TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material is materials consisting of metal oxides, transition metal oxides or mixed metal oxides. The material comprises titanium dioxide. The material exhibits three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporosity. The material comprises a mesoporous structure with either mono- or bimodal pore size distribution. The material comprises a thin film, powder, or monolith. The material comprises a film having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging. The material comprises a monolith having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging. The conducting material is materials consisting of carbonaceous materials, graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires or conducing polymers. The nanocrystals have diameters of approximately 1-30 or 1-64 nm. The nanocrystals have surfaces configured for contact by an electrolyte, where the pores provide a pathway for solvent diffusion through the material. The pores are flexible, where strain associated with charging and discharging is alleviated. The conductive nanoparticles are particles comprising particles consisting of noble metal nanowires, noble metal nanorods, carbon nanotubes or polymer wrapped carbon nanotubes. The metal oxide is an oxide comprising oxides consisting of chromium oxides, indium oxides, molybdenum oxides, niobium oxides, ruthenium oxides, titanium oxides, manganese oxides, iron oxides, nickel oxides, vanadium oxides, copper oxides, zinc oxides, cobalt oxides or tin oxides. The metal oxide is a mixture of at least two transition metal oxides. Preferred Method: The method further comprises co-assembling many conductive nanoparticles with the nanocrystals and the polymer to form a templated film. The method further comprises coating mesopores in the mesoporous nanocrystalline construct with conductive carbon, where the coating is in electrical contact with a conductive charge collector (18). The conductive carbon coating is formed from thermal decomposition of the polymer template. The substrate comprises a conductive metal sheet. The first and second electrically conductive substrates comprise a base sheet with many vertical conductive pins, where the templated films are disposed on the surface of the pins and the base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: (I) further comprises a nanoscale conducting material in contact with the nanostructured, mesoporous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer template comprises a polyacrylonitrile.