at 80 degrees C or more. The endothermic inorganic compound particles contain hydrate, metal hydroxide and/or carbonate of inorganic compound, preferably calcium sulfate dihydrate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and/or calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The temperature suppression layer consists of inorganic fiber sheet containing inorganic fiber chosen from glass wool and rock wool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxide of metal is nickel oxide, nickel(III) oxide, copper oxide (Cu2O, CuO, Cu2O3) or zinc oxide. Preferred Process: The hydrogen-ion conductive ceramic material is obtained by plasticizing the raw material at 1300-1500 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Re=yttrium, ytterbium, scandium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium or samarium;and    M=iron, cobalt, nickel or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filter consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The paste has viscosity of 1500-3000 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average valence of manganese is 3.5-4. The average valence of cobalt is 2.5-3.2. y is greater than (1-y-z-b)/2, or less than or equal to (1-y-z-b)/2. The tap density of complex-oxide particles is 2.6 g/cm3 or more. The electrode-mixture layer has a density of 3.4 g/cm3 or more. Preferred Component: The electrode-mixture layer further contains graphite or carbon black as a conductive support agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The electrode-mixture layer further contains polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoroethylene, or PTFE as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support structure includes titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, yttrium oxide, molybdenum oxide, indium oxide and/or tin oxide, and yttrium phosphate, molybdenum phosphate, indium phosphate, tin phosphate, iron phosphate, titanium phosphate and/or tantalum phosphate. The process of coating support structure involves reacting boric acid in mixture of methane and hydrogen in presence of support structure and blasting outer surface of support structure with carbon and boron sources respectively including boron particles and carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer is a metal catalyst, and includes noble metal(s) chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium and/or their alloys and transition metal(s) chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, vanadium, titanium, zirconium and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support structure includes titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, yttrium oxide, molybdenum oxide, indium oxide and/or tin oxide or titanium phosphate, zirconium phosphate, tungsten phosphate, tantalum phosphate, niobium phosphate, yttrium phosphate, molybdenum phosphate, indium phosphate and/or tin phosphate. The fluoride-doped layer is mixed with conductive materials including low surface area carbon, boron-doped diamond, carbide, boride, and/or silicide. The conductive material includes titanium oxide and/or indium-titanium oxide. The fluoride-doped layer includes fluorinated carbon. The catalyst layer includes noble metal(s) chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and/or their alloy, and transition metal(s) chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, vanadium, titanium, zirconium and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guard gasket comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyimide polymer. The electrolyte membrane is a polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) doped with greater than or equal to 300% of inorganic acid; and is a sulfonate-containing electrolyte membrane with a humidity of greater than or equal to 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composite layers are made of positive-side or negative-side active material such as iron oxide, lithium titanium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nitride and manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer (3) has thickness of 600 mu m or less and is layer containing spherical composite particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrode active material layer further comprises a binder such as diene polymer. The binder has glass transition temperature of -80 degrees C to 50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen absorption layer contains indium-tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide and/or conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The n-type semiconductor layer contains perylene, polythiophene, polythiophene-heterocyclic aromatic copolymer, polyphenanthroline, or their derivatives. The p-type semiconductor layer contains polythiophene, its derivative, metal phthalocyanine, polyparaphenylenevinylene, its derivative and/or p-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The RF and counter-electrodes comprise metal (preferably aluminum, nickel, stainless steels, nickel alloys and/or titanium) or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive gas composition comprises silicon-containing compound which is selected from silane, disilane and/or polysilanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The number of the polymeric material layers of the collector is two. Preferred Material: The two polymeric material layers are made of a polymer containing a conductive filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pipes are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier further contains at least one further metal or metal oxide. The carrier contains further metal or metal oxide in percolated form. The catalytic substance is mounted on the carrier. The catalytic substance is at least one metal- or metal oxide-carbon compound. The carbon compound of the catalytic substance is at least partially percolated. The carbon compound in the catalytic substance contains carbon, which is a pure carbon. The carbon is present in diamond structure or in nanotubes. The carbon compound of the catalytic substance is an amorphous hydrocarbon compound. The carbon compound of the catalytic substance is a solid hydrocarbon-metal solution. The carbon compound of the catalytic substance contains a metal oxide of the element of the III to V main group of the periodic table of the elements. The metal oxide at least partially exists with ternary and/or quaternary mixture. The metal of the catalytic material is the element of the subgroup I of the periodic table of elements. The metal is nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium. The metal is present in the form of nanoclusters. The metal is present in quantized states. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The oxide dispersion-hardened-type alloyed steel further contains (in weight%) titanium (0.1-0.25), tungsten (1-3). The content of chromium is 14.5-16.5 weight%. The content of aluminum is 3.5-4.5 weight%. Preferred Process: The oxide dispersion-hardened-type alloyed steel is obtained by carrying out mechanical alloying process of chromium powder (13-23), aluminum powder (3.5-5), yttrium oxide powder (0.25-0.45), carbon powder (0.02-0.05), hafnium powder (0.2-0.7), zirconium powder (0.4-1) and iron powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant porous layer contains heat-resistant resin and filler (20-95 weight%). Preferred Resin: The heat-resistant resin is nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer or aromatic polyamide. Preferred Property: The heat-resistant porous layer has thickness of 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder contains inorganic-type binder. The inorganic-type binder contains inorganic particles. The electroconductive agent contains carbon black, carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanofiber. Preferred Properties: The electroconductive agent has average particle diameter of 3 mu m or less. The inorganic particles have size of 1-100 nm. Preferred Component: The inorganic particles are silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid is formic acid, oxalic acid and/or citric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode mixture further contains aggregation inhibitor and organic acid. Preferred Component: The aggregation inhibitor is vinyl pyrrolidone-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode protective agent contains lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium titanate, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide, tin oxide, cobalt oxide and/or molybdenum sulfide. The negative electrode formed using the negative electrode protective agent contains doping element doped to silicon or tin of the negative electrode active material. The doping element is chosen from element of group XIII or group XV of periodic table, preferably boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and/or bismuth. The negative electrode active material further contains particulate active material, binder and conductive support agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-precious metal oxide catalyst is partial nitride, partial carbide and/or partial carbonitride of metal oxide chosen from lanthanum, strontium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc. The electroconductive support is chosen from carbon black, carbon black which carried out high temperature graphitization process, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn and carbon fibril structure, preferably heat-processed Balkan, Ketchen black, black pearl and acetylene black. Preferred Composition: The protective layer contains porous inorganic material chosen from tin oxide, titania, silica and zirconia. Preferred Properties: The porous inorganic material has porosity of 0.4-2 nm. The protective layer has thickness of 1-100 nm and electroconductivity. The electroconductive support has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 50-2000 m2/g. Preferred process: The method further involves carrying out compatible process on surface of electroconductive support before supporting non-precious metal oxide catalyst on electroconductive support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The separator further consists of aluminum hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoink precursor further contains indium-metal hydroxide monohydrate of formula: Ax(In1-yB'y)(OH)mnH2OC'z, where C' is selenium, sulfur and/or tellurium, and molar ratio of (In1-yB'y) with respect to z is 1/1.9 to 1/6. The content of sodium in the nanoink precursor is 1000 ppm to 8 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The liquid organic compound has boiling point of 80-350 degrees C and molecular weight of 60-280 g/mol. The nanoink has viscosity of 0.1-10 Pa.second at 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoink precursor further contains indium-metal hydroxide monohydrate of formula: Ax(In1-yB'y)(OH)mnH2OC'z, where C' is selenium, sulfur and/or tellurium and molar ratio of (In1-yB'y) with respect to z is 1/1.9 to 1/6. The content of sodium in the nanoink precursor is 1000 ppm to 8 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The liquid organic compound has boiling point of 80-350 degrees C and molecular weight of 60-280 g/mol. The nanoink has viscosity of 0.1-10 Pa.second at 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternatively, the electrode sheet is formed by coating the liquid containing active material and solvent on a surface of copper foil and drying. The pitch is obtained by polymerizing condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon in presence of hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is pyrrolidone-type aprotic organic solvent and amide-type aprotic organic solvent chosen from N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-ethylformamide, N,N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-ethylacetoamide, N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide, N,N-diethylacetoacetamide and/or N,N-diethylacetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid further contains polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface-treated layer contains noble metal as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The filler is chosen from fluororesin having polytetrafluoroethylene as main component, silicone-type compound and fluorinated compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Electroconductive substance (I) has a dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 300-600 cc/100 g. The slurry further contains non-self-cohesive electroconductive substance (II) having dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 50-250 cc/100 g. The weight ratio of electroconductive substances (I,II) is 25/75-95/5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A paste material with water-repellant property is provided between the catalyst layer and resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate or lithium phosphate. The metallic compound is oxide, hydroxide, oxalate, acetate or nitrate of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or zinc. The phosphate is dihydrogen ammonium phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric anhydride. The positive electrode active material has mean secondary particle diameter of 1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The positive electrode active material layer and/or negative electrode active material layer contains binder chosen from styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylic resin and fluororubber. The region of interface vicinity with the collector of positive electrode active material layer or negative electrode active material layer contains VGCF (RTM: nickel-fluorinated vapor growth carbon fiber). Preferred Property: The collector has volume resistivity of 1x 10-4-1x 102 ohm.cm in surface direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The maximum depth of the active material in the resin layer, in thickness direction is 1/4-1/2 of the average particle diameter of the active material. The porosity of the active material layer is 30-55%. Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains electroconductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tin-dioxide layer is formed on the surface of positive electrode substrate containing titanium or titanium alloy. The negative electrode substrate comprises copper by lead plating is carried out, and has a resin film (30) containing electroconductive material containing carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves washing lithium-transition metal composite oxide using water. Preferred Condition: The calcination temperature is 300-800 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The dried material obtained during manufacture of lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains spherical secondary particle having average particle diameter of 1-5 mu m. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains spherical secondary particles having average particle diameter of 1-5 mu m and maximum particle diameter of 15 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal compound is oxide, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, carbonate, nitrate, sulfate, carboxylate or fatty acid salt of transition metal. The transition metal is nickel, cobalt or manganese. The slurry contains compound of element chosen from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zinc, gallium, germanium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, indium, tin, antimony, tellurium, barium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, thallium, lead and/or bismuth in addition to transition metal compound. The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. Preferred Property: The molar ratio of lithium and transition metal in lithium-transition metal composite oxide is 0.95-1.10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lithium-nickel complex oxide is obtained by preparing intermediate product having 95% or more of lithium component layer containing particles having crystalline diameter of 73-200 nm and specific surface area of 0.2-1 m2/g, and performing lithium removable process. The intermediate product is obtained by baking mixture of raw materials containing lithium compound and nickel complex oxide of formula: Ni(1-y-z)CoyMzO (2), in which molar ratio of lithium, and total sum of nickel, cobalt and element (M) is 1 or more. The element (M) is chosen from aluminum, titanium, manganese, gallium, magnesium and/or niobium. Preferred Properties: The lithium-nickel complex oxide contains aggregated primary particles having average particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m, and spherical or elliptic-spherical shaped secondary particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: A porous layer containing inorganic filler having Gurley air permeability of 10-600 second/100 ml, is formed on surface(s) of porous film. Preferred Composition: The porous layer contains water-soluble polymer, preferably cellulose and/or its salt, oxirane ring containing compound and/or its polymer. The oxirane ring containing compound is epoxy resin. The cellulose and/or its salt are carboxylmethyl cellulose or its salt and/or hydroxyethyl cellulose or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching is carried out such that a through hole is formed on stainless steel-type material. The method further involves immersing stainless steel-type material in nitric acid solution, heat processing and supporting catalytic active component on portion of stainless steel-type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-conductive material is Teflon (RTM: PTFE) coating, ceramic coating, alumina coating, silica coating, and/or magnesia coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous metal oxide layer includes a mixed phase comprising two or more types chosen from manganese oxide (MnO2, Mn2O3 or Mn3O4), nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, cobalt oxide (Co2O3 or Co3O4) and molybdenum oxide (MoO3). The metal oxide precursor is manganese oxide precursor chosen from manganese (III) acetylacetonate, manganese (II) acetylacetonate, manganese (III) acetate hydrate, manganese (III) acetate dihydrate, manganese (III) acetate tetrahydrate, manganese (II) nitrate hydrate, manganese (II) chloride, manganese (II) chloride hydrate, manganese (III) chloride tetrahydrate, manganese (II) sulfate hydrate and manganese (II) sulfate monohydrate. The manufacturing method of the hydrothermal synthesis method is well known as the synthetic method of the nanoparticles or the manganese oxide nanoparticles using the micro emulsion method is proposed. The energy density value reduces the manganese oxide nanoparticles obtained in the way as the conductive material and binder containing the conductive material and binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is cellulose derivative such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate or cellulose acetate propionate, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethylacrylate, polyacrylate, polyvinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, poly perfuryl alcohol, polystyrene, polyethylene copolymer, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide copolymer, polypropylene oxide copolymer, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, poIycaprolactone, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gasified dimethyl carbonate is made to flow into the accommodating space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The diisothiocyanate compound (1) is 1,4-diisothiocyanate benzene or 1,6-diisothiocyanate hexane. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains thiophene-containing compound of formula (2), 5H-1,2-oxathiole 2,2-dioxide, 1,3-dioxole-containing compound of formula (3) or 1,3-dioxol-2-one.R1-R4=H, fluoro, or 1-12C hydrocarbyl optionally containing fluorine atom;n=0-3;andR5,R6=H, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.Preferred Composition: The content of thiophene-containing compound (2) or 5H-1,2-oxathiole 2,2-dioxide, 1,3-dioxole-containing compound (3) or 1,3-dioxol-2-one, and diisothiocyanate compound (1) with respect to whole non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.001-10 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A porous catalyst electrode is obtained by impregnating electrolyte resin solution into the powder containing catalyst-carrying carbon particles, binder and pore-making material, coating the processed powder to the electrolytic membrane, and performing optical fixing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The negative electrode active material is carbon material, or negative electrode active material conjugated by electroconductive substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode compound material further contains basic compound, and carbon material as conductive support agent. The acidic functional group is sulfonic acid group (-SO3H), carboxyl group (-COOH) or phosphoric acid group (-P(O)(-OH)2), preferably ammonium sulfate salt, ammonium carbonate salt, ammonium phosphate salt, sulfonic acid metal salt, carboxylic acid metal salt or phosphoric acid metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has particle size distribution of 2 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basic functional group is amino group. The acidic functional group is carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and/or phosphoric-acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The battery composition further contains binder component, solvent, and positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material. Preferred Component: The binder component is high-molecular compound including fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is lithium-iron phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic pigment derivative (A) is anthraquinone derivative, acridone derivative and/or triazine derivative. The organic pigment derivative (B) is triazine derivative(s). The basic functional group is amino group. The acidic functional group is carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and/or phosphoric-acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode mix paste further contains binder resin, conductive support agent, and organic pigment derivative (A) having basic functional group or organic pigment derivative (B) having acidic functional group. Preferred Resin: The binder resin is high-molecular compound including fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The liquid resin material is monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The iron compound is olivine-type lithium iron phosphate. Preferred Material: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is dipolar type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-type polymer is 20-80 %mass with respect to total content of binder and fluorine-type polymer. The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride. The fluorine-type polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is chosen from activated carbon, graphite and conductive carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises dispersion resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A vapor deposited metal electrode comprising a metallized film is selected from any one element of silicon, boron, nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polybenzimidazole is also impregnated into the catalyst layer of anode side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material is made of lithium (Li) containing the transition metal complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The aluminum foil layer in the laminated film has resistance strength of 120-300 N/mm2 and elongation of 2-10%. Preferred Composition: The resin of container main component is a polypropylene-type polymer. The polypropylene-type polymer is a mixture of propylene homopolymer and propylene ethylene block copolymer. Preferred Film: The laminated film is formed by sequentially laminating thermoplastic resin layer, aluminum foil layer and thermoplastic resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic soak up region comprises a hydrophilic material associated with the gas diffusion layer. The hydrophilic material comprises carbon or a wettable polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises nanoscale particles. The catalyst includes (wt.%) copper oxide (20-80, preferably 30-70, especially 40-60), zinc oxide (20-80, preferably 30-70, especially 40), and cerium oxide (0-40, preferably 10-30, especially 10-20). EXAMPLE - Aged CuO-ZnO catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation from an aqueous solution containing 0.5M Cu(NO3)2 2.5H2O and Zn(NO3)2 6H2O. A mixture of copper and zinc hydroxides were co-precipitated at a pH of 7 by the drop-wise addition of a 0.5 M NaOH solution to the nitrate solution taken in a 600 ml beaker under vigorous stirring. The mixture was aged in the mother liquor at 60 degrees C for 3 hours before being cooled to room temperature while stirring. The mixture was then filtered, washed several times with de-ionized water, and dried overnight in an oven at 110 degrees C. The dried samples were calcined at 450 degrees C for 4 hours at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute. CuO-ZnO-CeO2 catalysts were prepared by including Ce(NO3)3 2.5H2O as a precursor for CeO2 and co-precipitating a mixture of cerium, copper, and zinc hydroxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hydrogen separation membranes are foil of palladium alloy with a thickness of 10-30 mu m, and length and width of 0.005 inches; and deposited on diffusion barrier coated perforated support as membrane coating. Preferred Components: The membrane coating comprises alloy of palladium with a thickness of 10-20 mu m. Preferred Components: The alloy of palladium consists of 75-77% palladium and 23-25% silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The washers are made from a copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The film thickness of the thin film is controlled to nano range, by controlling the penetrance of the laser beam. The laser beam with wavelength of 205-900 nm and output of 10-100 W/cm2 is irradiated on the semiconductor-material surface. Preferred Material: The semiconductor material is unalloyed titanium material or titanium coating. Preferred Composition: The thin film contains titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The permselective membrane is made of palladium, and alloy of palladium. The separation unit includes a micro-screen element that comprises 304 series or 316 series stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery comprises zinc air battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte volume is not less than 1.25 times and not greater than 1.65 times of the void volume that the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator possess. The sulfonate ester having at least two sulfonyl groups is a cyclic sulfonate ester of formula (I) or chain sulfonate ester of formula (R3-S(O)2-C(R1)(R4)-S(O)2-R2) (II).Q = O, -CH2 or single bond;A = 1-5C alkylene, 1-5C carbonyl, 1-5C sulfinyl or 1-6C fluoroalkylene (all optionally substituted), 2-6C divalent atoms, where alkylene or fluoroalkylene units are bonded by way of an ether bond;B1 = alkylene or fluoroalkylene (both optionally substituted) or O;R1, R4 = 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C alkoxy or 1-5C perfluoroalkyl (all optionally substituted), H, 1-5C polyfluoroalkyl, -SO2X1, -SY1, -COZ or halo;X1, Y1 = 1-5C alkyl (optionally substituted);R2, R3 = 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C alkoxy, phenoxy, 1-5C perfluoroalkyl, 1-5C perfluoroalkoxy or 1-5C polyfluoroalkoxy (all optionally substituted), 1-5C polyfluoroalkyl, OH, halo or -NY2CONY3Y4; andZ, Y2-Y4 = H or 1-5C alkyl (optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles contain scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, thallium, lead and/or bismuth, preferably gold, silver, platinum, copper, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and/or iridium. Preferred Properties: The microparticles have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The branched-polymer compound having ammonium group is adhered to metal microparticles to obtain composite material. The metal microparticles are dispersed to the organic solvent. The composite material is dispersed to the organic solvent. The metal microparticle dispersing agent is mixed with metal microparticles conjugated with phosphine-type or amine-type dispersing agent. The reduction catalyst containing the composition reductively reacts in water. Preferred Composition: The composition further contains an organic solvent. Preferred Component: The branched-polymer compound is of formula (I or IV).R1,R5=H or methyl;R2-R4=H, -(CH2CH2O)m-R5, or linear, branched or cyclic 1-20C alkyl or 6-20C arylalkyl (both optionally substituted by alkoxy, hydroxy, ammonium, carboxy or cyano);or R2+R3+R4=linear, branched or cyclic alkylene;or NR2R3R4=ring;m=2-100;X-=anion;A1=group of formula (II);A2=linear, branched or cyclic 1-30C alkylene optionally having ether linkage or ester bond;Y1-Y4=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, nitro, hydroxy, amino, carboxy or cyano;n=2-100000;andR'=-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 or alkyl optionally having ether linkage. Preferred Definitions:    A1=group of formula (III);and    X-=halo, PF6-, BF4- or perfluoro alkane sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The fuel cell catalyst layer includes a proton conductive polymer electrolyte and platinum catalyst loading carbons, where the proton conductivity of the sulfonated amorphous carbons measured by an alternate current impedance method at 80 degrees C and humidity of 100% is greater than or equal to 0.01 S/cm. The sulfonated amorphous carbons have a chemical shift signal indicating carbons of a condensed aromatic 6-membered ring to which sulfonic groups are attached and are not attached respectively in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum; and have at least a diffraction peak signal corresponding to the carbon's (002) plane as given in the specification in a spectrum of powder x-ray diffraction. The density of sulfonic acids in the sulfonated amorphous carbons is 2-12 mmol/g, where the weight ratio of the sulfonated amorphous carbons is 0.1-50% (preferably 0.5-10%). The amount of platinum is less than or equal to 0.3 mg/cm2 per electrode and an output power are greater than or equal to 0.7 W/cm2 under 80 degrees C and 1 A current. EXAMPLE - A catalyst layer (test) comprising sulfonated amorphous carbons (3%), was prepared. A comparative catalyst layer was prepared by without using the sulfonated amorphous carbons. The hydrogen adsorption area (cm2/mg) and output characteristics (mW/cm2) of test/comparative layer was found to be 280/220 and 700/530 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst comprises a catalytic metal. The second catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, silver, and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cation exchange membrane comprises Nafion (RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer). The anion exchange membrane comprises an anion exchange ionomer including poly(arylene ether sulfone) functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic monomer is chosen from vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate or vinylimidazole. The hydrophobic monomer is chosen from ethylene, propylene, styrene, vinyl toluene, alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, vinylbenzyl chloride, vinylidene chloride or vinyl norbornene. The method of manufacturing polyimide film involves using solvent chosen from N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or N,N-dimethylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The pouch is opened by introducing inlet hole in the pouch, coupling injection device to the inlet hole, introducing an outlet hole in the pouch, and coupling collector device to the outlet hole. A solvent is heated before being introduced into the opened pouch through the injector device. The mixture comprising solvent, deleterious portion of dissolved solid electrolyte interphase layer, decomposed liquid electrolyte and liquid electrolyte are removed from the opened pouch through the collector device. The method further comprises coupling a vacuum to the collector device to aid in removing the mixture; before or after sealing the pouch, determining a power and capacity of the pouch type lithium ion battery after the introduction of the fresh liquid electrolyte; and chemically analyzing the composition of extractant mixture after the introduction of fresh liquid electrolyte into the opened pouch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises carbonate solvent comprising ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl carbonate, methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, and/or dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The positive electrode collector contains aluminum and iron (1.4 wt.%) or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The positive electrode collector contains aluminum and iron (1.2-1.7 wt.%) or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer further contains tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin having high flexibility is synthetic rubber or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The negative electrode active material is carbon material, or negative electrode active material conjugated by electroconductive substance. The negative electrode compound material further contains acidic compound, and carbon material as conductive supporting agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid further contains 1-5 %mass of electrolyte resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution contains hydrochloric acid or acetic acid with a concentration of 10-3 mole/liter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is a perfluorated material, or Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The noble metal plated layer is a gold plated layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The foamable layer contains silicate of alkali metal. The alkali metal is sodium. The foamable layer further contains a foam promoter and a structural material. The foam promoter is chosen from aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, alum, sodium sulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and barium carbonate. The structural material is chosen from aluminum silicate, sodium silicofluoride, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, mullite, diatomaceous earth, alumina, silica, mica, titanium oxide, vermiculite, pearlite, maglite, sepiolite, talc, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, calcium sulfate and cement. The battery pack has a block layer formed using raw material having tolerance in fusion alkali salt. The raw material having tolerance in fusion alkali salt contains iron, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, titanium nitride or stainless steel. The secondary battery has cathode containing silicon, tin, their alloy or oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The block layer is formed using raw material having tolerance in fusion alkali salt. The raw material having tolerance in fusion alkali salt contains iron, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, titanium nitride or stainless steel. The secondary battery has cathode containing silicon, tin, their alloy or oxide. The layer (13) is heat absorption layer containing flame retardant binder and heat absorption agent, or heat insulation layer. The heat absorption agent is chosen from calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O), sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and calcium carbonate. The heat insulation layer contains fibrous insulation material, heat insulation foam material and vacuum heat insulation material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The flame retardant binder is chosen from polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride and calcium sulfate dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first carbon additive and the second carbon additive have a weight ratio of 2-10 to 1. The first and second carbon additives provide the cathode material with 1-15 wt.% carbon. The second carbon additive includes unreacted portions of the first carbon additive. The lithium (Li), iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) compounds provide Li:Fe:P molar ratios of 0.9-1.2:1:1. The iron compound includes a trivalent iron compound. For every mole of trivalent iron compound, the first carbon additive results in approximately 5-10 g carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive additives comprise carbon nanoparticles, or carbon black and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The elastomeric binder comprises carboxy methyl cellulose, styrene butadiene rubber, polyurethane and/or polyimides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The furnace is a rotary kiln or belt furnace. The precursor is heated at 90-900 degrees C in a reducing atmosphere containing less than 30 vol.% hydrogen. Heating is effected in two stages: the temperature in the first stage is 300-500 degrees C and the temperature in the second stage is 500-700 degrees C and is at least 100 degrees C higher than that in the first stage. The residence time in the furnace is 0.5-10 hours. The M1-containing catalyst is a metal powder or comprises a carbon support and has a moisture content of up to 50 wt.%. M1 is platinum and M2 is ruthenium, cobalt, nickel or palladium. The compound of M2 is an acetylacetonate complex and is in powder or solution form. The heating step is followed by a passivation step. EXAMPLE - A catalyst C1 was prepared by adding a solution of platinum(II) nitrate (57.14 g) in water (250 ml) to a dispersion of carbon black (100 g) in water (4000 ml), adding ethanol (4250 ml), refluxing for 5 hours, cooling to 60 degrees C and filtering off the catalyst and washing it with water. A mixture of C1 (28.8 g) and nickel acetylacetonate (11.2 g) was fed into a continuous rotary kiln and heated first to 400 degrees C and then to 600 degrees C in an atmosphere comprising 5 vol.% hydrogen and 95 vol.% nitrogen. The residence time was 1 hour. The product was passivated in an air/nitrogen stream. The catalyst contained 17.8 wt.% platinum and 7.9 wt.% nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary lithium composite metal oxide powder contains iron. The secondary lithium composite metal oxide powder contains nickel or cobalt. The lithium composite metal oxide powder is lithium-nickel-manganese-iron oxide of formula: Li(Ni1-x-yMnxFey)O2. The secondary lithium composite metal oxide powder is lithium-nickel-cobalt-metal oxide of formula: Li(Ni1-a-bCoaMb)O2, where x is 0 to 1, preferably 0.1 to 0.7, y is 0 to 1, preferably 0.01 to 0.5, sum of x and y is 0 to 1, preferably 0.11 to 1, M is titanium, vanadium, manganese, boron, aluminum or gallium, a is 0 to 1, b is 0 to 0.5 and sum of a and b is 0 to 1. Preferred Property: The primary lithium composite metal oxide powder has primary particle diameter of 0.01-0.5 mu m. The secondary lithium composite metal oxide powder has primary particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel introduced into the anode pole side metal porous layer is ammonia or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode pole side metal porous layer and cathode pole side metal porous layer is made of foaming nickel, foaming silver and foaming titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The global positioning locator has a general packet radio service module to transmit signal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The layer containing powder of lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte is formed on a surface of positive electrode or negative electrode. The solid polymer electrolyte in the positive electrode or negative electrode absorbs the aqueous solution having ion conductivity. A separator is provided between positive electrode and negative electrode. Preferred Composition: The lithium secondary battery contains a solid polymer electrolyte which absorbs aqueous solution having ion conductivity. Preferred Properties: The ratio of average particle diameter of powder of lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte and average particle diameter of active material in the electrode is 0.002-200. The average particle diameter of the lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte in the electrode is 20 mu m or less. The compound-material layer in the positive electrode or negative electrode containing powder of lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte has porosity of 10-50%, preferably 50% or less. The thickness of the layer containing powder of lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte formed on the surface of the positive electrode or negative electrode is 200 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte contains oxide containing lithium, and crystal of formula: Li1+x+zMx(Ge1-yTiy)2-xP3-zO12. The inorganic solid electrolyte is lithium complex oxide glass ceramics.x=0-0.8;y=0-1;z=0-0.6;andM=aluminum or gallium.Preferred Component: The crystal is crystal which does not contain void or crystal grain boundary which inhibits ionic conduction. Preferred Property: The content of powder of lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte is 0.1-30 wt.% with respect to electrode mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen hydrates are hydrogen clathrate hydrates. Preferred Method: The nanopores are formed by mixing the water with a solvent to form an emulsion with a continuous aqueous phase and suspended droplets of the solvent, where the droplets have a size of 1-1000 nm; freezing the water around the droplets; and removing the solvent from the ice. Preferred Condition: The blocks of ice are under 1-2000, preferably 50-200 bar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous ice composition further comprises tetrahydrofuran (0.15-3, preferably 0.15-1 mol%). The solvent is propane, butane, and/or hexane. The mixture of water and solvent further comprises a surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell has photovoltaic layer which is made of compound of indium-gallium-arsenic, indium-gallium-arsenic-antimony and indium-arsenic-phosphorus-antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photovoltaic cell has substrate made of alumina zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorber material contains 30-70 wt.% of CuO. The adsorber material contains up to 2 wt.% of one or more further metal oxides of metals of groups 2 and 4-12 of the periodic table, where the total metal oxide content is 40-62 wt.%. Preferred Method: The adsorber material is regenerated in a tank by contacting with nitrogen gas stream at 150-250 degrees C, where the nitrogen-gas stream and/or container is heated. The adsorber material is regenerated one or more times until the adsorption capacity regarding the chemisorptively bound sulfur-containing components is exhausted.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The removable container is provided with gas-tight quick couplings and is easily replaced.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon containing gas mixture contains 1-500 ppm of sulfur-containing compounds. The hydrocarbon containing gas mixture contains 0.5-50 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 1-100 ppm of carbonyl sulfide, 0.5-20 ppm of tetrahydrothiophene, 1-100 ppm of dimethyl sulfide, and 1-100 ppm of ethyl mercaptan. The hydrocarbon containing gas mixture is a natural gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon black (B) is carbon black having DBP oil absorption amount of 300 cm3/100 g or more and BET specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. The expanded graphite powder (C) has average particle diameter of 30-500 mu m. The expanded graphite powder (C) is obtained by heat-processing an acid-treated graphite at 500-1200 degrees C, pulverizing and expanding to 100-300 ml/g. Preferred Process: The (meth)acrylic-ester monomer (A2m) in composition (E) is polymerized in presence of (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1) contained in adhesive composition (E), and the solidified material (E') of composition (E) is molded to form heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive sheet (F). The sheet (F) comprises (in mass parts) carbon black (B) (1-80) and expanded graphite powder (C) (25-250) with respect to (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A) (100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (S) is (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1). The heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (E) comprises (in mass parts) carbon black (B) (2-100) and expanded graphite powder (C) (50-300) with respect to (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1) (100), and further contains (meth)acrylic-ester monomer (A2m).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The desiccant is chosen from molecular sieve, hygroscopic salt, water absorbent solid and water absorbent liquid. The supplied fuel is hydrogen gas. The binding of water is carried out by adsorbing water with the desiccant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus is directly coupled with engine installed in motor vehicle and arranged at pipe interior in which hot exhaust gas is circulated. The hydrogen production apparatus has on oxygen supply unit for supplying oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer further has a support capable of supporting metallic cluster. The metal is zero valent metal, and metal having valence of more than 2, preferably bivalent metal and tetravalent metal. The number of moles of bivalent metal is more than number of moles of zero valent metal in metallic cluster. The ratio of number of moles of zero valent metal, bivalent metal and tetravalent metal is 20-50%, 20-50% and 10-50, respectively with respect to total amount. The metallic cluster contains gold, tungsten, copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or platinum, preferably palladium. The amount of palladium in catalyst is 5-50 wt.%. The number of moles of metal is determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst microparticles in the catalyst layer of the cathode are platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon particles have an average particle diameter of 0.005-0.08 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high-molecular compound having the repeating unit of the high-molecular chain is caused to penetrate into and fixed to the pores on the surface of the carbon particles and the high-molecular chain is extended from the surface of the carbon particles. The repeating unit of a high-molecular chain is an aromatic ether. The high-molecular compound having the aromatic ether as the repeating unit of a high-molecular chain is of formula (1a). The high-molecular compound (1a) is a (3,5-dimethyl-4-methyltoluylene ether) polymer, (3,5-diethyl-4-methyltoluylene ether) polymer, (3,5-methoxy-4-methyltoluylene ether) polymer or (3,5-ethoxy-4-methyltoluylene ether)polymer.R1, R2 = 1-20C alkyl, preferably 1-8C alkyl or 1-20C alkoxy, preferably 1-8C alkoxy; andm = 200-2500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material contains composite metal oxide of formula: NaxMO2, where x is 0-1 and M is the metallic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of styrene resin in the binder is 70 mass% or less. The content of binder with respect to 100 mass parts of inorganic filler in the porous film is 0.1-5 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has dispersion particle size (D50) of 2 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The composition further includes solvent, binder component and positive electrode active material or negative active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic functional group is ammonium sulfonate, ammonium carboxylate, sulfonate metal or metallic carboxylate. The solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder component is a high molecular compound containing fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The distribution particle size (D50) of carbon material is 2 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains solvent, positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material and binder component. Preferred Components: The solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone. The acidic functional group is carboxyl group or sulfonic acid group, ammonium salt of carboxylic acid or ammonium salt of sulfonic acid, or metal salt of sulfonic acid or metal salt of carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder component is a high molecular compound which contains a fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation of quaternary ammonium salt is N-methyl-N-methoxymethyl pyrrolidinium cation. The anion of quaternary ammonium salt is tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dibasic acid is itaconic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking-type emulsion formed by emulsion-polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers which further includes a compound (j) having 2 or more functional group which reacts with epoxy group, amide group, carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and/or phosphoric acid group, and 0.5-10 weight% of carbonyl-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer as ethylenically unsaturated monomer (i) with respect to 100 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The ethylenically unsaturated monomer (i) contains styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and/or cyclohexyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film in the surface of the aluminum foil contains titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, tantalum nitride or niobium nitride. Preferred Process: An aluminum oxide layer is formed in a portion or portions of the surface of the cathode lead-out unit by anodic oxidation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The content of ( gamma )-butyrolactone in the whole solvent is 60 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The fibrous filler is glass fiber and/or carbon fiber. The content of fibrous filler is 1-15 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane coupling agent is a compound having an epoxy group. The content of silane coupling agent is 1-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive layer further comprises spherical resin particles (0.5-50 wt.%) consisting of crosslinked acrylic type polymer and/or crosslinked styrene type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal element with respect to 100 wt.% of amorphous silicon oxide particle is 0.01-10 wt.% preferably, 1-3 wt.%. The carbon base material is a composite of 1-50 wt.% of graphite and 50-99 wt.% of amorphous silicon oxide particles. The catalyst element is nickel. The carbon-silicon composite material is obtained by growing carbon nanofibers in vine mode on the surface of carbon base material particles with the catalyst effect of metal element, where at least one end of the carbon nanofiber is bonded with the surface of silicon oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbon-silicon composite material further contains a conductive polymer. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber is a thin fiber with diameter of 1-40 nm or thick fiber with diameter of 20-200 nm, and length of 10 nm to 200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of crystalline diameter of lithium transition metal oxide measured by Rietveld method with respect to average particle diameter (D50) calculated by laser diffraction scattering-type particle size distribution measuring method is 0.03-0.13. The crystalline diameter of lithium transition metal oxide calculated by Rietveld method is 0.01-0.50 mu m. The average particle diameter (D50) of lithium transition metal oxide calculated by laser diffraction scattering-type particle size distribution measuring method is more than 1-4 mu m, preferably 2 mu m or more and less than 3 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of iron per lithium transition metal oxide weight is more than 0 ppb and 75 ppb or less. Preferred Definitions:    M'=titanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The electrode catalyst layer is formed by dispersing a mixture of pore making material, fluorine-type ionomer resin and chloride into a solvent and coating the resulting paste on each surface of the press films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alloy type negative electrode active material contains silicon, tin, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon containing alloy, silicon compound, tin, tin oxide, tin containing alloy and tin compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous ammonia borane solution includes 6-77 (preferably 43-77) wt.% ammonia borane in water. Preferred Method: Heating occurs at 1-10 degrees C/minute. The aqueous ammonia borane solution is heated to 85 degrees C at 200 psia. Heating includes a constant temperature plateau of 1 hour. Heating the aqueous ammonia borane solution by hydrothermolysis produces 7-12 wt.% hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoroelastomer is prepared by polymerizing fluoromonomer(s) chosen from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylfluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluorovinylmethyl ether and trifluoroethylene. Alternately, the fluoroelastomer is prepared by copolymerizing the fluoromonomer(s) and non-fluoromonomer(s). The non-fluoromonomer(s) is chosen from ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, styrene and vinyl chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer (I) is a fluoroelastomer chosen from poly(tetrafluoroethlyene-co-ethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-propylene), terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, and terpolymer of ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinylether, preferably poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). The polymer (II) is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. Preferred Group: The polymer (II) comprises a sulfonic acid group of formula: (CF2-CF)-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H (b).X=fluorine or trifluoromethyl, preferably trifluoromethyl;m=0-3, preferably 0 or 1;n=1-12, preferably 2 or 4;andp=0 or 1, preferably 1.Preferred Composition: The polymer blend comprises (in weight%) polymer (I) (1-80, more preferably 10-30) and polymer (II) (20-99, more preferably 70-90). Preferred Properties: The fluoroelastomer has glass transition temperature of less than 25 degrees C. The polymer (I) exhibits an elongation at break in a tensile mode of 50% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is product made of quartz glass or product made of sapphire. The base material is insulator or semiconductor. The device has an insulating film chosen from yttrium oxide film, aluminum oxide film, silicon oxide film or oxide film of tantalum and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The complex oxide containing lithium and nickel is of formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxM2yO2.x=0.1-0.21;y=0.05-0.08;andz=0.98-1.1.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of secondary particles of complex oxide containing lithium and nickel is 5-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The size and color of the chemical composition is determined by the monomer used. The chemical composition comprises a mixture of chemical compositions which had been pre-manufactured in multiple, distinct colors using a different fluorescent dye for each size, color-coded chemical compositions of different sizes, where the colors are selected from violet, blue, yellow and green, and where a particular color corresponds to a particular size chemical composition, thus allowing multiple membrane characterization protocols to be run simultaneously. The fluorescent dye comprises food and drug-safe fluorescent dye-color additives resulting in a colored chemical composition, where the specific color of the chemical composition is a function of the dye color additive used. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 22 Compounds are specified as (I) e.g. (E)-1,2-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethene (Ia); (E)-1,2-bis(4-(triethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethene; 1,2-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethyne; 1,2-bis(4-(triethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethyne; and 9,10-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)styryl)anthracene.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic catalyst includes catalyst metals selected from a group consisting of platinum, gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The anode sintered compact contains compound (C) having layered rock salt-type structure. The c-axial direction of crystal of compound (C) is not oriented perpendicularly with respect to surface of sintered compact. The coating layer has thickness of 0.02 mu m or more. The compound (C) is lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate or their mixture. The solid electrolyte layer contains sulfide group solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The casing are partially made of a ferromagnetic material such as magnetic iron or ferrous alloy, ferrite, aluminum-nickel-cobalt alloy and Neodymium-iron-boron alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The core of the magnetic field generating unit is made of copper and aluminum. The core, the partition wall, the polar cap or a container is made of magnetic iron, or steel alloy, ferrite, aluminum, nickel and cobalt alloy, samarium cobalt and neodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material layer contains carbon nanotube(s). Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube has specific surface area of 600-2600 m2/g and density of 0.2-1.5 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substituent (A) is alkyl group, carboxyl group, nitro group, cyano group, alkyl cyano group, phenyl group, halogen atom, halogenated methyl group, halogenated phenyl group, alkylphenyl group and/or alkyl halogenated phenyl group. The substituent (B) is alkyl group, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, carboxyl group, formyl group, alkoxy group, alkoxycarbonyl group and/or halogen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material contains alternating copolymer of fluorene and/or 2,2'-bithiophene. The coupling positions with respect to fluorene ring of 2,2'-bithiophene ring are 5th and 5' position. The alternating copolymer contains fluorene ring having substituent (A) in 9th-position. The electrode active material contains substituent (B) in position where thiophene ring or 2,2'-bithiophene in alternating copolymer is not coupled with fluorene ring. The alternating copolymer is supported with carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (A1) is maleic acid anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of component (A1) contained in the polyolefin resin (A) is 0.01-8 mass%. The paste contains the binder, an active material and an electroconductive material. The content of polyolefin resin contained with respect to total content of the active material and electroconductive material is 0.01-8 mass%. Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of component (A2) and component (A3) is 65/35-99/1. The polyolefin resin (A) has number average particle diameter of 1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The carbon-dioxide concentration in the working atmosphere is set to 400 ppm or less. Preferred Component: The active material is a lithium-transition metal composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Tm( beta )60 is greater than or equal to 115 degrees C. The Tm( alpha )60 is greater than or equal to 100 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film further comprises a polyester resin layer (D) on the layer (C). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ECOD cathode is a material selected from silver-doped cerium gadolinium oxide (Ag-CGO), yttrium doped bismuth oxide (Y0.25Bi0.75O1.5) (YSB) and strontium-doped samarium cobaltite (Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic graphite support layer contains graphite paper. The electro-catalytically active material of semi-hydrophobic electro-catalyst layer and hydrophilic electro-catalyst layer is chosen from platinum and its alloy, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, gold, vanadium, titanium, nickel, scandium and rhodium. The fuel cell element formed using the electrode contains gel electrolyte containing sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell element monitors acetylene gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The superhydrophobic powder alternately contains aggregate of organic inorganic composite nanofiber (II) containing silica (B) having hydrophobic group. Preferred Process: The superhydrophobic powder is formed by chemically bonding compound (X1) having hydrophobic group and silica in which the silica (B) has hydrophobic group, or chemically bonding compound (Y) having reactive functional group, and silica (B) having hydrophobic group. The superhydrophobic powder is further formed by carrying out physical adsorption of compound (X2) having hydrophobic group to silica in which the silica (B) has hydrophobic group. The method alternately involves baking aggregate of organic inorganic composite nanofiber (I), dispersing powder consisting of aggregate of organic inorganic composite nanofiber (II) in solvent, and mixing compound having hydrophobic group with the dispersion liquid. The superhydrophobic powder is fixed to the base material surface. Preferred Properties: The organic inorganic composite nanofibers (I and II) have thickness of 10-100 nm, aspect-ratio of 10 or more, and size of 2-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photosensitive material is titanium oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation is preferably of formula: NH+(-R9)(-R8)(R10).R8-R10=R5.When at least two of R8-R10 are hydrocarbyl groups, those hydrocarbyl groups are optionally bonded through O, S or N. Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen atom-containing organic compound contained with respect to ionic compound is 0.1-200 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon material is intermediate-phase carbon micro-sphere or graphite, preferably graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The macromolecular polymer is polymethylmethacrylate, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polypropylene or high-density polyethylene, preferably polymethylmethacrylate. Preferred Process: The composite bipolar plate is molded by press molding or injection molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first metal component is applied from the vapor phase to the non-metallic support substrate. The first metal component is applied by a physical vacuum deposition method, chemical vapor deposition method or by sputtering on the non-metallic support substrate. The redox reaction, in which the first metal component is replaced by the metal to be applied to the non-metallic support substrate, is carried out in a solvent. In the method, an ionomer is applied during and/or after replacing the first metal component by the metal to be applied to the support substrate. An additive is mixed to the first metal component. Preferred Components: The first metal component is a metal of the 3-5 main groups or a metal of the subgroup elements of the first period of the periodic table of elements. The first metal component is aluminum, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc. The metal to be applied to the support substrate is catalytically active. The metal to be applied to the support substrate is platinum, palladium, ruthenium or gold. The non-metallic support substrate is: carbon, a polymer or a ceramic; or a gas distribution layer or a membrane, which is used in fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is an ionic liquid, preferably ethyl-methyl-imidazolium-chloride. The additive is a complexing agent. The complexing agent is an ionic ligand or a non-ionic ligand. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: An insulation strengthening paper is coated on each flexible packaged lithium iron phosphate battery, and upper and lower ends are fixed in each cell in aluminum shell via silicon rubber. The currents on anodes and cathodes of lithium iron phosphate batteries are collected by copper blocks, and output is provided by connecting pillars. Peripheral insulation materials of connecting pillars are fixed at the upper surface of an upper shell of the aluminum. The internal nuts which are convenient for battery units to-be-connected in parallel and series are equipped on peripheral section of connecting pillar. The flexible packaged lithium iron phosphate battery is formed of parallel connected ten lithium iron phosphate batteries to assemble battery units with 3.2 V and 200 AH of current. The voltage and current on ten lithium iron phosphate batteries is 3.2 V and 20 AH, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The waste produced in the aquatic vehicle is slurry comprising magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The size and color of the chemical composition is determined by the monomer used. The chemical composition comprises a mixture of chemical compositions which had been pre-manufactured in multiple, distinct colors using a different fluorescent dye for each size, color-coded chemical compositions of different sizes, where the colors are selected from violet, blue, yellow and green, and where a particular color corresponds to a particular size chemical composition, thus allowing multiple membrane characterization protocols to be run simultaneously. The fluorescent dye comprises food and drug-safe fluorescent dye-color additives resulting in a colored chemical composition, where the specific color of the chemical composition is a function of the dye color additive used. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 22 Compounds are specified as (I) e.g. (E)-1,2-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethene (Ia); (E)-1,2-bis(4-(triethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethene; 1,2-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethyne; 1,2-bis(4-(triethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethyne; and 9,10-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)styryl)anthracene.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode materials are composite particles containing electrode active material and a binder. The average electrical charge of the electrode material is 0.5-10 mu C/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Construction: The film (104) is a metal foil (specifically a roller-hardened aluminum foil of thickness 50-500 mu m); and/or a composite film including a plastics layer, the film being aligned so that the plastics layer is opposite to the electrode assembly (102). The connection region (108) has a curve, such that the connection region is directed towards the cooling device (110). The connecting region is suitable for connection with a tubular evaporator, the film specifically being formed to allow passage of the tubular evaporator. An additional covering film (106) for the electrode assembly (102) is preferably provided, with the electrode assembly located between the first film and the additional film. The additional film specifically consists of a composite film with an aluminum layer and a polypropylene layer or (where the first film is a non-laminated aluminum film) a composite film with an aluminum layer and a polar-modified polypropylene layer. The first film has an indentation to receive the electrode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The covering film (104) is optionally a composite film including a plastics layer. The element preferably includes an additional covering film (106), consisting of a composite film with an aluminum layer and a polypropylene layer or (where the first film (104) is a non-laminated aluminum film) a composite film with an aluminum layer and a polar-modified polypropylene layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: A separator (14) of sodium rechargeable battery has a laminated film on which a heat-resistant porous layer and a porous film are laminated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is of formula: Na4M12O5, where M1 is element chosen from transition metal elements, preferably iron or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The fibrous filler is glass fiber and/or carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane coupling agent is a compound having an epoxy group. The content of silane coupling agent is 1-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The frame further comprises spherical resin particles (0.5-50 wt.%) consisting of crosslinked acrylic type polymer and/or crosslinked styrene type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of additive is 0.03-2 mass% in metal conversion with respect to total content of inorganic oxide containing lattice oxygen, cobalt and additive. The additive contains iron, chromium and/or manganese. The inorganic oxide containing lattice oxygen is perovskite type oxide or cerium containing oxide. The perovskite type oxide is strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode compound-material layer contains rubber binder particulates having particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m. Preferred Properties: The non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery has power density of 3200 W/kg or more, input density of 3000 W/kg or more and capacity of 3.5 Ah or more. The thickness of negative electrode compound-material layer is 30 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A metallocene derivative of formula (II) and silver salt of formula: Ag+X- (III), are reacted to obtain metallocene-type ionic liquid of formula (I).R21-R25, R31-R35=H, halo, 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C ether or 1-12C ester.When all R21-R25 and R31-R35 are hydrogen or methyl, R21 and R31 are not hydrogen and R22-R25 and R32-R35 are not methyl. Preferred Compounds: The metallocene type ionic liquid is manufactured by solvent-free reaction. Preferred Definitions:    L1,L2=group of formula (2 or 3);    R1-R11=H, halo, 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C ether or 1-12C ester;    M1=iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, ruthenium, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, titanium, rhodium, iridium, osmium or rhenium;and    X-=trifluoromethane sulfonoyl imide anion, bis (heptafluoro propane sulfonyl) imide anion or bis(nonafluorobutane sulfonyl) imide anion.    EXAMPLE - A acetone solution of silver bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate (in mg) (467) was mixed with 1,1'-dimethyl ferrocene (260), concentrated after depositing silver, washed using hexane, dried at reduced pressure, and then pentane was diffused with respect to diethyl ether acetone and recrystallized to obtain metallocene-type ionic liquid which had melting point of 85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon is chosen from carbon nanotube, nanocarbon, graphite, carbon black, fullerene, nano diamond and nanoporous carbon. The catalyst contains metal, alloy, organic metal, organic material and carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular recognition region is crown ether which forms sandwich type complex of inorganic cation molecules, or aza crown ether. The to-be-detected inorganic molecule is sodium ion or ammonium ion, and the molecular recognition region is 12-crown-4-ether or 18-crown-6-ether. The disulfide group in crown ether containing disulfide group is reduced using zinc powder and hydrochloric acid to obtain inorganic cation probe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous film further contains binder. Preferred Property: The binder contains polymer having glass transition temperature of 15 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition (a) is a thermoplastic resin composition containing (in mass parts) polypropylene resin (100), and polyphenylene ether resin (5-90). The thermoplastic resin composition further contains 1-20 mass parts of chemical admixture with respect to the 100 mass parts of polypropylene resin. The chemical admixture is a hydrogenated block copolymer formed by adding hydrogen to the block copolymer containing polymer block A having structural unit of vinyl aromatic compound as main constituent, and polymer block B having structural unit of conjugated diene compound as main constituent. The total content of 1,2-vinyl bonds and 3,4-vinyl bonds of the conjugated diene compound in the polymeric block B is 40-90%. The resin composition (b) is a polyethylene-type resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The dimension of the box and spherical structure mounted in the box is measured by JIS standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The negative electrode contains carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrolyte uses heat-processed lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide as raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solid electrolyte contains lithium, phosphorus, or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic microparticle consists of silica. The porous base material contains carbon and has arithmetic mean deviation of surface roughness (Ra) of 5-20 mu m at surface. The amount of inorganic microparticle on the surface is 0.01-10 atomic% by silicon conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic solid electrolyte is sulfide-type electrolyte, and the active material is negative electrode active material. The conductive support agent with average particle diameter of 0.0001-10 mu m is chosen from acetylene black, Ketchen black (RTM: Carbon black), thermal black and/or fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous metal sheet is foam metal or metal-fiber sintered compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel further contains rare earth metals, magnesium and/or calcium in a total amount of 0.5 mass% or less. The nickel balance in the thickness-direction center portion is less than zero metastable-austenite phase, which is calculated by a formula: nickel balance=30(carbon+nitrogen)+0.5(manganese)+nickel+8.2-1.1(1.5(silicon)+(chromium-2.5boron)+molybdenum). Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of boride dispersed in the surface portion of the steel is 10 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The tension test of pressure tank is done in accordance with JIS K 7073 and JIS K 7113 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first component comprises at least one element selected from aluminum (Al), Ag, magnesium (Mg), indium (In), lead (Pb), Sn, Sb, zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) (preferably Sn, Sb or Si, especially Sn or Sb, particularly Sn). The second component comprises at least one element selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) (preferably Ni, Co or Cu, especially Cu). The electrochemically deposited first and second components together comprise Sn, Sb and Cu. The metal foam current collector comprises Cu and/or Ni (preferably Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal copper with respect to metal cobalt is 0.01-5 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) having radically polymerizable functional group is carboxyl group-containing reactive polymer of formula: H2C=C(-R1)-C-C(=O)-R3-((CH2-CH)x-(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2)y)n-R4-C(=O)-C(-R2)=CH2.R1,R2=H or methyl;R3,R4=1-16C optionally substituted divalent organo group, -O-, -S- or -NR-;R=H or 1-4C alkyl;x:y=0-100:100-0;andn=15-150.Preferred Composition: The anaerobic curable resin composition is two-liquid resin composition in which the anaerobic polymerization initiator (B) and anaerobic polymerization promoter (C) are contained in a separate liquid, and contains (in mass parts) compound (A) having radically polymerizable functional group (40-90 with respect to 100 mass parts of total resin composition), and further contains polymerizable vinyl compound (5-70 with respect to 100 mass parts of compound (A)) other than compound (A) and photoinitiator (0.1-15 with respect to 100 mass parts of compound (A)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The ( beta )-stabilization element is iron. The average grain size of ( alpha )phase is 10 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of peak integrated intensity in the measured spectrum with respect to peak integrated intensity in the base spectrum is computed about each peak, respectively, during analysis. The relation of composition and ratio of specific elements of multiple types in the cluster corresponding to each peak is created into a map. Preferred Composition: The specific elements are niobium and vanadium. The sum total of atom-numbers of niobium and atom-number of vanadium is 4-6, preferably 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfide type solid electrolyte consists of phosphorus sulfide, sulfuration silicon and germanium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector sheet consists of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti) and SUS.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lithium ion conductive binder consists of polyethyleneglycol or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acicular active material particle is selected from tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide, and vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorine atom in raw material is contained as hydrogen fluoride. The carrier gas is hydrogen fluoride gas (CC). Preferred Method: Phosphorus pentafluoride is evaporated and hydrogen fluoride gas is produced from the raw material by heating or pressure-reducing the raw material. Atomic ions containing phosphorus atom and fluorine atom exist in the raw material after contacting raw material with carrier gas. The atomic ions are hexafluoro phosphate (PF6-). The raw material is recycled. Phosphorus pentafluoride gas is dissolved in a solvent in predetermined amount in an absorption tower. Fluoride in an amount less than that of solvent is added, and solution of hexafluorophosphoric-acid salt is obtained. The solvent is replaced and phosphorus pentafluoride gas is dissolved in solution of hexafluorophosphoric-acid salt in an absorption tower. The solvent is hydrogen fluoride solution or organic solvent. The organic solvent is chosen from nonaqueous organic solvent or nonaqueous ionic liquid. The solvent has moisture-content concentration of 100 weight ppm or less. Absorption liquid is made to absorb unreacted phosphorus pentafluoride gas, and gas is recovered and recycled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hexafluorophosphate is obtained by dissolving the phosphorus compound in solvent (AA), and adding metal fluoride to obtained phosphorus compound solution. The content of metal fluoride in the phosphorus compound solution is stoichiometrically less or equivalent with respect to the content of phosphorus atom in the phosphorus compound. The solution of the hexafluorophosphate of the non-slurry state produced by reacting phosphorus compound and metal fluoride in the solvent is used as solvent. Preferred Components: The phosphorus compound is hexafluorophosphate ion. The solvent is hydrogen fluoride solution, organic solvent or water having concentration of 100 ppmw or less. The organic solvent is nonaqueous organic solvent or nonaqueous ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate. The capacitance ratio of cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate is 10:90-40:60. The linear carbonate contains asymmetrical linear carbonate having methyl group. The molar ratio of lithium hexafluorophosphate with respect to lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide is 70:30-99:1. The positive electrode contains positive electrode active material containing compound chosen from lithium composite metal oxide and lithium containing olivine type phosphate. The negative electrode contains negative electrode active material containing lithium metal, lithium alloy, carbon material, and occlusion and dischargeable metallic compound which occludes and discharges lithium. Preferred Components: The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide. The cyclic carbonate is chosen from cyclic carbonate containing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, double bond or fluorine. The cyclic carbonate containing double bond is vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate. The cyclic carbonate containing fluorine is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one or 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated sultone is of formula (I). The electrolyte further contains fluorinated ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate of formula (II) or its derivative, and phosphoric acid silyl ester derivative of formula (III). A lithium secondary battery comprising the electrolyte has negative electrode active material chosen from metal alloyed with metallic lithium, lithium containing alloy and lithium, alloy which can occlude and discharge lithium ion, transition metal nitride which can occlude and discharge lithium ion and/or carbon material which can occlude and discharge lithium ion.R1-R4=1-12C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by H or fluoro;n=0-3;R5,R6=H, methyl, ethyl or propyl;andR7-R9=1-6C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of dibasic acid in polymerizable monomer is 0.5-20 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of (meth)acrylate. The dibasic acid is itaconic acid. The composition for forming electrode comprises electrode active material, electrically conductive material and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The diameter is preferably 20-200 mu m. The micro-needle-like structure is martensite. Preferred Material: The raw material (M) for manufacturing the thin wire consists of alpha - beta titanium alloy chosen from titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-3Al-2.5V), titanium-aluminum-molybdenum-vanadium (Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V), titanium-aluminum-chromium-iron (Ti-5Al-2Cr-1Fe), titanium-aluminum-iron-chromium-molybdenum (Ti-5Al-1.5Fe-1.5Cr-1.5Mo), titanium-aluminum-cobalt-tantalum-molybdenum (Ti-6Al-2Co-1Ta-1Mo), titanium-aluminum-molybdenum-vanadium (Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V), titanium-aluminum-cobalt (Ti-8Al-4Co), titanium-aluminum-tin-zirconium-molybdenum (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo), titanium-aluminum-vanadium-tin (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn), and titanium-aluminum-tin-zirconium-molybdenum (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The anode comprises electrocatalyst selected from palladium, ruthenium, molybdenum and platinum. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises fuel in the liquid phase selected from formate salts, formic acid, methanol, borohydride salts, hydrazine, hydroxylamine salts, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methyl formate, and dimethyl ether. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises oxidant in the gas phase selected from oxygen, air, nitrous oxide, and chlorine. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises fuel in the gas phase selected from hydrogen, ammonia, methanol vapor, ethanol vapor, formic acid vapor and dimethyl ether. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises oxidant in the liquid phase selected from hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides, peroxides, peroxysalts, dioxiranes, nitric acid, nitromethane, ferric salts, ceric salts, vanadium salts, and permanganate salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The particles are formed from gold and its alloy, carbon black, graphite, and activated carbon, preferably from carbon black particles coated with gold and its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The nanostructured thin film support cores are formed from an annealed perylene dicarboximide derivative. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, providing a fuel cell component including carbon and a surface with reactive groups on it involves providing a substrate having a coating containing carbon on it and exposing the component to atmospheric plasma to produce the active groups on the surface of the coating. The fuel cell component comprises a fuel cell bipolar plate having a coating on it, with provided that no low contact resistant metal is provided on the bipolar plate, and no gold is provided over the bipolar plate. The fuel cell component is a carbon composite bipolar plate. The fuel cell component comprises a diffusion media layer and where providing the fuel cell component (C1), exposing the diffusion media layer to an open-air plasma to create the active groups on a surface of the diffusion media layer. The fuel cell component comprises a bipolar plate having a reactant gas flow field defined in a face of it by several of lands and channels, and a coating deposited in the channels leaving the lands substantially uncoated, and where the carbon is part of the coating. The ionic polymer or a polymer including polar groups grafted to a surface of the diffusion media layer make the surface of the fuel diffusion media layer hydrophilic. Preferred Components: The coating comprises graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic groups comprise amine group and hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyethylenimine and polyvinyl alcohol. The coating comprises at least one of epoxies, silicones with graphite particles, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluro-elastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics or urethanes polymers (preferably epoxy). The coating further comprises polymer (preferably polyethylenimine) and electrically conductive filler particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The peptoid oligomers are prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis techniques. Preferred Compounds: The peptoid oligomer (I) can self-assemble with another identical or different peptoid oligomer into a dimer. The peptoid oligomer comprises at least 10 monomer subunits. The hydrophobic or apolar side-chain is a side-chain that does not comprise an ionic charge, is not capable of hydrogen-bonding, or has a net log P value of greater than or equal to 0.5 (preferably greater than or equal to 1 or greater than or equal to 2). One hydrophilic or polar side-chain out of several hydrophilic or polar side-chains within each oligomer comprises a functional group. The functional group is a dye or a point of attachment to link to another molecule. The dye is selected from 19 dyes as given in the specification; e.g. Alexa Fluor 405 (RTM: a dye), Alexa Fluor 305 (RTM: a dye), Alexa Fluor 500 (RTM: a dye), Alexa Fluor 488 (RTM: a dye), Alexa Fluor 750 (RTM: a dye), or their maleimide forms. The capping group does not prevent the peptoid oligomer from self-assembling into a two-dimensional sheet with other peptoid oligomers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a first cylindrical segment, which is located in the housing and a second cylindrical segment having a one-sided sealed bottom. The outer surface of the cylindrical segment is flow connected with the inner side of the cylindrical housing. The nickel foam is arranged on the cylindrical segments and forms a cylindrical flow channel (15). The first cylindrical segment represents an inlet (16) for the fluid medium into the flow channel. The nickel foam represents an outlet section for the fluid medium from the flow channel. The nickel foam is coated with a wash-coat. The device contains multiple layers of nickel foam. The nickel foam has a porosity of 400-1500 mu m and a thickness of 1 mm to 5 cm and a length of 5 cm to 10 m. The catalytically active coating contains nickel and/or a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total vanadium concentration in the vanadium ion flow battery electrolyte is 1-2.5 moles/L. The sulfuric acid concentration is 2-5 moles/L. The additive concentration is 1-7% of the total vanadium concentration. The metal salt is 1-7% of the total vanadium concentration. The soluble metal salt is a metal salt capable of improving hydrogen potential and/or oxygen evolution potential. The soluble metal salt is dihydrogen hexachloroiridate (Cl6Ir.2H), indium nitrate hydrate (In(NO3)3.4.5H2O), bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3.5H2O), cadmium sulfate octahydrate (3CdSO4.8H2O), cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd(NO3)2.4H2O), lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), stannous sulfate (SnSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), tantalum chloride (TaCl5), or antimony sulfate (Sb2(SO4)3). The hydrogen potential improving metal salt is one or more of salts of iridium (Ir), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), antimony (Sb), indium (In) and bismuth (Bi), soluble to the sulfuric acid line. The metal salt improving the oxygen evolution potential improving metal salt is one or more of salts of Pb, Sn, tantalum (Ta), Bi and cadmium (Cd), soluble to the sulfuric acid line. The mole ratio of vanadium trioxide and vanadium pentoxide is 3:1. The sulfuric acid concentration in the dense sulfuric acid is 6-8 moles/L. The alkali hydroxide is calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)). Preferred Parameters: The heating and stirring temperature is 80-90 degrees C. The pH value of adjusting the vanadium-containing solution is (- 0.6)-(- 1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is one or more of sodium sulfate, ethanol, glycerol, nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium fluosilicate, urea, and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic material contains perfluoroalkoxy copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoromethylvinylether, fluoroethylene propylene, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrapolymer made of monomers of hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylfluoride and/or melt-processible tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is obtained by carbonization of organic material having aromatic ring, carbonization of plant-derived organic material or carbonization of plant residue oil. The plant residue oil is residue oil obtained during manufacture of resorcinol. The organic material having aromatic ring is obtained by polymerizing phenol or its derivative(s), and aldehyde compound. The carbon material is charcoal. Carbonization is carried out at 800-2500 degrees C. The carbon material is non-activated material. The carbon material is powdered material and has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1 m2/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrode: The secondary electrode contains a non-fluorine-type polymer. The electrode comprises electrode mixture obtained by mixing 85 wt% of the carbon material with 15 wt% of polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carboxylic acid anion (D) is a monocarboxylic acid anion or dicarboxylic acid anion. The cation (B) is an amidinium cation. Preferred Composition: The content of electrolyte (E) contained with respect to total content of electrolyte (C), electrolyte (E) and organic solvent (F) is 0.1-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - (In g) 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl imidazolinium diethyl phosphate ester mono-anion (28.5) and 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl imidazolinium phthalic acid mono-anion (1.5) were dissolved in ( gamma )-butyrolactone (70), to obtain electrolyte solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had high sparking voltage, quick voltage rise rate and high specific conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous active material is a transition metal oxide, aluminum, tin, silicon, indium and composite complex of lithium. The liquid ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte contains phosphorus, silicon and boron, and lithium and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte of positive electrode compound material and solid electrolyte layer contains element chosen from lithium, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon and/or boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organosulfur compound is chosen from organic disulfide compound and/or carbon disulfide compound. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode compound material further contains conductive support agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material is olivine-type compound, manganese spinel-type compound or transition metal sulfide. The olivine-type compound is lithium-metal phosphate of formula: LiMPO4, where M is iron, nickel or cobalt. The manganese spinel-type compound is lithium-metal oxide compound of formula: LiM'2O4, where M' is manganese or alloy of manganese and nickel. The surface of positive electrode active material is modified with carbon or transition metal containing ion conductive oxide. The graphite is graphite processed with lithium halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte contains phosphorus, silicon and boron, and lithium and sulfur. The positive electrode compound material contains polymer coated solid electrolyte and positive electrode active material. The negative electrode compound material contains polymer coated solid electrolyte and negative electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solid electrolyte layer is made of one among sulfur, phosphorus and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron per mass of the lithium transition metal is preferably more than 1-35 ppb, more preferably more than 2-25 ppb, most preferably more than 5-25 ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carboxymethyl cellulose salt is carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium. Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylate polymer includes monomeric unit of nitrile compound, and/or monomeric unit of dibasic acid. Preferred Property: The carboxymethyl cellulose salt has weight average molecular weight of 100000-400000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is a non-conductive substrate of alumina. The substrate includes a film chosen from nano-porous alumina oxide and anodic nano-porous oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The salt comprises at least one anion selected from perfluoro borate, perfluoro phosphate, perfluoro sulfonate, or organic sulfonate; and further comprises at least one cation selected from tetraalkyl ammonium and pyridinium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from linear ether, cyclic ether, ester, carbonate, formate, lactone, nitrile, amide, sulfone, and sulfolane; or is selected from acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, sulfolane, gammabutyrolactone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate. The salt is selected from tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, methyltriethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, tetraethyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethyl ammonium hexafluoroarsenate, and imidazolium salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contacting element is made of electrically conductive sheet metal i.e. bronze sheet metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cathode-side plate and the anode-side plate are made of nickel chrome-plated steel that conforms to the standard DIN EN 10088-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate element is made of steel material comprising chromium oxide and the bipolar plate is made of steel material comprising alumina or made of steel material comprising silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin composition further comprises a chemical admixture and inorganic microparticles (0.01-0.5 mass parts). Preferred Property: The particle size of island portion is 0.01-10 mu m. The average pore diameter measured by mercury-porosimetry measurement is 0.01-0.5 mu m. Preferred Conditions: Thermal relaxation of the film is carried out at 100-170 degrees C. The distortion rate during hot-stretching is 0.1-1/second. Hot-stretching is carried out in two or more steps at different temperatures. The two or more steps of different temperatures are missing from the temperature of the final step from gradual temperature at the beginning including the temperature of the beginning step of hot-stretching and the temperature of the final step higher than it, and become high in steps or gradually. The hot-stretching temperature is lower than the heat-processing temperature. Thermal relaxation is carried out at the temperature of the final step of hot-stretching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-legs comprise a thin layer of lead tin manganese telluride (PbSnMnTe) at hot sides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorine-type solvent is fluorine-containing ether of formula: R'f1OR'f2, fluorine-containing ester of formula: R'f3COOR'f4, and/or fluorine-containing linear carbonate of formula: R'f5OCOOR'f6.R'f1=3-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;R'f2=2-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;R'f3=1-2C alkyl optionally containing fluorine atom;R'f4,R'f6=1-4C alkyl optionally containing fluorine atom;andR'f5=1-4C fluorine-containing alkyl.At least any one of R'f3 and R'f4 is fluorine-containing alkyl. The other carbonate is cyclic carbonate and/or non-fluorine linear carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and/or 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The non-fluorine linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate. The fluorine-containing aromatic compound is a fluorine-containing aromatic compound obtained by substituting portion of or all hydrogen atom of benzene, toluene, xylene, anisole or biphenyl with fluorine atom. Preferably, the fluorine-containing aromatic compound is monofluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, perfluorobenzene, trifluoromethylbenzene, difluorotoluene, difluoroanisole and/or fluorobiphenyl. Preferred Composition: When the sum total content of all compounds is 100 vol.%, the content of fluorine-type solvent is 10-90 vol.%, and the content of fluorine-containing aromatic compound is 10 vol.% or less. Preferably, the content of fluorine-type solvent is 10-60 vol.%, the content of fluorine-type aromatic compound is 0.1-10 vol.%, the content of cyclic carbonate is 10-50 vol.%, and the content of non-fluorine linear carbonate is 0-79.9 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The crystal plane interval of high-crystalline artificial graphite is 0.3354-0.3362 nm. The high-crystalline artificial graphite is obtained by baking needle coke.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The urea derivative is N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea, N'-(3-(((dimethylamino)carbonyl)amino)-4-methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea, or 3-(3-(3,3-dimethyl-ureidomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea. The hardening agent has 2 or more phenolic hydroxyl groups in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is a polyfunctional epoxy resin. EXAMPLE - A resin composition was prepared by mixing (in g) EOCN-103S (RTM: epoxy resin) (12.1), PSM4324 (RTM: phenol novolak resin) (6.1), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (1.2), SGP-100 (RTM: synthetic graphite having average particle diameter of 130 mu m) (77.7), and carnauba wax (2.9). The obtained resin composition had a viscosity of 99 Pa.second at 170 degrees C and shear rate of 1000 second-1 as measured by JIS-K-7199. A molded product obtained using the resin composition had an electrical resistance of 9.5 m Omega /cm2, excellent heat stability, and an ash content of less than 0.1% as measured by JIR R7212.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The redox shuttle comprises 1,4-di-t-butyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene. The electrolyte composition comprises ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and lithium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemical reaction is a hydrogen oxidation. The catalyst metal layer catalyzes hydrogen (2H2) and oxygen (O2) to give water (2H2O) reaction producing the chemical energy and a water vapor. The catalyst metal layer is formed of palladium. The semiconductor layer is formed of an n-type of silicon carbide-hydrogen (SiC-6H). The metallic layer is formed of indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diamond-like carbon has resistivity of 1 kilo-ohm centi or less, Vickers hardness of 2000 or more and amount of hydrogen of 10 atomic% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The discharge plasma generation unit is inductive coupling-type high frequency-discharge discharge plasma generation unit. Preferred Properties: The negative pulse voltage is 5-25 kV. The substrate temperature is 300-500 degrees C. Preferred Process: The to-be-processed base material is heated by ion irradiation or electric heater and ion irradiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon-type source gas contains low molecular-weight hydrocarbon gas which does not contain six-membered ring, methane, ethane, propane, acetylene and/or ethylene. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon-type source gas is source gas of mixed gas of hydrogen and/or argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium titanium complex oxide particles has average pore diameter of 50-500 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The neutral radical compound is cyclic compound of formula (1). The polymer chain of cyclic compound (1) is polymer having carbonyl group-containing repeating unit of formula (B-2), (B-3), (B-4) or (B-6) or ether group-containing repeating unit of formula (B-1) or (B-5), preferably ether group-containing repeating unit of formula (B-1) or (B-5) and/or carbonyl group-containing repeating unit of formula (B-5).X=-N-Y' or -CR1(R2), where at least one of X is -N-Y';Y'=H, alkyl, aryl or -O-, where at least one of Y' is O-;Ra-Rd,R1,R2=H or substituent, where at least one of Ra-Rd is polymer chain;andR=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The impregnating latex is dried at 50-200 degrees C. The flow field board is put into an impregnating tank vacuumized to 0.001-0.05 MPa and the latex is fed into the tank through a feeding valve and a pipe until the latex is higher than the flow board. The feeding valve is closed and the vacuum in the tank is maintained. The material storage tank is pressurized to 0.2-1 MPa for 0.1-4 hours using an air compressor after the impregnation process. The impregnated board is heated to 150-200 degrees C in 1 hour, insulated for 0.1-5 hours and continuously heated to 300-400 degrees C in the muffle and insulated for 0.1-2 hours. The air compressor is connected to the impregnating tank through an air inlet valve. Preferred Composition: The latex contains 60 mass% of PTFE polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cooling medium is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The positive electrode terminal and the positive electrode strap of the batteries are integrally formed using aluminum alloy specified by A3003-H12 standard. The negative electrode terminal and the negative electrode strap of the batteries are integrally formed using copper plate C1020-1/2H standard.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3, R5-R10 = -CH3 or -C2H5;    R4 = (CH2)n; and    n = less than 5.    EXAMPLE - To a 1M solution of triethylphosphine (50 ml) in tetrahydrofuran, trimethylsilylmethyl iodide (23 ml) was added. Then, the reaction was heated to reflux for 8 hours. The product was precipitated from dry ether, and purified by recrystallization from chloroform/diethyl ether to give trimethylsilylmethyl phosphino iodide compound of formula (((CH3)3SiCH2P(CH2CH3)+)3I-).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Distilled water is used to prepare the hydrogel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The sheet of material further comprises metallic layer, where metal of metallic layer is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogel is a lightly crosslinked, partially neutralized polyacrylic acid; a superabsorbent polymer; acrylic or acrylic derivative polymer crosslinked by polyamine crosslinking agent; or polyacrylate of sodium or potassium. The container is fabricated of a sheet of material comprising a heat-bondable polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive auxiliary agent is conductive carbon, and has hollow shell-type structure. Preferred Properties: The electroconductive auxiliary agent has porosity of 55-85% and Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 700-1400 m2/g, measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method. The crystalline activated carbon has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 800-2200 m2/g, measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method and pore diameter of 0.6-0.8 nm. The lithium titanate has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 2-12 m2/g, measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method. Preferred Composition: The total concentration of lithium ion and quaternary onium ion in the electrolyte solution is 2-4 mol/l. The molar ratio of lithium ion and quaternary onium ion in the electrolyte solution is 0.5-1. The capacitance ratio of negative electrode layer and positive electrode layer is 1.1-1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fibrous carbon is carbon fiber or carbon nanotube. Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber has aspect ratio of 10-15000, Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 10-1000 m2/g, measured by nitrogen gas adsorption and average fiber diameter of 1-500 nm. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode layer contains (in mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of lithium titanate), electroconductive auxiliary agent (20-75) and fibrous carbon (40). The content of lithium titanate is 10-50 mass% with respect to total amount of crystalline activated carbon and lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of poly dibasic acid is 0.01-10 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of electrode active materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The microcapsulation agent is monomer and/or prepolymer of urethane. The oxygen-containing organic compound is ether and/or ester of bifunctional alcohol. The addition amount of fluorochemical surfactant is 5-30 mass parts with respect to the mass of water-soluble phase dislocation substance. The addition amount of oxygen-containing organic compound is 5-100 mass parts with respect to the mass of water-soluble phase dislocation substance. The water-soluble phase dislocation substance is chosen from sugar, sugar alcohol, urea and thio urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The module has a positioning clamping plate and a protective clamping plate made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The phenyl azomethine dendrimer metal complex was synthesized by adding tin(II) chloride acetonitrile fluid to 2 ml of 3.3 mu mol of dendrimer solutions so that ratio of dendrimer to tin is 1:4, adding platinum(IV) chloride acetonitrile fluid to solution so that ratio of dendrimer to platinum is 1:24, making components in solution to fully complex-form, adding 10 ml of 20 mg/L sodium borohydride methanol solutions as reducing agent, stirring for 50 minutes, and obtaining phenyl azomethine dendrimer metal complex. Preferred Components: The dissimilar-metal compound is coordinating less than mth generation's imine region from first generation of dendrimer, and platinum compound is coordinating imine region of outer side. EXAMPLE - The phenyl azomethine dendrimer metal complex was synthesized by adding tin(II) chloride acetonitrile fluid to 2 ml of 3.3 mu mol of tetraphenyl methane-dipicolinic acid (TPM-DPA) G4 dendrimer solutions in which ratio of chloroform to acetonitrile was 1:1 so that ratio of dendrimer to tin was 1:4. Adding platinum(IV) chloride acetonitrile fluid to solution so that ratio of dendrimer to platinum was 1:24. The components in the solution was made fully complex-form. A 10 ml of 20 mg/L sodium borohydride methanol solutions as reducing agent were added, and were stirred for 50 minutes. A phenyl azomethine dendrimer metal complex was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The platinum nanoparticles-doped carbon nanotube composite is prepared by heating carbon nanotube at 600-1000 degrees C in presence of ammonia to obtain carbon nanotube containing amino group with positive charge. The obtained carbon nanotube is immersed into sodium citrate solution to obtain a mixture. The obtained mixture is filtered to obtain a filtrate. The obtained filtrate is dried to obtain sodium citrate coated carbon nanotube. Chloroplatinic acid, methanol and sodium citrate coated carbon nanotube are mixed and dried at 80-90 degrees C to obtain platinum nanoparticles-doped carbon nanotube composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Perfluorosulfonic resin solution is also used in the preparation of platinum nanoparticles-doped carbon nanotube composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytic converter and/or oxidation unit are made from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, indium, copper, gold and cobalt porphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plate-shaped metal members are made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The microporous layer comprises a carbon powder and a fluorocarbon polymer binder comprising polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and/or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst particles are nickel particles. The porous material is a cermet. The cermet comprises nickel and a ceramic of formulae (BaCe(0.9)Y(0.1)O(3- delta )) and (BaCe(0.85)Y(0.15)O(3- delta )), where delta is less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphine derivative in non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.01-10 v/v% in volume fraction. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=monovalent organic group of formula: CH3-(OCH2CH2)-n- optionally substituted by halo, or 1-10C linear or branched alkyl optionally substituted by halo;and    n=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrode (B) contains sodium metal or sodium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chain-shaped carbonate is dimethyl carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a cyclic carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is multiwall carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: The ultrasonication is performed for 1-6 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The porous ceramics comprise ceramic powder, silicon nitride and carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The three-point bending test of the honeycomb structure is performed according to the JISR1601 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode catalyst layer contains metal(s) chosen from palladium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt and iron. The anode catalyst layer further contains platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material particles are lithium-transition metal composite oxide particles. The carbon black contained in layer (A) is acetylene black. The carbon black contained in the layer (B) is Ketchen black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The trapping agent is a polyamide-type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. Preferred Process: The catalyst precursor is treated with 0.5-2 M sulfuric acid aqueous solution, during manufacture of the electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The platinum-alloy particles have an average crystalline diameter of 1-8 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aromatic chain-shaped carbonate compound having 1-ethynyl ethyl group in a molecule is a compound of formula: CC-C(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-R1 (1), CC-C(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-C(-R2)(-R3)-CC (2), CC-C(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-CnH(2n+1-m)Clm (3) and CC-C(-CH3)-O-C(=O)-O-CnH(2n+1-m)Fm (4). The content of non-aromatic chain-shaped carbonate compound having 1-ethynyl ethyl group in a molecule is 0.01-5 mass%. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains 0.001-5 mass% of silicon compound having unsaturated bond. The silicon compound having unsaturated bond is of formula: C=C-Si(-R4)(-R5)(-R6)R1=1-6C alkyl;R2,R3=H or 1-6C alkyl;n=1-6;m=integer;andR4,R5,R6=1-6C alkyl or vinyl optionally contains halo.n and m satisfies the relation: 2n+1 greater than or equal to m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The buffer layers are coated with metal material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The buffer layers are coated with resin raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains a compound, which is a complex of lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFe(1-x)MxPO4), where M is manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, zinc, aluminum, gallium, boron and/or niobium, and x is 0-0.1. The compound is preferably lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4). Preferred Material: The lithium ion secondary battery has primary positive electrode active material and secondary positive electrode active material. Preferred Property: The lithium ionic diffusion coefficient of secondary positive electrode active material is 5 times or more than that of the primary positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The region other than intermediate layer in the base material contains short circuit prevention material. The electronic conductor is a water-retention material. The hydrogen oxidizing catalyst and proton reduction catalyst is chosen from palladium, platinum, iridium, copper, silver, gold, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, silicon, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, hafnium, tantalum, niobium, cerium and/or their alloy supported by electroconductive support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon is acetylene black. Carbon is mixed in water and polyvinyl-alcohol aqueous solution, and then the mixture is mixed with active-material raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyvinyl-alcohol aqueous solution contains polyvinyl alcohol having a saponification degree of 98 mol% or more and a polymerization degree of 1700 or more, dispersed in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphene-containing material is chosen from carbon nanotube, fullerene and graphite. The graphite is carbon fiber. The proton donating component is hydrocarbon, preferably linear hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary metal oxide composition contains cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium-zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminate and/or yttrium aluminate garnet, preferably zirconium oxide. The secondary metal oxide composition contains aluminum oxide. The primary and/or secondary metal oxide composition contains magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, cobalt, zinc and/or iron. The ceramic is free of yttrium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The insulation unit is made from thermally non-conducting and/or electrically non-conducting material e.g. ceramic fibers such as aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support element is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink and the cell cover are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat sink and the cell cover are made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A signal processing device is connected with a plug of an electrical connector and/or data bus e.g. controller area network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder material is polyelectrolyte. Preferred Properties: The water absorption amount of the water-retention layer is 400 mg/g or more at relative pressure of 1, with respect to per unit weight of water-retention material. The water retention material contains carbon powder having Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. Preferred Process: The manufacture of water-retention layer involves mixing solvent containing organic solvent having boiling point of 100 degrees C or more, powdery-water retention material and water-permeable binder material, and obtaining ink. The solid content rate of the ink is 20 mass% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains non-aqueous solvent chosen from ( gamma )-butyrolactone, fluorinated propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, fluorinated ( gamma )-butyrolactone, and diethyl carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R3,R4=H, methyl or ethyl, preferably H;    R2=methyl, ethyl or allyl, preferably allyl;    X-=PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)3-, Rf(SO3)-, F-, ClO4-, AlF4-, AlCl4-, TaF6-, NbF6-, SiF6-, CN- or F(HF)n-, preferably BF4-;    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl group;and    n=1-4.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The electrolytic salt is 1,3-diallyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate of formula (2).    EXAMPLE - 1-Allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride was dissolved in pure water. Then, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide was added and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Then, methylene chloride was added, organic phase was extracted and washed thrice using purified water. The organic phase was concentrated and methylene chloride was removed. Then, vacuum-dried at 80 degrees C for 2 days and molecular sieve 4A was added and maintain still for 1 day, to obtain 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. The obtained 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide was dissolved in propylene carbonate, to obtain electrolyte solution having viscosity of 5.1/mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The value (x) is preferably 0.5. The weight ratio of urea is 7 with respect to raw materials. Preferred Condition: The powder is sintered at 900 degrees C for 4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The water-repellent property is formed on the surface of the electrode using water-repellent agent containing water-repellant material, water, and phase-separating organic solvent. Preferred Composition: The electrode consists of porous material. The fuel cell further contains fuel solution which is contacted with the outer peripheral surface of the negative electrode, and the side of the positive electrode. The proton conductor consists of nonwoven fabrics. The enzyme contains oxidoreductase which is bilirubin oxidase. The fuel cell further has a sheet provided to the surface on the opposite side to the proton conductor of the positive electrode. The sheet contains a material which permeates air and does not permeate the fuel solution. The enzyme contains oxidase which is fixed to the negative electrode accelerates the oxidation of monosaccharide, decomposes and passes an electron to the negative electrode through an electron mediator. Preferred Property: The solubility of water-repellant material and enzyme with respect to organic solvent is 10 mg/ml or less. Preferred Components: The water-repellant material is carbon powder. The organic solvent is methyl isobutyl ketone, heptane, hexane, toluene, isooctane or diethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is amide solvent, furan solvent and sulfoxide solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate comprises glass, cellulose, ester, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, polyolefin, polymethyl methacrylate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyether ketone, polyether amide and polyoxyethylene. The polymer dispersion contains high conductive polymer, solvent and surfactant. The high conductive polymer is chosen from polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyphenylene, polysilane, polyfluorene, polyethylenedioxythiophene and polyaniline, preferably polyethylenedioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The distributing step is performed by electrophoresis, thermal spraying, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. The supplying step further comprises applying microwaves or radio waves to activate the carbon source gas into plasma state and adjusting the reaction conditions such that the growing carbon nanotubes branch off. In the method, adjusting the reaction conditions comprises supplying a reducing gas after 10 minutes from the supplying of the carbon source gas and adjusting the flow rate of the carbon source gas and reaction temperature and time. Preferred Components: The carbon source gas is ethylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or methane. The reducing gas is hydrogen gas or ammonia gas. EXAMPLE - Platinum (Pt) as a metallic catalyst was dispersed over a water-proofed carbon paper serving as a carbon substrate for 1 minute by electrophoresis, and a uniform dispersion of the Pt particles was confirmed using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy. The carbon substrate over which the Pt particles had been uniformly distributed was mounted in a quartz boat and placed at the center of a reactor. The reactor was purged with argon gas at 5000 sccm under atmospheric pressure while the temperature of the reactor was elevated to 500 degrees C. When the temperature of the reactor reached 500 degrees C, acetylene was supplied into the reactor as a carbon source gas at 10 sccm under atmospheric pressure for 60 minute to synthesize carbon nanotubes. Then argon gas was supplied into the reactor at 300 sccm under atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the carbon nanotubes were dropped to room temperature to provide carbon nanotubes doped with the Pt particles uniformly to a degree of 1 mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The continuous meso- or nanoporous component is monolith (preferably silica, titania, alumina and zinc oxide). The continuous meso- or nanoporous component is rigid. The conducting matrix comprises a salt and polymer and/or solvent. The salt is lithium or ammonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from poly(ethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyl lactone or methylacetate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal is inductively heated to 1250-1400, preferably 1350 degrees C. The metal is heated in a high-temperature induction oven (1) in less than 5 minutes from room temperature to 1250-1400 degrees C, where this temperature is maintained for 15-30 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction is carried out under inert gas condition, so that the inert gas e.g. argon is conducted for 20-50 minutes. The high temperature induction oven is conducted with an inert gas e.g. argon, at the time of cooling to room temperature. At the beginning of the reaction, the gas supply (7) from the inert gas is shifted to the sulfur compound. The respective metal is arranged in cylindrical shape at the center of an induction coil (4) of the high temperature induction oven. A coating of metal disulfide nanostructure is formed on the surface of the metal, during the reaction. The coating is suspended in an alcohol using ultrasonic treatment. The reaction product metal disulfide is separated in the form of nanoflakes and nanotubes on the metal surface. Preferred Components: The sulfur compound is hydrogen sulfide or carbon disulfide. The alcohol is ethanol. The layer-plane spacing for niobium-disulfide nanotubes is 0.62 nm determined by transmission electron microscopy. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery conforms to JISD5301 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flow path of fuel cell module is flown with oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, oxygen-containing gas, nitrogen-containing gas and hydrogen-containing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material layer consists of oxide of silicon or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector consists of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell has intermediate layer having several proton conductive pores between catalyst layers. The intermediate layer contains mixture of hydrophilic material. The hydrophilic material is inorganic material chosen from fine powder of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and aluminosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous carbon-material composition further comprises a compound containing carbonyl group and reactive functional group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The aqueous-type resin is formed by emulsion-polymerizing 0.1-5 weight% of monomer (A) from ethylenically unsaturated monomer having epoxy resin, ethylenically unsaturated monomer having alkoxy silyl group and/or ethylenically unsaturated monomer having N-methylol group, 0.2-5 weight% of monomer (B) from ethylenically unsaturated monomer having carboxyl group and/or ethylenically unsaturated monomer having tertiary-butyl group, and 90-99.7 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B). Alternatively, the aqueous-type resin is formed by emulsion-polymerizing 0.5-10 weight% of monomer (B) from ethylenically unsaturated monomer having carboxyl group and/or ethylenically unsaturated monomer having tertiary-butyl group, and 90-99.5 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B), preferably obtained by emulsion-polymerizing 0.5-10 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer having carboxyl group and 90-99.5 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B). The ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B) contains styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and/or cyclohexyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from benzene, toluene, pyridine, quinoline, tetrahydrofuran and/or 1,4-dioxane. Preferred Property: The ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom of electrode active material is 0.35-0.75.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melt flow rate and density of resin composition for sealing material of solar cell element are measured according to JISK7210 and JISK7112 standards, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling element has a cooling plate consisting of aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The particles are metal particles, preferably nano powder of group 3-16 transition metals, more preferably nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, tin, chromium, manganese, palladium, platinum and/or their alloys. The substrate is formed of cold-rolled steel, stainless steel, nickel, copper, brass, silver or their alloys. Nickel, copper, gold, silver or tin is used for electroplating during the manufacture of the electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Obtaining fully or partially metallic nanoparticles also comprises adding the microemulsion with a co-tensioactive, where the tensioactives are nonionic surfactants. The proportion of the surfactant is 2-50% by weight (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 9-25%. The oily component is a hydrocarbon and/or an ester. The proportion of oily component is 0.5-45% (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 5-25% (w/w) of the total dispersion. The aqueous component is in a ratio of 40-95% (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 60-85% (w/w) of the total dispersion. The organometallic precursor comprises an organic compound, e.g. acetylacetonate, 1,5-cyclooctadiene dimethyl 2-ethylhexanoate, cyclopentadienyl alkyl substituent or any combination, and a metallic component. The cotensioactive is an alcohol and/or a sorbitan ester. The proportion of cotensioactive is 0-25% (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 0-14%. The organometallic precursor is dissolved in the cotensioactive. The reducing agent is sodium borohydride (NaBH4), hydrazine, or hydrogen gas. The precipitating agent is a base or salt. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. The reducing agent, precipitating agent, or the oxidizing agent is added in a microemulsion incorporated with oily components, surfactant, and aqueous dispersion. The reducing agent, precipitating agent, or the oxidizing agent is added in its pure form or in aqueous solution. It also comprises separating the nanoparticles formed in the microemulsion; grinding; and calcination. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer comprises (wt.%) TFP monomer units (2-14, preferably 7-10); and vinylidene fluoride ( greater than or equal to 50, preferably 60-99.5) having a melting point of greater than 150 degrees C and a crystallinity of less than 23% percent. The copolymer contains beta-phase crystals (greater than 75 (preferably 50)%). EXAMPLE - A copolymer composition comprising water (4.430 kg), paraffin wax (0.004 kg), vinylidene fluoride (0.374 kg), 3,3,3 trifluoropropylene (0.016 kg), and pure ethyl acetate (10 g) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The porous conductive film in electrode is fuel diffusion layer or air diffusion layer. The membrane electrode assembly has porous conductive film which is fuel diffusion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The surface of cathode contains gold or platinum, preferably platinum. The surface of anode contains gold, platinum or carbon as main component, preferably glassy carbon. The electrolyte is ionic liquid containing bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide, preferably N-N-N-trimethyl-N-propyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide or tetrafluoroborate, preferably N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode active material is lithium-titanium complex oxide of formula: LixTiyO4 (where, x is 0.5 to 3 and y is 1 to 2.5). Preferred Property: The lithium-occlusion operating electric potential is 1.0 V or more with respect to the normal electrode potential of lithium/lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The negative electrode composite is formed from paste containing the electrode active material and binder including aqueous dispersion liquid of polytetrafluoroethylene and aqueous dispersion liquid of non-crystalline polymer. Preferred Composition: The mix ratio of the polytetrafluoroethylene and non-crystalline polymer is 1:9-9.9:0.1. The non-crystalline polymer is fluorine-containing polymer. The content of the binder is 0.01-15 mass% with respect to the electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell has anode (32) with a catalyst layer (32a) containing palladium and layered metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte layer contains layered metal oxide such as sodium cobalt oxide (NaCo2O4), lanthanum-iron-strontium oxide (LaFe3Sr3O10) or bismuth-strontium-iron oxide (Bi4Sr14Fe24O56).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modifier molecule is a cation having 2 or more ammonium groups connected with the group (a). The ammonium group is primary or secondary ammonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The group (a) is 2-4C hydrocarbon group. The amino group is primary or secondary group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The perfluorocarbon electrolyte polymer and the cation are connected, when one or more ammonium groups on the cation have an ionic bond. Preferred Property: The anionically conductive electrolyte resin has ion-exchange capacity of 0.5 meq/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The source of the activated carbon includes member selected from wood, cotton linters, peat, coal, coconut, lignite, carbohydrates, petroleum pitch, petroleum coke, coal tar pitch, fruit pits, nut shells, nut pits, sawdust, wood flour, carbon black, graphite, acetylene-based materials, synthetic polymer, and/or natural polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound is lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), titanium phosphide (TiPx, where x is greater than 0 to 2), or lithium-titanium phosphate (LiyTiPO4, where y is 0-2). The sulfur compound is lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) or lithium-titanium sulfide (LizTiS2, where z is greater than 0 to 2). The positive electrode of battery contains manganese-containing lithium transition metal composite oxide as active material. Preferred Property: The thickness of the coating layer is 1-100 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte in battery contains solvent(s) such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The third active material does not include electrochemically active lithium. It comprises vanadium oxide (V2O5), V6O13, V3O8, molybdenum oxide, titanium sulfide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, and/or ruthenium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The molding is plastically-deformed by pressurizing with metal plates made of copper, cobalt or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The active material layer contains lithium and alloy substance chosen from carbon, silicon and tin as an active material. The additive is chosen from boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, phosphorus and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode active material is lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, manganese nickel lithium cobaltate and/or olivine type-phosphoric acid iron. The electrically conductive agent is graphite, amorphous carbon and/or fibrous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains fluorine resin as main component. Preferred Property: The fluorine resin has weight average molecular weight of 350000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 1 m2/g or less, tap density of 2.2 g/cm3 or more and average particle diameter of 15 mu m or less. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has initial stage discharge capacitance of 140 mAh/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide and a lithium compound are mixed. Preferred Properties: The salt concentration of mixed aqueous solution is 1-2 mol/L. The ratio of sum of atom-number of nickel, cobalt and manganese, and atom-number of lithium in lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide is 1:0.95-1.15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal microparticles have particle size of 10 nm or less. The electroconductive substance has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 200-2000 m2/g. Preferred Components: The metal microparticles are transition metal or noble metal. The metal of coordination polymer metal complex is zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or ruthenium. The electroconductive substance is carbon-type support. The carbon-type support is chosen from activated carbon, pyrolytic carbon, carbon fiber, carbon black, carbon nanotube, fullerene, carbon nano cluster, carbon nanohorn. Preferred Condition: The coordination polymer metal complex is heat processed at 300-1200 degrees C under atmosphere chosen from helium, neon, krypton, xenon, argon, nitrogen, ammonia and acetonitrile. The catalyst is supported to electroconductive support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ligand having planar structure is chosen from bisbenzoxazole structure, pyrazine structure, bipyridine structure, imidazole structure and bisbenzo thiazole structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The coordination polymer metal complex has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 100-5000 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or ruthenium. The electroconductive support is carbon-type support. The carbon-type support is chosen from activated carbon, pyrolytic carbon, carbon fiber, carbon black, carbon nanotube, fullerene, carbon nano cluster, carbon nanohorn. Preferred Property: The electroconductive support has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 200-2000 m2/g. Preferred Condition: The coordination polymer metal complex is heat processed at 300-1200 degrees C under atmosphere chosen from helium, neon, krypton, xenon, argon, nitrogen, ammonia and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coordination polymer metal complex includes ligand having chemical structure chosen from bisbenzoxazole structure, pyrazine structure, bipyridine structure, imidazole structure and bisbenzo thiazole structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The coordination polymer metal complex has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 100-5000 m2/g. Preferred Process: The coordination polymer metal complex is supported with carbon-type support, irradiated using microwave and heat processed. The catalyst is covered with ion-conductive polymer. The catalyst is covered with ion-conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive substance is carbon-type support. The carbon-type support is chosen from activated carbon, pyrolytic carbon, carbon fiber, carbon black, carbon nanotube, fullerene, carbon nano cluster, carbon nanohorn. The metal is transition metal chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and ruthenium. Preferred Property: The electroconductive substance has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 200-2000 m2/g. Preferred Condition: A catalyst is obtained by heat processing metal complex at 300-1200 degrees C under atmosphere chosen from helium, neon, krypton, xenon, argon, nitrogen, ammonia and acetonitrile. The catalyst is obtained by irradiating and heat processing metal complex composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heterocyclic compound includes chemical structure chosen from amide, imide and/or imine. The heterocyclic compound includes chemical structure chosen from oxazole structure, thiazole structure and imidazole structure. The functional group of electroconductive substance surface is acidic group. The acidic group of electroconductive substance surface is carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The catalyst is covered with ion-conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises nanoparticles, preferably core-shell nanoparticles where the core comprises noble or non-noble metal. The mediating element comprises a metal, preferably copper, lead, tellurium and/or bismuth. The material to be deposited is a noble metal, preferably platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The glue water conductive silver adhesive is diluted by acetone or alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode material contains iron-lithium phosphate mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride, conductive graphite and N-methyl pyrrolidone. The cathode material contains graphite mixed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, conductive graphite, styrene butadiene latex and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-platinum reactive metal is selected from nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, palladium, silver, gold, molybdenum, zinc, cadmium, ruthenium, iridium, mercury, osmium, tungsten or tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The oxidation resistant film is selected from polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyazulene, polythiophene, polypyridine, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyazine, polyquinone, polyacetylene, polyphenylene or poly(phenylene vinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The activated carbon has total pore volume of 0.9 ml/g or more for which the slit width is W2 or less. The minimum value (W2) of the slit width is 1.1 nm. The maximum value (W1) of the slit width is 1 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation is imidazolium cation of formula (1), preferably 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium. The anion is tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate, preferably tetrafluoroborate. The solvent is propylene carbonate.R1-R5=H or 1-10C alkyl, and may combines with each other to form ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The onium cation has hydrogen, halogen and/or optionally substituted hydrocarbon, preferably hydrogen and/or optionally substituted hydrocarbon of formula: CnH2+1 bonded directly to neutral atom.n=1-6.The onium cation preferably has ethyl group directly bonded to neutral atom. The onium cation is ammonium cation, phosphonium cation and/or sulfonium cation, preferably phosphonium cation. The polar substance contains water. The anion component is oxoacid-type anion, imidoacid-type anion, thioacid-type anion and/or hydrohalic acid-type anion, preferably bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imidoacid anion, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anion, alkyl-sulfate anion, hydrogen sulfide anion and/or dihydrogen phosphate anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substance (A) is manganese hydroxide or mixture of manganese hydroxide and nickel hydroxide. Preferred Component: The secondary battery is further equipped with an inlet for introducing oxygen and hydrogen into the battery, and a square-shaped casing which accommodates positive electrode and negative electrode with an electrolytic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains manganese hydroxide or mixture of manganese hydroxide and nickel hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel reformer is also equipped with carbon monoxide conversion device and/or carbon monoxide removal device that reduce(s) carbon monoxide in reformed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first adsorbent bed and second first adsorbent bed have sorbent and refrigerant. Sorbent is silica gel, molecular sieve, activated carbon, zeolite, foamed metal, or activated aluminum oxide. Refrigerant is water, methanol, or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precious metal is platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive support particles are formed from carbon black, graphite or activated carbon. The solvent includes at least an organic solvent or an aqueous solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ionomer is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer or a hydrocarbon ionomer. The reinforcing material is a fiber. The fiber is a carbon nanofiber, a glass fiber, a polymeric fiber or a metal oxide fiber. The fiber has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of greater than 10 meters squared per gram, a diameter of 50-150 nm, and a length of 20-300 microns. The reinforcing material: is a highly fibrillated polymeric pulp; has a surface modified to increase at least one of a physical entanglement and a chemical adhesion of the reinforcing material with at least one of the conductive support particles and the ionomer; and has a tensile modulus greater than about 300 Mpa. The ratio of the conductive support particles to the reinforcing material is about 15:1-1:5. The reinforcing material does not support the catalyst. The reinforcing material and the conductive support particles form a continuous matrix upon a drying of the catalyst ink composition. Preferred Method: In the method, the step of depositing the catalyst ink onto the substrate comprises spraying, dipping, brushing, roller transfer, slot die coating, gravure coating, Meyer rod coating or printing. The step of drying the catalyst ink comprises drying the catalyst ink with an infrared drier, where the catalyst ink is dried at 400 degrees F for 4 minutes. EXAMPLE - Typical catalyst ink composition comprised (in wt.%) of: Platinum/Vulcan (RTM: Carbon black)) (support particles/catalyst) (9.9); ionomer (26.2); water (24.9); ethanol (37.5); and Pyrograf III PR24XTHHT (RTM: Carbon nanofiber) (1.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Coating: The battery includes a thin protective coating of electro-conductive titanium nitride on each positive grid, a thin protective coating of tin oxide covering each positive grid, and a thin protective coating of electroless nickel covering each positive grid. The battery further has multiple aluminum core battery grids, and a lead coating provided on each aluminum grid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Coating: The aluminum grids have a thin protective covering coating of electro-conductive flouropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The corrosion-resistant layer is made of carbide or oxide of tungsten. The battery-dedicated electrode foil further has diamond-like carbon coating with thickness of 0.5-50 nm, on the corrosion-resistant layer. Preferred Property: The thickness of corrosion-resistant layer is 3-90 nm. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode plate contains positive electrode active material containing lithium compound, and water as solvent. The electrolyte solution in battery contains lithium ion, preferably lithium perchlorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dielectric film (1) is provided on base film (11) containing silicon-type compound, fluorine-type compound or hydrocarbon-type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The oxide layer is formed on inner surface of the resin liner. The oxide layer has thickness of 50-100 mu m. The oxide layer is oxide layer of resin contained in resin liner and is formed by oxidizing resin liner.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Liner: The resin liner is formed using polyamide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The diluent is aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. nonane, decane, decalin, p-xylene, undecane, dodecane, liquid paraffin, or mineral oil distillate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane comprises a polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.0x 106 to 5.0x 106 and a molecular weight distribution (MWD) of 2.0-50.0 and a polyethylene having Mw of 2.0x 105 to 9.0x 105 and MWD of 2.0-50.0. The membrane is produced from a mixture of polyolefin and liquid paraffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloy comprises (in wt.%) indium (1-10, preferably 3-7) and silver (90-99, preferably 93-97). The coated product further has an oxide layer (3) provided on top of the conductive layer. The oxide layer contains silicon oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide, or non-stoichiometric sub oxide of silicon oxide such as silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is less than 2) and/or non-stoichiometric sub oxide of titanium oxide such as titanium oxide (TiOx, where x is less than 2). The oxide layer has thickness of less than 50 nm, preferably 5-20 nm. A layer containing nickel is provided closest to the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The conductive layer has electrical conductivity of more than 0.1x 106 (cm.ohm)-1. The conductive layer comprises silver, copper, gold, aluminum or their alloys. The sacrificial layer is formed of silicon oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide, or non-stoichiometric suboxide of silicon oxide such as silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is less than 2), non-stoichiometric suboxide of titanium oxide such as titanium oxide (TiOx, where x is less than 2), and/or non-stoichiometric suboxide of aluminum oxide such as aluminum oxide (Al2Ox, where x is less than 3). The oxide layer has thickness of 10-100 nm, preferably 10-50 nm, more preferably 10-30 nm. The electrical contact further comprises a layer containing nickel or titanium between strip substrate and conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lead-stibium plate grid material further comprises aluminium (0.01-0.08 wt.%) and/or strontium (0.01-0.3 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture of active material layer further contains an electronic-conduction agent chosen from acetylene black, Ketchen black, activated carbon, graphite, carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having alkylene-oxide structure is glyme chosen from methyl diglyme, methyl triglyme, methyl tetraglyme, ethyl diglyme and butyl diglyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion conductive polymer has a polyether structure, and is chosen from polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and their copolymers. The electrolyte layer of lithium ion secondary battery contains a polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode collector is aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flexible substrate, thermistor element and signal lines consist of platinum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate, thermistor element and signal lines consist of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferably Composition: The content of component (A) is 20-90 volume%. The content of component (B) is 3-40 volume%. The content of component (C) is 3-77 volume%. The fluorine-based solvent contains fluorine-containing ether of formula: Rf1ORf2 and/or fluorine-containing carbonate of formula: Rf4OCOORf5. The non-fluorine cyclic carbonate component is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or vinylene carbonate. The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiN(SO 2CF3)2) and/or lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide (LiN(SO2C2F5)2).Rf1=3-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;Rf2=2-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;Rf4=1-4C fluorine-containing alkyl;andRf5=1-4C alkyl optionally contains fluoro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition-metal phosphate has crystal structure of rhombic. The transition-metal phosphate is of formula: NaxMyPO4.x=0-1.5;y=0.8-1.2;andM=transition-metal element such as iron or manganese.Preferred Process: The method further involves contacting aqueous solution containing phosphorus and sodium, and aqueous solution containing transition metal element (M) compound or transition metal element (M) compound, to obtain a liquid, or contacting aqueous solution containing sodium and transition metal element (M) and aqueous solution containing phosphorus, to obtain a liquid, and evaporating water by heating. Preferred Property: The particles of transition-metal phosphate have 50% accumulation particle size (D50) of 0.01-50 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sodium rechargeable battery further has a separator comprising a laminated porous film obtained by laminating a heat-resistant porous layer containing heat resistant resin and porous film containing thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene monomer units (2-40 wt.%). The composition is branched with at least 5% branching. The composition comprises a structure selected from a film. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene monomer units (36 g) and vinylidene fluoride monomer units (107 g) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cannon-shaped receptacles are made of tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum precursor is hexahydrate of hexachloroplatinic acid, ammonia salt of tetrachloroplatinous acid, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate or platinum acetylacetonate. The electroconductive carrier is metallic ore.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The spinnable polymer material is polyvinylpyrrolidone. Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of spinnable polymer material and platinum in precursor in the matrix is 1:1-3:1. The nanofiber has diameter of 10-600 nm and length of 30-900 mu m. The platinum nanofibers in the nanofiber structure has specific surface of 1 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, an aqueous solution containing phosphorus and alkali metal, and transition metal compound or its aqueous solution are mixed to obtain a liquid, and water in the liquid is evaporated to obtain the active material. Alternately, an aqueous solution containing transition metal compound and alkali metal, and aqueous solution containing phosphorus are mixed to obtain a liquid, and water in the liquid is evaporated by heating to obtain the active material. The liquid contains electroconductive material which remains in the active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The battery consists of a separator comprising laminated porous film. The porous film consists of laminate of layer containing heat-resistant resin and porous film containing thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon nanowall is obtained by vapor growth on substrate using catalyst and source gas. The substrate is silicon, copper, nickel or stainless steel. The source gas is hydrocarbon-type gas, methane, ethane, ethylene and/or acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The specific surface area ratio of positive electrode electrically conductive material e.g. amorphous carbon to additive is 50:50-95:5, and the specific surface area ratio of positive electrode conductive material e.g. carbon black to additive is 60:40-95:5. The additive is lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The insulating substrate contains silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic circuit board and signal terminal are made of copper or copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A complex aromatic compound chosen from 2,2'-bipyridine, 3,3'-bipyridine, 4,4'-bipyridine, 2,3'-bipyridine, 2,4'-bipyridine, 3,4'-bipyridine and/or pyrazine, preferably 2,2'-bipyridine and/or pyrazine. The polymer has partial structure of NC=CN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The neutralization salt of water-soluble polymer neutralized salt contains metal ion, preferably lithium ion (50 mol% or more) and sodium ion (3 mol% or more). An electrode contains the binder, and nitroxy radical group-containing high-molecular-weight polymer, metal oxide and crystalline carbon as electrode active material. The metal in metal oxide is chosen from nickel, cobalt, manganese, titanium and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The indicator changes color in acidic region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell coolant composition further contains ion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The concentration of supporting electrolyte is preferably 0.9-1.4 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonimide and/or lithium salt of formula: LiN(O2SC2F5)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains (in vol.%) 1-(2-chloro-2-fluoro-ethoxy)-propane (10-60), cyclic carbonate (3-40) and linear carbonate (10-60).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer composition is polyolefin composition comprising (wt.%) high-density polyethylene ( greater than or equal to 50), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (15), and polypropylene (1); or first polyethylene (40-100) having a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 2x 105-5x 105 and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 5-50; polypropylene (5-50) having Mw of 6x 105-4x 106, Mw/Mn of 3-30, and heat of fusion of greater than or equal to 90 J/g or more; and second polyethylene (0-40) having Mw of 1x 106-5x 106 and Mw/Mn of greater than or equal to 3-30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises a lithium composite oxide of formula (Li alpha MnxM1yM2zO2), which is used as a cathode-active material. The anode comprises a carbonaceous material, an oxide of group IV element or a nitride of group IV element.The electrolyte solution comprises as solvents of: a substituted cyclic carbonate compound of formula (I); a substituted linear carbonate compound of formula (R5-O-C(=O)-O-R6) (II); and a substituted (1,3)dioxol-2-one compound of formula (III), where the composition ratio of (I) is 18-30 vol.%, (II) is 74-81.9 vol.% and that of (III) is 0.1-1 vol.%.The electroconductive filler comprises a carbon material and comprises at least two electroconductive fillers of different types.M1 = Co or Ni;M2 = CO, Ni, Al, B, Fe, Mg or Cr; andR1-R8 = H, F, Cl, 1-3C alkyl or 1-3C fluorinated alkyl.Provided that: the sum of x, y and z is 1; alpha is 0-1.2; x is 0.2-0.6; y is 0.2-0.4; and z is 0.05-0.4    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas generating resin comprises a gas generating resin that reacts endothermically upon thermal decomposition.The gas generating resin generates carbon dioxide upon thermal decomposition and comprises at least two gas generating resins of different types.The electroconductive material comprises a polycarbonate, which has a molecular weight of 1000-1000000.The electroconductive material generates a gas at 50-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode active material comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium cobalt nickel oxide (LiCoxNi(1-x)O2), lithium cobalt manganese nickel oxide (LiCoxMnyNizO2) or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNixCoyAlzO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A source of lithium comprises lithium patch and/or powdered lithium. The third active material comprises electrochemically active lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-producing agent contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The mole ratio of magnesium/calcium in alloy is 100/1-1/100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electroconductive process is any one of non-electrolytic nickel plating process, non-electrolytic copper plating process, nickel sputtering treatment, aluminum, and process involving graphite powder, titanium powder, stainless-steel powder and a binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous non-woven fabric is comprised of polyolefin-type resin fiber. The binder liquid is one selected from group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose solution, polyvinyl alcohol solution and fluoro-resin dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system has desulfurizer that desulfurizes raw fuel using magnetic desulfurization catalyst that contains nickel to produce liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode active material consist of silicon and germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode active material consist of tin, lead, aluminum, lanthanum and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active cathode material is selected from lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium nickel-cobalt oxide (LiNixCo1-xO2), and complex oxide of lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese. The anode material is graphite or other related forms of carbon, silicon, silicon/graphite composites, lithium metal, and lithium alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is polymerizable organic molecule selected from 2,3-dihydrofuran (2,3-DHF), 2,5-dihydrofuran (2,5-DHF), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), dimethyl vinylene carbonate (DMVC), gamma -butyrolactone, or its unsaturated ethers, esters, or carbonates, or inorganic molecule selected from titanium tetramethoxide, titanium tetraethoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, aluminum trimethoxide, aluminum triethoxide, aluminum triisopropoxide, trimethylborate, triethylborate, triisopropyl borate, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetraisopropyl orthosilicate, and further titanium tetra alkoxide, trialkyl borate, aluminum trial oxide, and tetraalkyl orthosilicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The battery contains separator comprising porous polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The aero-generator is a permanent magnet generator. The foundation of magnet generator is fitted on the chassis of motor vehicle. The ex-circle of rotator is uniformly attached with permanent magnets, and a rotator drum is internally set with fan blades. The fan blade is made of aluminium alloy or light plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst microparticles are supported by tip portion of carbon nanohorn. The catalyst microparticles contain iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum, gold, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, magnesium, their precursor or their alloy. The opening is formed at tip of carbon nanohorn or side of carbon nanohorn. Preferred Method: Oxidation removal of portion of carbon nanohorn is carried out at 200-400 degrees C in atmosphere containing oxygen (30 volume% or less). Oxidation removal of carbon nanohorn is carried out by oxidation treatment using oxidizing agent in oxidizing solution (30 volume% or less) from room temperature to 100 degrees C. Carbon nanotube is grown using carbon source compound in mixed gas atmosphere containing inert gas and hydrogen, or inert gas by chemical vapor deposition at 350-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains an electrolytic salt and a solvent (I) for electrolytic salt dissolution. The solvent (I) is fluorine-type solvent such as fluorine-containing ether of formula: R1OR2 (i), fluorine-containing ester of formula: R3COOR4, fluorine-containing linear carbonate of formula: R5OCOOR6 and/or fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate of formula (A) and other carbonates, preferably fluorine-containing ether (i) and/or fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (A). The other carbonates are non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) and non-fluorine linear carbonate (IIB). The non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) is ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate. The non-fluorine linear carbonate (IIB) is dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate.R1=3-6C fluoro-containing alkyl;R2=2-6C fluoro-containing alkyl;R3=1-2C alkyl optionally containing fluoro;R4,R6=1-4C alkyl optionally containing fluoro;R5=1-4C fluoro-containing alkyl;andX1-X4=H, fluoro or 1-4C alkyl optionally containing fluoro.At least one of R4 and R5 is fluoro-containing alkyl. At least one of X1-X4 is fluoro or fluoro-containing alkyl. Preferred Properties: The content of fluorine-type solvent is 10-80 vol.%. The content of other carbonates is 20-90 vol.%. The content of non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) is 10-50 vol.%. The content of non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIB) is 10-80 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat resistant porous layer is made of resin consisting of nitrogen containing aromatic polymer, aromatic polyamide, polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cathode contains carbon material capable of doping and dedoping sodium ion. The carbon material is hardly graphitized carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The porous layer contains heat-resistant resin and two or more types of filler. The heat-resistant resin is nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer, preferably aromatic polyamide. The amount of filler with respect to total of 100 wt.pts is 20-95 wt.pts. The ratio of average particle diameter of each filler is 0.15 or less. The porous layer has thickness of 1-10 mu m. The porous film contains polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The core contains iron-platinum alloy, cobalt-platinum alloy, indium-phosphorus alloy, cadmium-selenium alloy, zinc-selenium alloy, zinc-sulfur alloy, cobalt, gold, silver, iron oxide, titanium oxide and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A silane coupling agent (b) having hydrocarbon group with carbon number equivalent to carbon number of hydrocarbon group of silane coupling agent (a) and which does not comprise a reactive functional group is adhered to circumference of shell. Preferred Group: The reactive functional group is amino group, mercapto group, hydroxyl group, epoxy group, cyano group, isocyanate group or vinyl group. Preferred Properties: The difference of carbon number of hydrocarbon group of silane coupling agent (a) and carbon number of hydrocarbon group of silane coupling agent (b) is 1-3. The molar ratio of silane coupling agent (a) and silane coupling agent (b) is 0.5:9.5-5:5, preferably 2:8-4:6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The thermoplastic resin material is chosen from polyethylene, polystyrene and/or polypropylene. The porous base material contains carbon fiber (10-30 mass%), regenerated fiber (0-20 mass%), pulp (40-85 mass%) and thermosetting resin (5-15 mass%). The pulp contains 10-50 mass% of hemp pulp.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrode catalyst is obtained by mixing ruthenium carbonyl compound, sulfur, and carbon black in a solvent, reducing the mixture by reflux synthesis, and filtering, washing and drying the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal powder contains tin, aluminum, silicon, and/or indium. The mass ratio of the metal powder and sulfide type solid electrolyte is 80:20-50:50. Preferred Property: The volume average particle diameter of metal powder is 100 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The activating atmosphere is hydrous mixed gas. The treatment atmosphere comprises carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen nitrogen and/or argon. The mixed gas contains 24-30% water. Preferred Parameter: The flow rate of hydrous mixed gas is 20000-40000/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The method for preparing the carbon monoxide selective methanation integral catalyst comprises: (a) dissolving the nitrate of cerium (Ce) and zirconium (Zr) in water, adopting ammonia as precipitating agent, controlling the pH value at 9-13, stirring, precipitating, aging, washing, later permuting the water in the deposit with the dry medium, baking at 300-900 degrees C for 5-8 hours after drying; (b) adding the adhesive to form fluid after ball-milling and coating on the porous material substrate; (c) dissolving the precursor of ruthenium (Ru) into the nitric acid liquor, and pre-heating in water; (d) digging the porous material substrate that is coated with the fluid in (b) into the liquor obtained in (c), taking out and baking at 100-160 degrees C for 1-3 hours after drying, and baking at 300-1000 degrees C for 2-5 hours to obtain the product. Preferred Components: The porous material substrate is celadon honeycomb ceramic carrier. The dry medium is anhydrous alcohol. The adhesive is polyethylene glycol. The precursor of Ru is ruthenium chloride (RuCl3). Preferred Composition: Preferably, the mole ratio of Ce and Zr is 1-9:3. Preferably, the coating quantity of the nanometer cerium and zirconium compound oxide is 10-20 wt.% of the porous material substrate. Preferred Process: Drying is vacuum drying, microwave drying, or oven drying. Preferred Conditions: Preferably, baking is carried out at 300-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dry medium is anhydrous alcohol. The precursor of Ru is ruthenium chloride (RuCl3). Preferred Composition: Preferably, the mole ratio of Ce and Zr is 1-9:3. Preferably, the particle diameter of the nanometer ceria-zirconia composite oxide carrier is 5-10 nm. Preferred Process: Drying is vacuum drying, microwave drying, or oven drying. Preferred Conditions: Preferably, baking is carried out at 300-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the non-flammable water gas shift catalyst comprises: (a) reacting the mixed solution of the activated metal constituent and the corresponding dissoluble salt of the composite oxide carrier with the settling agent solution at 50-90 degrees C to form the precipitate; and (b) washing the obtained precipitate by the deionized water and removing the impurity ions; and drying in oven and baking at 300-800 degrees C for 2-8 hours; or (a) mixing the salt solution of the activated metal constituent with the composite oxide carrier or settling by the settling agent; and (b) drying the obtained mixture and baking at 300-800 degrees C. Preferred Components: The dissoluble salt is nitrate or acetate. The settling agent is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, or oxalic acid. Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O) are in contact with the non-flammable shifting catalyst and transformed to be carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and hydrogen gas (H2); or the reformed gas containing CO is in contact with the non-flammable shifting catalyst under the action of vapor to reduce content of CO and use the reformed gas in the fuel battery system; or the CO and H2O are in contact with the non-flammable shifting catalyst to produce hydrogen and to increase the hydrogen content in the mixed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery module box is made of acrylonitrile butadiene and styrene engineering plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water absorbent layer comprises temperature sensitive hydro gel (preferably acrylic acid-grafted carboxymethyl cellulose).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inert gas included in the battery case is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon and helium. The core particle of positive electrode is selected from the cobalt hydroxide, cobalt oxide and cobalt oxyhydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of carbon material and polymer material is 10/90-60/40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inner surface of the light cover is coated with reflective metal section consisting of aluminum, nickel, zinc or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The crystal consists of mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst utilized is platinum metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The plate-shaped section is made of a low-resistance conductive material, where the resistive element is made of copper alloy, copper-manganese alloy, particularly copper-manganese-tin alloy (CuMn7Sn), copper-manganese-nickel alloy, a copper-nickel alloy, particularly CuNi15, CuNi10, CuNi6, CuNi44, CuNi2 or CuNi1, a copper-nickel manganese alloy, particular CuNi23Mn or CuNi30Mn, a nickel alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, particular NiCr6015, NiCr20AISi, NiCr8020 or NiCr3020, a nickel-copper alloy, particularly NiCu30Fe, where nickel is Ni99.2, Ni99.6 or Ni99.98, nickel-iron alloy, particularly NiFe30 or Ni99.4Fe or an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, particularly FeCr25Al5.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The amino group is blocked by carboxylating or acetylating 50-99 mol% of the amino group of high molecular compound using anhydrous carboxylic acid. The carboxyl group is blocked by reacting compound with two or more amino groups including diamine, triamine or polyamine, and aminating 1-50 mol% of carboxyl group of high molecular compound. The physiological medium includes physiological saline, Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM) or culture solution containing cryopreservative composition. The high molecular compound includes ( epsilon )-poly-L-lysine of average molecular weight 1000-20000 or polyacrylic acid of average molecular weight 1000-3 million. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The elevated concentration of carbon and/or graphite is approximately 0.2-6% of an amount of oxide used in the battery paste or preferably includes approximately 2% graphite and 2% carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic material is a lignosulfonate. EXAMPLE - An expander formulation comprising (kg) barium sulfate (8), sodium lignosulfonate (2), and graphite (20) was prepared. When added to a typical negative paste batch produced from 1000 kg of lead oxide, this obtained a negative plate with 0.8% of barium sulfate, 0.2% of sodium lignosulfonate and 2% of graphite, with respect to the oxide used in the paste batch. Lead-acid battery cells having a capacity of 1.74 Ampere-hours were made from negative plates using this expander formulation, and compared to cells using a conventional expander blend comprising (kg) barium sulfate (8), lignosulfonate (3) and carbon black (1). The cells were tested according to a simulated hybrid electric vehicle test schedule comprising a discharge at 3.48 Amperes for one minute followed by a rest period of 30 seconds, which was then followed by a charge at 3.48 Amperes for 1 minute followed by a rest period of 30 seconds. One test sequence was designated as a cycle. This sequence was repeated until the cells failed. The expander formulation gave 224499 cycles, while the conventional expander was capable of only 23477 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion cell comprises positively loaded ions of the metals such as lithium, sodium, magnesium, palladium, aluminum, zinc, cadmium and/or lead, and the positive electrode of the ion cell comprises ion compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, nickel cobalt oxide (Ni1-xCoxO2), nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (LiNi(0.85)Co(0.1)Al(0.05)O2), lithium-nickel-cobalt-magnesium oxide (LiNi(0.33)Co(0.33)Mn(0.33)O2), lithium manganese oxide, spinel or lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heat insulating layer is made of Teflon (RTM: Polytetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chalcogen element is sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium. Preferred Process: The ruthenium containing compound is obtained by mixing ruthenium carbonyl compound, chalcogen and carbon black in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-secondary-battery active material contains lithium-vanadium-phosphorus-boron complex oxide (Li3V2(PO4)3-y(BO3)y), where y is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1/4. Preferred Process: An electroconductive carbonaceous material is deposited on the surface of the active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The torsion plate used for continuously variable transmission has disc-shaped main portion that is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal or diaphragm of the cooling air flow regulating device is formed of high temperature reinforced rubber or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layers are made of aluminum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator and resin layers consist of resin selected from mixture of polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-perfluoro-ethylene, polyamide-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefin-type resin and cellulose resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive substance consists of M2B type boride group metal inclusion, preferably chromium-containing boride. The non-metallic electroconductive substance contains graphite carbon having a face distance of 3.39 Angstrom or more. The conductive layer is formed using a coating composition containing graphite carbon, boride group metal inclusion, and a binder (2 mass% or less).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder contains polyvinylidenefluoride and/or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The battery contains a positive electrode containing lithium, an electrolyte and a negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon matrix has 10-99 volume% of nano-porosity. The lithium-alloying material occupies more than 5% and less than 100% (preferably, more than 75% and less than 100%) of the nano-porosity. The nano-porosity has nano-pores (120) and nano-channels (110) with an average diameter of 1-999 nm (preferably, 1-20 nm). Preferred Composition: Lithium-alloying-material contains tin, silicon, aluminum, germanium, or their alloys. The electrode contains material, binding compound and other additives.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The Stevia material contains mixture of 20 weight parts of Stevia dry matter and 80 weight parts of hay. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Antibacterial; Plant Growth Stimulant.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is water, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone and/or methyl ethyl ketone. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Antiinflammatory; Respiratory-Gen.; No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Substrate: The bacterial carrier substrate is Biolite (RTM: inert carrier material) and/or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material powder is synthetic zeolite powder, yellow soil powder and/or ferrite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin resin, chitosan and/or alginic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing (in wt.%) sludge of water supply and drainage (40-60), sawdust (20-40), lime (5-10) and rice bran (3-7), pre-processing the mixture at 5-10 kHz for 30 minutes-2 hours, adding amino acids into the preprocessed mixture and fermenting the mixture under suitable conditions using microorganisms, preferably Aspergillus niger and Tyromyces palustris (3-7), and finally maturing the fermented mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The drying step is performed at 800-1200 degrees C. The oyster shell is crushed to particle size of 200 meshes or more. The method involves mixing (in wt.%) oyster shell powder (5-90), livestock excretion (5-50) and sludge (5-50). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organometallic is selected from Pd (PPh3)2Cl2, Pd(PPh3)4, Ru(PPh3)2Cl2, Rh (PPh3)2Cl, Pd(dba)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The solid catalyst is clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Acid catalyst, basic catalyst and solid catalyst are also used in the production of dust suppressant. The acid catalyst is selected from sulfuric acid, orthophosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid or hydrobromic acid. The basic catalyst is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, zinc hydroxide or ferric hydroxide. The solid catalyst is selected from calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or zeolite. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium sulfate are also used in the production of dust suppressant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, acrylic acid, muriatic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or their mixture. Additives, flocculants and coagulants are also used in the purification of crude glycerin. Aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, ferric sulfate and ferrous sulfate are also used in the purification of crude glycerin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Anionic polymers, non-anionic polymers, cationic polymers and polycations are also used in the purification of crude glycerin.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: In the composition for controlling the plant disease, the plant extracts is extracted from the Dipsacus asper. Alternatively, the composition for controlling the plant disease comprises the plant extract as an active ingredient including the hederagenin saponin compound indicated as chemical formula 1 or the chemical formula 2, and their mixture. The plant extract is extracted using a solvent selected from: alcohol aqueous solution, hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and their mixture. The plant extracts is included to 10-4000 mu g/ml concentration. The chemical formula 1 or the hederagenin saponin compound indicated as the chemical formula 2 is included to 30-1000 mu g/ml concentration. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant; Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Water or hydrophilic phase contains oil-soluble component. Oil or hydrophobic phase contains one or more water-soluble components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: In the one-step anaerobic dry fermentation device, two gas spraying holes which are symmetrical to the vertical central line are processed on the lower part of the radiation pipe (16) along the same length; the diameter of the gas spraying hole is 6-10 mm; the inclined angle between the central line of the gas spraying hole to the vertical central line is 30-60 degrees ; and the top of the tank (1) is a cone and the bottom is a cone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Machine: In the biological organic fertilizer blending machine, the blending shaft (11) is composed of a left blending shaft (18) and a right blending shaft (19) that are linked with each other; an outputting shaft of the speed reduction box (7) is linked with a second blending shaft (12); the left outputting shaft and the right outputting shaft of the speed reduction box (7) are respectively linked with the second blending shaft (12) by a left universal joint (5), a right universal joint (16), a left transmission case (4), and a right transmission case (8); the second blending shaft (12) is composed of a left blending shaft, a right blending shaft, and a middle blending shaft (20) that are linked with each other; the stander at side of the blending shaft (11) is set with a baffle plate (17); the stander is composed of a bracket (3), a left end beam (1), and a right end beam (9); the left end and right end of the bracket (3) are respectively linked with the left end beam (1) and the right end beam (9); two ends of the left end beam (1) and the right end beam (9) are respectively set with a drive wheel (14) and a driven wheel (10) that are linked by a chain (5); and the drive wheel (14) is linked with a drive motor (2) located on the end beam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Organism: The microbial agent comprises soil microorganism chosen from Bacillus, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Clostridium and Pseudomonas. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: In the mechatronic waste straw biogas centralized supply system, the sensors and controllers for collecting and controlling the parameters of the system comprises a transfer belt control unit (18), a positive pressure gas pump control unit (17) and a negative pressure gas pump control unit (18); a material tank input control unit (19), a material tank output control unit (21) and a material tank pressure sensor (20) arranged on the material tank (2); a residue discharge output unit (22), a blending control unit (23), a liquid level sensor (24) and a temperature sensor (25), arranged on the fermenting tank (7); a desulfurization dewatering control unit (26) arranged on the biogas purifying unit (11); and a storage input control unit (27), a gas cabinet temperature sensor (28), a gas cabinet sensor (29) and a storage output control unit (30), arranged at the biogas storage unit (27).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The organic byproduct is chosen from straw, rice hull and sawdust. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The analogous pheromone is hexyl acetate, neryl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde, pentanol or isoamyl acetate. ACTIVITY - Insect attractant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic effluent contains ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate or fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adsorption solution contains 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating oil comprises nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium and/or rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical propane, supercritical butane and supercritical dimethyl ether.
