TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer consists of low melting point layer containing primary polymer, and high melting point layer containing secondary polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoconductive filler consists of inorganic substance. The inorganic substance and heat conductive powder (B) are chosen from allotrope of metal, metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, metal hydroxide and carbon. The wiring component contains metallic element chosen from copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel, zinc, cobalt, titanium, lead and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer sheet contains heat-resistant resin, fluororubber and/or silicone rubber and thermoconductive filler. The polymer sheet is reinforced with cloth and/or fiber consisting of inorganic substances and/or heat-resistant resin. The sheet is a silicone rubber sheet containing silicone rubber composition. The silicone rubber composition contains (in parts mass) crosslinked organopolysiloxane (A) (100), heat conductive powder (B) (0-600), carbon black powder (C) (0-80), reinforcement property silica powder (D) (0-50) and hardening agent (E). The electroconductive adhesive material is a conductive resin adhesive agent containing insulating resin and electroconductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The new polymer is obtained by cyclopolymerizing a tetrahydropentalene-containing monomer of formula (IV) and an olefin monomer of formula: HC(-R17)=CH(-R18) in the presence of a transition-metal complex compound catalyst (e.g. palladium diimine-tetra aryl borate complex).R17,R18=H or alkyl.Preferred Unit: Repeating unit (I) is preferably of formula (III).Ar1,Ar2=4C or more bivalent heterocyclyl or 6C or more bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl (both optionally substituted), preferably group of formula (i);R1,R2=H, halo, or monovalent group, preferably of formula (ii);m,n=0-6;Z1=-C(-R3)=C(-R4)-, -S-, -O-, -C(-R5)=N-, -N(-R6)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -Se-, or -Te-, preferably -S-;R3-R8=H or monovalent group;R3+R4,R7+R8=ring;Y1,Y2=oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or -A1-C(=CH2)-A2;A1,A2=H, halo, or monovalent group, with at least one being electron-withdrawing group;R0=H or monovalent group;andj=number of substitutable sites of ring.-C(-R5)=N- may be right/left-inverting. EXAMPLE - (In mg) 5,5-diallyl-1,3-dithien-2-yl-4H-cyclopenta(c)thiophene-4,6(5H)-dione (60) was dissolved in dichloromethane. 12-Chloro-12-methyl-11,13-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-11,13-diaza-12-palladatetracyclo(7.5.1.05,15.010,14)pentadeca-1,3,5,7,9(15),10,13-heptaene (21) and sodium tris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)(3-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boranuide (3.3) were added and stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The solvent was distilled off and the crude product was purified using chloroform, to obtain a polymer (32) of formula (IA) (k is polymerization degree). The polymer had a number average molecular weight of 3100 by polystyrene conversion, a reduction potential of -1.98 eV, low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and an oxidation potential of 0.9 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive silicon-oxide film contains microcrystal grain having vibration peak of silicon-hydrogen coupling, and does not have vibration peak of carbon-silicon coupling. The ratio of vibration peak of silicon-oxygen-silicon coupling with respect to vibration peak of silicon-hydrogen coupling is 0.2 or more, measured from infrared absorption spectrum using Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. One of the microcrystal silicon films is formed in film thickness direction. The bonding rate of hydrogen bond in silylene (SiH2) coupling is 0.2-0.8.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=optionally substituted phenyl of formula (i);    R3=trimethylsilyl;    n=0-5;and    p=5-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The new polymer is obtained by polymerizing a propynyl-benzene derivative of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    R1=optionally substituted phenyl of formula (i);    n=0-5;and    R3=trimethylsilyl.    EXAMPLE - Tetra-n-butyltin (215 mu L) was added to toluene (17.1 mL) solution of tantalum pentachloride (143 mg) in nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes. Toluene solution (4.27 mL) of 4-trimethylsilyl diphenyl acetylene (1.07 g) was added to the toluene solution and stirred at 80 degrees C for 3 hours. Chloroform (200 mL) was added and the obtained product was dissolved. A polymer was precipitated by adding the chloroform solution to acetone/chloroform liquid mixture (2400 mL). The deposit was filtered and dried, to obtain a reddish brown polymer (0.725 g) with a yield of 67.8%. The polymer had excellent solubility in various solvents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains silver nanoparticles dispersed in dispersion medium which is alcohol or its aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent conductive film has haze rate of 8% or more, preferably 16% or more, and surface resistance of 20 Omega /square or less, preferably 15 Omega /square or less. The conductive film has zinc oxide-type transparent conductive film on indium oxide type transparent conductive film containing indium oxide, and tin, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum and/or zirconium. The amount of tin with respect to total amount of tin and indium is 15 atomic% or less. The amount of titanium with respect to total amount of titanium and indium is 5.5 atomic% or less. The amount of tungsten with respect to total amount of tungsten and indium is 4.3 atomic% or less. The amount of zirconium with respect to total amount of zirconium and indium is 6.5 atomic% or less. The amount of molybdenum with respect to total amount of molybdenum and indium is 6.7 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method for fabricating a heterojunction solar cell, the MG-Si substrate has a purity of at least 99.9%, and where the doping type of the MG-Si substrate is the same as that of the heavily doped crystalline-Si layer. The surface of the MG-Si substrate is further purified at a high temperature in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas (H2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The heavily doped crystalline-Si layer acts as a back-surface-field (BSF) layer, where the heavily doped crystalline-Si layer is deposited using a chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) technique, where the thickness of the heavily doped crystalline-Si layer is 1-10 mu m, and where the doping concentration for the heavily doped crystalline-Si layer is 1 x 1017/cm3 to 1 x 1020/cm3. The lightly doped crystalline-Si layer is deposited using a CVD technique, where the thickness of the lightly doped crystalline-Si layer is 5-100 mu m, and where the doping concentration for the lightly doped crystalline-Si layer is 1 x 1016/cm3 to 1 x 1017/cm3. The thickness of the passivation layer is 5-15 nm, and where the passivation layer includes at least one of: undoped a-Si or silicon oxide (SiO). The heavily doped a-Si layer is deposited using a CVD technique, where the thickness of the heavily doped a-Si layer is 10-50 nm, and where the doping concentration for the heavily doped a-Si layer is 1 x 1017/cm3 to 1 x 1020/cm3. The heavily doped and lightly doped crystalline-Si layers are p-type doped, and where the heavily doped a-Si layer is n-type doped. The heavily doped and lightly doped crystalline-Si layers are n-type doped, and where the heavily doped a-Si layer is p-type doped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous mold is made of material selected from group consisting of graphite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silica, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, boron nitride and sintered powder. The functional material formed on mold, is made of material selected from group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide and boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorptive solid material is selected from activated charcoal, zeolites, and high porosity substrates. The high porosity substrate is made from material selected from organic, ceramic and metallic materials (preferably copper, nickel, aluminum, and stainless steel).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: In the catalyst, the platinum phosphide comprises a surface layer on a platinum catalyst core, where the platinum catalyst core comprises a Pt- transition metal alloy, where the transition metal is selected from cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and combinations. The platinum phosphide is directly on a support material, where the support material is selected from a carbon support material, a metal oxide, a carbide, a nitride, a boride, and combinations. Alternatively, the catalyst comprises a platinum complex where platinum is complexed with a nonmetal or metalloid selected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), boron (B), nitrogen (N), and combinations. The platinum complex comprises a surface layer on a platinum catalyst core. The platinum complex is directly on a support material. Preferred Fuel Cell: In the fuel cell, the catalyst is located at a cathode or an anode. The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Preferred Method: In making the catalyst, the phosphiding agent is selected from elemental phosphorus (P), phosphine gas (PH3), trioctyl phosphine (TOP), phosphides, and combinations. The heating step occurs in a vacuum. The platinum catalyst and the phosphiding agent are heated at 200-1000 degrees C for 5-60 minutes. The heating step comprises treating the platinum catalyst and the phosphiding agent with microwave radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The hardly graphitized carbon material has average particle diameter of 5-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphitized material is mesocarbon pellets of graphitized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The abrasive grains are chosen from diamond grains, cubic-type boron nitride grains, alumina grains and silicon carbide grains. The metal powder contains titanium, nickel, chromium, aluminum, gallium, tin, silver, copper and/or zinc. The metal core line is covered with metal layer containing nickel, copper, tin, brass or silver. The wax material contains 0.3-5 weight% of phosphorus or boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The self-cleaning material is made of titanium dioxide, tin oxide, tungsten trioxide, zinc oxide and zirconium oxide. The self-cleaning material prevents water and dust from adhering to a nanomaterial made of titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and tungsten dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The coating agent composition further contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amide-containing repeating unit (I) is obtained by reacting hydroxyl group of hydroxyl-containing monomer, and isocyanate group of cyano group-containing compound of formula: OCN(CH2)mSiX1nR13-n. The content of olefin repeating unit with respect to total content of olefin repeating unit and amide-containing repeating unit, is 10-99 mol%. The content of amide-containing repeating unit is 1-90 mol%. The total content of olefin repeating unit and amide-containing repeating unit is 30-100 mol%. The phosphate ester-type curing catalyst is acidic phosphate compound. The organic solvent is weak solvent. Preferred Property: The phosphate ester-type curing catalyst has acid value of 10-100 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The non-fluoropolymer has acid value of 30-200 mg potassium hydroxide/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of hardening agent, phosphate ester-type curing catalyst, organic solvent and non-fluoropolymer, is 10-200 parts mass, 0.01-10 parts mass, 10-150 parts mass and 0.01-10 parts mass, with respect to 100 parts mass of fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer further contains repeating unit (a) (0-70) in which alkyl group and polymerizable unsaturated group are connected by ether linkage or ester bond, and/or repeating unit (b) (0-30) derived from hydroxyl-containing monomer. The non-fluoropolymer contains silicone resin chosen from silicone-modified epoxy resin, silicone-modified phenol resin, silicone-modified acrylic resin and silicone-modified polyester resin.
Preferred Definitions:    A'=La, Bi or Y;    A=transition metal element chosen from Cu and Mn;and    B'=Fe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitroxyl radical compound is preferably of formula (II) or (III). The nitroxyl radical compound is contained between photoelectrode and counter electrode as solution. The nitroxyl radical compound is dissolved in organic solvent, molten salt and/or ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode structure contains organic semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition contains (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer having polymeric group in side chain and an energy beam curing type monomer and/or oligomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The waste silicon raw material is generated when silicon is machined, collected (S1a) and pre-washed (S2a) using acid solution (b), organic solvent and water before melting. The method further involves washing (S7a) the silicon block with acid solutions (c) and (d), after washing with basic solution (a1) and segregating (S10a) to remove phosphorus (S8a). The molten silicon is discharged using hot-water discharge unit. Preferred Composition: The purified silicon material contains 0.3 ppm or less of boron, 0.3 ppm or less of phosphorus, 1 ppm or less of iron, 10 ppm or less of silicon carbide and 10 ppm or less of oxygen. The acid solution (a) is aqueous hydrogen fluoride or mixed solution of aqueous hydrogen fluoride and nitric acid. The concentration of hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid and sodium hydroxide is 0.5-10 %mass, 0.1-1 %mass and 1-5 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is ruthenium catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methacrylate compound and/or acrylate compound containing 1-10C fluoroalkyl group is 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate and/or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing polymer contains methacrylate compound containing 1-10C fluoroalkyl group and/or acrylate compound. The composition further contains fumed silica. The fluorine-containing polymer is copolymer of monomer chosen from 10-50 mole parts of tetrafluoroethylene having cyclic structure, 0-50 mole parts of hexafluoropropylene, 90-10 mole parts of vinylidene fluoride and 10-100 mole parts of vinyl fluoride. The fluorine-containing polymer is of formula (I), (II) or (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The wavelength of absorption edge of long-wavelength surface of organic silica-type material is 600 nm or more, in absorption spectrum. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R3,R6,R7=substituent containing alkoxysilyl (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal in the metal oxide is silicon or titanium, preferably titanium. The metal oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide or rutile-type titanium oxide. The metal oxide which forms nanostructure is different from the metal oxide in the source liquid. The solid base material contains glass, metal and/or inorganic oxide. Preferred Process: The nanostructure comprising anatase-type titanium oxide is calcined at 300-700 degrees C, or nanostructure comprising rutile-type titanium oxide is calcined at 800-1200 degrees C. The solid base material is coated with a layer containing aggregate of nanofiber, nanoparticles or nanoribbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive film used in manufacturing method of thin film solar cell is an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen-containing siloxane and platinum acetylacetonate are pre-heated and dried in a reactor with protection of nitrogen gas. The vinyl phosphonic acid is added to solution, and the solution is dripped to mixture in reactor, and continuously reacted for 1-1.5 hours. The activated carbon is added to the solution, and platinum acetylacetonate is filtered. Preferred Compound: The hydrogen-containing siloxane is ethoxysilane or methoxysilane. The vinyl phosphonic acid is trifluorovinyl phosphonic acid, styrene phosphonic acid, ethylene phosphonic acid or isopropenyl phosphonic acid. The solvent is absolute ethanol, absolute methanol, isopropanol or methylbenzene. The grain size of platinum acetylacetonate particles is 20 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali solution is 0.3-0.6 mol/L of potassium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chitosan solution is 0.5-4% chitosan solution formed by dissolving chitosan into 1-4% of dilute acetic acid solution, and fully stirring to dissolve. The compound having epoxy group is glycidyl trimethylamine hydrochloride. The chitosan is chosen from chitosan, O-carboxymethyl chitosan, and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass percent of the polyvinyl alcohol solution is 4-8%. Preferred Property: The formed film has thickness of 30-60 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Compound (I) is a compound of formula (II).R=6-12C alkyl at 3 or 4 position of thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-mix crystal coat is mixed with modified difluoro coating (0-40%, preferably 30%) and trifluorovinyl coating (60-100%, preferably 70%). The base layer includes mixture of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tinsel is copper foil, nickel foil, iron foil or cobalt foil. The substrate is transparent plastic sheet, glass sheet, printed paper, silicon chip or silica chip. The corrosive liquid contains 10-40 weight% of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The hydrocarbon gas is methane, ethane, propane or butane gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic colloid contains polyimide, photoresist material and electron-etching glue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The corroding agent contains a corrosive slurry containing ammonium hydrogen fluoride in a concentration of 20-30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium substrate is a titanium metal sheet having thickness of 0.25 mm, glass substrate coated with titanium film, or conductive glass substrate coated with titanium film. The fluoride is ammonium fluoride and/or hydrogen fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoride solution contains ethylene glycol, or water as solvent. The precursor is tetrabutyl titanate, isopropyl titanate, or tetraethyl titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The block polymer is polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene/polystyrene-polyoxyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The molten adhesive contains copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate as its main components. The polyester film has upper and lower surface layers formed of fluorine-containing thin films, and a middle layer formed of polyethylene glycol terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The platinum-ruthenium-cobalt/carbon ternary alloy nanometer catalyst has particle size of 3-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The packaging material is provided in a glue coater for even distribution of partitioning agent in the liquid-state packaging glue, before coating the packaging material on the titania film formed on the working electrode. The packaging glue is ultraviolet-radiation solidifying glue. The partitioning agent is spherical insulated particles having uniform diameter. The electrolyte is injected by instilling method or vacuum perfusion method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The catalyst is used along with platinum black.Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of platinum and gold is 0.1-10:1. The mass ratio of catalyst and platinum black is 0.1-10:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum or gold, or their alloy.The metal component of carrier is of formula: M or MN.M = iridium and/or ruthenium;andN = platinum, gold, palladium, osmium, rhodium, tantalum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tin and/or selenium.When the metal component is MN, the mass ratio between M and N is 0.5-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is stainless steel or non-transparent plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film is amorphous silicon-germanium alloy thin film, or amorphous silicon-carbon alloy thin film. Preferred Gas: The reaction gas is silicon-containing gas, germanium-containing gas or hydrogen, or silane, ethane, biborane, trimethylsilane or hydrogen. The germanium-containing gas is germane, germanium tetrafluoride and/or germanium tetrachloride. The silicon-containing gas is silane, bisilane, silicon tetrafluoride, dichlorosilane, silane fluoride and/or trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (a), the weight ratio of 200CP ethylene cellulose, 300CP ethylene cellulose, and diethylene glycolmonobutylether is 4-8%:2-6%:70-90%. In (b), the weight ratio of sheet silver power and glass powder is 85-95%:5-15%. In (c), the weight ratio of diethylene glycolmonobutylether and terpineol is 50-70%:30-50%. In (d), the fineness is less than 8 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer includes copper, indium, gallium and selenium. The transparent conductive layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide and/or indium zinc oxide. The ruthenium layer partially includes a selenide of ruthenium or a sulfide of ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The growth substrate is made of gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating layer is made of a polymer, a polyimide compound and/or an epoxy based photoresist material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stressed material is compressively stressed silicon nitride adhered to at least one side surface of the at least one silicon fin, or the stressed material is tensile strained silicon oxide or silicon nitride adhered to walls of adjacent fins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dot of active layer comprises gallium arsenide. The base material comprises aluminum-gallium arsenide (AlxGa1-xAs, where x is more than 0 to 1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is 1-propanol or 1-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The inorganic glass film has water vapor permeability of 0.01 g/(m2.day) or less. The semiconductor layer consists of porous titanium oxide supported with sensitizing dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sputtering target further contains 100 ppm or less of zirconium, silicon and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The laser energy levels during the laser doping are sufficient to cause ablation of the silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The flaky aluminum particles have an aspect ratio of 30-500, and are coated with an organic membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic membrane contains resin and aliphatic ester of fatty acid and aliphatic alcohol, and fatty amine. The paste composition further contains organic vehicle, glass frit, and metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphorus compound is chosen from phosphonic acid-type compound and phosphinic acid-type compound. The phosphorus compound is of formula: P(=O)R1(OR2)(OR3) and/or P(=O)R1R4(OR2).R1,R4=H, 1-50C hydrocarbyl, hydroxy or 1-50C hydrocarbyl containing halo, alkoxyl or amino, preferably group having aromatic ring structure;andR2,R3=H, 1-50C hydrocarbyl, hydroxy or 1-50C hydrocarbyl containing alkoxyl, and hydrocarbyl optionally includes alicyclic structure and aromatic ring structure.The phosphorus compound has phenol portion in same molecule. The phosphorus compound having phenol portion in same molecule is chosen from P(=O)R5(OR6)(OR7) and/or P(=O)R5R8(OR6).R5=1-50C hydrocarbyl containing phenol portion, hydroxy, or 1-50C containing halo, alkoxyl or amino, and phenol portion;R8=H, 1-50C hydrocarbyl, hydroxy, or 1-50C hydrocarbyl containing halo, alkoxyl or amino;andR6,R7=R2,R3, hydrocarbyl optionally includes alicyclic structure, branched structure and aromatic ring structure, and terminal of R6 and R8 are optionally coupled.The polycondensation catalyst contains aluminum salt of phosphorus compound of formula (I).R9,R10=H or 1-30C hydrocarbyl;R11=H, 1-50C hydrocarbyl, hydroxy or 1-50C hydrocarbyl containing alkoxy;R12=R11 including H;l,n=1 or more;m=0 or more;andl+m=4 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film has breaking elongation retention half life of 700 hours or more at 160 degrees C, density of 1.38-1.41 g/cm3, thermal contraction rate of -0.5% to 2% at 150 degrees C in longitudinal direction and width direction, preferably -0.5% to 0.5%, and molecular orientation value (MOR-C) of 1-2 when thickness is converted into 50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hygroscopic salt is chosen from halogenated metal salt, metal sulfate, metal acetate, amine salt, phosphoric acid compound, guanidine salt and metal hydroxide, preferably halogenated metal salt and guanidine salt. The water-soluble silicate is chosen from sodium silicate, disodium silicate, disodium silicate pentahydrate, sodium silicate nonahydrate and potassium silicate. The content of water-soluble silicate is 1-50 %mass with respect to total content of amorphous aluminum silicate and water-soluble silicate. The moisture-absorptive release sheet and release structure further contains hygroscopic salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is poly(vinylidene fluoride) or N-alkoxyalkyl polyamide. The mass ratio of adsorption agent and binder in adsorptive layer is 93:7-70:30. Alternately, the adsorptive sheet has adsorption layer formed by coating the coating liquid on sheet base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron transport material contains oxide semiconductor to which the dye is adhered. Preferred Definitions:    R 1-R 4=dialkyl aminophenyl, aminophenyl or hydroxyphenyl;and    R 5,R 6=carboxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing layer in the frameless solar cell panel contains silane-modified polyolefin, ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, or ionomer-ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, and ethylene vinylacetate or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains semiconductor material comprising titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment (I) is 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-olate. The electrolyte layer contains an electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving an electrolyte comprising iodine and iodine ion in an organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    A=aromatic group substituted by alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, sulfonic acid, ester, mercapto or phosphonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant consists of antimony, phosphorus, arsenic, boron, aluminum and gallium. The powder is made of an alloy comprising silicon and metal, where an amount of the metal is 1-99 wt.% of the anode. The metal consists of iron, lithium, sodium, magnesium, copper, nickel, zinc, aluminum, germanium, gallium, silver and manganese. The electrolyte comprises an aqueous alkaline solution, which comprises silicic acid at a concentration of 0.001-70 wt.% of the solution and a fluoride of which a concentration is 0.001-50 wt.% of the solution. The fluoride consists of hydrogen fluoride, ammonium fluoride and potassium fluoride. The catalyst consists of palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese and their oxides and/or a carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass-making feedstock contains magnesium component, calcium component, barium component, lithium component, sodium component and transition metal element component. The feedstock contains composition having oxides of silicon, aluminum, boron and sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The formation method of cathode involves using dispersion liquid in which transparent conductive oxide is dispersed, and forming auxiliary electrode (3) using nano metal, preferably silver or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Primary amine or its derivative having molecular weight of 80-300 is adhered to the surface of silver or nickel nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Photoelectric Converting Device: The substrate layer and the active layer form a solar cell or an optical sensor. The solar cell includes a material of amorphous silicon, polysilicon, crystal silicon, silicon/germanium, III-V or II-VI semiconductor, small organic molecule, polymer, dye sensitized material, or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). Each of the indented units in the top view is a triangle or a hexagon. The substrate has a textured structure, and the active layer is same in shape with the textured structure. The substrate layer comprises: (i) a flat base layer; and (ii) an interlayer, disposed on the flat base layer, having a textured structure, where the active layer is same in shape with the textured structure. The substrate layer is a flat base layer, and the active layer has a flat back surface, disposed on the flat base layer. Preferred Method: In fabricating photoelectric converting device, each of the indented units is formed as an inverted triangular pyramid. Each of the indented units is formed from three intersecting planes of a cube. The three planes of each of the indented units form an inverted triangular pyramid or form a cube by intersection. The textured structure is directly formed on the substrate layer. Forming the textured structure on the substrate layer comprises: (i) providing a flat base layer; (ii) disposing an interlayer on the flat base layer; and (iii) forming a surface structure on the interlayer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    D'=porphyrin group of formula (i) or (ii), preferably (i);    M=metal;    A=fullerene group of formula (iii) or (iv), preferably (iii);and    m,r,n,n'=1-50.    