NOVELTY - Making (M1) a fuel involves combining Clostridium phytofermentans cells (14) and a material (A1) comprising a carbohydrate in a medium (12), where a concentration of the carbohydrate in the medium is greater than 40 mM; and fermenting the material comprising the carbohydrate under conditions and for a time to produce a fuel.    USE - For making a fuel (e.g. alcohol selected from ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol) from biomass material e.g. wood, wood pulp, papermaking sludge, paper pulp waste streams, particle board, grasses, rice hulls, bagasse, cotton (claimed).    ADVANTAGE - The Clostridium phytofermentans can ferment a broad spectrum of materials into fuels with high efficiency. Waste products, e.g. lactose, waste paper, leaves, grass clippings, and/or sawdust, can be used to make fuels. Clostridium phytofermentans remains active even at high concentrations of carbohydrates. Often materials that include carbohydrates can be used raw, without pretreatment. It is not necessary to pretreat the cellulosic material with an acid, a base, or an enzyme to release the lower molecular weight sugars that form part of the cellulosic material prior to fermentation. Instead, Clostridium phytofermentans can ferment the raw cellulosic material into a fuel directly. In some instances, lignocellulosic materials, e.g. sawdust or switchgrass, can be used without removal of lignin, and/or hemicelluloses. Clostridium phytofermentans cells grow and ferment under a wide range of temperatures and pH ranges. The pH of the fermentation medium may not need to be adjusted during fermentation. In some instances, Clostridium phytofermentans cells can be used in combination with at least one other microbe to increase the yield of a desired product, e.g. ethanol. In addition, Clostridium phytofermentans can ferment high concentration of 5-carbon sugars, or polymers that include 5-carbon sugar repeat units, to combustible fuels. The Clostridium phytofermentans ferments higher cellulose concentrations, e.g. greater than 40 mM (glucose equivalents), with increasing ethanol yield. Other cellulose-fermenting microbes generally do not ferment higher concentrations of cellulose, above about 20 mM (glucose equivalents), and ethanol production decreases at higher cellulose concentrations.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: 1) making (M2) a fuel from biomass material involving providing a biomass material comprising a high molecular weight carbohydrate, hydrolyzing the biomass material to provide a hydrolyzed biomass material, combining the hydrolyzed biomass material with Clostridium phytofermentans cells in a medium, where a concentration of carbohydrates in the medium is greater than 20 mM, and fermenting the hydrolyzed biomass material under conditions and for a time to produce a fuel; 2) a fuel plant comprising a hydrolysis unit configured to hydrolyze a biomass material comprising a high molecular weight carbohydrate, and a fermentor configured to house a medium and comprising Clostridium phytofermentans cells; 3) making (M3) a fuel involving combining Clostridium phytofermentans cells and a lignocellulosic material in a medium (S1), and fermenting the lignocellulosic material under conditions and for a time to produce a fuel; 4) making (M4) a fuel involving combining Clostridium phytofermentans cells, a second microbe and a material comprising a carbohydrate in a medium, and fermenting the material comprising the carbohydrate; and 5) a composition comprising Clostridium phytofermentans and a second microbe.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a fermentation vessel holding a medium having Clostridium phytofermentans cells.    Fermentation vessel (10)    Medium (12)    Clostridium phytofermentans cells (14)    Bubbler (16)    Gas outlets (18)