TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves exposing the second portion of a surface of the substrate to the second fluid, separately exposing a third portion of a surface of the substrate, which can be the same or different from the first and/or second substrate surface portions, to the first fluid and depositing, proximate to the third substrate surface portion, a third set of carbon-based nanostructures; or involves exposing the second portion of a surface of the substrate to the second fluid, separately exposing a third portion of a surface of the substrate, which can be the same or different from the first and/or second substrate surface portions, to a third fluid containing carbon-based nanostructures comprising negatively-charged functional groups, and depositing, proximate to the third substrate surface portion, a third set of carbon-based nanostructures; and separating the carbon-based nanostructures from the surface of the substrate. The separating step involves exposing the assembly to water. The electrode is fabricated by using a layer-by-layer technique. Preferred Device: The device (D1) further comprises an aqueous electrolyte or a non-aqueous electrolyte; lithium chemically adsorbed onto the surface of the carbon-based nanostructures; and a second electrode comprising carbon-based nanostructures. The first electrode is a negative electrode and the second electrode is a positive electrode; or the first electrode is a positive electrode and the second electrode is a negative electrode. The electrode comprises a thin film. The thin film is at least 1 micron, at least 10 micron or less than 100 nm in thick. The device is operated at a voltage of 0-8 volts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises silicon. The substrate is planar or non-planar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition is part of an energy storage device. The carbon defines at least 50% of the mass of the solids in the composition or in the assembly. The composition is fabricated using a layer-by-layer technique. The composition further comprises metal atoms. The total volumes of the nanostructures define at least 60-90% (preferably at least 65%, especially at least 80%, particularly at least 85%) of the composition volume. Preferred Components: The positively-charged functional groups comprise amines (preferably NH2(CH2)2NH2). The negatively-charged functional groups comprise carboxyl groups. The pH of the first and second fluids is 1-7 (preferably 2-6, especially 2.5-4.5, particularly 2.5 or 4.5). The first and/or second sets of carbon-based nanostructures comprise carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The first fluid comprises a first carrier fluid in which carbon-based nanostructures comprising positively-charged functional groups are suspended, and the second fluid comprises a second carrier fluid in which carbon-based nanostructures comprising negatively-charged functional groups are suspended. The first and second carrier fluids are the same; or are different. The carbon-based nanostructures have a length of 10 microns; or 1-5 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.