EXAMPLE - Mixture of zinc porphine Compound of formula (VI) (in mg) (500) and 18-crown-6 ether (3) was dissolved in anhydrous N-methylpyrrolidone (5 ml), 7,8-N-4-hydroxyphenyl succinimide endo-tricyclo(4.2.2.02,5)deca-3,9-diene oxy tosyl was added, heated at 80 degrees C in presence of nitrogen for 24 hours, cooled to room temperature, N-methylpyrrolidone was removed by performing vacuum distillation and dried, to obtain porphyrin-containing diblock copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lower sub-cell layer is prepared by a p-type non-crystalline silicon layer, intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and N-type non-crystalline silicon layer. The upper sub-cell layer is composed of a p-type micro-crystal silicon layer, a multi-crystal silicon layer, and a N-type multi-crystal silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carrier has pores with diameter of 2-8 nm and 20-100 nm, preferably 2-7 nm and 20-50 nm. Preferred Composition: The porous carrier contains silica, alumina and/or titania. The active metal is nickel, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum and/or palladium, preferably nickel. The catalyst further contains cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen is manufactured by hydrocarbon reforming process chosen from steam reformation, self-thermal reformation, partial oxidation reformation and carbon dioxide gas reformation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structured layer is formed by an amorphous hybrid polymer, nanocrystalline, semi-crystalline metal oxide or semi-metal oxides, preferably silicon dioxide or transparent metal oxide. The transparent metal oxide is selected from titanium dioxide, niobium oxide, manganese dioxide, manganese (III) oxide, hafnium dioxide, germanium dioxide, calcium, magnesium or yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin dioxide, gadolinium oxide, samarium oxide, lanthanum oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, lanthanum zirconate, yttrium titanate or boron oxide. The structured sublayer includes nanoparticles with a refractive index of 2.0, where the nanoparticles are produced from hydrothermal synthesis or a precipitation reaction in liquid phase. The printed gel layer is formed by hydrolysis and polycondensation of silicon, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, calcium or tin compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound has general formula of SiORxR'y, TiORxXy, ZrORxXy, AlORxXy, ZnORxXy, MgORxXy, CaORxXy or SnORxXy.R=same or different organic radicals;R'=hydrogen;X=halide; andx and y=valence number. Preferred Definitions:    R or R'=vinyl, allyl, epoxy or methacrylate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the base layer is 0.05-0.35 mm, preferably 0.15-0.2 mm. The thickness of the ultraviolet-absorbing layer is 0.001-0.01 mm, preferably 0.003-0.005 mm. The inner surface of the base layer or ultraviolet-absorbing layer is formed using fluorosilicone film-forming layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cupric salt is copper chloride, copper nitrate, copper acetate, copper sulfate, and/or copper perchlorate. The stannous salt is stannous chloride and/or stannous sulfate. The bivalent zinc salt is zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, zinc perchlorate, and/or zinc phosphate. The sulfur source is sodium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, potassium sulfide, thiourea and/or copper reagent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polar solvent is ethanol, glycol, glycerol, triethylamine, and/or triethanolamine. The non-polar solvent is toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-octane, chloroform, tetrachloromethane, and/or liquid paraffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The micro-ball preparation agent is mono-styrene whose styrene is removed after pressure reduction and distillation, silica particle or alpha -vinyl toluene, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate-1,2-diphenylethylene, cyclohexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl phenyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid. The surfactant is methacrylic acid. The initiator is potassium persulfate. Preferred Process: The dry growth process is realized by placing the container at a drying case with constant temperature at 45 plus minus 0.5 degrees C, humidity of 90% plus minus 2% for growth for one week. The sintering is realized firstly by using Ma Feilu furnace to raise temperature to 250 degrees C and keeping the temperature for more than 1 hour, burning it to remove high-molecular colloidal micro-balls between the clear glass sheet and fluorine doped tin oxide glass sheet, then raising the temperature to 450 degrees C, keeping the temperature for more than 1 hour to carry out densification process. The temperature raising ratio during the sintering is 0.2-5 degrees C/minute. The dye solution is prepared by dissolving ruthenium complex N3 dye (2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) in the anhydrous ethanol, stirring them for 12 hours at 40 degrees C to prepare 0.5 mmol dye solution. The sensitization is realized by placing the photonic crystal titanium dioxide film in the environment at normal temperature, keeping it in dark place and allowing to stand it for one night. The propylene carbonate is used as a solvent; the electrolyte is potassium iodide and iodine, in which the contents of the two parts respectively are 0.5 mol/L and 0.05mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphoric acid is condensed product of phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal silanol salt is methyl orthosilicate, tetrabutoxy titanium, tetrapropoxy titanium, tetrabutoxy zirconium, tributoxy aluminum, pentabutoxy nickel, tetrabutoxy tin, methyl trimethoxy silane or diethyl diethoxy silane. The additive is Brij 56 (RTM: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether), Pluronic F127 (RTM: block copolymer surfactant) and acetylacetone. The ionic liquid is chosen from dimethyl ethylamine/trifluoromethyl sulfonic acid ionic liquid, dimethyl ethylamine/sulfuric acid ionic liquid, dimethyl ethylamine/sulfuric acid ionic liquid, dimethyl methylamine/trifluoromethyl sulfonic-acid ionic liquid, diethylmethylamine/sulfuric acid ionic liquid, diethyl methylamine/phosphoric acid ionic liquid, and diethyl methyl amine/phosphoric acid ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic semiconductor device can be driven in air and is subjected to annealing treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A dihalo compound of formula: X-Ar2-X (1) is reacted with a cyano compound of formula: NC-CH2-C(=O)-COOR1 (2) to obtain the compound (I) or (II).Ar2=groups chosen from formulae (h)-(n);andX=halo.Preferred Process: Alternately, the dihalo compound is reacted with the cyano compound (2) to obtain a cyano compound of formula (III) or (IV). The compound (III) or (IV) is oxidized using an oxidizing agent to obtain the compound (I) or (II). Preferred Definitions:    X=Br;and    R1=methyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl or hexadecyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 11 Cyano compounds are disclosed, e.g. 5,5'-bis( alpha -cyano- alpha -butanoxycarbonylmethylene)-5,5'-dihydro- delta -terthiophene of formula (Ia), 5,5'-bis(( alpha )-cyano-( alpha )-hexanoylcarbonylmethylene)-5,5'-dihydro- delta -bithiophene, 5,5'-bis(( alpha )-cyano-( alpha )-butanoxycarbonylmethylene)-5,5'-dihydro- delta -terthiophene, 5,5'-bis(( alpha )-cyano-( alpha )-octanoxycarbonylmethylene)-5,5'-dihydro- delta -terthiophene and 2,5-bis(( alpha )-cyano-( alpha )-hexanoxycarbonylmethylene)-2,5-dihydro-thieno(3,2-b)thiophene.    EXAMPLE - Hexyl cyanoacetic acid (2.08 g) dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (15 ml) was deaerated and stirred after adding sodium hydride. Tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium (194 mg), 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (204 mg) and 5,5'-dibromo-2,2',5',2"-terthiophene (500 mg) were added and reacted. Ethanol, water and 1N hydrochloric acid solution were added in order and stirred for 30 minutes. The oil layer obtained by extraction with methylene chloride was washed with water and saturated solution, and dried, to obtain 5,5'-bis( alpha -cyano- alpha -butanoxycarbonylmethylene)-5,5'-dihydro- delta -terthiophene (498 mg) with yield of 69%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfate groups at the axial ligands replace some or all of hydroxyl groups with sulfate groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methods (M1) and (M2) further comprise displacing the metal to form a free base of (I). The method (M2) comprises condensing 1-formyl dipyrromethane with itself and condensing 1,9-diformyl dipyrromethane with dipyrromethane, or concurrently condensing 1-formyl dipyrromethane with itself while also condensing 1,9-diformyl dipyrromethane with dipyrromethane. The condensing step of (M1) and self-condensing step of (M2) are carried out in a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating solvent by microwave irradiation, and in the presence of non-coordinating or weakly coordinating base. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic palladium catalyst is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, tris(ortho-toluoyl)phosphine, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladiumchloride. The dosage of the organic palladium catalyst is 0.1-20% that of the 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-fluorene in molar weight. The alkali is metal hydroxide substance, aqueous metal carbonate solution or aqueous tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide solution and the dosage of the alkali is 1-10 times that of the 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-fluorene in molar weight. The solvent is low-polar organic solvent and/or polar aprotic organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparing (I) comprises: selecting substituted 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-fluorene of formula (a) , dibromo containing compound of formula Ar1(Br)2 and substituted 4,7-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole of formula (b) as raw materials; adding organic solvent and alkali to the materials; carrying out the reaction in presence of organic palladium catalyst to obtain (I), where the reaction temperature is 30-180 degrees C with reaction time of 1-7 days.R1-R6 = H or 1-20C alkyl; andAr1 = radical containing thiofuran.Preferred Method: The reaction temperature is 50-150 degrees C with the reaction time of 2-4 days. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = substituted thiophene-2,5-diyl, 2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-diyl of formula (c), substituted thieno(3,2-b)thiophene 2,5-diyl of formula (d), substituted dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)thiophene-2,6-diyl of formula (e), substituted 4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophene-2,6-diyl (f), substituted 7H-3,4-dithia-7-sila-cyclopenta(a)pentalene-2,5-diyl of formula (g) or substituted 4H-dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)pyrrole-2,6-diyl of formula (h);    n = 10-100; and    m = 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkoxyalkyl nitride compound is 1-80 weight%.The lithium salt has concentration of 0.5-2 M/l.The electrolyte further contains carbonate compound.Preferred Compounds: The alkoxyalkyl nitride compound is chosen from ethoxyacetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, ethoxypropionitrile, methoxypropionitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile, benzoylacetonitrile, isopropoxy propionitrile, methoxybutyronitrile, ethoxybutyronitrile, methoxyvaleronitrile and ethoxyvaleronitrile.The carbonate compound is chosen from polypropylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate and ethylpropyl carbonate.Preferred Property: The electrolyte has viscosity of 100 cP or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The alkali metal includes any one of potassium, sodium, or cesium. It is included in a layer of alkali metal alloys, a layer of alkali doped compound semiconductor, or a layer of potassium doped indium-tin-oxide. The photoactive layer has a thickness of 1-20 nm, and includes a layer of potassium having a thickness of 3-5 nm. The electron acceptor layer has a thickness of 1-5 nm, and is an insulating material or a semi-conducting material. The semi-conducting material comprises an alkali oxide layer including potassium oxide, sodium oxide, or cesium oxide. The semi-conducting material also comprises an alkali-earth layer including magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, or barium oxide. The first electrode has a higher work function than the second electrode. The first electrode includes a layer of gold formed on a glass substrate, to form a positive metal electrode. The second electrode includes a layer of aluminum formed on a glass substrate, to form a negative metal electrode. Preferred Method: In making the photovoltaic device, providing an alkali metal includes providing any one of a layer of alkali metal alloys, a layer of alkali doped compound semiconductor, or a layer of potassium doped indium-tin-oxide. Forming the electron acceptor layer includes forming an electron acceptor layer using an insulating material or an electron acceptor layer using a semi-conducting material. The method also comprises providing the first electrode with a higher work function than the second electrode. Forming the first electrode includes forming a layer of gold on a glass substrate. Forming the second electrode includes forming a layer of aluminum on a glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrode is made of oxide of a transition metal or an element of third main group, and fourth, fifth or sixth subgroup of the periodic table of the elements, preferably titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium or hafnium. The semiconductor electrode is made of one or multiple bismuth-containing compounds. The bismuth-containing compound is oxygen-containing bismuth compound or a halogen-containing bismuth compound. The bismuth-containing compound is selected from bismuth trioxide, BiOX or BiX3. The bismuth-containing compound is bismuth complex compound with organic ligands.X=F, CI, Br or I.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating formulation comprises not greater than 3 wt.% solids. The film forming component comprises greater than or equal to 30 wt.% nanoparticles including inorganic oxide or inorganic oxide precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent component comprises a solvent from methanol, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, 1-propanol, 2-propanol or 1-methoxypropan-2-ol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and/or 2-methyl-2-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film forming component comprises oligomeric or polymeric compound(s). The optical coating is an anti-reflective or UV coating. The optically coated substrate is an anti-reflective coated glass plate or anti-reflective coated plastic substrate. EXAMPLE - A coating composition contained core shell nanoparticles produced using latex and tetramethoxysilane. The weight ratio of the resultant silica to latex was 4:1. A film was applied to the glass substrate at 2-20 m/minute. After the coating application, the coated substrates were dried under ambient conditions (22 degrees C and 14-29% relative humidity) for greater than or equal to 5 minutes. Subsequently the coated substrates were thermally cured in an oven at 450 degrees C for 1 hour. The temperature ramp-up from room temperature towards 450 degrees C took approximately 1 hour and the cooling down till 70 degrees C greater than or equal to 4 hours. The curing process converted the silica coated latex nanoparticles into hollow silica nanoparticles, with the latex core thermally degrading during the curing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material gas of plasma chemical vapor deposition consists of one chosen from the group containing silicon containing gas, carbon containing gas and germanium containing gas. The material gas has diluent gas containing hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is formed of polymide, polyamide, polyimidoamide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide, polyetheretherketone and polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An etchant and a dopant are used in the production of front-and-back contact solar cells. The etchant is selected from phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, potassium chloride, hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine compounds, sulfuric acid or their mixture. The dielectric layer is selected from silicon nitrides, silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide, magnesium fluoride, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide or silicon carbides. The dopant is selected from phosphorus, boron, aluminum, indium, gallium or their mixture, preferably phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, hydrogen phosphate solution, borax, boric acid, borates, perborates, boron compounds, gallium compounds or their mixture. The metal seed layer is selected from aluminum, nickel, titanium, chromium, tungsten, silver or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The treatment liquid comprises ethylhexanol or cyclohexanol (0.5-3 wt.%) as an additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from gold, silver, copper and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 8C or less alkane (40-99 %mass with respect to total dispersion liquid) is heptane or octane. The organic substance includes nitrogen, carbon and oxygen, and has molecular weight of 100-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction mixture further comprises a catalyst. The catalyst is selected from Bronsted acids, Lewis acids, Bronsted bases, Lewis bases, free radical initiators, or transition metal complexes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The step of forming the pre-SOF involves heating the reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst; heating the reaction mixture at a temperature that is lower than the boiling point of the reaction mixture; and exposing the reaction mixture to UV irradiation. The catalyst is optionally present in the dry SOF. The duration of pre-SOF formation lasts 10 sec to 48 hours. The weight of the catalyst divided by the total weight of the molecular building blocks is 0.0001-0.25. Preferred Components: The liquid-containing reaction mixture optionally comprises secondary component or solvents, as an added functionality. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first phase comprises polybenzimidazole and phosphoric acid. The second phase comprises silicon carbide and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cells are wafer-based solar cells comprising one or both of monocrystalline silicon, multi-crystalline silicone or where the solar cells are thin film solar cells comprising at least one materials selected from amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper indium/gallium diselenide, light absorbing dyes, and organic semiconductors. The mounting device is made of plastic or metal (preferably steel, aluminum, titanium, brass, lead, chrome, copper, and their alloys).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second encapsulant layer comprises at least one polymeric material selected from copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ionomers, poly(ethylene vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl chlorides), polyethylenes, polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, silicone elastomers, and epoxy resins. The second outer protective layer comprises materials selected from glass sheets; polymeric sheets comprising polymers selected from polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters, and fluoropolymers; and polymeric films comprising polymers selected from polyesters, polycarbonates, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrenes, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophanes, poly(vinyl chlorides), and fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The lateral conduction layer is a highly doped layer. It comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs). The substrate is germanium (Ge). The bypass diode further comprises GaAs layer disposed over the first InGaP layer, and a second InGaP layer disposed over the GaAs layer. The integrated semiconductor structure further comprises a second metal layer deposited over the second InGaP layer and forming a Schottky junction with the second InGaP layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group Ib element is copper and silver. The group IIIb element is aluminum, gallium and indium. The group VIb element is sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The diffusion barrier layer contains chromium and titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyacids are molybdic acid and/or tungstic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Photovoltaic Device: The active layer comprises poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid-methyl ester (PCBM) as a bulk heterojunction active layer. The photovoltaic device further comprises a buffer layer comprising a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-type polymer. The nanohole film is a metal film with subwavelength apertures. Preferably, the nanohole film is a silver film with subwavelength apertures. The nanohole film subwavelength apertures are less than 300 nm. The fractional coverage of the nanoholes across the electrode surface is less than 0.3. Preferred Method: Producing a nanostructured electrode further comprises washing the substrate prior to depositing the metal film. It also comprises heating the substrate to reduce aggregation of the spheres. The spheres are deposited on the substrate by contacting the substrate with a solution comprising spheres and a salt. The method also comprises altering the salt concentration of the solution comprising the spheres and the salt to change the density of spheres deposited on the substrate. The spheres are also charged. The spheres are removed by sonicating the metal film-coated substrate. Preferably, the metal film is a silver film. In determining the optical characteristics of a nanohole electrode, the nanohole electrode comprises a different nanohole aperture size and/or a different nanohole surface coverage than the reference nanohole electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: At least some of the photosynthetic microorganisms are on the cathode electrode. The anode electrode is non-corrosive in the anolyte, and the cathode electrode is a non-conductor that is non-corrosive in the catholyte. The cathode electrode comprises graphite, gold, carbon cloth, carbon fibers, steel, titanium, or platinum; and the anode electrode comprises graphite, gold, carbon cloth, carbon fibers, steel, titanium, or platinum. The wall seals the interior of the container structure. A cathode reaction at the cathode electrode is catalyzed by microorganisms in the catholyte, and an anode reaction at the anode electrode is catalyzed by microorganisms in the anolyte. The semi-permeable barrier comprises a synthetic membrane, a synthetic membrane incorporating microorganisms, or a microbial biofilm. The anode electrode is non-corrosive in the anolyte, and where the cathode electrode is a non-conductor that is non-corrosive in the catholyte. The catholyte and the photosynthetic organisms are obtained from seawater, and the anolyte is obtained from anoxic marine sediment. Preferred Method: In storing sunlight-derived energy and providing electrical power, photosynthetic organisms are exposed to light intermittently, and where the conduction of electrical current from the anode electrode through the external circuit to the cathode electrode continues during time when the photosynthetic organisms are not exposed to light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal of the polymeric metal oxide nano-dot is selected from aluminum, tin, magnesium, calcium, titanium, manganese, zinc, gold, silver, copper, nickel, and iron. The metalloid of polymeric metalloid oxide nano-dot is silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dot: The functional group of the surface portion of the nano-dot is selected from a functional group having amino, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, halo, or phosphite group. Preferred Method: The weight percent concentration of the modifier diluted with the solvent is (0.1-99.9 wt.%). The weight percent concentration of the nano-dot solution of the polymeric metal oxide, polymeric metalloid oxide, or polymeric metal alloy oxide is (0.1-20 wt.%). Preferred Components: The modifier has amino, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, halo, or phosphite group. The modifier having the amino group is 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The modifier having the alkyl group is n-octyltrimethoxysilane. The modifier having the alkenyl group is vinyltrimethoxysilane. The solvent is tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene or alcohol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (a) is chosen from silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, vanadium oxide, gallium oxide and titanium oxide. The content of compound (a) is less than 4 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electroconductive powder is surface treated using cationic surfactant. The dispersion liquid is dried by vacuum freezing treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cationic surfactant is alkylamine salt-type surfactant of formula: (R-NH3+)(CH3COO-).R=8-20C alkyl or alkylallyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, indium, and gallium. The germinal layer is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, nickel, titanium, chromium, tungsten, and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant is selected from the group consisting phosphorus and boron. The dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting silicon nitride, magnesium fluoride, titanium dioxide, silicon carbide and alumina. An etching agent is selected from the group consisting of phosphorus trichloride, and phosphorus pentachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The reaction temperature is 100-600 degrees C (preferably 150-300 degrees C). Preferred Component: The metal containing catalyst contains group VIA metal, group VIIA metal, group VIII metal, group IB metal, group IIB metal and/or their allows. The metal is palladium, platinum, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, zinc and/or rhenium. The metal containing catalyst contains boron, tin, germanium and/or bismuth. The metal containing catalyst is supported by a carrier such as oxide and/or activated carbon. The oxide is silica, alumina, zirconia, zeolite, titania, ceria and/or silica-alumina. The amount of metal containing catalyst used is 0.1-30 mass% with respect to the carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water-soluble hydrocarbon has 2-12 carbons. The water-soluble hydrocarbon is glycerol, glyceraldehyde, glucose, sorbitol or sucrose. The water-soluble hydrocarbon is glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic powder contains silicon dioxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material of middle reflecting layer is mixture of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. The mixture is of formula SiOxNy. The refractive index changing curve of middle reflecting layer in width direction is sine curve or square wave curve. A rear reflecting layer is disposed between second photovoltaic structure and first electrode and has variable refractive index in width direction. The refractive index changing curve of rear reflecting layer in width direction is sine curve or square wave curve. The first and second photovoltaic structures are P-Type Intrinsic N-Type (PIN) nodes or NIP nodes. The PIN and NIP nodes are non-crystal silicon or silicon crystal materials.y/(x+y)=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The amorphous metal oxide is amorphous n-type metal oxide chosen from indium zinc gallium oxide, indium zinc aluminum oxide and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hole transportation layer contains a hole transport material containing an aromatic amine derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is formed using a transparent resin material having flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is nitrate, oxalate, sulfate, carbonate, halide or oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The method further involves using hydrazine solvent, 1-5C lower alcohol or alcohol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of rhodium is 0.1-1 weight% with respect to total weight of catalyst. The content of nickel is 10-24 weight% with respect to total weight of catalyst. Preferred Property: The rhodium has specific surface area of 100-300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid petroleum gas is propane and/or butane. The volume ratio of propane and butane is 10-40:60-90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The molybdenum (Mo) plate contains 99.7% of Mo, 0.0060% of iron (Fe), 0.003% of silicon (Si), 0.001% of aluminum (Al), 0.002% of nickel (Ni), 0.001% of calcium (Ca), less than or equal to 0.001% of magnesium (Mg), 0.005% of carbon (C), 0.002% of nitrogen (N), 0.001% of oxygen (O), 0.0005% hydrogen (H) and 0.025% of tungsten (W).