EXAMPLE - None given.
EXAMPLE - None given.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insect Repellent; Plant Growth Stimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method : The sanitizing step comprises drying the sludge, adding hydrogen peroxide to the sludge or adding lime and/or slaked lime to the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mixed fermentation fluid in step (iii) comprises (in parts by wt.) calcium sulfate (0.5-1.5) and gypsum (0.5-1.5). The agricultural straw is corn straw, broom corn straw, rice straw or wheat straw. The livestock manure is chicken manure, dairy manure or pig manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The potato cell sap is vacuum concentrated, when the organic matter content is less than or equal to 6%. The vacuum degree is 0.06-0.08 MPa, the temperature is 30-45 degrees C, the time is 50-120 minutes and the organic matter content of the concentrated potato cell sap is 6-10%. The organic matter content of potato cell sap is greater than or equal to 10%, the sap is diluted by adding water until the organic matter content of the concentrated potato cellular sap is 6-10%. Preferred Components: The potato cell sap and dry potato pulp are replaced by cassava cell sap, dry cassava pulp, sweet potato cell sap, dry sweet potato pulp, corn straw juice or corn straw powder. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The ratio of the water power residence time of the first-grade aeration pool, oxygen deficit pool and second-grade aeration pool is 1.5-2:5:3-3.5. The volume of the biological mass placed in the first-grade aeration pool is 50-70% of the effective volume of the first-grade aeration pool and the volume of the biological mass placed in the second-grade aeration pool is 40-60% of the effective volume of the second-grade aeration pool. Preferred Method: The biological mass is placed in the first-grade aeration pool and the second-grade aeration pool.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Smoke suppressor, combustion promoter and desulfurizer are also used in the butyl alcohol fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methanol solution is prepared by using acetanilide, benzotriazole, linoleic acid dimer and 2,6-tert.-butyl-p-cresol. The gasoline solution is prepared by using polyisobutylene amine and polyether amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A condensing agent is used in the biological oil and carbon powder production device. The condensing agent is methanol, acetone or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is selected from palladium/carbon catalyst, platinum/carbon catalyst, ruthenium/carbon catalyst or rhodium/carbon catalyst. An acid is used for regulating pH value of the aqueous acidic solution. The acid is sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lignin is acid-hydrolyzed lignin or alkali lignin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A catalyst is used in catalytically hydrogenating process. The catalyst is palladium/ gamma -aluminum oxide catalyst or palladium/carbon catalyst. A carrier gas is also used in the refining of the biological oil. The carrier gas is nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biological oil is refined by adding crude biological oil, catalyst and organic solvent in a catalytic hydrogenation reactor. Hydrogen is also added into the catalytic hydrogenation reactor from a hydrogen storing tank to make 2-8MPa of pressure of hydrogen in the catalytic hydrogenation reactor at 140-300 degrees C for 10-120 minutes to obtain oil and aqueous mixture. The oil and aqueous mixture is separated by an oil-water separator, where water phase product obtained from bottom of the oil-water separator. The oil phase product is pumped into a raw material mixer by a metering pump. The oil phase product is mixed with paraffin oil in raw material mixer to obtain a mixed product. The mixed product is cracked in presence of a catalyst at 200-550 degrees C to obtain catalytic cracking product. The catalytic cracking product is refined in bottom of a collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Methanol gasoline additive comprises (in %): n-butanol (35), ethanol (20), acetone (8), tert.-butanol (7), lauryl alcohol (7), 2-6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylphenol (3), copper corrosion inhibitor AH-BSF-217 (2), isopropyl ether (14) and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (4). Preferred Components: Methanol gasoline additive further comprises (in %): methanol gasoline additive (0.5-5), methanol (15-60) and oil component (34.7-84).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The absorbing agent in the absorbing column is activated carbon, active carclazyte, or 4AO molecular screen. The solvent for recrystallization is benzene, methylbenzene, petroleum ether, or cyclohexane; where the ratio of solute to solvent is 0.5-2.5. Preferred Conditions: The absorbing temperature is 50-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst placed in the plasma reactor is metal catalyst selected from ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, chromium or their mixtures. A loaded-type catalyst is used in the catalyzing process, where the loaded-type catalyst comprises charcoal, carbon, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, phosphate, carbonate, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide or macromolecular polymer. The catalyst is modified or decorated by metal or non-metal element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or ammonia water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. The acid is glacial acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl isopropanol is dodecylisopropanol or myristyl isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The strontium salt is strontium chloride, strontium nitrate or strontium citrate. The boron containing compound is boric acid, borax, sodium borate, potassium borate, metaboric acid, sodium metaborate, potassium metaborate, tetraboric acid, sodium tetraborate or potassium tetraborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyol is ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. The thinner is high purity water, absolute methyl alcohol, ethanol, glacial acetic acid and/or formic acid, preferably high purity water.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant growth stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ammonium nitrate effluent is generated in ammonium nitrate production. The flue gas comprises sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide generated by coal gasification or combustion. The desulfurizer is liquid ammonia and/or ammonia. The nitrate content of ammonium nitrate/sulfate is more than 23%. The ammonia containing effluent comprises neutralized condenser liquid, concentrated condensing liquid and effluent generated by leakage in the production of ammonium nitrate. Preferred Method: The cooling crystallizing temperature of ammonium nitrate/sulfate is 46-48 degrees C and the stirring rate of the crystallizing process is 200 rotations/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: In the method, the mixture comprises (in wt.%) chicken manure (60), sheep manure (10), maize straw (10) and garlic straw (pseudostem tissue) (10), and the mixture is used for forming the fermented fluid after fermenting. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: irrigating the fermented fluid body in the tree cavity after budding 30 days in spring with the newly planted apple; applying the ferment fluid by using the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer composition at the middle of the June, middle of the July and middle of August; applying the ferment fluid board once at the middle of May, middle of the June, middle of the July and middle of August the second and the third years of planting the tree; and applying the ferment fluid by using the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer composition, where the quantity of mixture used each time in the garden is 1 m3 per unit area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The diammonium multi-microbial bio-organic refined efficient fertilizer comprises: (in parts by wt): either organic waste material (44), potassium chloride (10), humic acid (10), trace elements (0.6), microorganism (0.4), urea (5), diammonium phosphate (15) and ammonium chloride (5); or organic waste material (44), potassium chloride (15), humic acid (10), trace elements (0.4), microorganism (0.6), urea (10), diammonium phosphate (10) and ammonium chloride (10); or organic waste material (49), potassium chloride (10), humic acid (15), trace elements (0.6), microorganism (0.4), urea (5), diammonium phosphate (10) and ammonium chloride (10). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of the noble metal platinum is 0.5-1% of the total weight of the catalyst. The content of the auxiliary catalyst A and the auxiliary catalyst B is 0.1-7% and 2-3% of the total weight of the catalyst, respectively. The carrier gamma -aluminum oxide particle is spherical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biological alcoholic liquid fuel comprises (pts.wt.) alcoholic liquid (650), dimethylbenzene (150), naphtha (150), and additive (50). The alcoholic liquid is methanol and/or ethanol. The dimethylbenzene is p-xylene and/or o-xylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate or ethanol. The molar concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate is 0.001 mol/L. The refrigerant used in jacket of reaction kettle is ethanol or glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The gel is soaked in urea solution (10-53.8%). The liquid urea (2-15 fractions) is mixed with gel (1 fraction). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid catalyst is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or para-toluene sulfonic acid. Preferred Condition: The pressure of the esterification reactor is 0.09-0.12 MPa and temperature is 180-200 degrees C. The pressure of the methanol generator is 0.10-0.13 MPa and temperature is 65-80 degrees C. The methanol flow in the generator is 80-120 m3/hour.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bottom oil is Jatropha curcas bottom oil, rubber seed bottom oil or cotton seed bottom oil.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic silicon source contains silica. The aluminum is obtained by dissolving an inorganic aluminum compound in water, where inorganic aluminum compound comprises aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, sodium aluminate or alumina. Sodium oxide and silica are also used for synthesizing ZSM-5 molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkyl alcohol (1-4C alkyl alcohol), 1-4C alkyl amine and 1-4C alkyl sulfonic acid are also used in to prepare ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The woody nutrient comprises powder of bran, wheat bran, plant fiber and saw dust. The crop straw comprises crushed substance of flower straw, maize straw, wheat straw, rice straw and vegetable leaf. The microbial composite bacterial strain comprises actinomycetes, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, saccharomycetes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. The plant growth regulating agent is composed of compound sodium nitrophenolate and alpha -naphthyl acetic acid with ratio of 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The fertilizer composition comprises (in wt.%.) farm manure (5-15), humic acid (10-30), grass carbonate (5-8), nutrient (15-30), a synergistic agent (3-6) and boric sludge (remaining). The farm manure comprises a main ingredient (94-97%) and auxiliary materials (3-6%). The main ingredient comprises a mixture of 2-4 materials from wheat straw hood, straw, corncob, cottonseed hull, cornstalk powder, beanstalk powder, cotton waste, wheat bran, rice hull, sawdust, cotton stalk powder, weeds, furfural slag, xylose slag, bagasse, fresh distillers grains, rapeseed cake, cow dung, chicken manure, horse dung, sheep dung, rabbit dung, fecal matter, pigpen manure and pond sludge. The auxiliary materials comprises a mixture of 3-6 materials from soybean cake powder, cottonseed cake, wheat bran, urea, a fertilizer composition, calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, lime powder, gypsum powder, calcium carbonate, plant ash, monopotassium phosphate, saccharose, ammonia water, three-dimensional nutrition edible mushroom, saccharated yeast, silkworm chrysalis meal, glucose and vitamin B1. The nutrient comprises (in wt.%.) urea (20-30), phosphorus pentoxide or calcium superphosphate (20-30) and potassium chloride or potassium sulfate (15-30). The synergistic agent is an agricultural synergistic agent. The fermentation microbial inoculum inoculates silicate bacteria, Azotobacter chroococcum, Actinomyces, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodobacter sphaeroides, which are mixed at 60-70 degrees C and 200 rotations in the weight ratio of 1:1:1:1:1 and cultured by ventilating dissolved oxygen in a ratio of 1:0.5, until the culture is odorless. The microbial fertilizer is applied to soil matrix according in a quantity of 15-50 kg/ mu at one time, and planting the flowers. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The volume proportion between the component I and the component II is 1:0.5. The variable count of the component I is more than 5x 109/g while the variable count of the component II is more than 12x 109/g. Preferred Method: The application of low temperature rapid fermentation agent for livestock manure in cold regions and/or crop stalk fermentation, comprises adding the low temperature compound fermentation agent to the composting materials in low temperature seasons according to the volume proportion of 1:200, adjusting the moisture to 50-60% through the powder of the crop stalks, uniformly mixing, and then pushing the mixture into the fermenting groove or the composted stack, turning over the stack according to the temperature, when the temperature of the material increases to more than 55 degrees C, cooling and supplying oxygen, and keeping the high temperature for more than 6 days such that the material reaches the rotten degrees after 15 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of palladium chloride in the step (i) is 2-4 mmol/l, preferably 2 mmol/l; and the soaking time of the silver bar in the palladium chloride solution is 2-4 minutes, preferably 3 minutes. The concentration of hydrazine in the step (i) is 1.5-3 mol/l, preferably 2 mol/l; and that of ammonia is 015-0.25 mol/l, preferably 0.2 mol/l. The soaking time of the silver bar in the alkaline ammonia solution of hydrazine is 2-4 minutes, preferably 3 minutes. The concentration of palladium chloride in the step (ii) is 5-15 mmol/l, preferably 10 mmol/l. The concentration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is 0.15-0.25 mol/l, preferably 0.2 mol/l and that of ammonium hydroxide is 5-8 mol/l, preferably 6.5 mol/l. The concentration of hydrazine is 10-20 mmol/l, preferably 15 mmol/l; pH is 9-11, preferably 11; and the reaction temperature is 45-55 degrees C, preferably 50 degrees C. The reaction time is 50-70 minutes, preferably 60 minutes. The radioactive palladium (103Pd) solution is added in the step (ii) before implementing the chemical plating reaction. The activity of the source core is controlled to 0.5-2 mCi by adjusting the adding volume of the palladium (103Pd) solution. Preferred Components: The palladium chloride can be substituted for salt solution e.g. palladium acetate, palladium nitrate, palladium sulfate and palladium acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The content of the yeast in the brewer's yeast mud is 40-60%, the content of the crude protein is 5-8% and the sugar content is 5-10%. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fertilizer comprises 20.35-22.94% of organic matter and 20.35-27.41% of total nutrient. The total nutrient comprises (mass%) nitrogen (11.46-12.89), phosphorus pentoxide (5.27-7.37), and potassium oxide (3.62-7.15). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal salt is potassium sulfate, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, or preferably potassium bisulfate. The gas in step (C) is hydrogen chloride. The metal catalyst is palladium catalyst, preferably palladium on carbon or palladium oxide. The gas in step (D) is hydrogen. The alkali is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or preferably lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic solvent is benzene, xylene, or preferably toluene. The ether solvent in step (B) is diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, or preferably tetrahydrofuran. The organometal solvent is linear zinc alkyl or zinc aryl, preferably benzyl zinc bromide. The solvent in step (C) is tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or preferably methanol or ethanol. The solvent in step (D) is ethanol or preferably methanol. The ether solvent in step (D) is dioxane or preferably tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The composition is prepared in form of wettable powder by using (in wt.%): epoxiconazole (1-80), validamycin A (2-50), additives (5-15) and carrier (10-80). Preferred Components: Additive is dispersant, wetting agent, anti-freezing agent, thickener, defoamer or their mixtures. Dispersant is selected from sodium lignin sulfonate, sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate or alkylphenol polyoxyethylene phosphate. Wetting agent is lignosulfonate, alkylaryl polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, polyoxyethylene ether of fatty acid, alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether formaldehyde condensate or sorbitan fatty acid ester. Anti-freezing agent is glycerol, propanediol, sodium chloride or urea. Thickener is xanthan gum, magnesium aluminum silicate, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate or polyvinyl alcohol. Defoamer is organic silicon defoamer. Carrier is clay, kaolin, bentonite, diatomite, silicon dioxide, light calcium carbonate or their mixtures. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel comprises powder garbage (80-90%), coal (5-15%) and combustion improver (1-5%). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Parameter: The amount of Spirodela is equal or greater than the amount of water-bloom divide by 3.6x 107. Preferred Process: Spirodela increases the expression level of the gene which codes chalcone synthase.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganism agent is bacteria and/or epiphytes. The epiphyte is Trichoderma, aspergillum and/or Penicillium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises hydrolyzing the crop straw by a hydrolyzing agent, fermenting under an anaerobic condition to obtain methane, acid hydrolyzing and acidizing the residual solid to obtain activated carbon, and further comprises using the methane obtained by anaerobic digestion as energy, heating and carbonizing. Preferred Components: The content of sulfur in the methane is 25-300 ppm and the content of methane is 50-90%. The volume of gas producing rate of the methane-producing system is 0.6-1 m3 divide by m3x d.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The sludge is from the concentration tank. The amount of total solids is 6-8%. The proportion of the sludge is 98-99%, and medicine is 1-2%. Preferred Method: The sludge is sieved to 1.25 cm for removing the suspension substances. The method further comprises infusing nitrogen for 3 minutes after evenly mixing the sludge with the medicine, and maintaining the anaerobic environment, where the intermediate temperature is 35 plus minus 2 degrees C and the reaction time is 200 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The medicine is 2-methyl-1-(2-(ethylsulfonyl) ethyl)-5-nitro-1H-imidazole, which is white in color and has the particle diameter of 100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Processes: The age of the housefly maggot is 4-5 days. The housefly maggot is baked and squeezed to obtain the oil material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The age of B. peregrine is 4-5 days. The B. peregrine is baked and squeezed to obtain oil material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The age of black soldier fly larvae is 20-30 days. The black soldier fly larvae is baked and squeezed to obtain oil material.
ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Antidiarrheic; Gastrointestinal-Gen; Endocrine-Gen; Immunostimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fermentation process includes anaerobic fermentation at 55 degrees C for 120 hours and anaerobic fermentation at 35 degrees C for 120 hours; or aerobic fermentation at 55 degrees C for 120 hours and aerobic fermentation at 35 degrees C for 120 hours. After the plant waste is fermented, earthworms are put in according to the density of 250 earthworms/kg. The feeding step is carried out at 20 degrees C and the earthworms are raised for 40-60 days and separated. After determination, the pH of the left earthworm manure is 7-8, which has high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and 10% of humic acid; and organic matter is present at more than 20%. Magnesium, sulfur, iron and other trace elements are included. Preferred Component: The plant waste comprises wheat straw, rice straw, root of leaf vegetable, shell of peanut and other leguminous plant, where the weight ratio between rice straw, wheat straw, and root of leaf vegetable is 5:5:1, and weight ratio between rice straw, wheat straw, root of leaf vegetable, and peanut shell is 5:5:1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves stirring the above-mentioned raw materials for 180 minutes, pulverizing the stirred mixture, transferring the pulverized mixture into fermenting pond and stacking the mixture, covering and pressing the mixture tightly using thick plastic cloth, fermenting the mixture for 80 hours in sealed manner, sprinkling human wastewater (2:1.5) to the mixture when turning the stack, turning the stack from bottom to top, from inside to outside, from outside to inside and from top to bottom, covering and pressing the mixture tightly using thick plastic cloth, fermenting the mixture for 80 hours, maintaining the fermenting temperature at 78 degrees C or more, turning the stack once in every 80 hours, sprinkling human wastewater while turning the stack every time, turning the stack for five times, transferring the fermented fertilizer into mold with height of 20 cm, width of 15 cm and length of 30 cm to prepare the fertilizer into blocks and pressing the fertilizer blocks tightly to obtain the product. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The contents of green cucumber liquid, triclosan, propylene glycol, allantoin and RO pure water are changed and the weight percentages of the cotton spunlace fabric and the mixed liquid are changed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material gas is waste coal gas comprising (in weight%) hydrogen (29.03), carbon dioxide (12.86), carbon monoxide (12.11), nitrogen (39.58), methane (6.25) and oxygen (0.17).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: At least one pipe opening for adding water and electrolyte solution and a cover body screwed with the former are mounted on the top face of the sealed electrolytic bath. A valve device is mounted on the manifold between the exhaust opening of the electrolytic bath and the air inlet of the engine. The electric pipeline comprises a manifold for transmitting the gas, an electrolytic power supply wire for high voltage transmission, and a universal signal electric wire for transmitting the control signal. The shape of the electrolytic bath comprises the rectangular cube, sphere and ellipse and it is mounted in the free space at the front or back part of the motor vehicle and the volume of the electrolytic bath adapts the size of the free space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In the method, the fermenting temperature is 55-80 degrees C; the humidity is 45-70%; and the fermented material and corn ash are crushed to 10-100 mesh and baked.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant extraction residue is the remaining parts of Magnolia officinalis, Radix Baphicacanthus cusia, Sarcandra glabra, peppermint, Perilla and other essence plants. The active bacterium number in the organic material fermenting agent is greater than or equal to 0.6 hundred million/g. The organic material fermenting agent is the powdered agent of saccharomycetes, Bacillus, filamentous fungus and actinomycetes. The Bacillus is phosphorus dissolving bacterial spores and potassium releasing bacterial spores. The grain diameter of the plant extraction residue and straw is 3-15 mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of the fertilizer, comprises: stirring the raw materials in a stirrer for 180 minutes, taking out and introducing in a granule grinder of 2% to smash, taking out and introducing into a fermenting pool to stack, covering tightly and compacting with a thick plastic cloth, fermenting for 80 hours in a closed manner, proceeding the first turning stack, adding with 2:1.5 of human excrement water while turning, adding the human excrement water while turning, paying attention to turn the down to the up, the inside to the outside, the outside to the inside and the up to the down, adding the human excrement water uniformly, timely covering tightly and compacting with a thick plastic cloth after turning the stack, continuing fermenting for 80 hours, keeping the fermenting temperature greater than 78 degrees C, turning the stack for every 80 hours, adding with 2:1.5 of human excrement water while each turning and turning the down to the up, the inside to the outside, the outside to the inside and the up to the down, continuously turning five times, introducing the fermented colicweed fertilizer in a mold which is 20 cm high, 15 cm wide and 30 cm long to beat into a fertilizer piece, where the beaten fertilizer pieces must be compacted, tamped and are not easy to smash, and thus preparing the qualified colicweed fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar cell plate is located at the lower surface of the furnace body. The portable furnace further comprises an accumulator located in the furnace body, where the anode and cathode input ends of the accumulator are respectively connected to the anode and the cathode of the solar cell plate by the lead wire and the upper surface of the furnace body has an optical belt which is electrically connected to the anode and cathode output ends of the accumulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The raw material has apparent density of 0.128 g/cm3. The solid fuel product has density of 0.65-0.9 g/cm3 with respect to apparent density of lignite and bituminous coal. The weight ratio of raw material, additive and diluent is 70-80:15-20:50-10. Preferred Component: The additive is chosen from coal ash, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, hydroxymethyl cellulose and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The multi-bacteria comprises (wt.%) hemicellulose decomposing bacteria (10-70, preferably 30-40), mixture (10-50, preferably 20-30) of wood dissolving bacteria and protein dissolving bacteria, and effective microorganism bacteria, azotobacter or phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (30-50).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic mine powder is powdered rock phosphate, powdered rock potassium and/or apatite. The acid is hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. The dilute alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The filter absorbing device comprises activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer comprises (wt.%) animal excrement (30-80), crop straw (20-60), acid (2-10), powder mine dust (2-10), inorganic mine powder (1-30), multi-bacteria aerobic ferment (0.002-3), and dilute alkaline solution (balance). Preferred Method: The organic fertilizer is processed by processing agriculture waste; adding powder mine dust, inorganic mine powder and adding acid; mixing; adjusting pH value; adding multi-bacteria and inoculating inorganic material; mixing; fermenting; granulating; and drying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solar ferment tower is made of plastic and/or glass. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The four-item separator of anaerobic digestion device also comprises a central pipe pillar for supporting the four-item separator; where the upper end of the central pipe pillar is set with an air collection hole; the low part is set with an air outlet leading pipe, a water outlet leading pipe, and a slagging leading pipe; an air resistance board is arranged on the central pipe pillar positioned around the upper section of the reaction region; the air resistance board penetrates through an angle steel rack to be fixed; a guiding flowing board is mounted above the air resistance board winding the central pipe pillar; the space of a squared body structure surrounded by the guiding flowing board is a certain distance between the guiding flowing board and the air resistance board and the subsiding region; an ash pit and a water outlet slot are furnished at the top part of the guiding flowing board from outside to inside; a water passing channel is arranged between the ash pit and the water outlet slot; the region in the ash pit is the slagging region; and the region in the water outlet slot is the water outlet region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the groove-type fermentation biomass pool, a feed tube (6) is arranged at the outlet of the fermenting tank (8) and is lower than the movable grid (10); the automatic dreg-discharge tube (16) and the feed tube (6) are arranged oppositely; the movable grid (10) and the tank cover (11) are separately and movably connected with the biomass pool body (7); at least two rows of the stirring tubes (14) are arranged; the stirring tubes (14) are connected with a pressure pump; the inlet of the pressure pump is connected with the biogas slurry of the hydraulic pressure tank (18) or adjunctively connected with methane; an incline (9) is arranged at the tank bottom of the fermenting tank (8); and the inlet of the automatic dreg-discharge tube (16) is arranged at the lowest position of the fermenting tank (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The carbonized material is pushed to the flowing gas activation furnace through a spiral propeller. Preferred Composition: The water content in the fresh China fir sawdust is 30-40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier is chosen from silicon dioxide, kieselguhr, light calcium carbonate, bentonite, kaolin and attapulgite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The emulsible powder comprises (in wt.%): etofenprox (5-30), wetting-dispersing agent (8-15) and solvent (1-6). Preferred Components: The wetting-dispersing agent is chosen from sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate, sodium lignin sulfonate, calcium lignin sulfonate, methyl naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate, sodium salt of alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid polycondensate, compound of anionic surfactant and nonionic surfactant, castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether, calcium dibutyl naphthalene sulfonate, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether and phenethyl phenyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether. The solvent is chosen from solvent oil, dimethylbenzene, toluene and N,N-dimethylformamide. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The wetland plant comprises emergent aquatic plant, floating plant, submerged plant and hygrophyte. The emergent aquatic plant is selected from reed, cattail, Juncus effusus, calamus, canna, Iris wilsonii, wild rice shoots, Cyperus alternifolius, Thalia dealbata or Vetiveria zizanioides. The floating plant is selected from water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, duckweed, hyacinth, lotus, water lily, Azolla imbricata or water hyacinth. The submerged plant is selected from eel grass, Hydrilla verticillata, waterweed or watermilfoil. The wetland plant is selected from Nutgrass flatsedge, dryland willow, Metasequoia or Taxodium ascendens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The matrixes are selected from zeolite, broken stone, gravel, peat, cobble, ceramsite, steel slag, coal or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of the methane production area-I to the three-phase separating area-II to the desulfurization-denitrification area-III is 2:1:1-4:1:1. The upper end of the methane purifying constant pressure pipe is 1-2 cm higher than the liquid level in the desulfurization-denitrification cylinder; the upper end of the nitrifying waste water self-flowing pipe is as high as the liquid level in the first desulfurization-denitrification cylinder. The lower end of the nitrifying waste water self-flowing pipe is 2-4 cm lower than the liquid level in the second desulfurization-denitrification cylinder. The sewage funnel is conic, and the bottom angle alpha of the sewage funnel is 100-120 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Rotifer is used as a microorganism for processing sewage material. Probiotic is Bacillus or photosynthetic bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of ammonia water is 25-28 mass%. Step (D) comprises grinding and mixing by agate mortar; and filtering sample by 100-mesh sieve, where dilute H2SO4 used for steeping is at 0.5-1 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the combustion core for lamp candle, the multi-pore column is internally set with at least one vertical through hole; the multi-pore column is set with at least one vertical groove; the surface of the multi-pore column is covered by a thin wax oil layer; and the multi-pore column is a multi-pore carbon strip. In the lamp candle, the fuel layer is a solid or liquid fuel layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oil with high acid value is oil having acid value greater than 80 mg potassium hydroxide/g, and is selected from cooking oil, palm waste oil, swill oil, or waste cooking oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The external source bacteria is fermented in culture medium at 35-39 degrees C and 0.05-0.008 MPa, prior to injecting into the target oil storage. The activating agent, the external source bacteria and air is periodically injected once every four months.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fermentation culture medium comprises (wt.%) plant oil (5-9), sodium nitrate (0.8-1.5), sodium acid phosphate (0.15-0.3), potassium acid phosphate (0.1-0.5), magnesium phosphate (0.025-0.05), calcium chloride (0.01-0.05), yeast cream (0.1-0.5), molybdic acid sodium (0.001-0.006), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (0.004-0.008), copper sulfate (0.001-0.008), boric acid (0.001-0.008), and sodium chloride (0.001-0.008).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activating agent is an emulsion activating agent and a gas-producing activating agent. The emulsion activating agent comprises (wt.%) honey (1-3), long chain alkane (40-45), potassium acid phosphate (0.8-1.5), and ammonium nitrate (2-5). The gas-producing activating agent comprises (wt.%) honey (3-9), bran (1-3), potassium acid phosphate (1-2), and ammonium nitrate (0.5-0.8). The long chain alkane is 12C or 16C alkane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fertilizer comprises (wt.%) organic matter (25.9-27.75) and total nutrient content (16.12-18.67). The total nutrient comprises (wt.%) nitrogen (7.8-8.39), phosphorus pentoxide (4.57-5.38), and potassium (3.75-4.9). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The Lewis alkali catalyst is zinc chloride, tin chloride and aluminum chloride. The carrier is silicon dioxide powder or titanium dioxide powder. The alkali aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The chloromethylating reagent is ClCH2O(CH2)mCH3. The solvent is chloroform.m=4-12.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The obtained S.chinensis extract is filtered using water. The dried residue of S.chinensis is filtered using alcohol or aqueous alcohol solution. The pH of the filter residue of S.chinensis is adjusted to 8 using alkali. The aqueous alcohol solution is ethanol having a concentration of 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The purified water is sent to the drug pool. The prepared medicine in the pool is mixed with medicine liquid and introduced into a medicine measuring storage tank. The medicine liquid is replaced from the storage tank to a material blender and is sent back to the production line manufacturing metal sheet immediately after being uniformly stirred with other materials. The purified water, being flowed back to the purifying pond, cleans the production line device and the field by booster pumps through the production line cleaning pipe. The produced sewage, through cleaning is flowed to a sewage sedimentation basin, a sewage chemical treating pond through the sewage recycling channel, and to the purifying pond to be recycled. The purified water after cleaning the production line device and the field forms a sewage deposition, where the deposition formed in the sewage sedimentation basin and the sewage chemical treating pond after being dried is used for producing metal sheet. The metal sheet water treating pond has multiple compartments and connected mutually, where the water in the pond is recycled between the compartments.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The weight ratio of waste cooking oil and methanol is 20:4-6, and waste cooking oil and alkaline ion liquid catalyst is 250:2-3, and waste cooking oil and saturated sodium chloride is 100:5-8, and waste cooking oil and saturated hot water is 50:3-5. The temperature of saturated sodium chloride solution and hot water is 60 degrees C. The temperature during removal of water is 95-105 degrees C. The distilling temperature is 70 degrees C. The waste cooking oil comprises animal oil (9-48 weight%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The volume of the water storage area is greater than the plant grid body, the shortest edge at the bottom of the water storage area is longer than the diagonal line of the plant grid area. The plant grid area is composed of a plant growth area (4), a microorganism processing area (5) and a grid frame. The grid frame is equipped with a microorganism processing area and a plant growth area from bottom to top. The microorganism processing area is paved with an absorptive filling material. A net-like body is provided out of the absorptive filling material. The high-absorption filling material is composed of a ceramic granular layer of 8-30 cm thick and a zeolite layer of 3-10 cm. The zeolite layer is above the ceramic granular layer. The plant growth area is a net-like body of the microorganism processing area planted with at least one of water spinach, vetiver, cattail, wild rice shoot, cress or rye-grass, where the planting density is 50-120 strains/m2. The net-like body is palm fiber. The plant grid frame is cylindrical, elliptical, prismatical, vase-shaped or curve-shaped and made of bamboo or batten, whose outer diameter is 3-6 cm, the bottom face and the side faces of the plant grid frame are made of net-like structures of 0.5-1 cm. The net-like structure is zinc-plated iron wire net, a rattan-knitted net or a bamboo knitted net. The front and rear edges at the upper end of the plant grid frame are further provided with fences, the height of the fence is 1/2-2/3 of the plant in ripe stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline compound comprises sodium acetate, sodium propionate, sodium formate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, triethylamine, 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane, N,N-diisopropylethylamine and/or 1,8-diazocyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7. The phase transfer catalyst comprises tetrabutylammonium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The optionally substituted (2-bromo-2-nitro-vinyl)benzene compound is of formula (IV). The 1,3-dicarbonyl compound is of formula (V) or (VI), (VII) or (VIII), or (R10-C(=O)-CH2-C(=O)-CH3) (IX) or (R10-C(=O)-CH=CH(OH)-CH3) (X). Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 10-100 degrees C for 1-96 hours. The post-treatment comprises: washing the reduced product with water and recrystallizing it with aqueous ethanol solution; or extracting the reduced product using ethyl acetate, reducing the pressure of the extracting liquid and removing the solvent; and carrying out column chromatography. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilizing agent is sorbierite, isopropanol, glycol, succinic acid, or adipic acid. The diluting solvent is alcohol solution. The wetting dispersant is lignosulfonate, sodium dinaphthylmethane disulfonate, sodium dinaphthylmethane bis-methylstyryl disulfonate, macromolecular hydroxy acid salt. The cosolvent is isoamyl alcohol, ethyl acetoacetate and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. The stabilizing agent is epoxidized soyabean oil or epoxidized flax seed oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The emulsifying agent I is alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, fatty acid ethoxylates, nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, pesticide emulsifier BS, triphenylethylene p-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether, alkylbenzene sulfonate, or alkylnaphthalene sulfonate. The antifoaming agent is organosilicone or polyglycerin. The wetting dispersant is alkylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether, alkylbenzene sulfonate, long-chain fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, and fatty alcohol sulfate. The tackifier is polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The emulsifying agent II is of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene, styrylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, dibenzyl xenyl polyoxyethylene ether, or nonyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether modified phosphatidic acid. The thickening agent is aluminum-magnesium silicate, xanthan gum, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose derivative and acrylic acid series polymer. The surface active agent is polyoxyethylene ether, alkylsodium sulfate and/or alkylbenzene sulfonate. ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Virucide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Filter-feeding aquatic animals (including crucian, chub, carp, or spectacular fish; and benthic aquatic animals such as snail, shellfish, or mussels) and aquatic plants are added to the water body to reestablish normal food chain, and finish reutilization of the pollutant by the energy transfer of the food chain. The strain is fixed on a bacterial bed installed in the water body when adding photosynthetic bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder is coal slurry and/or waste materials of papermaking or black liquid. Preferred Method: The pressure for extruding and molding is 6-30 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soil layer comprises soil and clinker at volume ratio of 3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The combustible gas in small molecule is mixing gases of methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, olefin and hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel further comprises 1-5 wt.% additive comprising one or two of calcium oxide and sodium sulfate. The biomass is wood powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by reacting methyl magnesium iodide and (Z)-7-hexadecenal to obtain (Z)-8-heptadecen-2-ol; and hydrolyzing butyrate racemate by esterase B generated by Candida antarctica. ACTIVITY - Insect Attractant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The poultry manure is fermented by bacterial enzymes for 25-35 days. The mixture is stirred for 5-6 times.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer is prepared using components (in %) organic fertilizer (40-55, preferably 53), urea (20-30, preferably 25), calcium magnesium phosphate (8-14, preferably 10), potassium chloride (8-16, preferably 12), and microelement fertilizer (0.15-0.2, preferably 0.2) with respect total content of above mentioned components The fertilizer further comprises (in wt.%): zinc sulfate (0.05), manganese sulfate (0.02), borax (0.1), and ammonium molybdate (0.005). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The algae and bacteria are inoculated in the photosynthetic reactor for performing photosynthetic reaction. The algae and bacteria absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. The porous biological compatible material is filled in the reactor and the nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and thiobacteria are inoculated. The bacteria transform ammonia into nitrate ion under oxygen condition and oxidize sulfureted hydrogen into sulfur or sulfur oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fertilizer is obtained by mixing (in wt.%) calcium hydroxide (80-90), magnesium chloride (10-20), sedimentation agent (2-3) and water using mixer, stirring the obtained mixture at speed of 300 rpm for 10-20 minutes, removing calcium chloride from obtained solution, adding water equal to amount of calcium chloride removed, stirring the mixture for 10-20 minutes, precipitating the mixture for 2 hours by washing the mixture with water for 2-3 times and drying the obtained precipitate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The bioactive components comprise (in %): cordycepin (0.05-0.1), cordycepic acid content (12-14), adenosine (0.01-0.02) and polysaccharide (28-30) and other nutrient components chosen from fat (2-3), protein (12-13), total amino acid (8-9), calcium (0.016-0.018) and iron (0.025-0.027). The vitality of SOD is 280-300 IU/g. ACTIVITY - Immunomodulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halogen ion in the step (iii) is alkali metal halides. The halogen ion is bromine or iodine. The alkali metal halide is potassium halide. The compound containing copper is copper nitrate or ammonia containing copper solution (both preferred), alkali, acetate, sulfate or basic salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rotary speed of the high speed stirrer is 19000 rotations per minute. The vacuum degree after pumping vacuum is 0.1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method can concentrate the active sludge at lesser volume, the organic substance is quickly degraded by utilizing the strains with high concentration and high activity, the bacteria are also cultured, and the digestion of a given amount of strains with high concentration and high activity in the strains storage tank is always maintained. The excessive bacteria are digested in the bacterial storage tank and nutrients needed by the strains can be kept in the tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A residue discharging pore is installed under a micropore or a micropore dispersing device in the unblock micropore dispersing device to prevent the dispersing device from blocking by rust in an aeration system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method comprises: providing a highly activated safe anaerobic bacterium including nitrogen-fixing bacteria with a high purity to perform a highly anaerobic nitrogen fermentation; and providing the microorganisms with a high activity function, and the highly anaerobic nitrogen environment to highly restrain, and kill the harmful bacteria. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The net content of the growth stimulant in each bag is 1 kg. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The preparation of the fertilizer comprises: preparing the above materials, agitating in an agitator for 180 minutes, crushing 2% of the materials via a crusher, transferring to a fermenting pool, stacking the materials, covering with a thick plastic cloth and compressing the materials, sealing and fermenting for 80 hours, turning the materials over and adding human excrement solution, where the ratio of the materials to the human excrement is 2:1.5, turning upwards, outwards, inwards and downwards, spraying the human excrement solution uniformly, covering the materials with a thick plastic cloth and compressing the materials, continuing fermentation for 80 minutes above 78 degrees C, turning the materials every 80 hours and adding human excrement, where the ratio of the materials to the human excrement is 2:1.5, turning upwards, outwards, inwards and downwards 5 times, forming the fermented materials in a mold that is 20 cm high, 15 cm wide and 30 cm long into compact and firm nutritious fertilizer blocks to produce the nutritious fertilizer of oriental variegated coral bean flower. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The production of the nutritious fertilizer comprises: preparing the above materials; agitating all the materials in an agitator for 180 minutes; crushing 2% of the materials in a crusher; transferring the materials to a fermenting pool; stacking and covering the materials with a thick plastic cloth and compressing the materials; sealing and fermenting the materials for 80 hours; stirring the materials over and adding human excrement solution, where the controlling ratio of materials to human excrement is at 2:1.5, stirring upwards, outwards, inwards and downwards; spraying the human excrement solution uniformly; covering the materials with a thick plastic cloth and compressing the materials; continuing fermentation at greater than 78 degrees C for 80 minutes; stirring the materials every 80 hours and adding human excrement; controlling the ratio of the materials to the human excrement at 2:1.5, stirring upwards, outwards, inwards and downwards for 5 times; and adding the fermented materials in a mold (which is 20 cm high, 15 cm wide and 30 cm long) to obtain compact and firm nutritious fertilizer blocks. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The preparation of the fertilizer comprises: preparing the above materials, agitating in an agitator for 180 minutes, crushing 2% of the materials via a crusher, transferring to a fermenting pool, stacking the materials, covering with a thick plastic cloth and compressing the materials, sealing and fermenting for 80 hours, turning the materials over and adding human excrement solution, where the ratio of the materials to the human excrement is 2:1.5, turning upwards, outwards, inwards and downwards, spraying the human excrement solution uniformly, covering the materials with a thick plastic cloth and compressing, continuing fermentation for 80 minutes above 78 degrees C, turning the materials every 80 hours and adding human excrement, where the ratio of the materials to the human excrement is 2:1.5, turning upwards, outwards, inwards and downwards 3 times, forming the fermented materials in a mold that is 18 cm high, 13 cm wide and 25 cm long into compact and firm nutritious fertilizer blocks to obtain the nutritious fertilizer for Melampodium divaricatum. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The product is packed in plastic bag. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat source is from heat of heat conductive organic oil or steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is nitrogen or water vapor. The molten salt is 0-47% potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, and/or 0-30% ferrous chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): waste organic matter (54), potassium chloride (15), humic acid (15), medium trace elements (0.4), microorganisms (0.6), urea (5), calcium superphosphate (5) and diammonium phosphate (5). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): organic matter waste (49), potassium chloride (10), humic acid (10), secondary micronutrients (0.6), microorganisms (0.4), carbamide (10), ammonium nitrate (10) and ammonium chloride (10). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The edible fungi culture medium further comprises (in parts weight): wood meal (10-40), peanut shell (10-40) and cottonseed (5-15). The edible fungi culture medium comprises (in parts weight): oat bran (30-75), corn powder (5-20), inorganic fertilizer (1.2-6), lime (0.6-4), plaster (0.6-4), wood meal (10-30), peanut shell (10-40) and cottonseed (5-15).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises (in wt.%): microbial organic fertilizer (45-94, preferably 40, more preferably 30), urea (20, preferably 18, more preferably 17), phosphate (38, preferably 18, more preferably 7), and potash (10, preferably 8, more preferably 6). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight percentage of the total weight of the penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl in the herbicide composite is 5-50%. The common additive is solvent, emulsifier, wetting agent, dispersing agent, thickening agent, defoaming agent, antifreezer, disintegrating agent, adhesive, filler and/or deionized water. The agent form of the pesticide composite containing penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl is oil suspension agent, microemulsion, suspending agent, wettable powder or water-dispersing particle. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The anaerobic fermentation microbial inoculum is prepared by (in parts by wt.) (i) collocating culture medium comprising dissolving water (1000) with brown sugar (1), glucose (3), albumen powder (0.1), ammonium citrate (0.1), bitter salt (0.054), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0.2) and sodium chloride (0.6), and sparing after sterilizing, (ii) evenly mixing the seed solution of Lactobacillus and seed solution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in volume ratio of 1-0.5 to get anaerobic fermentation seed solution, and inoculating the anaerobic fermentation seed solution to the prepared culture medium in step (i) for 28 hours at 37 degrees C and lowering the pH value to 3.5, to get the anaerobic fermentation microbial inoculum. In the step (a), the anaerobic fermentation microbial inoculum and sludge is mixed at volume ratio of 1-5:1000. The anaerobic fermentation in step (ii) is carried out at temperature of above 20 degrees C for 24-48 hours. The material in step (d) is inoculated with the high-temperature aerobic fermentation microbial inoculum at 1 ton:300-1500 g ratio, where the high-temperature aerobic fermentation microbial inoculum is Bacillus subtilis microbial inoculum. In the step (d) of high-temperature aerobic fermentation, the height of the fermentation material is 60-100 cm, the temperature of the fermentation material is risen above 60 degrees C within 2-3 days and maintained above 60 degrees C for 3-4 days, and the material is kept in the fermentation groove for 7-10 days. Preferred Components: The anaerobic fermentation microbial inoculum is the microbial inoculum having mixture of lactic acid microbial inoculum and microzyme. The sludge is sewage sludge in cities with the water content of 70-90 wt.%, preferably 75-80 wt.%. The organic raw material powder is smashed goods of plant material. The ferment aiding materials in step (c) are bone meal and/or dregs of beans powder. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The pretreatment of the grid rubbish comprises using a rough crusher to crush the rubbish of large size into the rubbish of small size of 1-5 mm, conveying the rubbish of small size into a rotating cutting-type fine crusher by a spiral conveyer to crush into slurry substance with size less than or equal to 1 mm, and then conveying the slurry to a hydraulic impacting sieve by a slurry pump for filtering plastic impurities to obtain slurry-shaped undersized substance. The rotational frequency of the rotating cutting-type fine crusher is 1000-4000 revolutions/minute. The rotational frequency of the hydraulic impacting sieve is 20-200 revolutions/minute. The active sludge applying one-step concentration comprises adding waste acid for adjusting pH of the active sludge to 1-5 and then conveying the slurry to a gravity concentrating sedimentation tank by the slurry pump for gravity concentration about 1-6 hours to obtain the active sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The preparation of the fertilizer comprises: combining the components of the composition completely and placing in a blender to blend for 130 minutes; adding the mixture completely to a crusher to crush into a powder; pouring the obtained powder into a fermenting pool for stacking, and carrying out closed fermentation for 72 hours; carrying out the first stack overturn by adding night soil in the ratio of 1:0.6; carrying out pouring and stack overturn at the same time, where the lower part is overturned upwards, the inner part is overturned outwards, the outer part is overturned inwards and the upper part is overturned downwards; pouring the night soil uniformly; covering and pressing tightly by using a plastic cloth after the stack overturn; fermenting at greater than 80 degrees C for 72 hours; carrying out the stack overturn for every 72 hours; adding night soil in the ratio of 1:0.6 during each stack overturn; overturning the upper layer to the lower layer, and the inner layer to the outer layer; carrying out the stack overturn for 5 times continuously to obtain a qualified cultivation material. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of the fertilizer comprises: placing the above materials in an agitator to stir for 180 minutes and placing 2% of the materials in a crusher for crushing; removing and pouring into a fermenting tank for stacking, covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting tightly; fermenting in an enclosed environment for 80 hours and overturning for the first time; adding human excrement water to the materials in a ratio of 2:1.5; spraying the human excrement water and simultaneously overturning the substance; overturning the bottom substance upwards, the internal substance outwards, the external substance inwards and the upper substance downwards; uniformly spraying the human excrement water and instantly compacting the substance tightly by the thick plastic cloth after overturning; continuing to ferment for 80 hours at 78 degrees C; overturning once in every 80 hours; adding the human excrement water to the substance according to ratio of 2:1.5; spraying the human excrement water simultaneously with overturning the substance; overturning the bottom substance upwards, the internal substance outwards, the external substance inwards and the upper substance downwards; continuously overturning for 5 times; placing the fermented nutrient fertilizer into a mold, which is 20 cm high, 15 cm wide and 30 cm long to prepare into nutrient fertilizer blocks; compacting and tamping the nutrient fertilizer blocks tightly to obtain the qualified nutrient fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is argon or nitrogen. The aluminum salt is aluminum chloride or aluminum bromide. The borohydride is chosen from sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, calcium borohydride and magnesium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: Plastic material is utilized to pack the fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: Plastic material is utilized to pack the fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Plastic material is utilized for packing the fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The product is packed in plastic bag. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid hydride is borohydride compound of formula: BxNyHz (I), or alkali metal borohydride, alkali metal hydride, metal borohydride and/or metal hydride, preferably sodium borohydride, sodium hydride, lithium borohydride, lithium hydride, calcium hydride, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, potassium borohydride and/or aluminum borohydride, where x-z are not defined. The borohydride compound is ammonia borane, diamino diborane, ammonium diborane, poly(amino borane), borazine, morpholine-borane, borane-tetrahydrofuran composite and/or diborane. The content of solid hydride is 30-70%. The solid catalyst comprises solid acid, salt containing ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or iron, or solid catalyst prepared from ions. The content of solid catalyst is 0-25%. Preferred Process: The liquid or aqueous solution comprising water is added to vessel containing solid hydrogen fuel to obtain hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The crushing mixer is jaw crusher, eccentric crusher, cone fine crusher, rotary crusher, impact crusher, shearing crusher, composite cutting crusher, ball mill, bar mill and/or vibration mill.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer substrate comprises hydrophobic polymer elastomer containing silica gel, rubber and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is methanol, isopropanol, cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide and/or n-butanol.The surface active agent is of calcium dodecyl sulfate, styrene-phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyoxyethylene-oxypropylene block copolymer, alkylphenol, ethylene oxide condensate, nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, and/or castor oil and oxirane condensate. The anti-creaming agent is ethanediol and/or propylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The extract containing cumin acid is cumin extract. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Species: The eukaryotic fungi are selected from Aspergillus, Emericella, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Pycnoporus, Pichia or Saccharomyces. The enhanced peroxidase obtained after expression of complementary DNA (cDNA) or genomic DNA encodes peroxidases in a prokaryotic expression such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus. The peroxidase is obtained from basidiomycetes selected from Agaricus, Ceriporiopsis, Dichomitus, Ganoderma, Phlebia, Trametes, Pycnoporus, Pleurotus eryngii CBS 613.91, Pleurotus pulmonarius CBS 507.85, Pleurotus ostreatus CBS 411.71, Bjerkandera adusta CBS 230.93 or Phanerochaete chrysosporium JGI.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The peroxidase is selected from versatile peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) or peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7). The peroxidase is derived from the amino acid sequences deposited in databases for proteins, such as 1906181 A, AAA33736, AAA33738, AAA33739, AAA33741, AAA33744, AAA33745, AAA34049, AAA53109, AAA56852, AAA84396, AAB03480, AAB39652, AAB63460, AAD01401, AAD01404, AAD43581, AAD45725, AAD46494, AAD54310, AAF31329, AAF31330, AA047909, AA061784, AAU82081, BAD52441, ABB77243, ABB77244, BAA33449, BAA88392, BAC06185, BAC06186, BAC06187, CAA33621, CAA50060, CAA53333, CAA54398, CAA83147, CAA83148, CAA91043, CAB51617, CAC84573, CAC85963, CAD56164, CAG27835, CAJ01576, AAZ04666 and P20010. The replacement of amino acid includes replacement of glutamic acid at position 140 for glycine, glycine at position 141 for proline, glycine at position 176 for lysine, lysine at position 176 by aspartic acid, lysine at 215 position by glutamine or a combination of two or more substitutions. Preferred Sequence: The fungal peroxidase has a sequence of 331 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 2), given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The explant is obtained from the seed by disinfecting the seed by soaking in using ethanol, hydrating the disinfected seed using paper wetted by the sterilized water, sterilizing the hydrated seed by soaking in sodium hypochlorite, removing skin of the sterilized seed, removing embryo from the seed, and obtaining the explant from the obtained embryo. The method involves amplifying the independent cell by adding organic solvent, ultrasonically processing the cell, centrifuging the processed cell, collecting supernatant from the centrifuged product, and vaporizing and drying the solvent. Preferred Components: The culture medium further comprises cellulase, pectinase and semicellulase for destroying the intercellular combination of the explant tissue from the seed. The culture medium further comprises salts chosen from calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium chloride and potassium chloride, and hormone chosen from indole acetic acid (IAA), naphthylacetic acid (NAA), indole butyric acid (IBA), kinetin, benzyl adenine (BA), gibberellin (GA) and zeatin. The carbon source is chosen from sugar cane, fruit sugar and glucose. The seed is oil-containing plant oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of trifluzamide to hexaconazole is 10:1-1:1. The total weight of trifluzamide and hexaconazole accounts for 15-60 wt.