TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is p-GaP, p-GaAs, p-InP, p-InN, p-WSe2, p-CdTe, p-GaInP2 or p-Si.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the reducing is electrochemical or photoelectrochemical. When the reducing is electrochemical, then the cathode is metal. When the reducing is photoelectrochemical and the cathode is a p-type semiconductor responsive to illumination. In the method (M1), energy is provided to the cell by illuminating the cathode with light energy. The method (M1) further involves obtaining the carbon dioxide from an exhaust stream from a fossil fuel burning power or industrial plants, from a source accompanying natural gas or from geothermal wells. In the method (M1), the electrical energy for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is provided from a conventional energy source based on nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal or solar power. Preferred Components: The metal is Au, Ag, Zn, Ga, Hg, In, Cd, Ti, Pd or Pt (preferably Pt or hydrogenated Pd).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: In the system (S1), the light energy is converted to electrical energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic heterocyclic amine catalyst is compound of formula (I) (preferably lower alkyl substituted pyridine, a lower alkyl amino substituted pyridine, optionally substituted bipyridine, a lower alkyl substituted bipyridine, hydroxy-pyridine, hydroxy-bipyridine, or lower alkyl amino substituted bipyridine), compound of formula (II), or compound of formula (III) (preferably pyrazine, a pyridazine or a pyrimidine) or compound of formula (IV) (preferably imidazole or a pyrrole). The optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic amines in the system (S1) are compound (I) (preferably lower alkyl substituted pyridine, a lower alkyl amino substituted pyridine, an unsubstituted bipyridine, a lower alkyl substituted bipyridine, a hydroxy-pyridine, hydroxy-bipyridine, lower alkyl amino substituted bipyridine, optionally substituted quinoline or isoquinoline, optionally substituted imidazole or benzimidazole, or optionally substituted pyrrole). The amine is tert-butyl-pyridine, dimethyl-pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, dimethylamino-pyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine, or 4,4'-bipyridine.W'=aromatic 5- or 6-member heterocyclic ring with at least one ring nitrogen and is optionally substituted at least one ring positions other than nitrogen with R;L', L1, L2, L3, and L5=C or N;L4=not shown in structure;R1=H;R2=H or R;R=optional substitutent on any ring carbon and is selected from H, straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, pyridyl;ortwo R+the ring carbons to which they are bonded=fused six-member aryl ring;n=0-4;R3=H;R4, R5, R7 and R8=H, straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl or amino;R4+R5+R7+R8=fused six-member aryl ring;R6=H, straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino or pyridyl;R9 and R15=H;R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14=H, straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl;R16=H, straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl;R17, R18 and R19=straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl;orR17 and R18+the ring carbons to which they are bonded=fused 6-member aryl ring.Provided that:(1) when R2 is H, then L' is N; or(2) when R2 is R, then L' is C;(3) one of L1, L2 or L3 is N and the other L are C, and R9 is H;(4) when L1 is N, then R 9 is H;(5) when L2 is N, then R11 is H;(6) when L3 is N, then R12=H;(7) when L4, L2 or L3 is C, then R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14 are selected from straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl;(8) when R16 is H, then L5 is N; or(9) when L5 is C, then R16, R17, R18 and R19 are straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.