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of carbon nanometer material in the anode plate, the cathode plate, the negative-type semiconductor and the positive-type semiconductor material is 1-40 wt.%. The carbon nanometer material is the carbon nanometer powder and/or carbon nanotube. The purity of the carbon nanometer material is 50-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group XI element is copper, silver or gold, preferably copper or silver. The group XII element is zinc or cadmium, preferably zinc. The group XIV element is silicon, germanium, tin or lead, preferably tin. The group XVI element is oxygen, sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium, preferably sulfur and/or selenium. Preferred Condition: The liquid mixture is heated at 240-300 degrees C. Preferred Process: The liquid mixture is cooled after heating to obtain semiconductor nanoparticles. The obtained semiconductor nanoparticles are separated in the form of supernatant liquid, and added to an insoluble or slightly soluble solvent to obtain a precipitate. The obtained precipitate is added to an organic solvent to obtain semiconductor nanoparticle solution. Preferred Structure: Semiconductor nanoparticles have stannite-type crystal structure, in which portion of group XI element and group XIV element is substituted by group XII element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fat-soluble solvent is nitrogen compound having 4-20C hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst coating comprises copper, zinc, zirconium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, cerium, silicon, silica, titanium or their oxides, aluminum nitrates, acetates, chlorides, oxychlorides or other soluble salts, and aerogel of zirconia, alumina, ceria, calcia and/or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises reacting (I) (where at least one of R1-R4 is Cl or Br) with a phthalimide compound of formula (IIa) to give (I).M+ = cation. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. 4,5-bis-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-3,6-dioxo-cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,2-dicarbonitrile of formula (IA).    EXAMPLE - 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-benzoquinone (33.4 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (500 ml) and the obtained mixture was mixed with phthalimide potassium salt (54.5 g). Then the resulting mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 12 hours to obtain a dark brown suspension. After cooling, the precipitate was sucked off, and the obtained residue was suspended in water (500 ml) and stirred for 1 hour at 90 degrees C. The resulting residue was washed with hot water (1000 ml) in several portions, and then washed once with ethanol and the obtained product was dried in a vacuum oven at 100 degrees C to obtain 4,5-bis-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-3,6-dioxo-cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,2-dicarbonitrile (9.3 g, yellow solid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is solid crosslinking agent, preferably organic peroxide. The content of vinyl acetate in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Compound: The plasticizer is phosphorus-containing compound, preferably phosphite compound. The phosphite compound is of formula: P(OR1)3.R1=linear or branched 1-20C alkyl, aryl or aralkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The vinyl acetate content of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The amount of crosslinking agent with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer is 0.5-2.5 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polysulfide, cellulose, aramid, polyimide, polyamidoimide, nylon, modified polypropylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further contains gelatinizer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon compound is chosen from propane, acetylene and methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second anti-reflected layer is made of silicon dioxide. The first, fourth and sixth oxide layers are made of silicon dioxide. The second, fifth and seventh oxide layers are titanium oxide, niobium oxide and tantalum oxide. The third oxide layer is a mixture of silicon dioxide and niobium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic is made of polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diene group is diene, furfuryl, cyclohexadiene or anthracene (preferably bis(3-furfuryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazinyl)isopropane). The dienophile group is maleimide, maleic anhydride, acrylate, methacrylate, methylmethacrylate or alkyne (preferably bismaleimide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molecular weight of the polymer is 1000-300000. The polymer undergoes a crosslinking reaction by a heat treatment, where heat energy causes ring-opening of benzoxazine groups in the polymer main chains which undergo crosslinking reaction to produce a crosslinked polymer. EXAMPLE - Bis(3-furfuryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazinyl)isopropane (23.5 g) and bismaleimide (17.9 g) in dried tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) was charged into a 250 ml round-bottom flask with stirring. The reaction system was kept at 80 degrees C for 120 hours. The reaction mixture was precipitated in excess acetone and purified by repeated dissolution-precipitation process for 3 times. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at 50 degrees C overnight to produce polybenzoxazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The isocyanate-functional component is aliphatic urethaneacrylate. The temporary carrier film consists of fluoropolymer such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyolefin, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acrylic styrene acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate, acrylic styrene acrylonitrile/polycarbonate, polycarbonate/polybutyleneterephthalate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate and/or polyvinylacetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of copper and molybdenum is 5-10:1. The catalyst contains 0.1-20 wt.% of copper and 0.1-10% of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is selected from a group consisting of oxidation silicon, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide and fluorinated magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution further contains organic peroxide chosen from 2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-dihydroperoxide, 2,5-di-methyl-2,5-(t-butylperoxyhexane), 3-t-butylperoxide, alpha , alpha '-bis-t-butylperoxy isopropylbenzene, n-butyl-4,4-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane, 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-biscyclohexane, 1,1-bis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, t-butylperoxy benzoate and benzoyl peroxide. The silane coupling agent is chosen from propyltrimethoxy silane and ( beta )-(3,4-ethoxycyclohexyl)ethyl-trimethoxy silane. The additive is chosen from ultraviolet absorber and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrotalcite-type acid acceptor has particle size of 0.1-1 mu m. The molar ratio of magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide in acid acceptor is 4-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has vinyl acetate content of 25-33%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic nanoparticle is made of titanium, zirconium, strontium, zinc, indium, lanthanum, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, samarium, gallium, cadmium, selenium, silver, lead and bismuth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer material is selected from polyperfluoro sulfonic acid, polyalkylene ether, polyether-ether-ketone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethyleneimine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter of the quantum dot is 10 nm to 1 mu m. Preferred Composition: The quantum dot is cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury sulfide, mercury telluride, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, cadmium-selenium sulfide, cadmium-selenium telluride, cadmium-zinc sulfide, cadmium-zinc selenide, cadmium-zinc telluride, cadmium-mercury sulfide, cadmium-mercury selenide, cadmium-mercury telluride, zinc-selenium sulfide, zinc-selenium telluride, mercury-selenium sulfide, mercury-selenium telluride, mercury-zinc sulfide, mercury-zinc selenide, cadmium-zinc oxide, cadmium-mercury oxide, zinc-mercury oxide, zinc-selenium oxide, zinc-tellurium oxide, cadmium-selenium oxide, cadmium-tellurium oxide, mercury-selenium oxide, mercury-tellurium oxide, cadmium-zinc-selenium sulfide, cadmium-zinc-selenium telluride, cadmium-mercury-selenium sulfide, cadmium-mercury-selenium telluride, mercury-zinc-selenium sulfide, mercury-zinc-selenium telluride, cadmium-zinc-selenium oxide, cadmium-zinc-tellurium oxide, indium nitride, gallium-arsenic nitride, gallium-antimony nitride, aluminum-arsenic nitride, aluminum-antimony nitride, indium-tin nitride, aluminum-gallium nitride and/or lead sulfide. The quantum dot is doped with metal elements chosen from nickel, copper, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, iridium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photoactive layer further contains conductive polymer. The conductive polymer is poly-3-hexylthiophene, polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyvinyl pyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or poly(3-octylthiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The boron compound is an alkali metal borohydride, an alkali metal dodecahydrododecaborate, a butyldimethylpyrrolidinium octahydrotriborate or a butyldimethylimidazolium octahydrotriborate. The boron compound is dissolved in an aqueous or organic solvent, especially perfluorohexane, perfluoroheptane, perfluoro-tri-t-butylamine, perfluorodecalin, perfluoro-N-propylmorpholine, di-t-butyl ether or ethyl t-butyl ether. The solvent forms a Lewis acid-base adduct with the boron compound, especially a borane-tetrahydrofuran or borane-dimethyl ulfide complex. The liquid jet also contains an aluminum compound, especially sodium aluminum hydride, dialuminum hexahydride or a tetralkylaluminate. The laser beam is directed into the liquid jet by total reflection. The liquid jet is laminar, with a diameter of 20-100 microns. Local heating of the substrate surface is limited to a region defined by the liquid jet. The heating results in dissociation of the boron compound. The substrate is silicon, glass, a silicon-containing ceramic or a composite thereof. The structuring involves edge isolation of a silicon solar cell, especially a back-contacted or post-metallized solar cell. The doping provides a highly positively doped emitter in a semiconductor component, especially a solar cell. The highly positively doped emitter serves as a diffusion barrier for a contact metal applied over it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer is formed from silicon nitride, or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflective components comprise silver. The adhesive components comprise silicon. The adhesion alloy layer comprises silver and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Solar Module: At least one focusing element (300) is arranged to at least one side of the housing (500). At least one reflective cavity (200) is arranged within the housing (500) by covering the internal walls of the housing with reflective material. The additional photocurrent produced from focused and entrapped photons by the solar cell is arranged to compensate for or offset the cost of the reflective cavity (200), housing (500) and/or focusing element (300). The solar module (10) housing (500) is made from porous ceramic, the focusing element (300) is made from plastic, and/or the reflective cavity (200) is realized by covering the inside walls of the housing (500) with mirror foil. The housing (500) and the focusing element (300) are made from any material or plastic into one integral element. The housing (500), the reflective cavity (200), the focusing element (300), diffracting/diffusing element (400), or any other part of the solar module (10) are based on any metal or alloy, ceramic, porous ceramic, glass, plastic, composite, polymer, rubber, foam, wood and/or wood product. There is a vacuum or low density gas inside at least one reflective cavity (200). At least one solar module (10) is aggregated to form a solar panel comprising one or more solar modules (10). Several solar cells (100, 101, 102) of different spectral responses are arranged into the reflective cavity (200), and/or at least one solar cell (100, 101, 102) is a tandem solar cell. The photocurrent collected by the solar cells (100, 101, 102) is collected by at least one electrical conductor arranged to lead out of the solar module (10). The solar module (10) is arranged to be used as building material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen fluoride solution of 1%-40% and 1%-20% concentration is used for metal oxidation treatment and hydrophilic treatment of gallium arsenide-indium phosphide wafer respectively. 0.5%-5% of hydrogen peroxide solution is used for element processing treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multi-organic solvents are selected from ethanol, acetone or triclene, which are used for cleaning the organic pollutants on the wafer surface of gallium arsenide-indium phosphide wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The single multi-laminated PIN thin film solar battery further comprises another battery of 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-layer structure made selectively of mu c-Si, A-Si, mu c-SiC, A-SiC, and A-SiC. Every PIN junction among the multiple multi-laminated PIN thin film solar batteries is replaced with PN junction. The multiple multi-laminated PIN thin film solar batteries further comprise other batteries of 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-junction made selectively of mu c-Si, A-Si, mu c-SiC, A-SiC, and A-SiC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation resin layer contains iron oxide, high-resistance carbon, or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The wavelength-conversion layer of photovoltaic device has corrugated structure having elevation difference of 300 nm to 100 mu m. The in-plane periods of the corrugated structure are 300 nm to 50 mu m. The wavelength-conversion layer of photovoltaic device is formed using inkjet system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average primary particle diameter of the nanoparticles is 1-60 nm. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles are silica particles, semiconductor fine particles and/or rare-earth ion-doped oxide fine particles. The semiconductor fine particles are zinc oxide semiconductor fine particles. The rare-earth element is europium, erbium, dysprosium and/or neodymium. The oxide fine particles are oxides of yttrium, vanadium and/or bismuth. The silica particles are colloidal silica. The resin composition further contains aminosilane coupling agent as silicon compound, aluminum compound, gallium compound, indium compound, phosphorus compound and/or tin compound. Preferred Process: The nanoparticles are conjugated with 2 or more of other nanoparticles to obtain composite particles (4). The obtained composite particles are mixed with resin, crushed mechanically and dispersed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aminosilane coupling agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl-dimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is acrylic resin, epoxy resin or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The resin film is polyester film which is polyethylene terephthalate film or polyethylene naphthalate film. Preferred Compound: The epoxy compound is silane coupling agent having epoxy group and alkoxy group, epoxy modified diene-type copolymer, epoxidized vegetable oil and/or unsaturated epoxy copolymer. Preferred Composition: The resin composition layer further contains 0.1-5 parts weight of crosslinking agent and 0.1-5 parts weight of adjuvant with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Process: The resin film layer is oxidized by performing corona discharge treatment, ozone treatment, flame processing and/or plasma processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The epoxy compounds are silane coupling agents having epoxy group and alkoxy group, epoxy-modified diene-type copolymer, epoxidized vegetable oil, and/or unsaturated epoxy copolymer, preferably silane coupling agents having epoxy group and alkoxy group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) consists of polyester film, fluororesin film, polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalene film, or polyvinyl fluoride resin film, preferably polyester film, or polyvinyl fluoride resin film. The layer (B) contains alumina vapor deposited-polyethylene terephthalate film, silica vapor deposited-polyethylene terephthalate film, or aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A dipyrromethene-type compound of formula (II) reacts with boron tribromide, to obtain compound (I). Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is preferably of formula (III). Preferred Property: The compound (I) has maximum absorption wavelength of 700 nm or more. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4,R10-R13=H, hydroxy or alkoxy.    EXAMPLE - Pyrromethene boron chelate compound (0.7 g) of formula (IV) was dissolved in dry methylene chloride (in ml) (50) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 degrees C, 1 M boron tribromide dichloromethane solution (18) was slowly dripped for 30 minutes and stirred at room temperature for 67 hours. Then, saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate aqueous solution (300) was added, pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 7-8, the reaction mixture was extracted using ethyl acetate, sodium sulfate was added, the organic layer formed during the reaction process was washed using water (500), concentrated, n-hexane was added and reprecipitated, to obtain dibenzo pyrromethene boron chelate compound of formula (V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation method includes dropping NaOH aqueous solution into copper chloride (CuCl2) aqueous solution at 50-70 degrees C, and stirring intensively to make mol ratio of hydroxy ion (OH-) to copper ion (Cu2+) be 0.5:1; centrifuging obtained turbid liquid with centrifuge to obtain green precipitate, and rinsing green precipitate with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol respectively for 3-5 times to remove soluble ion in green precipitate; and drying at 70 degrees C, and obtaining atacamite. The ultrasonic process is carried out for not less than 30 minutes. Preferred Components: The Cu(OH)2 nanometer material Cu(OH)2 nanowires, and mixture consisting of Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles and nanorods. The copper oxide nanometer material is CuO nanowires with primary structure, nanometer sheet with secondary structure, mixture of CuO nanoparticles and nanorod.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vol. ratio of deionized water to absolute ethyl alcohol is 0.5:1-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The ceramic precursor is sol-form organometallic compound containing element chosen from silicon, aluminum, lithium, zirconium, titanium, zinc and barium. The ceramic precursor contains polysilazane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The moisture-proof film further has synthetic-resin layer. The synthetic resin in the synthetic-resin layer is cycloolefin type-resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode material layer comprises metal oxide semiconductor porous layer and titania layer is formed on electrode layer using nitric acid titanyl solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photosensitized dye comprises ruthenium complex type sensitizing dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass frit has average particle diameter of 0.5-3 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of glass frit is 7-35 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive powder is silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material is formed by coating and baking a resin-like polyimide or the solution of polyamic acid which is a polyimide precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition contains (in %mass) zinc oxide (7.9 or less), calcium oxide (0.1-20), barium oxide (0.1-20) and silica (3 or less). The electrode forming material contains glass powder (0.2-10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal powder contains silver, aluminum, gold, copper, palladium, platinum and/or their alloys, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light absorption layer contains chalcopyrite compound chosen from copper(indium,gallium)selenide, copper(indium,gallium)selenide sulfide and (copper indium sulfide). The lower electrode layer is molybdenum layer and the upper electrode layer is transparent conductive film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer contains repeating unit (0.1-7 mol%) derived from monomer of formula: CH2=CX(CF2)nY'.X,Y'=H or fluoro;andn=2-8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Properties: The non-woven fabric has weight of 1-300 g/m2, maximum strength of more than 60 N/10 cm along vertical direction, and maximum hardness of more than 400 N/10 cm along vertical direction. Portion(s) of intersection of interfiber is fixed by melting, which is carried out by hot pressing. The fabric is produced by melting blowing method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of inorganic oxide nanoparticles is 20 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy is aluminum-silicon alloy, zinc-silicon alloy or aluminum-zinc-silicon alloy, preferably aluminum-silicon alloy. Preferred Process: The refined silicon melt is crystallized to form large-sized silicon crystals. The separation process is carried out by centrifugation or filtration process. The pre-purification and provision of the melt to hypereutectic state is performed in a primary furnace which is connected to the furnace. The melt containing large-sized silicon crystals obtained in the furnace is transferred to a centrifugal, the crystals are moved towards the walls of the centrifugal and silicon-containing melt in the middle portion is decanted from the centrifugal. The obtained crystals are re-melted and subjected to casting process to obtain solar grade silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor junction layer comprises an absorber layer made of cadmium telluride and a window layer made of cadmium sulfide. The buffer layer is made of zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide. The transparent conductive layer is made of tin oxide, with or without fluorine doping, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The 1st catalyst particles contain alumina.The 2nd catalyst particles contain at least one of copper, zinc, chromium, or nickel.The 2nd catalyst particles further contain platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves separating hydrogen gas swept away with steam from steam by condensing steam. The process (P2) further involves removing water from reactant gases; heating heated environment by burning some of hydrogen gas; producing steam by passing some of water through a heat exchanger; heating heated environment to a temperature of greater than 550 degrees C. In the process (P2), the fuel cell generates water when producing power and the water is recycled for use in reacting with hydrocarbon fuel. The step of providing a hydrocarbon fuel involves providing a hydrocarbon fuel selected from diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, propane, natural gas and alcohols. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of ammonium sulfide solution and distilled water is 8:90-95. The sulfur content of ammonium sulfide is 7-95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyamide resin other than metaxylylene group-containing polyamide resin is aliphatic polyamide resin obtained by polycondensation reaction of 4-12C aminocarboxylic acid, ring-opening-polymerization reaction of 4-12C lactam, copolymerization of aliphatic polyamide resin, or polycondensation reaction of ( alpha ),( omega )-linear 4-12C aliphatic diamine and ( alpha ),( omega )-linear 4-12C aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. Preferred Process: The radiation film is obtained by uniaxially-stretching the film formed by fusion forming method using the polyamide resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is manganese. The metal oxide is manganese oxide or magnetite. The metal fluoride is iron fluoride or nickel fluoride. The hydrate of the metal fluoride is iron (III) trifluoride trihydrate, manganese (III) fluoride trihydrate or nickel fluoride tetrahydrate. Preferred Material: The gas detector is installed at the back side of the discharge portion, and the gas generated by decomposition of nitrogen trifluoride is detected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The saturated hydrocarbon has a structure of formula (I).R=H or 1-6 alkyl;andn=1-12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The cation polymeric compound contains an epoxy compound having a saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon group or 2 or more cyclohexyl groups in a repeating unit, preferably an oxetane compound having a hydroxyl group or an epoxy compound having a hydroxyl group, or an oxetane compound having a silicone skeleton or an epoxy compound having a silicone skeleton. Preferred Composition: The sealing agent further contains a flat inorganic powder as a filler, a silane coupling agent, and a curing retarder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent further contains 4C or less alcohol-based solvent. The total content of potassium carbonate and hydrotalcite is 0.5-10 %mass. The mass ratio of the content of potassium carbonate with respect to content of hydrotalcite is 4/96-80/20. The monomer is cyclohexyl vinyl ether or hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether. The organic solvent is ketone-based solvent, ether-based solvent and/or ester-based solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves filtering the reaction liquid obtained by carrying out solution-polymerization to remove insoluble components. Preferred Property: The chromaticity of the fluoroolefin copolymer solution containing potassium carbonate, and which do not contain hydrotalcite is 30-60%. Preferred Composition: The coating material component includes resin excluding organic solvent, hardening agent, coloring agent and/or fluoroolefin copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon particles have ave. particle diameter of 0.005-0.08 mu m. Preferred Components: The catalyst microparticles in catalyst layer of cathode are platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The compound (I) is (3,5-dimethyl-4 methyltoluoylene ether) polymer, (3,5-diethyl-4 methyltoluoylene ether) polymer, (3,5-methoxy-4 methyltoluoylene ether) polymer, or (3,5-ethoxy-4 methyltoluoylene ether) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reactant (A) comprises trimethylaluminum, isopropanol, dimethylaluminum, tert-butoxy dimethylaluminum, or sec-butoxy dimethylaluminum, preferably trimethylaluminum. Reactant (B) is water. The third reactant is tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coating takes place via printing-, spraying-, rotolining- or dipping-process. The thermal treatment takes place at 250-360 degrees C. Preferred Components: The indium alkoxide is indium(III) alkoxide. The indium(III) alkoxide is an alkoxide of formula (In(OR)3). The amount of the indium alkoxide is 1-15, preferably 2.5-7.5 wt.