% of the agrochemical composition. The additive is an oil suspending agent, a microemulsion, an emulsion in water, a suspending agent, a wettable powder or water dispersible granules. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coagulant made of inorganic coagulant and an artificially synthesized organic high polymer flocculant is added into the system, where the inorganic coagulant and the artificially synthesized organic high polymer flocculant are respectively aluminum sulfate, poly-ferric, poly-aluminum and polyacrylamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The drug adding unit is to directly add the coagulant into the fast mixing unit, where the fast mixing unit adopts a mixing pool and the pool is internally provided with a mixer at 260-300 revolutions/minute. The raw water comes into the mixing pool. The coagulant addition point is above the mixing pool and the coagulant is completely mixed with the raw water in the mixing pool and the pipeline comes into the mechanical flocculation unit from the bottom. The mechanical flocculation unit adopts the mechanical stirring and flocculation, and is divided into three flocculation pools. The pool is internally provided with the mixer and the water is circulated in the flocculation pools by the mixer to be completely mixed with the raw water. The sewage after mixed comes into the subsequent deposition unit. The deposition unit adopts the flat flow deposition pool. The water outlet adopts the overflow weir form and a sludge exhaust pipe is arranged below the deposition pool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The hydrolysis acidification tank is an underground-type hydrolysis acidification tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer further comprises DTPA (0.5-1.25 M/vol.%) as an ion chelating agent, where the pH of the solution is regulated by sodium hydroxide to 2.3 to accelerate the dissolution, and the concentration of DTPA is 5-15 ppm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises (i) dissolving L-proline in solvent, and adding catalytic amount of aldehyde compound as a catalyst, (ii) agitating and heating until the temperature reaches to 110-132 degrees C, preferably 124-126 degrees C, and then maintaining for 9-16 hours, preferably12 hours, and (iii) cooling the reaction solution, preferably until it reaches to 65-75 degrees C, and adding active carbon to decolorize, filter, press and concentrate until it is oversaturated, agitating, cooling and crystallizing, and finally drying to obtain the DL-proline. Preferred Components: In the step (i): the weight-to-volume ratio (in g:ml) of the added L-proline and deionized water is 0.1-0.4:1; the aldehyde compound is salicylaldehyde; and the molar ratio of the added catalyst salicylaldehyde and L-proline is 0.002-0.02:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterogeneous catalyzer is solid ultrastrong acid, zeolitic molecular sieve, molecular sieve containing sulfur radical, heteropoly acid, strong acid cation resins, perfluorosulfonic acid resin or sulfuric acid ion. The dehydrating agent comprises activated carbon, silica gel or anhydrous calcium chloride. The ultra-strong acid comprises sulfate/MxOy. The zeolite molecular sieve comprises A-type zeolite, X-type zeolite, mercerization zeolite, or high-silicon ZSM-5 zeolite. The heteropoly acid comprises acetic ester or phthalate. The method involves mixing (in parts weight) tall oil (100), heterogeneous catalyzer (18-24, preferably 8-14), dehydrating agent (6-8) and methanol (55). The heterogeneous catalyzer is strong acid cation exchange resin. Preferred Method: The method is performed using ultrasonic wave radiation or microwave radiation. The esterification reaction is performed for 2-4 hours at 60-140 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The air compressor is organized into a positive and negative pressure generator in the gas storing tank for sucking and discharging the material. The feeder further comprises a liquid flowmeter for adjusting the feeding amount based on the requirement. A hot coil is installed on the inner wall of the feeding tank for preheating. The temperature in the tank is indicated by a thermometer. The feeding tank has a pre-acidification and reflowing function to provide favorable conditions for an anaerobic fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron-containing ion solution is iron sulfate, iron chloride, iron oxalate, or iron nitrate solution. The base metal polysulfide solution is aqueous solution of ammonium sulfide, potassium polysulfide or sodium polysulfide, preferably ammonium sulfide solution. Preferred Property: The particle size of carbon black is 20-70 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer contains nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in wt.% ratio of 2.5-2.8:0.12-0.16:0.7-1.3. Oxygen is provided during fermentation process of the components. Product is packed in alkyd resin material. Alcohol acid resin is also utilized during production of the fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separation purification solid medium comprises 2-7 g sodium chloride, 9-12 g peptone, 2-5 g beef extract, 10-30 g agar and 1000 ml water, and has pH value of 6.0-9.0. The inorganic salt fluid nutrient medium comprises 4-8 g potassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.2-0.8 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2-0.6 g magnesium sulfate, 1-5 g ammonium sulfate, 0.04-0.08 g manganese sulfate monohydrate, 0.008-0.02 g iron sulfate heptahydrate, 0.01-0.03 g calcium chloride, 0.1 g ammonium sulfate and 0.1 g oxadiazon in each 1000 ml water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of rare earth is 2-17 (preferably 2-15) %mass with respect to the complex. Preferred Components: The rare earth is chosen from cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and samarium. The organic solvent is chosen from ether, acetone, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and normal hexane. The soluble rare earth salt is nitrate, hydrochloride or sulfate of rare earth elements. ACTIVITY - Plant growth stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of phosphoric acid aqueous solution is 80-85%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, trichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylbenzene, and/or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, preferably methylene dichloride or ethyl acetate. The alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, and/or isopropyl alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol. Preferred Conditions: The temperature of Boc-group deprotection reaction is -10 degrees C to 10 degrees C. The mass ratio of Boc-protected cefcapene pivoxil, phosphoric acid, and organic solvent is 1:1-1.5:5-7. The mass ratio of methanol or ethanol, and Boc-protected cefcapene pivoxil is 3-4:1. The ethanol aqueous solution used for cleaning has a mass concentration of 30-35 %mass. The mass of ethanol aqueous solution used for cleaning is 2-3 times that of Boc-protected cefcapene pivoxil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of biomass and ammonia is 1:0.2-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of 1,4-benzenediamine, nicotinic acid and triphenyl phosphite is 1:2:2. The solvent is pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The fertilizer is produced by:(A) agitating above materials in stirring mill for 180 minutes, taking out and crushing in 2% grain crusher;(B) transferring into fermenting tank, stacking and covering tightly by thick plastic;(C) compacting, hermetically fermenting for 80 hours, turning over and adding excrement suspension at ratio of 2:1.5;(D) turning upward, outward, inward and downward and uniformly spraying with excrement suspension;(E) covering tightly by thick plastic and fermenting for 80 hours at 78 degrees C;(F) turning over every 80 hours and adding with excrement suspension at ratio of 2:1.5; and(G) 5 times turning upward, outward, inward and downward and preparing into nutritious fertilizer blocks by mold which is 20 cm high, 15 cm wide and 30 cm long to produce desired fertilizer (F1). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: An electromagnetic valve is mounted between an aerating communicating tube of the millipore aerating disk in the first oxidizing pond (A) and an air blower (6). An electromagnetic valve is mounted between an aerating communicating pipe of the millipore aerating disk in the second oxidizing pond (B) and the air blower. A water outlet pipe of the first oxidizing pond (A) communicates with a filter tank by an electromagnetic valve. A water outlet pipe of the second oxidizing pond (B) communicates with the filter tank by an electromagnetic valve. The water outlet pipe of the first oxidizing pond (A) communicates with a sterilizing pond by the electromagnetic valve. The water outlet pipe of the second oxidizing pond (B) communicates with the sterilizing pond by the electromagnetic valve. A waste water inlet pipe and waste water filter sieve are mounted in the grid groove. A non-block sump pump is mounted below the grid groove. A disinfector feeder is mounted in the sterilizing pond, and a sump pump is mounted below.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The autotrophic denitrification treatment is performed by using sulfur and calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The dispersant is alkylphenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxyethylene ether, alkylbenzene sulfonate, long-chain fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, phenethyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, sulfated fatty alcohol or their mixtures. The tackifier is polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, sodium alginate or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The anti-freezing agent is glycol, propanediol or glycerol. The anti-foaming agent is organic silicon or polyether. The emulsifier is alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether condensate product with formaldehyde, alkyl ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, benzyldiphenol polyoxyvinyl ether, nonylphenol ethoxylates, phenethyl phenol ethoxylates, ethoxylated styrene sulfate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate or their mixtures. The solubilizer is polyvinyl alcohol, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, Tween (RTM: Polysorbate) 80 or their mixtures. The diluting solvent is ketone compound, alcohol, aryl hydrocarbons or their mixtures. Preferred Composition: Suspension is made of (in wt.%): osthole (0.1-50), emulsifier (10-20), solubilizer (1-15), diluting solvent (10-20) and balanced water. ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Antimicrobial; Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The water collection well uses reinforcing steel bar concrete structure having length of 16 m, width of 15 m, and height of 4.2 m. The biological filter pool room is built by using Mu10 mechanism air brick M5 cement mortar, three-felt four-oil rolling waterproof room surface, where ceramic tiles are pasted on external wall or light-colored paint is brushed, and ceramic tiles are pasted on internal wall.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Filtering material of compound biological filter pool system is volcanic biological filler, ceramsite and dephosphorization filler, where multiple organic pollutant, phosphorus and partial ammonia nitrogen are removed in compound filter material. The artificial wetland is divided into six groups of 30 m long single grid wetlands in parallel, depth of bed is 0.8 m, organic load is 50 kg COD/(m3.day), water power load is 0.45 m3(m2.day), and filler is macadam, volcanic biological filler and porous blocks, where organic matter (biological oxygen demand BOD, COD) of sewage, suspended substance, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metal and causative agent are removed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The compound biological filter pool system is composed of filter bed (pool and filter material), distribution device and discharge system, and uses layered frame structure formed by stainless steel bracket having size of 560 m3, filter bed height of 3 m, filtering speed of 0.8 m/hour and organic load of 1.4 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(m3.day),
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The farmyard manure is cattle manure, chicken manure, pig manure and biogas residue. The additive is rich in manganese, boron and zinc. The additive is mixture of boric acid, borax, zinc chloride or zinc sulfate with manganese sulfate. The microorganism fertilizer is silicate microorganism fertilizer. The farmyard manure accounts for 60-64 wt.%. The O. cinerascens accounts for 10-14 wt.% and is fermented to be black, rotten and smelly. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - About 200 kg of fertilizer is applied to 667 m2 of field of common andrographis herb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The L-ornithine slat comprises L-ornithine hydrochloride, L-ornithine sulfate and L-ornithine phosphate. In step (i), the anion exchange resin is a strong-alkaline anion exchange resin or a weak-alkaline anion exchange resin, and the concentration of silver nitrate solution is 0.1-50 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The mass ratio of edible fungi residue to tea residue is 1: 1-3: 1. The basket comprising the edible fungi residue and tea residue is changed every 1-2 days. In anaerobic fermentation, some amount of fermenting solution remains in the anaerobic fermentation tank. In the aerobic fermentation, the pressure of the front passage pushes the aerobic flux for once or twice everyday. In the slack percolation, the slack percolates 1-1.5 m in the basket, where the slack is exchanged for once or twice every week, and the output slack is burnt in furnace again. In the liquid storage tank, the anaerobic fermentation takes place for 3-7 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid is 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of manganese oxide and sodium tungstate is 1-7:1-4, preferably 4-6:1.5-2.5. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device further comprises condenser for condensing saturated vapor in the product gas. The methanation reactor is tubular or reaction kettle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is chosen from untreated gas obtained by coal gasification, gas obtained from biomass, purified coke-oven gas and their mixture. The ratio of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the methanation process is 1:0.2-5. Preferred Method: The methanation process involves using catalyst, preferably nickel catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The %mass ratio of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, kuhseng, M.azedarach and nicotine is 65-70:28-35:0.1-0.5:0.1-0.5:0.1-0.5 respectively. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.    ADMINISTRATION - The biopesticide is administered at a dose of 0.13-0.5 g/mu with respect to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera insects and at a dose of 50-60 g/mu with respect to cabbage caterpillar insects for 7-14 days (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier is chosen from clay, kaoline, bentonite, diatomite, white carbon black and calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves premixing flutriafol and validamycin, addition agent and carrier, crushing the mixture using air flow crushing machine, adding the crushed mixture into tapered machine through a size of 325 mesh and obtaining the powder. Preferred Components: The addition agent is chosen from one or more mixture of dispersing agent, moistening agent, anti-freezing agent, thickening agent and defoaming agent. The dispersing agent is chosen from sodium lignin sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene formaldehyde condensate compound sulfonate, polycarboxylate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and alkyl naphthalene sulfonate. The moistening agent is chosen from lignosulfonate, alkylaryl polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene sodium sulfate. The anti-freezing agent is chosen from glycerol, propanediol, glycol, sodium chloride and urea. The thickening agent is chosen from xanthan gum, magnesium aluminum silicate, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alga acid and gum Arabic. The defoaming agent is organic silicon. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Plant protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of chili stump, cucumber stump and common head cabbage is 3:2:2. The volume ratio of vegetable stump, grass peat and vermiculite is 3:1:2. The peat grass is 2-6 mm long. The particle diameter of the vermiculite is 1-2 mm. Preferred Method: The method further involves fermenting the obtained product. The composting step is performed for every 7 days until the temperature of the central point of the pile is reduced to 30 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plants are green arbors.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer (F1) comprises (wt.%): urea (38-49, preferably 40), monoammonium phosphate or triple superphosphate (22-28, preferably 18), potassium chloride or potassium sulfate (22-24, preferably 20), granulating material (6-23, preferably 16.5), nanometer-grade nanometer modified attapulgite (3-5, preferably 4) and nanometer-grade chitosan capsule agent (1-2, preferably 1.5). Preferred Components: The granulating material is calcium powder, gypsum powder, anhydrous sodium sulfate or humic acid. The dosage of chitosan in nanometer-grade nanometer modified attapulgite is greater than or equal to 3%. The dosage of chitosan in the nanometer-grade chitosan capsule agent is greater than or equal to 5%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The biogas residue is replaced with mushroom residue or furfural residue. The chicken manure is replaced with sheep manure or dairy manure. The rapeseed cake is replaced with saw dust or cottonseed hull. The average particle size of the agricultural solid waste is 1-5 mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In step (a), the acid is zinc chloride; and the alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate. The acid in step (d) is cationic exchange resin, where the mass ratio of the 5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose to the cationic exchange resin is 1:0.5 to 1:5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step (a) is carried out at 20-30 degrees C. The step (d) is carried out at 20-50 degrees C. Preferred Components: In step (a), the organic solvent is a mixture of acetone and methanol in molar ratio of 2:1 to 3:1; and the solvent for extraction is ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane or cyclohexane. The solvent in step (d) is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel comprises (wt.%) methanol (80, 83, or 85), emulsifier (5), and water (15, 12, or 10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare earth metal is lanthanum oxide. The alkali is magnesium oxide. The mole number of the added carbamide or ammonium bicarbonate is the sum of 5-6 times of the mole number of nickel and 3 times of the mole number of aluminum. Preferred Method: The prepared catalyst is milled into a fine powder and filtered by 200 meshes sampling sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganism added while treating the solid waste is actinomycetes, hyphomycetes, saccharomycetes and Bacillus bacteria, preferably fermenting Pichia pastoris. The microorganism added while treating the waste liquid is actinomycetes, Bacillus, Bacillus natto and Cladosporium werneckii or Trichoderma viride, preferably Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermomonospora fusca and Lactobacillus casei.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The crushing machine is a hammer-type crushing machine. The upper part of the fermenting machine is connected with a microorganism strain batching machine which can automatically introduce the microorganism strain according to the stirring condition of the fermenting machine. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The active bioorganic fertilizer is fermented by urban household rubbish and human and animal excretion. Heavy metal and solid harmful substances are removed to meet the national agricultural control standard GB4284-84. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In steps (i) and (ii), the dipolar aprotic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, methyl phosphamide, acetone, 1,4-dioxane or acetonitrile solvent. In step (i), the organic alkali is triethylamine, N,N-dimethyl aniline, N,N-diethyl aniline, pyridine or 1,2-dimethyl propylamine, the reaction temperature is 20-30 degrees C, and the reaction time is 12-24 hours. The molar ratio of the naltrexone hydrochloride to the tertiary butyl dimethyl chlorosilane to the organic alkali is 1:1:2-3. The molar ratio of the 3-O-tertiary butyl dimethyl silyl ether-naltrexone to the dimethyl carbonate is 1:3-5. In step (iii), the molar ratio of the 3-O-tertiary butyl dimethyl silyl ether-N-methyl naltrexone carbonate to the hydrobromic acid is 1:4-6, the reaction temperature is 40-50 degrees C, and the reaction time is 3-6 hours. In step (ii), the reaction temperature is 100-110 degrees C, and the reaction time is 6-8 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The R,S-o-chloromandelic acid and methanol generate esterifying reaction under action of acidic catalyst. In the step (b), the benzene sulfonyl chloride is replaced by methyl sulfonyl chloride and the methyl sulfonyl chloride reacts with methyl R,S-o-chloromandelate to obtain the corresponding sulfonyl compound. The methyl 2-phenylsulfo-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetate and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothienopyridine hydrochloride are added into the mixed liquid of organic solvent and water to react for 3-10 hours at 30-110 degrees C. In the step (d), the resolving solvent is acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether and/or water, the reaction temperature is 15-40 degrees c and the reaction time is 10-15 hours and the acidic resolving agent is tartaric acid, (-)-camphanic acid or mandelic acid. In the step (d), the inorganic alkali for separating is alkaline metal or carbonate or bicarbonate of alkaline earth metal. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate and/or butyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alkali-metal solution is obtained by dissolving potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The salt solution is aqueous solution of alkali metal salt comprising sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, sodium ethanoate, and potassium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer agent is diammonium hydrogen phosphate or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. The filler is corn starch or perlite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon atom number (C) of fatty alcohol in the fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether is 12-18; and hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) is 12-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The high concentration complex enzyme includes (wt.%) neutral cellulose (40-65), desizing enzyme (10-25) and softening agent (25-40). Preferred Components: The surface active agent is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether. The neutral cellulose contains neutral cellulose incision enzyme (i.e., fiber hydrated disaccharide enzyme) and cellulose disaccharide enzyme ( beta -glucuronide). The desizing enzyme is alpha -starch enzyme. The softening agent is high molecular amino silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base plate contains polyvinyl chloride resin (260-290 parts), construction waste powder (600-700 parts), lead salt stabilization agent (16-20 parts), lead stearate (1-3 part), barium stearate (4-6 parts), stearic acid (1-3 part), paraffin (4-6 parts), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) (10-12 parts), acrylic copolymer resin (1-3 part) and dibutyl phthalate (9-11 parts). The durable colored paper or durable colored dope contains greater than or equal to 15% of aluminum oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base plate is composed of polyvinyl chloride resin (280 parts), construction waste powder (660 parts), lead salt stabilization agent (18 parts), lead stearate (2 parts), barium stearate (5 parts), stearic acid (2 parts), paraffin (5 parts), chlorinated polyethylene (11 parts), acrylic copolymer resin (2 parts) and dibutyl phthalate (10 parts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The alkaline seawater solution is prepared by adding clean seawater into a heater, injecting a natural bactericide selected from quicklime (purity 85-98%) and dolomite (purity 85-99%), with 0.1-50 cm diameter in the seawater (5-40 wt.%), sealing the heater, performing vaporization by heating the mixture at 150-400 degrees C, and liquefying the emitted steam in an external liquefaction device. The alkaline water with high calcium mineral is prepared by mixing alkaline and high calcium mineral seawater with mineral water. The medical herb powder is obtained from raw materials e.g. menthae herba, ginseng, Artemisia capillaris, angelicae gigantis radix, cnidii rhizoma, glycyrrhizae radix, fructus schizandrae, apricot, tomato, fructus rubi, strawberry, kiwi, carrot, Cucumis sativus, and Chrysanthemum morifolium. ACTIVITY - Acaricide; Dermatological. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (i) comprises: selecting the weathered coal as the sample from the weathered coal pile, diluting the sample 15 times as a culture medium with water, cultivating at 37 degrees C by streak plate method, repeatedly regulating the culture medium by the weathered coal chosen by the inoculating loop, separating the weathered coal for processing the weathered coal at a pH of 7.2, temperature of 100 degrees C for 72-168 hours, where the separation weathered coal comprises mycete, Actinomycetes and bacterium. The step (ii) comprises: separating weathered coal as an intermediate and cultivating in: the triangle bottle for 100 hours at 28 degrees C, at pH 7.2, the big triangle bottle for 100 hours at 28 degrees C at pH 7.2, the primary seeding can for 100 hours at 28 degrees C and pH 7.2, in the two-stage seeding can for 100 hours at 28 degrees C at pH 7.2, in the two-stage can to obtain the cultivating seed. The step (iii) comprises: crushing the weathered coal lower than 0.2 mm grain diameter, adding the cultivating seed (1.5 wt.%), fermenting for 10 days in the fermenting groove at 28 degrees C after mixing to obtain the first fermenting weathered coal. The step (iv) comprises remixing by adding the first fermenting weathered coal (1.5 wt.%) into the cultivating seed for prilling after remixing to obtain the second fermenting weathered coal, where the grain diameter is 0.2-0.8 mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second metal oxide is lanthanum oxide consisting of lanthanum carbonyl and/or lanthanum oxyhydroxide.The zinc oxide is highly dispersed with lanthanum oxide.The molar ratio of Zn:La in combination of zinc and lanthanum oxides (Zn9La1) is 9.0:1.0.The second metal salt comprises lanthanum nitrate.The water concentration is greater than 3 wt.%.Preferred Method: The calcining process is carried out at greater than or equal to 450 degrees C for 10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol.The free fatty acid concentration is greater than 4 wt.%.The alcohol to feedstock molar ratio is greater than 28.The feedstock is waste cooking oil, unrefined soybean oil, unrefined palm oil, and/or food-grade soybean oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The bacteria compound culture feed comprises bran (60-80), rice husk (10-22), corn powder (4-10), soybean powder (3-5), saccharose (0.5-1.5), protein (0.5-0.75), ammonium sulfate (0.2-0.4), monopotassium phosphate, disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and magnesium sulfate. The composition further comprises epiphyte compound culture feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method of processing nutrition proportion in fermentation product is by mixing fermentation product with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements and common inorganic fertilizer. The bamboo shoot shell is crushed into a length of 2-3 cm using crusher. The fermentation mixture is maintained at 60-70 degrees C. The fermented product is dried until the water content is 10-20%. Preferred Composition: The bamboo shoot shell has water content of 60-70%. The microbial inoculum comprises (in parts weight): fiber decomposer (40-50), Saccharomycetes (20-40) and mesophilic bacteria (10-20). Preferred Components: The livestock and poultry excrement is sheep excrement, cattle excrement, rabbit excrement or chicken excrement. The trace elements are calcium, magnesium, boron or zinc. The common inorganic fertilizer is nitrogen fertilizer chosen from ammonium sulfate and urea, phosphorus fertilizer chosen from monoammonium phosphate, potassium fertilizer chosen from potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, or magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, borax and relative inorganic fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is chosen from sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium bisulfate and potassium bisulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ozone is passed into biological oil by ozone generator. The ozonization is performed at 0-30 degrees C. The mass ratio of m(oxidized biological oil):m(butyl alcohol):m(catalyst) is 100:50-150:1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fatty acid and glyceride is converted to fatty acid methyl ester in presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises adjuvant (20-30 parts). The adjuvant is dextrin and/or sucrose. The composition comprises (in parts): baikal skullcap root extract (5), Forsythia extract (15), senso (0.3), licorice extract (5), daurian Rhododendron oil (2), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (35), maize starch (15) and adjuvant (25). The composition comprises 85% or more of baikal skullcap root extract, 0.50% or more of Forsythia extract and 20% or more of licorice extract. The composition is obtained by adding baikal skullcap root extract, Forsythia extract, licorice extract, senso and daurian Rhododendron oil to a groove-type mixer, mixing the mixture uniformly, adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, maize starch and adjuvant to the obtained mixture, mixing the obtained mixture continuously until a soft preparation is obtained, granulating the obtained preparation, drying the obtained granule, adding the obtained granule and magnesium stearate to a three dimensional mixer, mixing the mixture uniformly, pressing and packaging the obtained product. ACTIVITY - Antidiarrheic; Antiinflammatory; Gastrointestinal-Gen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The non-toxic pesticide comprises (pts.wt.) water (100), chamaejasmine (20), xanthoxylin (40), and tobacco stalk element (30); and further comprises chili component (3-20 pts.wt.) that is an extract of chili fruit. The chamaejasmine is a liquid, slurry, or powder obtained by extracting root and stem of D. odora radix euphorbiae lantu and organic solvent to obtain an extract having a Baume degree of 15-17. The Baume degree of chili component or tobacco stalk element is 15-17. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.    ADMINISTRATION - The pesticide is diluted with water (200-400 times pesticide quantity) and sprayed on the stem and blades of plant (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The desulfurizer comprises graphite and sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic wastewater is garbage leachate, municipal sewage, or printing and dyeing textile wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of saponifying and acidifying tea seed oil is performed using ethanol as solvent and volume ratio of alcohol to oil is 4:1. The dosage of potassium hydroxide for saponifying each gram of tea seed oil is 1.2-1.4 times of saponification value of the tea seed oil material at 70-90 degrees C for 2-3 hours. The ethanol is recovered from saponification liquid and acidifying saponified liquid to pH of 2-3. The mass volume ratio of urea to short chain alcohol is 1:4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is naphthalene, phenanthrene or pyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first filter comprises ion-exchange resin and nonwoven fabric. The second filter comprises filter of reverse osmosis mode or ultrafiltration mode based on the concentration of total solids. The third filter is for removing the soluble lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid or alkali catalyst is chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, ion-exchange resin and solid-acid zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive is methyl tert-butyl ether. The alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The front end of the strain activation enrichment region is provided with a sludge inlet pipe and a sludge inlet groove and the tail end is provided with a sludge outlet pipe. The bottom of the region is provided with multiple supporting walls at intervals. A partition board is placed on the supporting wall. A metal cage is hung under the partition board, and one side of the length direction of the region is provided with a turning plate aerator. The partition board is vertical or transversely folded. The metal cage is internally provided with a composite filling, where humic acid, silicate and iron sesquioxide are the main components. The turning plate aerator comprises a rotating shaft and a turning plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Algae: The marine alga is Rhodophyta. Preferred Components: The polysaccharide is chosen from one or more agar, carrageenan, alginic acid and fucoidan. The radiation is chosen from one or more of gamma -ray, electronic beam and x-ray. The clastic enzyme is chosen from one or more of beta -agarase, beta -galactosidase, beta -glucosidase, endo-1,4-beta -glucanase, alpha -amylase, beta -amylase, glucoamylase, cellulase, alpha -D-glucosidase, beta -D-glucosidase, sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, lactase and trehalase. The microorganism is Saccharomyces cervisiae, Brettanomyces custersii, Clostridium acetobutylicum, C.beijerinckii, C.aurantii, C.aurantibutylicum, C.tetanomorphum, Sarcina ventriculi, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Zygomomonas mobilisand Kluyveromyces marxianus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The weight ratio of 16 alpha -hydroxyprednisolone to acetone is 1:2-5, preferably 1:2-3. The weight ratio of 16 alpha -hydroxyprednisolone to acid solution is 1:1-10, preferably 1:2-5. Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at 50-80 degrees C. Post-processing comprises extracting the reaction solution by toluene to obtain a toluene layer, rinsing by distilling water, drying, decompressing, and steaming the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The materials comprise (in g): field soil, crushed maize straw 1 cm or less, decomposed chicken faeces, urea (1), diammonium phosphate (0.6) and potassium sulfate (3.5). The ratio of field soil, crushed maize straw and decomposed chicken faeces are 2:2:1. The substrate formulation is obtained by mixing the above-mentioned components, and covering and fermenting the covered mixture for about 30 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The F.solani comprises 28S recombinant DNA (rDNA) sequence comprising a 579 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) fully defined in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The moisture content of the muscle is removed before performing the glycosylation step. The glycosylation step is carried out at 30-60 degrees C for 30 minutes to 24 hours. The relative humidity of the separated protein is 30-70%. The pH of the aqueous solution is 6-8. Preferred Components: The solubilizing agent is glucose. The meat is residual meat of the processed chicken breast meat. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The weight ratio of lipase and volume of water is 3 to 6:1 g/L. The frequency of ultrasonic wave is 35 kHz and its power is 160-240 W. The temperature is controlled at 15-20 degrees C and the time is 35-60 minutes when using the ultrasonic wave to assist in carrying out the degreasing process. The weight of the water is 3-5 times of the weight of cobia fillet. The method comprises using disinfectant towel to smoothly press to remove the moisture on surface of cobia fillet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biomass is cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, agriculture and forestry waste, human solid waste or poultry dung.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of composite molecular sieve to biomass is 1:5-1:20. The protecting gas is nitrogen, argon, helium or carbon dioxide. Preferred Process: The composite molecular sieve and biomass are directly mixed or separately placed. The molecular sieve is hanged from the top of reactor. The pressure of the cracking system is normal pressure or reduced pressure. The reaction temperature of cracking is 400-500 degrees C. (In mole) Silica sol (0.152), aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate (0.002), n-butylamine (0.025) and sodium hydroxide (0.026) are mixed, pH value of solution is adjusted to 11, crystallized at 170 degrees C for 4 days, and then heated at 550 degrees C for 8 hours, to obtain ZSM-5(38)-type molecular sieve. Tetraethoxysilane (0.038), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (0.001), water (6.667), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (0.0046), sodium hydroxide (0.033) and ZSM-5(38) (1 g) are mixed at room temperature for 2 hours, crystallized at 100 degrees C for 3 days, and then heated at 550 degrees C for 6 hours, to obtain ZSM-5(38)/AL-MCM-41(40)-type molecular sieve (composite molecular sieve).
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The agricultural waste is straw, fruit shell, branches and wood leftovers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The combustion-supporting binding agent can be replaced by yellow clay, limestone, or sticky industrial waste residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The grass powder can be replaced by wood residue powder, traditional Chinese medicine residue powder, or leftovers of grass product and wood product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biological tar is liquid obtained from various biomass through quick thermal cracking, slow thermal cracking, hydroliquefaction and gasification. The solvent is ethanol, alcohol having molecular weight higher than ethanol, surfactant mutually soluble with water phase and oil phase, or deoxidized oil phase substance. The HDO catalyst comprises transition elements chosen from alloy of IIIB to IIB elements. The carrier comprises silicon oxide, active carbon, porous carbon, metal oxide or metal oxide containing carbon or silicon on the surface. The hydrocracking catalyst is optionally sulfurated cobalt-molybdenum/alumina, or nickel-molybdenum/alumina hydrocracking catalyst. When the catalyzing activity of the catalyst is reduced, the HDO catalyst is washed by solvent such as alcohol or tetrahydrofuran. The HDO catalyst and the hydrocracking catalyst are reduced in gas phase in reducing gas or in liquid phase of CxHy in the reducing gas. The activity of the catalyst is recovered. The CxHy comprises green fuel oil, petrol CxHy, CxHy and substance similar to CxHy. The gasoline and diesel in the green fuel oil is changed by changing the space speed of the temperature, pressure and weight. Preferred Process: The product 1-40 of 10-1 gasoline, coal oil, diesel, AGO-VGO petrol of oil phase is added into the hydrocracking reactor of convention oil refining system to be refined. The chemical substance is extracted by physical rectification method, and absorption and mechanical method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred composition: The biological agent SMJ-8 comprises (in wt.%) Pseudomonas (10), Brevibacterium (10), Rhodococcus erythropol (10), Thiobacillus thioparus (10), photosynthetic bacteria (5), Saccharomyces (10), fermentation filamentous bacteria (10), Gram-positive Actinomycete (10), Hyphomicrobium (10), Penicillium (5) and additional thermophile bacteria (10). Preferred Component: The treated urban domestic garbage is garbage granules obtained by sterilizing domestic garbage using ozone, removing impurities from the sterilized garbage, deodorizing, sterilizing and fermenting mixture using biological agent SMJ-8, and dehydrating and crushing mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed additive contains calcium carbonate (40), solid sodium hydroxide (30), urea (20), magnesium oxide (5) and lignin adhesive (5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The lignin adhesive is obtained by mixing 80 parts weight of papermaking waste black liquid, 6 parts weight of leather cement, 1 part weight of polyvinyl alcohol, 3 parts weight of lime, 2 parts weight of cement, and 8 parts weight of diatomite, adding the obtained mixture into reactor, stirring, heating at 98 degrees C and reacting for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The temperature of the high temperature heat accumulator is 860-880 degrees C, preferably 550-5880 degrees C, and temperature of the low temperature heat accumulator is 220-270 degrees C. The efficient components of the high-temperature metallurgical smoke coming out from the metallurgical furnace are carbon dioxide, methylene, oxygen and water. The allocating air is methane, oxygen and water. A phase change thermal storage material of the high-temperature accumulator is nickel or sodium carbonate. The phase change thermal storage material of the mesothermal-temperature accumulator is aluminum or aluminum oxide. The phase change thermal storage material of the low-temperature accumulator is potassium chloride with zinc chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of protein and inorganic acid are 5-10 mol/l, ratio of organic acid with respect to the protein is 1-100% and weight/weight ratio of protein and inorganic acid is 1:1. The hydrolysis is performed at 80-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours. The organic acid is glacial acetic acid, formic acid, ethanoic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, lactic acid or citric acid, preferably glacial acetic acid. The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, hyposulfurous acid or phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The transition metal complex of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is of formula: M3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid)2.12H2O.M=cobalt, nickel or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is chosen from N-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, N-heptane, 2-methylhexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, N-octane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and ethylcyclohexane. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of ATP and its analog is 50-200 mol/g. Preferred Components: The ATP analog is chosen from ATP gamma -s, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of the biogas production device to the biogas desulfuration device is 2.5:1-5:1. The upper end of the spray liquid level pipe stays at the same level with the liquid level inside the slant plate-type spray liquid storage tank. The tapered air distributor is 2-4 cm higher than the liquid level inside the slant plate-type spray liquid storage tank. The lower end of the spray liquid level pipe is submerged 3-4 cm under the fermented liquid level in the three-phase separation zone. An included angle alpha between the slant plate of the slant plate-type spray liquid storage tank and the horizontal level is 20-30 degrees . The lower end of the slant plate of the slant plate-type spray liquid storage tank is connected with the sulfur discharge pipe. The pipe mouth of the spray liquid refluxing pipe is arranged 5 cm below the fermented liquid level of the three-phase separation zone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The bottom of the internal of the container can be made into a flat bottom according to the feature of the raw material. The oblique lower agitating device can be made into a top agitating or horizontal side agitating according to the feature of the raw material. The feeding manner can be made into an upper feeding, an intermediate feeding and/or a lower feeding according to the feature of the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The tail gas temperature regulating valve of the engine tail gas cracking alcohol type hydrogen preparing device is provided with a step motor. The evaporation chamber and the over-heating chamber of the cracking alcohol type hydrogen preparing device are connected with the microwave heater, and the cracking chamber is connected with the optical wave oven or the induction cooker.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Silver, pearlite, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium carbonate are added to water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lysogeny broth (LB) medium contains 10g/l of peptone, 5g/l of yeast powder, 10g/l of sodium chloride and balanced distilled water. A salt culture medium is utilized for degrading petroleum which contains 0.5g/l of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 4g/l of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 1g/l of ammonium chloride, 2 ml of calcium chloride, 2 ml of magnesium chloride hexahydrate with mass percentage of 10%, 200 mu l of ferric chloride, 200 mu l of vitamin, ionic solution and 1l of distilled water. The ionic solution contains 0.5g/l of zinc chloride, 0.5g/l of ferrous chloride, 5g/l of manganese(II) chloride, 0.1g/l of sodium molybdate dihydrate, 0.05g/l of copper(II) chloride dihydrate, 0.05g/l of sodium tungstate dihydrate, 120 mmol/l of hydrochloric acid and balanced water. Vitamins contain 400mg/l of calcium pantothenate, 200mg/l of inositol, 400mg/l of nicotinic acid, 400mg/l of vitamin B6, 200mg/l of p-aminobenzoic acid, 0.5mg/l of vitamin B12 and balanced water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves maturing the fermented product in the presence of e.g. water-soluble chitosan, water-soluble bone meal, bay salt and plant sap. The method further involves adding other raw materials e.g. fig leaf, Ginkgo folium, zanthoxyli fructus, dandelion, Platycodon grandiflorum, ginseng and bean into the processed mixture before fermentation. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The biomass particle comprises sawdust and rice shell in the volume ratio of 1:0.5-1:5, preferably 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The solid product is sieved via screen having pore size of 8-12 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: A porous suspension filling material is placed in the SBR reaction pool. The filling layer is 50-60 cm thick. The soil layer is 10-20 cm high.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The edible oil P.oleovorans DT4 is Gram-negative, thallus like, 0.5-0.8 mu in length and 0.8-1.2 mu in width and optimal temperature at 37 degrees C. The P.oleovorans DT4 appears likes small circle, transparent, white, saturated, smooth and moist in colony. The P.oleovorans DT4 is easily picked up and is oxidase, nitrate reductase and arginine hydrolase positive. The P.oleovorans DT4 is negative in Voges-Proskauer (VP) test, methyl red (MR) test, and indole. The P.oleovorans DT4 is negative in hydrolyze and sugar fermentation. The P.oleovorans DT4 is inoculated in wastewater or inorganic salt culture medium containing tetrahydrofuran and cultured at 20-45 degrees C at pH of 5-10.5. The culture medium comprises (in g) disodium hydrogen phosphate, 12 hydrate (0.1-6), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.1-4), ammonium sulfate (0.1-3), magnesium sulfate, 7 hydrate (0.05-0.6), calcium chloride, 2 hydrate (0.01-0.1), microelement solution (0.5-5) and tetrahydrofuran (0.01-5). The culture medium has pH of 4-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The high temperature composting fungus is white Cortinarius.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises the addition of high temperature composting fungus in (b). Preferred Components: The proportion of sludge to the high temperature composting fungus in (b) is 10 tons:1 kg. The organic waste is composed of fungus sledge and/or straw as main raw material, which is present in an amount of 80-100% of the organic waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The device is propelled by polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NHD), in which a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-degradation agent and an anticoagulant are added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacterial colony is milky white and non-transparent, and has smooth edge and viscosity. The thallus shape is long bacillus in observation of transmission electron microscope, having flagellum; and is gram-negative, oxidase positive, amylolysis and gelatin hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive. The Pseudomonas veronii ZW has 16srRNA gene sequence consisting of 1419 base pairs. Preferred Method: The bacterial suspension obtained by cultivating the P. veronii ZW is filled in sewage containing the petroleum industrial pollutant, and cultivated at 20-40 (preferably 20) degrees C in pH value of 4-9 (preferably 7.2), to obtain treated sewage. The cultivation condition is aerobic or facultative aerobic. The bacterial suspension obtained by cultivating the P. veronii ZW is added in activated sludge, and the biological filter tower is processed film formation starting. The film-formed biological filter tower is treated by filling waste gas containing alpha -pinene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline catalyst comprises inorganic alkali or phase transfer catalyst with mole ratio of 1:0.005-0.02. Preferred Components: The inorganic alkali is alkaline metal anhydrous carbonate. The catalyst is iodide. The iodide is potassium iodide or sodium iodide. The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The acid is hydrochloric acid or glacial acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). The phase transfer catalyst is benzyltriethyl ammonium chloride and/or tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. The polar non-protonic organic solvent is DMF, tetrahydrofuran (THF), DMSO, HMPA or acetonitrile. The 2-15C fatty ether is ether, isopropyl ether, methyl tertbutyl ether or n-butyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The fertilizer is borax, boric acid, ammonium molybdate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate and/or rare earth nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The algae are microcystis, chroococcaceae, synechocystis, balloon algae, wedge-shaped algae and/or coelosphaerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plant growth regulator is indolebutyric acid or naphthylacetic acid. The stabilizing agent is sorbitan polyethylene polyoxypropylene ether, sorbitan monolaurate, ethylene oxide glycol ether, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate or polyethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The readily biodegradable polymer is methyl or carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, soluble starch and/or cornstarch. The surfactant is organosilicone surfactant. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methylene dichloride and/or chloroform. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Plant Growth Regulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The pure water is the rare ammonia water reverse osmosis condensed dialysis water in the step (iv). The reverse osmosis system comprises a reverse osmosis film. The reverse osmosis film is a spiral rolling film, where the film material is a complex film. The operating pressure is 10-20 bar, and the temperature is 20-35 degrees C in step (iv).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ammonia recovering tower commonly sets two stages which are connected in series, where the exhaust gas enters the ammonia recovering tower from the bottom to the top, and pure water enters from the upper part of the ammonia recovering tower to be fully mixed with the exhaust gas to obtain the rare ammonia water in the step (iii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The tobacco powder is obtained from solanaceae tobacco plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in kg): difluoroethane (R-152a) (85), propane (R-290a) (0.1) and hexamethyl silicon oil (1.9). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in kg): difluoroethane (R-152a) (97), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) (1), propane (R-290a) (0.1) and hexamethyl silicon oil (1.9). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum precursor and precursor solution of nickel are processed in alkaline solution at a speed of 0.001-0.1 mole/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic catalyst consists of platinum, ruthenium and their alloy. The catalyst is also selected from titanium, cobalt, nickel, cupper and their combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalystactive component is a group VIB metal, preferably cobalt, ruthenium, iron, manganese or iridium.The catalyst further comprises a group VIIB metal or a group VIII metal as the active component supported on the carrier.The group VIB metal is molybdenum or tungsten.The group VIII metal is nickel, palladium or platinum.The carrier is zirconia, titania, aluminum phosphate, niobium oxide, zirconium phosphate, titanium phosphate, silicon carbide and/or carbon.The catalyst contains (in weight%) group VIB metal (0.1-70, preferably 1-40), group VIIB metal (0-60, preferably 0-20) or group VIII metal (0-60, preferably 0-20).Preferred Method: The biodiesel is produced from biomass, such as plant oil, plant fat, animal fat, fish oil, recycled fat, plant fatty acids or animal fatty acids.The plant oil, animal fat or recycled fat includes triglycerides having each chain composed of 1-28 carbon atoms, and each of the plant fatty acids or animal fatty acids has 1-28 carbon atoms.In addition to the biomass, one or more hydrocarbon mixtures (0-99%) are used as the raw material feed.The method comprises pretreating a feed through hydrogenation, separating unreacted hydrogen after a hydrodeoxygenation reaction to form hydrocarbons; and cooling, separating and isomerizing the formed hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Algae: The microalgae belong to Botryococcus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from methanol, acetone and hexane, preferably methylene chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic resin is chosen from Amberlite XAD-2 (RTM: spherical polymers), Amberlite XAD-4 (RTM: spherical polymers), Amberlite XAD-16 (RTM: spherical polymers) and Amberlite XAD-200 (RTM: spherical polymers).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass solid fuel contains 0-40 parts weight of plasticizer and 0-50 parts weight of additive. The plasticizer is chosen from bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, bis(n-butyl)phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate, trimethyl trimellitate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate, tri-(n-octyl, n-decyl)trimellitate, tri-(heptyl,nonyl) trimellitate, n-octyl trimellitate, bis (2-ethylhexyl)adipate, dimethyl adipate, monomethyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, dibutyl maleate, diisobutyl maleate, N-ethyl toluene sulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)benzene sulfonamide, N-(n-butyl)benzene sulfonamide, tricresyl phosphate, triethylene glycol dihexanoate, tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate, triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, trioctyl citrate, acetyl trioctyl citrate, trihexyl citrate, acetyl trihexyl citrate and trimethyl citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The air is supplied to the sludge treatment chamber before adding ammonium nitrite and potassium nitride to the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves adding peat moss and fertilizer component to the compost and adjusting the culture soil. ACTIVITY - Plant growth stimulant; Plant Protectant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The micro-hole aeration pipe is a porous polyvinyl chloride aeration pipe, which is connected with a submersible aerator. The manual mixing layer is mixed by vermiculite, zeolite and coal slag, and the manual mixing layer is at least 20 cm thick, where the upper part of mixing layer is compact and the lower part is loose. The grain diameter of the water inlet gravel region and water outlet gravel region is 8-15 cm and 2-4 cm, respectively. The grain diameters of the rough sand layer A and rough sand layer B are 2-7 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The smoke discharging pipeline is provided with a gas outputting pipeline at the inlet of the passage. The gas outputting pipeline is provided with a smoke filtering device for removing floating powder granule as well as the harmful remained gas. The feeding hole of the passage: is connected with an automatic sorting device for sorting the waste; and is the inputting hole of the un-recyclable household waste. The indirect heating device comprises a heater and a heating container, which is arranged at the feeding hole of the passage. The heater: is a burning heater, where a gas inlet pipe of the heater is connected with the outputting end of the fuel gas pipe; or is an electric heater, which is arranged at the connecting position between the feeding hole of the passage and two neighboring smoke heat exchanging cavities. The heating temperature of the indirect heater is 800-900 degrees C. The passage is provided with a conveying device for moving the waste to the discharging hole. The feeding hole of the passage is provided with more than two levels of waste extruding devices and waste grinding devices, which simultaneously form the waste water treating system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average particle size of the fuel composition is 5 mm or less. The amount of fuel composition used for the cement clinker is 11-15 wt.%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chemical catalyst or biocatalyst. The biocatalyst is lipase derived from Candida Antarctica, Pseudomonas cepacia or Candida regosa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The digested residue depleted of ammonia, obtained from the waste gas contains air pollutants, and nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide binding components. Preferred Method: The waste gas and its acid-forming oxides from the combustion of biogas are contacted with the basic digested residue depleted of ammonia to form non-volatile compounds. The step of contacting the waste gas with the digested residue and the reaction takes place in a reaction chamber. The treatment of the digested residue includes sanitization. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The moisture content of obtained coal is 20% or less.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Contents: The filling material comprises an amount of 0.03-0.08 g/cm3. The specific surface area of the multihole carbon material is more than 50 m2/g. Preferred Processes: The speed of the mechanical ball-milling is 100-150 revolutions/minute, and the time of ball-milling is 30-60 minutes. The multihole carbon material is single-wall nanotube, multi-wall carbon nanotube or carbon fiber; the metal filtering net is copper filtering net with porosity of more than 800 sections or stainless steel filtering net with porosity of 1000 sections; and the semipermeable membrane is collodion thin film or Teflon (RTM: PTFE) film, and porosity of the semipermeable membrane is roughly same with that of the metal filtering net. The liquid water is injected into reaction system through micro-pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cosolvent is diethoxymethane and/or methyl t-butyl ether. The assistant cosolvent is polyoxyethylene and/or sorbitan monooleate. The colorific value strengthening agent is petroleum ether and/or 8-hydroxyquinoline. The fuel promoter is ferrocene and/or ammonium ceric sulfate. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide and isopropyl peroxide. The cleaning agent is polybutene butanimide and/or t-phenylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The natural plant is chosen from head of straw root, corn root, stem of water lettuce and green grass, or cassava, rice bran, wheat skin and potato. The biomass energy material is switchgrass and poplar. Preferred Process: The head of straw root is pretreated by spraying with lime water for 3-5 times, drying, crushing and immersing in dilute brine. The corn root is pretreated by spraying for two and half times by formic acid solution, and crushing. The water lettuce is pretreated by immersing in plant carbohydrate for 3-5 days, eliminating impurities, and drying after cutting stem of water lettuce. The green grass is processed by spraying sodium carbonate solution for 1-2 times, crushing and drying. Animal waste, carbamide and vinasse, or Melanomyces and Pythium are added before fermenting process. The content of fermenting liquid is 1-10 weight%. The total content of Melanomyces and Pythium is 0.1-1 weight% with respect to content of fermenting liquid. Propylene solution is added before hydrolysis reaction. Acetone, tung oil and gloss oil are added during pyrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The primary crushing rate of waste is 3-60%. The secondary or multiple crushing rate of waste is 1-100%. Preferred Process: The drying process of humidified product is air drying, fire drying, electrically heating, roasting or mechanical wiping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coupling reaction is performed at normal pressure and 100-150 degrees C. Catalytic hydrogenation is performed at 220-300 degrees C and 0.5-6 MPa. Both coupling and catalytic hydrogenation reactions are performed in a fixed reactor. Preferred Ratio: The volume ratio of carbon monoxide and nitrous ester is 1.1-2:1. The molar ratio of CPPO and hydrogen is 1:10-500. Preferred Parameters: The air flow rate of the total gas volume of carbon monoxide and nitrous ester is 900-4500/hour. The residence time of CPPO on catalyst is 0.5-20 seconds under standard condition. Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of silica-supported copper catalyst is 150-400 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The biological carriers are ecological base with high specific surface area and high porosity. The density of the ecological base is a little higher that of water and is suspended in water or fixed underwater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ecological restoration device comprises two sets of aerators, which are arranged at the front or backside of the cabin respectively for aerating different water areas to improve the aeration area. The aerators aerate via through holes or micro-pores and the two sets of aerators are connected with the air compressor exhaust pipe of the drive unit through aeration pipes. The drive unit comprises an air compressor, a turntable and a power supply module. The air compressor is arranged on the turntable and there are two sets of air compressors and turntables, which are used in match with the aerators. The turntables rotate at 180 degrees in a reciprocating manner around a central bearing to drive the aerators connected with the air compressor to act. The air compressors are supplied with power by a power supply module. The power supply module comprises a generator, a storage battery and an inverter. The generator comprises a wind driven generator and a solar cell and the electric energy of the generator is stored in the storage battery, where direct current power is converted to alternate current power by an inverter for the use of the aeration assembly. The cabin is fixed in water by multiple underwater locating piers and the bottom of the cabin is connected with the biological carriers to them in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The four membrane members are provided in each reactor. The membrane is made of polyethylene hollow fiber membrane. The membrane blowing and dissolved oxygen supply aerating system comprises a pierced tube on the bottom of the reactor and a shallow aerating pipe located one third of the length away from the top of the reactor. The first blower forms a first air pipe together with a fifteenth electromagnetic valve and a seventh flow rate meter connected to it, where the first air pipe is connected with the air inlet of the shallow aerating pipe of the first reactor. The first blower forms a second air pipe together with a sixteenth electromagnetic valve and an eighth flow rate meter connected to it. The second air pipe is connected with the air inlet pipe of the bottom aerating device of the first reactor. The second blower forms a third air pipe together with a seventeenth electromagnetic valve and a ninth flow rate meter connected to it. The third air pipe is connected with the air inlet of the shallow aerating pipe of the second reactor and forms a fourth air pipe with an eighteenth electromagnetic valve and a tenth flow rate meter connected to it. The fourth air pipe is connected with the bottom aerating device of the second reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The temperature of the reaction container is controlled at 25-30 degrees C, and the primary pH value is controlled at 5.65-5.75. The base material added is ferrous sulfate heptahydrate needed by growth of biologic leaching bacterium, and the ratio of the concentration to the dry-weight sludge concentration is controlled at 0.5-0.8. The concentrated sludge is diluted, and the concentration is controlled at 15-25 g/L. The dissolved oxygen in the reaction container is controlled at 7.5-9 mg/L when the aeration degree is controlled. The sludge circulation rate in the reaction container is controlled at 10-25% for extraction of heavy metal nickel without adding inoculation liquid. The leaching period is 8-10 days according to the biologic leaching method for removing heavy metal from the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The easily hydrolyzable acidified raw material is organic acid wastewater, alga, kitchen trash, vegetable and fruit waste, and/or meat processing waste. The difficult to hydrolyze acidified raw material is crop straw, herbivore excrement, leaves, grass, waste papers, waste paper boards, primary settlement tank sewage, residual active sludge, and/or papermaking sludge. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method preferably comprises collecting edible mushroom leftovers and cutting; mixing (kg) edible mushroom leftovers (1000), chitosan (5), humic acid (100), lanthanum sulfate (1), and ammonium polyphosphate (10), and adding water (500); blending uniformly; composting mushroom leftovers to form a stack with height of 1 m; covering the mushroom stack with plastic film and fermenting for 18 days; after ending the fermentation, spreading and drying in air; crushing; and making water content not greater than 10 wt.%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid alkali catalyst is manufactured by loading potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate on calcium oxide or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vegetable oil is yellow horn oil of shiny leaves and waste oil of catering industry. The biological alcohol is biological ethanol or biological butanol. The fatty acid is palmitic acid or stearic acid. The solvent is diethoxymethane or methyl tert-butyl ether. The combustion adjuvant is acetone or petroleum ether. The combustion improving agent is ferrocene or ammonium ceric sulfate. The oxidizing agent is isopropyl peroxide or hydrogen peroxide. The purifying agent is tertiary pentylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The waste grease is waste oil, oil discharged from restaurant, or plant oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The carbon pre-separation method is performed to supplement nutrient needs of microorganism in denitrifying section and allowing the carbon source to enter the anaerobic fermentation reactor for fermenting and producing methane, or using fermented liquor for supplementing carbon source in denitrifying section. The membrane bioreactor includes flat membrane-bioreactor and hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. The heterotrophic microorganism denitrifying reactor performs denitrification of nitrate and nitrite in wastewater and solid liquid separation of muddy water. The anaerobic fermentation reactor is useful as an acidifying reactor when there is no energy recycled and pre-separated carbon source forms high-quality carbon source to be utilized by the microorganism.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: There are three sections of short cylinders, where one section has a feeding port for mounting the feeding hopper. The sections are located by stop ports and connected by flanges and bolts. The inner wall of the cylinder is axially provided with eight circular arc grooves uniformly distributed in a radial manner. The inner wall of the tail end of one section of short cylinder far from the feeding hopper is equipped with a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor. The head of the screw rod is a circular arc of 120 degrees . A thread of two times of lead from the head of the screw rod to the feeding port is: equal-pitch equal-root depth structure; and equal-pitch gradient-root depth thread structure. The extrusion die heads are die heads of: expansion particle feeds; expansion fibers; or forming straw fuel bars. The die heads of expansion particle feeds are porous discharging structures, where discharging holes are transited from cone to cylinder and taper angle in the feeding place is 30 degrees . The inner walls of the die heads of expansion fibers are circular arc structures and are transited from circular arc to discharging holes, where the diameter of the discharging hole is 12 mm and constant gaps are kept from the head of the screw rod. The feeding place of the die heads of forming straw fuel bars is conical in 45 degrees , and is transited from cone to cylindrical holes, where shape keeping sections are outside the cylindrical holes and their outer walls are provided with heating devices.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen producing device is further connected with a mixed power automobile. The direct-current bus is connected with an electric automobile. The energy storing device is an energy-storing battery. The hydrogen producing device is a water-electrolytic hydrogen producing device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active carbon is calcium ion, magnesium ion, or copper ion modified active carbon. The X-type zeolite is lithium-X, calcium-X, strontium-X, magnesium-X, or sodium-X zeolite.The sulfide adsorbed is hydrogen sulfide and/or methanethiol.The active carbon is calcium ion, magnesium ion, or copper ion modified active carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pyrohydrolysis condition for the residual sludge is at 110-200 degrees C and 600-2500 kPa for 15-60 minutes. The methane is produced at 31-36 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fermentation culture is performed at 30-40 (preferably 35-38) degrees C, pH of 5-9 (preferably 6-8), and agitating speed of 300-700 revolutions/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The electrodes are iron, copper, aluminum, titanium, platinum, silver, gold or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material comprises high-concentration organic wastewater, sludge, waste from cooking, acetic acid or acetate solution. The organic material is added with glucose, yeast extract, magnesium chloride hexahydrate or sodium hydrogen carbonate. The efficient methanogen group is mixed flora that is mainly hydrogenotrophic methanogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass byproduct contains 1-2 parts weight of oil or ethanol and 6-14 parts weight of complexing agent and/or adhesive. The starch is cane starch, corn starch or cassava starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Conditions: Composition is prepared in form of water dispersible granule, effervescent granule or effervescent tablet. Preferred Composition: The composition is prepared in form of water dispersible granule by using (in wt.%): 6-benzylaminopurine (0.1-10), penetrant (1-10), dispersant (2-10), disintegrating agent (10-30), adhesive (1-5) and filler (10-87). The composition is prepared in form of effervescent granule by using (in wt.%): 6-benzylaminopurine (0.1-10), wetting penetrant (1-10), dispersant (2-10), disintegrating agent (10-30), adhesive (1-5), acid effervescing agent (1-20), alkaline effervescing agent (1-25), water retention agent (1-10) and filler (10-83). The composition is prepared in form of effervescent tablet by using (in wt.%): 6-benzylaminopurine (0.1-10), wetting penetrant (1-10), dispersant (2-10), disintegrating agent (10-30), adhesive (1-5), acid effervescing agent (1-20), alkaline effervescing agent (1-25), water retention agent (1-10) and filler (10-83). ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: Weight ratio of sewage sludge and straw is 6:4 (dry basis). Preferred Method: The method further comprises mounting an aerating pipe at bottom of the aerating device fermenting groove and delivering gas through the air blower to provide enough oxygen for aerobic fermentation, where 0.2 m3 of gas is introduced into 1 m3 of material and the aerating device is a switch and set for aerating for once every other 3 hours, and aerating for 6 times every day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is crop straw, saw dust, or mushroom slag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of ferric trichloride in the step (i) is 5-50 g/l. The straw in the step (i) is rape straw or maize straw. The flow velocity of nitrogen in the step (ii) is 5-15 ml/minute. The temperature of the high temperature combustion charcoal stove in the step (ii) is 350 degrees C and the heating speed is 10 degrees C per minute. The flow velocity of carbon dioxide in the step (iii) is 15 ml/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The bottom part of the pollutant intercepting precipitating pool is mounted with a sand discharging pipe. The water distributing channel is connected with two sets of artificial wetland pond-bed processing systems. The water inlet flow controller is a main weir groove with one end connected with an auxiliary weir groove in parallel with the main weir groove. A water inlet of the auxiliary weir groove is mounted with an overflow groove, the overflowing hole of which is opened on the side wall of the main weir groove. The side wall of the overflow groove is interconnected with the water inlet of the auxiliary weir groove and the water outlet is equipped with a baffle. The bottom part and two sides of the baffle are fixed at two sides and the bottom part of the water outlet respectively. The upper edge of the baffle is lower than the edge of the overflowing hole. A weir plate opened with a triangle weir hole is arranged in the main weir groove and the upper edge of the triangle weir hole is in the same level of the overflowing hole. A weir plate opened with a triangle weir hole is arranged in the auxiliary weir groove and the upper edge of the triangle weir hole is in the same level with the upper edge of the baffle. The water inlet and outlet of the main weir groove are mounted with a reinforcing rib each. The two ends of the reinforcing rib are fixed on two upper edges of the main weir groove.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Oxygen (0.1-0.2 m3/m3asteriskminute) is supplied to aerobic fermentation by connecting an aeration pipe to bottom of fermentation windrow, supplying oxygen using a fan controlled by a computer through an aeration pipe. The heat valuable gas in the exhaust gas is collected by waste heat utilization pipe on upper part of the fermentation windrow, and the waste heat utilization pipe is in communication with the aeration pipe. The pH value during aerobic fermentation is 6.5-8.5. Water content during aerobic fermentation is 50-50%. The fermentation windrow is turned over every 3-7 days. The aerobic fermentation comprises an initial stage at controlled temperature of below 80 degrees C, a high temperature stage at controlled temperature of 60-80 degrees C, and a curing stage conducted at surrounding environment temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The pre-treating material used for processing of algae is acid or enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the two-phase and three-section methane generating device, the top and bottom of the filtering filling bed are respectively set with filtering filling inlet and outlet; the top parts of the hydrolysis acid generating reactor and methane generating reactor are both set with gas exhausting holes, security valves and pressure gauges; the gas exhausting holes are respectively set with a flow meter; the outer walls of the hydrolysis acid generating reactor and methane generating reactor are both set with heating jacks and preserving layers; the hydrolysis acid generating reactor and methane generating reactor are both set with thermometers and acidometers at different heights; the hydrolysis acid generating reactor and methane generating reactor are both set with sampling holes at different heights; the inlet section of the circulating pump is set with branch pipelines for adding anaerobic digestion inoculating object, acidifying or alkalizing agent and water into the methane generating reactor; the penetrating filling is wood, bamboo, plastic, or stone; the filtering filling is stone, ceramic filling, or plastic filling; and the fiber filling is soft fiber filling or half-soft fiber filling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support comprises a nanocrystalline powder, where the applying step comprises impregnation; and a thin film or a single crystal surface, where the applying step comprises dip coating. The thin film or the single crystal surface comprises a titania surface. The nanoparticles comprise a metal or metal alloy, where the method further comprises heating to a temperature of 900-1200 degrees C, where raised titania stripes are formed on the titania surface, and the raised titania stripes are raised 0.3-0.6 nm above surrounding portions of the titania surface. The nanoparticle source comprises a first metal salt and a second metal salt different from the first metal salt, where the nanoparticles comprise bimetallic nanoparticles. The support comprises the thin film or the single crystal, where the thin film or the single crystal includes a metal oxide surface. The metal oxide surface comprises alumina or titania. The catalyst further comprises the raised metal oxide stripes on the metal oxide surface; and a carbon comprising an adhesion layer interposed between the support and the nanoparticles that enhance adhesion between the support and the nanoparticles. The metal nanoparticles comprise platinum or palladium; and have a median size of 0.5-25 nm. The oxide comprises titania and the oxide surface comprises a titania surface, where the periodic arrangement comprises hexagonal, and further comprises raised titania stripes on the titania surface. Preferred Process: The step of removing comprises heating to 400-600 degrees C in an oxygen comprising ambient.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material comprises a block copolymer comprising a polystyrene block copolymer. The polystyrene block copolymer comprises polystyrene-block-poly-2-vinylpyridine. The polymeric coating layer is a continuous layer that encapsulates the nanoparticles and is 2-75 nm thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves screening the solution containing baits, decanting the baits, pouring the solution containing symbiotic bacteria again and stirring solution uniformly with the baits.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, step (d) includes: directing the hydrogen fuel to pass through a hydrogen transfer valve secured in fluid communication between the anode and cathode flow paths; electrochemically pumping the hydrogen from the anode flow path into the cathode flow path by passing a direct current to the fuel cell; or securing a proton exchange membrane electrolyte between the anode and cathode catalyst so that the hydrogen may diffuse through the proton exchange membrane electrolyte from the anode flow path into the cathode flow path. The method further comprises: accelerating flow of a cathode exhaust stream with an oxidant blower or a cathode bypass blower from a cathode exhaust of the cathode flow path through a cathode bypass line to a cathode inlet of the cathode flow path, after the step (d) and before the step (f); periodically sensing the amount of hydrogen within the anode or cathode flow path with the hydrogen sensor, and establishing an acceptable concentration of hydrogen to maintain the fuel cell in a passive state whenever the hydrogen sensor detects the concentration of hydrogen within the anode or cathode flow path is below a predetermined concentration; and sensing the amount of hydrogen within the anode or cathode flow path with the hydrogen sensor, whenever the detected hydrogen concentration is less than an acceptable limit of hydrogen to maintain the fuel cell in a passive state, and performing a rapid hydrogen fuel purge step, where the hydrogen fuel is directed to traverse the anode flow field of the fuel cell between an anode inlet and exhaust in less than 1 second, preferably in less than 0.05 second and then starting up the fuel cell, after the step (g). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfide removed by the purifying tower is hydrogen sulfide and/or methanethiol. The zeolite absorption material is MCM-41 zeolite, Y shaped zeolite, or preferably silica-rich zeolite. The active carbon is calcium ion, magnesium ion, or copper ion modified active carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier is spherical gamma -Al2O3 with size of 50-300 mu m and specific surface area of 100-300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst catalyzes CO2 hydrogenation methanation reaction under a pressure of 3.0-5.0 MPa, temperature of 350-450 degrees C, gas hourly space velocity of 5000-10000/hour, and mol ratio of H2/CO2 of 4.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The cobalt nitride compound is prepared by sintering cobalt acetate with average granularity of 300-500 nm at high temperature and in nitrogen source atmosphere to obtain the cobalt nitride compound. Preferred Method: Sintering is conducted at 450-800 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The cobalt acetate and the carrier for loading the cobalt nitride compound are processed by ultrasonic vibration after ball grinding. Preferred Component: The gas of the nitrogen source atmosphere is ammonia gas or gas resolved by ammonium bicarbonate after heating. The cobalt nitride compound has average granularity of 50-200 nm. The carrier is carbon black. The average granularity of the catalyst is 100-200 nm. The cobalt nitride compound in the catalyst is present at 30-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The alkaline conditioner and the expanding agent are steel slag powder with granularity of 50-100 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The wettable dispersant is selected from fluazinam, naphthalenesulfonic acid, calcium lignosulfonate, nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl aryl polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, alkylaryl polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene ether, nonylphenol formaldehyde resin-polyoxyethylene ether, Nekal BX (RTM: Butyl naphthalene sulfonate) or fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether. The thickening agent is xanthan gum (XG), WJZ-04 or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The anti-freezing agent is glycerol or glycol. The anti-foaming agent is organic silicone 8431. Preferred Composition: Concentrated suspension contains (in %): fluazinam (50.0), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (10), sodium ascorbate (0.06), modified xanthan gum (0.2), organic silicone 8431 (0.1), glycol (6.0) and balanced water, where granularity of suspension is 2-5 mu . ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: A wettable dispersant is utilized in the suspension which is selected from dimethomorph, naphthalenesulfonic acid, calcium lignosulfonate, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, alkyl aryl polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl aryl polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene ether, nonylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether, Nekal BX (RTM: Butyl naphthalene sulfonate) or fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether. The thickening agent is xanthan gum (XG), WJZ-04 or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The anti-freezing agent is glycerol or ethylene glycol. The anti-foaming agent is organic silicone 8431. Preferred Composition: Concentrated suspension contains (in %): dimethomorph (40.0), polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (7.0), thickening agent WJZ-04 (0.2), organic silicone 8431 (3), glycol (6.0) and balanced water. ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The suspending agent is naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, isopropyl naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, alkyl naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate or their mixture. The dispersant is sodium dialkyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium lignin sulfonate, sodium dibutyl sulfonate or their mixture. The preservative is sodium benzoate, polyformaldehyde, citric acid, sorbitol or their mixture. The defoamer is silicone defoaming agent, polyglycerol, fatty acid, polyoxyethylene glycerol ether or their mixture. The antifreeze agent is glycol, propanediol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, urea or their mixture. The thickener is xanthan gum, silicon dioxide, urea or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Gibberellin is selected from GA3, GA4 or GA7. Preferred Conditions: The agent is prepared with additives in form of water dispersible granule, granulated effervescent agent or effervescent tablet. Preferred Compositions: The agent is prepared in form of water dispersible granule by using (in wt.%): gibberellin (1-40), wetting and penetrating agent (1-10), dispersing agent (2-10), disintegrating agent (10-30), cementing agent (1-5) and filling agent (10-85). The agent is prepared in form of granulated effervescent agent by using (in wt.%): gibberellin (1-40), wetting and penetrating agent (1-10), dispersing agent (2-10), disintegrating agent (10-30), cementing agent (1-5), acidic effervescing agent (), 5-25% of alkali effervescing agent (), 1-10% of dehydrating agent (5-20) and filling agent (10-85). The agent is prepared in form of effervescent tablet by using (in wt.%): gibberellin (1-40), wetting and penetrating agent (1-10), dispersing agent (2-10), disintegrating agent (10-30), cementing agent (1-5), acidic effervescent agent (5-20), alkali effervescent agent (5-25), dehydrating agent (1-10) and filling agent (10-85). ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sludge concentration of anaerobic particles in anaerobic producing methane reactor is 35-55 g VSS/L. In step (A), the temperature of anaerobic producing methane reactor is 17-28 degrees C and the hydraulic retention time is 7-11 hours. In step (B), the non-uniform coefficient of quartz sand is 1.5, the thickness of the filter material layer is 0.9-1.4 m, and the filtering speed is 7-9 m/hour. In step (C), the thickness of the packing layer is 0.65-0.95 m and the filtering speed is 7-9 m/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lipase is immobilized lipase comprising Novozym 435 (RTM: Immobilized lipase), lipase QLM, Rhizomucor miehei (RMIM) lipase, Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLIM) lipase or TS414 lipase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vegetable fat is rapeseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, bancoul nut oil or Sapium sebiferum seed oil. The short-chain alcohol is methanol, ethanol or tert.-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves adding formic acid to the organic waste. The culturing step is performed at pH 3-5 and 25-45 degrees C. Preferred Components: The carbon source (15-20 g/l) is sugar. The culture medium comprises nutrient components. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flocculating agent is ferrous sulfate, polymeric aluminum chloride or polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The plant domestic garbage is garbage generated by daily life of city and rural citizens; and leaves, weeds, or straws generated in city and rural environment. The crushing granularity is according to the usage of organic fertilizer product, where when fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, the crushing granularity is controlled at 0-1.5x 1.5 cm, and when fertilizer is used as additional fertilizer, the crushing granularity is controlled at 0-0.5x 0.5 cm. The sieved material without chemical material is domestic garbage, which is sieved and does not contain undegradable plastic, waste metal, or chemical fiber cloth. River and lake sludge or crushed water hyacinth and duckweed in lotus pond are added into the mixture material of plant domestic garbage, soil, and sieved material without chemical material, where amount of river and lake sludge is 0-20% of the mixture, and amount of crushed water hyacinth and duckweed in lotus pond is 0-30% of the mixture. When fermenting, the surface of compost material is covered by soil layer with thickness of 10 mm. The bottom of compost fermentation material is ignited to make the compost material be at the state of not being combusted completely. Water is added in the fermentation process. It is semi-dry and non-polluted river water or water, which does not flow in dead river. The material is overturned completely in time during the fermentation process. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The fertilizer is prepared from raw materials comprising (pts.wt.) urea (8-65), ammonium phosphate (316-449), monoammonium phosphate (19-76), calcium persulfate (10-140), potassium chloride (250-333), magnesium sulfate (54-77), zinc sulfate (70-100), and borax (10-30). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): High-efficiency aniline degrading bacteria are prepared by taking 1 L of culture medium comprising 2 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.5 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 5 mL trace elements and 1 g aniline; adding 15 g/L agar powder to the solid culture medium; using the culture medium to activate strain at 30 degrees C and pH of 6-8 and at 160 revolutions/minute (rpm) of shaking bed for 24 hours; and amplifying to ferment and culture at 1-10% of inoculating amount, where the culturing temperature is 25-35 degrees C, and the rotation speed of shaking bed is 160 rpm for 12-16 hours. Preferred Method: The application method comprises: during the process of treating high-concentration aniline wastewater, adding AN-P1 bacterial according to 1-3% of inoculating amount, counted with weight of bacteria, into the aniline wastewater biotreatment system; adjusting hydraulic staying time to 13-32 hours; and during the process of treating emergency aniline pollution incident, inoculating AN-P1 bacteria according to 1-3% of inoculating amount, counted with dry weight of bacterial, into the treatment system; and aerating and retaining the oxygen dissolving rate in the system to 2-6 mg/L; and adjusting hydraulic staying time to 13-32 hours.
ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver comprises (in parts by weight) iron oxide (4), calcium oxide (3), potassium permanganate (2) and cerium oxide (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The straw strain mixed with the activator comprises Trichoderma, Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus or Bacillus.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the preparation process, the pyrazine derivative reacts with potassium tert-butoxide in the presence of nitromethyl pyrrolidone; where when R is bromine (Br), the pyrazine derivative is prepared by: (a) reacting 2-amino-3,5-dibromopyrazine and trimethylsilyl acetylene to obtain 2-amino-3-trimethylsilyl acetenyl-5-bromopyrazine; and (b) reacting2-amino-3-trimethylsilyl acetenyl-5-bromopyrazine with potassium tert-butoxide to remove trimethylsilyl to obtain 2-amino-3-acetenyl-5-bromopyrazine; when R is hydrogen (H), the pyrazine derivative is prepared by: (a) reacting 2-amino-3-chloropyrazine and trimethylsilyl acetylene to obtain 2-amino-3-trimethylsilyl acetenylpyrazine; and (b) reacting 2-amino-3-trimethylsilyl acetenylpyrazine with potassium tert-butoxide to remove trimethylsilyl to obtain 2-amino-3-acetenylpyrazine; and when R is chlorine (Cl), the pyrazine derivative is prepared by: (a) reacting 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyrazine and trimethylsilyl acetylene to obtain 2-amino-3-trimethylsilyl acetenyl-5-chloropyrazine; and (b) reacting 2-amino-3-trimethylsilyl acetenyl-5-chloropyrazine with potassium tert-butoxide to remove trimethylsilyl to obtain 2-amino-3-acetenyl-5-chloropyrazine; where the reaction in (a) is carried out at 0-30 degrees C, preferably 20-30 degrees C; and the reaction in (b) is carried out at 60-80 degrees C, preferably 70-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): The P.sputorum strain ATSB28 and B.kururiensis strain ATSB13 are isolated from rhizosphere soil. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth stimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Converting the feedstock includes merging the solid raw material with the liquid raw material in a heated form. Merging the solid raw material with the liquid raw material is carried out at 150-250 degrees C. Cracking the feedstock is carried out at 325-425 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structured package is sheet-metal or fabric package formed of flat metal sheet or fabric layer having cross-channel structure with bend angle of less than 60 degrees , preferably 45 degrees with respect to horizontal direction of separation layer. The height of separation layer is 5-50 cm, preferably 10-20 cm. The flooding point of backup layer(s) is more by 10-100%, preferably 20-50%. The flooding point of separation layer(s) is less by 20-80%, preferably 30-50%. The extractive distillation is carried out in presence of stabilizer having boiling point more than that of to-be-separated substance. The selective solvent is polar substance having high boiling point compared with to-be-separated substance, preferably chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide and acetonitrile with or without addition of water. Water and/or 1-4C alcohol as additive are added to the solvent. The 1-4C alcohol is ethanol, n-propanol or isopropanol. The to-be-separated substance is 1,3-butadiene or isoprene. The fraction predominantly comprising butane and fraction predominantly comprising butene are separated by extractive distillation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen catalyst component is aluminum fiber, aluminum powder, grinding body of aluminum foil which provided porous oxide film, grinding body of porous oxide film or alumina nanotube. The catalyst metal is nickel when temperature of chemical reaction part is greater than or equal to 700 degrees C or platinum when temperature of chemical reaction part is 250-700 degrees C. The length direction of pipe does not contain hydrogen catalyst component in area to which temperature of chemical reaction part reaches less than or equal to 250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the high-temperature aerobic fermentation device covered by organic solid waste membrane, the waterproof ventilating membrane is a selective permeable membrane, which forms the vapor and carbon dioxide produced by fermenting the discharged material to intercept the odor and pathogen. The waterproof ventilating membrane is covered on the upper part and the side face of the material in the device after the device feeding, after the material is adequately decayed, the water ventilating membrane on the device is removed to form discharge. The intelligent control system is composed of oxygen, temperature, water content sensor and a control system to monitor the material, and real-time transport the data to the control system to control the ventilation of the air blower and reach the aim of optimizing material fermentation. The oxygen, temperature, water content sensor is a sensor with two or three functions of detecting temperature, oxygen concentration and water content or uses three sensors with three functions to detect the three parameters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the crust breaking device of anaerobic fermentation tank, the tank body is a pole with columnar middle part and semicircular two ends; the tank body is horizontal. At least one group of double-crossed connecting pieces is arranged in the tank body; the terminal ends of the double-crossed connecting pieces are integrally welded with the inner wall of the tank body. The double-crossed connecting pieces and the connecting rod are made of circular tube or circular plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Tube: In the heating methane tank, the heating tube is placed in the tank body in the form of U.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material comprises solid carbonaceous material selected from lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite and biomass; and liquid carbonaceous material comprising heavy petroleum crude oil or petroleum residual fraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anti-caking agent comprises pulverized limestone, dehydrated phosphorus, or crushed egg shells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The igniting agent comprises wheat middlings, barley, oats, wheat, dried distiller grain, speltz, or milo. The binder comprises soy hulls, dried distiller grain, or milo. The fuel pellet comprises (wt.%) igniting agent ( less than or equal to 25, preferably greater than or equal to 12.5), binder ( less than or equal to 20, preferably greater than or equal to 12.5), and anti-caking agent ( less than or equal to 5). The ground shelled corn has a particle size of less than or equal to 3.1 mm in any dimension.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas is hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas is organophosphorous ester containing nitrogen, and organic ester containing nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The fermentation apparatus supplies the carbon dioxide generated during production of ethanol to gas-liquid contact apparatus or hydrolysis apparatus. The gas-liquid contact apparatus removes fermentation inhibition component from the saccharide solution by gas-liquid contact method using carbon dioxide supplied from the fermentation apparatus. The hydrolysis apparatus removes fermentation inhibition component from hydrolysis-processed material by gas-liquid contact method using carbon dioxide supplied from the fermentation apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar fraction of molecular hydrogen in hydrogen-containing stream is 0.6-0.95. The steam reforming feed comprises gaseous hydrocarbon, molecular hydrogen and/or at least one carbon oxide. The catalyst is water-gas shift catalyst. The molar ratio of water and molecular hydrogen in anode exhaust stream is 1. The hydrocarbon mixed with anode exhaust is 4C or less hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon is removed by filtration or centrifugation. The organic components are dialytically separated from the mineral components of the process water. The process water is subjected to a solar drying. The recovered organic fertilizer is granulated or pelleted. Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the cations of potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, zinc and copper. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The anaerobic digested liquid comprises Nitrosomonas sp., Thiobacillus sp. and strain degrading ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The corn smoked charcoal comprises (in wt.%) corn (50-60), charcoal (5-10), clay (30-35) and remainder of bonding agent. Preferred Components: The corn is corn cask granule or corn granule in the weight ratio of 3:2. The bonding agent is chosen from flour, rice starch and potato starch. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is yeast or any anaerobic soil microorganism. Preferred Method: The method is performed at 25-30 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The extraction unit extracts oil based on boiling point of water. The gasification unit utilizes oxygen or air and water vapor as gasifying agent. The catalyst is oxidation copper-zinc oxide-alumina. The combustion apparatus is combustion furnace. The waste gas in unit (3) is introduced into unit (5). Alcohol is produced from carbon dioxide in waste gas. The usage system further has an electrolysis unit (13) for electrolyzing water, a filtration unit (6) for separating biomass and extract, a predrying unit (7) for drying biomass before gasification, a cooling unit (8) for cooling produced gas, a gas purification unit (9), and a gas compression unit (10). Hydrogen obtained from electrolysis unit is introduced into unit (5) and reacted with carbon dioxide to produce alcohol. Oxygen byproduced from electrolysis unit is used as gasifying agent and combustion agent. The alcohol is methanol. The gas purification is wet method which circulates gas in water and purifies gas, or dry process which circulates gas to activated carbon, and purifies gas.
ACTIVITY - Hypotensive; Antialcoholic; Gastrointestinal-Gen.; CNS-Gen.; Muscular-Gen.; Dermatological.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition comprises (in kg): propane (52), isobutane (43.9), n-butane (2), propylene (1) and hexamethyldisiloxane (0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition comprises comprises (in kg): 1,1 difluoroethane (94.5), difluoromethane (1.5), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (1.5) and propane (2.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: A commercial crop e.g. reed, Calamus, cress, cane shoots or lotus root is planted in the artificial wetland. Preferred Method: The water and soil conservation method comprises: performing intercropping, interplanting and mixed spawning; improving rotation principle, gross-crop rotation, minimal tillage or no-tillage; and reaping in the field.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrogen or oxygen is provided for controlling pressure of the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing synthesized natural gas with coke-oven gas, the coke-oven gas purification is removing oil tar, coarsely desulfurizing, removing ammonia, washing benzene to remove benzene, and finally removing naphthalene. The cobalt-molybdenum hydrogenation transforming catalyst is used, such that organic sulfur contained in the coke-oven gas is hydrogenated to convert into H2S; and zinc oxide or iron-magnesium desulfurizing agent is used for removing H2S; and pressure of the hydrogenating and desulfurizing system is 0.5-4.0MPa and temperature is 250-450 degrees C. The pressure of the methanation reaction is 0.5-4.0MPa and temperature is 250-750 degrees C; and CO and CO2 in coke-oven gas are hydrogenated to convert into CH4. The last level methanation reactor in the methanation reaction is uniform temperature type water cooling plate reactor; and temperature of the catalyst bed layer is controlled as 250-350 degrees C by adjusting stem pressure as 1.6-4.0MPa. The multi-level methanation reactors in the methanation reaction are connected in series.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The food waste is watery food wastes from restaurants and refectories, with a water content of 50-70%, preferably 55-65%, after dewatering the waste. The viable count per gram of Bacillus subtilis is greater than 10 billion and the viable count of brewers yeast is greater than 2 billion. The Lactobacillus is Lactobacillus planetarium and/or Lactobacillus acidophilus. The dry weight of food waste is the dry matter content in the food waste. Preferred Method: The watery food wastes is dewatered, saccharified and boiled, where dewatering takes place after boiling. The drying method in step (v) is low temperature fluid bed drying method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In refining and purifying electronic silane, the top temperature of the light component removing tower is between -120 and -100 degrees C, the pressure of the light component removing tower is 2.2-2.85MPa and the operation pressure difference of the light component removing tower is 2.0-3.0kPa. The top temperature of the first heavy component removing tower is between -60 and -50 degrees C, the pressure of the first heavy component removing tower is 2.2-2.5MPa and the operation pressure difference of the first heavy component removing tower is 2.0-3.0kPa. The operation pressure of each adsorption tower bottom is 1.8-2.0MPa and the operation pressure difference of each adsorption tower is 8.0-12.0kPa. The top temperature of the second heavy component removing tower is between -60 and -50 degrees C, the pressure of the second heavy component removing tower is 1.6-1.8MPa and the operation pressure difference of the second heavy component removing tower is 8.0-12.0kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In thermal cracking of acetic acid, the ammonium phosphate salt is one or the mixture of more of monoammonium phosphate, bi-ammonium phosphate, tri-ammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, bi-ammonium phosphate, and ammonium hypophosphite. The adding mass of the catalyst is 0.1 to 10% of the mass of the acetic acid. The solvent of the catalyst is water or acetic acid, or the mixture of water and acetic acid, or acetone, or the mixture of acetone and water. The mass percent ratio of the catalyst to solvent is 1:1 to 100. The catalyst solution is added into acetic acid steam by pulverization with a pressurizing nozzle. An eccentric pump is used for pressurizing. The spraying pressure of the pulverization of the pressurizing nozzle is 0.2 to 1.0Mpa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The cyclization reaction is carried out to obtain 5-methylisooxazole-4-ethyl carboxylate with high selectivity. The reaction is carried out at - 50-50 (preferably - 10-20) degrees C. Preferred Components: The reaction solvent is methanol or ethanol; or benzene, toluene, dimethyl benzene, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dioxane, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and/or acetone, preferably toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and acetone. The condensing agent comprises N,N-carbonyl diimidazole, N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, ethyl sulfamide, trifluoromethyl sulfonyl chloride, p-methyl sulfonyl chloride, methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate or butyl chloroformate, preferably methyl sulfonyl chloride, trifluoromethyl sulfonyl chloride, methyl chloroformate or ethyl chloroformate. The alkali is triethylamine, pyridine or 4-dimethyl amino pyridine, preferably triethylamine or pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing biodiesel from catalyst reinforced supercritical methyl alcohol, the plant oil is soybean oil, colza oil, sunflower seed oil, palm oil or coral plant oil. The solid catalyst is potassium phosphate, Mg-Al hydrotalcite or roasted sodium silicate. The ester exchange reaction uses 5-60 minutes counted when the reaction liquid temperature reaches 150-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polar non-protonic organic solvent with a boiling point higher than 110 degrees C in (c) is dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA); and the alkaline catalyst is composed of an inorganic alkali and a phase-transfer catalyst on a mol ratio of 1:0.05-0.02; where the inorganic alkali is an alkali metal anhydrous carbonate; and the phase-transfer catalyst is benzyl triethylamine chloride, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, or their mixture. The catalyst in (d) is an iodide; where the iodide is potassium iodide or sodium iodide. The polar non-protonic organic solvent in (d) is DMF, tetrahydrofuran (THF), or acetonitrile. Preferred Process: The purification process in (e) comprises adjusting the pH value of the product of (d) with 2 N of alkaline solution to 7.5-10 until the product is fully dissolved; adding ethyl acetate for extraction and removing the organic layer; adjusting the pH value of the water layer with 1 N of acid to 2-6 to separate a crude product of the white crystal; and recrystallizing the crude product with deionized water to obtain refined Adefovir; where the alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide; and the acid is hydrochloric acid or glacial acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material oil is plant oil, asphalt, acid oil, single acid, neutral oil and/or waste cooking oil and the acid value is 70-192 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The mass ratio of the raw material oil to alcohol is 1:1-5:2. The alcohol is a low-carbon alcohol. The low-carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or isopropanol. Preferred Method: The reaction time is 10-24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction temperature is 75 degrees C. The reaction time is 60 minutes. The microwave heating power is 400 W. The mass ratio of catalyst to the reaction solution is 1:20.6. The zinc chloride-modified cation exchange resin 732 catalyst is obtained by washing sodium ion cation exchange resin 732 using deionized water, soaking the resin in sodium hydroxide (4%) for 4-8 hours, washing the resin using deionized water to a neutral state, soaking the resin in hydrochloric acid (4%) for 4-8 hours, washing the resin by deionized water to a pH of 6, drying the resin at low temperature to obtain hydrogen ion strong-acidic cation exchange resin 732 carrier, processing zinc chloride and deionized water into a zinc chloride solution (0.15%), adding the hydrogen ion strong-acidic cationic exchange resin 732 carrier, soaking the carrier in zinc chloride solution (0.15%) at room temperature to exchange ions, washing the carrier by deionized water until there is no chloride ions and drying the carrier in a vacuum oven to a constant weight to obtain zinc ion/732 resin catalyst (0.15%). The mass ratio of active metal in catalyst is 0.15%, and zinc ion is the metal ion exchanged on the 732 resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline catalyst in the step (ii) is sodium alkoxide, alkaline metal, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is used as catalyst. The adsorbent used in the step (iv) is active white clay, diatomite, attapulgite, active carbon, magnesium silicate and/or aluminum oxide. Preferred Method: The solid is dissolved into the methanol or ethanol to prepare the alcohol solution with alkali concentration of 4-8 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lipophilic organic solvent is hexane, cyclohexane, petroleum ether, ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform or benzene. The hydrophilic organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol or acetone. The acidic catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid or toluenesulfonic acid. Preferred Method: The step of leaching at room temperature is carried out under the protection of nitrogen. The lower layer of liquid after layering is the side product glycerol obtained by subjecting glycerol, water, catalyst, methanol and/or ethanol to dilute hydrochloric acid neutralization, centrifugal separation and decompressing distillation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The oil seed crops is Jatropha seed, Pistacia seed, cotton seed, castor oil seed, Vernicia seed, rape seed, shiny-leaved yellowhorn, peanut, bean, wheat or coffee bean.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is n-hexane, cyclohexane, petroleum ether, tertiary butanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, dimethyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate. The short chain alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, and/or isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction gas is selected form group consisting of oxygen, carbon dioxide, air and hydrocarbon compound. The discharge gas is selected from group consisting of argon, helium, nitrogen and air.
ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Immunostimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus comprises bending unit having mixing vanes installed on the stirring axis of the main body and wings, where the wings of the main body are extended integrally. The mixing vanes are formed on side of the blade. The reactor contains air-injecting pipe at its base and pipe for spraying solution obtained from separation tank on the upper portion. The sludge generated from the calcium fertilizer generator is molded into pellets using tablet molding machine. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramic membrane is a porous film contain at least one of platinum, gold silver and nickel as catalyst.The ceramic membrane is composite semiconductor of electronic semiconductor and ion conductor or mixed conductor of a perovskite-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ion conductor is cerium oxide or zirconium oxide.The mixed conductor is chosen from strontium-lanthanide-cobalt oxide (Sr0.7Ln0.3CoO3-d, where Ln is lanthanum, neodymium, samarium or gadolinium, and d is not defined), lanthanum-cobalt-metal oxide (LaCo1-xMxO3-d, where M is gallium, chromium, iron or nickel), lanthanum-strontium-cobalt oxide (La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d), strontium-cobalt-iron oxide (SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-d) and barium-strontium-cobalt-iron oxide (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d).The reducing gas is hydrogen, mixed gas of hydrogen and argon, or mixed gas of nitrogen and helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquids comprise a fuel combustible by the apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feedstock gas and the fluidization gas comprise nitrogen. The distributor plate is comprised of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Enzyme is added to fiber suspension. Preferred Composition: The lignocellulose-based raw stock contains lignin (25 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of solid catalyst is 1-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The solid catalysts are solid catalyst which has catalyst activity group on surface, magnetic body or complex of catalyst. The solid catalyst which has catalyst activity group on surface is graphite, carbon, metal nanoparticle, oxidized salt or preferably graphene with sulfate group on surface or iron oxide with hydroxyl group on surface as metal oxide. Preferred Process: The method further involves magnetic separation process which adsorbs to magnetic filter magnetized by magnetic field generated by superconducting magnet, and treatment process of biomass resources which makes cellulose contact with fixed catalyst, saccharifies and reacts fats and oils obtained from biomass using solid catalyst and lower alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The outlet temperature of steam generation unit is controlled at 200 degrees C. The steam generation unit is operated at 145-200 degrees C. The carbon monoxide transfer unit is operated at 180-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid product comprises activated carbon. Preferred Processes: The method further comprises injecting viscous/liquid organic material into or about feedstock prior to or concurrent with the pyrolyzing step, monitoring gas product for BTU collective value per cubic foot and modifying the pyrolyzing step accordingly, injecting non-wetting agent into or about feedstock prior to or concurrent with the pyrolyzing step, and running low-temperature liquefaction process using waste heat from the pyrolyzing step. The at least a portion of the activated carbon is obtained from pyrolyzing step. The carbon nanostructures are collected by imposing an electrostatic charge on them and gathering them using an electrically-charged plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic water comprises 2024 mg/l of ammonium bicarbonate, 800mg/l of dipotassium phosphate, 50mg/l of calcium chloride, 100mg/l of magnesium chloride, 25mg/l of iron (II) chloride, 10mg/l of sodium chloride, 5mg/l of cobalt (II) chloride, 5mg/l of manganese(II) chloride, 2.5mg/l of aluminum chloride, 15mg/l of ammonium heptamolybdate, 5mg/l of orthoboric acid, 5mg/l of nickel (II) chloride, 5mg/l of copper (II) chloride or 5mg/L of zinc chloride. Hydrogen chloride is also used in the microbial aggregate preparation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanol synthesis unit uses copper oxide-zinc oxide-alumina catalyst. The gasification unit uses oxygen or air and water vapor as gasifying agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The cultivation substrate is a soil-less substrate; or soil. The soil-less substrate is selected from peat mosses, coconut fibers, rock wool, pumice, expanded clay, clay granules, expanded plastic, vermiculities, perlites and/or artificial soil. Preferred Method: The flubendiamide and the beneficial species are applied at different times. The flubendiamide and the beneficial species are applied to the cultivation substrate, applied to the plant or in a greenhouse.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The beneficial species is selected from predatory mites, nematodes, Heteroptera, Plannipennia, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant is an annual or perennial crop plant (preferably selected from cotton, pone fruit, stone fruit, nuts, maize, rice, and soya beans). The crop plant is an annual crop plant or perennial crop plant. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Insecticide; Acaricide. Efficacy of combination of flubendiamide and Macrolophus caliginosus (predatory bugs) was tested for determining kill of pest using Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) test and % kill after 4 hours was found to be 65%, thus shows synergisitic enhanced activity.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The combination of flubendiamide and beneficial species for treating parts of plants e.g. leaves is applied at a rate of 0.1-1000 (preferably 1-500, especially 10-300) g/ha; or for watering or dripping, in combination with soil-less substrates, is applied at a rate of 0.01-50 (preferably 0.1-10, especially 0.5-5) mg/plant.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), an aqueous solution of the alkoxide is reacted with chloromethane. In the method, aqueous solution of potassium alkoxide (10-80 wt./wt.%) is reacted with chloromethane. The reaction is carried out in a continuous manner, in a batchwise manner, at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and less than or equal to 600 psi, at atmospheric pressure or at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure and greater than or equal to 0.1 psi. The reaction temperature is 20-150 (preferably 70-80) degrees C. Preferred Components: The amount of chloromethane is 70-200 (preferably 100-110) mol.% of the potassium alkoxide. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) (51 g) and water (25 ml) was placed in an autoclave (600 ml) and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (41 g) was added at 45 to -50 degrees C for 0.5 hours. Then chloromethane (16 g) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 75 degrees C for 3 hours with stirring. The reactor was cooled down to room temperature. The organic and aqueous phases were separated. After work up, pure 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether (37 g; 69%) boiled at 50 to -51 degrees C was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The basic salt is chosen from carbonate of alkali metal, carbonate of alkaline-earth metal, hydride of alkali metal, ion-exchange resin which has hydride of alkaline-earth metal, hydroxide of alkali metal, alkoxide salt of alkali metal and alkoxide salt of alkaline-earth metal, preferably carbonate of alkali metal, hydride of alkali metal and/or alkoxide salt of alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic base is chosen from trialkylamine, cyclic tertiary amine and cyclic imine. The aromatic carbonate compound is a linear aromatic carbonate compound which is of formula: R1-O-C(=O)-O-R1, R1-O-C(=O)-O-R2, or HO-(R3-O-C(=O)-R3)n-OH. The phenoxy hydroxyl group-containing compound is phenol. The compound having two or more phenoxy hydroxyl groups is 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane.R1,R2=monovalent group formed by excluding hydrogen atom which is bonded with carbon atom of aromatic ring of aromatic compound;R3=bivalent group formed by excluding two hydrogen atoms which are bonded with carbon atom of aromatic ring of aromatic compound;andn=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The calcium carbonate containing material is derived from animal origin or natural mineral. The calcium carbonate is derived from animal origin chosen from shellfish shell, egg shell, shell of crustaceans, bone, coral and pearl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises calcium component containing material and metal-ion containing material in the weight ratio of 95:5-20:80. Preferred Component: The calcium carbonate derived from natural mineral is chosen from limestone. The metal-ion containing material is chosen from silver, copper, zinc and porous inorganic type carriers chosen from zeolite, ceramic (apatite), montmorillonite, low molecular glass, and carbon fiber. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The formulation (F1) comprises (wt.%): fatty alcohols polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (5); lauric acid diethanolamide (5); dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (4); and water (84.3). Preferred Method: The dilution process is carried for 300 times. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Fungicide; Acaricide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acylating agent in (a) is phenylacetic acid, phenylacetic acid methyl ester, phenacetyl chloride, or benzene acetyl bromine. The alkaline solution with pH of 8.0-10 in (d) is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or ammonia (NH3) solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No general preparation of the variant is given in the specification. Preferred Variant: The variant has mutation in the region 210 to 318 amino acids of the native LipA protein. Preferred Components: The mutations are selected from Asn228Trp, Gly231Ala, Gly231Ile, Gly231Phe and Gly221Ile. The enzyme is derived from organism of the genus Xanthomonas. The presence of a hydrophobic pocket confers extensive hydrophobic interaction of the acyl chain with the rest of the tunnel residues. Preferred Method: The use of LipA and its variant involves a unique tunnel for binding its glycoside substrate in plant cell walls useful for biofuel production, where the tunnel is capable of binding to an acyl chain and glycoside moiety. The LipA and its variant are used in conjunction with any one or any combination of cellulases, cellobiosidases, xylanases, feruloyl esterases, acetyl xylan esterases, pectin methyl esterases and any other reported class of cell wall degrading enzymes to improve the efficiency of enzyme mixes for biofuel production.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Animal repellent; Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The fibrous material is cornstalk or sawdust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The marine algae are chosen from Rhodophyta, algae, Chlorella and Spirulina. The microorganism is Clostridium phytofermentans. Preferred Method: The method further involves extracting polysaccharides from marine algae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The methane obtained during condensation is separated from the product gas and used to form the synthesis gas (II). Preferred Apparatus: The compressor (1) is driven by a gas turbine (3) using a part-stream of the methane as fuel and the catalytic converter (11) is heated with the exhaust gas from the gas turbine (3). The compressor (1) is connected on the suction side with a return line (19) (connected to the condenser (15)) for the methane separated from the product gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The suspended microorganism in biodegradable film removes nitrogen by adhering to contaminant. The biodegradable film further comprises layer for providing nutrients required for growth of microorganism. The organic biomass further comprises farming byproduct or forestry byproduct. The farming byproduct includes rice, straw, cornstalk and forestry byproduct includes wood pellets and sawdust.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biodegradable film is chosen from polylactide compound, polycaprolactone system, starch base, polyhydroxybutyrate group and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The separating film comprises flat membrane and hollow fiber membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The wood material is obtained from three trees, wood leftovers or wood waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The inner tank body has no bottom and lower end, and has a diversion trench interconnected with the outer tank body. The suspension biology carrier layer comprises spherical packing materials with holes. The spherical packing materials are divided into an inner layer structure and an outer layer structure. The outside is a hollow fishing net-shaped sphere and the inside is a rotary sphere or a fiber silk ribbon. The outer tank body is provided with a tank body top cover.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method includes selecting P. putida LPC24 single colony, culturing in liquid minimal salt medium (MSM) culture medium for whole night, and inoculating to wastewater with indole and scatol at vol. ratio of 0.5-2:100; and culturing at constant temperature of 30-35 degrees C, controlling pH to 6.0-8.0 and reacting for 3-5 days. The liquid MSM culture medium is prepared by providing ammonium sulfate (0.33 g), sodium nitrate (0.85 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.20 g), calcium chloride (0.05 g), magnesium chloride (0.50 g), iron chloride (0.01 g) and water (1000 mL), controlling pH to 7.2, sterilizing under high pressure, using filtered and sterilized indole and scatol, and making concentration of indole and scatol in MSM culture medium at 1.0 mmol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves processing the milk waste at 50-60 degrees C for 12-15, preferably 12 days. The anaerobic treatment is carried out by adding anaerobic microorganism which is seeded from sludge collected from waste except milk waste into anaerobic digester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is complex of sodium borohydride, potassium hydroxide, nitrone, aluminum, strontium, lithium, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, iron, chromium, manganese, zinc, lead, cadmium, cobalt, tin and gallium.
