TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanoparticles in liquid dispersion have a dimension of 1-100, preferably 1-30 nm which occupies at least 90% of total volume of nanoparticles. Preferred Components: The concentration of nanoparticles in the liquid dispersion is at least 0.1, preferably 5-15 wt.%. The particles are gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, gold-silver alloy nanoparticles, copper-silver alloy nanoparticles, copper-gold alloy nanoparticles, copper-palladium alloy nanoparticles, aluminum-silver alloy nanoparticles, aluminum-gold alloy nanoparticles, aluminum-palladium alloy nanoparticles, or nanoparticles with core-shell morphology of which shell is made of gold, silver, gold-silver alloy, or palladium. The reducible metal ions are nitrate salts, nitrite salts, carbonate salts, sulfate salts, phosphate salts, chlorate salts, perchlorate salts, fluoride salts, chloride salts, iodide salts, or tetrafluoroborate salts. The reducible metal ions are metal salt (20-80, preferably 30-60 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ligand is present aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic quat.-ammonium compounds, carboxylic acids or amino acids. The aliphatic amines comprise 1-18C alkyl groups; 2-18C alkene groups; 3-18C aliphatic monocarboxylic acids; less than or equal to 20C aliphatic polycarboxylic acids; 1-C18 aliphatic amino acids; amino pyridines, where one or two of 1-6C alkyl groups are attached to amino group; and tetraalkyl ammonium compounds, where alkyl groups is 1-18C alkyls preferably glutamic acid, aspartic acid, 7-aminoheptanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, citric acid, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, 1-amino-9-octadecene, lactic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and tartaric acid. The ligand content is 5-30, preferably 5-15 wt.% of nanoparticles. The reducible metal ions are acetate salts, trifluoroacetate salts, pentafluoropropionate salts, lactate salts, citrate salts, oxalate salts, tosylate salts, methanesulfonate salts, or trifluoromethanesulfonate salts. The reducing agent is 5-25 wt.% based on liquid. The liquid dispersion A', liquid B' comprising reducible metal salt and liquid C' comprising reducing agent are fluid at 25 degrees C. Preferred Method: The reduction process is carried out at below 100 degrees C, preferably 10-30 degrees C. The preparation of conductive element involves treating resulting conductive element with electromagnetic radiation or plasma to increase conductivity of the conductive element.