%. The composition exhibits a viscosity of 1 mPas to 10 Pas. The substrate is glass, silicon, silicon dioxide, a metal, a transition metal oxide or a polymeric material.OR = 1-15C-alkoxy- or -oxyalkylalkoxy group, preferably OCH3, OCH2CH3, OCH2CH2OCH3, OCH(CH3)2 (preferred) or O(CH3)3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is an aprotic or weak(ly) protic solvent, preferably isopropanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tert-butanol or toluene. EXAMPLE - A doped silicon substrate (with an edge length of 15 mm and silicon dioxide coating thickness of 200 nm) was coated with 5 wt.% of a solution (100 mu l) containing indium(II) isopropoxide in isopropanol per spin coating (2000 rotations per minute). In order to exclude water, dry solvents (with less than 200 ppm of water) were used and the coating was carried out further in a glove box. The coated substrate was thermally treated in air at 350 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain semiconductive indium oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide layer with high refractive index is 5-25 nm in thickness. The porous silicon oxide layer is 100-150 nm in thickness. The alcohol is ethanol. The acid is acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. The mol ratio of precursor, deionized water, acid, and alcohol is 1:1-5:0.5-2.5:45-250. The catalyst is hydrochloric acid or aqueous ammonia. The silane coupling agent is gamma-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, tridecyl fluoro-octyl triethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, or (3-chloropropyl) trimethoxy silane. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, glycol, or isopropanol. The mol ratio of silicon source, deionized water, catalyst, solvent, and silane coupling agent is 3:1-5:1-3:60-100:1.5-3.75. Preferred Conditions: Curing is carried out at 200-550 degrees C for 1-180 minutes. Coating is carried out via spin coating, pulling method, spraying or printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The model thin film layer with crystallographic biaxially textured structure is prepared by substrate deposition method at greater than or equal to 20 degrees C. It includes magnesium oxide, cerium oxide (CeO2), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide, and/or gadolinium zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7). The physical vapor deposition is a controllable transfer process for transferring atoms from source material to thin film via thermal evaporation of material, or a physical process of sputtering the material surface under ion bombardment. It includes vacuum resistor evaporation, vacuum electron beam evaporation, direct current sputtering, ion beam sputtering, ion plating, pulse laser deposition, or molecular beam epitaxy. The CVD is a technology for generating solid thin film using gaseous pioneer reactant by chemical reaction of atoms or molecules. It includes low voltage CVD, laser assisted CVD, plasma enhanced CVD, or metal organic compound CVD. The semiconductor thin film layer comprises direct band gap semiconductor, indirect band gap semiconductor, and/or multi-band semiconductor. It is doped with minor elements for obtaining the needed N-type semiconductor or P-type semiconductor characteristic. The semiconductor thin film is 1-10 mu m in thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support plate is made of copper, aluminum, stainless steel or iron. The inner fin arranged on the apheliotropic portion of the support plate is made of copper, aluminum, stainless steel or iron. The light acceptance portion is made of glass or toughened glass. The apheliotropic portion is made of glass, toughened glass, copper, aluminum, stainless steel or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The material (M1) is Ca2Fe1.8Co0.2O5, Ca2Fe1.6Co0.4O5, or Ca2Fe1.4Co0.6O5. Preferred Definitions:    A=Ca, Sr or Ba; and    M=Co, Mn or Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The membrane obtained in the step (d) is further soaked in water for 6-12 hours before use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The injector manifolds are located on the opposite side of the process chamber from the exhaust manifolds. The injector manifolds comprise at least three holes distributed along their length and the exhaust manifolds comprise at least three holes distributed along their length. The three holes are distributed evenly or unevenly along the length of the injector manifolds, where the three holes distributed along the length of the injector manifolds have substantially equal or unequal size. The three holes are distributed evenly or unevenly along the length of the exhaust manifolds, where the three holes distributed along the length of the exhaust manifolds have substantially equal or unequal size. The sum of the areas of the three holes distributed along the length of the exhaust manifolds is equal to or greater than the sum of the areas of the three holes distributed along the length of the injector manifolds. The three holes distributed along the length of the injector manifolds and the three holes distributed along the length of the exhaust manifolds exit the manifolds at an angle of 0-180 degrees , where a 0 degrees angle is the angle parallel to the tangent line drawn through the point where the manifold touches the process chamber and where the angles increase in a clockwise manner and the 90 degrees angle points toward the longitudinal axis of the process chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The ammonia solution has a concentration of 0.5-2 moles per liter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The thiocarbamide solution has a concentration of 10-2-1 mol/l. The formamide disulfide solution has a concentration of 10-6-10-5 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The substitution process is carried out by coating a solution containing semiconductor material (B), and removing material (C) from the layer containing semiconductor material (A) and material (C) using solvent which is capable of solubilizing the material (C). The semiconductor material (A) is slightly soluble or insoluble in the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Solar Cell Lead: In the solar cell lead, the coated solder plating comprises a hot-dip solder plating layer formed by supplying a molten solder on the surface of the strip plate conductive material, where a plating temperature is set to be not higher than a liquids-line temperature of the used solder plus 120 degrees C, and an oxide film on a surface of the hot-dip solder plating layer is set to be not more than 7 nm in thickness. The strip plate conductive material is a flat wire having a volume resistivity of not more than 50 mu ohms.mm. The strip plate conductive material comprises one selected from copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag) and gold (Au). The strip plate conductive material comprises one selected from tough pitch Cu, low-oxygen Cu, oxygen-free Cu, phosphorus deoxidized Cu or high purity Cu having a purity of not less than 99.9999%. The hot-dip solder plating layer comprises a tin (Sn)-based solder, or, a Sn-based solder alloy using Sn as a first component and containing not less than 0.1 mass% of at least one element selected from lead (Pb), indium (In), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), Ag, zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and Cu as a second component. Alternatively, the solar cell lead, comprises: the solar cell lead is soldered by a solder in a hot-dip solder plating layer, or is bonded by a resin, to front and back surface electrode of a semiconductor substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticle matrix is titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, tin oxide and/or indium oxide, or shell core structure formed comprising the nanoparticle oxides, preferably zinc oxide and/or titanium oxide. The rare-earth metal ion is cation of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium, preferably samarium, europium and/or terbium. The weight ratio of nanoparticle matrix and rare-earth metal ion is 10:1 to 1:10, preferably 2:1 to 1:2. The nanoparticle is prepared by solid phase technique, precipitation method, hydrothermal process, sol-gel method, micro-emulsion method, combustion method, spray pyrolysis or gas phase technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhering layer and back plate adhering layer are made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive composition further contains glass powder having average particle diameter (D50) of 0.2-4 mu m, maximum particle diameter of 30 mu m or less and softening point of 300-700 degrees C. The content of glass powder is 0.5-20 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal powder is 20-70 wt.%. Preferred Property: The aluminum-containing photosensitive composition has viscosity of 1000-50000 cP at 25 degrees C and shear rate of 10 second-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carrier mobility of organic semiconductor material in layer (p or n) of counter electrode is greater than that of the carrier mobility of organic semiconductor material in layer (p or n) of transparent electrode. Preferred Composition: The p-type organic semiconductor material is porphyrin derivative. The n-type organic semiconductor material is fullerene derivative. Preferred Process: The fullerene derivative is a high molecular compound obtained by polymerizing polycyclic monomer compound of formula (I), or by performing polymerization crosslinking of polycyclic monomer compound of formula (II).R1-R4=(un)substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or silyl;L1-L4=(un)substituted alkylene, alkene diyl, alkyne diyl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, silylene, ether, thioether, carbonyl, carboxy, amino or amide;n=2 or more;andG1-G2=polymerization group, which is joint strand of three-dimensional network structure.Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion layer has 2-5 layers of layer (i). The content of p-type organic semiconductor material and n-type organic semiconductor material in layer (i) is different. The photoelectric converting layer is formed by solution process. The photoelectric converting layer is formed using a material which is insoluble by 1 or more layers of photoelectric converting layers after solution process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, tin, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, terbium, thulium, and lanthanide metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is sulfonic acid and sulfonimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive polymer is unsubstituted polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(selenophene), poly(tellurophene), unsubstituted polypyrrole, poly(4-amino-indole), poly(7-amino-indole), polymeric fused polycyclic heteroaromatic, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly (3,4-ethyleneoxythiathiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene), poly(thieno(2,3-b)thiophene), poly(thieno(3,2-b)thiophene), and poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene) and/or copolymers. The non-fluorinated polymeric acid is polystyrene sulfonic acid and/or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is a perfluoroolefin having perfluoro-ether-sulfonic acid side chains. The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene and 2-(1,1-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, a copolymer of ethylene and 2-(2-(1,2,2-trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid), and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro (3-oxa-4-pentenesulfonic acid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is impregnated with microcrystalline silicon oxide, and hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon nitride and hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component The organic solar cell has layer containing conductive polymer provided between anode and organic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode contains metal material chosen from aluminum-doped lithium fluoride, aluminum-calcium alloy, silver, copper and gold. The anode is transparent electrode including transparent conductive oxide formed on the substrate. The transparent conductive oxide is chosen from indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, indium-zinc-tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, indium-tin-oxide-silver-indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc-oxide-silver-indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc-tin-oxide-silver-indium-zinc-tin oxide, and aluminum-zinc-oxide-silver-aluminum-zinc-oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is chosen from poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate and their derivatives. The organic layer contains donor and acceptor. The donor is chosen from polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyvinyl carbazole, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polyphenylene vinylene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene). The acceptor is chosen from fullerene (C60), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole), cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide, titania and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in weight%) polymer (25-75), softening polymer (4-40), polymer expander (0.5-15), carbon nanotube powder (0.5-15) and activated coal powder (0.2-8), and further contains conductive polymer, and tackifier (0.5-15). The polymer is chosen from polyamide, modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyamide imide, polyether-ether ketone, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, methylstyrene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polymethylpentene, polyethylene naphthalate, polylactic acid, thermoplastic polyimide, thermoplastic polystyrene, thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyurethane and thermoplastic polyester elastomer. The conductive polymer is chosen from polythiophene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyfluorene, polyethylenedioxythiophene, poly(2,5-dialkoxy)paraphenylene vinylene and polyheptadiene. The softening polymer is chosen from benzocyclobutane, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl alcohol, parylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, cyanoethyl pullulan and novolak resin. The polymer expander is formed using material chosen from lecithin, fluoromethane, chlorofluoromethane, fluoroethane, fluoropropane and fluorobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive particles are electroconductive metal oxide particles chosen from indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and cadmium oxide. The electroconductive metal oxide particles are doped using tin, antimony, aluminum or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell further has substrate (101) containing graphite, and base layer containing transition element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wurtzite compound is nitride or oxide compound. The nitride compound is nitride of boron, aluminum, gallium and/or indium. The oxide compound is zinc oxide, magnesium-zinc oxide and cadmium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoelectric conversion units comprise films chosen from amorphous silicon film, amorphous carborundum film, amorphous germanium-silicon film, monocrystal silicon film, polysilicon film, microcrystalline silicon film, nano silicon film, copper-indium-selenium alloy film, copper-indium-gallium-selenium alloy film, cadmium telluride film or mercury cadmium telluride film. The transparent electrode comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide film, indium tin oxide film, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent substrate contains glass, high polymer material and/or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous environment where laser etching is performed, comprises air, nitrogen or inert gas. The liquid state environment where laser etching is performed, comprises water, inorganic solvent or organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The electrical and optical detection to leakage defect region of battery includes battery IV curve test, visual inspection to appearance, microexamination, electroluminescent/photoluminescent imaging, thermal infrared imaging, thermochromism imaging, induction of current by light beam and induction of current by electron beam. The laser beam used for etching isolation is pulse or continuous laser beam with power of 1-1000 W and wavelength of 1100-200 nm. The laser light spots with micron to millimeter grade diameter after being focused irradiates the surface of batter for etching. The laser etching is performed on periphery of leakage defect region such that it is isolated from normal working region, or directly etching surface of leakage defect region to eliminate leakage source. The pattern of laser etching is designed based on condition of leakage detection region, including patterns and characters, such that it is more decorative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is a silicon substrate. The top contact electrode comprises indium-tin-oxide and at least one of aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, palladium, silver and gold. The bottom contact electrode comprises at least one of aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, palladium, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The nanoparticle of the metal comprises noble metal alone or in combination with a transition metal; a metal alone or in combination with another metal. The deposited metal nanoparticle has a median size of 1.3-2.5 (preferably 1.5-2) nm. The substrate comprises exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet; graphite particle or carbon black. The nanoparticle is formed on the substrate by microwave irradiation of a precursor to the metal in a solution of an ionic liquid in a reducing liquid solvent. Preferred Components: The metal is selected from platinum, ruthenium, nickel, iron, silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, tin, tungsten, chromium and/or molybdenum. The deposited metal nanoparticle has at least one dimension that is less than or equal to 10 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (A) further comprises different structural units of (I). (A) is crosslinked in the electronic devices. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 28 Polymers (A) are disclosed e.g. polymer compounds of formulae (Aa)-(Ae).    EXAMPLE - No preparative example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains 1-30 mol% of mixture of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide, and 1-30 mol% of mixture of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The content of calcium oxide is 0.1-20 mol%. The content of glass powder is 0.2-10 %mass. Preferred Property: The glass composition has thermal expansion coefficient of 100x 10-7/ degrees C or less. The glass powder has average particle diameter of less than 5 mu m, softening point of 650 degrees C or less and crystallization temperature of 650 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal powder contains silver, aluminum, gold, copper, palladium, platinum and/or their alloys, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average diameter of the micropore is less than or equal to 1 nm. The refractive index of the membrane with light of 655 nm wavelength and 75 degrees incident angle is less than or equal to 1.33 (preferably less than or equal to 1.30) Preferred Method: The manufacture includes a dehydration process before heating which makes the membrane contact an organic solvent for dehydration Preferred Component: The organic solvent for dehydration contains ethanol, acetone or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismuth-contained precursor is bismuth chloride or bismuth nitrate. The platinum-contained precursor is chloroplatinic acid or platinum tetrachloride. The reducing agent is sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite or sodium borohydride. The molar ratio of sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite to total amount of metal atom is 100-120. The molar ratio of sodium borohydride to total amount of metal atom is 50-60. The reducing atmosphere is to modified atmosphere comprising more than 2% hydrogen in terms of volume and other component inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The material is prepared by inputting oxygen under 1 mTorr-1 Torr at 120-300 degrees C, mixing oxygen with argon to form a working gas under 10-100 Torr, and sputtering II-VI-group semiconductor material with the purity of more than 99.9995%. Preferred Contents: The doped oxygen concentration of material is 1018-1021 cm3. The thickness of film is 500-5000 nm. Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises film base, n-type semiconductor, buffer layer, light absorption layer, and p-type semiconductor, with film as light absorption layer. The solar cell further comprises metal located on the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor and forming the two poles of a cell. The film base is plastic or glass; n-type semiconductor is n-type doped zinc oxide or zinc magnesium oxide; buffer layer is zinc selenide; p-type semiconductor is p-type doped zinc telluride; and metal is nickel alloy, titanium alloy, nickel copper alloy and titanium copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid. The porous substrate is the silicon oxide anode porous ceramic plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mole ratio of the precursor of metal oxide, deionized water, organic solvent, aqueous solution of inorganic acid, and the additive is 1:1-8:1-100:0-0.1:0-5. The precursor of metal oxide is a metal alkoxide(s). The metal alkoxide is tetramethoxysilane, titanium tetrabutoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tertbutoxide, penta-butoxy niobium, tin tetrabutoxide, or methyltrimethoxy silane. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, or propyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: 90 Wt.% or more of the polymer which forms the nonwoven fabric is polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin chosen from cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, aramid, polyimide, nylon, modified polypropylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene is dissolved in an organic solvent. The insulation fiber layer contains cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, aramid, polyimide, nylon, modified polypropylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. The resin concentration dissolved in organic solvent is 3-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The active layer contains porphyrin compound, phthalocyanine compound or conjugated polymer as electron donor, and fullerene compound as electron acceptor. The porphyrin compound is benzoporphyrin compound of formula (II or III) formed by heat conversion from a soluble precursor. The layer containing benzo phosphole (I) is formed and annealed at 50-250 degrees C.Z1a-Z4a,Z1b-Z4b,R4-R7=H, halo or monovalent organic group;Z1a+Z1b,Z2a+Z2b,Z3a+Z3b,Z4a+Z4b=ring;andM=bivalent metal atom or atomic group coupled with metal having valence of 3 or more and other atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of component (b) is more than mass ratio of component (a). The component (a) is a catalyst with supports rhodium and sodium to alumina. The component (b) contains cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and is a catalyst with supports oxide of iron and cobalt to ceria. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained by mixing component (a) and component (b), and performing bilayer coating of component (a) and component (b). The component (b) is obtained by impregnating ceria with cobalt-containing solution and iron-containing solution. Preferred Layers: The catalyst has inner layer containing component (b) and surface layer containing component (a). Preferred Property: The thickness of the catalyst layer containing component (b) is more than the catalyst layer containing component (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electric accepting property compound in which proton accepting is possible is nitrogen containing conjugation type compound chosen from amidine derivative, nitrogen containing 6-membered ring aromatic and nitrogen containing 5-membered ring aromatic. The semiconducting oxide is p-type semiconductor oxide containing metal chosen from copper, nickel and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst containing iron, cobalt and/or nickel, preferably iron and/or cobalt, and which does not contain platinum, rhodium or palladium, is arranged at upstream portion. The catalyst containing platinum, rhodium and/or palladium, preferably rhodium is arranged at downstream portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxide source is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. Preferred Process: The hydroxide source is calcium hydroxide microcrystal obtained by reacting calcium salt and alkali metal hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The heat transmission fluid has viscosity of 15 mPa.second or less at -30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The III-V epitaxial layer is a gallium arsenide epitaxial layer or a indium phosphide epitaxial layer. The dopant is arsenide. The top cell layer comprises an aluminum gallium arsenide alloy represented as (AlxGa1-xAs), where x is 0.37, or an aluminum gallium indium phosphide alloy represented as (AlyGa(0.5)-y)In(0.5)P, where Y is 0-0.25, and gallium arsenide. The second cell layer comprises an aluminum gallium arsenide alloy represented as (AlxGa1-xAs), where x is 0.1-0.6, or an aluminum gallium indium phosphide alloy represented as (AlyGa(0.5)-y)In(0.5)P, where Y is 0-0.25. The tunnel diode layer comprises n+ doped layer of gallium indium phosphide and the p+ doped layer of aluminum gallium arsenide alloy represented as (AlxGa1-xAs), where x is 0.1-0.37.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silane coupling agent is chosen from N-(( beta )-aminoethyl)-( gamma )-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and N-(( beta )-aminoethyl)-( gamma )-aminopropyl methyl-dimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The component (A) is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer including 85-99 %mass of structural unit derived from ethylene, or ethylene acrylate copolymer including 85-99 %mass of structural unit derived from ethylene. The ethylene polymer is linear ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer with density of 895-941 g/m3. Preferred Properties: The component (A) has melting point of 94-120 degrees C. The melt flow rate of component (A) and component (B) is each 0.1-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under load of 2160 g based on JIS K7210-1999.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive metal oxide is formed using transparent conductive metal oxide sol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound semiconductor has acceptor dopant and donor dopant. The acceptor dopant is magnesium. The donor dopant is hydrogen atom. The gallium-nitride-type compound semiconductor is of formula: Ga1-x-zMnxMgzN or Ga1-xMnxN:Hy, where x is 0.02-0.3, and z is more than 0 to 0.125.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The 3d-transition metal is scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel or copper, preferably manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type semiconductor absorber layer includes a copper indium selenide based alloy material, which is copper indium diselenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, or copper indium aluminum diselenide. The metal layer is molybdenum alloyed with oxygen and/or nitrogen. The first electrode comprises molybdenum. The substrate comprises a metal foil consisting of stainless steel, titanium, or aluminum.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 25 compounds (I) is disclosed e.g. N-(4-(4-((4-(4-((4-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-4-methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline of formula (Ia), N2,N7-bis(4-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-N2,N7-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-fluorene-2,7-diamine, N-(4-(4-((4-(4-((4-(4-((9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-fluoren-2-amine, N4-(4-(4-((4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-phenyl-amino)phenyl)phenyl)-N1,N1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-N4-phenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine and N-(4-(4-((4-(4-((4-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-phenyl-amino)phenyl)phenyl)-phenyl-amino)phenyl)phenyl)-4-methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline.    EXAMPLE - N4,N4'-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (1 mmole) and (4'-bromo-biphenyl-4-yl)-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amine (2.2 mmole) were added to a solution of sodium tert-butoxide (3.3 mmole) in o-xylene (25 ml). Then palladium acetate (0.14) mmole and a solution of tris-tert-butyl phosphine (10 wt.%) in hexane (0.1 mmole) were added to the reaction mixture and stirred at 125 degrees C for 7 hours. Then the reaction mixture was diluted with toluene (150 ml), filtered, and worked up to give N-(4-(4-((4-(4-((4-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)-4-methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains doped silicon-germanium alloy (SixGe1-x), where x is 0.01-0.03. The mole fraction of germanium in the germanium material is 0.7 or more. The photovoltaic cell comprises gallium-arsenic alloy photovoltaic junction, indium-gallium phosphide photovoltaic junction and a silicon substrate having a layer containing silicon oxide, and does not comprise gallium-arsenic alloy substrate (12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support structure contains metal oxide or metal phosphate of titanium, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, yttrium, molybdenum, indium or tin. The catalyst particles contain noble metal(s) or transition metal(s). The noble metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium and its alloy. The transition metal is chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, vanadium, titanium, zirconium and chromium. The intermediate layer contains boron-doped-diamond, graphitized carbon, diamond-type carbon, carbide and/or conductive polymer. Preferred Process: The method further involves depositing intermediate material on support structure, and chemically dissolving the intermediate material to provide the voids which expose surface on support structure. The catalyst particles are deposited in voids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide comprises at least one metal oxide of titanium oxides, niobium oxides, hafnium oxides, indium oxides, tin oxides and/or zinc oxides. The metal oxide has a nanostructure comprising nanotubes, nanowires, nanobelts, and nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 20-50 wt.% of the metal oxide powder and 0.1-10 wt.% of the dye containing compound, and the balance of the paste composition comprises the binder solution. The binder composition comprises a solvent and tert-butanol in a weight ratio of 1:1-1:10. Preferred Components: The dyes include ruthenium complexes, xanthene colorants, cyanine colorants, basic dyes, phenosafranine, Capri blue, thiosine, methylene blue, porphyrinoid compounds, azo colorants, phthalocyanine compounds, anthraquinone colorants and/or polycyclic quinone colorants. The dye includes ruthenium trisbipyridyl, Rhodamine B, Rose Bengal, eosin, erythrosine, quinocyanine, cryptocyanine, chlorophyll, zinc porphyrin and/or magnesium porphyrin. The solvent comprises water, glycols, glycerols, or an acetate-based solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxide film on the surface of silicon sample is removed. Preferred Component: The silicon sample is monocrystalline silicon sample or polycrystalline silicon sample.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy is tin-gallium alloy containing tin (90-99 wt.%) and gallium (1-10 wt.%). The weight ratio of alloy and silicon material is 50-150:1, preferably 100-120:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inert atmosphere includes nitrogen, helium, neon and/or argon.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H or methyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 Fullerene derivatives e.g. compounds of formulae (III)-(VII) are claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light-proof agent is titanium pigment, or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer comprises (in wt.%) ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (59-79), light-proof agent (20-40), cross-linking firming agent (0.1-5), antioxidant (0.001-2), ultraviolet absorber (0.01-2), and light stabilizer (0.01-2). The mass ratio of polyester material to ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer to adhesive layer material is 100:30-70:10-20. Preferred Properties: The thickness of fluorine-containing layer, interlayer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer is 5-50 microns, 50-300 microns and 100-800 microns, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid electrolyte comprises lithium iodide and iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismaleimides are selected from pyrrole derivative (I), 1-(4-(4-(2,5-dioxo-cyclopent-3-enyl)-benzyl)-phenyl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione (II), compound of C4NO2H2-R3-C4NO2H2 (III) or compound C4NO2H2-C6X1X2X3X4-Y'-C6X5X6X7X8-C4NO2H2 (IV).The bismaleimides are selected from N,N'-bismaleimides-4,4'-diphenylmethane, 1,1'-(methylene-4,1-phenylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-(1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene) bismaleimides, 1,1'-(3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-acetyl bismaleimides, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-(1,3-phenylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-sulfenyl bismaleimides, N,N'-disulfenyl bismaleimides, N,N'-bismaleimides ketone, N,N'-methylene bismaleimides, bismaleimide ether, 1,2-bismaleimide-1,2-glycol, N,N'-4,4'-diphenyl ether-bismaleimides or 4,4'-bismaleimides-diphenyl sulfone.The Bronsted acid solution is selected from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, ketopyrrolidine or N-dodecyl pyrrolidone. The ionic liquid electrolyte comprises 4-tert.-butylpyridine, 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide and solvent.The solvent is selected from acetonitrile, propylene carbonate or their mixture.R3 = -R-, -R-NH2-R-, -C(O)-, -R-C(O)-R-, -R-C(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)-, -R-S(O)-R-, -SO2-, -(C6H4)-, -R-(C6H4)-R-, -R-(C6H4)-O-, -(C6H4)-(C6H4)-, -R-(C6H4)-(C6H4)-R-, -R-(C6H4)-(C6H4)-O-;R = 18C alkyl, C6H4 or (C6H4)-(C6H4);Y' = -R-, -C(O)-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)- or -SO2-; andX1-X8 = independent halogen, hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl, 1-8C naphthene or 1-8C silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Step (A) includes simultaneously sputtering and depositing back electrodes with thickness of 0.5-0.8 mu m using two aluminum-doped zinc oxide or gallium-doped zinc oxide targets. Step (C) includes simultaneously depositing zinc sulfide thin film buffer layers with thickness of 100-150 nm using thermal evaporation, in which the substrate temperature is controlled at 200 degrees C. Step (E) includes simultaneously sputtering and depositing transparent electrodes with thickness of 400-800 nm using two boron-doped zinc oxide or gallium-doped zinc oxide targets.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The covering film is made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The adhesive layer is made of ethylene vinyl acetate or transparent silicone resin. The back covering film is made of ETFE, PTFE, FEP, or PVDF. Preferred Properties: The covering film can stably work at - 85 to 85 degrees C and has thickness of 25 mu m and light transmittance of greater than 90%. The adhesive layer can stably work at - 85 to 85 degrees C and has thickness of 40-80 mu m and transmissivity of greater than 90%. The back covering film can stably work at - 85 to 85 degrees C and has thickness of 25 mu m and light transmittance of greater than 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of nitrogen contained in the carbon nanotube is 0.1-20 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type nano particle is selected from copper oxide, titanium oxide, indium oxide or titanium dioxide. The n-type nanoparticle is selected from zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, boron oxide, cerium oxide, chromium oxide, ferric oxide, gallium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese dioxide, hausmannite, niobium pentoxide, lead oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide, tantalum pentoxide, barium titanate, vanadium pentoxide, tungsten trioxide and zirconium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from copper, indium or titanium. Another metal is selected from zinc, barium, bismuth, boron, calcium, cerium, chromium, iron, gallium, lithium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, niobium, lead, antimony, tin, strontium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten or zirconium.
Preferred Definitions:    R=aromatic group chosen from 17 claimed groups e.g. aromatic group of formula (i-v);and    R"=aromatic group chosen from 9 claimed groups e.g. group of formula (vi-ix).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The impurity is boron or phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The paste contains silicon oxide substrate (10-30 wt.%), organic binder (5-20 wt.%), impurity (3-15 wt.%), catalyst (1-10 wt.%) and organic solvent (30-70 wt.%). The silicon oxide substrate is chosen from alkoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane and their mixture. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene glycol butyl ether, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol monoacetate, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol acetate, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, trimethylene glycol, glyceryl diacetate, hexylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, xylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol and glycerin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, nylon 6, nitrocellulose, gelatin, polyvinyl butyral, polyamide resin, starch, polyether polyol, polyether urea-polyurethane, and cellulose derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The protective film is silicon oxide film, silicon nitride film or their mixture. The protective film has thickness of more than 300 nm. Preferred Paste: The etching paste contains acid component (15-50 wt.%), macromolecular binder (5-20 wt.%) and organic solvent (30-80 wt.%). The etching paste has viscosity of 50-150 Pa.second. The acid component is chosen from phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride, and ammonium hydrogen fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene glycol butyl ether, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol monoacetate, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol acetate, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, trimethylene glycol, glyceryl diacetate, hexylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, xylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol and glycerin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, nylon 6, nitrocellulose, gelatin, polyvinyl butyral, polyamide resin, starch, polyether polyol, polyether urea-polyurethane, and cellulose derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron receptor contains fullerene chosen from C60, C70 and C84, preferably (6,6)-phenyl-C61-methyl butyrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer (I) has molecular weight of 10000-30000 and molecular weight distribution of 1.5-5. Preferred Composition: The electron donor contains poly(3-hexylthiophene), polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), carbazole-substituted polysiloxane, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polyphenylenesulfide, polyvinyl pyridine, polyfluorene and/or polypyridine. The solar battery further has hole implant layer provided between anode and photoactive layer. The hole implant layer contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrene-sulfonate), carbazole-substituted polysiloxane, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyphenylenesulfide, polyvinyl pyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or their derivative.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 182 fluorene derivatives are specifically claimed e.g. 2-(7-(naphthalen-2-yl)-9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazole of formula (Ia), 2-(9,9-diphenyl-7-(pyren-1-yl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazole, 2-(7-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)-9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazole, 2-(7-(perylen-3-yl)-9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazole and 2-(7-(phenanthren-9-yl)-9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The organic solar cell further has a charge transport layer (i) provided between the electrode (a) and organic active layer and a charge transport layer (ii) provided between the electrode (b) and organic active layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic active layer further contains an electron acceptor material, and an electron donor material comprising poly(phenylene vinylene) type polymer or poly(3-hexylthiophene) type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The method further involves using organic composition including solvent, polymeric binder, monomer, photoinitiator, dispersing agent, anti-sagging agent and plasticizer, and inorganic composition including alumina and cordierite (MgO-Cao-2Al2O3-5SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from zinc, aluminum, barium, bismuth, calcium, cerium, chromium, iron, gallium, indium, lithium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, niobium, lead, antimony, tin, strontium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, tungsten and zirconium. The nanoparticles is made of metal oxide or carbonate. The metal oxide is chosen from zinc oxide, alumina, bismuth oxide, cerium oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, niobium oxide, lead oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide, barium titanate, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide and zirconium oxide. The carbonate is barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, lithium carbonate, strontium carbonate and manganese carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution contains 2.0-6.0 M sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen generator contains propene, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2-methyl-2-butene, butane, propane, 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethene, ethyl vinyl ether, dichloromethane, 2-pentene, pentane, ethylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethylene, ethyl formate, chloroform, methyl butyl ether or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The dye-sensitized solar cell has an anode (200) including a transparent substrate (210), a transparent conductive oxide layer (220) and a platinum layer (230), a cathode (100) including a transparent substrate (110), a transparent conductive oxide layer (120) and a nano-oxide layer (130), and a gel-type polymer electrolyte coating layer (500).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The photopolymerization initiator is chosen from ethyl benzoin ether, isopropyl benzoin ether, ( alpha )-methylbenzoin ethyl ether, benzoin phenyl ether, ( alpha )-acryloxime ester, alpha , alpha -diethoxy acetophenone, 1,1-dichloro acetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenylketone, anthraquinone, 2-anthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, thioxanthone, isopropyl thioxanthone, chloro thioxanthone, benzophenone, rho -chlorobenzophenone, benzyl benzoate and Michler's ketone. Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gel-type polymer electrolyte further contains a photopolymerization initiator, an oxidation-reduction derivative and an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The glycol ether compound (5-80 weight%) is chosen from monoethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, diethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monopropyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether. Preferred Composition: The wafer-treating agent composition further contains organic acid and/or inorganic acid and surfactant (0.1-50 weight%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangements: The dye sensitized solar cell comprises flexible substrate, and transparent conductive film, semiconductor photosensitive layer, electrolyte solution, platinum electrode and fixable substrate provided sequentially on the flexible substrate. The polymer solar cell comprises flexible substrate, and transparent conductive film, electron donor layer, electron receptor layer, platinum electrode and a fixable substrate sequentially provided on the flexible substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive film is indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor photosensitive layer is titanium dioxide thin film doped with (cis-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium (II)) or cis-diisothiocyanato-bis(2,2-bipyridyl-4,4 dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II) bis(tetrabutylammonium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is made of materials selected from silicon nitride, hafnium oxide, alumina, silica and mixture of oxides. The conductive layer is made of titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, metallic silicide, tungsten and polysilicon. The semiconductor substrate is made of silicon germanium, mono-crystal silicon, poly-silicon and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The caustic sizing agent is coated such that edge causticity is controlled to 0.2 mm. The silicon wafer is dried at 150-200 degrees C for 3-5 minutes, and cleaned with deionized water for 5-10 minutes. Preferred agent: The caustic sizing agent is tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide having concentration of 10-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanometer particle is selected from silicon, titanium dioxide, titanium-strontium trioxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium pentoxide and tin dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive electrode is selected from silver electrode, carbon electrode, graphite electrode, copper electrode, aluminum electrode and tungsten electrode. The opposite electrode is selected from platinum, nickel, copper, silver, indium, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The opposite electrode contains conductive polymer selected from polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly-phenylene vinylene, and polyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The tandem-type solar cell further has a tunnel junction (II) comprising heavily-doped n-type layer and alloy layer comprising elements whose atomic number is more than that of gallium, and a p-n junction (II) sequentially laminated on p-n junction (I). Multiple alloy layers of tunnel junction and multiple layers of p-n junction are repeatedly formed on the p-n junction (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alloy layer comprises p-type doped substance in high concentration. The p-n junctions (I) and (II) and tunnel junctions (I) and (II) are made of material chosen from gallium, aluminum, indium, arsenic and phosphorus. The element contained in alloy layers is chosen from indium, thallium, antimony, bismuth, tin, lead, tellurium, polonium, cadmium and mercury. The concentration of element whose atomic number is more than that of gallium is 1-2% or 3.5x 1021 to 1.7x 1022 cm-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic fine particles are metal oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The surface-treating group is a reactive silicon-containing functional group. The charge transporting compound having surface-treating group is of formula: A-(R3-Si(-R2)3-m-Qm)l. The chain polymerizable compound is of formula: R4-Si(-R53-n)-Xn.A=hole transportable group;Q=hydrolyzable group or hydroxy;R2=optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl;R3=optionally substituted alkylene or arylene;m=1-3;l=positive integer;R5=H, 1-10C alkyl, or 1-10C aralkyl;R4=organic group having chain polymerizable functional group;X=halo, alkoxy, acyloxy, aminoxy, or phenoxy;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Purified gas after oxygen-conversion is cooled using a heat exchanger. The concentration of methane, carbon dioxide, and/or hydrogen sulfide in the purified gas is detected at the exit of absorption tower. When there is no detected concentration in the range of regulated value, the purified gas is bypassed by a flow-path switching valve. When the detected concentration exists in the range of regulated value, the gas is supplied to the catalyst column by the flow-path switching valve. Hydrogen and fresh oxygen are obtained by electrolysis of water. The catalyst layer space velocity of the purified gas supplied to the catalyst column is 7000 hour-1 or less (excluding 0). The additional amount of hydrogen is 2 or more by molar ratio with respect to the amount of oxygen remaining in the purified gas. The high-pressure water in which impurities are dissolved is pressure-reduced and impurities are separated. Fresh oxygen is supplied to the separated carbon dioxide and sulfur type impurities. The mixture is supplied to a biodesulfurization column having a filler layer to which microorganisms which decompose sulfur type impurities are adhered, and carbon dioxide and sulfur type impurities are decomposed. Preferred Arrangement: The deactivator is further provided with a detector for detecting gas concentration in purified gas, a separator for separating impurities from water, and an oxygen supplier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Carboxylic acid compound of formula (II) and/or its derivative, and amino-containing compound of formula (III) are reacted to obtain aromatic diamine compound (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polyimide-type material contains polyimide-type resin composition and an organic solvent. EXAMPLE - 2,2'-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (in g) (48) and tetrahydrofuran (486) were injected into flask under nitrogen flow and stirred for 20 minutes. Benzidine was dissolved, and triethylamine (5.9) was injected. Terephthalic acid dichloride (6.1) and tetrahydrofuran (45.7) were injected and dissolved. Terephthalic acid dichloride solution was injected and stirred. Solvent was distilled and distilled water was injected. The obtained white precipitate was washed and dried under reduced pressure. Aromatic diamine compound was separated from the obtained reaction mixture and purified. Recrystallization was carried out and aromatic diamine compound (19.7) was obtained at yield of 85%. Aromatic diamine compound (7.75) was added to flask and stirred. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (40 ml) was added, and 2,3,5-tricarboxy cyclopentyl acetic acid dianhydride (2.25) was added and reacted at 23 degrees C. Solution containing polyamic acid was obtained. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (50 ml) was added to the solution, and N-methyl piperidine (1.2 ml) and acetic anhydride (2.8 ml) were added and imidated for 4 hours at 75 degrees C. Polymer (8.67) was obtained at yield of 90% and vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C. A film was formed using the polymer. The film had excellent dimensional stability, transparency and solubility with respect to organic solvent, and low water-absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diphenylsiloxane-type compound (A) has refractive index of 1.54 or more. The organosilicon compound (B) has refractive index of 1.45 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains component (D) such as silicone resin having silicon-containing structural unit of formula: -Si(-R3)(-CH=CH2)-O-, and at least two vinyl groups bonded with silicon atom, and silicone oil having at least two vinyl groups bonded with silicon atom.R3=unsubstituted 1-12C monovalent hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Layer: The base material layer is glass substrate or layer containing gas-barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat sealing is carried out using thermoplastic resin layer (E). The gas-barrier film has transparent base layer, inorganic thin film layer and transparent resin layer. The transparent resin layer contains polymer which consists of unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The wet organic solar cell is a dye-sensitized solar cell which has a structure in which the photoelectric conversion layer is positioned. The dye-sensitized solar cell has a structure, in which the conductive substrate (I) having a laminate of a transparent substrate/transparent conductive film/metal oxide semiconductor film which adsorbed the dye, and substrate (II) which opposes the conductive substrate, are arranged through the sealing layer provided in the periphery portion of both substrates in frame-like form. The electrolyte solution is enclosed in the clearance gap, between both the substrates, formed using the sealing layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition further contains (in parts mass) polyfunctional (meth)acrylate (10 or less) and carboxyl group-containing (meth)acrylate (10 or less) with respect to monofunctional (meth)acrylate (100). Preferred Process: An ultraviolet-ray with energy flux density of 270 mW/cm2 is irradiated to a circular coating film consisting of photocurable composition formed on a plastic film, for 5 seconds by high-pressure mercury-vapor lamp. The transparent substrate/transparent conductive film of two sheets are made to oppose at each transparent-conductive-film side. Preferred Properties: The circular coating film has thickness of 100 mu m and diameter of 50 mm. When photocuring the coating film, the decrease rate of the mass of the coating film after photocuring with respect to the mass of the coating film before ultraviolet irradiation, is 1.50 % or less. The T-peel adhesive force of the sample bonded together through the optical curing material layer with thickness of 100 mu m formed from the photocurable composition, measured under temperature of 23 degrees C, relative humidity of 50% and at a rate of 50 mm/minute, is 0.65 N/10 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electroconductive layer (3) is formed by coating and drying a solution of metal salt which is a precursor of metal microparticles to the base material, and reduction-precipitating precursor of metal microparticles by heating, ultraviolet-irradiation or using a reducing gas. The base material is surface-treated, before coating the metal microparticle dispersion or solution of metal salt. Preferred Property: The electroconductive layer (5) has resistance with respect to electrolytic solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer contains an adhesive agent chosen from acrylic-type adhesive agent and polyester-type adhesive. Preferred Process: Alternately, the transparent conductive substrate is obtained by coating and drying metal microparticle dispersion on base material to form mesh-shaped electroconductive layer (3), laminating transparent adhesive layer to to-be-transferred substrate, bonding and heat-pressing electroconductive-layer surface and to-be-transferred substrate, thermally-transferring transfer layer to to-be-transferred substrate and laminating electroconductive layer (5) on surface of transfer layer. The electroconductive layer (3) is heat-processed and/or chemically-processed, before lamination of the adhesive layer. The electroconductive layer (3) does not contact the to-be-transferred substrate. Preferred Properties: The thickness of adhesive layer is more than the height of electroconductive layer (3). The maximum level difference of electroconductive layer (3) and adhesive layer is 300 nm or less. The surface surface-resistance value of the transfer layer is 5 Omega /square or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The application process is carried out after mixing stearic acid with the raw-material powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer comprises silicon. The electroconductive oxide layer contains indium-tin oxide of formula: (In1-x-1Snx1)2O3+x1, titanium-niobium oxide of formula: (Ti1-x-2Nbx2)O2+x2/2, strontium-titanium-niobium oxide of formula: Sr(Ti1-x-3Nbx3)O3+x3/2, strontium-calcium-titanium-niobium oxide of formula: (Sr1-y-1Cay1)(Ti1-x4Nbx4)O3+x4/2, or lanthanum-strontium-calcium-titanium-chromium-manganese-iron-cobalt-nickel-copper oxide of formula: (Lax5Sry2Caz)(TiaCrbMncFedCoeNifCug)O3+h, where x1 is 0-0.2, x2-x4 are 0-0.3, y1, x5, y2, z and a-g are 0-1, h is -0.1 to 0.1, and x5+y2+z and a+b+c+d+e+f+g are 1. The photoelectric conversion layer contains silicon, copper(lithium, gallium)selenide, copper(indium, gallium)diselenium sulfide, or copper-indium sulfide as semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is copper (alloy) substrate having rolling recrystallization texture. The biaxial metal tape comprises copper (alloy). The biaxial plating layer comprises nickel (alloy) or aluminum (alloy). The orientation metal tape having (100) (001) aggregate structure consists of iron (alloy) or copper (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protection sheet further consists of a surface protective layer (11) containing weather-resistant resins and pigment, and an adhesive layer (12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of dye in the dye solution is 2.5 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive layer further contains 0.5-5 atom% of silicon with respect to zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The ratio of surface resistance of transparent conductive oxide layer after maintaining at 85 degrees C and relative humidity of 85% for 10 days and immediately after its formation is 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The transparent conductive film further has inorganic thin film layer and thin film laminate. The inorganic thin film layer and film layer are laminated in turns between base material and transparent conductive film layer. The surface of side of base material is adjoined with transparent conductive film layer. The thin film laminate is formed by alternately laminating low-refractive-index thin film single layer and high-refractive-index thin film single layer, or high-refractive-index thin film layer and low-refractive-index thin film layer(s). The structure of transparent conductive film satisfies following relations: (C/(B/D)x n)/B/A, (C/(B/D)x n)/B/A, (C/(D/B)x n)/D/A or (C/(D/B)x n)/A, where n is 1 or more, A is hard-coat layer, B is film layer, C is transparent conductive film layer and D is inorganic thin film layer. Preferred Composition: The inorganic thin film layer contains silica. Preferred Property: The transparent conductive film has aasterisk value of -3 to 3 and basterisk value of -2 to 2, measured by Lasteriskaasteriskbasterisk colorimetric system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyethylene-terephthalate layer or polyethylene-naphthalate layer is heated to 30-130 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains (in %mass) phosphorus pentoxide (0-6) and/or ferric oxide (0-2). The glass composition contains silica (40-70, preferably 46-70), alumina (10-22), boron oxide (0-4), mixture (11-20, preferably 12.5-20) of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide, sodium oxide (3-20, preferably 5-20), potassium oxide (0-10), mixture (7-14) of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide, calcium oxide (3-10, preferably 3-9.5) and zirconium oxide (0-10). The glass composition does not contain titanium oxide and zinc oxide. The mass ratio of alumina and silica is 0.3-0.5. The mass ratio of zirconium oxide and alumina is 0-0.2. The tempered glass has compressive-stress layer having compressive-stress value of 300 MPa or more and thickness of 5 mu m or more. Preferred Properties: The tempered glass has warped point of 600 degrees C or more, thermal expansion coefficient of 50-100x 10-7/ degrees C, liquidus temperature of 1400 degrees C or less and liquid phase viscosity of 103 dPa.second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dopant compound contains element of group 3B or 5B.