ACTIVITY - Pesticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The agricultural residues comprise corn stalks, corn stover, hulls or cereal straws. The energy plants comprise grasses including switchgrass, Miscanthus or energy cane. The forest or sawmill residues comprise wood chips or shredded thinnings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition further comprises (vol.%) alkanolamides, and/or alcohols (less than 1). The petroleum-based diesel comprises diesel fuel oil No. 2, diesel fuel No. 4, petroleum distillates, syntroleum, water-alcohol emulsified diesel, and/or ultra low sulfur fuels. The levulinate ester includes methyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate, butyl levulinate, and/or glycol ester of levulinic acid. The composition comprises (vol.%) ultra low sulfur diesel (80), biodiesel (13.3), and ethyl levulinate (6.7). The composition further comprises an additive including detergents, octane boosters, cetane number improvers, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, rust inhibitors, dispersants, and/or biocides. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microbial additive is chosen from P.pentosaceus, P.acidilactici, Pichia farinosa, Dekkera bruxellensis, Bacillus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. The sediment is stirred at a rate of 200-400 m3/hour. The fermentation is performed at 60-80 degrees C for 2-8 days. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass reactor contains at least an alga.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The ethanol is extracted by a fractional distillation preferably under an atmospheric pressure. The ethanol fermentation is controlled by a computer-assisted, preferably by a simulation model based on deterministic structures and a fuzzy logic with at least one, preferably many controlling parameters including flow rate, temperature, pH, oxygen-concentration or residual energy content. The methanol fermentation is controlled by a computer-assisted, preferably by a forecasting model with the controlling parameters including pH, temperature, methane yield, hydrogen-concentration, acid-concentration or binding forms of nitrogen. The resultant fermented residues are converted into an organic nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizer by composting. The composting comprises adding additional vegetable wastes. The composting is controlled by a simulation model based on a fuzzy logic and a deterministic partial function with the controlling parameters including oxygen-concentration, temperature, water-content or respiratory activity. The excess biomass of the biomass reactor is returned back in the hydrolyzing reactor. The organic material and/or a mineral material from the separation stage and the processing water from this step is recirculated in the method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The partially opened cover passing with the converting tool is moved out from a specific region of the composting line. The region of the composting line isolated from the converting tool is filled with the organic material through the partially opened cover. The composting line is opened at one of its front end so that the converting tool is set in rotation, and the rotating converting tool introduces the organic material into the composting line via its opened front end. The sealing part is slidably held by at least one slide bearing in the feed-through opening. The sealing part is composed of baffles individually connected with each other in folding motions. The device exhibits many composting lines running parallel to each other, and the individual composting line associated with the lane are connected with each other via at least one signal box. The individual composting line associated with at least one slide bearing exhibits a guiding section formed on the signal box. The composting line exhibits the converting tool associated with the feed-through opening on at least one of its front end.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biomass is continuously supplied to the reactor. The process is carried out at 250-550 degrees C. The reactor is preheated to the reaction temperature before supplying the biomass. Preferred Components: The heavy oil is wood tar or wood tar with tall oil fractions, preferably coniferous wood tar or coniferous wood tar with tall oil fractions, deciduous-wood tar or deciduous-wood tar with tall oil fractions. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Carriers for tolerant organism group growth in the organism treatment pool are microorganism containing yeast or methane bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coagulant is organic amine, aluminum salt or ferric salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coagulant aid is polyacrylamide, sodium alginate or bone glue. The composite solvent is mixture of dimethyl ether with acetone, 12-15C unsaturated fatty acid, 12-15C saturated fatty acid or petroleum ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The microflora is mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum and their activity in the mixture is controlled in a fermenter, preferably batch fermenter by maintaining initial pH, temperature, aeration and agitation suitable for the biodegradation, bioseparation, and biosolids accumulation of treated sludge. The initial pH is 4.5-5.5. The temperature is 33-35 degrees C. The aeration is 0.25-0.5 volume/volume/minute (vvm). The agitation is 150-200 rpm. The biosolid is produced when the microflora being the mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum entrapped the solid particles of sludge and compressed sludge solids by filamentous mycelia, thus modified the porosity of the biosolids and enhanced its filterability and dewaterability. Preferred Components: The microflora is mixed filamentous fungi. The fungi are members of fungi imperfecti group, and members of the family moniliaceae. The fungi includes Aspergillus, preferably Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium, preferably Penicillium corylophilum. The nutrient source is a carbohydrate, which is a hydrolyzable polysaccharide, preferably wheat flour.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fermenter includes batch fermenter, continuous fermenter, and fed-batch fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal hydride is lithium hydride, sodium hydride and/or potassium hydride. Preferred Process: The method further involves activating surface of metal hydride by mechanochemical process or heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves receiving water and one or more of hydroxide, carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, potassium and ammonium for creating alkaline water solution. The method (M1) further involves cooling gases received in the second separation tank and pumping gaseous emissions into the first separation tank through the sparger.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The unit further comprises entry pump connected to the input opening and water connection pipe connected to the first tank, such that water enters the tank from the water opening. The input line is connected to the water connection pipe to allow introduction of substances into the water connection pipe to create alkaline solutions. The first tank includes an exhaust valve for regulating the release of methane from the emission opening. The condenser further includes first opening for water input and a second opening for water output.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Disclosed): The recombinant yeast is produced by standard recombinant methods. Preferred Gene: The ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase gene is nudF gene of Bacillus subtilis. The yhfR gene is derived from B.subtilis. The HMG-CoA reductase gene is the high mobility group 1 protein gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast has mevalonic acid pathway. The yeast belongs to Saccharomyces genus. The recombinant yeast is S.cerevisiae. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal includes vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, osmium, iridium, tin, gallium, titanium and/or molybdenum, preferably iron and/or cobalt. The platinum-metal alloy includes platinum and metal in molar ratio of 0.67:1-1.5:1, and has average particle size of 1.5-3 nm, and lattice constant (a,c) of a of 3.78-3.88 Angstrom and c of 3.65-3.81 Angstrom . The content of platinum-metal alloy is 20-50 weight% based on total weight of alloy and carrier. The carrier includes carbon-based material and inorganic particles. The carbon-based material includes graphite, denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanowire, carbon nanoballs and/or activated carbon. The inorganic particles include alumina, silica, zirconia and/or titania. The dried mixture and carrier are heated in gas atmosphere including 5-100 volume% of hydrogen for 0.5-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The support is derived from biomass. The biomass is peanut hull, wood chip and/or pine pellet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support is biochar, carbon and/or activated carbon. The acidic functional groups are sulfonyl (-SO3H) and/or phosphoryl (-PO3) group(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the solid acid catalyst comprises: pyrolyzing biomass to form biochar, and activating the biochar. Preferred Process: The method further comprises drying the solid acid catalyst at 100-125 degrees C for 1 hour between uses to allow the solid acid catalyst to be reused. The biomass is pyrolyzed at 400-600 degrees C. The biochar is activated with sulfuric acid. The biochar is activated at 100-250 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Peanut hull pellets, wood chips, and pine pellets were pyrolyzed at 400-500 degrees C to generate a soft to hard carbon backbone for addition of acidic functional groups. Next, the carbonized materials were sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid at 100, 150 and 250 degrees C for 12 hours and subsequently washed and dried to generate the solid acid catalyst (-sulfonyl attached to carbon backbone). Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) analysis of the sulfonated chars indicated the presence of sulfuryl (-SO3-) groups on the 100 degrees C sulfonated wood chip char (400 degrees C pyrolysis). The sulfonated biochars were subsequently tested for their ability to esterify free fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acids) with methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Density, salinity, temperature, or current of the body of water is controlled. Providing an upwelled water further comprises adding micronutrients to the body of water. Harvesting algae comprises providing a cage that contains the population of planktivorous organisms. Pigments are extracted from the planktivorous organisms. The lipids are processed to form eicosapentaenoic acid and/or docosahexaenoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass raw material is wood-type material. The granular thermoconductive medium is mineral-containing sand or coral sand. Preferred Process: The separated-and-recovered wood-type biomass raw material fragment is molded in the form of pellets. Wooden material fine powder is recovered during manufacture of biomass fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The esterified substance of alcohol and fatty acid is esterified substance of higher alcohol and higher fatty acid. The solid substance has acid value of 0.1-50 and saponification value of 50-250.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound including at least two hydroxy moieties further comprises a double bond-containing moiety. Preferred Process: The esterification of an acid comprises dibasic carboxylic acid and/or polybasic carboxylic acid with at least two hydroxy moieties. The enzyme catalyst comprises a lipase enzyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (Ia) further comprises: a reactive diluent; a flatting agent; and a photo initiator. (I) is in the form of a coating comprising a (meth)acrylate polyester polyol, where the polyester polyol is prepared by the step (a) as above per se, and/or (b) capping at least one of the ends of a polyester polyol with a (meth)acrylate moiety by an enzymatic catalyst. The polyester polyol comprises at least two ends. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in g) of: acrylated polyester polyol (comprising hydroxyterminated polyester (267), acrylic acid (92), monomethyl ether hydroquinone (p-methoxyphenol) (0.04), hydroquinone (0.04), Novozyme-435 (RTM: Immobilized lipase B) (36) and heptane (65 ml)) (70); unsaturated polyol (comprising epsilon-caprolactone (626), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (318), monomethyl ether hydroquinone (p-methoxyphenol) (0.68) and Novozyme-435 (RTM: Immobilized lipase B) (9)) (15); polyester polyol (comprising epsilon caprolactone (148), trimethylolpropane (26) and porcine pancrease lipase (3)) (15); 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (15); Resimene CE-7103 (RTM: Methyl/butyl coetherified melamine-formaldehyde resin) (51.87); Dow corning-57 (RTM: Trimethylsiloxysilicate) (0.50); benzophenone (3.01); KIP-100F (mixture of an oligomeric alpha -hydroxy ketone) (2.01) and Nacure XP-357 (RTM: Para-toluene sulfonic acid) (6.69).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The binder is oats-, wheat-, rice- or other cereal-brans, E400-E466, or modified starch of the group E1404-E1451, where the binder is preferably free of sweetener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the zeolite is added in the form of powder with a grain size of 10-50 mu m. Preferred Components: The zeolite exhibits: grain size of 10-150 mu m; or porous- or channel-size of 0.3-5 nm. The zeolite is clinoptilolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A biodegradable protective layer (preferably a starch-based film) is arranged on the upper side of the licking element. The molded part is in the form of disc, rectangle or rod. Preferred Method: The protective layer is applied before the compression step. A carrier is provided to the hardened molded part.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 75-85 wt.% of zeolite, 5-15 wt.% of salt and 1-15 wt.% of food-grade binder. The composition further comprises mineral substances, pharmaceuticals, ethereal oil or colorant. ACTIVITY - Antidote.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of the substituted ammonium carboxylate compounds (I) involves converting ammonium halides of formula (NR'R1R2R3)+ (Hal)- (II) to hydroxides via ion exchange followed by reaction with acid of formula R4-COOH.Hal=Cl, Br or I. Preferred Definitions:    R'=methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl or hydroxyethyl;    R4=5-11C linear alkyl.    ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Virucide; Fungicide; Gastrointestinal-Gen.; Antiinflammatory; Antiseborrheic; Dermatological; Vulenrary; Antifouling. N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium octanoate (Ia) was evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Aqueous suspension/solution containing 1% of the ionic liquid compound (Ia) was inoculated with suspension of C. albicans (105 to 106 microorganism/ml), stored away from daylight at 20-25 degrees C, samples (1 g or 1 ml) were taken at different time intervals and number of microorganisms was measured by Agar plate or membrane filtration. The placebo was water. The total number of organisms at 0 and 1 hour for compound (Ia)/water were found to be: 0/170000, and 0/160000, respectively.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 Compounds are specifically claimed as the compound (I) e.g. N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium hexanoate, N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-ethoxyethylammonium hexanoate, N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium octanoate of formula (Ia), N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium decanoate, and N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium octanoate.    EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution of N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium hydroxide was reacted with octanoic acid (26 ml). After distillation of solvent, a clear liquid N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium octanonate (46 g) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The component (b) comprises amicarbazone, aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminocyclopyrachlor methyl, aminocyclopyrachlor potassium, cyclosulfamuron, flucetosulfuron, indaziflam, ipfencarbazone, metamifop, orthosulfamuron, penoxsulam, pinoxaden, propyrisulfuron, pyrasulfotole, pyrimisulfan, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, saflufenacil, thiencarbazone, thiencarbazone-methyl, 3-chloro-N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-sulfonamide, (2S)-2-(4-((6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)oxy) phenoxy)-N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-methylpropanamide, 3-(((5-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazo-4-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol, N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-6-ethyl-2-methylimidazo(1,2-b)pyridazin-3-sulfonamide, 3-((2-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)carbonyl)bicyclo(3.2.1)octan-2,4-dione, 2-((2-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)carbonyl)cyclohexan-1,3-dione. The weight ratio of (a) and (b) is 1:50 to 500:1. The herbicidal combination comprises 0.1-99 wt.% of (a) and 99-0.1 wt.% of (b) in conventional plant protecting formulation agent. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of the combination is via spraying or submerged application. No dosage details given.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Fungicide; Virucide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The acaricide (A1) comprises (pts. wt.): methyl oleate (50), dimethylbenzene (40), and emulsifier (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The auxiliary material is acetone, chloroform, benzene and/or dimethylbenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The emulsifier is Tween 80 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) whose hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value is 15. The emulsifier is Span (RTM: sorbitan fatty acid ester), Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters), glycolate type, glycol alginate type and/or polyethylene glycol type non-ion surface activation agent. Preferred Method: The methyl oleate is added into routine auxiliary material, to be prepared into acaricide as miscible oil, suspending agent, powder or spray with routine process. The auxiliary material is added with solvent and/or emulsifier. ACTIVITY - Acaricide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: fungicide (F1) comprises (pts. wt.): umbelliferone (50), dimethylbenzene (30) and emulsifying agent (10). Preferred Components: The emulsifying agent is Tween 80 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of 15. The umbelliferone is added with ordinary auxiliary materials to prepare plant fungicide in the form miscible oil, suspension, powder or spray. The auxiliary material is solvent including acetone, chloroform, benzene and/or dimethylbenzene. The auxiliary material is also added with solubilizer and/or emulsifying agent. The solvent is solubilizer. The emulsifying agent is Span (RTM: sorbitan fatty acid ester), Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters), glycol ester, propanediol ester and/or polyethylene glycol non-ionic surfactant. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The acaricide (A1) comprises (pts. wt.): scopoletin (50), dimethylbenzene (40), and emulsifying agent (10). Preferred Components: The emulsifying agent is Tween 80 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of 15. The scopoletin is added with ordinary auxiliary materials to be prepared into each kind of fungicide including miscible oil, suspension, powder or spray. The auxiliary material is solvent including acetone, chloroform, benzene and/or dimethylbenzene. The auxiliary material is also added with solubilizer and/or emulsifying agent. The solvent is solubilizer. The emulsifying agent is Span (RTM: sorbitan fatty acid ester), Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters), glycol ester, propanediol ester and/or polyethylene glycol non-ionic surfactant. ACTIVITY - Acaricide; Fungicide.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermally stable amine is at 4-12, preferably 6-10 mols/kg of water loaded with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is at 0.25-0.45, preferably 0.3-0.4 mols/thermally stable amine equivalent. The thermally stable amine is methylpiperazine, dimethylpiperazine, ethylpiperazine, diethylpiperazine, morpholine, 5-amino-1-pentanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol diglycolamine, 4-amino-1-butanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, hydroxyethylpiperazine, 1-amino-2-propanol, methyldiethanolamine, 2-amino-1-propanol, and/or preferably piperazine. Preferred Method: The solvent comprises thermally stable amine at 4-12 mols/kg of water. The carbon dioxide is added to the solvent at 0.25-0.45 mols/thermally stable amine equivalent. Carbamate ions form and reduce the volatility. The solvent is subjected to less than 175 degrees C. The stripper is simple stripper, matrix stripper, exchange stripper, multipressure stripper, flashing feed stripper, multistage stripper, and/or preferably multistage flash stripper. The method further comprises recycling a solvent stream exiting the stripper. The stripper is operated at less than 175, preferably 120-160 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The organic carbide is livestock manure, plant hydrolysis slag, industrial fermentation waste slag or crop straw. The plant hydrolysis slag comprises sugar alcohol slag and xylitol slag. The ratio of active sludge to livestock manure is 1:0.5-4. The ratio of active sludge to sorted life garbage organic part is 1:0.3-2. The active sludge is mixed with crop straw at dry wt. ratio of 1:0.5-3. The active sludge is mixed with plant hydrolysis slag at dry wt. ratio of 1:0.5-5. The active sludge is mixed with industrial fermentation waste slag at dry wt. ratio of 1:0.5-5. The catalytic hydrolysis and ammonium-fixing is carried out at solid-liquid ratio of 1:2-10, pH of 1-4, temperature of 105-250 degrees C, pressure of 0.1-2.0 MPa, and reaction time of 1-10 hours. The catalyst is iron or manganese compound (1/1000 or 5/1000 of dry wt. of organic substance based on ferric ion or bivalence manganese ion). The filtration of liquid is carried out by ultrafiltration membrane and reverse osmosis membrane which are connected in series. The method includes metering, packaging product, and obtaining fertilizer (F1), where water content is 5-20%, nitrogen+phosphorus pentoxide+potassium oxide prepared from computer is 10%, and water-soluble organic carbon is 30-45%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous organic solvent is acetate ester or halogenated hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antifoulant is copper, copper compound or organic antifoulant, preferably Rhodan copper (RTM: copper compound-containing antifoulant), or zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, N,N-dimethyl dichlorophenyl urea, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl maleimide, 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-S-triazine, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-(2H)-isothiazoline and/or 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylic-acid metal salt copolymer contains (in weight%) unit (a) (2-30) derived from metal salt and unit (b) (70-98) derived from monomer (x), and does not contain hydroxyl group bonded with metal atom. The antifouling paint composition contains (meth)acrylic-acid metal salt copolymer (1-99) and triphenyl boron amine complex (I) or pyridine triphenyl boron (0.5-25), and further contains paraffin chloride (0.1-10), zinc oxide (0.1-20) and antifoulant other than the triphenyl boron amine complex (I) or pyridine triphenyl boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The seedling bed process is spraying, where the mixing agent of the wettable powder and the benzimidazole germicide is diluted to 500-800 times before the spraying. The seed dressing comprises carrying out the seed dressing by using the mixing agent of the wettable powder and the benzimidazole germicide in an amount of 0.3% to the seed amount. The root irrigation or hole fertilization method comprises diluting the mixing agent of the wettable powder and the benzimidazole germicide to 500-800 times; and performing the method at 200 ml/hole. ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Plant protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The carbon source is corn powder or dissolvable starch. The nitrogen source is selected from dissolvable starch and nitrate or corn powder and nitrate. The microbial strain is processed with humic acid in a polyethylene bag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickener may be Veegum (RTM: magnesium aluminum silicate).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is ethyl acetate, cyclohexanone, methyl oleate, alcohol, methanol, acetone, and/or dimethylformamide. The emulsifier is alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkylphenol ethoxylate, phenethylphenol ethoxylate, and/or ethoxylated-propoxylated phenethyl phenol. The synergistic agent is organosilicon, Butacide (RTM: piperonyl butoxide), Octacide 264 (RTM: N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide), alkyl carbonate, and/or laurocapram. The surface active agent is alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkylphenol ethoxylate, phenethylphenol ethoxylate, ethoxylated-propoxylated phenethyl phenol, addition product of castor oil and ethylene oxide, and/or arylalkylphenol ethoxylate/methanal condensate. The freezeproof agent is glycol or glycerol. The penetrant is tung oil and/or machine oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The emulsifier may be Span (RTM: sorbitol fatty acid ester) series, and/or Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester) series. The penetrant may be epoxidized soybean oil. The thickener is polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, and/or sodium carboxymethylcellulose. ACTIVITY - Acaricide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No general preparation given. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The strain is sprayed on seed or plant (claimed). No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A catalyst includes a material that is selected from a group consisting of quicklime, calcium hydroxide, powdered limestone, nickel oxide, Fayalite, forsterite and iron-oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Content: The amount of oxygen activating catalysts is 0.1-30 (preferably 0.5-10) wt.% of saponin. Preferred Components: The neutral medium is water and/or organic solvent alcohol. The organic solvent alcohol is 2-10C saturated monoalcohol. The saturated monoalcohol is ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol and/or pentanol. Preferred Processes: The pressure of oxygen is 0.1-2 MPa. The separating extracting process involves filtering degraded reaction liquid to remove oxygen activating catalyst, distilling organic layer, washing water by residue, recrystallizing by ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and/or petroleum ether, distilling organic solvent, obtaining secondary steroidal saponin and sapogenin crude product or refined product, and processing chromatography of crude product to obtain refined product. The sapogenin is prepared by dissolving secondary steroidal saponin into 85-95% methanol or ethanol solution, adding 5-10% catalyst, reacting for 10-12 hours under 0.5-1 MPa at 110-120 degrees C, filtering to remove catalyst, concentrating filter liquid to generate more precipitate, filtering to obtain gray white solid, recrystallizing by ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and/or petroleum ether to obtain white microcrystalline sapogenin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etherification agent includes primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol, olefin and ether. The ether is selected from methyl ether, ethyl ether or dimethyl ether. The product is selected from 3-methoxy-1,2-propanediol, 3-ethoxy-1,2-propanediol, 1,2-dimethoxy-3-propanol, 1,2-diethoxy-3-propanol, 2-methoxy-1,3-propanediol, 2-ethoxy-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-dimethoxy-2-propanol or 1,3-diethoxy-2-propanol.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermentation is performed for 13-17 hours. Preferred Components: The mixture added to the amino acid comprises (in parts weight): nitrogen (100), phosphoric acid (45-55), potassium salt (95-105), copper (10-14) and zinc (10-14). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The agent further comprises Bacillus sp. Daeji-DS4 (KACC 91510P) and Cellulosimicrobium sp. Daeji-DS3 (KACC 91509P). ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The waste colloidal particle has a size of 0.05-0.1 mm, 0.1-0.2 mm, 0.2-0.3 mm or 0.3-0.4 mm for adjusting the pH value of the rubbish compost and the weight ratio of the rubbish compost to the waste colloidal particle is 1:0.1-25% (w/v).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cultivation medium comprises (in wt.%) sawdust of pine and cedar (30-40 or 45-65 or 73-78 or 48-54), wheat bran (26-30 or 23-27 or 18-23 or 18-22), cotton seed hulls (25-40 or 21-30 or 5-15 or 23-27), plaster (1-2) and lime (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding nitrogen and phosphorus to the obtained mixture. The moisture content of aqueous is maintained at 70%.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of calcium chloride is 10-30% in the mixture of fatty acid salt and calcium chloride. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological composite enzyme comprises lipase, cellulase, semi-cellulase, starch enzymes and extracellular enzymes. The micro-organisms comprise Bacillus, huge Bacillus, nitrobacterium and denitrifying bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The artificial wetland is a combination of vertical flow wetland and horizontal flow wetland. The anaerobic biochemical tank is an upper-flowing, glass fiber reinforced plastic reactor buried under the ground. The atomizing device is a stretcher type atomizing device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: In the step (i), adding acetic acid with a weight proportion of 0.25% of the secondary compost material into the compost material, adjusting the compost water content to 60% and mixing evenly, where performing the one compost turn-over for every 7 days. The secondary compost processing time is 28 days.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant oil comprises soybean oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, tung oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, manioca seed oil or oil tree seed oil. The molar ratio of plant oil to methanol is 1:3-1:30. The amount of catalyst used in the preparation is 0.5-5% of the mass of the plant oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The creatinine salt is of formula (I).A = acid radical, preferably (CH3COO-), (HOCH2COO-), (HCO3-) or (CO32-).Preferred Method: The method is carried out at a temperature of 60-120 degrees C for 0.5-30 hours. The separating step comprises: keeping the reaction liquid at room temperature for layering; separating the ester phase on the upper layer; and distilling to remove the unreacted methanol to obtain the biodiesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The anaerobic digestion facility comprises anaerobic digester capable of separating solid and liquid waste from the food waste in the food waste gathering tank. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing the livestock excretion to oxalic acid dehydrate aqueous solution (10 weight/volume%) in the heavy metal removal device and mixing at 50 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 20-25 hours and precipitating the mixed solution for 10 hours. The oxalic acid is mixed with water (2.25-9 weight/volume%). The copper and zinc is removed from the mixture by passing the mixed solution through sieve of 0.5 mm mesh size. The auxiliary materials are chosen from rhytidome, sawdust, fallen leaves, rice hulls, rice straw and weeds. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The composite compound is obtained by using deep sea water. The composite compound is sprayed at a rate of 0.5-3.0 l/3.3 m2. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The shift catalyst comprises iron oxide and copper. The second shift catalyst comprises copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon consists of methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The effluent of the biogas plant is subjected to solid separation. The treated and cleaned effluent is fed into the bioethanol production plant. The separation step includes filtration and/or decantation. A partial stream is discharged from the effluent of the biogas plant, which is purified by a membrane process and the obtained permeate is further fed into the bioethanol production plant, as whole or in a part for mashing. The hydrogen sulfide present in the reflux is removed by degassing and/or precipitation. Ammonia and/or corresponding ammonium salts are removed at an appropriate point in the entire process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process (M1): a prior step is used to make the organic acid by heating members selected from (a), (b) and (c) with sulfuric acid or another mineral acid. The organic acid (d) is acetic acid and is reacted with sodium bicarbonate to make sodium acetate, before the electrolysis step, to produce ethane gas, or the acetic acid is electrolyzed directly to produce ethane gas. A heater is used raise the temperature of the electrolysis step to near the boiling point. The entire operation is controlled by a computer program using relays and pump assemblies and other control devices. EXAMPLE - Acetic acid (360 g) was mixed with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (504 g) in water (4 l), and the carbon dioxide was allowed to bubble out to obtain sodium acetate (492 g). The sodium acetate solution was subjected to electrolysis using a direct current (85 amperes) for 2 hours to obtain a mixture of sodium bicarbonate solution (504 g) and a mixture of ethane gas and various oxidation products (90 g). The ethane gas was transferred to a pressure container, and the sodium bicarbonate solution was saved for reuse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: In the composition: the weight ratio of mixture of graphite, activated carbon, silicates polymerizable agent, and plasticizing agent is from 1:0:2:2 to 1:1:2:1. The composition is capable of replacing polymerizable agent, plasticizing agent, or its carbonates, alkali and alkaline earth metal. It is formed by granules, pills, spheres, solid cylinders, hollow cylinders or plates. Preferably, the composition is formed by hollow cylinders selected from cutting smooth rolls, regular or irregular cylinders, striated regular or irregular cut cylinders, and code straight regular or irregular curved cutting cylinders. The hollow cylinders comprise length of about 0.4 cm to about 10 cm and the thickness of the wall can be from 0.03 to 0.5 cm. The composition has a structure of parallel channels along the longitudinal axis of 5 and 100 channels per square centimeter of cross section. Natural silicate clay is preferably selected from enstatite, alpha-sepiolite, attapulgite, zeolites or its mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The electrode plates and the one or more neutral plates are formed of stainless steel. The inlet and outlet are formed from stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The spacer comprises PTFE or low density polyethylene (LDPE). The piping comprises medium density polyethylene (MDPE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The used harvested mushroom substrate is present in the form of solid or liquid. Pressed juice from the harvested mushroom substrate is used. The enzyme preparation is added daily to a biogas reactor. The enzyme preparation is added to a biomass before silaging. The enzyme preparation is added at a dose of 0.1-100 (preferably 10) g/kg of fresh biogas substrate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - A mushroom substrate was prepared using beech wood chips (70%), spent grain (20%) and malt sprout (10%) so that the moisture content in the substrate was 65%. The substrate was filled in polypropylene bags (2 kg) that were provided with stoppers and sterilized at 95 degrees C. The sterilized mushroom substrate was inoculated with grain spawn of Lentinula edodes. The time taken for the growth of fungal mycelium at 20 degrees C was 4 months. The harvested mushroom substrate (containing a remaining portion of fungal mycelium, grain-, wood- and fungal-components, and exhibiting enzymatic activity of xylanase (0.9 U/g), pectinase (15 U/g), cellulase (4 U/g) and laccase (0.8 U/g)) was incubated at pH of 4.5-7.5 and at 30-38 degrees C. The harvested mushroom substrate was minced using shredder, converted into solid and liquid phases using a press and the liquid phase (10 g/kg of fresh biogas substrate) was added to a biogas plant (fermentation stage), where the biogas process was characterized by accelerated and intensified substrate degradation and 9% increase in methane yield and if the enzyme-containing mushroom substrate (10 g/kg raw material) was freshly chopped material (i.e. without pressing or extraction) and added and mixed before silaging, the methane yield was increased by 10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The palladium alloy film contains 5-80 vol.% of zeolite particles. Preferred Components: The average particle diameter of zeolite particle is 0.02-2 mu m. The metal support component is stainless steel. Preferred Method: The palladium alloy film is formed by adding surfactant to the palladium plating solution. The method uses copper as temporary support component during palladium film formation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal oxide of the ammonia oxidation catalyst is a rare-earth metal oxide, preferably cerium oxide, lanthanum trioxide, or samarium oxide, or a complex oxide of rare-earth metal, and magnesium, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, aluminum, silicon, cobalt, iron and/or gallium. The catalytically active metal is group VIII metal, tin, copper, silver, manganese, chromium, and/or vanadium. The support of catalyst is reduction-processed before or after being filled in the ammonia oxidizing zone. The ammonia decomposition catalyst is a ruthenium type catalyst. The ammonia decomposition catalyst consists of an upstream low-temperature decomposition catalyst and a downstream pyrolysis catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal oxide of the ammonia oxidation catalyst is a rare-earth metal oxide, preferably cerium oxide, lanthanum trioxide, or samarium oxide, or a complex oxide of rare-earth metal, and magnesium, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, aluminum, silicon, cobalt, iron and/or gallium. The catalytically active metal is group VIII metal, tin, copper, silver, manganese, chromium, and/or vanadium. The support of catalyst in oxidation state is reduction-processed by hydrogen produced in the ammonia decomposition zone. The ammonia decomposition catalyst is a ruthenium type catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is combustible. The second particles are not combustible. (I) further comprises third particles of composition different from that of the first particles and the second particles. (I) has: a total moisture content of 9 wt.% or less; and an energy density of at least 7000 British thermal unit (BTU) per pound when combusted. (I) is composed to produce ash at a level of 4% or less during combustion. The second particles comprise biomass. The second particles are coal particles. (I) further comprises: a binder; and a material comprising starch, plastic, fish oil, soda, lime, paraffin, vegetable oil, coffee grounds or animal fat. (I) has an average dimension of 0.25-4 inches. The first component is soybean stocks, sage, corn stocks or sunflower stocks. (I) is a pellet or briquette. The collection is present in the container at a coal fired plant. (I) consists of a cardboard, agricultural stock or deodorizing component. The binder is algae or wax. Preferred Method: The compacting takes place in a briquette press or a pellet mill. The compacting is performed with a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zeolite powder has average particle diameter of 50 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The content of artificial mineral is 0.1-30 parts weight with respect to mixed powder (100 parts weight). The mixed powder further comprises vegetable fine activated carbon (0.1-10 weight parts) as nanohole carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The effective microorganism is Pseudomonas, Proteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Corynebacteria, Actinobacteria, Cytophaga,Nocardia, Alcaligenes, Papenfussiella kuromo bacteria, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Zoogloea, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Oceanobacillus, Celmonadasii (sic), Delftia and/or Thermomonas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acetic acid is manufactured by electrolyzing ethanol (preferably bioethanol) as raw material using solid polymer membrane from ethanol or adding and electrolyzing oxidizing agent, converting ethanol into acetaldehyde, oxidizing acetaldehyde and manufacturing acetic acid with specific gravity by cooling ethanol degradation tank. The difference of specific gravity with temperature difference becomes significant when methanol is predominantly manufactured in lower stage and far infrared heating is carried out in upper stage so that methanol may be volatilized and methanol may be obtained. Preferred Components: The apparatus collects generated carbon monoxide from acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The detoxification agent further comprises monoalkyl sulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfate, alkyl benzenesulfonate, monoalkyl phosphate, alkyl-dimethyl amine oxide, alkyl carboxy betaine, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, fatty acid sorbitan ester, alkyl polyglucoside, fatty acid diethanolamide, alkyl glyceryl ether, fatty acid potassium, alpha sulfo fatty acid ester sodium, alkylbenzene sulfonate sodium, alkyl-sulfuric-acid ester sodium, alkyl ether sulfuric acid ester sodium, alpha olefin sulfone sodium, sodium salt, sodium alkylsulfonate, cane-sugar fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, fatty acid alkanolamide, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, alkylamino fatty acid sodium, alkyl betaine, alkyl amine oxide, alkyl trimethylammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl-ammonium salt and mannosylerythritol lipid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the pH value at the second stage is 4. In the method (M1), the salt yield is increased by applying concentrated acid (preferably highly concentrated acid, especially sulfuric acid) with a concentration in the order of 30-100 (preferably above 50) wt.%. In the method (M1), salts formed in the first pH stage are separated from the liquid phase by means of gravity, preferably a mixer-settler. The method (M1) involves adding methanol to the first stage in order to simplify the separation and/or to the second pH stage. The method (M1) involves adding more acid to decrease the pH of the first pH stage to obtain the second pH stage. The method (M1) involves adding alkaline soaps to decompose free fatty acids (FFA) to form a first phase which does not mix with polar glycerol and water forming a second phase, thus creating two separate liquid layers of phases in the second pH stage. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method given. Preferred Cells: In the cell, at least one respiratory cytochrome is cytochrome C or cytochrome M. The cells are thermophilic. The cell comprises a modified PsaJ polypeptide, where modified PsaJ is attached to a PsaF. The amino acid sequence of polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: Not defined). The PsaJ is attached to PsaF by a linker, where linker is a peptide bond. The cell further comprises a polypeptide which containing a hydrogenase enzyme attached to a heterologous ferredoxin. The hydrogenase enzyme is an algal Fe-only hydrogenase. The heterologous ferredoxin is a plant ferredoxin. The hydrogenase enzyme attached to a heterologous ferredoxin has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 20-25 (SEQ ID NOs: Not defined). The cell producing hydrogen at a temperature of above 55 degrees C. The cell is Mastigocladus laminosus cell or a Synechococcus elongates cell. Preferred Components: The isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. The isolated polynucleotide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: Not defined) or SEQ ID NO: 6 (SEQ ID NO: Not defined). At least one respiratory cytochrome is cytochrome C or cytochrome M. The nucleic acid construct further comprises a promoter. Preferred Bioreactor: In the bioreactor, the first containment is maintained under unaerobic conditions. The second containment comprises organic matter. The bioreactor comprises the cyanobacterial cells. The first containment and second containment are fabricated from a transparent material, or oxygen and hydrogen permeable plastic. Preferred Method: The method further involves harvesting the hydrogen gas following culturing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In enhancing anaerobic reductive dechlorination of a contaminated site, the macro and micro nutrients exclusive of those associated with the organic carbon define a substantial part of the matter that releases bio-available hydrogen over a relatively short period of time and relatively quickly following site enrichment. The macro and micronutrients comprise elemental sulfur and potassium oxide. The carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are provided as part of the enrichment approximately in the mote ratio 100:10:1:0.1. The nutrient phosphorus is provided at least partly in the form of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). The lactose defines a substantial part of the matter that releases bio-available hydrogen over a relatively long period of time following site enrichment. The lactose and B12-fortified yeast define substantially all of the organic carbon suitable for use as an energy source by bacteria. The site enrichment is defined, by mass, by about 52% Lactose, about 15.2% B12-fortified Brewer's Yeast, about 12% Sodium Propoxate, about 0.8% Sodium carbonate, about 0.12% Nitrate Nitrogen, about 2.1% Ammoniacal Nitrogen, about 3.78% Urea Nitrogen, about 1% Available Phosphoric Acid, about 0.4% Soluble Potash (K2O), about 2% Sulfur (S), about 0.00.164% Iron, about 0.0066% Manganese, about 0.0036% Zinc, about 0.00068% Copper, about 0.003% Boron, and about 0.0068% Molybdenum, with the balance being Bio-inactive ingredients. The organic carbon is organic carbon suitable for use as an energy source by Dehaloccoides. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process (M1) further involves cultivating the oil-producing algae prior to extracting the algal oil. Cultivating the oil-producing algae includes promoting both autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The heterotrophic growth is initiated using a stress induction mechanism. The stress induction mechanism includes at least one of light deprivation, nutrient deprivation, injection of a reactive oxygen source, and chemical additives. The step of cultivating further includes introducing a virus which specifically targets only foreign strains of algae. The process further involves converting the algal oil to biodiesel. The conversion of the algal oil to biodiesel includes transesterifying or direct hydrogenation of the algal oil. The process further involves collecting the algal oil. The process (M1) further involves use of a biological agent in addition to the virus, and the agent includes a cellulase, a glycoproteinase, or cellulosome. The algae have an algae oil content of greater than 20%. The process (M1) involves: (a) cultivating an oil-producing algae selected from diatoms, green algae, blue-green algae, golden-brown algae, and/or haptophytes; and (b) extracting algal oil from the oil-producing algae by biologically rupturing cell wall and oil vesicles of the oil-producing algae using a virus. Preferred System: The system (S1) further comprises: a conversion reactor operatively connected to the oil extraction bioreactor to convert at least a portion of the algal oil to a biodiesel by direct hydrogenation or by transesterification of the algal oil; and the conversion reactor is configured to convert at least a portion of the algal oil to a biodiesel by direct hydrogenation or by transesterification of the algal oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The immobilized organic pigment catalyst consists of pyranthrenedione, indanthrene gold orange, ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, indanthrene black, dimethoxy violanthrone, 1,4-diketopyrrolo-3,4C pyrrole, quinacridone, indanthrene yellow, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, isoviolanthrone and perylenetetracarboxylic diimide in the form of a solid, loose powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The recrystallization organic solvent is organic solvent of dissolving acetone, ethanol or methanol with water. The polyanion is algin sodium, dextran sulfate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The polycation is chitosan, polyarginine, and cation dextran. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intestinal canal beneficial bacteria are Bacillus natto and/or lactic acid bacteria. The edible fungi are lucid ganoderma, Hericium, spores of lucid ganoderma, Coriolus versicolor, Flammulina velutipes, champignon, Pleurotus eryngii, Cordyceps, Agaricus, Maitake, Pachyma cocos, white fungus, Pleurotus, Agrocybe, Armillaria, Boletus, Russula vinosa and/or chanterelle. ACTIVITY - Gastrointestinal-Gen; Antidiarrheic.
ACTIVITY - Acaricide.
ACTIVITY - Acaricide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Preparing the glucosidase/xylosidase difunctional cellulose degrading enzyme comprises: (a) collecting the rumen microbe bacteria and extracting the DNA; (b) sieving the positive clone with the beta-glucosidase activity; (c) expanding the special primer to obtain the nucleotide sequence encoding the glucosidase/xylosidase difunctional cellulose degrading enzyme; and (d) recombining and expressing the glucosidase/xylosidase difunctional cellulose degrading enzyme. Preferred Enzyme: The nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme comprises a fully defined 2298 bp sequence (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification. Preferred Carrier: The recombinant carrier is Escherichia coli expression carrier pET21a or pET28a. The recombinant carrier is any one of the yeast expression carriers pPIC9, pPIC9K, pLAC1, or pYES.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The fermentation process comprises aerobic fermentation for 3-5 days, anaerobic fermentation for 10-15 days, then aerobic fermentation for 2-3 days and anaerobic fermentation for 5-8 days, where the fermentation is carried out at 38 degrees C (preferable) or 55 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cellulose fiber material comprises corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw, broomcorn straw, peanut seedling and/or grass.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: In the fermentation accelerating device of organic waste, the main airflow pipe (3) installed in the longitudinal main groove of the installation groove (2) is connected with an airflow branch (6), which is arranged in the horizontal main groove of the installation groove (2); the upper sidewall of the airflow branch (6) in the horizontal main groove of the installation groove (2) is set with branched airflow holes (6.1); and the air inlet of the main airflow pipe (3) is equipped with a timer (5). Preferred Composition: The spacing distance of the main airflow holes (3.1) is 0.8-1.2 m; and the aperture of the main airflow hole (3.1) is 10-20 mm. The spacing distance of the branched airflow holes (6.1) is 0.8-1.2 m; and the aperture of the branched airflow holes (6.1) is 10-20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solid rice husk charcoal is alternately obtained by adding diatomaceous earth to pulverized rice husk charcoal as binder, and carrying out solid carbonization reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Property: The solubility of enzyme with respect to organic solvent is 10 mg/ml or less. Preferred Composition: The enzyme contains oxygen reductase. The oxygen reductase is bilirubin oxidase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is methyl isobutyl ketone, heptane, hexane, toluene, isooctane or diethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solution further contains water-repellant material. The water-repellant material is carbon powder, silicone-type resin or fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkali metal oxide, alkaline-earth metal oxide, group XIII element oxide excluding indium oxide, primary transition metal oxide, rare-earth-metal oxide and/or noble metal oxide is 0.5-20 weight%. The alkali metal oxide is lithium oxide, sodium oxide, rubidium oxide, and/or cesium oxide. The alkaline-earth metal oxide is magnesium oxide. The group XIII element oxide is alumina and/or gallium oxide. The transition metal oxide is chromium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, and/or zinc oxide. The noble metal oxide is palladium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dicarboxylic acid compound is 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid derivative of formula (I). The organic ligand is chosen from 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine, 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiene, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene, 3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 2,2'-bi-1,6-naphthyridine, phenazine, diazapyrene, trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene, 4,4'-azopyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)glycol and N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinic amide.R1,R2=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkylene, oxyalkylene or alkenylene;andR3=H, halo, or optionally substituted alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dicarboxylic acid compound is 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid. The organic ligand is chosen from 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine, 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiene, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene, 3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 2,2'-bi-1,6-naphthyridine, phenazine, diazapyrene, trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene, 4,4'-azopyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)glycol and N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinic amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The content of crude glycerol is 5-30%. Burning of mixed biofuel is carried out using 30 ppm to 3% of activated chemicals chosen from ferrocene, iron (II) oxalate dihydrate, manganese (II) acetylacetonate, iron (III) acetylacetonate, calcium acetylacetonate hydrate, magnesium naphthenate and organometallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The shell of the plate type plasma reactor is made of quartz, hard glass and aluminum oxide ceramic. The barrier medium plate is made of glass or mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The shell of the plate type plasma reactor is made of polytetrafluoroethylene. The barrier medium plate is made of epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The four types of the fermentation liquor of the agent comprises (in parts by wt.): Bacillus licheniformis (1-25, preferably 1-15), Pseudomonas putida (1-15, preferably 3-7), Enterobacter cloacae (3-20, preferably 8-12) and Candida valida (1-20, preferably 5-14). The methanogenic inoculum is cesspit residue, biogas residual of a methane tank, sludge of an anaerobic digestion pond of a sewage treatment plant or sludge of a refuse landfill.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The biodegradation method comprises: adding the residual sludge and/or the kitchen waste with water; controlling the concentration of total solid to 2-7%; and processing a wet-type anaerobic fermentation to produce methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: Specifically, the compound microorganism fungicide comprises 1-12 pts.wt., preferably 1-3 pts.wt. of Escherichia coli fermentation broth, 2-12 pts.wt., preferably 2-3 pts.wt. of Trichoderma virens fermentation broth, 1-15 pts.wt., preferably 1-4 pts.wt. of Pseudomonas fluorescens fermentation broth, and 4-15 pts.wt., preferably 4-6 pts.wt. of Bacillus subtilis fermentation broth; where the number of the effective live bacteria in the fermentation broths are respectively more than ten billions per millimeter. Preferred Process: In utilizing the compound microorganism fungicide, the compound microorganism fungicide contacts with the straws and/or cow dung added in the methane-producing inoculating substance for promoting the straws and/or cow dung to generate methane; where the methane-producing inoculating substance is cesspit sediment, methane residue at bottom of methane tank, black sewer sludge, or sludge of refuse landfill; and the straws and/or cow dung are supplemented with water until the water content is regulated to 91-97% for performing wet type anaerobic fermentation to generate methane. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The composition also contains alcohol, a preservative, glycerine, salt, amphotericin B and drug. The preservative is selected from butylated hydroxytoluene, 3-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, EDTA, alpha -tocopherol, ethoxyquin, a fatty acid derivative or their mixture. The salt is selected from potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or their mixture. The drug is selected from topical antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, healing and proteolytic enzymes containing drug or their mixture. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Protozoacide; Dermatological.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aprotic polar solvent is amide system aprotic polar solvent or propylene carbonate. The aprotic polar solvents are hexamethyl phosphorictriamides, preferably dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, diethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, and/or tetramethylurea. The sulfur chloride (2) or its mixture is prepared by reaction system inside. The sulfur chloride (2) is sulfur monochloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Conditions: Preferably, in the culturing method of the bacteria, the temperature is 37 degrees C; the rotating speed of shaker is 200 rotations/minute; and the pH is 7.5. Preferably, in the large-scale culturing method of the bacteria, the temperature is 37 degrees C; the rotating speed is 180 rotations/minute; the ventilation capacity is 0.07 vvm; the inoculation quantity is 5%; and the initial pH is 7.50. Preferred Composition: Preferably, in the culturing method of the bacteria, the culture medium comprises 20 g of maltose, 10 g of peptone, 10 g of beef extract, 5 g of NaCl, and 3 g of yeast extract; and the initial (NH4)2SO4 concentration is 2.0 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In ecologically raising pig, the padding of the bed is divided into two layers with 90-100 cm of total depth; the bottom is 30-40 cm of straw; the upper layer is 60-70 cm of saw dust, rice shell, coarse salt and biological fermenting microbial inoculum. Before the biological fermenting microbial inoculum being added, mixing the microbial inoculum with saw dust, rice shell and coarse salt according to ratio, the method comprises adding water to evenly blend; then keeping the moisture content at the mixture at 40-50%, then fermenting for 24 hours. When the bed is padding, the method comprises adding water into the saw dust to evenly blend, using hand to knead to a round stuff, and it is better to make round stuff loose by contacting; then adding coarse salt and biological fermenting microbial inoculum into sty pit according to ratio; after fermenting for 1-2 days in summer and 5-7 days in winter, scattering 10 cm of dry saw dust on the fermented bed before putting pig in.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The Aloe extract and liquorice extract are extracted by supercritical technology.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water comprises deionized water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxy hydrate is 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy sodium cinnamate dihydrate, 3-amino-1-hydroxy propylidene-1,1-disodium bisphosphonate, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid tetrahydrate or 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid potassium monohydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The herbal thimerosal is a weak acid with a pH value, which is close to the pH value of the human body. The pH of the herbal thimerosal is 7.3-7.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An alkaline aqueous solution chosen from sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and potassium carbonate is further added during manufacture of fatty-acid alkyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine is diethylamine. The vegetable oil is soybean oil, palm oil and/or rapeseed oil. The lower alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Content: The inorganic salt culture medium comprises monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4, 1.8 g/L), sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4.12H2O, 3.5 g/L), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO3.7H2O, 0.2 g/L), iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 0.01 g/L), glucose (5 g/L) and distilled water (1000 mL), and pH of 6.8-7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rich culture solution comprises (g/L) beef extract (3) and protein peptone (2) in inorganic culture medium, and pH adjusted to 7-7.2. Preferred Processes: The gradient pressure type domestication method involves adding active black 5 dye in inorganic salt culture medium, concentrating to 10, 30 and 50 mg/L, changing interval of the concentration at 10 days at 30-35 degrees C, and performing domestication culture under heating condition. The separation and purification involves adding diluted fungus liquid on solid culture medium, putting culture medium in culture box at 30 degrees C inversely, culturing for 48 hours under electron microscope, observing colony form, repeating 2-4 times and growing pure single fungus. The solid culture medium involves adding agar powder (18 g/L) and active black 5 dye in rich culture solution, heating and melting, cooling, forming culture medium, and dye concentrating. The decoloring bacteria for dye reactive black 5 is performed 46S rDNA sequence determination and analysis comparison, identifying fungus to be transformative pseudo single cell, i.e. Enterobacter sp.GY with fungus body length of 0.2-0.5 mu m, bacterial colony diameter size of 0.5-2.5 mm, round and the edge of tidy and the surface of low convex surface, glossy, and milk white, without spore and capsule, anaerobic in obligate and water soluble pigment generated and gram stain recessive; and the optimum growth condition is at 8-10 pH, at 30-35 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves heat treating the organic sludge at 100-180 degrees C. The method further involves sonicating the organic sludge using ultrasound of 300-1000 kJ/l. The method further involves processing the organic sludge thermochemically using alkali (1-5 g/l) at 40-160 degrees C. Preferred Components: The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of organic wastewater is 1000-25000 mg/l. The alkali is chosen from sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The sludge is dried to moisture content of 10-20%. The dried sludge powder and organic carbon source is mixed at mass ratio of 9:1. The method further involves mixing dried sludge powder and organic carbon source with inorganic material at weight ratio of 6:13:1 or 3:2:5, or 12:7:1 or 6:1:3. The microorganism is Bacillus sp.. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The bacteria in the biomass are chosen from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, C.glutamicum, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Serratia marcescens and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid catalyst is nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol includes 1-14C alkyl group, cycloalkyl group or aryl group, and is methanol, propanol or butanol. The crosslinking agent is glutaraldehyde, isocyanide derivative, epichlorohydrin or azobisbenzamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The amine group-containing cationic polymer is chosen from polyethyleneimine, amine-terminated polyethylene oxide, amine-terminated polyethylene-propylene oxide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinyl pyrrolidone, linear polymer of dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) and polyethanol amine/methyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Organism: The microalgae is chosen from Nannochloropsis gaditana, N.granulata, N.limnetica, N.oceanica, N.salina, Chrysotila.sp, Dicrateria.sp, Emiliana.sp, Gephyrocapsa.sp and Isochrysis.sp    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves centrifuging the extract using organic solvent to obtain supernatant A and B, mixing the supernatant A and B using saline solution and maintaining the aqueous mixture for 30 minutes to 2 hours. The freeze-drying step is performed at -100 degrees C or -60 degrees C. The extracted fat is subjected to esterification reaction at 50-70 degrees C for 2-5 hours using alcohol (10-100 weight ratio) and base catalyst. The esterified product is washed using distilled water for 2-4 times to separate biodiesel layer. The ratio of saline solution and supernatant mixture is 2:1. The ratio of chloroform and methanol used in the centrifugation step is 1:2-2:1. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform methanol, ethanol and their mixture. The alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and their mixture. The catalyst is chosen from sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lubricant includes castor oil, ricinoleic acid and ricinoleic acid ester. The anti-corrosive agent is diethylenediamine, aromatic amine and aliphatic amine. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biocide further contains anhydrous citric acid or tartaric acid (0.1-15).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The synthesis of CPS comprises placing glucose aqueous solution (0.4-1.2 g/ml) into a high reaction pot with polytetrafluoroethylene lining, heating at 160-180 degrees C, centrifuging, separating, washing and drying. The carbonization of the CPS comprises placing carbon in a tubular furnace, injecting argon as protective gas, heating at 800-1200 degrees C for 0.5-2 hours and cooling to room temperature naturally. Preferred Components: The weight and volume ratio of the ammonium molybdate and the concentrated hydrochloric acid is 1 g:(5-20) ml, where the quality concentration of the concentrated hydrochloric acid is 30-40%. The concentration of the sodium borohydrate solution is 0.01-0.3 mol/l and the weight and volume ratio of the sodium borohydrate solution and the ammonium molybdate is (5-20) ml:1 g. The weight ratio of the carbon ball and the ammonium molybdate is 1: (0.1-1). The concentration of the ethylene glycol solution of hexachloroplatinic acid is 1.93-19.3 mmol/l and of sodium hydroxide is 0.1-1mol/l. The volume ratio of the hexachloroplatinic acid and sodium hydroxide is 1:(1-5) and the quality volume ratio of the molybdenum oxide alloy/CPS and the hexachloroplatinic acid is 1 g:(10-50) ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: Additive is surfactant, defoamer, antifreeze agent, thickener, stabilizer, solvent, co-solvent, water or their mixture. Surfactant is calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl aryl polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene ether, castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, dibenzyl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether, nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate or their mixture. Defoamer is silicone oil, isooctanol, polyether modified silicone, polypropylene glycol ether or their mixture. Antifreeze agent is ethylene glycol, propanediol, glycerol, sorbitol, urea or their mixture. Thickener is hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, bentonite, attapulgite or aluminum silicate. Stabilizer is triethanolamine, disodium hydrogen phosphate, succinic acid and hexane diacid or their mixture. Solvent is toluene, dimethylbenzene, acetone, cyclohexanone, methanol, alcohol, diesel, kerosene, 9-10C arene, purified water or their mixture. Co-solvent is ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propanediol, glycerol, n-butanol, dimethyl sulfoxide or their mixture. Preferred Composition: The composition in form of miscible oil is comprised of (in %): difenoconazole (1-50), alpha-(L)-terpineol (1-50), surfactant (1-30) and solvent (10-80). The composition in the form of microemulsion is comprised of (in %): difenoconazole (1-50), alpha -(L)-terpineol (1-50), surfactant (1-15), co-solvent (0-15), stabilizer (0-5), solvent (1-40) and purified water to obtain composition 100%. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The content of biological carbon and combustible gases is 250 kg/ton of biomass and 300-500 kg/ton of biomass, respectively. The biomass is a carbonaceous substance including household garbage, garden waste and/or straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves drying the obtained mixture at 70-120 degrees C for 3-30 hours. The heating step is performed at 300-700 degrees C for 1-5 hours. The method further involves adding vegetable oil and alcohol to the mixture. The method further involves agitating the obtained mixture, and allowing the obtained mixture to react for half an hour-3 hours at 50-70 degrees C.Preferred Components: The concentration of calcium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is 0.1-10 M, respectively. The volume ratio of calcium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is 1:0.05-1:0.5. The vegetable oil includes soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, colza oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, palm oil, linseed oil, poppyseed oil, walnut oil, Arachis oil, cottonseed oil, rice bran oil, Camellia oil and olive oil. The ratio of alcohol and vegetable oil is 1:5-1:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The SBR reactor comprises aeration unit for carrying out nitrifying process for 8 hours. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) volume of feed water is 0.8-2 kg COD/m3, volume load of nitrogen is 0.2-0.5 kg/m3, volume load of feed volatile phenol is 0.4-1.2 kg/m3 and volume load of feed sulfur is 0.15-0.6 kg/m3. The process is carried out at 25-35 degrees C at pH of 7.5-8.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenation catalyst comprises active components (a) loaded on a carrier. The active components (a) are nickel oxide (1-5), tungsten oxide (12-35) and halogen-containing auxiliary agent (1-9). The hydrorefining catalyst comprises active components (b) loaded on the carrier. The active components (b) are nickel oxide (1-10), molybdenum oxide (10-50), tungsten oxide and alkaline-earth metal oxide-containing auxiliary agent. The carrier is silicon oxide-aluminum oxide carrier. The dewaxing catalyst is molecular sieve catalyst having selective shape and selective cracking property with respect to n-hydrocarbon, ZSM-5 molecular sieve or group VIII metal components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deasphalting solvent is 2-5C hydrocarbon, preferably propane (in weight%) (80-100), mixture of propane and ethane, or propylene, butane and/or pentane. The volume ratio of deasphalting solvent and vacuum residue oil is 5-7. The solvent (x) is furfural and/or N-methylpyrrolidone. The weight ratio of solvent (x) and light deasphalting oil is 2-5. The dewaxing solvent is mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene. The volume ratio of dewaxing solvent and wax-containing hydrogenated oil is 4.5-5.5:1.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves treating (in ppm) Nerium plant extract (150-400) with Stephanodiscus and Nerium plant extract (400-600) Microcystis aeruginosa . The algae live in cooling water. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The average particle size of (b) is same, greater or smaller size, preferably by a factor 2 less than (a), preferably by a factor 5 less than average diameter of (a). Preferred Components: The active agent adsorbing material is an activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: (a) are coated with a coating layer or are summarized in a matrix material to form agglomerates, or are applied on the matrix material. Preferred Components: The matrix material is a polymer or an active agent adsorbing material. The coating layer is a polymer. The polymer comprises homopolymers with carbon-carbon main-chain bond, copolymers with carbon-carbon main-chain bond and at least two different monomers, polyester comprising at least one aromatic dicarboxylic acid and one or more components of aliphatic dialcohols, polyamides, polyester amide, polylactide, cellulose or its derivatives, starch or its derivatives, polyurethanes or polyketones. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Herbicide; Fungicide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - An extrusion compound composed of imidacloprid (30%), styrene acrylonitrile (65%) and kaolin (5%) was crushed by cold milling. In a device, the obtained mixture of the extrusion compounds (99%) and fine particulate activated carbon (1%) with an average diameter of 20 mu m were stressed for 3 minutes at 8000 revolutions per minute to give a corresponding powder formulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective metal surface layer comprises gold. The catalytic material comprises a member consisting of a manganese oxide and an activated carbon. The electrolyte comprises potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. The active material of the negative electrode comprises zinc or an alloy of zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material consists of fluoropolymer and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rebalance system further comprises anolyte reservoir(s) containing aqueous anolyte solution(s). The anolyte solution comprises acid(s) from hydrochloric acid and metal salt(s) from chromium chloride. The system further comprises catholyte reservoir containing aqueous catholyte solution. The catholyte solution comprises acid(s) from hydrochloric acid, and metal salt(s) from iron chloride. The electrode comprises carbon or a mixed metal oxide disposed on a substrate. The substrate is titanium. The mixed metal oxide comprises iridium and ruthenium oxide. The system is placed in fluid communication with source(s) of hydrogen gas. The source of hydrogen gas is a redox cell. The cathode compartment further comprises chlorine gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The selectively-permeable layer is perfluorinated. The perfluorinated layer comprises unit(s) of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises ferrous chloride (FeCl2) and/or ferric chloride (FeCl3), and chromium (III) chloride (CrCl3) and/or chromium (II) chloride (CrCl2) in aqueous hydrochloric acid, where the total concentration of CrCl3 and CrCl2 is greater than the total concentration of FeCl2 and FeCl3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The recrystallization organic reagent is organic solvent including isopropyl ketone, acetone, isopropanol, or methanol mutually soluble with water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anionic polyelectrolyte can be dextran sulfate or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The cationic polyelectrolyte can be polyarginine or glucan. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The vegetable crumbles is selected from saw dust, wood crumble, bamboo crumble, barks, branches, nutshell, chestnut shell, cotton straw, sesame straw, corn straw, sunflower straw, soybean straw, rice shell, bagasse or corncob. The vegetable powder is vegetable carbide powder or vegetable dust, where the vegetable carbide powder is selected from wood carbide powder, bamboo carbide powder, nutshell carbide powder, chestnut shell carbide powder, corn straw carbide powder, rice straw carbide powder, sugar cane carbide powder or corncob carbide powder. The wood carbide powder is selected from saw dust carbide powder, wood crumble carbide powder, bark carbide powder or branch carbide powder. The vegetable dust is selected from wood dust, bamboo dust, nutshell dust, chestnut shell dust, straw dust, rice shell dust, sugar cane dust or corncob dust. The wood dust is selected from saw dust, wood particle dust, bark dust or branch dust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The step (ii) comprises implementing ion-exchange process after obtaining high-density alkali silicon dioxide sol, and adding acid solution for acidification to obtain the acid silicon dioxide sol of pH is 2-4. The step (iii) dialyzing the acid silicon dioxide sol more than 2 times till no heavy metal ion is inspected, to obtain the page silicon fertilizer. The stirring reaction in step (ii) lasts for 2-24 hours and the stirring reaction in step (iii) takes place for more than 30 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali solution in step (i) is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonia liquor solution, of density 1 M or higher, where the heating lasts for more than 5 hours, at a temperature greater than 50 degrees C. The high-density metasilicate salt solution in step (i) has a density ranging from 5% to saturation and the high-density metasilicate salt solution is purified through positive ion-exchange resin before acidifying. The artificial chelating agent is ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid, hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triaceticacid, diethyl pentaacetic acid, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid, amino triacetate, N-ethylenediamine, or tetraacetyl diaminocyclohexane. The natural chelating agent is citrate acid, malic acid, propandioic acid or acetic acid histidine. The acid solution in step (ii) is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ethyl acetic acid or ethanedioic acid solution. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceria precursor is cerium nitrate trihydrate (Ce(NO3).3H2O). The rare-earth metal is chosen from samarium, praseodymium, europium, gadolinium, lanthanum, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium and lutetium. The rare-earth metal precursor is gadolinium nitrate trihydrate or samarium nitrate trihydrate. The hydroxide is chosen from sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 400 or polyethylene glycol 600.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nano-porous carbon material is obtained by using transition metal oxide solution. Preferred Properties: The nano-porous carbon material has surface area of 635.4 m2/g, and particle size of 4.2-20.9 nm. Preferred Composition: The transition metal oxide is iron acetate, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous bromide, ferric bromide, ferrous nitrate, nickel acetate, nickel chloride, nickel bromide, nickel iodide, cobalt acetate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride and/or cobalt sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mold of the organic compound is poly(ethylene oxide)-block- poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block -poly(propylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide)-block- poly(styrene) and/or poly(4-vinylpyridine)poly-styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The soil is loam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lawn plant is Festuca arundinacea or ryegrass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate. The potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate. Each square meter paper or grass seedling culturing disc is sprayed with 2800-3000 g of seedling thriving agents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The oil dreg is bean oil dreg, peanut oil dreg, cottonseed oil dreg or rapeseed oil dreg. The dosage of B. subtilis fermentation liquor is 115-125 pts. mass, and that the Y. lipolytica fermentation liquor is 125-135 pts. mass. The dosage of G. candidum fermentation liquor is 88-92 parts and that of L. plantarum fermentation liquor is 105-115 pts. mass. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The step of taking branch lop as main material involves providing each ton of product needs 3 tons of fresh branch lop, more than 0.8 tons of thoroughly decomposed branch lop. The 3-level hierarchically grinding technique includes cutting up and making to pieces with knife in first level, where collected branch lop will be made for second level grinding, after stack retting for 30 days, continuing third level grinding, and finally, controlling particle size through sieve plate to 0.8-1.2 mm grain diameter. The fermentation and decomposition process includes accumulating for aerobic fermentation, where main parameters of fermentation are water content of 56%, carbon nitrogen ratio of 26-28, and also bringing in degraded cellulose. The addition of humic acid includes providing derivatives containing fulvic acid, ammonium humate and potash humate. The added functional microorganisms are Bacillus functional microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, root nodule bacteria, phosphor bacterium and silicate bacteria. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms in the bioreactor comprise a monoculture or a co-culture of at least one of the following: Clostridium ragsdalei, Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, Clostridium ljungdahlii, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium woodii and Clostridium carboxydivorans.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The syngas comprises at least 5 mole % of CH4 on an anhydrous basis. The syngas on anhydrous basis comprises CH4 (at least 10 mole %), and the tail gas comprises CH4 (at least 20 mole %). The syngas on an anhydrous basis comprises (mole %): H2 (20-45); CO (15-50); CH4 (10-20); and CO2 (10-20). A portion of the CH4 rich stream passes to a combustion heat recovery system for the generation of power or to provide process heat. The gasifier comprises a gasification zone that gasifies the carbonaceous feed under anaerobic conditions and a combustion zone that provides heat to the gasification zone. The oxygen concentration in the gasification zone is less than 1 mole %. The gasifier operates at a temperature of less than 900 degrees C, and a pressure of at least 4 bars absolute. The reformer comprises a partial oxidation autothermal reformer. The syngas undergoes clean-up for removal of water and particulates before entering the bioreactor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The microchannels are formed by channels in individual steel plates made of a metal alloy comprising (wt.%) iron (0-20), aluminum (0-5, preferably 1-5), silicon (0-5, preferably 1-5), chromium (20-50, preferably more than 30), and nickel ( greater than or equal to 35); and further comprises titanium (0-2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The steam to carbon (as hydrocarbon and CO) molar ratio of the feed is 0.1-1. The temperature of the gaseous mixture obtained in step (a) is 320-500 degrees C. The gaseous mixture obtained in step (a) is increased to a temperature of 750-900 degrees C. The partial oxidation of step (c) results in a gaseous mixture having a temperature of 1100-1350 (preferably 1100-1250) degrees C; and comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, steam, carbon dioxide, methane and soot particles. The mixture is passed through a ceramic foam filter or a ceramic wall-flow filter before performing step (d). The soot particles are retained on the filter for a time to convert the soot to a mixture comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. The light stream comprises unconverted synthesis gas, inert gas, carbon dioxide and 1-3C hydrocarbons, and where part(s) of the light stream are added to the feed of step (a). The heavy stream is the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product or an intermediate to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microorganism is bacteria, preferably Legionella that has reproduced inside living amoeba.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bromine containing compound is dibromo-2-cyano-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)acetamide and/or 2,2-dibromomalonamide. The aqueous or moisture-containing system has a pH of greater than or equal to 5 (preferably greater than or equal to 11). ACTIVITY - Antibacterial. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide is nickel-magnesium oxide crystals, magnesium aluminate crystals, or cerium oxide crystals. The tar-containing gas contains 20-4000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. Preferred Properties: The size of nickel-magnesium oxide microcrystal at plane (200) is 1-50 nm, which is measured by X-ray diffraction. The size of magnesium aluminate microcrystal at plane (311) is 1-50 nm. The size of cerium oxide microcrystal at plane (111) is 1-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dissolved concentration of oxygen is greater than or equal to 20 mg/L. The dissolved concentration of methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, or butane is greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/L. Preferred Components: The additive has dissolved methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, or butanes. The medium is medium contaminated with chlorinated organic compound whose number of chlorine is less than or equal to 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas mixture to be treated comprises a synthetic gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide or a natural gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The liquid phase is produced in the cryogenic gas separation device. The liquid phase comprises a portion of an alkane stream and the iquid is introduced into the cryogenic gas separation device. The device for treating the gas mixture, comprises a part for the dehydrogenation of alkanes, preferably propane or isobutane. Preferred Components: A pump is arranged between the source for the liquid phase and the inlet, in which the pressure of the liquid phase can be increased, before its introduction into the gas mixture to be treated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gas mixture to be treated is obtained by alkane dehydrogenation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The added rice bran is added to chaff as binder, solidified and raised the combustion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cobalt compound is hexamminecobalt chloride, pentaammine cobalt chloride, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate or cobalt sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is produced using surfactant, water, organic solvent, cobalt compound and silicon alkoxide of formula: R1O-Si(-OR2)(-OR4)-OR3 (I).R1-R4=1-4C alkyl.The surfactant is nonionic surfactant or ionic surfactant. The organic solvent is chosen from hydrocarbon-based solvent and alcohol solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali compound is calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and/or magnesium carbonate. The apparatus is filled with adsorbent comprising activated alumina, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, alumina white, pearlite, aluminum hydroxide, water-insoluble aluminum sulfate and/or activated clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oil of fats-and-oils-containing (un)saturated fatty acid is corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, cacao seed oil, almond oil, palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil, tung oil, castor oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and/or Jatropha seed oil. The linear lower alcohol is 1-6C methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and/or branched isobutanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is chosen from lithium hydride, sodium hydride and potassium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises slicing P. polyphylla root, camphor, and betel nut at 1: 1: 6.4 ratio and soaking in industrial alcohol to obtain soaking solution; crushing common three wing nut root, radix clematidis, sessile stemona root, and Q. indica at 1:1:1:2 ratio, and fumigating with hot steam at 150-250 degrees C to obtain fumigation solution, where mass ratio of common three wing nut root and P. polyphylla root is 2:1; and mixing the soaking solution and fumigation solution. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Insect Repellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Enteromorpha can be any edge pipe Enteromorpha, flat Enteromorpha, or strip Enteromorpha in the national coastal zone; where it is abundant in the cellulose components capable of executing alcohol conversion. Preferred Method: In the fuel alcohol conversion method, the Enteromorpha after being soaked for 1-6 hours via hot water at 60-100 degrees C is added to the hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution with concentration of 0.05-2 vol.% to react for 3-18 hours at 40-70 degrees C; and after the surplus hydrogen peroxide is removed via the manganese dioxide, the treatment liquid is used for preparing the cellulase enzymolysis. The cellulose composite enzymolysis is that the market cellulase and the cellobiase are added to the reaction liquid after the raw material is pre-treated; where each gram of Enteromorpha is added with 20-200 filter paper units (FPU) cellulase and 10-100 cellobiase unit (CBU) cellobiase; where the pH is 4.0-6.0; the enzymolysis temperature is 40-55 degrees C; and the enzymolysis time is 24-72 hours. In alcohol conversion, the brewers yeast with concentration of 5-10 vol.% of the enzymolysis supernate is added to the enzymolysis supernate; and the anaerobic fermentation is executed; where the fermentation temperature is 26-42 degrees C; and the fermentation time is 24-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass waste of bamboo is pre-treated by using phosphoric acid and acetone. The pre-treated product is processed with lignin, acetic acid, acetone and phosphoric acid. The hydrolysis of the obtained product is performed by using sodium citrate and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of adding 1,4-butanediol is as follows: adding 7.65 g/l of 1,4-butanediol to fermentation liquid when mixed microorganism is fermented for 36 or 21 hours and continuously adding 1,4-butanediol to fermentation liquid when fermenting for 30 hours, where the flow acceleration is 0.3 g/l/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Parachlorella sp.binos (FERM BP-10969) secretes alginic acid extracellularly. Alginic acid is an alginic acid oligomer with 3-10 residues of beta -D-mannuronic acid (M) and alpha -L-guluronic acid (G). The addition amount of Bainos powder is 20-200 g per 1 ton sludge.