TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conducting oxides are selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (TO), gallium indium tin oxide (GITO), zinc oxide (ZO), and zinc indium tin oxide (ZITO), and the transparent conductive polymers comprise polyanaline (PANI). At least one of electrodes is a cathode that comprises a metal substitute, non-metallic material or metallic material selected from silver, gold, titanium, tin, and aluminum. The charge recombination layer or charge transfer layer is comprised of Al, Ag, Au, MoO3, Li, LiF, Sn, Ti, WO3, indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (TO), gallium indium tin oxide (GITO), zinc oxide (ZO), or zinc indium tin oxide (ZITO). The donor is selected from subphthalocyanine (SubPc), copper phthalocyanine(CuPc), chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (CIAIPc), tin phthalocyanine (SnPc), pentacene, tetracene, diindenoperylene (DIP), and squaraine (SQ). At least one of the photoactive layers further comprises a buffer, where the buffer is MoO3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The squaraine compound is selected from 2,4-bis (4-(N,N-dipropylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl; 2,4-bis(4-(N,N-diisobutylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl; and its salts. The acceptor is selected from C60, C70, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicbis-benzimidazole (PTCBI), phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester ((6O)PCBM), phenyl-C71-butyric-acid-methyl ester ((70)PCBM), thienyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester ((60)ThCBM), and hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc). The exciton blocking layer is selected from bathocuproine (BCP), bathophenanthroline (BPhen), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicbis-benzimidazole (PTCBI), 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi), tris(acetylacetonato) ruthenium(III) (Ru(acaca)3), and aluminum(III)phenolate (Alq2OPH). The heterojunction comprises mixtures of at least two materials selected from subphthalocyanine (SubPc), C60, C70, squaraine, copper phthalocyanine(CuPc), tin phthalocyanine (SnPc), and diindenoperylene (DIP). The mixtures comprises subphthalocyanine (SubPc)/C60; subphthalocyanine (SubPc)/C70; squaraine/C60; copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)/C60; copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)/tin phthalocyanine (SnPc)/C60; or diindenoperylene (DIP)/C70; aluminum-chlorophthalocyanine (AICIPc)/C60; and aluminum-chlorophthalocyanine (AICIPc)/C70.