NOVELTY - A concentration-gradient quantum dot (A1) comprises: an alloy of a first semiconductor and a second semiconductor, where the concentration of the first semiconductor gradually increases from the core of the quantum dot to the surface of the quantum dot and the concentration of the second semiconductor gradually decreases from the core of the quantum dot to the surface of the quantum dot, and further comprises a conductive polymer shell and at least one ligand on the surface of the quantum dot.    USE - As light emitting layer in an electronic device (claimed) (e.g. light emitting diode (LED), organic light emitting diode (OLED), flat panel display and infrared emitting diode; in electronic and photonic applications; as a light emitting phosphor in a fluorescent light bulb or a hybrid incandescent/fluorescent light bulb design; as light absorption materials in a photovoltaic cell used for sensitive detection of electromagnetic radiation in radiometry, optical communication, spectroscopy, and other applications, or for power generation system to provide required values of current and/or voltage; and as photovoltaic materials in a solar cell used as sensitive detection of electromagnetic radiation in radiometry, optical communication, spectroscopy, and other applications, and as electric power generation system to provide required values of current and/or voltage.    ADVANTAGE - The quantum dots have shell modifications and ligands that lower the barrier for electronic quantum dot activation. The quantum dots can be clustered together resulting in improved optical and electronic properties such as quantum efficiency and stability and resistance to photo, thermal and chemical degradation. The clustering of individual quantum dots ensures continuous emission from the particle. The quantum dot shell is modified to be conductive, semi-conductive and/or non-conductive to tailor the shell properties for a particular application. These modifications also provide for improved passivity of the surface of the core. The surface ligand modification of quantum dots, provide for direct and appropriate electronic charging or pumping of the quantum dot.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a light emitting layer in an electronic device using several concentration-gradient quantum dot (A1), where several dot (A1) is on the surface of an inorganic solid state layer.