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    M=zinc or magnesium.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 60 Prepared compounds (III) are disclosed, e.g. 4-tert-butyl-3-phenyl-4-aza-3-bora-cyclopentene of formula (IIIa), 3,4-dimethyl-4-aza-3-bora-cyclopentene, 3-ethyl-4-isopropyl-4-aza-3-bora-cyclopentene, 1,4-dimethyl-3-ethyl-4-aza-3-bora-cyclopentene and 1-methyl-4-isopropyl-3-phenyl-4-aza-3-bora-cyclopentene. In addition, one azametallopentocene (I) i.e. 4-tert-butyl-4-aza-3-zincocyclopentene of formula (Ia) is disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Toluene solution (20 ml) of dichlorophenyl borane (3.2 g) was dripped to reaction liquid containing anhydrous zinc iodide (6.4 g), diethyl ether (25 ml) and diethyl ether solution of tert-butylamine dilitho compound, reacted at 25 degrees C for 2 hours, stirred, the reaction solution was filtered, and concentrated at 80 degrees C under reduced pressure of 5.2 Pa, to obtain 4-tert-butyl-3-phenyl-4-aza-3-bora-cyclopentene (2 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alcohol used as raw material for production of biodiesel consists of ethanol, methanol, 1-pentane, iso-pentane, iso-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and iso-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: Inducing pineapple to bloom involves selecting ethylene absorbent and gas, performing absorption process and placing zeolite molecular sieve (processed and saturated with absorption of ethylene gas) to interior leaf of pineapple plant. The selection of ethylene absorbent and gas is performed by using dry 5A zeolite molecular sieve and controlling purity of ethylene gas to greater than 99%, and absorption process is performed by: placing 5A zeolite molecular sieve in a plastic container having an air inlet and an air outlet capable of being quickly sealed; inserting air inlet pipe into the molecular sieve particles; slowly introducing ethylene gas into the plastic container till gas is coming out from the air outlet; keeping it for one minute and quickly stopping aerating and sealing the plastic container; shaking the plastic container such that the zeolite molecular sieve absorbs ethylene to reach a saturated state; and then filling the molecular sieve into a sealed bag or bottle to seal and preserve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding borax, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium molybdate, zinc phosphate, potassium phosphate, boric acid, potassium nitrate, sodium and ammonium nitrate and blue vitriol to the mixture containing mineral composition and water, and extracting the composition using sulfuric acid. The total content of borax, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium molybdate, zinc phosphate, potassium phosphate, boric acid, potassium nitrate, sodium and ammonium nitrate and blue vitriol is 0.1-10 wt.% with respect to the liquid manure. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The fermentation of algae is performed using microorganism chosen from Clostridium, Acetobacterium woodii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, and butyribacterium methylotrophicum. The algae are chosen from fucoxanthin and rhodophyta.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is ethanol, propanol, pentanol or butanol. The organic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid or lactic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution further contains (in wt.%): lactic acid bacteria (5-20) and amino acid (5-20). The second mixture contains folic acid (5-10), gelatin (70-80), sucrase and lactose. Preferred Method: The method further involves adding aspartic acid (0.8-1.2), glycine (0.3-0.7) and arginine (0.8-1.2) to the microorganism culture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The combustion board and clapboard are made from heat-resisting material containing steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The oil residue is soyabean oil residue, peanut oil residue, cottonseed oil residue, and/or rapeseed oil residue. The inorganic acid (30-70 wt.%) is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid (65 wt.%). The phosphorite powder is physical crushed material of phosphorus mineral having granularity of below 0.15 mm and phosphorus content of 15-30 wt.%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytic layer comprises at least one element selected from molybdenum, rhenium and platinum group metals. The catalytic layer contains RuO2. The conductive substrate is a solid, punched on expanded sheet or a mesh made of nickel, copper, zirconium or stainless steel. At least one of the first and second solution contains the precursors of the alloy contains NaH2PO2. The catalyst precursor solution contains Ru(NO)x(NO3)2 (where x is not defined) or RuCl3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - At least one of the first and second protective layers comprises an alloy of nickel and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline compound (5-15 weight%) is chosen from calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The decomposition catalyst (3-10 weight%) is porous inorganic oxide chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, natural clay and zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Component: The green pollution-free pig premix contains (g) calcium hydrophosphate (90), crushed limestone powder (300), salt (125), lysine (35), choline chloride (15), organic iron (5), organic selenium (3.75), biological chromium (3.75), organic manganese (5), organic zinc (3.3), copper sulfate (1.4), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (12.5) , zinc sulfate (7), manganese sulfate (3.2), sodium selenite (0.72), calcium iodate (1.2), magnesium sulfate (45), phytase (3), vitamin A (0.32), vitamin D3 (0.07), vitamin E (4.75), vitamin K3 (0.04), vitamin B1 (0.007), vitamin B2 (0.15), vitamin B6 (0.02), vitamin B12 (0.05), nicotinamide (0.52), calcium pantothenate (0.3), micro-ecological preparation (12.5), plant extractive (12.5) and carrier (308.953). The sodium selenite contains 1% sodium selenite and 2% calcium iodate. The micro-ecological preparation contains manna oligosaccharide, bacillus, yeast and dominant substrate. The plant extractive is astragalus root extractive, radix codonopsitis extractive, angelica extractive, magnolia officinalis extractive, Chinese wolfberry extractive, extractive of the fruit of Chinese magnoliavine or rhubarb extractive. The carrier is rice bran residue and bentonite. The plant extractive is astragalus root extractive, radix codonopsitis extractive, angelica extractive, magnolia officinalis extractive, Chinese wolfberry extractive, extractive of the fruit of Chinese magnoliavine or rhubarb extractive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A proton exchange membrane such as Hydrion (RTM: membrane available from Ion power of new castle) coated with platinum and iridium catalysts are inserted into the cavity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sidewall is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic powder is powder containing silica, magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide, complex oxide powder of silica and magnesium oxide, or mixed powder containing silica, calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide, and has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fats and oils and inorganic powder are recovered using purifying agent which contains adsorbed fat and oil discharged from fats-and-oils refinement or regeneration process. Preferred Composition: The usage amount of enzyme and inorganic powder is 0.05-1 part weight and 20-200 parts weight, respectively with respect to 100 parts weight of fats and oils. The enzyme is lipase and is reacted in presence of organic solvent. The lower monohydric alcohol is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal material included in hydrogen-producing material is metal material chosen from group which consists of aluminum, silicon, zinc, magnesium and their alloy. The heat-generating material is oxide of alkaline-earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature of combustion is 400-800 degrees C. In the preparation of the catalyst, the first impregnated support is calcined at 500-700 degrees C. Preferred Components: The first metal component is copper. The second metal component is present and is cerium and zirconium. The cerium and zirconium are present in a ratio of metal mass in the range of 1:1-1:4. The copper component is present at 0.1-20 wt.% based on the total weight of the finished catalyst. The copper component is copper nitrate or copper citrate. EXAMPLE - High surface area gamma -alumina support was first impregnated with an aqueous solution of cerium nitrate and zirconium nitrate. The impregnated support was then dried by rotary drying at 120 degrees C and calcined at 500 degrees C using a heating profile of 2 degrees C/minute. The calcined impregnated support cooled and then the catalysts were impregnated with an aqueous solution of copper nitrate. The impregnated supports were then dried by rotary drying at 120 degrees C and then calcined at 600 degrees C using a heating profile of 2 degrees C/ minute to give finished catalyst comprising copper (5.5 wt.%), cerium (1.4 wt.%), zirconium (2.9 wt.%) and balance alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the nitrogen recovery phase, the gaseous current comprising exhaust gases rich in ammoniac substances is treated with an acidic solution supplied in countercurrent to a first gas/liquid contacter to obtain a mixture of nitrogen salts. Downstream of the nitrogen recovery phase, an aerobic biological stabilization phase through a partial nitrification of nitrogen salts is further provided. A recovery phase of phosphorus contained in the liquid flow coming out of the second phase of aerobic digestion is further provided. The phosphorus recovery phase provides the acidification of liquid flow coming from the aerobic reactor, the production of a clear effluent containing solubilized phosphorus and the subsequent precipitation of insoluble phosphorus by the addition of magnesium salts. The gaseous flow coming out from the second gas/liquid contacter, mainly comprising combustible gases, is sent to a thermal engine for plant actuation. At least part of the exhaust gases of thermal engine is sent to the first gas/liquid contacter. Preferred Component: The acidic solution supplied in countercurrent in a first gas/liquid contacter is an aqueous solution containing carbonic acid. The aqueous solution containing carbonic acid is obtained by treating the biogas current coming out from the first anaerobic digestion phase with water or with an ammoniac aqueous solution fed in countercurrent in a second gas/liquid contacter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride powder is selected from sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, magnesium aluminum hydride, calcium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, beryllium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, calcium borohydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, magnesium hydride or calcium hydride. The hydrogen releasing catalyst powder includes ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Steam is supplied to the syngas generator. An ash by-product (60) generated during the reaction of the first carbonaceous feedstock in the presence of oxygen, is continuously or periodically withdrawn from the syngas generator. The second carbonaceous feedstock is loaded with hydromethanation catalyst prior to being supplied to the hydromethanation reactor. A char by-product is continuously or periodically withdrawn from the hydromethanation reactor. A portion of the char by-product is treated to recover a portion of an alkali metal content, and a portion of the recovered alkali metal content is recycled for use as hydromethanation catalyst. The second carbonaceous feedstock is impregnated with hydromethanation catalyst comprising recycled hydromethanation catalyst and a make-up hydromethanation catalyst. Preferred Component: The methane-enriched raw product stream comprises greater than or equal to 20 mol.% methane, and greater than or equal to 50 mol.% methane plus carbon dioxide. The first gas stream further comprises steam. The first carbonaceous feedstock is aqueous slurry. The hydromethanation catalyst comprises an alkali metal. The char by-product comprises an alkali metal content from the hydromethanation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chromium chloride, solid Bronsted acid cation exchange resin catalyst or metallic catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biofuel is 5-alkoxy methyl-2-furfural of formula (I) or rubrinic acid alkylester of formula (II).The catalytic conversion is carried out in presence of organic acid catalyst of formula: MXn or MXn.H2O or of formula (III), or inorganic acid catalyst.The catalyst (III) contains imidazole ligand and polymer resin or solid phase imidazole compound.R1 = H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl or aryl;R2 = R1 excluding H;M = manganese, nickel, iron, chromium, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, zinc, aluminum, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, scandium, ytterbium or indium;X = halo, triflate, nonaflate, mesylate, tosylate or diazonium;n = 1-3;R = alkyl or mesityl;andM' = transition metal, alkali metal, lanthanide or mercury.Solvent chosen from alcohol, ionic liquid and aprotic polar solvent is used in the manufacture of the biofuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polymer resin is polystyrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid acid is chosen from high molecular compound having sulfonic acid group and hydrogen substituted zeolite type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lower alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol and/or hexanol. The coal ash is bedding material (BM) ashes. The by-product is glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst gasification reaction is performed under atmospheric pressure. The weight ratio of steam with respect to ashless coal is 0.01-0.1. The reaction rate is adjusted with the type of catalyst and its quantity. The catalyst is potassium carbonate and the addition amount with respect to ashless coal is 6-50 wt.%. The ashless coal is derived from subbituminous coal, preferably Pasir coal or wood coal, preferably Mulia coal. The method involves mixing ashless coal and catalyst, supplying the mixture into furnace and contacting the mixture with steam, separating gas from the generated gas and remaining the coal residue. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of nutrient fertilizer comprises adding all the above substances to a stirrer and stirring for 180 minutes, then taking out and adding to 2% of granule pulverizer to be pulverized, taking out the powder and pouring it into a fermenting pond, piling, tightly covering by a thick plastic cloth and compacting, fermenting for 80 hours in a sealing manner, overturning the pile for the first time, spreading with manure water and adding liquid human excrement in the ratio of 2:1.5, where attention is paid to overturn the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards while overturning the pile, uniformly spreading the manure water, tightly covering by a thick plastic cloth and compacting in time after overturning the pile, continuing to ferment for 80 hours, keeping fermenting temperature for more than 78?0C, overturning the pile once for every 80 hours, adding liquid human excrement in a ratio of 2:1, overturning the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards continuously for 5 times, while overturning each time, adding the fermented nutrient fertilizer to Hippeastrum vittatum to a height of 20 cm, width of 15 cm and length of 30 cm mold, making into nutrient fertilizer block according to the standard that the nutrient fertilizer block is compact and cannot be broken when held in hand and thus obtaining the qualified nutrient fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation comprises: introducing all the above mentioned substances to a stirrer, stirring for 180 minutes, and then introducing all of them to 2% of granule pulverizer, taking out the powder and pouring it into a fermentation pond, piling, tightly covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting, fermenting for 80 hours in sealing manner, overturning the pile for the first time, adding liquid human excrement at a ratio of 2:1.5 and spreading manure water, while overturning, paying attention to overturn the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards, uniformly spreading the manure water, tightly covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting in time after overturning the pile, continuing the fermentation for 80 hours, keeping fermenting temperature more than 78 degrees C, overturning the pile once in every 80 hours, adding liquid human excrement at a ratio of 2:1.5 when overturning each time, paying attention to overturn the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards, continuously overturning for 5 times, placing the fermented nutrient fertilizer for Themidaceae to a 20 cm height, 15 cm width and 30 cm long mold, making into nutrient fertilizer block according to the standard that the nutrient fertilizer block is compact and cannot be broken when held in hand. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of nutrient fertilizer comprises introducing all the above mentioned substances to a stirrer, stirring for 180 minutes, taking out and then placing it into 2% of granule pulverizer, taking out the powder and pouring into a fermentation pond, piling, tightly covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting, fermenting for 80 hours in sealing manner, overturning the pile for the first time, adding liquid human excrement in a ratio of 2:1.5 when overturning the pile, spreading manure water while overturning, paying attention to overturn the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards while overturning, uniformly spreading the manure water, tightly covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting in time after overturning the pile, continuing to ferment for 80 hours, keeping fermenting temperature for more than 78?0C, overturning the pile once every 80 hours and adding liquid human excrement in a ratio of 2:1.5 when overturning each time, meeting the demand on overturning the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards while overturning, continuously overturning for 5 times, adding the fermented nutrient fertilizer for Jasminum nudiflorum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of nutrient fertilizer comprises introducing all the above mentioned substances to a stirrer, stirring for 180 minutes, taking out and then placing it into 2% of granule pulverizer, taking out the powder and pouring into a fermentation pond, piling, tightly covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting, fermenting for 80 hours in sealing manner, overturning the pile for the first time, adding liquid human excrement in a ratio of 2:1.5 when overturning the pile, spreading manure water while overturning, paying attention to overturn the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards while overturning, uniformly spreading the manure water, tightly covering with a thick plastic cloth and compacting in time after overturning the pile, continuing to ferment for 80 hours, keeping fermenting temperature for more than 78?0C, overturning the pile once every 80 hours and adding liquid human excrement in a ratio of 2:1.5 when overturning each time, meeting the demand on overturning the lower part upwards, inner part outwards, outer part inwards and upper part downwards while overturning, continuously overturning for 5 times, adding the fermented nutrient fertilizer for corn poppy flower to a 20 cm height, 15 cm width and 30 cm long mold, making into nutrient fertilizer block according to the standard that the nutrient fertilizer block is compact and cannot be broken when held in hand and obtaining the qualified nutrient fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbe dye degrading strain agent also comprises strain metabolized product. Preferred Process: In utilizing the microbe dye degrading strain agent, the microbe dye degrading strain and printing wastewater are properly mixed and processed under natural condition and can degrade the dye to obviously reduce the chroma of the wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation : The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound is obtained by reacting dihydroisoquinoline of formula (A) with pyridine of formula (B) in presence of inert solvent.M=leaving group;andE=halo or esterified hydroxy. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial. In an in vitro test for determining the control level of apple scab disease in apple seedling using 2-methyl-2-phenyl-4-(3-quinolyl)-2H-1,3-benzoxazine showed 75% of disease resistance.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound is administered at a dose of 10-100 g.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. 2-methyl-2-phenyl-4-(3-quinolyl)-2H-1,3-benzoxazine of formula (Ia) and 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-methyl-4-(3-quinolyl)-2H-1,3-benzoxazine.    EXAMPLE - 2-Methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one (in g) (0.7) was dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL), cooled to -10 degrees C, and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1.24) were added to obtained mixture and stirred at -10 degrees C for 1 hour. Then, 2,6-lutidine was added to resulting mixture, stirred at -10 degrees C for 2 hours, extracted, washed, distilled under reduced pressure and dried. The obtained residue was dissolved in toluene, triol salt (1.04) obtained from 3-quinoline boronic acid and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.68) were added, heated for 14 hours, cooled, extracted, washed, distilled and purified, to obtain 2-methyl-2-phenyl-4-(3-quinolyl)-2H-1,3-benzoxazine (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The M. circinelloides is processed by inoculating in culture medium comprising potato (125.5-126 g), glucose (25-30 g), sucrose (23.5-24 g), agar (15-20 g) and distilled water (900-1100 ml); cultivating at 26-30 degrees C for 4-6 days; eluting spore; and adjusting spore concentration to 0.9-1.1 billions/ml to prepare bacterial liquor. The B. pumilus is processed by inoculating B. pumilus (0.5-1.5%) in culture medium comprising bran (45-55 g), peptone (2-3 g), sodium chloride (4-6 g), dipotassium phosphate (0.5-1.5 g), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.1-0.3 g) and distilled water (900-1100 ml); cultivating at 35-38 degrees C and 130 revolutions/minute (rpm) for 32-40 hours, in which the initial pH is 7.5-8.5; and adjusting bacteria concentration to 0.9-1.1 billions/ml to prepare bacterial liquor. The S. maltophilia is processed by inoculating S. maltophilia (2.5-3.5%) in culture medium comprising peptone (8-12 g), sodium chloride (6-10 g), glucose (0.5-1.5 g), yeast powder (2.5-3.5 g) and distilled water (900-1100 ml); cultivating at 35-38 degrees C and 130 rpm for 32-40 hours, in which the pH is 7-8; and adjusting bacteria concentration to 0.9-1.1 billions/ml to prepare bacterial liquor. Preferred Method: The method includes, after composting, overturning once every 2-4 days in the earlier two weeks, and overturning once every 4-6 days. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The oil is extracted from the solid content of coffee waste to form solid fuel in the form of pellet. The method further involves adding starch to the coffee waste. The combustible raw material is mixed to the solid content of the coffee waste. Preferred Components: The coffee waste (95-98 wt.%) includes starch (2-5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The high molecular polymer is polycaprolactone, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol. The solvent is xylol, methylbenzene, ethyl acetate, ligarine or dichloromethane. The emulsifier is polyoxyethylene sorbitan ether, alkylphenol ethoxylate or calcium dodecyl compound. The adsorbent is white carbon black, amargosite, kaolin, kieselguhr or calcium carbonate. The adhesive is starch, sugar ester, polyvinyl acetate, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The dispersing agent is sodium laureth sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lignin sulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate or tea saponin. The humectant is sodium styrene polycarboxylate, benzene sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate-methanol polymer, sodium lignin sulfonate or calcium lignosulfonate. The adhesive is xanthan gum.Preferred Composition: The microencapsulated powder is composed of (in wt.%): thiacloprid (0.1-60), solvent (1-40), high molecular polymer (1-40), emulsifier (1-20), adsorbent (1-40), dispersant (0-20), humectant (0-20) and adhesive (0-20). The suspension is composed of (in wt.%): thiacloprid (0.1-60), solvent (1-40), high molecular polymer (1-40), emulsifier (1-20), dispersant (0-20), humectant (0-20), adhesive (0-20) and water (1-60). ACTIVITY - Nematocide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The combustion improver is potassium chlorate, potassium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, or potassium nitrate. The temperature coolant is silicon dioxide, bentonite, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The smoke disinfectant preferably comprises (wt.%) disinfectant (5-25), fuel (15-25), combustion improver (15-30), and temperature coolant (25-50). The fuel is urea, thiourea, white sugar, or sulfur zinc powder. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: Composition comprises (in %): imidacloprid (20), tea saponin (2), SP-SC29 (1), SP-2700 (3), xanthan gum (0.2), aluminum-magnesium silicate (1.5), BD-303 (0.4), 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) (0.03) and water (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Eroded soil (25-30 parts) is also used during culturing pond and culture medium preparing process. Preferred Process: The collected biological fertilizer is added in glucose solution of 1.0% concentration and primary solution to obtain agricultural fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred : The alpha -diastase is termamyl, liquozyme or suhong AA plus. The saccharifying enzyme is glycamylase, AMG glucamylase, promozyme, pullulanase, optimalt BBA beta -diastase, beta -diastase or fungalamylase. The wt.% of solid substance in syrup is 40-60 wt.%. The centrifuge is chosen from filtering centrifuge and horizontal worm-type centrifuge. The animal plant protease comprises one or two of pepsase, trypsase, papain and bromelain. The microorganism protease is natural microorganism protease, acidic microorganism protease or basic microorganism protease. The microorganism protease comprises Neutrase (RTM: Eeutral endoprotease), Alcalase (RTM: Novozymes) and Flavourzyme (RTM: Commercial fungal extract).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves immersing hollow tube in culture medium to obtain bioalcohol and organic additives, esterifying organic additives, and hydrocracking esters for producing bioalcohol. The method further involves passing the bioalcohol into distillating column and extracting bioalcohol by performing organic acid extraction. The hydrocracking is performed at 110-350 degrees C in presence of metal oxide catalyst. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is chosen from Clostridium, Eubacterium limosum, Streptococcus, Oxobacter, Acetobacterium woodii, Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Moorella thermoacetica and M.thermoautotrophica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is chosen from copper oxide, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, molybdenum oxide and tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive carrier is vertically-aligned material. The substrate is cooled to a temperature lower than or equal to critical point of the supercritical fluid. The vertically-aligned material is vertically-aligned carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is supercritical fluid of trifluoromethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method uses at least one desulfurization adsorber and/or desulfurization catalyst including one or more metals of group VIIIA, IB, or IIB of periodic table, preferably 20-70 (preferably 50-59) wt.% of nickel. The method is carried out at 0-300 degrees C, at a pressure of 1-100 bar, and at a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.01-50 liquid/hour/liquid, preferably at 100-300 degrees C, at a pressure of 1-20 bar and at a LHSV of 0.05-5 liquid/hour/liquid. The hydrogen donor is added as an additive component in the production of liquid hydrocarbons in the refinery or during the transport to end users. The hydrogen donor is added from a reservoir to the hydrocarbon mixture in a fuel cell system by a dosing unit prior to the adsorptive desulfurization. Preferred Components: The hydrogen donor is not an alkanol and water. The hydrogen donor is a cyclic, partially aromatic or aromatic hydrocarbon (which is optionally substituted), preferably cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, decalin, 1,2-dihydrophenanthrene or 9,10-dihydroanthracene. The amount of hydrogen donor in the fuel is 0.01-50 (preferably 1-5) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I) comprises metal compound of formulae ((EtCp)3M) (a) (0.01-0.5M), ((iPrCp)3M) (b) (0.01-0.5M), and ((tBuCp)3M) (c) (0.01-0.5M), dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is an alkane, alkene, alkyne, amide, acetate, ether, ester, and/or a hydrocarbon, preferably n-octane. The solvent is: oxygen-free; and a linear, branched or cyclic alkane having 2-20C. The film is gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), or lanthanum oxide (La2O3). The second precursor containing oxygen containing compound is oxygen, ozone, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, carbon oxygen, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, an alcohol, an acid, or an oxidant. The second precursor comprising the nitrogen containing compound is ammonia, hydrazine or an amine. The reducing compound is hydrogen or hydrogen atoms. In formula (a):M = lanthanide or group III element, preferably Gd.In formula (b):M = lanthanide (preferred) or group III element.In formula (c):M = lanthanide or group III element.Preferred Method: The delivering of the vaporized first precursor comprises delivering the first precursor in an ideal square wave form. The introducing of the second precursor comprises delivering the second precursor in an ideal square wave form. The vaporizer temperature is 140-180 degrees C, preferably 150-160 degrees C, and the deposition temperature is 150-200 degrees C, preferably 150 degrees C. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is hydrogen or hydrogen atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The compound is of formula ((R1R2R3R4R5Cp)2MR6R7). The solvent is 11-octane. The precursor solution has a concentration of 0.05-0.15 M, preferably 0.1 M.R1-R7 = H or hydrocarbon of formula (CnHm);n = 1-10;m = 1-2n+1;Cp = cyclopentadienyl; andM = group IV element.Preferred Method: (I) is dissolved in a solvent to form a precursor solution. In the method: delivering the vaporized first precursor comprises delivering the first precursor in an ideal square wave form; and introducing the second precursor comprises delivering the second precursor in an ideal square wave form. The vaporizer temperature is 150-250 (preferably 190) degrees C and the deposition temperature is 180-280 (preferably 200-240) degrees C. The second precursor is water vapor, oxygen, ozone, dinitrogen oxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, alcohol, acid, oxidant, ammonia, hydrazine or an amine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. bis( eta 5-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The halogen is bromine. The hydrogen halide is hydrogen bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst for the hydrotreating step is palladium, platinum, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium on support materials comprising carbon, silica, alpha -alumina, gamma -alumina, zirconia and titania. The purification absorbent is lithium, sodium, potassium, sodium/potassium, calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, iron, silver or their oxides, nitrates, carbonates, or other salts in pure form or supported on refractory carrier materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The low molecular weight alkane is methane. The monohaloalkane is monobromomethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biogas is passed through a filter including bed(s) of activated granules which capture the hydrogen sulfide molecules and keep them bound to the granules until the filter is regenerated. The filtering system adapted to remove hydrogen sulfide is located downstream of a filtering system adapted to remove siloxanes from the biogas stream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The granules are of a polymeric resin treated with a quaternary ammonium compound or an amine. The granules are made of styrene-divinyl benzene polymer and are treated with iron carbonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The algae are utilized as feed, fertilizer or raw material for biogas generation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The starchy material is selected from cassava, corn, sweet potato, plantain, dasheen, Jerusalem artichoke or wheat starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (A) uses enzyme including cellulose, semi-cellulase and pectic enzyme, where concentration of enzyme solution is 50-100 U/mL, and vol. ratio of enzyme solution to material is 20-30 mL/g. The enzymolysis process is carried out at 30-50 degrees C for 3-6 hours, where rotating speed of constant temperature is 100-120 rpm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises (in wt.%): palladium (0.1-0.5), lead (0.01-0.3), and aluminum oxide, which is gamma -aluminum oxide. The carrier comprises 5-12 wt.% of magnesia-alumina spinel. The specific surface area of the carrier is 75-150 m2/g, and the pore volume is 0.25-0.5 ml/g. The magnesium salt is magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate or magnesium sulfate. The magnesium salt solution has a concentration of 1-20 wt.%. The water-soluble palladium compound is palladium nitrate, palladium acetate, palladium acetylacetonate or palladium chloride. The water-soluble lead compound is lead nitrate. Preferred Method: The preparation of the carrier comprises: soaking the gamma -aluminum oxide in magnesium salt solution, drying and roasting at 900-1100 degrees C to obtain the carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper salt is copper nitrate, cupric acetate, cupric oxalate or basic cupric carbonate. The zinc salt is zinc nitrate, zinc acetate, zinc oxalate or basic zinc carbonate. The aluminum salt is aluminum nitrate, aluminum acetate, aluminum isopropoxide or pseudo-boehmite. The initial gas is a synthetic gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the volume ratio of 0.1-10 Preferred Method: The reaction temperature is 200-300 degrees C, the reaction pressure is 2-6 MPa, and the reaction airspeed is 1000-10000 per hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The potash fertilizer used for cultivating sweet potato is a plant ash or potassium sulfate, in which the plant ash is 6-7 kilograms/ mu , and the potassium sulfate is 20-25 kilograms/ mu and the thin film is the micro thin film with a depth of 50 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The M.racemosus is chosen from M.racemosus strain DDF (FERM P-21775), M.racemosus strain IF06745 and M.racemosus strain NBRC4581. The M.racemosus has a 471 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) fully defined in the specification.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic diene type-compound is a compound having 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloro bicyclo (2.2.1)hepta-2-en structure. The cyclic diene-type compound is subjected to dechlorination decomposition. The agent further comprises substrate e.g. bran and rice bran which is used as bait of M.racemosus. The agent is formed by mixing porous materials e.g. carbonized wood materials with the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The water-repellent film layer has contact angle more than 100 times with respect to the dispersion medium. Preferred Composition: The water-repellent film contains fluororesin or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The thermolysis products are collected fractionally as the temperature of the biomass increases. The condensed product stream contains indole, methyl indole, succinimide, propylcyclohexanol, dodecane, dodecene, tridecene, pentadecene, heptadecene, nonadecene, and greater than or equal to 0.1 wt.% sulfur. It contains methylphenol, indole, methylindole, dimethylphenol, ethylphenol, succinimide, propylcyclohexanol, trimethylbicycloheptane, trimethylbicycloheptane, dodecane, pentadecene, heptadecene, phytol, amobarbital, pentobarbital, and greater than or equal to 0.1 wt.% sulfur. The condensed product fractions produced at less than or equal to 50 degrees C contain indole, methylindole, succinimide, propylcyclohexanol, and trimethylbicycloheptane. They contain methylphenol, indole, methylindole, dimethylphenol, ethylphenol, succinimide, propylcyclohexanol, trimethylbicycloheptane, dodecane, heptadecene, and phytol. The temperature of the algal biomass is raised using waste heat from an industrial process. The sweep gas comes from the flue gas of another industrial process and is deoxygenated by reacting it with the char produced in the thermolysis process. The partner industrial process receives greenhouse gas credits in proportion to the fuel whose heat has been used to thermolyze the algal biomass. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The working substances are material comprising cyclopropane, propadiene, propyne, iodotrifluoromethane or dimethyl ether, or alkanes comprising 1-chloro-1, 2, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane, 1-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane, methyl chloride, bromodifluoromethane, iodotrifluoromethane and 2-methylpropane, or ether, which has two carbon atoms, or material having 1-chloro-1, 2, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane, 1-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane, 2-methylpropane, isobutene, cyclopropane, propadiene, propyne or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In the method of producing electrical power from a syngas, the separating step is performed without the use of a non-aqueous solvent. The method further comprises reacting a fuel in the presence of no more than 6 wt% nitrogen or argon to produce the syngas. Reacting the fuel comprises gasification using a stream containing at least 94 wt% oxygen. The fuel comprises coal, natural gas, petroleum products, or biomass. The overall energy efficiency of the process is at least 40%. The separating step comprises separating the fuel cell anode exhaust stream within a first flash drum to create a second fluid stream enriched in water relative to the fuel cell anode exhaust stream. The separating step further comprises separating the second fluid stream within a second flash drum to create a third fluid stream enriched in water relative to the second fluid stream. At least one impurity comprises at least one of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and mercury (Hg). At least 98 wt% of the purified syngas stream consists essentially of water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The water-gas shift exhaust stream contains less than 1.5 wt% carbon monoxide. The weight ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the water-gas shift exhaust stream is at least 30:1, 50:1, or 150:1. The fuel cell produces at least 1 megawatt of electrical power. The method further comprises sequestering at least a portion of the carbon dioxide in the first separator stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: In the polymer, at least 10% of the (1-30C)alkyl groups are at least partially fluorinated. The polymer further comprises one or more polymer chain substituents comprising aryl groups, alkyl groups, and alkoxycarbonyl groups, where any alkyl, aryl, or alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, dialkylamino, trifluoromethyl, ethylene glycol, or perfluoroalkyl groups. ACTIVITY - Antifouling.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Styrene was stirred with dibutyl magnesium, and 4-vinylpyridine was dried over calcium hydride before distillation under vacuum. Tetrahydrofuran was refluxed over sodium/benzophenone complex and collected in a reaction flask containing lithium chloride (5 times the molar amount of sec-butyl lithium) by distillation. The initiator (1.4 M solution in cyclohexane) was then injected, followed by the addition of styrene. A small amount of the polymer solution was withdrawn from the flask after 45 minutes for molecular weight determination, and was terminated with anhydrous, oxygen-free methanol. 4-Vinylpyridine monomer was then added to the reaction flask, at which point the color of the solution changed from orange to yellow. After 2 hours of polymerization at -78 degrees C, (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)dimethylchlorosilane (10 times molar excess) was injected to terminate the polymer chains. The solution was slowly warmed to 30 degrees C to give a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodiesel feedstock includes fats and/or oils. The subject fatty acid ester of glycerol is monoglyceride, diglyceride or triglyceride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The liquid storing barrel device is filled with electrolysis liquid and is provided with an anode chamber and the electrolysis tank device is provided with a cathode chamber. The switch power module is an adjustable switch power. The pressure measuring device is a pressure sensor. The gas transferring device is provided with a hydrogen discharging hole for discharging hydrogen. The control module comprises an input circuit, a pressure adjusting circuit and an output circuit. The input circuit is used to receive the current signal of the pressure sensor and converts into a voltage signal capable of being received by the pressure adjusting counting circuit. The pressure adjusting counting circuit receives the voltage signal outputted by the input circuit and completes the pressure counting function and sends the voltage signal to the output circuit, which magnifies the received voltage signal smoothly into the voltage signal representing the hydrogen generating amount and sends the signal to the switch power module. The pressure adjusting counting circuit comprises an analog-to-digit conversion unit, a comparison unit, a counting memory unit and a digital-to-analog conversion unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The content of ethanol in ethanol aqueous solution is 2-3% mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The bio-enzyme is urokinase, lumbrokinase, laccase, glucose oxidase, hydrogen peroxidase, cellulase, amylase, protease, pectinase, steapsin and/or superoxide dismutase. The bioenzyme is added directly into miscible oil, microemulsion, aqueous emulsion, aqueous suspension, oil suspension, wettable powder, dispersible granule, pharmaceutical granule, powder, seed-coating agent, seed-processing agent, aqueous floating agent or effervescence agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The benzophenone urea is of formula (I), preferably chlorbenzuron, diflubenzuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron, chlorfluazuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron or lufenuron.R1=2-chloro, 2,6-dichloro or 2,6-difluoro;andR2=4-chloro, 4-trifluoromethyl, 3,5-tetrafluoro ethoxy, 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluoro, 2-fluoro-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl phenoxy), 3,5-dichloro-4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy), 4-methyl-(4-chloro-cyclopropyl benzylamino), 4-chloro-3-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy) or 2,5-dichloro-4-hexafluoro propoxy.The ratio of the bioenzyme to the compound (I) is 1:(1-1000) or (100-1):1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises (in wt.%): excrement (50), seashell powder (30), zeolite (10) and sawdust (10). Preferred Component: The seashell is oyster shell. The seashell is pulverized through a mesh size of 100-330 meshes. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pyrolysis chamber further comprises an external casing that has walls made from refractory material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The mycorrhiza is an endomycorrhiza, preferably an arbuscular mycorrhiza. The insecticide is a neonicotinoid and thiamethoxam. Preferred Process: The process further comprises isolating mycorrhiza, insecticide and/or nematicide. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Nematocide; Antimicrobial.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Application of (I) is in the form of capsule (claimed). Application of (I) is 0.05-3 kg/hector, via nursery tray, furrow, soil drenching, soil injection, drip irrigation, sprinklers or central pivot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacterium is a Deinococcus bacterium, preferably selected from D. radiodurans, D. geothermalis, D. murrayi, D. cellulosilyticus or D. deserti, especially a thermophilic Deinococcus bacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Recombinant Method (claimed): Production of the recombinant bacterium or its ancestor involves treating stress-resistant bacterium (particularly Deinococcus bacterium) to inactivate the LDH gene, and selecting a bacterium having an inactivated LDH gene; and further involves introducing into the selected bacterium, a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a PDC and/or an ADH. Preferred Components: The recombinant stress-resistant bacterium, particularly Deinococcus bacterium, contains a recombinant nucleic acid, preferably a plasmid, containing a nucleic acid encoding a pyruvate decarboxylase and/or an alcohol dehydrogenase. The LDH gene is deleted, in all or in part, and does not encode a functional protein; and has been inactivated in the bacterium or its ancestor by homologous recombination, gene replacement, or targeted mutagenesis. The genome of the bacterium lacks at least 589 consecutive nucleotides of the LDH gene. The bacterium further contains a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC); and a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The recombinant nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the genome of the bacterium, or contained in a plasmid. The PDC and ADH nucleic acids are from Zymomonas, and/or are placed in operon in the same construct. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pore expanding agent preferably comprises (wt.%) alkali-type copper carbonate (60-75), alkali-type zinc carbonate (20-25), and alumina trihydrate (5-15). Cu or Zn soluble salt is nitrates of Cu or Zn. The pore expanding agent is added at 1-8, preferably 2-4 wt.% of the weight of the copper-based catalyst mother body. The catalyst mother body comprises (wt.%) copper (25-45), Zn (10-15), and aluminum (5-8). Preferred Method: The Na2CO3 solution is heated at 65-82 degrees C. The soluble salt solutions of Cu and Zn have pH value of 8-9. Aging is conducted at 80-85 degrees C for 1 hour. Calcining is conducted at 300-400, preferably 350 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyrolysis reaction is carried out at 300-500 degrees C for 1-4 hours. The non-condensable gas is rinsed by using 80% ethanol solution before entering the pyrolyzing furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coarse milling is carried out to particles in the size of 1-2 mm with simultaneous drying by air blowing. The fine milling is carried out to particles in the size of 1-5 mu m. In the method, removal of pitch is carried out by extraction with organic solvents, preferably acetone or ethanol in the ratio of 1:7-1:10. The mass ratio of the enzyme complex to the fine raw material is 2-5 g on 1 kg of the material. The saccharification is carried out at a pH of 4.8-5.2 and at a temperature of 43-56 degrees C under vigorous stirring. EXAMPLE - Coniferous wood chips were milled in the ball mill to size of 1-2 mm and were dried on hot air to humidity for not more than 10%. The obtained wood chips were extracted with acetone or ethanol to remove the pitch. The ratio of solvent to wood chips was maintained at 7:1-10:1. The extracted wood chips were milled in the activation mill to the size of 1-5 mu . The fine wood powder (20 kg) was charged into fermenter. The cellulose content in the pretreated feedstock was 41% of the total solids (dry matter). Water was added into the fermenter. The volume of water was calculated based on getting suspension in the fermenter with density of 0.9-1 g/cm3. The culture medium (80 g) obtained by growing Penicillium verruculosum VKM F-3972D was added. When the medium became homogeneous, the pH of the medium was measured and adjusted to 4.9 using sulfuric acid solution or potassium hydroxide, if necessary. The reaction was allowed to proceed at 49 plus minus 2 degrees C and agitated for 96 hours. The monitoring of degree of cellulose decomposition was performed on glucose concentration in the fermenter. When the degree of cellulose decomposition was achieved to 82%, the process was stopped and the solution of sugars was separated from lignin and insoluble residues.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The residue obtained after solid-liquid separating the hemicellulose hydrolysis is washed with water and a portion of water is used for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose and the remaining slurry is used for the hydrolysis of cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The permeation-type vaporization separation apparatus is provided with zeolite separation membrane which carried zeolite crystal to porous support body. Preferred Process: The hydrophilic treatment or zeolite compatible process of metallization is performed to porous support body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous body which has fibrous skeleton of fluorine resin connected with three-dimensional mesh shape is porous bodies of tetrafluoroethylene resin which acquire microorganisms of greater than or equal to 0.1 mu m. The hole surrounded by fibrous skeleton is porous sheet or hollow fiber connected three-dimensionally from permeation liquid inflow side at outflow side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stirrer is stirring rod, propeller type stirrer or pumping pump. Preferred Process: The physical stirring is stirring by heat convection of water temperature. The surface of photocatalyst electrode or counter electrode inclines from horizontal surface. Preferred Composition: The particulate solid material is silica or zeolite as transparent substance with light transmittance of greater than or equal to 80% and particle size of less than or equal to 64 mu m. The mix ratios of particulate solid material are 0.001-20 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The particle diameter of lithium hydride is less than or equal to 160 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises metal oxide chosen from copper oxide-zinc oxide, copper oxide-zinc oxide-alumina, copper oxide-zinc oxide-chromium oxide and copper oxide-zinc oxide-lanthanum trioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The hydrocarbon-based solvent is chosen from 8-20C aliphatic hydrocarbon, 6-12C cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and 6-12C aromatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The unit further comprises: a dehydration apparatus for converting the alcohol stream into an ether stream or an olefin stream; a hydrolysis apparatus for converting a cellulose stream into the ketoacid stream, where the hydrogen stream comprises hydrogen from decomposition of a portion of the ketoacid stream, and the decomposition occurs in-situ within a portion of the unit; a first separation apparatus for separating the ketone stream, carbon dioxide stream and recycle acid stream, and a second separation apparatus for separating the alcohol stream, recycle hydrogen steam and recycle ketone stream; a dewatering apparatus for removing water from the alcohol steam and ketoacid stream; and an aldehyde apparatus for removing aldehydes from the ketoacid stream. The decarboxylation apparatus and the hydrogenation apparatus comprise a single reactor with multiple catalyst beds, a mixed catalyst bed or a catalyst bed with a multifunctional catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ketoacid stream comprises levulinic acid, the ketone stream comprises methyl ethyl ketone and the alcohol stream comprises butanol. The ether stream comprises dibutylether, and the olefin stream comprises butylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support is silicon oxide. The carbon-containing material is carbon nanotubes or nanowires. The carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The organic raw materials used in formulations of organic fertilizers are derived from castor bean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower cake, filter cake plant sugar cane, bagasse, cotton waste, bark coffee, cattle manure, chicken manure, poultry litter, swine manure, cattle blood or wood ashes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral raw materials are natural phosphates, natural reactive phosphates, feldspar, limestone, gypsum, sulfur, vermiculite, marble dust, minerals and weathered basalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biological agents are humic and fulvic acids (HFA) and mefenamic acid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The first step is to recover a gaseous effluent polluted with ammonia from the fermentation of organic matter, sludge from treatment plants, livestock or plants for surface treatment. The method comprises: recovering a gaseous effluent polluted with ammonia; absorbing gaseous ammonia in the effluent by washing with nitric acid to obtain an ammonium nitrate solution; adding a basic solution to the ammonium nitrate solution to cause the evaporation of ammonia and obtain nitrate salts; and absorbing evaporated ammonia in a gas-liquid contactor to produce an alkali solution. The amount of basic solution used for obtaining the evaporation of ammonia is selected to have a basic pH of the mixture. The process further comprises recovering nitrate salts after the evaporation of ammonia. The nitrate salts are recovered to produce a solution comprising 10-50% of nitrate salts. The method comprises: recovering a liquid effluent containing ammonia; heat treating the material recovered by the evaporation of ammonia in the effluent by stripping steam; optionally cooling stripping device in outlet; and absorbing evaporated ammonia in a gas-liquid contactor to produce an alkali solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reduced water is electrolytically reduced water. Preferred Parameter: The electrolytically reduced water has ORP of less than or equal to 50 mV. Preferred Process: The method uses waste edible oil to which ultrasonic wave is beforehand applied and viscosity is reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: 5-70 wt.% of the sterile manure; 35-85 wt.% of the seed; and 1-5 wt.% of the binder. Preferred Components: The organic material is a waste product of cattle. The seed provided is grass seed. The composition conforms to the organic standards as set forth by the: USDA National Organic Standard; or Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO). The composition is: maintained in dry form; and configured to be combined with water on-site for hydroseeding a surface area. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises decanting any oils that are collected at the top of the heating tank and any water separating from the ground raw waste, and separating the oils and water within a centrifuge to form a product cake. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Raw waste containing water (70 wt.%) was chopped and centrifuged with a pre-dryer. The dryer was an in-line, pulse type of engine with a conventional gas burner, served by a propane tank or other fuel source. A fertilizer source material was fed into the acceleration tube and processed through the work chamber and worked up to give feed/fertilizer powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method of harvesting a mass of ruptured algae cells and debris from an aqueous suspension comprising algae cells, the element disposed in the secondary tank for producing microbubbles is a mixer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first conductor and second housing are metal tubes, where the metal tubes are of circular shape or of different shapes. The inner diameter of the metal housing and the outer diameter of the first conductor differ in size on the order of 0.05 inch. At least one electrical conductor comprises: many spaced apart electrical conductors, where the electrical conductors are separated from each other by electrically insulating elements; and multiplicity of flow paths being created between the housing and each of the many spaced apart electrical conductors, where each of the many electrical conductors are metal tubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method for producing hydrogen by using photosynthetic bacteria, in step (a), the average hydrogen producing speed is higher 30-80% than the average hydrogen producing speed under standing culture. The illumination intensity I1 of the initial incident light satisfies the conditions as follows: under the illumination intensity I1 and in the non-standing culture system of photosynthetic bacteria, the practical illumination strength of at least 80% (preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 99% and most preferably 100%) zone (or volume) is greater than or equal to the practical illumination strength of the same zone (or volume) under the initial incident light irradiation with optimum illumination intensity I0 when standing and culturing the photosynthetic bacteria. The photosynthetic bacteria can be selected from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter capsulatus, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris, or their combination. The ratio of I1' to I0' is 1.2-2.0, preferably 1.3-2.0. The illumination strength I1 is 5000-8000 lux, preferably 6000-8000 lux. In step (a), the maximum hydrogen producing speed/hour/L culture system is not smaller than 125 ml hydrogen. In the method for improving the hydrogen producing speed of photosynthetic bacteria, the ratio of I1' to I0' is 1.2-2.0. In step (a), the practical illumination intensities of different zones in the standing culture system are determined by the formula: I = I0e(-0.4762+ 0.3266 OD660nm) x L where:I0 = initial incident lux;I = lux on a certain optical length distance;L = optical length distance in cm; andOD600nm = thallus concentration represented by dullness..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The thermal decomposition apparatus is equipped with a flow sensor for measuring flow volume of carrier gas, a temperature sensor for measuring the discharge temperature of dry distillation gas, and a weight sensor for measuring the injected quantity of biomass feedstock. The system is equipped with an electronic computer for measuring the carbon content and hydrogen content in dry distillation gas per unit time with respect to the sensors. The addition amount of hydrogen is computed based on the measured result and feedstock. Based on the computed amount of hydrogenation, hydrogen is supplied from the hydrogen supply system. The gas adjusting device has a gas supply line for mixing unreacted gas from the hydrocarbon synthesis apparatus. The purified dry distillation gas, hydrogen from the hydrogen supply system, and unconverted gas from the hydrocarbon synthesis apparatus are mixed. The gas adjusting device comprises a gas mixing portion having an inlet for purified dry distillation gas and an inlet for hydrogen gas, which are respectively equipped with a flow volume adjustment bubble, and an unreacted gas introduction port, and buffer tank(s) which stores mixed gas temporarily. Superheated steam (30) is introduced into the thermal decomposition apparatus as a heat source for carrier gas, or as carrier gas. The purifier comprises a desulfurizer and an ion-exchange scrubber. The biomass feedstock is timber, plants, agricultural products, and/or agricultural-product residue. The preprocessor comprises a grinder. The biomass feedstock contains preset amount of water. The preprocessor comprises a moisture-content adjusting device. The unreacted portion produced in the separation process is circulated for preparation of mixed gas. Based on the ratio of carbon and hydrogen contained in the biomass feedstock, hydrogen is added such that the molar ratio of carbon and hydrogen in the mixed gas is 1:4-1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic waste comprises organic refuse and/or animal and plant residue. The organic fertilizer comprises high-protein organic substance containing dry microbial cell fertilizer and/or animal and plant organic fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Ammonia and/or inert gas is added to reaction container during manufacture of malonamide, and pressure is adjusted to 0.05-0.2 MPa. The ammonia concentration of filtrate is 20-30%. Preferred Definitions:    R=methyl or ethyl.    EXAMPLE - Amino diethyl malonate hydrochloride (in g) (100) was added to aqueous ammonia (350 mL) at 7-10 degrees C and stirred at 10 degrees C for 5 hours. The solid substance was filtered and ammonia-containing filtrate was separated. The solid substance was washed with cold water and amino malonamide (41.2) was obtained at yield of 74%. Ammonia was introduced into obtained ammonia-containing filtrate at -20 degrees C to -10 degrees C. Amino diethyl malonate hydrochloride (100) was added to solution at -10 degrees C to 0 degrees C and stirred at 0-7 degrees C for 6 hours. The solid substance was filtered and ammonia-containing filtrate was separated. The solid substance was washed with cold water and amino malonamide (42.3) was obtained at yield of 76%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Combination: In the compost maturity agent bacteria combination, the contents of the four bacteria HLG, X2, L3, and HRQJ in the final product is 106 to 1010/ml, and the bacteria mainly exist at the form of spore. The preparation method of the HLG, X2, L3, and HRQJ comprises: dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) at 2 g, ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) at 1.4 g, magnesium sulfate heptahydrtae (MgSO4.7H2O) at 0.3 g, calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 0.3 g, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) at 2 mg, iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) at 5 mg, manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O) at 1.6 mg, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at 1.7 mg, straw powder is 2%, bran is 0.5%, water is 1000 ml, temperature is 121 degrees C, pressure is 0.1 MPa and autoclave is about 30 minutes. Preparation method of the leaven bacteria is: leaven cream at 5 g, glucose at 5 g, xylose at 5 g, natural pH value, water 1000 ml, all of which are autoclaved about 30 minutes at temperature of 121 degrees C. Preparation method of the combined bacteria agent is as follows: mixing up the straw powder and the bran at the mass ratio 4:1, adding 50 ml nutrient solution to each gram of solid, then autoclaving about 30 minutes at temperature of 121 degrees C, and natural pH value. Preparation method of the inorganic salt nutrient solution is as follows: (NH4)2SO4 at 1.4 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) at 2 g, urea at 0.3 g, MgSO4.7H2O at 0.3 g, CaCl2 at 0.3 g, FeSO4.7H2O at 7.5.ng, MnSO4.H2O at 1.50 mg, ZnSO4 at 1.0 mg, CoCl2 at 3.0 mg, and water at 1000 ml. Preparation method of substrate is as follows: airing the fresh corn straw and diving into 4 parts, cutting at form of blocks with 1cm, weighing 4 g to add into a triangle bottle with the contents of 150 ml, then adding 12 ml fresh nutrient solution into each bottle, finally autoclaving about 30 minutes at temperature of 121 degrees C, and natural pH value.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: Manure composition comprises (in pts.wt.): dairy manure (70), straw powder (20), coal slime (5) and combustion improver (5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver comprises (in pts.wt.): potassium nitrate (0.25), sodium nitrate (0.25), potassium chlorate (0.25), potassium permanganate (0.5), carbonate (1), industrial salt (1.5), iron sesquioxide (0.25), aluminum oxide (0.25), silicon oxide (0.25), calcium oxide (0.25) and magnesium oxide (0.25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The obtained A.adenophora powder has 40 mesh size. The extraction process is performed for 30 minutes for three times. The A.adenophora extract (1/2) is diluted with water. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, acetone, chloroform and dichloromethane, preferably ethanol. ACTIVITY - Virucide; Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The separated, shredded and crushed household garbage is first wetted to eliminate the alkaline substance and then dried into fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device comprises an outlet of the crusher connected to garbage washing pool including a tripping bucket and water spraying device. The grid partition comprises several nails. The power rotation mechanism of the power harrow comprises an electric motor, chain wheel driven by the electric motor, and a chain driven by the chain wheel and several harrows fixed on the chain. The conveying belt is arranged between garbage sorting machine and the crusher.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): concentrated amino acid complex (250-650), microelement (100-120), magnesium sulfate (2-10), rare earth elements (2-5), dicyandiamide (5-20), water retention agent (2-6), oligosaccharins or polysaccharide (100-150) and hydroxypropyl chitoson (10-12). The microelement comprises copper sulfate (3-5), ferrous sulfate (20-40), manganese sulfate (10-15), ammonium molybdate (2-5), zinc sulfate (10-20) and boric acid (15-20). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The hydrogen source contains hydrogen-rich gas under pressure. The purification system has an air source (18) for introducing air into hydrogen-rich gas before supplying into catalytic converter. The catalytic converter has an oxidation catalyst which enables removal of at least one contaminant from hydrogen-rich gas. The contaminant is carbon monoxide removed by catalytic oxidation of hydrogen. The hydrogen treating and using apparatus is electrical power generator. The fuel cell has anode obtained using platinum, platinum-ruthenium, platinum-molybdenum, platinum/carbon, platinum-ruthenium/carbon or platinum-molybdenum/carbon. The system has an anodic humidifier (22) between catalytic converter and the hydrogen treating apparatus, or between hydrogen source and catalytic converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is gold-metal oxide composite containing gold bound to a metal oxide support. The metal oxide support is chosen from titania, iron oxide, ceria, alumina, zinc oxide, silica, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide (MnO2, Mn3O4), magnesium oxide, tin oxide and ilmentite. The composite is in nano powder form or granular form. The amount of gold is 0-20 wt.%, preferably 3-5 wt.%. The composite is obtained by impregnation method, co-precipitation method and deposition-precipitation method. The composite contains particles having size of 500-710 mu m. The nano powder form composite is wash-coated on a ceramic or metal monolith, or packed in a retaining bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: In the solar constant-temperature methane generator, the thermostat valves are respectively installed at the water inlet and the water outlet to control the balance index of the heating temperature in the tank; a heat radiating pipe is positioned in the tank; and the residue liquid is heated under the control of the thermostat valves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aquatic or terrestrial plants are reed, winter wheat, Canna, Kentucky blue grass, ryegrass or water hyacinth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): The Chromobacterium is isolated from activated sludge. Preferred Microorganism: The strain is Chromobacterium sp. TK1 (FERM P-21752). The strain is cultured in sludge having floating solids (25 weight/volume%) at 37 degrees C for three days and reduces sludge concentration to 10% or more. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The Rhinocladiella is immobilized as a carrier for immobilization LA strain EP10. The carrier is cellulose. The strain comprises dioxane Rhinocladiella class decomposer. Preferred Method: In decomposing decomposer, the dioxane decomposition agent is used in the presence of a salt. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The recovered tar is supplied to carbonization furnace with hot air (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of volatile material contained in the coagulant is 3 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The calcium is added to biomass by washing biomass with calcium-containing water. The calcium is added to the biomass which is pressure-processed using vapor or acid-washed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Processing the carbohydrate utilizes 2 enzymes. One of the 2 enzymes comprises amylase. The pulse-based ecosystem model further comprises generating electricity from the alcohol biofuel or biofuel gas; and applying electricity to extract the protein portion from the pulse crop. It further comprises using alcohol biofuel or biofuel gas in a vehicle used for planting or maintaining the pulse crop. Preprocessing includes dehulling the pulse crop using tangential or other abrasive dehulling device to remove tannins and insoluble fibers; grinding the dehulled pulse crop with a mill; screening the milled pulse crop with a screen having 0.1-0.4 mm openings; analyzing the pulse crop for moisture, protein content, and ash; and drying the pulse crop when the moisture content past a threshold. It further comprises extracting a protein fraction of the pulse crop with a wet fractionation technique including applying an extraction solution comprising distilled water, salt solution of approximately 0.5 M sodium chloride, or 1.0 N sodium hydroxide alkaline solution having a pH of approximately 9. Preprocessing further comprises enhancing protein quality by transferring protein concentrates and isolates through a filter utilizing a microporous membrane to remove bioactive compounds, protein anti-nutritional compounds, and immune-triggering proteins. It further comprises fractionating a protein concentrate or globulin isolate of the pulse crop to albumins and globulins by a dialysis method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises feeding the hydrogasification reactor with the algae from the algae farm. Additional steam is used with hydrogen to heat the feedstock. The method is able to run solely/only on the hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water actually generated from the process itself. The method further comprises feeding the synthesis gas into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor where liquid fuel, carbon dioxide, and water are generated. The method further comprises recycling the water generated by the Fischer-Tropsch reactor into the hydrogasification reactor. It further comprises a direct coal liquefaction process where liquid fuel and resid are generated. The method further comprises feeding the resid into the hydrogasification reactor. The hydrogen generated from the steam reforming is recycled back into the direct coal liquefaction process or recycled back into the steam hydrogasification reactor. The hydrogasification process can occur in the absence of catalysts or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The feedstock comprises carbonaceous material and algae. The carbonaceous material is municipal waste, biomass, wood coal, or natural or synthetic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Degrading hemicellulose in (3) further comprises: (c) treating the cleaved hemicellulose with a second enzyme corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 2, where the second enzyme cleaves the beta -1,4-linkages in the xylose backbone to produce xylose subunits, where treating results in the degradation of at least 90% of the hemicellulose into the functional groups and the xylose subunits. The degradation of the hemicellulose is 91-100% complete. The functional groups are selected from arabinose, glucuronyl, or acetyl. In the method, the plant material is selected from Miscanthus, switchgrass, cord grass, rye grass, reed canary grass, common reed, wheat straw, barley straw, canola straw, oat straw, corn stover, soybean stover, oat hulls, sorghum, rice hulls, sugarcane bagasse, corn fiber, Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS), Blue Stem, corncobs, pine, willow, aspen, poplar wood, or energy cane. Treating is conducted at a pH of 5-6 and at a temperature of 25-40 degrees C. Degrading hemicellulose in (4) further comprises: (c) contacting the cleaved hemicellulose with a second transgenic E. coli or yeast that secretes an enzyme corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 2, where contacting cleaves the beta -1,4-linkages in the xylose backbone to produce xylose subunits, where contacting results in the degradation of at least 90% of the hemicellulose into the functional groups and the xylose subunits. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - Specifically claimed are nucleotide sequences encoding hemicellulose-degrading enzymes from Prevotella bryantii comprising SEQ ID NO. 3-15 or 19-37, odd numbers only, and its encoded polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO. 4-16 or 20-38, even numbers only. Sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first particulate stream further comprises a particulate inorganic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The particulate solid biomass material comprises cellulose and lignocellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The foaming nucleating agent is chosen from talc, bentonite, kaolin, mica, silica, clay and diatomaceous earth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The bromine-containing organic compound (A) is chosen from tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromo benzene, pentabromo toluene, poly bromo diphenylether, poly bromo diphenylethane, bis polybromo phenoxy ethane, tris poly phenoxy triazine, poly bromophenyl indane, polypenta bromo benzyl acrylate and ethylenebis tetrabromo phthalimide. The bromine-containing organic compound (B) is chosen from tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether), tetrabromobisphenol S-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether), tetrabromobisphenol F-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl ether). The bromine-containing organic compound (C) is chosen from tetrabromobisphenol-A-bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether), tetrabromobisphenol S-bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether), and tetrabromobisphenol F-bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether). Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of bromine-containing organic compounds (A,C) is 90/10-10/90. The resin composition further contains (in parts weight) thermostabilizer (0.01-0.5) chosen from phosphide compound, thioether compound, and hindered phenolic compound, flame-resistant enhancer (0.01-0.5) chosen from phthalocyanine metallic complex and a radical generating agent, and foaming nucleating agent (0.01-20) with respect to styrene resin (100). Preferred Product: The foam molded product is obtained by foam-molding within a molding die, after pre-expanding by heating bead of flame-retardant expanded styrene type-resin composition with water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Component: The concentration of the saccharified liquid becomes 15-20% by regulating the amount of waste substance having high sugar content and water, where the concentration of the saccharified liquid before fermentation is measured using Brix meter (refractometer). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic solution comprises hydrochloric, sulfuric acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, and/or malonic acid. It further comprises an inorganic acid from sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric and/or phosphoric acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The usable chemicals comprise sugar(s) and organic compound(s). The sugar(s) comprises glucose. The organic compound(s) is levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, and/or formic acid. The acidic solution may comprise organic acid. The organic acid comprises an acid from carbonic, acetic, formic, maleic, malic, malonic, and/or oxalic acids. The fuel particles comprise coal fines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: The method further comprises cooling, de-watering and washing the mixture comprising de-coated pulp and coatings fines. It further comprises neutralizing a slurry of the mixture comprising de-coated pulp and coating fines with a weak acid gas. The method further comprises de-watering, washing and re-wetting the slurry of the mixture comprising de-coated pulp and coating fines. It further comprises fermenting the glucose to yield ethanol. The residual solids are dried for use as a fuel. The residual solids are pelletized. They are mixed with fuel particles and the mixed residual solids and fuel particles are pelletized. The residual solids are mixed with coal to provide a blended fuel having an average sulfur content lower than that of the coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The decontaminant solution further comprises sodium hydroxide solution (5-30 wt.%), which is present to maintain the decontaminant solution at a pH of 7.5-9.0. It further comprises (wt.%) base or basic buffer solution (5-30, preferably 17-25) and stabilizer (5-20). The peroxycarboxylic acid is generated from perborate. The decontaminant solution comprises (wt.%) peroxycarboxylic acid (5-20), water (10-25), amphoteric imidazoline derivative surfactant (15-35), and ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol (1-15). The stabilizer is selected from EDTA (5-10 wt.%) or glycerol (20-30 wt.%). The amounts of amphoteric surfactant and ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol are selected such that the decontaminant solution is optically clear. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basic solvent is aqueous ammonia (preferred), sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and/or sodium sulfate. The basic solvent has a concentration of 5-30 wt.%. The hydrolase is cellulase. The ionic liquid includes ionic compound of formula ((A1)-(B1)-), preferably 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride, or 1-n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride.(A1) = cyclopenta-1,3-diene moiety of formula (I), benzene moiety of formula (II), ((R1)(R2)(N+)(R3)(R4)) , cyclopenta moiety of formula (III), cyclohexane moiety of formula (IV) or ((R1)(R2)(P+)(R3)(R4));R, R1-R4 = H, 1-15C-alkyls or 2-20C-alkenes (both optionally substituted by a substituent of sulfone, sulfoxide, thioester, ether, amide, hydroxyl or amine); and(B1) = Cl-, Br-, I-, OH-, NO3-, SO4-, CF3CO2-, CF3SO3-, BF4-, PF6-, (CF4SO2)2N-, AlCl4- or Cl/AlCl3.Preferred Method: The solvent for dissolving lignin is a basic solvent. The lignin is extracted, and then the solvent is evaporated for recirculation. The ionic liquid is recycled after extracting the cellulose and/or hemicellulose. The added ionic liquid is present at 5-20 times greater than a solid component remaining after extracting the lignin. The extraction of the lignin is performed at 90-110 degrees C for 0.1-10 hours. The extraction of the cellulose is performed at 80-150 degrees C for 0.1-20 hours. The hydrolase is used at 5-8 FPU/g. The step of saccharifying is performed for 24-65 hours. The method further comprises fermenting the monosaccharide yielded in the saccharifying to produce alcohol. The fermenting step is performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The volumetric productivity of ethanol (g/l/hour) is at least 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The calcium compound is calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate, calcium primary phosphate, calcium hydrogenphosphate, tricalcium phosphate, or calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) or (II) is prepared by, when Z is oxygen, R1 is 1-5C alkyl or amino and X is X1, reacting pyrazole-containing coumarin compound of formula (M1) with alkyl hydrazide reagent in polar aprotic solvent under neutral condition at room temperature, and performing ring opening to obtain compound of formula (I1); when Z is oxygen, R1 is hydroxyl and X is X1, reacting compound (M1) with hydrazine hydrate with obtain compound of formula (M2), then reacting compound (M2) with triphosgene or phosgene in polar aprotic solvent under neutral condition at refluxing temperature to obtain compound of formula (I2); when R1 is sulfhydryl, reacting compound (M2) with carbon disulfide to close ring in polar aprotic solvent under alkaline condition at refluxing temperature to obtain compound of formula (I3); when Z is sulfur and X is X1, reacting compound (M2) with carbon disulfide and halogenated hydrocarbon in polar aprotic solvent under alkaline condition at refluxing temperature to obtain compound of formula (M3), using organic weak acid as catalyst in toluene, and dehydrating, condensing and cyclizing to obtain compound of formula (I4); or reacting compound (m1) with NH2NHCSR1 using organic weak acid as catalyst in toluene to obtain compound (M3), dehydrating, condensing and cyclizing to obtain compound (I4). ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid fuel is prepared by cutting, drying, and compressing the biomass resources of artificial wetland plants into block shapes or particle shapes. The raw materials are pre-treated by placing in 1% sodium hydroxide solution, where the mass ratio of the raw materials to the sodium hydroxide solution is 1:10; treating for 12 hours under the at room temperature and 180 revolutions/minute (rpm); adding 31% hydrogen peroxide to treat for 12 hours; collecting solid residues after separating the solid and the liquid; and washing the mixture by water, and adjusting pH to 4.8 for enzyme hydrolyzing. Enzyme hydrolyzing comprises adding 0.1M sodium citrate buffer solution having a pH of 4.8 to the solid residues after being pre-treated; and adding 2-4% cellulose to the solid residues after being pre-treated to treat for 12 hours at 50 degrees C and 120 rpm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquid carbon dioxide as methane gas-producing raw material is injected into the gap of stratum between methanogenic bacteria-inhabiting stratum and sealing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration in step (B) is performed by mechanical steam recompression method. The step (D) includes adding S. cerevisiae, and controlling mass concentration of S. cerevisiae to 0.01-0.3%; stirring at temperature of 30 plus minus 5 degrees C and 40-150 revolutions/minute, and leading microbiological free air (0.1-10 m3/m3-hour fermented liquid) for 1-10 minutes every 0.1-3 hours; and stopping leading of microbiological free air after yeast concentration is less than or equal to 1x 108/mL. The step (F) includes slowing pouring and adding obtained sugar juice, and controlling speed of adding sugar juice to below 15 mass%; stopping adding of sugar juice when volume concentration of ethanol in fermented liquid is 6-7%, and intermittently fermenting ethanol; semi-continuously fermenting, continuously fermenting, or fermenting in way of recycling yeast; and stopping fermentation after volume concentration of ethanol in fermented liquid to 12-18%, where mass concentration of residual total sugar is 2.0%, and mass concentration of residual reduced sugar is below 0.2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The obtained fertilizer has a chlorine concentration of 5000 ppm or less and a potassium concentration of 20000 ppm or less. The moisture content of fertilizer is adjusted by mixing with organic waste. Preferred Method: Before or after heating, the organic waste is classified and/or pulverized to a maximum particle diameter of 20 mm or less. Excrement is solid-liquid separated by hydration except for urine having high chlorine and potassium concentration. The organic waste is heated to 60 degrees C or more to annihilate plant seeds, microorganisms, and bacteria. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The solubilizing agent contains one or more of Perilla oil, sesame oil, olive oil, horse fat, Chamaecyparis obtusa oil, castor oil, and synthetic silicone oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solubilizing agent is added with predetermined amount of one or more of acetylated hyaluronic acid, beeswax, carnauba wax, lanolin and silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water-soluble polymer is one or more of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxy vinyl polymer and polyvinyl polymer. ACTIVITY - Muscular-Gen.; Antibacterial; Insect Repellent. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - one given.    ADMINISTRATION - The formulation is administered topically. No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The step (i) comprises turning over the soil to a depth of 25-35 cm, timely leveling the soil after tilling, smashing and suppressing by a suppressor to realize the continuous operation of tilling, towing, crushing and suppressing. The step (vii) comprises: applying the microelement fertilizer of magnesium sulfate at 7.4-9.4 g/m2, monohydrated zinc sulfate at 0.5-1.5 g/m2, borax at 1-2 g/m2 and ammonium molybdate at 0.04-0.10 g/m2; fertilizing every week with a dosage of the nitrogenous fertilizer of 4-6 g/m2; and spraying ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelated iron at 0.4-0.6 g/m2 every month. The step (viii) comprises spraying for 2-3 days before the plant bed sprouting and wetting the soil. In the step (ii), the branch channel is connected to the main channel and the branch channel and the main channel are connected to a farmland drainage system and the plant bed has a width of 15-18 m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (vii): nitrogen is carbamide, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate with a dosage of 4-6 g/m2; the phosphate fertilizer is calcium phosphate with a dosage of 8-12 g/m2; and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate or potassium nitrate with a dosage of 8-12 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Preferably, the method for pre-processing, electric chemical enhancing and anaerobic fermenting sludge to generate hydrogen comprises: (a) pre-processing the sludge: adding the active sludge in the sludge storage tank; where the concentration of the sludge is 6-30 mg dissolved solid (DS)/L; inputting the sludge in a sludge pre-processing tank; where the pre-processing method comprises heat process, ultrasonic process, acid process, alkaline process, or pulse high voltage electric field process; and (b) carrying out anaerobic fermentation: inputting the sludge in an anaerobic fermentation tank from the pre-processing tank; where the quantity of the sludge in the fermentation tank is the effective volume of the fermentation tank; the temperature of the fermentation tank is 20-55 degrees C; the pH value is regulated to 4.0-10.0; the stirring speed is 200-700 rotations/minute; the stirring time is 10-48 hours; the direct current power supply is connected with the two electrodes fixed in the fermentation tank; and the voltage is 0.1-0.2 V; where the leads of the electrode plates of the two electrodes fixed in the anaerobic fermentation tank are connected with the adjustable direct current power supply; the temperature of heat process is 60-180 degrees C and the time is 30-120 minutes; the power of the ultrasonic process is 1,800 W, the frequency is 15-200 kHz, the ultrasonic intensity is 0.1-2.5 W/ml, and the time is 10-120 minutes; the acid process adopts the 1-6 M hydrochloric acid to regulate the pH value to 2-3 and the processing time is 20-120 minutes; the strength of the electric field of the pulse high voltage electric field is 10-1,000 kV/cm and the processing time is 30-120 minutes; and the air in the system is discharged by nitrogen during the process of starting the anaerobic fermentation tank.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microalgae is selected from Amphidinium sp., Chlorarachnion sp., Chlorarachniophytes, Botryococcus sp., Chlamydomonas sp., Chlorophytum sp., Chlorococcum sp., Chloromonas sp., Coelastrum sp., Cryptomonas sp., Dactylococcus sp., Desmodesmus sp., Dictyococcus sp., Dunaliella sp., Haematococcus sp., Microsporum sp., Pediastrum sp., Pseudochlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Tetracystis sp., Tetraselmis sp., Tetraspora sp., Volvox sp., Micromonas sp., Prasinoderma sp., Actinastrum sp., Desmococcus sp., Nannochloris sp., Oocystis sp., Chlorocystis sp., Cladophoropsis sp., Halochlorococcum sp., Chloromonas sp., Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Aphanocapsa sp., Arthrospira sp., Chlothrix sp., Chroococcus sp., Crinalium sp., Fischerella sp., Lyngbya sp., Micrococcus sp., Microcystis sp., Nodularia sp., Nostoc sp., Oscillatoria sp., Spirulina sp., Synechococcus sp., Euglena sp., Cyanophora sp., Pavlova sp., Cyclotella sp., Skeletonema sp., Thalassiosira sp., Chromulina sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Heterosigma sp., Botrydium sp. or Heterococcus sp..    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cassava is processed by using a tank containing a base, water, microalgae, carbon dioxide gas and UV light, where biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of the tank are maintained to 5 mg/l and 15 mg/l. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The anti-freezing agent is 95% ethanol, 98% ethylene glycol, 98% glycerin, or their mixture. Surface active agent is OP-10. Preferred Composition: Agent comprises (in wt.%): zinc sulfate (1-10), potassium nitrate (3-10), nitrate of lime (3-15), boric acid (1-8), emulsion (6-10), anti-freezing agent (6-32), water (45-50) and surface active agent (1-8) to make agent 100%. ACTIVITY - Plant protectant.