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane compound is cyclopentasilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional group (I) is an electron-accepting functional group containing nitrogen atom. The functional group (II) is an electron-donating functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of copolymer (m1) and copolymer (m2) is 50/50-90/10. Preferred Property: The dispersed phase has aspect ratio of 4 or more. Preferred Condition: The optical film is uniaxially stretched with draw ratio of 3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Component: The complex (I) is of formula (II).M'=lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium;andL=ligand of formula (i), in which one or more N atoms of phthalocyanine ring of 2 ligands are coordinated to M'. Preferred Definitions:    A=C12H25O;    M=metal chosen from cobalt, nickel or copper;    E=60C fullerene;    B'=H;and    n=10-12.    EXAMPLE - 4-(12-Hydroxydodecyloxy)-5-methoxyphthalonitrile (in g) (0.071), 4,5-bis(3,4-didodecyloxyphenoxy)-1,2-dicyanobenzene (0.64), and 1-hexanol (20 ml) were added into a flask and stirred. Then, 1-8-diazabicyclo-undec-7-ene (0.027) was added and stirred. Subsequently, methanol was added after cooling, and the resultant product was deposited, separated by filtration, and the resultant filter cake was washed. Then, the filter cake was dissolved in chloroform, the solvent was distilled and the filtrate was collected. Then, the residue was subjected to column chromatography, to obtain donor-acceptor phthalocyanine complex of formula (IV).    X=group of formula (ii);and    E'=60C fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer contains metal chosen from platinum, gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel and tin. The substrate layer contains glass, plastics and/or silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer contains resin chosen from polymethylmethacrylate, cyclic polyolefin and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The rare-earth element is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth element is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and/or samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth element is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth element is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The element chosen from rare-earth-element group is scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and/or samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth element in the rare-earth-element oxide is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, paramecium and samarium. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of zinc-oxide powder 0.1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide powder has average particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m. The thickness of rare-earth-element oxide thin film in the granule is 10-1000 nm. Preferred Element: The rare-earth element is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A preset amount of fullerene is dissolved in an organic solvent, and a preset amount of mesoporous silica (KIT-6) having three-dimensional large pores with cubic la3d symmetry is added to the obtained solution. A composite is formed by heating the mixture in nitrogen atmosphere and maintaining at 900 degrees C. The composite is washed with hydrofluoric acid, silica is removed, and the composite is dried to obtain regular mesoporous fullerene. Preferred Property: The regular mesoporous fullerene has a specific surface area of greater than 200 m2/g as measured by nitrogen adsorption method. EXAMPLE - Fullerene (60 mg) was dissolved in 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (5 g). KIT-6-150 (mesoporous silica) was mixed and the obtained sample was moved to carbonization chamber. The sample was held in nitrogen atmosphere at 900 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain a mesoporous fullerene. The mesoporous fullerene was washed with hydrofluoric acid, silica was removed, and the product was dried at 100 degrees C for 24 hours. The obtained mesoporous fullerene had a particle size of 70 nm and a specific surface area of 310.5 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: the glass composition further contains (in %mass) barium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and/or strontium oxide (0-10), alumina (0-10) and cerium oxide, copper oxide and/or ferric oxide (0-5) and lithium oxide, sodium oxide and/or potassium oxide (0-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the silicon is purified by carrying out oxidizing refining of the silicon raw material, carrying out vacuum refining of the silicon raw material, crushing the silicon raw material after oxidizing refining or vacuum refining process, and leaching the crushed silicon raw material, or by forming solidified substance (a) by cooling and solidifying a silicon melt under pressure (A), forming solidified substance (b) by cooling and solidifying the silicon melt under pressure (B) which is lower than the pressure (A), pulverizing the solidified substance (b), leaching the pulverized substance and purifying the leached substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass filler is glass tissue. The inorganic composition layer contains oxide, nitride or oxynitride of silicon, tantalum, niobium, aluminum, indium, tungsten, tin, zinc, titanium, copper, cerium, calcium, sodium, boron, lead, magnesium, phosphorus, barium, germanium, lithium, potassium and/or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: An ultraviolet curable resin composition containing acrylate monomer, or epoxy-type ultraviolet curable resin composition is laminated on both surfaces of plastic sheet, and hardened layer is formed. An inorganic composition layer is laminated on surface(s) of plastic sheet. Preferred Composition: The transparent resin contains curable resin composition having epoxy resin as main component. The plastic sheet contains crosslinked component cured using curing material having acid anhydride-type hardening agent, or cured using cationic curing catalyst. The epoxy resin contains cycloaliphatic epoxy resin as structural component. The epoxy-type ultraviolet curable resin composition contains alicyclic epoxy compound. The plastic sheet further has transparent conductive layer having light transmittance of 70% or more formed on single surface of plastic sheet. Preferred Properties: The difference between refractive index of the transparent resin and refractive index of the glass filler is 0.01 or more. The refractive index of the glass filler is 1.45-1.60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic powder (c) is metal oxide or nitride. The metal oxide is chosen from alumina, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide and titanium oxide. The nitride is chosen from boron nitride, aluminum nitride and titanium nitride. The ceramic powder (d) is chosen from gold, silver, copper, platinum, iron, tin, zinc, indium, nickel and chromium. Preferred Properties The ceramic powder (c) has average particle diameter of 0.02-1.5 mu m. The ceramic powder (d) has average particle diameter of 10-150 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon fiber, or graphite powder (b) is surface-treated using metal alkoxide of formula: M(OR)n (i) or its partial hydrolyzate, or silane of formula: R'(CH3)aSi(OR")3-a (ii) or its partial hydrolyzate. The coating process of ceramic powder (c) is carried out using silane (ii) or its partial hydrolyzate. The ceramic powder (d) is surface-treated using metal alkoxide (i) or its partial hydrolyzate.M=metal atom of 3-6 valence;n=3-6;R=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl or phenyl;R'=optionally substituted 6-20C organic group;R"=1-4C alkyl;anda=0 or 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The elastomer component (a) is chosen from thermosetting resin, thermoplastic resin, rubber gum and silicone rubber, preferably thermosetting resin or silicone rubber. Preferred Process: The silicone rubber is hardened by platinum catalyst. The heat conductive resin composition is extrusion-molded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves separating generated gas, ash, activated carbon and water produced during hydrothermal treatment into generated gas and liquid mixture containing ash, activated carbon and water. The recovered activated carbon is purified to volatilize the volatile liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The outermost layer of metal particle-like body is oxidized. The surface area of metal particle-like body of cathode is formed into high heat-resistant alloy and currently enriched by chromium and/or aluminum. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of outermost layer of metal particle-like body is 0.5-100 nm. Preferred Components: The cathode has sintered compact of metal particle-like body and ion-conducting ceramics. The ammonia decomposing element further contains collector of porous metal body which is arranged on opposite side to ion electrically conductive material of anode and/or cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The natural inorganic pigment or inorganic white pigment is titanium-containing oxide. Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst layer further contains inorganic oxide particles. The content of photocatalyst particles contained in the photocatalyst layer is 1-15 %mass, preferably 1-5 %mass. Preferred Property: The photocatalyst layer has air permeability.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intermediate layer further contains a hindered amine. The content of hydroxyphenyl triazine compound and natural inorganic pigment or inorganic white pigment contained in the intermediate layer is 0.1-10 %mass and 3-70 %mass, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The weather-resistant resin is silicone-modified resin. Preferred Composition: The content of silicon contained in the silicone-modified resin with respect to the solid content of the silicone-modified resin is 0.2-16.5 %mass. The photocatalyst layer further contains an arbitrary component chosen from condensation polymer of hydrolyzable silicone and condensation polymer of hydrolyzate of an organometallic compound. The content of photocatalyst particles, inorganic oxide particles and arbitrary component contained with respect to 100 parts mass of total content of photocatalyst particles, inorganic oxide particles and oxide equivalent of arbitrary component is 1-15 parts mass (preferably 1-5 parts mass), 78-99 parts mass (preferably 85-99 parts mass) and 0-10 parts mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gas detection apparatus is semiconductor gas sensor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of oxygen gas or oxidizing gas is 0.01-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of oxygen and silicon of silicon oxide film is 1.4-2, computed by HR-RBS method. The silicon oxide film has thickness of 10-150 nm. Preferred Gas: The reactive-ion-etching process of the plastic film base material is carried out using gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen or their mixed gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gas-barrier laminated material further has an anchor-coat layer containing polyester resin, urethane resin, acrylic resin and oxazoline group-containing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film further contains a thin film layer containing inorganic substance or organic substance, preferably silicon oxide (SiOx).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains monoacrylate and/or diacrylate whose sum content is 50 weight% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: When voltage measurement is performed for the transparent conductive film using the polyacetal pen having a diameter of 8 mm, in 100000 reciprocations at a rate of 3 reciprocations/1 second, and one-way distance of 35 mm under a load of 250 g, the difference between the actual value and value obtained by carrying out co-linear approximation is 1% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further comprises gelatinizer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=optionally substituted aryl;and    R5-R8=optionally substituted alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The solubility parameter of the resin is 1.9 or more times greater than the solubility parameter of the solvent. Preferred Composition: The resin contains polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide and/or polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Element: The primary metallic element contained in transparent electrode material is chosen from IIB group element, IIIB group element and IVB group element, preferably indium, tin and/or zinc. The secondary metallic element is chosen from IB group metallic elements, preferably silver. The electrical resistance value of high resistant layer is more than electrical resistance value of electrode main portion by 105 times or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foam sheet is an ethylene propylene-diene copolymer rubber foam sheet, a polyurethane type resin foam sheet or a polyethylene type resin foam sheet. The adhesive layer contains the butyl rubber adhesive or the acrylic adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic group is amino group. The oxidizing agent is iron para-toluenesulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic hardened component contains elastomer hardened component of sealing material chosen from silicone sealing material, modified silicone sealing material, fluorine-type polymer sealing material, acryl urethane sealing material and polyisobutylene sealing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface of base material has transparent electrode film containing metal oxide chosen from indium oxide-tin oxide-type complex oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal comprised in metal nanoparticles (A) is noble metal, preferably silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersion medium (B) is chosen from aliphatic polyhydric alcohol, cellosolve, cellosolve acetate, carbitol and carbitol acetate, preferably 2-4C alkylene glycol. The mass ratio of dispersion medium (B) and dispersal auxiliary agent (C) is 90:10-30:70. The protective colloid (A2) comprises organic compound (A2-1) having carboxyl group and polymer dispersing agent (A2-2). The organic compound (A2-1) is chosen from 1-16C aliphatic carboxylic acid and aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acid, preferably 1-6C alkanoic acid. The polymer dispersing agent (A2-2) has free carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dispersal auxiliary agent (C) is hydrophilic oligomer or polymer having number average molecular weight of 180-2200, preferably 2-4C polyalkylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is a solid electrolyte containing organic hole-transport material and/or p-type semiconductor material, or liquid electrolyte which is an ionic liquid containing iodine ion or iodine compound. The p-type semiconductor material is chosen from copper (I) iodide, copper (I) thiocyanate, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide and nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali-metal titanate is chosen from potassium titanate (K2Ti4O9) and sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7). The titanic acid (1) is preferably of formula: H2Ti4O9 or H2Ti3O7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compound: The glass in the short circuit layer is bismuth-type glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains element of group IB, element of group IIIB and/or element of group VIB, preferably copper-indium-selenium-type semiconductor having chalcopyrite structure. The short circuited layer contains silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer formed on electrode layer contains any one type of element chosen from IB group element, IIIB group element and VIB group element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor layer contains copper-indium-selenium semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The bivalent metal oxide is chosen from zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. Preferred Property: The coloring agent has refractive index of 1.9-2.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of coloring agent is 10 parts mass or more, preferably 30 parts mass or less with respect to ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer (100 parts mass). Preferred Compound: The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high surface area refractory material core structure has a surface area of 10-2000 m2/g. The high surface area refractory material core structure contains at least one member comprising metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal borides, metal nitrides, metal silicides and/or metal carbides, preferably titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum dioxide, niobium trioxide, tantalum phosphate (TaPOx), boron phosphate (BPOx), zirconium phosphate (ZrPOx), titanium phosphate (TiPOx), titanium diboride, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, tungsten silicide, boron carbide, boron nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium nitride, tantalum diboride or niobium carbide. The BDD is a continuous or non-continuous layer on the high surface area refractory material core structure. The BDD has conductivity of greater than 0.05 S/cm at greater than or equal to 100 degrees C or greater than 0.1 S/cm at less than or equal to 100 degrees C. The catalyst comprises platinum and binary, ternary and quaternary platinum alloys. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon core structure has surface area of 1-3000 m2/g. The refractory material has surface area of 10-2000 m2/g. The BDD has conductivity of 0.05 S/cm or more at 100 degrees C or more, or 0.1 S/cm or more at 100 degrees C or less. Preferred Components: The carbon core structure is chosen from mesoporous carbon, surface-modified carbon, carbon nanotube and nanowire. The refractory material is chosen from titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum phosphate (TaPOx), boron phosphate (BPOx), zirconium phosphate (ZrPOx), titanium phosphate (TiPOx), titanium boride, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, tungsten silicide, boron carbide, boron nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium nitride, tantalum boride and niobium carbide. The refractory material is a continuous layer or a non-continuous layer on the carbon core structure. The BDD is located on the continuous layer of refractory material. The catalyst is chosen from platinum, and binary, ternary and quaternary platinum alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The foil grows substantially along its thickness direction, where the direction is substantially parallel to the thickness of the floating foil. Preferred Components: The molten metallic bath comprises indium and/or tin. EXAMPLE - 99.9995% Pure indium (In) ingots (6 ingots of 50 g each) (300 g) were placed in a quartz crucible. The crucible was positioned vertically on a quartz pedestal inside a quartz tube. The quartz tube and its contents were placed inside a vertical tube furnace. A gas mixture of pure argon (Ar) containing 3.9% hydrogen (H2) (by volume) was used to flush the quartz tube chamber. This was done by first evacuating the chamber, followed by introduction of the gas mixture, and repeating this cycle 3 times at room temperature. The chamber temperature was then raised to -300 degrees C, and one vacuum/flush cycle was applied. This was followed by another vacuum/flush cycle at -500 degrees C. The gas mixture was introduced through quartz tube (bubbler). The bubbler was introduced into the molten In at -500 degrees C, and the flow rate was adjusted to 50 ml/minutes. After about one hour of bubbling, the bubbler was raised above the melt. The chamber temperature was then raised to 852 degrees C (melt temperature of 850.8 degrees C) , and a silicon (Si)-source piece (attached to a quartz rod) was dipped into the melt for 45 minutes. After 45 minutes, the left-over Si-source piece was raised, and a programmed cooling of the melt was initiated. The cooling rate was 0.7 degrees C/minute from 850-820 degrees C, 2 degrees C/minute from 820-770 degrees C and 4 degrees C/minute from 770-500 degrees C. The furnace was then turned off and cooled at 7 degrees C/minute to room temperature to obtain a continuous film of -3 cm diameter, which consists of high purity silica crystals (or grains) with typical grain size of several hundreds micrometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ceramic substrate has thickness of 0.1-1 mm. The titanium-based layer is made of material chosen from titanium disilicide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium diboride and titanium carbonitride (TiCxNy), and has thickness of 0.1-1 mu m and sheet resistance of less than 0.5 ohm/cm2. The (p+)-type back surface field layer has thickness of 1 mu m or less. The (p-)-type light-soaking layer has thickness of 1-15 mu m and grain size of more than 10 mu m. The (n+)-type emitter has thickness of 0.1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The ceramic substrate has thickness of 0.1-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium-based film is formed using titanium silicide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium boride and titanium carbonitride (TiCxNy). Preferred Properties: The titanium-based film has thickness of 1000-5000 Angstrom . The light-soaking layer has thickness of 1-15 mu m. The size of silicon crystals (241) in the light-soaking layer is 10 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Contents: The equivalence ratio is at or close to value that produces maximum absolute H2 and CO production. The absolute H2 and CO production at equivalence ratio is significantly higher than it would be if fuel processor were operated at or close to maximum fuel-specific H2 and CO production. The equivalence ratio is lower than value where substantially all of the oxygen in oxidant reactant stream supplied to fuel processor is consumed by partial oxidation. The H2 to CO in syngas stream produced during first periods of time is greater than one. The equivalence ratio is below 0.5. The equivalence ratio reactants supplied to fuel processor during heating event is 0.75-0.95. Preferred Components: The oxidizing stream comprises oxidant reactant stream. The oxidizing stream comprises water. Preferred Processes: The fuel reactant stream and oxidant reactant stream are converted to syngas stream in fuel processor non-catalytically. The method further comprises during first periods of time producing carbon in fuel processor, and during second periods of time, supplying an oxidizing stream to fuel processor to convert carbon and generate heat; trapping carbon in fuel processor; and adjusting oxidizing stream to convert carbon in manner maintaining temperature of fuel processor within desired range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrically conductive oxide layer contains zinc oxide doped with aluminum (0.1-5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alloy comprises 90-99 atomic% of copper, 7-0.1 atomic% of indium, and 3-0.75 atomic% of gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic material comprises a hydrophilic polymer. The polymer is crosslinked. The hydrophilic material is in the form of granules or fibers. The fibers are incorporated into the electrically-conductive resin, such that they form one or more channels for a liquid. The electrically-conductive resin comprises a carbon composite or graphite. EXAMPLE - Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (5 g) was added to divinylbenzene (5 g). Dichloromethane (22 g) was then added with a thermal initiator (azoisobutyronitrile) (0.2 g). The resulting solution was stirred with the monomer mixture until it had gone into solution after which graphite powder (23.3 g) was added and mixed using a spatula. The mixture was covered in parafilm and the solvent was allowed to evaporate off over night to give the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of carrying out layer transfer comprises implanting ions to initiate a cleave layer in the second material beneath the surface, bonding the first material to the receiver substrate, and separating the receiver substrate from the donor substrate along the cleave layer to leave residual second material from adjacent to the surface attached to the transferred first material. Preferred Material: The first material is germanium material and the second material is gallium arsenide. The first material is gallium arsenide and the second material is germanium material. The germanium material is germanium or silicon germanium. The first material may be strained Ge. Preferred Component: The silicon germanium is of formula SixGe1-x. The mole fraction of germanium in the germanium material is greater than or equal to 7. The receiver substrate is a silicon substrate and the insulator layer comprises an oxide of silicon. The donor substrate is GaAs substrate or Ge substrate. The surface of the second material is GaAs surface of the GaAs substrate and Ge substrate of the Ge substrate.x=0.01-0.03.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Promoter: The crystallization promoter is chosen from magnesium, strontium, calcium and barium. Preferred Properties: The crystallization promoter-containing layer has thickness of 30-200 mu m and barium concentration of 100-200 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises at least a further metal alkoxide. Preferred Components: The indium alkoxide is an indium(III) alkoxide with at least one 1-15C-alkoxy- or -oxyalkylalkoxy group. The indium(III) alkoxide is indium isopropoxide. The indium alkoxide is present in a proportion of 1-15 wt.