TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper is present at 0.1-10 (preferably 1-3) mol.% relative to (I). The acid is hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The contacting step occurs in the presence of a base. (II) are formed with a reaction yield of 80-100% (mole/mole) relative to (I). The contacting step occurs in the presence of a solvent comprising xylene or toluene. The reaction is carried out by heating to 100-150 degrees C for 2-72 hours. The process further comprises purifying (II) using a method comprising: (a) heating (II) in a mixture comprising methanol and water, hence forming a solution; (b) cooling the solution of step (a), hence forming a precipitate of (II); and (c) isolating the precipitate of step (b). The mixture of step (a) comprises water (5-15% (v/v), preferably 8-12% (v/v)). The process further comprises: removing the amino protecting group R3 from (II), hence forming 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline compounds of formula (A) or their salts, solvates, tautomers or mixture of tautomers. The removing step is carried out using aqueous formic acid and heat, hence forming an acidic reaction mixture. The process further comprises isolating (A) by: mixing the acidic reaction mixture with water, hence forming a precipitate; and isolating the precipitate. The process further comprises: purifying (A) using a process comprising: forming a solution of (A) in ethanol; adding the solution of step (a) to water, hence forming a precipitate of (A); and isolating the precipitate. The process-1 further comprises removing a sulfinyl moiety from (XII), hence forming amino-pyrazole compounds of formula (XIII) or their salts or solvates. The step of removing of the sulfinyl moiety is accomplished using one or more acids. The process-1 further comprises: contacting (XIII) with a sulfonylchloride compound of formula (Cy1-S(O)2-Cl) to form (I) and cyclizing (I) to form (II). The process-1 further comprises removing the amino protecting group R3. (XII), (XIII), and (I) are not isolated prior to subsequent reaction steps. (II) is isolated with an overall reaction yield of at least about 50% (mole/mole) relative to (I). Preferred Components: The base is carbonate, phosphate or acetate. The organic ligand is 1,2-diamines, N,N-dialkylsalicylamides, N1,N2-dialkylcyclohexane-1,2-diamines or N1,N2-dialkylethane-1,2-diamines, preferably N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine or N,N-diethylsalicylamide. The organic ligand is present at 1-20 (preferably 8-12) mol.% relative to (I). (I) are 6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid ((R)-(5-(2-bromo-5-fluoro-phenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-cyclopropyl-methyl)-amide, N-((R)-(5-(2-bromo-5-fluoro-phenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-cyclopropyl-methyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide, N-((R)-(5-(2-bromo-4,5-difluoro-phenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-cyclopropyl-methyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide and 6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid ((R)-(5-(2-bromo-4,5-difluoro-phenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-cyclopropyl-methyl)-amide. Preferred Definitions:    R3 = tert-butyl;    X1 = Br or F (preferred);    X2 = F;    n = 1 or 2;    R1 = F;    Cy1 = CF3-substituted phenyl or CF3-substituted pyridinyl;    R2 = cyclopropyl;    R10 = CF3;    M = MgX;    X = Cl or Br; and    r = 2.    Where R3 is covalently bound to N1 of the pyrazole ring.    ACTIVITY - Nootropic; Neuroprotective.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Gamma secretase inhibitor; Beta-amyloid peptide release inhibitor; Beta-amyloid peptide synthesis inhibitor.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 44 Compounds (Q) are specifically claimed e.g. 5-(2-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-4-iodo-1H-pyrazole of formula (Qa), 5-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-4-iodo-1H-pyrazole, N-((5-(2-bromo-4,5-difluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyclopropyl)methyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide, N-((5-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyclopropyl)methyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide and N-((1R)-(1-tert-butyl-5-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyclopropyl)methyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide.    EXAMPLE - (R)-N-((1R)-(5-(2-Bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyclopropyl)methyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide was solvent swapped into acetonitrile using vacuum distillation (e.g. 400 mmHg, at 40 degrees C) to obtain an acetonitrile solution. To this solution at 0-10 degrees C was added 6N hydrochloric acid (0.79 l) and the reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 0.5 hours. Water (20 kg) was added and the aqueous layer was washed with toluene (2x 3.85 kg). It was then cooled to 0-10 degrees C and the pH was adjusted to above 12 using 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (about 1.13 kg). The product was extracted with methyl tert-butyl (MTB) ether (3x 2.55 kg). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution (6.3 l) and about 1.2 kg of the solvent was removed to afford an MTB ether solution of (1R)-(5-(2-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyclopropyl)methanamine (A). To solution of (A) at 0-10 degrees C was added triethylamine (0.43 kg) and a solution of 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonyl chloride (0.63 kg) in MTB ether (1.42 kg) while maintaining 0-10 degrees C. The reaction mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes, was then allowed to warm to room temperature (20-25 degrees C) and stirred for another 0.5 hour. Water (4 kg) was added and the mixture was stirred for about 2 hours. The aqueous layer was discarded and the organic phase was washed with 0.5 M sodium bisulfate solution (2x 4 l), 1N sodium bicarbonate solution (4 l) and saturated sodium chloride solution (2.5 l). The crude product was solvent swapped into toluene (e.g. 17.3 kg) using vacuum distillation (e.g. 140 mm mercury, 58 degrees C) to give a toluene solution of N-((1R)-(5-(2-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-1-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyclopropyl)methyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide (A1). To the toluene solution of (A1) at 20-25 degrees C was added copper iodide (8 g), N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (19 g) and potassium carbonate (0.52 kg) and the reaction mixture was heated to 132-137 degrees C (e.g. 135 degrees C) at a pressure of less than about 2 bar. Under these conditions, the reaction mixture was stirred for 17 hours and worked up to give (R)-1-tert-butyl-4-cyclopropyl-8-fluoro-5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline (A2). To a mixture of formic acid (8 l) and water (4 l) was added purified (A2) (1 kg) and the reaction mixture was heated to about 60 degrees C with stirring until the starting material was dissolved and was then further heated for about 1 hour. It was then rapidly cooled to about 20-25 degrees C (e.g. 45 minutes) and worked up to give (R)-4-cyclopropyl-8-fluoro-5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline.