TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In biological and chemical process for the capture and conversion of carbon dioxide and/or other sources of inorganic carbon, the electron donors include but are not limited to one or more of the following reducing agents: ammonia; ammonium; carbon monoxide; dithionite; elemental sulfur; hydrocarbons; hydrogen; metabisulfites; nitric oxide; nitrites; sulfates such as thiosulfates including but not limited to sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) or calcium thiosulfate (CaS2O3); sulfides such as hydrogen sulfide; sulfites; thionate; thionite; transition metals or their sulfides, oxides, chalcogenides, halides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, phosphates, sulfates, or carbonates, in dissolved or solid phases; as well as conduction or valence band electrons in solid state electrode materials. The electron acceptors include but are not limited to one or more of the following: carbon dioxide; oxygen; nitrites; nitrates; ferric iron or other transition metal ions; sulfates; or valence or conduction band holes in solid state electrode materials. The chemosynthetic step or steps is proceeded by one or more chemical preprocessing steps where the electron donors and/or the electron acceptors used to drive chemosynthesis and/or other nutrients needed to support the chemoautotrophic culture are generated or refined from more unrefined raw input chemicals and/or recycled from process output chemicals and/or the waste streams from other industrial, mining, agricultural, sewage or waste generating processes. Also, the chemosynthetic step or steps is followed by one or more process steps for the separation of the organic and/or inorganic chemical products of chemosynthesis from the process stream and for the processing of these products into a form suitable for storage, shipping, and sale; as well as one or more process steps for the separation of cell mass from the process stream and for the recycling of cell mass needed to maintain the chemoautotrophic culture back into the chemosynthetic steps, and/or for surplus biomass to be processed into a form suitable for storage, shipping, and sale. The chemosynthetic step is followed by one or more process steps where waste products and/or impurities or contaminants are removed from the process stream including the nutrient medium used to maintain the chemoautotrophic culture, and disposed of. Also, the chemosynthetic step is followed by one or more process steps where any unused nutrients and/or process water left after the removal of chemoautotrophic cell mass and/or chemical co-products of chemosynthesis and/or waste products or contaminants are recycled back into the chemosynthetic process steps to support further chemosynthesis. Moreover, the given chemoautotrophic microorganisms include but are not limited to one or more of the following: Acetoanaerobium sp.; Acetobacterium sp.; Acetogenium sp.; Achromobacter sp.; Acidianus sp.; Acinetobacter sp.; Actinomadura sp.; Aeromonas sp.; Alcaligenes sp.; Arcobacter sp.; Aureobacterium sp.; Bacillus sp.; Beggiatoa sp.; Butyribacterium sp.; Carboxydothermus sp.; Clostridium sp.; Comamonas sp.; Dehalobacter sp.; Dehalococcoide sp.; Dehalospirillum sp.; Desulfobacterium sp.; Desulfomonile sp.; Desulfotomaculum sp.; Desulfovibrio sp.; Desulfurosarcina sp.; Ectothiorhodospira sp.; Enterobacter sp.; Eubacterium sp.; Ferroplasma sp.; Halothibacillus sp.; Hydrogenobacter sp.; Hydrogenomonas sp.; Leptospirillum sp.; Metallosphaera sp.; Methanobacterium sp.; Methanobrevibacter sp.; Methanococcus sp.; Methanosarcina sp.; Micrococcus sp.; Nitrobacter sp.; Nitrosococcus sp.; Nitrosolobus sp.; Nitrosomonas sp.; Nitrosospira sp.; Nitrosovibrio sp.; Nitrospina sp.; Oleomonas sp.; Paracoccus sp.; Peptostreptococcus sp.; Planctomycetes sp.; Pseudomonas sp.; Ralstonia sp.; Rhodobacter sp.; Rhodococcus sp.; Rhodocyclus sp.; Rhodomicrobium sp.; Rhodopseudomonas sp.; Rhodospirillum sp.; Shewanella sp.; Streptomyces sp.; Sulfobacillus sp.; Sulfolobus sp.; Thiobacillus sp.; Thiomicrospira sp.; Thioploca sp.; Thiosphaera sp.; Thiothrix sp.; sulfur-oxidizers; hydrogen-oxidizers; iron-oxidizers; acetogens; methanogens; as well as a consortiums of microorganisms that include chemoautotrophs, where the chemoautotrophs may be native to environments including but not limited to: hydrothermal vents; geothermal vents; hot springs; cold seeps; underground aquifers; salt lakes; saline formations; mines; acid mine drainage; mine tailings; oil wells; refinery wastewater; coal seams; the deep sub-surface; waste water and sewage treatment plants; geothermal power plants; sulfatara fields; soils; where the chemoautotrophs may or may not be extremophiles