TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic material comprises metal, semiconductor material and insulator having formula of M1mM2nX1pM3q. The semiconductor material is cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnS), gallium arsenide (GaAs), titanium oxide (TiO2), group II-IV compounds and group III-V compounds, metal oxides, sulfides, silicates, pyrosilicates, sulfates, phosphates, phosphorvanadates, (mono, di, tri, hexa, octa, deca, tetradeca, hexadeca) aluminates, vanadates, tungstates, halogenates, borates, tartrates, niobates, molybdates or oxysulfides. The silicon-based material is crystalline silicon and/or amorphous silicon.M1=Sr, Zn, Y or La;M2=metal ion (including transition metal ions, inner transition metal ions or Group I-IV metal ions) or Si;X1=halo, O, S, and PO4;M3=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cu, Mn, Ag, Cu, Zn, Al, Co or Er;m=0-10;n=1-15;p=1-20; andq=0-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic apparatus comprises up-conversion nano-structured material(s) of formula M4rM5sX2t:M6u.M4=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra and NH4;M5=metal ion including transition metal ions, inner transition metal ions, or Groups I-IV metal ions;X2=halo, O, S, Se, Te, N, P or As;M6=Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Pb or Cu;r=0-10;s=1-10;t=1-10; andu=1-10.Preferred Components: The at least one metal ion is rare earth metal ion including lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), europium (Eu), terbium (TB), samarium (Sm) or cerium (Ce). The metal is gold or silver. The semiconductor material is doped with at least one dopant consisting of boron (B), La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), or cobalt (Co). The down-conversion nano-structured material(s) is a group consisting of YM2'O4:M3, Sr(M2)2O4:M3', and Zn2M2'O4:M3'. The down-conversion nano-structured material(s) is Zn2SiO4:Mn; YVO4:Eu; SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy; Zn3(PO4)2:Mn; Cd3(PO4):Mn; Y2O3:Eu; ZnS:Ag; ZnS:Cu,Ag; ZnS:Cu,Al; ZnS:Zn; ZnS:Mn; ZnS:Cu; ZnS:Cu,Co; LaPO4:Ce,Tb, europium phthalate and Eu(DBM)3L2, where DBM is dibenzoylmethane and L is tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride. The up-conversion nano-structured material(s) is NaM5'F4:M6', LiM5'F4:M6', KM5'F4:M6', RbM5'F4:M6', CsM5'F4:M6', BeM5'F5:M6', Be(M5')2F8:M6', MgM5'F5:M6', Mg(M5')2F8:M6', CaM5'F5:M6', Ca(M5')2F8:M6', SrM5'F5:M6', Sr(M5')2F8:M6', BaM5'F5:M6', or Ba(M5')2F8:M6'(preferably NaYF4:Er; NaYF4:Yb,Er; NaYF4:Yb,Tm; NaYF4:Yb,Ho; SrS:Eu,Sm; CaS:Eu,Sm; SrS:Ce,Sm or ZnS:Pb,Cu).M5'=Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu;M6'=Yb, Er, Tm or Ho, M2'Al, Si, or V; andM3'=Eu, Mn and Dy.Preferred Properties: The down-conversion nano-structured material(s) comprises at least one dimension of size greater than or equal to 400 (preferably greater than or equal to 50) nm. The up-conversion nano-structured material(s) comprises at least one dimension of size of greater than or equal to 1100 (preferably greater than or equal to 400) nm. The up-conversion nano-structured material(s) has a structure consisting of cubic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic and/or preferably hexagonal in the form of nanoparticle(s), nanofilm or monolith.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare-earth organic complex comprises at least one metal ion; and at least one organic chelating material. The least one organic chelating material is beta -diketone and/or a ligand. The beta -diketone is dibenzoylmethane, thenoyltrifluoroacetone, acetylacetone and tetraphenylporphyrin. The ligand is trioctylamine, trioctylphosphine oxide, tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride, triisooctylamine, 1,10-phenanthroline or aromatic compound. The aromatic compound is salicylic acid or benzoic acid. The organic material is fluorescein, rhodamine, coumarin, bodipy, cascade blue, and Lucifer yellow or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic conversion material comprises conducting or semiconducting polymer material, silicon-based material, cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide, gallium arsenide or dye-sensitized solar cell. The conducting or semiconducting polymer material is poly(phenylene) and derivatives, poly(phenylene vinylene) and derivatives, poly(thiophene) and derivatives, poly(thienylenevinylene) and derivatives, poly(isothianaphthene) and derivatives, organometallic polymers, polymers containing perylene units, or poly(squaraines) and derivatives. The poly(phenylene vinylene) and derivative is poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy))-1,4-phenylene vinylene or poly(p-phenylene vinylene). The poly(thiophene) and derivatives is poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl), regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), or regiorandom.