NOVELTY - Crystalline surface structures are fabricated by providing template into a reaction environment, where elements are contained; heating template to increase the mobility and surface diffusion length of element on the template-environment interface; and activating by altering conditions within the reaction environment to make the mobile element slowly migrate towards the template-environment interface and organize on the surface of template as a crystalline structure.    USE - Method of fabricating crystalline surface structures (claimed) used for manufacturing homogeneous or patterned transparent, conductive, and flexible polymer films. It is also used for optical and electronic applications, e.g. opaque or transparent electrodes, interconnects, transistors, memory elements, diodes, lasers, filters, optical absorbers, saturable absorbers, field emitters, photo receptors, logic gates, inverters and probes; electrochemical devices, e.g. supercapacitors or hydrogen storage (i.e. in fuel cells); analytical applications, e.g. gas sensors, electrode materials and/or modifiers for analytical voltammetry or biosensors; chromatographic applications; mechanical applications, e.g. conducting composites for antistatic shielding, or transparent conductors for shielding of electromagnetic interference; and electron guns for microscopes, field emission cathodes, microwave amplifiers and/or field emission displays, gas storage, field-effect transistors, nanoribbon electromechanical actuators, electrodes in lithium batteries, light sources, nanosensors, solar cells, fuel cells, ultracapacitors and/or thermionic power supplies.    ADVANTAGE - The method provides a simple way to easily and efficiently synthesize FCS-structures on metal, insulator, polymer or other useful substrates, without the need for unreliable exfoliation techniques which are difficult to control; thus allowing simpler, cheaper, more versatile method, and better performance.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Fabrication of crystalline surface structures involves providing template into a reaction environment, where elements are contained; heating template to increase the mobility and surface diffusion length of element on the template-environment interface; and activating by altering conditions within the reaction environment to make the mobile element slowly migrate towards the template-environment interface and organize on the surface of template as a crystalline structure. The crystalline structure is a monolayer crystalline surface (MCS) structure or few-layered crystalline surface (FCS) structure. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a crystalline surface structure.