TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The device contains alkali metal element, alkaline earth metal element, transition metal element, metalloid, their alloys or oxides, preferably magnesium, aluminum, silicon, germanium, lead, scandium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron trioxide, alumina, ferric oxide, silica, germanium oxide, titania, cobalt oxide, zirconia, tantalum oxide, molybdic acid, tungsten oxide (WO, WO3, WO4), copper oxide (CuO, Cu2O), zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide (SnO2, SnO3, SnO) or indium tin oxide. The fullerene compound is reacted with an ionic compound in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst to obtain fullerene derivative of formula: (Q-C)+(MXx)-. The ionic compound is of formula: (D')+(Y')-.M=group 13-15 element;x=4 or 6;andD'+=organic cation or inorganic cation.The Lewis acid catalyst is chosen from formulae: (A+)(MoXp-) and MXr.A+=organic cation;o=2-5;p=7-16;andr=3-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Fullerene is alkylated using epoxy compound of formula (1) or halo compound of formula: CHsW'tXu.q=1-5;t=0-3;u=0-4;ands=4-(t+u).The solvent chosen from tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dioxane, oxetane, oxirane, benzene, toluene, xylene, dichloromethane, propanol, ethanol, methanol, water and ionic liquid is used in the manufacture of the fullerene thin film layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The device consists of polymeric compound chosen from fluorine-based resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, syndiotactic polystyrene, polynorbornene, epoxy-based resin, phenol resin, polycarbonate, polyalkylene terephthalate, aromatic polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer, polysulfone, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, polyarylate, polyalkyl(meth)acrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer and polytetramethylene oxide-1,4-butanediol-styrene copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    Q=single-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, graphene, fullerite, nanobud, nanoflower or buckyball;    l=2-4;    n=1 or 2;    x=4 or 6;and    Y'=Br-, Cl-, F- or I-.