TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrode is an anode. The anode is a metal oxide anode. The second electrode is a cathode. The cathode is a metal or metal alloy cathode. The second material is an electron acceptor material. The first electrode is a cathode. The cathode is a metal oxide cathode. The second electrode is an anode. The anode (second electrode) is a metal or metal alloy anode. The second material is an electron donating material. The second material is a particulate material having a particle size of 0.1-400 nm. The charge accepting material is an electron acceptor or electron donating material. The charge accepting material is a particulate material having a particle size of 0.1-400 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The second material is in contact with the first electrode and (I) is adsorbed onto or bound to the second material. The photovoltaic device further comprises an electrolyte in contact with (I) and the second electrode. The second material is p-type or n-type inorganic semiconductor material. The electron acceptor material is p-type or n-type inorganic semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting an amine of formula (R1R2NH) with substituted thiophene compounds of formula (II) to give tributylstannyl thiophen-2-ylamine derivatives of formula (III); reacting (III) with iodo-thiophene-carbaldehyde of formula (IV) to give formyl precursor of formula (V); and reacting (V) with cyanoacetic acid (preferably in alcohol at reflux and optionally with base) to obtain (I) (where R5 is H).X = Br or Cl; andm = n-1. Preferred Definitions:    R3-R5 = H;    R1, R2 = phenyl, fluorenyl (both optionally substituted by at least one alkyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, carboxylic acid or aryl); and    n = 2-10.    EXAMPLE - Solution of N,N-di-p-tolyl-5-(tributylstannyl)thiophen-2-amine (10 g) and 5'iodo-2,2'bithiophene-5-carbaldehyde (5.64 g) in dimethylformamide (100 ml) was degassed and then bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (445 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 degrees C for 10 minutes, then cooled to 40 degrees C and stirred under nitrogen for overnight. The orange colored solution was worked up with dichloromethane and water to give 5''-formyl-5-(N,N-di-p-tolylamino)-2,2':5'2''-terthiophene (A). Piperidine (1.5 ml) was added to a solution of (A) (400 mg) and cyanoacetic acid (159 mg) in chloroform (30 ml). The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight and then extracted with dichloromethane, and purified to obtain 5''-carboxycyanovinylidene-5-(N,N-di-p-tolylamino)-2,2':5'2''-terthiophene.