TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves forming a nickel and aluminum heater; forming a cobalt and aluminum heater; processing several composite particulate heater to form a heater device; consolidating the powder to form a heater element; mounting the heater device on a substrate; mounting several heaters on the substrate; reacting the metal structure in an aqueous solution; using a metal structure using a metal template selected from aluminum, titanium, indium, zinc, manganese and chromium; forming a metal layer including iron (where the metal layer comprises at least one of zinc, gallium, cadmium, indium, lead, copper, tin, palladium, silver, platinum and gold); forming a joining material with the heater element; joining heater elements by ultrasound consolidation; electrospinning heater elements onto a nanowires; forming a solder by dispersing heater elements onto a solder material; dispersing heater elements in an adhesive material; connecting components on the substrate with interconnects; and coupling the heating element to an ignition source. In the method (M1), the metal nanoparticle forming step involves forming aluminum nanoparticle. The step of forming material involves a layer by placing aluminum nanoparticles in a solution of NiSO4, NH4Cl and sodium citrate to form a nickel nanostructure. The processing step involves forming a powder. The step of consolidating the powder involves ultrasonic consolidation. The further processing step involves electrospinning. The step of stopping the replacement reaction involves quenching a galvanic replacement reaction. The substrate comprises a curved substrate. The substrate comprises a flexible substrate. The heater element has an outer dimension of less than or equal to 200. The coupling step involves coupling to a light source; electrically connecting the heating element to an ignition source; and thermally coupling the heating element to a heat source. Preferred Nanoheater: The nanoheater (G1) further comprises the heating elements joined by electrospinning; an ignition source coupling to the heating element; a heater device including an array of interconnected heating elements; a flexible substrate; and a curved substrate. Several nanoheaters (G1) comprise a powder. In the nanoheater (G1), the metal layer on the metal structure comprises a composite heating element. Several heating elements are bonded together by ultrasonic consolidation to form a heater device. The heating elements are mounted on a substrate. The heating element further comprises a solder; an adhesive; and a nickel layer on a hollow aluminum sphere. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.