including but not limited to thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles, and psychrophiles. The electron donors and/or electron acceptors are generated or recycled using renewable, alternative, or conventional sources of power that are low in greenhouse gas emissions including but not limited to one or more of the following: photovoltaics, solar thermal, wind power, hydroelectric, nuclear, geothermal, enhanced geothermal, ocean thermal, ocean wave power, tidal power. Furthermore, the molecular hydrogen acts as electron donor and is generated through electrolysis of water including but not limited to approaches using Proton Exchange Membranes (PEM), liquid electrolytes such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), high-pressure electrolysis, high temperature electrolysis of steam (HTES); and/or thermochemical splitting of water through methods including but not limited to the iron oxide cycle, cerium (IV) oxide-cerium (III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle, calcium-bromine-iron cycle, hybrid sulfur cycle; and/or the electrolysis of hydrogen sulfide; and/or thermochemical splitting of hydrogen sulfide; and/or through other electrochemical or thermochemical processes known to produce hydrogen with low- or no-carbon dioxide emissions including but not limited to: carbon capture and sequestration enabled methane reforming; carbon capture and sequestration enabled coal gasification; the Kvaerner-process and other processes generating a carbon-black product; carbon capture and sequestration enabled gasification or pyrolysis of biomass; and the half-cell reduction of H+ to H2 accompanied by the half-cell oxidization of electron sources including but not limited to ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) or the oxidation of sulfur compounds where the oxidized iron or sulfur can be recycled to back to a reduced state through additional chemical reaction with minerals including but not limited to metal sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, or hydrocarbons. The electron donors are generated from minerals of natural origin including but not limited to one or more of the following: elemental Fe0; siderite (FeCO3); magnetite (Fe3O4); pyrite ormarcasite (FeS2), pyrrhotite (Fe(1-x)S (x=0 to 0.2)), pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8, violarite (Ni2FeS4), bravoite (Ni,Fe)S2, arsenopyrite (FeAsS), or other iron sulfides; realgar (AsS); orpiment (As2S3); cobaltite (CoAsS); rhodochrosite (MnCO3); chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4), covellite (CuS), tetrahedrite (Cu8Sb2S7), enargite (Cu3AsS4), tennantite (Cu12As4.S13), chalcocite (Cu2S), or other copper sulfides; sphalerite (ZnS), marmatite (ZnS), or other zinc sulfides; galena (PbS), geocronite (Pb5(Sb,As2)S8), or other lead sulfides; argentite or acanthite (Ag2S); molybdenite (MoS2); millerite (NiS), polydymite (Ni3 S4) or other nickel sulfides; antimonite (Sb2S 3); Ga253; CuSe; cooperite (PtS); laurite (RuS2); braggite (Pt,Pd,Ni)S; FeC12. The electron donors are generated from pollutants or waste products including but are not limited to one or more of the following: process gas; tail gas; enhanced oil recovery vent gas; biogas; acid mine drainage; landfill leachate; landfill gas; geothermal gas; geothermal sludge or brine; metal contaminants; gangue; tailings; sulfides; disulfides; mercaptans including but not limited to methyl and dimethyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan; carbonyl sulfide; carbon disulfide; alkanesulfonates; dialkyl sulfides; thiosulfate; thiofurans; thiocyanates; isothiocyanates; thioureas; thiols; thiophenols; thioethers; thiophene; dibenzothiophene; tetrathionate; dithionite; thionate; dialkyl disulfides; sulfones; sulfoxides; sulfolanes; sulfonic acid; dimethylsulfoniopropionate; sulfonic esters; hydrogen sulfide; sulfate esters; organic sulfur; sulfur dioxide and all other sour gases. The delivery of reducing equivalents from the electron donors to the chemoautotrophs for the chemosynthetic reaction or reactions is kinetically and/or thermodynamically enhanced through means including but not limited to: the introduction of hydrogen storage materials into the chemoautotrophic culture environment that can double as a solid support media for microbial growth-bringing absorbed or adsorbed hydrogen electron donors into close proximity with the hydrogen-oxidizing chemoautotrophs; the introduction of electron mediators such as but not limited to cytochromes, formate, methylviologen, NAD+/NADH, neutral red (NR), and quinones to help transfer reducing power from poorly soluble electron donors such as but not limited to H2 gas or electrons in solid state electrode materials, into the chemoautotrophic culture media; the introduction of electrode materials that can double as a solid growth support media directly into the chemoautotrophic culture environment-bringing solid state electrons into close proximity with the microbes. The electron donors are generated or recycled through non- or low-carbon dioxide emitting chemical reactions with hydrocarbons including but not limited to thermochemical reduction of sulfate reaction (TSR) and the Muller-Kuhne reaction for the production of hydrogen sulfide or reduced sulfur; or methane reforming-like reactions utilizing metal oxides in place of water such as but not limited to iron oxide, calcium oxide, or magnesium oxide where the hydrocarbon is reacted to form solid carbonate with little or no emissions of carbon dioxide gas along with hydrogen electron donor product. The chemosynthetic reaction or reactions are performed by chemoautotrophic microorganisms that have been improved, optimized or engineered for the fixation of carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon and the production of organic compounds through methods including but not limited to one or more of the following: accelerated mutagenesis, genetic engineering or modification, hybridization, synthetic biology or traditional selective breeding. The chemosynthetic reaction or reactions results in the formation of chemicals including but not limited to acetic acid, other organic acids and salts of organic acids, ethanol, butanol, methane, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, sulfuric acid, sulfate salts, elemental sulfur, sulfides, nitrates, ferric iron and other transition metal ions, other salts, acids or bases. The organic and/or inorganic chemical products recovered from the chemoautotrophic growth medium of the chemosynthetic reaction or reactions have applications including but not limited to: as biofuels or as feedstock for biofuel production; in the production of fertilizers; as leaching agents for the chemical extraction of metals in mining or bioremediation, as chemicals reagents in industrial or mining processes. The biomass and/ or biochemicals produced through the chemosynthetic reaction or reactions has applications including but not limited to: as a biomass fuel for combustion in particular as a fuel to be co-fired with fossil fuels; as a carbon source for large scale fermentations to produce various chemicals including but not limited to commercial enzymes, antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins, bioplastics, glycerol, or 1,3-propanediol; as a nutrient source for the growth of other microbes or organisms; as feed for animals including but not limited to cattle, sheep, chickens, pigs, or fish; as feed stock for alcohol or other biofuel fermentation and/or gasification and liquefaction processes including but not limited to direct liquefaction, Fisher Tropsch processes, methanol synthesis, pyrolysis, or microbial syngas conversions, for the production of liquid fuel; as feed stock for methane or biogas production; as fertilizer; as raw material for manufacturing or chemical processes; as sources of pharmaceutical, medicinal or nutritional substances; soil additives and soil stabilizers. The chemoautotrophic microorganism cultures are maintained in apparatus known in the art and science of microbial culturing including but not limited to: airlift reactors; biological scrubber columns; bioreactors; bubble columns; continuous stirred tank reactors; counter-current, upflow, expanded-bed reactors; digesters and in particular digester systems such as known in the prior arts of sewage and waste water treatment or bioremediation; filters including but not limited to trickling filters, rotating biological contactor filters, rotating discs, soil filters; fluidized bed reactors; gas lift fermenters; immobilized cell reactors; membrane biofilm reactors; mine shafts; pachuca tanks; packed-bed reactors; plug-flow reactors; static mixers; tanks; trickle bed reactors; vats; vertical shaft bioreactors; wells caverns; caves; cisterns; lagoons; ponds; pools; quarries; reservoirs; towers with the vessel base, siding, walls, lining, or top constructed out of one or more materials including but not limited to bitumen, cement, ceramics, clay, concrete, epoxy, fiberglass, glass, macadam, plastics, sand, sealant, soil, steels or other metals and their alloys, stone, tar, wood, and any combination. The additional sequestration of carbon dioxide is accomplished through steps in the carbon capture and conversion process where carbon dioxide is reacted with minerals including but not limited to oxides or hydroxides to form a carbonate or bicarbonate product. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.