ACTIVITY - Anthelmintic; Immunostimulant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Vaccine.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dissociation alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia water, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate. The strong alkaline substance is sodium methoxide, sodium ethylate, potassium methoxide or potassium ethoxide. The molar ratio of the clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate intermediate and the strong alkaline substance is 1:0.3-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction substrate is the mother solution formed by separating amino-(2-chloro-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester from the L-(+)-tartaric acid or the mother solution formed by separating the 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(6,7-dihydrothieno(3,2-c)pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methyl acetate from the L-camphor-10-sulfonic acid. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetone or butanone. The volume ratio of the methylene dichloride and water is 0.5-3:1. Preferred Method: The dissociation reaction is carried out at a temperature of less than 10?oC. The racemization reaction temperature is within the room temperature to the return flow temperature. The after-treatment process includes decompressing and condensing the reaction solution to dry, adding the methylene dichloride and water with the volume ratio of 0.5-3:1 for dissolving, regulating the pH of the diluted hydrochloric acid to 7-8, laminating and drying the organic layer by anhydrous sodium sulfate and decompressing and distilling to obtain the racemate of the clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate intermediate with the left and right racemization ratios of 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The other side of the electrolytic cell is equipped with a metal radiating pin which is fixedly equipped with a fan; there is at least one electrolytic tube. The electrolytic tube is present in the form of a line, a reverse U, a reverse S, and a snake. The radiating pin is constructed by arranging several metal plates in a single way. The water welder is constructed as a structure in which the surface is equipped with a metal plate and the interior is a hollow structure. The upper part and the side surface of the radiating pin are equipped with a radiating fan. The electrolytic tube and the electrolytic electrode are present in an integrated structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The method further involves using Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, B.subtilis and/or actinomycetes, seaweed powder, photosynthetic bacteria and oyster powder or bentonite. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is dichloromethane, chloroform or dichloroethane. The polar solvent is N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The sodium ion donor is sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium butanoate or sodium tert-butoxide. The strong polar solvent is N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or dioxane. The solvent is ethanol, isopropanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding crushed crab shell and shrimp shell (5 wt%), soybean flour (5-10%) to the compound fertilizer or compost to ferment and preparing compound fertilizer having effect on inhibiting or reducing pathogenic bacteria and beetles. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The acid-and-alkali bifunctional solid catalyst is porous solid material comprising silica, alumina or mesoporous molecular material, and in which acid functional component and alkali functional component are linked chemically. The dosage of catalyst is 10-15 weight% of 2-KLG.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid functional component is alkyl sulfonic acid or aryl sulfonic acid. The alkali functional component is nitrogen-containing organic compound. The 1-8C alcohol is chosen from n-butanol, isobutanol, n-amyl alcohol and isoamylol. The inert solvent is chosen from chloroform, tetrachloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, isopropyl ether, n-butylether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene, polyalkylbenzene, chlorobenzene and o-chlorotoluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The liquid microbial agent is prepared by inoculating several strains of bacteria in a single or combination of aerobic or anaerobic liquid fermentation medium in the presence of sterile air and sterile nitrogen gas and inoculating several strains of fungi in liquid or in combined culture-specific aerobic fermentation medium. The agents are mixed and packed in the ratio of 1:1. The solid agent is prepared by inoculating one or several strains of bacteria and fungi alone or in combination of special liquid fermentation medium, culturing and performing solid-state fermentation of microorganisms, adding adsorbent to the fermented mixture, centrifuging the mixture, collecting bacterial spores and thallus by air-drying at 70 degrees C or spray drying, and diluting the dried spores using predetermined concentration of filler containing absorbent powder. The solid microbial agent is mixed and packed in the ratio of 1:1. The decomposition method further involves adding specific microbial agents into the biogas digesters containing raw materials, performing dry anaerobic digestion of biogas, where the total solid concentration of fermented material is adjusted to 15-50%, and performing wet anaerobic digestion of biogas 15%, where the total solid concentration of fermented material is adjusted to 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation method involves using organic salt substrate comprising (in g/l): disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (3.8), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1), potassium chloride (3) and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.2). The preparation method involves using intermediate culture solution comprises starch (1.88), alcohol (1.56), maltose (2.08), ammonium nitrate (0.24), sodium nitrite (0.47), urea (0.18) and organic salt (8). The preparation method involves using protection agent chosen from molasses (0.4 g) and bran (0.2 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic medium is 0.5-2M sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing sandy soil, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and quicklime in the ratio of 500:250:6:1-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fiber auxiliary material is peanut bran, straw or other plant materials. The fermentation is performed using Aspergillus niger. The adhesive is bentonite, highly concentrated humus or their mixture. Preferred Method: The high-temperature airing is performed in a solar greenhouse. The solar greenhouse is provided with a stirrer and a ventilation system. The greenhouse has top and lateral walls with solar panels for absorbing high capacity of heat. The continuous aerobic fermentation is performed in shallow tank having sludge layer of 60-80 cm thickness, and ventilation is provided by Roots blower at the tank bottom. During fermenting, stack is turned by a stack turner when the temperature rises to 60 degrees C or more. The water content of the sludge in step (c) is 55%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The beef extract and tryptone culture medium contains (in g) beef extract (3), tryptone (10), sodium chloride (60), phenol (0.1-0.5) and deionized water (1000 mL), where pH of the culture medium is regulated by sodium hydroxide (30%) solution to 7.2-7.6. The culture medium is sterilized at 121 degrees C for 20 minutes. The phenol containing inorganic salt solution culture medium contains (in %mass) potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.5), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.2), calcium chloride (0.2), sodium chloride (60), ammonium nitrate (0.1), manganese sulfate monohydrate (0.5), ferrous chloride or iron (II) chloride (0.2), phenol (0.1-0.5) and deionized water (1000 mL). The wastewater has pH of 6-8, temperature of 35-40 degrees C, and dissolved oxygen content of 2-3 mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic compost comprises (in parts weight) organic substance (20-30), humic acid (10-20), total nitrogen (1-1.5), total potassium (1-1.5), and total phosphorus (0.1-0.3). The aqueous ammonia is ammonia, waste ammonia, and/or re-condensate obtained by pulping black liquor produced during nitrogen enrichment. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The microbial strain is thermophilus strain, preferably Thermotoga neapolitana. Preferred Medium: The thermophilus strain is cultured in 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) culture medium which does not contain sodium chloride. Preferred Method: The preprocessing condition of ammonia and sulfuric acid is carried out at 100-121 degrees C. The method involves culturing rice straw at 75-85 degrees C for 60-130 hours to obtain lignin capable of producing hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pretreatment solution is ammonia (10%) and sulfuric acid (1-1.5 volume/volume%). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The flue gas stream flows in the same direction as biomass stream in reactor. The temperatures of hot flue gases to be passed into reactor are 300-500 degrees C. The thermally treated biomass produced in reactor is used as additional fuel in heating boiler. The thermally treated biomass is compacted to give pellets, brickets or any other formed bodies.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: One reactor is operated batchwise and the other is operated continuously, which is fixed-bed reactor. A conventional fuel hopper and a transportation unit are utilized as reactor. The boiler is dust-fired combustion boiler. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: In the multistage device for processing household organic garbage, an air outlet of the top for each ferment pool is connected to the air storage tank via an air transmission tube and a valve; the adjacent ferment pools are connected via a valve and a feed tube; and the multistage crushing and pulping device (3) is connected to the ferment pool via the valve and the pipeline to form the multistage device for processing household organic garbage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The floating top cover (14) comprises a sealing storage cover (5) and a rectangular frame (4); where the sealing storage cover (5) is covered on the periphery and top surface of the frame (4). In the generation and storage integrated methane tank, a weight (6) is mounted on the bottom beam of the frame (4) or at the center of the bottom beam; a feed well (10) is processed on the outside wall of the body (1); a movable cover plate (11) is movably mounted on the upper end of the feed well (10); a feed hole (13) is opened on the outside wall of the feed well (10); the upper opening of the inclined feed tube (3) is extended into the feed well (10); the grid (12) is mounted at the upper opening of the inclined feed tube (3); and the feed hole (13) is higher than the grid (12); the discharge water seal tube (2) is an S-shaped tubular structure; the lower end of the discharge water seal tube (2) is connected with the lower portion of the body (1); and the upper end of the discharge water seal tube (2) is suspended and higher than the topmost point of the slide rail (9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises the dihydroquinolinone compound and the spinosyn at a ratio of 10:1-1:10 wt.%, preferably 5:2-5:4 wt.%. Preferred Components: The spinosyn is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, preferably spinosad. ACTIVITY - Acaricide; Crustacide; Insecticide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of the composition is 0.05-1 (preferably 0.1 ml) ml/kg, topically, perorally, parenterally or subcutaneously.    EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): dihydroquinolinone compound and spinosyn (5); kaolin (94); and highly dispersed silicic acid (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: In the pig ferment bed pigsty, a crap leakage floor is arranged between the shield and the methane pool feeding port; the width of the crap leakage floor is 60-80 cm; the depth of the ferment bed material-padding area is 70-100 cm; and the depth of the methane ferment pool positioned in the ferment bed material-padding area is consistent with that of the ferment bed material-padding area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The heterotrophic algae are Schizochytrium. The microorganisms are present in activated sludge or wastewater drain. Preferred Method: The microorganisms are decomposed by heat processing, pulverizing or ozone treatment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic compound supplied by organic substance supply unit is benzene, toluene, and/or xylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first liquid is waste oil, fuel oil, vegetable oil or waste edible oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In preparing organic fertilizer, in step (a), the lignocellulosic material is pine bark. The proportion of algae/offal/pine bark is 1:1:3. Preferred Fertilizer: In the organic fertilizer, the lignocellulosic material is pine bark. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) involves drying biomass at 60 degrees C, softening or destructing cell membrane by steaming and pressurizing the biomass under superatmospheric pressure of 2x 105 N/m2, and washing the crushed biomass with acidic aqueous solution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The circulating rate of material in the reactor is kept at 30-50. The average grain diameter of dry sludge granule in turbulent fluid zone of reactor is 0.5-1 mm, the average grain diameter of bed material is 1-2 mm, the volume density of granule is 0.3-0.4, the height of material layer is 1-2 mm, the temperature is 400-500 degrees C, and the air flow rate is 1-1.5 m/s. The height of rapid flow zone of reactor is 1-2 mm, the volume concentration of granule is greater than 0.1, the temperature is 500 degrees C, and the air flow rate is 2-3 m/s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The solar energy battery is monocrystalline silicon solar energy battery, polysilicon solar energy battery or thin layer solar energy battery. The device (D1) further comprises combustion device which is electrically coupled with flow valve on tube, sensor which is mounted on waste gas discharge port of combustion chamber. The sensor is used for measuring concentration of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compound and nitrogen oxide and returning signal. The combustion control device controls flow valve to regulate flow rate of hydrogen and oxygen according to the feedback signal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide adsorption agent is silica, alumina, activated carbon, graphite and/or polystyrene resin which cupric and/or cuprous halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cetane number of fuel oil composition is 1-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves supplementing heat of fuel (b) with biomass (1), and dry-distilling. The biomass (1) is woody biomass waste. The biomass (5) is sewage sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polyimide comprising a repeating unit obtained from aromatic diamine including at least one ortho-positioned hydroxyl functional group and/or poly (ethylene imine). The organosilsesquioxane segment is ethylsilsesquioxane, propylsilsesquioxane and/or hexylsilsesquioxane. The covalent bond is ether bond and/or urethane bond. The catalyst is acetic acid, lactic acid, or hydrochloric acid. The cross-linking agent is 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxy silane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane and/or 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane. EXAMPLE - The cellulose acetate polymer (5 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane solvent (119.5 g). 3-Isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (1.29 g) was added to cellulose acetate solution. The solution was heated at 60 degrees C for 48 hours to give cross-linkable cellulose acetate-urethanepropyltriethoxysilane organic-inorganic membrane material(5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of branched polyaryl ether copolymers comprise: reacting building blocks (A2) and (B) with sulfuric acid. Preferred Components: The building blocks (A1) and (A2) are each present at 5-95 mol%, based on 100 mol% of total sum of the proportions of the building blocks (A1) and (A2) and (B). Preferred Definitions:    Q, T1, Y1 = -O- or -SO2-; and    A2 = hydroquinone, resorcinol, dihydroxynaphthalene or 4,4,-bisphenol.    EXAMPLE - Bis(chlorophenyl) sulfone (1 mol), bis (hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (0.935 mol), hydroquinone (0.05 mol) and 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (0.01 mol) were reacted in the presence of potassium carbonate (143.76 g) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (1000 ml). The reaction mixture was kept at 195 degrees C for 6 hours and cooled to 120 degrees C. Then methyl chloride was passed into the reaction solution for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted by addition of NMP (1000 ml) and filtered, and the polymer was isolated by precipitation in NMP:water (1:9). The obtained solid was washed, dried at 120 degrees C under reduced pressure for 12 hours to obtain the copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Claimed): The regulatory polynucleotide or its complement, fragment or cis element is isolated from Oryza sativa. Preferred Polynucleotide: The regulatory polynucleotide molecule is promoter or leader sequence. The promoter is chosen from 1387 and 1380 base pair sequences (SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2) fully defined in the specification. The leader sequence is chosen from 112 and 116 base pair sequences (SEQ ID NO: 3 and 4) fully defined in the specification. The regulatory polynucleotide molecule is chosen from SEQ ID NO: 1-4, and 2381 and 2340 base pair sequences (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 6) fully defined in the specification. The regulatory polynucleotide molecule comprises nucleic acid capable of hybridizing under stringent condition with base pair sequence chosen from SEQ ID NO: 1-6, or their complements, fragment or any cis element. The regulatory polynucleotide molecule or its any complement, fragment or cis element comprises nucleic acid sequence exhibiting 80% or more, or 90% or more homology to base pair sequence chosen from SEQ ID NO: 1-6. Preferred Construct: The transcribable polynucleotide molecule is gene of agronomic interest. The herbicide tolerance gene is chosen from phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, glyphosate resistant 5-enolpyruvoyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthetase (EPSPS), hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dehydrogenase, dalapon dehalogenase, bromoxynil resistant nitrilase, anthranilate synthase, glyphosate oxidoreductase and glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. ACTIVITY - Plant protectant; Herbicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Catalyst component is nickel and alkaline earth metal is magnesium. Carrier is alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction in step (a) is carried out at less than or equal to 15 degrees C, preferably less than or equal to 10 degrees C. The step (c) is conducted at less than or equal to 60 degrees C. Preferred Components: The water-soluble salt of esomeprazole is an alkali metal salt e.g. sodium salt. The source of magnesium ions is magnesium sulfate. The amorphous esomeprazole magnesium has a moisture content of less than or equal to 10 (preferably less than or equal to 8) wt.%. ACTIVITY - Antiulcer; Gastrointestinal-Gen; Antiinflammatory.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Proton pump inhibitor.    EXAMPLE - Esomeprazole sodium (15 g) and water (300 ml) were charged into a round bottom flask at 26 degrees C and stirred for 20 minutes. The resulting solution was cooled to 3 degrees C over 30 minutes. A solution of magnesium sulfate (4.43 g) in water (75 ml) was slowly added over 10 minutes to the above solution at 3 degrees C. The mixture was stirred for twenty and half an hour at 3 degrees C. The formed solid was filtered, washed with water (30 ml), and dried under reduced pressure at 50 degrees C for four and half an hour, to give amorphous esomeprazole magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method of improving soil salinity comprises: (i) measuring the salinity of farmland soil for determining the degree of farmland salinity (in g/kg), where salinity less than 1 indicates soil of non-salinity, salinity of 1-3 indicates soil of light salinity, salinity of 3-5 indicates soil of moderate salinity, salinity of 5-10 indicates soil of heavy salinity and salinity greater than 10 indicates soil of very heavy salinity; (ii) uniformly scattering the sunflower seeds on the surface layer of the soil before 1-2 periods of seeding, where the degree of salinity of farmland determines the application amount of sunflower seeds, which is (in kg/acre): 20-60 for the soil of non-salinity, 40-100 for the soil of light salinity, 80-180 for the soil of moderate salinity, 100-220 for the soil of heavy salinity and 200-350 for the soil of very heavy salinity; (iii) turning over the soil after the sunflower seeds are scattered, where the turning depth is 10-30 cm. The sunflower seeds are ground to particulate before scattering, where the particle diameter is not greater than 1 cm. The farmland is fertilized after seeding, where the weight ratio of the fertilizer to the applied sunflower seeds is 1:10-1:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The cultivating process of Anoectochilus formosanus seed, comprises: detoxification cultivating of Anoectochilus formosanus asepsis seedling; breeding Anoectochilus formosanus bud; and cultivating Anoectochilus formosanus seedling. The disinfection process includes immersing Anoectochilus formosanus seedling in carbendazim solution (0.1% mass concentration) for 8-15 minutes. The cultivating management, includes (a) spraying the foliar fertilizer once in every 5-7 days, where the foliar fertilizer includes carbamide (0.1%) and monopotassium phosphate (0.05%); (b) changing the nutrient solution once in every 10-15 days; (c) circularly flowing the liquid and humidifying the water fog in the timing water groove for 1 hour every 2 hours, circularly flowing the liquid and humidify the water fog in the timing water groove for 8 hours in one day and the illumination intensity is 800-1500 lx, relative air humidity is 85-95%, temperature is 23-25 degrees C and the oxygen is more than 20%, where the oxygen is changed for 2-3 times in a day and once for 0.5-1 hour.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The culture solution, comprises: (i) large amounts of elements (in mg) which includes calcium nitrate (708), potassium nitrate (303), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (115), magnesium sulfate (370); (ii) trace elements, including sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetatoferrate (II) (7), manganese sulfate (2), boric acid (2), magnesium sulfate pentahydrate (0.2), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.4), molybdic acid (0.2); and (iii) growth hormone including 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (40 ppm), for manufacturing 10 l culture solution.
ACTIVITY - Nematocide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Leaf part of Solanum torvum is used for extraction and plant is eggplant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Organic solvent is ethyl acetate. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.    ADMINISTRATION - The extract is applied by dripping or irrigating it to the root of seedling plant at the time of plantation in the early stage of disease (claimed). No dosage details given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The concrete composition further contains 3.3 weight% of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The content of cement in mortar composition is 0.4-0.5 weight%. The oil-based coating composition further contains coating material and thinner. The total content of coating material and thinner is 1-10 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is alumina or silica. The catalyst for methanoic acid coupling reaction is mixture of lead oxide and alumina, or mixture of silica and manganese-sodium-tungsten oxide (MnNa2WO4) or silver lanthanum oxide (3%Ag-10%La2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The emulsifying agent comprises a non-ion surface active agent and a cathode ion surface active surface. The non-ion surface active agent is polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymer, C12-14 alcohol polyoxypropylene ether, sorbitan polyoxypropylene ether, castor oil polyoxypropylene ether, glycol polyoxypropylene ether, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The cathode ion surface active surface is linear dodecylbenzene calcium sulfonate, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid triethylamine, alkyl polyethylene glycol ester phosphate or ethoxylation alkyl phosphate. The cosolvent is isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, n-caprylic alcohol, isooctanol, propanediol, ethanol and/or glycol. The organic solvent is alpha -pinene, D-limonene, Jatropha curcas L oil methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, coconut oil methyl ester, rapeseed oil methyl ester, soybean oil methyl ester, colophony methyl ester and/or colophony ethyl ester. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The extraction and filtration process are carried out not less than 3 times. Preferred Composition: The ratio of methanol to ethanol in mixed solvent is 2:1. The ratio of acetone to petroleum ether to n-octyl alcohol in mixed solvent is 20:20:60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: In the process unit of fuel ethanol, the rotor of the rotary bed comprises 20-200 tube-type channel reactor and heater on the axes of the rotor; the tube-type channel reactor is fixedly connected with the rotor of rotary bed via bolt; the tube-type channel reactor is set with spiral baffle; one end of the spiral baffle is fixed on the internal wall of the tube-type channel reactor; the surface of the spiral baffle is adhered with solid acid-base catalyst; and the pipeline is set with sludge pump and flowmeter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The metering device comprises a methane pressure gauge (14), a gas exhaust pipe (15), and a flowmeter (19); where the gas exhaust pipe (15) is connected with the gas exhaust valve (13) on the top of the tank body; and the methane pressure gauge (14) and the flowmeter (19) are connected to the gas exhaust pipe (15) in series in turn. The fermenting device also comprises a liquid discharging valve (1), a sealing rubber gasket (9), a cover plate (10), a bolt (11), and a liquid feeding valve (12); where the liquid discharging valve (1) is arranged on the bottom of the tank body; the cover plate (10) is fixed on the top of the tank body by the bolt (11); the sealing rubber gasket (9) is arranged between the cover body (10) and the tank body; and the liquid feeding valve (12) and the gas exhaust valve (13) are arranged on the cover plate (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The concentration of sodium chloride in step (ii) is 5-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent in step (i) is methanol, ethanol or isopropanol. The reaction temperature is 35-65 degrees C and the reaction time is 4-24 hours in step (i). The solvent in step (iii) is anhydrous methanol or ethanol. ACTIVITY - Antiinflammatory; Antidote.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The volume ratio of alcohol and water in the mixed solution of alcohol and water is 100:0.1-10, preferably 100:0.1-1. The alcoholysis and hydrolysis are performed at reflow temperature (50 degrees C) for 3-10 hours. The amount of mixed solution of alcohol and water is 5-20 ml/g of adefovir dipivoxil. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or isopropanol. The preparation comprises adding adefovir dipivoxil into alcohol-water mixed solution with a volume ratio of 100:0.1-10, preferably 100: 0.1-1, where the alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or isopropanol, then performing alcoholysis and hydrolysis for 3-10 hours at reflow temperature (50 degrees C), cooling to make the material fully precipitate and filtering and drying to obtain adefovir monoester, where the amount of mixed solution of alcohol and water is 5-20 ml/g, preferably 8-12 ml/g of adefovir dipivoxil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is selected from sodium hydroxide or ammonia water. Water is added into the solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An alkali and solvent are also used in the preparation of capecitabine. The alkali is selected from pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine or triethylamine. The solvent is selected from dichloromethane, dichloroethane or methylbenzene. Alcohol is added into the solvent. The alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol or isopropanol. Hexamethyldisilazane is also used in the preparation of capecitabine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The woolen product is chosen from woolen sweater, woolen carpet or top, worsted sweater and Australian woolen yarn. Preferred Composition: The content (in %) of the agent in the woolen sweater, woolen carpet or top, worsted sweater and Australian woolen yarn is 5, 15, 10 and 10, respectively. ACTIVITY - Insect Repellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The protozoon is chosen from amoeba, Paramecium, Litonotus, whipworm, Euglena, Drosicha corpulenta, Noctiluca, Dileptus, Vorticella and Rotifera.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of concentrated sulfuric acid is 98 %mass or more. The industrial sludge contains residue, raffinate and sludge produced by phosphorization, bright dipping and chemical scattering of surface of metal or plastic, and has moisture content of 80-85%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The feed additive further comprises (in parts weight): montmorillonite (2-4), and microecological preparation containing photosynthetic bacteria and Bacillus (0.4-1). Every 1 g of microecological preparation contains more than 1 billon viable bacteria. Every 1 kg of feed additive contains vitamin A ( greater than or equal to 800000 IU), vitamin E ( greater than or equal to 25000 IU) and vitamin C ( greater than or equal to 60 mg). ACTIVITY - Hepatotropic; Hemostatic; Immunostimulant.
ACTIVITY - Herbicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode catalyst is iridium, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum, tantalum, tantalum oxide or their mixture. The cathode catalyst is platinum or platinum/carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The proton exchange film of film electrode is the perfluoro sulfonic acid film, partially fluorinated proton exchanging film, non-fluorinated sulfonated styrene/vinyl butylene/styrene three segmented copolymer proton exchanging film or composite film of porous proton exchanging film formed using polytetrafluoroethylene. The plastic contains polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biocide further comprises tea tree extract or Curcuma longa extract, garlic, purslane, curled dock, Biota orientalis or pasque flower, vegetable essential oil, castor oil, clove bud, thyme, cohesive enhancer for increasing the surface adhesion of microorganism and moisturizer. ACTIVITY - Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst metal precursor is chloride, nitride or oxide of platinum, preferably tetrachloroplatinic acid, hexachloro platinic acid, potassium tetrachloroplatinic acid, potassium hexachloro platinic acid, dinitrodiamino platinum or dichloro tetraamino platinum. The precursor solution further contains chloride, nitride and/or oxide of cerium, ruthenium, tin, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, iron, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, nickel, palladium, rhodium or iridium, preferably diammonium ruthenium hexachloride, diammonium pentachloro ruthenium hydrate, trichloro ruthenium trihydrate, cobalt diacetate tetrahydrate, dichloro cobalt hexahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, cobalt difluoride or cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The ionic liquid contains anion chosen from halide, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkyl sulfonyl, phosphoryl, imide or nitrate of elements of group VIII, IB, IIB, IIIA or VA, preferably hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoro sulfonyl)imide, trifluoromethane sulfonate, acetate or nitrate. A carbon support is further added to the precursor solution. The carbon support is activated charcoal, carbon black, ketchen black, acetylene black, active carbon powder, carbon molecular sieve, carbon nanotube, microporous and/or mesoporous carbon. The reducing agent is alcohol, hydrazine, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride or sodium thiosulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid contains cation chosen from 17 cationic groups e.g. (R)4N+, (R)4P+ and from formulae (a), (b) and (c).R,R',R"=1-12C optionally substituted alkyl.The cation is preferably chosen from 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-propyl-imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-pentyl-imidazolium and 1-heptyl-3-methyl-imidazolium.
ACTIVITY - Protozoacide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms group contains Sphingobacterium sp.KL2C2, Sphingobacterium sp.KFC-77, Pedobacter duraquae, Pedobacter cryoconitis, Ureibacillus thermophaericus, Lysobacter sp.GH41-7, and Lysobacter sp.2-O-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The continuous addition of the addition material is carried out at least one time daily or in an uninterrupted manner. The external material is added as the additive that initially reaches into the biogas plant. The carbon dioxide is added to the biogas that is already produced in the biogas plant, and then carbon dioxide-enriched biogas is added to the substrate as carbon dioxide supplier. A gaseous carbon dioxide supplier is added to the substrate in which it is pre-sputtered by several fine nozzles immersed into the substrate, where the nozzles are moved through the substrate. Preferred Components: The amount of carbon dioxide is at least 45% in the gas during the addition of the additives in a gaseous form. The carbon dioxide content of the biogas is increased to more than 50% before it is added to the substrate as the carbon dioxide supplier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The heat of depositing chamber, inertial dust collection device, chilling condenser, liquid storing pot, and pipe is kept. The inertial dust collection device is a cyclone separator and a blind window inertial dust collection device used for removing dust by material inertial principle. The chilling condenser utilizes liquid to be directly contacted with gas. It comprises washing tower, water bath device, and venturi tube. One or more chilling condensers can be used in parallel. The fractionating device is a kettle type distilling device, a filling tower, or a plate type tower. The condenser is an air-cooling condenser or a water-cooling condenser. The temperature of the cracking gas when entering the chilling condenser is higher than 300 degrees C. The condensing temperature of chilling condenser is 90-100 degrees C. The temperature of the chilling condenser is controlled at 90-100 degrees C by gasification of chilling condenser and condenser, and by cooling circulation automatic balance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline solution is potassium hydroxide. The space is partitioned by a film (5) formed by ion-exchange membrane or water-repellent carbon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The porphyrin is coproporphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises cellulose, where the thermostable cellulase is capable of hydrolyzing the cellulose. The solution and composition comprises a pretreatment biomass containing the cellulose. The composition comprises the ionic liquid ( less than or equal to 20, preferably less than or equal to 10, especially less than or equal to 5 vol.%). Preferred Components: The thermostable cellulase is Tma Ce15A, Pho EG, or a Thermatoga maritima thermostable cellulase mutant with increased cellulase activity, where the thermostable cellulase mutant comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity as compared to the amino acid sequence of Tma Ce15A. The thermpstable cellulose has an optimal temperature i.e. greater than or equal to 65 (preferably greater than or equal to 85) degrees C. The thermostable cellulase mutant comprises 9 amino acid sequences as give in specification e.g. 317 amino acids sequence as given in specification (SEQ ID NO.: 1), 317 amino acids sequence as given in specification (SEQ ID NO.: 2), 317 amino acids sequence as given in specification (SEQ ID NO.: 3). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic elements are rhodium and silver or gold. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of fine solid solution alloy particles is 20 nm or less. Preferred Process: The manufacture of fine solid solution alloy particles involves using reducing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stack of fuel cells further comprises barrier is a hydrophobic polymer film (preferably polytetrafluroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene and polyfluoroaloxy co-polymer resin); and bond which is fluoroelastomer. The stack of fuel cells further comprises VITON (RTM: fluoroelastomer), FLUROEL (RTM: fluoroelastomer) and FLUOROLAST (RTM: fluoroelastomer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic system having a specific combined meso and macro surface area of preferably 3-40 2/g. The catalyst system comprises: at least one component obtained by calcining a catalyst precursor at at least 600 degrees C, preferably 1000 degrees C; at least one component obtained by steam-deactivating a catalyst precursor at at least 400 degrees C, preferably 800 degrees C; and a metal comprising earth alkaline earth metals (calcium, barium, magnesium or iron), transition metals (iron, manganese, copper or zinc) or rare earth metals (cerium or lanthanum). The catalyst precursor comprises a phyllosilicate mineral, which is clay mineral. The clay mineral comprises: kaolinite; kaolin that has been exposed to at least 500 degrees C; bentonite that has been exposed to at least 500 degrees C; and smectite. The catalyst precursor is hydrotalcite or a hydrotalcite-like material or aluminosilicates. The aluminosilicates is a zeolite Y, ion exchange Y zeolite and/ or terminally treated, or dealuminated. The zeolite is zeolite ZSM-5. The catalyst system comprises: alumina that has been exposed to at least 500 degrees C; silica; and mixed metal oxide. The catalyst system is in the form of microspheres have a mean particle diameter of 20-200 mu m (preferably 40-100 mu m). The catalyst system further comprises a binder. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The complex oxide precursor is a meso-porous substance or amorphous substance, and exists in the form of spherical particles having diameter of 3-12 nm or hollow particles having size of 0.1-5 mu m. A metal seed containing ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium or osmium and having oxide reduction function is contained in nickel particles precipitated on the surface of support. The catalyst is coated on ceramic material or metal honeycomb base material. Preferred Properties: The amount of chemical adsorption of carbon dioxide per unit weight of catalyst powder is 60 mu mol or less. The temperature at which selective methanation rate of carbon monoxide is 99.9% or more is 50-120 degrees C. Preferred Method: The catalyst powder deposited with nickel particles is coated on honeycomb base material in granular form or plate shape. The complex oxide precursor is obtained by heating fine droplets of metal salt aqueous solution containing nickel and aluminum, in normal pressure plasma or pressure reduced high-frequency plasma. The precursor is produced by sol-gel process, hydrothermal synthesis process or gaseous phase precipitation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor is an oxygen-blown reformer and partial oxidation reactor. The heat-recovery unit is a waste-heat boiler for generating steam. The apparatus further comprises a unit for converting the syngas to a product (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In step (b), both the first solid stream and the first gas stream are introduced into the reactor. The first temperature is 800-1400 degrees C, preferably 900-1200 degrees C. The second temperature is less than 400 degrees C, preferably 50-350 degrees C. The process further comprises the step of converting the syngas to a product (A) comprising alcohols (preferably ethanol), alkanes, olefins, aldehydes, ethers, acids and hydrogen. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A coarse stainless steel net, a panel ultrafiltration component, a coarse stainless steel net, and a fixing frame plate are stacked sequentially to form a component, which is fixed on a rectangular empty box via a screw and binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The CO2 supply device uses a hollow fiber ultrafiltration component or pipe type micropore aerator, where when gas supply component is a curtain type component, the material of hollow fiber component is polyvinyl fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyether sulfone. One casting end of hollow fiber component is an opening casting end; and the other end is a seal hole casting end, where casting resin is epoxy resin for seal end casting, and flexible resins such as silicone rubber or polyurethane is used for secondary casting at the root of hollow fiber component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is a tail-gas of a process for producing purified terephthalic acid. The VOCs comprises methyl acetate, methane, methyl bromide, benzene, methyl ethyl ketone or butane. The base metal catalyst is copper (preferred), iron, cobalt, nickel or chromium. The base metal catalyst promoter is manganese (preferred), neodymium, barium, cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, tin, tantalum or strontium. The oxide support material is alumina or lanthanum stabilized aluminum oxide (Al2O3) or ceria or zirconium-stabilized cerium oxide (CeO2). The oxide support material comprises cerium and zirconium present in a mole ratio of 1:1. The oxide support material comprises: alumina and zirconium-stabilized CeO2 mixed oxide; and lanthanum-stabilized Al2O3 (20 mole%) and zirconium-stabilized CeO2 (80 mole%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The calcium hydroxide can be replaced by quicklime (10-14).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer is N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-N-(tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid or N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(4-butanesulfonic acid. The preservative is bi-pyridinethiol sodium hydroxide, N-hydroxymethyl sodium glycinate or trichloroisocyanuric acid. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Conditions: The temperature for thermokalite pre-treating oil extracted algae residue is 80-120 degrees C; the mass concentration of alkali is 0.5-1.6%; the solid content ratio mass percentage of oil extracted algae residue pre-treatment is 4%; and the treatment time is 6-9 hours. The thermal treatment of anaerobic digestion sludge in (b) is carried out at 70-100 degrees C for 10-60 minutes. Preferred Composition: The solid content ratio mass percentage of oil extracted algae residue pre-treatment in the first-phase anaerobic hydrogen generating fermentation is 2%; the concentration of the inoculation material is 0.5-2.2 g volatile suspended solid (VSS)/L; the solid content ratio mass percentage of oil extracted algae residue pre-treatment in the second-phase fermentation is 1%; and the concentration of the inoculation material is 2.5-3.5 g VSS/L. The substrate for the first-phase anaerobic hydrogen generating fermentation comprises (mg/L) monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) (5000-5400), dipotassium phosphate trihydrate (K2HPO4.3H2O) (150-170), disodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4.12H2O) (1000-12000), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2.6H2O) (90-120), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (900-1100), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) (50-70), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) (450-550), peptone (800-11120), yeast extract (550-700), and 1 ml of concentrated microelement mother liquid; where the concentrated microelement mother liquid comprises 10-25 mg/L of manganese sulfate hexahydrate (MnSO4.6H2O), 20-35 mg/L of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), 3-8 mg/L of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), 0.01-0.0225 mg/L of cobalt chloride pentahydrate (CoCl2.5H2O), 28-42 mg/L of nickel sulfate (NiSO4), 20-33 mg/L of zinc chloride (ZnCl2), 10-24 mg/L of ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O), and 40-60 mg/L of EDTA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen scavenging material is cobalt salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer material is an olefinic polymer (preferably linear polyethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The lipase secretion microorganisms are Burkholderia arboris.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): The microorganism is isolated from soil. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is deposited as FERM P-21705. The microorganism comprises 16s rDNA having a 528 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) fully defined in the specification or 16s rDNA exhibiting 99.3% or more homology to SEQ ID NO: 1. The microorganism is Gram-negative bacilli and cultured at 37 degrees C or 45 degrees C. The microorganism is positive in catalase test and oxidation-fermentation test (glucose), and negative in oxidase test. The microorganism is capable of producing acid and/or gas. The microorganism has good maneuverability. The microorganism is not capable of producing spores. The microorganism has the cell form of 0.6-0.7x 0.9-1.0 mu m. In fermentation test, the microorganism has beta -galactosidase activity, lysine-decarboxylase activity, and ornithine decarboxylase activity. The microorganism is capable of utilizing glucose, D-mannitol, inositol, citric acid and white rice bran. In biochemical test, the microorganism is capable of utilizing D-sorbitol, L-rhamnose, D-melibiose, D-amygdalin and L-arabinose. The microorganism is capable of growing in MacConkey agar medium. The microorganism is capable of producing nitrogen dioxide and acetoin. The microorganism is unable to produce hydrogen peroxide and indole. The microorganism does not have tryptophan deaminase activity, arginine dihydrolase activity, urease activity and gelatinase activity. The microorganism is motile and does not reduce nitrogen gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The support for foreign material capture contains polyamide fiber. Preferred Property: The porosity of support for foreign material capture is 99-99.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A piping for circulating heated fluid is provided in an upper gaseous phase portion of tank (1). Water is sprinkled in upper gaseous phase portion of tank (1) from hot water in boiler, and bubble is heated. Bubble generated on liquid level of tank (1) is taken out, heated with fluid, subjected to defoaming and returned to tank (1). The biogas utilization apparatus is fuel cell power generating device. The treating apparatus has a water-sprinkling unit and a heating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: The mud removing device also comprises a check valve and a cut-off valve; where the check valve is located at the part of the water body main output pipeline close to the flushing pump; the cut-off valve is located at the outlet of each of the water body main input pipeline, water body main output pipeline and water body branch output pipeline; the check valve and the cut-off valve are connected with the control system via the electrical signal; the inlet of the flushing pump is connected with the supernatant layer at the upper part of the reactor via the water body main input pipeline; and the outlet of the flushing pump is connected with the water body distributor via the water body output pipeline. The control system comprises a distribution cabinet and a control panel connected with the distribution cabinet via electrical signal. The bent head is located at the outlet of the water body branch output pipeline; where the bent head angle alpha is 10-80 degrees , preferably 30 degrees . In the mud removing device, there are 6 water body branch output pipelines uniformly arranged by taking water body distributor as center.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The proportion of the biomass and the coal powder is determined by the calorific value of the coal powder and the calorific value of the needed granules and the proportion of the diatomite is 5-8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Azotobacter comprises authigenic Azotobacter and united Azotobacter. The potassium bacteria comprises Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, and further comprises silicate bacteria. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is greater than or equal to 8% in the biological organic fertilizer, in which the content of organic matters is greater than or equal to 30% and the content of beneficial viable bacteria is greater than or equal to 200 million/ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The industrial waste comprises stove ash, crushed tiles, waste paper, metal and rags. The agricultural waste comprises straw, cake, wheat bran, leaves, bone powders, fish powders, livestock and poultries. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: In the multifunctional four season high temperature solar fermentation methane tank, an insulating layer made from modified insulating material is coated outside the tank; a detachable hot water pipe network for directly heating the feeding liquid is arranged in the tank; four sides of the gas combustion furnace are coated with hot water heaters; and the hot water heaters are connected to the water circulating loop formed by the solar heat collector and methane tank interlayer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The false continuous run process controls the backflow speed, backflow liquid rising speed, and backflow time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Nitrogen environment is arranged for preparation of white solid incense. ACTIVITY - Insect Repellent.
ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrate nitrogen in wastewater is sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite, nitrate nitrogen or nitrous nitrogen formed by ammonia oxidation. The trace elements include zinc, copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, potassium and molybdenum. The added phosphorus has concentration of 0.05 g/L, and the trace element has concentration of 0.0005-0.005 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrobacteria, B. licheniformis, S. obliquus and S. bibraianum are embedding Bacillus and polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, activated carbon, silica and calcium carbonate are embedding agent. The embedding Bacillus and the embedding agent are at a volume ratio of 1: 2-4. The amount of polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, activated carbon, silica and calcium carbonate in embedding agent are respectively 70-90, 3-5, 9-11, 7-9 g/L and 0.4-0.6 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A part of the first water flow is circulated at a circulating ratio of 1: 1-3. A part of the third water flow is circulated at a circulating ratio of 1: 1-3. A part of the target water flow is circulated at a circulating ratio of 1: 3-5. The oxidation-reduction potential of circulating liquid is controlled so as to control the dissolved oxygen viscosity and circulating rate of circulating liquid. The pH values of second water and third water flow are controlled by adding alkali. The microorganism carrier is fed into a part of the third water flow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active carrier is mud. The viscosity of active carrier is 5000-15000 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw materials for preparing the diesel fuel modifier comprises: alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene (75%), methyl-carbonate (16%), ethyl oleate (6%) and para-tertiary butyl phenol (3%). The raw materials for the ethanol diesel fuel comprises: denatured alcohol (10-40%, or 15-30%, preferably 20), diesel fuel mixing solution (58-84%, or 67-80%, preferably 75) and diesel fuel modifier (2-6%, or 3-5%, preferably 5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: Compound fuel comprises (in pts.wt.): sludge (40), straw powder (40), cow dung powder (5), wood powder (5) and combustion improver (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver includes (in pts.wt.): potassium nitrate (0.5), sodium nitrate (0.5), potassium chlorate (0.5), potassium permanganate (1), carbonate (2), industrial salt (3), iron trioxide (0.5), alumina (0.5), silicon oxide (0.5), calcium oxide (0.5) and magnesium oxide (0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The animal fat is caproin or pig fat. The fresh potatoes are potatoes or sweet potatoes. The antioxidant is vitamin E or vitamin C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The C.viswanathii is prepared by culturing the bacterial strain in basic medium for 3-5 days at 28-35 degrees C, selecting bacterial strain slant, obtaining C.viswanathii, culturing the C.viswanathii in a mineralized medium, obtaining the strain, inoculating the strain in a basic medium, adding crude oil regularly after a period of time for three days and obtaining the pure C.viswanathii strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): xylitol residue (48-52), tobacco residue (18-22), peat (14-16), urea (0.8-1), ammonium nitrate (0.8-1), calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (2-2.5), potassium sulfate (0.5-0.6), potassium chloride (0.5-0.6), microorganism inoculants (14-16). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - The fertilizer is sprayed uniformly on the surface of the soil at a dosage of 1500-5000 kg/hectare before planting the crops or before sowing seeds, or sprayed directly into the sowing grooves at a dosage of 750-3000 kg/hectare before planting the crops (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalytic conversion catalyst comprises (in wt.%) zeolite (10-50), inorganic oxide (5-90) and clay (0-70). The zeolite is mesoporous zeolite and/or macroporous zeolite. The mesoporous zeolite is chosen from ZSM zeolite and/or ZRP zeolite. The macroporous zeolite is chosen from rare earth Y, rare earth hydrogen Y, ultra-stable Y or high-silicon Y. The quenchant is chosen from cooled regenerated catalyst, cooled semi-regenerated catalyst, regenerated catalyst and new catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The easily-cracked raw oil is petroleum hydrocarbon and/or other mineral oil. The petroleum hydrocarbon is chosen from decompressed wax oil, normal-pressure wax oil, coked wax oil, deasphaltized wax oil, decompressed residual oil, normal-pressure residual oil, catalyzed wax oil, and extract oil. The mineral oil is coal liquefied oil, oil sand oil or shale oil. The difficultly-cracked raw oil is low-carbon compound chosen from 2-8C hydrocarbon, oil slurry, diesel oil, gasoline and light aromatic hydrocarbon extract oil. The distillation temperature of catalytic wax oil is more than 250 degrees C. Preferred Method: The hydrogenated catalytic wax oil and/or extract oil is returned to primary riser reactor and/or secondary riser reactor for re-cracking. Hydrogenation is performed in the presence of hydrogen by contacting catalytic wax oil with hydrogenating catalyst, under partial pressure of 3-20 MPa at 300-450 degrees C. The volume ratio of hydrogen to oil is 300-2000 v/v. The weight hourly space velocity for hydrogenation is 0.1-3 hour-1. Preferred Solvent: Extracting solvent for treating aromatic hydrocarbon is chosen from dimethylsulfoxide, furfural, dimethyl formamide, monoethanol amine, glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. The extracting temperature is 40-120 degrees C. The volume ratio of solvent to raw oil is 0.5-5.