%, preferably 2.5-7.5 wt.%. The proportion of the further metal alkoxide in the composition is 0.01-7.5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The two solvents are organic solvents, which are alcohols, polyalcohols, esters, amines, ketones or aldehydes. The boiling point of the solvent with the lower boiling point under SATP conditions is 30-120 degrees C. The boiling point of the solvent with the higher boiling point under SATP conditions is 120-300 degrees C. The solvent with the lower boiling point is isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, chloroform and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The solvent with the higher boiling point is tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, butyl acetate, diethylene glycol, anisole, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethyl benzoate and ethyl lactate. The two solvents of the composition are isopropanol and diethylene glycol. The proportion of the solvent with the lower boiling point is 30-95 wt.%. The proportion of the solvent with the higher boiling point is 0.5-70 wt.%. The composition contains at least three solvents, which are isopropanol, butyl acetate and ethyl lactate. EXAMPLE - A solution (5 wt.%) of indium(III) isopropoxide in isopropanol (boiling point: 82 degrees C) was added with diethylene glycol (10 vol.%, boiling point: 244 degrees C) to obtain the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component of mixed acid is chosen from hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of oxygen atom and carbon atom in the surface layer portion of gas barrier layer is each 10-70% with respect to total content of oxygen atom, carbon atom and silicon atom. The content of silicon atom in the surface layer portion of the gas barrier layer is 5-35% with respect to total content of oxygen atom, carbon atom and silicon atom. Preferred Property: The peak position of bond energy of 2p electron-orbit of silicon atom in the surface layer portion of gas barrier layer is 102-104 eV, measured by X-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy. Preferred Component: The laminate further has an inorganic compound layer (C) obtained by injecting an ion formed by ionizing nitrogen, oxygen, argon and/or helium into a layer containing polyorganosiloxane type-compound. The laminate is obtained by performing plasma ion implantation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyorganosiloxane type-compound has silicon-containing repeating units of formula: -(Si(-Rx)2-O)- (I) and of formula (II).Rx,Ry=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl (all optionally substituted) or H, in which two of Rx are not hydrogen simultaneously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating composition has solid concentration of 0.1-20 %mass and pH of 2.5-7. The binder is water-soluble organic binder or polyvinyl alcohol. The coating composition further contains water-soluble alcohol (10-70 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material is resin material containing fluororesin. Preferred Property: The hydrophilic coating film has thickness of 100-700 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin film contains inorganic substance, inorganic oxide and/or inorganic nitride. The inorganic thin films (a,b) contain silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 1.2-1.9). The thin film contains silicon oxide (SiOy, where y is 1.5-2.5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves forming anchor-coat layer containing resin, and protective layer. Preferred Composition: The resin is chosen from cellulose nitrate-type resin, silicone-type resin, isocyanate-type resin, polyester-type resin, urethane-type resin and acrylic resin. The thin film further contains cellulose nitrate-type resin, silicone-type resin, epoxy resin, isocyanate-type resin, polyester-type resin, urethane-type resin, acrylic resin and/or polyparaxylylene-type resin. The protective layer contains resin which consists of polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and/or ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticles comprise platinum or platinum-alloy nanoparticles. The transition metal compound comprises tantalum oxyphosphate, niobium oxyphosphate, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum, vanadium, niobium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, tin, cobalt, metal borate, aluminate, silicate, selenate, tellurate, germanate and/or stannate. The conductive support comprises carbon, metal carbide and/or metal phosphide. The amount of metal nanoparticles is 70% or less. The amount of transition metal compound is 99% or less. The amount of conductive support is 0-70%. Preferred Process: The nanocomposite is further annealed under inert atmosphere or mixed gas of inert and hydrogen atmosphere at 100-1300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The portions of the masking layer and the impurity layer are removed using the etchant based on inorganic acid such as hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the system, a photonic layer is arranged on the plastic molded body. The photonic layer is arranged by a dielectric interference filter, which is formed as an edge filter or a bandpass filter. The photonic layer is made from photonic crystals or made as an inverse opal. A flat reflector is placed under the plastic molded body, where a mirror or a white film or plate is used as the reflector. The photonic layer is arranged on the plastic molded body and a reflector is arranged under the plastic molded body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic molded body is multilayered. The plastic molded body is made from: several individual plastic molded bodies, which are colored with the fluorescent dye; or individual bonded plastic molded bodies, which are colored with the fluorescent dye. The plastic molded body is made of several plastic molded body obtained by polymerization of one or more plastic molded body, which are colored with at least one fluorescent dye, between two other plastic molded bodies that are dyed with at least one fluorescent dye. Preferred Components: The plastic molded body is colored with: at least one organic fluorescent dye based on rylene, perylene, terylene and/or quaterylene; at least one dye-based complex lanthanide compounds; and at least one dye-based nanoscopic semiconductor structures (quantum dots).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic electroluminescence device comprises anode, cathode and one or more emitting layers, where at least one organic layer, which may be the emitting layer or another layer containing (A1) or its corresponding oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, and further optionally contains additional layers comprising one or more hole injection layers, hole transport layers, hole blocking layers, electron transport layers, electron injection layers, electron blocking layers, exciton blocking layers, charge generation layers and/or organic or inorganic p/n-junctions, where these layers are optionally doped. Preferred Definitions:    R = CN, F, NO2, CF3, or optionally substituted electron-deficient heterocycles comprising pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl or benzimidazolyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal hydride is aluminum hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride and/or potassium hydride. The silicon halide is of formula: SiX4.X=fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.Preferred Process: The silicon halide and metal hydride are reacted at 0-80 degrees C for 10-90 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The neutralizing agent is compound having hydroxyl group, ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ester, amide and/or nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ceria precursor is cerium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, butanol and isopropanol. The mixed solution further contains metal-oxide precursor and oxidizer chosen from hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and organic acid. The content of oxidizer is 0.01-5 weight%. The volume ratio of water and alcohol in the mixed solvent is 0.01:1-0.2:1.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=phenyl, fluorenyl or carbazolyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The imidazole is N-vinylimidazole or N-allylimidazole. The iodoalkane is iodo-n-propane, iodo-n-butane, or iodo-n-hexane. The solvent in electrolyte is carbonate (preferably mixture of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate at ratio of 6:4), nitrile (preferably acetonitrile), or low-viscosity ionic liquid (preferably 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The transparent baseplate may be made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The transparent baseplate may be made of metallic film or metal plate. The transparent baseplate is transparent conducting baseplate comprising stannic oxide mixed with fluorine, indium oxide mixed with tin, zinc oxide mixed with aluminum, stannic oxide, or stannic oxide mixed with antinomy. The light-absorbing parts comprise high energy gap metal oxide and dye molecules adhering to metal oxide surface for absorbing light. The high energy gap metal oxide comprises titanium dioxide, ferric oxide and tungsten oxide. The antipodal layer comprises platinum metallic film, platinum metal particle and graphite. The first and second wires are silver wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent baseplate is made of polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The dye-sensitized TiO2 thin film electrode is prepared by drying TiO2 electrode in an oven at 80 degrees C for 2 hours, immersing in DMF solution of TAMnPc for 5-24 hours, repeatedly washing with alcohol, and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate is made of a polyethersulfone (PES), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrode includes fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, alumina-doped zinc oxide and antimony oxide-doped tin oxide. The semiconductor compound is chosen from titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide and titanium-strontium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflector comprises gold or its alloy. The process gas comprises gas chosen from arsine, argon, helium, nitrogen and/or hydrogen, preferably arsine. The precursor (a) comprises aluminum precursor, gallium precursor and/or indium precursor. The precursor (b) comprises nitrogen precursor, phosphorus precursor, arsenic precursor and/or antimony precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separation membrane comprises a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: In the hydrogen fed power system, the pressure converter is a de-compressor that generates electrical power by decompression of the hydrogen gas, where the pressure converter is applicable as an electrically driven compressor. Also, the pressure converter is connected to an electric power storage. The energy converter comprises at least one fuel cell. The system further comprises an electric drive that is electrically connected to the fuel cell. The ion-conductive membrane is electrically connected to the electric drive. The fuel cell is a stack of plural fuel cell elements. The energy converter is a hydrogen fed combustion engine. The heat guide comprises a fluid circulation system. The heat guide connects the hydrogen driven energy converter with thermally conductive fluids to the pressure converter. Moreover, the ion-conductive membrane is integrated with the high-pressure hydrogen container. The system is provided with control means connecting to the pressure converter and the energy converter. Preferred Method: In using the hydrogen fed power system, by stopping the power generating low pressure, hydrogen is compressed by the de-compressor by electrically feeding the ion-conductive membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition material comprises arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen and/or antimony based II-V compound semiconductor, preferably indium-gallium-aluminum-arsenic alloy ((InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs, where x and y are selected such that the band gap of the interlayer material remains constant throughout the thickness of the interlayer material). The top subcell comprises indium-gallium-aluminum-phosphorus alloy (InGa(Al)P). The middle subcell comprises gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimonide or gallium indium arsenic nitride emitter region and gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimonide or gallium indium arsenic nitride base region. The bottom solar subcell comprises indium gallium arsenide base and emitter layer or indium gallium arsenide base layer and indium gallium phosphide emitter layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive particles are doped with material selected from the group consisting of gallium (GA), aluminum (Al), boron (B), fluorine (F) and tin (Sn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive particles for electrodes are selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO), cadmium oxide (Cd2O3) and indium tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode layer comprises indium-tin-oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type semiconductor layer contains copper, indium, gallium and selenium. The n-type semiconductor layer contains a compound expressed by ZnO1-x-ySxSey, where x and y are 0 and x+y is 0.2-0.65.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic metal particles are microparticles of composite metal compound containing at least 2 types of metal like magnesium and aluminum, whose valences of positive charge differs. The molar ratio of magnesium with respect to aluminum is 2-3. The inorganic fine particles are natural or synthetic hydrotalcite (Mg4.5Al2(OH)13CO3.3.5H2O). The content of adsorption agent is 0.2-1 part mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Properties: The inorganic fine particles have a refractive index of 1.45-1.54 and pH of 9 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vinyl acetate in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 5-50 parts mass and the content of cross-linking agent is 0.1-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layers are made of tin dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide or indium zinc oxide. The light-absorbing layers are made of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, germanium, germanium silicide or carbon silicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The interlayer is made of gold, silver or aluminum. The latter electrode layer is made of a metal such as silver, aluminum, chromium, titanium, nickel and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic layer is provided with a buffer layer comprising cadmium sulfide or indium sulfide, and a transparent conductive layer comprising zinc oxide, indium tin oxide or indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive foil is made of steel, stainless steel or aluminum. The conductive grid is made of silver. The contact layer comprises molybdenum and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic liquid comprises ethanol. The tantalum-containing metalorganic precursor comprises tantalum ethoxide. The complex comprises tantalum ethoxide and 2,4-acetyl acetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc oxide is doped with gallium, aluminum, or boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etchant solution includes acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dehydrogenation catalyst in the inner reactor is heterogeneous or homogeneous group VIII metals, rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, gold, palladium, cobalt, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, chromium oxide and/or alloys. The dehydrogenation catalyst is cobalt or cobalt oxide when the amine is a primary amine or rhodium or platinum when the amine is an alkyl di-amine. The outer chamber or the inner reactor, and outer circumferential reactor are surrounded by a resistive heating elements to provide sufficient temperature to catalyze the dehydrogenation reaction. In the process, the sweep gas is helium and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl di-amine or aliphatic di-amine is 2-(aminomethyl)propane-1,3-diamine, propane-1,3-diamine, propylamine, ethylamine, butyl amine, propane-1,3-diamine, ethane-1,3-diamine, butane-1,3-diamine, pentane-1,3-diamine and/or isopropyl-1,3-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor layer comprises copper-gallium (CU85Ga15) and indium hydroxide without separate elemental gallium, where copper-indium-gallium contain an oxygen content of 6-8 wt.%. The precursor layer comprises copper nanoparticles and indium-gallium hydroxide. The chalcogenide compounds contain copper, indium, gallium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zeolite uses a mixture of (in molar ratio) oxides and water of formulae: Y'O2/X2O3 (0.5-100), H2O/Y'O2 (1-100), and M2O/Y'O2 (0.1-10), where X is gallium or aluminum and Y' is silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor comprises an alloy of cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide materials. The concentric layer is in-situ formed of cadmium zinc sulfide (Cdx Zn(1-x)S) alloy embedded with the dopant manganese forming an inner shell surrounding the core, and an outer shell of zinc sulfide. The precursor materials are zinc acetate, cadmium acetate and manganese acetate. The sulfide ion source is sodium sulfide. The bivalent transition metal ion dopant is manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binaphthalenyl-type compound (III) is preferably of formula (IV). The component (B) is aromatic compound of formula (V). The chiral reactive mesogen mixture comprises (in weight%) component (A) (30-80), component (B) (5-50), component (C) (0.2-10), polymerization initiator(s) (D) (0.01-5), surfactant(s) (E) (0.01-2), component (F) (2-30) containing reactive mesogen other than compounds (I, III, and V), chain transfer agent-containing component (G) (0.1-5), dyes-containing component (H) (0.1-5), and stabilizer-containing component (0.01-2).OCO=-O-CO- or single bond;Z0=-COO-, -OCO-, -CH2CH2-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CC-, -CH=CH-,-OCO-CH=CH-, -CH=CH-COO-, or single bond;andy=0 or 1-12.when x or y is zero, then z is zero. Preferred Definitions:    m1,m2=0;and    R1=alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkyl carbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or 1-12C alkylcarbonyloxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The polyvalent metal is chosen from cobalt, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, zinc, copper and iron. The monovalent metal is chosen from silver and potassium. Preferred Property: The metal replacement of rate of polyvalent or monovalent metal is 10% or more, which is calculated using the relation: (Metallic element content rate (in %)/atomic weightx 10x valency)/amount of carboxylic group-containing cellulose fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of graphitized carbon filament is 3-70 weight%. The dispersion medium is water or organic solvent having boiling point of 200 degrees C or less. The dispersion liquid further contains 5-100 parts weight of dispersing agent with respect to 100 parts weight of graphitized carbon fragment. The graphitized carbon material is material having partial domain orientation structure, or anisotropic pitch-type graphitized carbon fiber. The content of graphitized carbon fiber, dispersion medium and dispersing agent are 300-10000 parts weight, 300-10000 parts weight and 5-100 parts weight, respectively. Preferred Property: The graphitized carbon fiber has average fiber diameter of 3-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Matrix: The matrix is thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The solar cell has electroconductive substrate made of steel, aluminum, titanium or metal oxide-coated metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye is chosen from ruthenium bipyridyl complex, coumarin, phthalocyanine, squaraine, indoline and triarylamine dye. Preferred Compound: The cosorbent is chosen from tertiary butyl pyridine, pH buffer and chenodeoxycholic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic ketone solvent is a tetralone solvent. The aromatic ether solvent is 3-phenoxytoluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanostructured inorganic-based hyper-transparent interfacial modifying coating is silica-type coating, hydrophobic coating having contact angle of more than 145 degrees , preferably more than 160 degrees , more preferably more than 170 degrees , and wear-resistant surface whose 90% of surface area is nanostructured. The wear-resistant surface contains abrasion-resistant material, and is oliophobic with contact angle of 130 degrees or more with respect to oils, hydrophobic with contact angle of 130 degrees or more, or hydrophilic with contact angle of less than 10 degrees . Preferred Properties: The substrate has light transmission of more than 1%, preferably more than 3% which is more than that of uncoated substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The partial structure (I) is of formula (II or III, preferably IV, V or VI). The compound contains pyrrole group-containing partial structure (I) in 2 or more molecules, and is of formula (VII or VIII). The compound (VII) is low-molecular compound having molecular weight of less than 5000. The compound (VIII) is high-molecular compound having molecular weight of 5000 or more.X1-X8=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom;Z3=Z2;R2-R16=R1;Z4,Z6=optionally substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic ring;Z5,Z7=optionally substituted aromatic ring or complex aromatic ring;p,r=0-4;q=2-6;ands=2-10000.Preferred Process: The layer containing compound having partial structure (I) is formed by solution coating method. Preferred layer: Alternately, the layer containing compound having partial structure (I) is provided between the bulk heterojunction layer and the cathode, and is a bulk heterojunction layer (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A fiber component or glass-rod material is embedded on titanium or titanium alloy material. The opening portion is metal mesh or lath material. The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide film that is formed by anodizing titanium or titanium alloy material, where titanium nitride is formed prior to the anodizing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: removing the anti-corrosive agent by heating or irradiation with an ultraviolet light in the required pattern after printing with the corrosive agent; growing the silica layer outside the P-type or N-type doped layer after forming the P-type or N-type doped region; printing the corrosive agent or the anti-corrosive agent on the silica layer on the back surface of the substrate, making a hole on the silica layer for passing the electrode through the N-type or P-type doped layer and the P-type or N-type doped region and printing the electrode on the silica layer; and printing the front surface of the substrate into a mat structure and depositing the silicon nitride or titanium dioxide antireflection layer of thickness of 50-200 nm on the mat structure. Preferred Components: The corrosive agent is ammonium hydrogen fluoride (10-27%). The anti-corrosive agent is an organic solvent. The N-type silicon substrate is an N-type mono-crystalline silicon portion of thickness of 200-250 mu m. The thickness of the silica layer is 3-10 nm. The processing gas used during N-type doping is phosphorus chloride oxide and the square resistance during the doping is 10-60 ohms/square. The processing gas used during the P-type doping is boron tribromide and the square resistance during the doping is 5-30 ohms/square.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by dissolving gadolinium oxide and erbium oxide in concentrated nitric acid to form 0.1-0.5 mol/L solution of the two oxides, mixing the two oxide solutions with ammonium molybdate, adding citric acid as combustion supporting agent, uniformly mixing, heating to remove solvent, and igniting at 800-950 degrees C for 5-10 hours, where the ratio of gadolinium(III), erbium(III) and ammonium molybdate is 2-x:x:3. Preferred Component: The compound can absorb light at 1510-1565 nm, can emit green light (near 544 nm), red light (near 665 nm) and infrared light (near 800 and 976 nm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises washing with water. It further comprises vapor-oxidizing the tube. The method comprises vapor-oxidizing by using air. It also comprises centrifuging the tube for 0.1-20 hours at 5000-30000 rpm. The electrolysis step comprises converting the metals of the catalyst into corresponding metallic cations. Preferred Component: The catalyst is oxides of lanthanum metals, transitional metals, and/or mixture of nickel and rare earth element, and mixture of the catalysts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is yttrium-nickel alloy, iron-nickel alloy, iron-cobalt alloy, cobalt-nickel alloy, rhodium-platinum alloy or cerium-aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A diamine derivative of formula (III) is reacted in presence of a halogenated compound of formula (IV), to obtain compound (I).X2=bromo. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 diamine compounds are disclosed, i.e. N-(4-(diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)phenyl)-N,N',N'-triphenyl-benzene-1,3-diamine of formula (II), N-(4-(diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)phenyl)-N,N',N'-triphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine, N-(4-(diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)phenyl)-N,N',N'-tris-(4-((E)-styryl)phenyl)-benzene-1,3-diamine and N-(4-(diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)phenyl)-N,N',N'-tris-(4-((1E,3E)-4-phenyl-buta-1,3-dienyl)phenyl)-benzene-1,3-diamine.    EXAMPLE - (4-(Diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)phenyl)-m-tolylamine (in g) (7.6), (2-biphenyl)dicyclohexyl phosphine (0.1052), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.1374), sodium-t-butoxide (9) and bromobenzene (9.4206) were added in a flask and then distilled o-xylene (500 mL) was added, argon gas substitution reaction was performed, stirred and heated at 120 degrees C, to obtain a mixture. Then, the resultant mixture was cooled to room temperature, washed thrice, dried, subjected to adsorption treatment and filtered. Subsequently, the resultant residue was purified by column chromatography using solvent which includes chloroform/hexane, to obtain N-(4-(diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)phenyl)-N,N',N'-triphenyl-benzene-1,3-diamine in yield of 85%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The titanium compound is titanium oxide particles having average particle diameter of 10 nm or less and/or titanium complex. The titanium complex is chosen from titanium pyridine complex, titanium ammine complex, peroxo titanium complex, titanium ethylenediamine acetic acid complex, titanium acetylacetone complex, titanium acetic acid complex, titanium citric-acid complex, titanium oxalic acid complex, titanium tetramethylammonium hydroxide complex and/or titanium complex having 2 or more ligands.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The crosslinked acrylic resin particles have average particle diameter of 10 nm to 1 mu m. Preferred Process: The crosslinked acrylic resin particles are obtained by carrying out emulsion polymerization of polyfunctional (meth)acrylate monomer, emulsion polymerization of 1-20C alkyl (meth)acrylate in presence of an internal crosslinking agent, or emulsion polymerization of vinyl-type polymeric compound having a functional group with active hydrogen and 1-20C alkyl (meth)acrylate, and crosslinking obtained emulsion of acrylic resin particles by adding external crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The furnace has an oxide film or nitride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electrode (I) includes a transparent conductive oxide layer, and electrode (II) includes aluminum. A second-type layer including an amorphous silicon carbide thin film is formed by inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition device using a mixed gas including hydrogen gas, silane gas, diborane, and ethylene gas. The ethylene gas includes 60% hydrogen-diluted ethylene gas, diborane gas is 97% hydrogen-diluted diborane gas, and the mixed gas includes 1-1.2% ethylene gas and 6-6.5% diborane gas. Electrode (I) includes silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor alloy is silicon-doped gallium nitride with doping concentration of 1016-1020 cm-3. The semiconductor layer (10) is indium-gallium nitride/gallium nitride quantum well, p-type aluminum gallium nitride barrier layer, p-type gallium nitride layer and/or electrical contact layer containing transparent conductive oxide. The semiconductor layer (12) is electrical contact metal layer. The semiconductor layers contains doped zinc oxide alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant is selected from a group of aluminum, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic, antinomy, bismuth, thulium or holmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The substrate (1) of fuel cell separator contains titanium, aluminum and their alloys or stainless steel. The conductive layer contains alloy of noble metal elements chosen from gold and platinum, and normoble metal elements chosen from niobium, tantalum, zirconium and hafnium. The content of normoble metal element in the conductive layer is 65 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During annealing process, at least 90% of the porous capping layer is annealed while at least 60% of the implanted ions are retained in the implanted region. The porous capping layer is deposited by introducing a process gas comprising a silicon-containing gas and an oxygen-containing gas into the process zone, energizing the process gas to form plasma, and maintaining the substrate at less than 30 degrees C. Preferred Property: The porous capping layer has a porosity of at least 20% and/or continuous pores with a pore volume of at least 20%. Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing gas comprises silane, and oxygen-containing gas comprises oxygen. The implanting ions comprise arsenic, boron or phosphorus. The substrate comprises silicon oxide, silicon carbide, crystalline silicon, strained silicon, silicon germanium, doped or undoped polysilicon, doped or undoped silicon wafers, doped silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, glass, sapphire and/or quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal target further comprises a metal selected from zinc, gallium and/or aluminum. The target comprises indium-zinc compound (InxZn1-x, where x is 0.01-0.95, preferably 0.6-0.9). Preferred Process: The reactive sputtering involves contacting the metal target with an inert gas to remove indium and zinc from the target surface. The inert gas is argon. The method further involves controlling the quantity of oxygen in the oxygen-containing atmosphere. Preferred Device: The photovoltaic device comprises a transparent resistive layer between the transparent conductive layer and absorber layer. The transparent resistive layer comprises an oxide selected from indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) and/or indium-aluminum-zinc oxide (IAZO). Preferred Property: The photovoltaic device has a light transmission rate of at least 85%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first substrate is gallium arsenide. The separation layer is composed of gallium aluminum arsenide. The transition material is composed of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, antimony based II-V compound semiconductors subject to the constraints, and is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenide (InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs with x and y selected such that the band gap of each interlayer remains constant throughout its thickness. The upper first subcell is composed of an indium gallium aluminum doped phosphide. The middle subcell is composed of an gallium indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimonide or gallium indium arsenic nitride emitter region, and an indium gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimonide or gallium indium arsenic nitride base region. The lower subcell is composed of an indium gallium phosphide emitter layer and a gallium arsenic or gallium indium arsenic base layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The supports are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas distribution plate of counter electrode is in communication is oxygen source and hydrogen source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ion source is introduced in the chamber, which provides aluminum ions or hafnium ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The high purity silicon is reacted with gaseous tetrachlorosilane, and distilled to produce solar grade silicon. The solar battery is then manufactured from solar grade silicon. Carbon dioxide is reacted with sodium oxide obtained by oxidizing sodium in electrolysis process, and sodium carbonate is obtained. The obtained compound is mixed with silica to produce glass. A solar battery layer is provided at surface of glass, and solar battery is produced. Alternately, sodium silicate is mixed with silica to produce glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal layer is made of nickel, copper or silver. The etching medium includes metal electrolyte. The etching medium includes 5-10 vol.% of hydrofluoric acid and a metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching medium also includes 150-180 grams per liter of nickel acetate solution, alcohol or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: Translucent liquid (L2) having lower specific gravity than liquid (L1) and non-affinity with respect to liquid (L1), is provided touching liquid (L1). Liquid (L2) is oil or nonpolar solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The light-scattering unit is glass powder sintered compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Condition: The conveyance tension is 0.98-98 N/m when heating to 100 degrees C or more. Preferred Layer: At least one organic layer is a light-emitting layer containing a phosphorescence material. The light-emitting layer contains a low-molecular light-emission host compound having a molecular weight of 10000 or less, and low-molecular light-emission dopant compound(s) having a molecular weight of 10000 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flexible transparent base material is polyester. A clear hard-coat layer is coated on both surfaces of the flexible transparent base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive oxide layer has thickness of 100-1200 Angstrom , preferably 100-800 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (b) and component (c) is 20-80 parts mass and 10-70 parts mass, respectively with respect to component (a) (100 parts mass). The component (a) is synthesized from hydrogenated polybutadiene compound (a1) having 2 or more hydroxyl groups in a molecule, compound (a2) having 2 or more isocyanate groups in a molecule and (meth)acrylic compound (a3) which has hydroxyl group in a molecule. The component (c) is at least one of isobornyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyl oxyethyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentanyl (meth)acrylate or 1-adamantanyl (meth)acrylate. Preferred Property: The mean molecular weight of compound (a1) is 1000-4000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal microparticles are formed using gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium and/or their alloy. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive film has total light transmittance of 70% or more and surface resistance value of 50 Omega /square or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primer contains ethyleneoxide derivative and polyether modified polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The sheet-like surface light-emitting component is organic electroluminescent surface light-emitting component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The sheet-like solar cell is organic thin-film solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains inorganic fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid contains quaternary ammonium salt of formula: R2-N+(-R1)(-R3)-R4 X-.R1-R4=alkyl optionally having substituent;or any two groups of R1-R4+N=ring;X=N(SO2F)2, BF3Y' or N(CN)2;andY'=alkyl or perfluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The segments are made from material comprising silicon carbide or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The segments are made from material comprising aluminum or anodized aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is molybdenum-plated glass, molybdenum-plated ceramic, molybdenum-plated titanium foil, molybdenum-plated stainless steel foil, or molybdenum-plated polyimide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The non-vacuum liquid phase process comprises spin coating, casting, pulling, screen printing, ink printing, or roll coating. Annealing is carried out at 400-600 degrees C for 10-20 minutes. Preferred Component: The halogen compound is MX, MX2, or M'X4. The sulfur source comprises elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, ammonium salts of sulfur, and/or hydrazonium salts of sulfur. The selenium source comprises elemental selenium, hydrogen selenide, ammonium selenide, ammonium salts of selenium, and/or hydrazonium salts of selenium.M=Cu;X=Cl, Br, or I; andM'=Sn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent containing strong coordinating group is ethanolamine, triethanolamine, isopropanolamine, methanamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethanamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetylamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, or hydrazine solvent of formula R4R5N-NR6R7. The ammonium salts of sulfur and selenium are salts formed by hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide, and N-R1R2R3; or salts formed by hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide, and R4R5N-NR6R7.R1-R7=aromatic group, -H, -CH3, -C2H5, or 3-6C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises (wt.%) rare-earth metal oxide (35), conductive carbon (55), and PTFE emulsion (15). The weight ratio of the graphite to acetylene black is 1:2. The rare-earth metal oxide is lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, dysprosium oxide, or erbium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution composition contains ionic compound (1-60 %mass). Preferred Process: The ionic compound is obtained by carrying out salt exchange reaction of salt of imidazolinium derivative and alkali metal salt of tricyanomethide, and extracting and purifying the resulting mixture. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is ( gamma )-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal carbonate is chosen from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and rubidium carbonate. The alkaline-earth metal carbonate is chosen from magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate and barium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic dihalogen-type monomer is chosen from 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone, bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane. The phenolic-type monomer or bisphenol-based monomer is chosen from hydroquinone sulfonic acid potassium salt, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-diphenyl oxide disodium salt, 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene-3-sulfonic acid monosodium salt, 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid monosodium salt, potassium-5,5'-carbonylbis(2-fluorobenzenesulfonate) and potassium-2,2'-(9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene)sulfonate. The organic solvent is chosen from N,N'-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass frit is boron oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, phosphorus oxide, bismuth oxide and/or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, ethyl digol or terpineol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive comprises sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycols, ethyl cellulose or acrylic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type transparent conductive material is: of formula (CuMO2) (I) or (Cu2XSrXO2) (II); and copper aluminum dioxide (CuAlO2) having the copper to aluminum ratio of 0.8-1.2. The p-type transparent conductive layer: has a thickness of at least 50 nm; and is formed by direct current (DC) reactive sputtering using a copper aluminum alloy target or radio frequency (RF) sputtering using a copper aluminum dioxide target. The semiconductive film comprises a p-type semiconductive layer, and an n-type semiconductive layer, where the n-type semiconductive layer is formed on the p-type semiconductive layer. The p-type semiconductive layer is a copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) layer, and the n-type semiconductive layer is a cadmium selenide or zinc selenide layer. The transparent conductive layer is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, where the TCO is tin-doped indium oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide or and undoped zinc oxide. The substrate is a soda-lime glass, quartz, transparent plastic or a transparent flexible material.M = IIIA element including Al, B, Ga, In or Tl; andX = greater than zero.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium dioxide thin film block is a rectangular block with similar gaps between the blocks. Two perfusing holes are located at the upper and lower opposite angles or at the diagonal positions of the rectangular block. The low melting-point glass powder slurry is formed of a mixture of ethyl cellulose or terpineol and the low melting-point glass powder; and the thermal softening point temperature of the low melting-point glass powder is 400-500 degrees C, while the coefficient of thermal expansion matches with that of the transparent conductive glass plate. The filling material is chlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The package material comprises materials of ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyolefin, polyurethane, or siloxane. In the silicon solar photovoltaic module, the porous package material is used for packing silicon solar photovoltaic module; the porous package material is arranged between the silicon solar batteries and the first package layer and the second package layer; the second package layer can be replaced by the porous package material; the porous package material is plastic film structure which can be foamable high molecular material additionally arranged between the silicon solar batteries and the first package layer and the second package layer; the transparent base material comprises glass or plastic base material; and the back plate comprises composite layer formed by glass and polyvinyl fluoride. In the film solar photovoltaic module, the film solar battery comprises cladding plate silicon film solar battery, cladding plate copper-indium-gallium-selenium film solar battery, or cladding plate cadmium-tellurium film solar battery; and the silicon film solar battery comprises non-crystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, stacked silicon film, or three-layer silicon films. Preferred Parameters: The reflectivity of the package material is 7-45%. Preferred Process: The chemical cross-linking comprises peroxide or silane cross-linking. The physical cross-linking comprises electronic beam cross-linking or gamma ray cross-linking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The glass is formed using glass-making feedstock containing (in %mass) silica (45-75), aluminum (0-30) and mixture (0-30) of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. Preferred Properties: The tempered glass has softening point of 860 degrees C or less, thermal expansion coefficient of 60-110x 10-7/ degrees C and viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The thermoplastic polymer is polycarbonate. Preferred Layer: A connection layer (15) formed using ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is interposed between surface layer and cell layer. The packaging structure further has a light reflection layer formed using thermoplastic polymer, preferably polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light-absorbing layer has p-i-n structure including p-type silicon layer, i-type silicon layer and n-type silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light-absorbing layer particles contains the 4-hydroxyphenylazobenzene, 1-naphthylamine and/or tartrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide material is indium tin oxide, tin-type oxide and/or zinc-type oxide. The non-conductive material is amorphous silicon, silica or amorphous silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first material is p-type doped. The first material comprises amorphous silicon. The first material comprises amorphous silicon-germanium. The semiconductor-enriched insulator comprises at least both of silicon-enriched silicon nitride and silicon-enriched silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The decoupling layer is etched using reactive plasma. The reactive plasma is selected from O2, CF4, and/or H2. The edge-sealed barrier stack is laminated adjacent to the environmentally sensitive device using a process selected from heating, soldering, using an adhesive, ultrasonic welding, and applying pressure. The decoupling layer is deposited using an atmospheric process selected from spin coating, printing, ink jet printing, and/or spraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The salt of metallic compound is salt with bivalent metallic compound or salt with bivalent metallic compound and monovalent metallic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier layer contains salt of polyvinyl alcohol type compound, unsaturated carboxylic acid compound and metallic compound, preferably salt of (meth)acrylic acid and metallic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film of polylactic acid having stereo complex structure is heat-processed by contacting to a roll surface having surface temperature of 60-200 degrees C. The adhesive layer contains two liquid reaction type polyurethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of hydraulic urethane monomer or urethane prepolymer, and fluorine-type polymer is 40/60-60/40. The enclosure further contains water or polyhydric alcohols. The polyhydric alcohols consist of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and/or glycerin. The dispersion liquid contains (in %mass) phase-transition substance (10-40 with respect to dispersion liquid), fluorochemical surfactant (2-30 with respect to phase-transition substance), and glycol type flow promoter (10-100 with respect to phase-transition substance). When an encapsulation wall is formed as stage (I) of microcapsulation, 2-50 %mass of surfactant is contained with respect to phase-transition substance. Preferred Properties: The particle diameter of the capsule is 10-50 mu m. The ratio of thickness of wall component with respect to the particle diameter of capsule is 2-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The alkali-free glass further contains 0.6 %mass of zirconium oxide and 0.3 %mass or less of tin oxide. The raw material contains (in %mass) silica (50-70), alumina (10-25), boric oxide (8.4-20), magnesium oxide (0-10), calcium oxide (3-15), strontium oxide (0-10), zinc oxide (0-10), barium oxide (0-10), titanium dioxide (0-5) and phosphorus pentoxide (0-5). Preferred Process: The raw material is melted by direct-electrification heating. The direct-electrification heating is performed using tin oxide electrode, platinum electrode or molybdenum electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diamine having benzoxazole structure is chosen from 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-amine, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-amine, 2-(3-aminophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-amine and 2-(3-aminophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-amine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber-reinforced polyimide benzoxazole composite has curvature of 40 mu m or less, and linear expansion coefficient of -10 to 16 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell formed in the intermediate region comprises indium-gallium arsenide (InxGa1-xAs, where x is more than 0.05 to less than 0.2). The photovoltaic cell formed in the lower portion has a buffer layer comprising indium-gallium arsenide and the stress relaxation portion is made of silicon-germanium, silicon, gallium-antimony or indium-antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fluorine-tin oxide film is formed by spray pyrolysis using solvent like ethanol and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is chosen from Escherichia coli, Geobacter sulfurreducens, G.metallireducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Preferred Medium: The medium is chosen from Luria-Bertani medium, acetate, lactose, glucose, fructose, maltose, ribose, Tartoff-Hobbs Broth, LBM medium, glucose-Tris-EDTA (GTE) solution, super optimal broth (SOB) medium, SOC medium, minimal medium for E.coli, lake sedimentation, river sedimentation, and seafloor sedimentation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode and anode are made of material chosen from graphite rods, carbon fiber, carbon mesh, graphite cloth, platinum coated metals and palladium coated metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation exchange membrane is chosen from Nafion-117 (RTM: Perfluorinated sulfonate polymer membrane), CMI-7000 (RTM: Cation exchange membrane), saline bridge, potassium chloride/agar, physical barrier, and sediment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The tube-like substance is obtained by performing acid treatment after heat-processing. The tube-like substance is obtained by heat-processing metal oxide in concentrated aqueous alkaline solution. Preferred Conditions: The heat-processing is performed at 120-180 degrees C. The specific surface area and total pore volume of tube-like substance are increased to 10% or more with respect to specific surface area and total pore volume of starting material before heat-processing in concentrated alkaline solution. Preferred Component: The acid used for acid treatment is nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is chosen from titanium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, zinc, molybdenum, silicon, aluminum and tantalum, preferably titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol is glycerol or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent of mixed solution is water. The IB group element is copper or silver. The IIIA group element is aluminum, indium or gallium. The VIA group element is sulfur, selenium or tellurium. The thin-film solar cells comprise IB-IIIA-VIA group thin-film solar cells or macromolecule thin-film solar cells. The IB-IIIA-VIA group amorphous phase powder is a precursor of IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure is of copper pyrites structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure is mixed with conductive polymer to apply in macromolecule thin-film solar cells. Preferred Processes: The method further comprises washing mixed solution with cleaning solvent before drying mixed solution, with cleaning solvent of deionized water or ethyl alcohol. The method of transforming amorphous phase powder into IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure involves calcining IB-IIIA-VIA group amorphous phase powder. The method comprises supplying mixed solution containing IB, IIIA, VIA group element in periodic table of chemical element and any group solution of elements, with solvent of mixed solution comprising water; heating mixed solution; washing and filtering mixed solution; and drying mixed solution to obtain nanometer IB-IIIA-VIA group amorphous phase powder, with amorphous phase powder comprising precursor of copper pyrites structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA group copper pyrites structure is used as photo-electric conversion element in thin-film solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixed contains no organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) mixed with polystyrol sulfonic acid ethylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole and polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In forming the contact in the solar cell having the p-n junction, the step of forming the tunnel dielectric includes forming an oxide layer using a Chemox process. The step of forming the tunnel dielectric includes forming an oxide layer using thermal oxidation. The metal includes nickel or copper. The plating step includes creating a potential across the tunnel dielectric using a light bias to induce a photocurrent or using an electrical bias. The step of forming the tunnel dielectric includes forming a nitride layer. The p-n junction comprises a silicon substrate doped with impurities of a first polarity, and an emitter region near a surface of the substrate with a second polarity opposite the first polarity. The emitter region comprises a shallow emitter. Preferred Solar Cell: In the solar cell, the tunnel dielectric comprises an oxide layer. The metal includes one or more of nickel and copper. The tunnel dielectric comprises a nitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous mono-silicon organosilane is methylsilane, dimethylsilane, trimethylsilane, and tetramethyl silane. The gaseous mono-silicon organosilane comprises a mixture of at least two methylsilane, dimethylsilane, trimethylsilane and tetramethylsilane. The gaseous mono-silicon organosilane is obtained from pyrolysis of a solid organosilane source. The solid organosilane source is polydimethylsilane, polycarbomethylsilane, triphenylsilane, or nonamethyltrisilazane. The plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD), electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (ECR-PECVD), inductively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (ICP-ECVD), and/or plasma beam source plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PBS-PECVD).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The washing agent has pH of 1-13. The surfactant is anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant, or their mixture. The washing agent further contains a chelating agent, a reducing agent and an alkaline component. The chelating agent is chosen from amino polycarboxylic acid, hydroxycarboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, condensed phosphoric acid and their salt. The reducing agent is chosen from 1-12C aldehyde, 6-9C reductone, 1-30C fatty amine, thiol group reducing agent, oxo acid of sulfur, and oxo acid of phosphorus. Preferred Method: Flat panel display substrate or photomask substrate as electronic material is washed after grinding and/or texturing using cerium oxide, alumina, colloidal silica or diamond as abrading agent. Washing is performed using ultrasonic cleaning, shower cleaning, spray cleaning, brush washing, immersion cleaning, immersion dropping cleaning and single-wafer washing. The contact angle of substrate with respect to substrate after washing is 20 degrees or less at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid crystal polymer film contains a thermoplastic resin having thermotropic liquid crystal property and heat-resistant type which is classified into I type (Econol type), II type (Vectra type) and III type (X7G type), or an alloy. When the filled layer comprises crosslinked-type ethylene-vinyl acetate-type resin, the easily bonding layer contains ethylene-vinyl acetate-type resin having vinyl acetate content of 2-30%. Preferred Process: The easily bonding layer is obtained by mixing polyethylene-type resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate-type resin and/or acrylic resin. The insulating layer comprises a polyethylene-terephthalate film. A two-pack curing-type adhesive agent adheres liquid crystal polymer film, insulating layer and easily-bonding layer, and adhesive agent is hydrolysis-resistant adhesive agent comprising one component, a hardening agent or crosslinking agent of polycarbonate-type adhesive agent, a rubber adhesive and a polyurethane adhesive. Preferred Properties: The liquid crystal polymer film has deflection temperature of 180 degrees C or more at continuous duty temperature of 110 degrees C and under load. The thickness of the insulating layer is 6-600 mu m. The solar cell back surface protection sheet has thickness of 100-300 mu m with respect to partial discharge voltage value of 600 V, 150-450 mu m with respect to partial discharge voltage value of 1000 V and 250-700 mu m with respect to partial discharge voltage value of 1500 V. The liquid crystal polymer film and insulating layer has tensile elongation maintenance factor of 50-100%, lamination strength of 2 N/15 mm width and water-vapor permeation rate of 3 g/m2.24 hours, after preservation at 85 degrees C and humidity of 85% for 3000 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrated inorganic coating layer contains nitride, where the nitride is selected from aluminum nitride or silicon nitride. The anti-fouling coating layer comprises (in pts.wt.): silicon nitride (6-12) and fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer coating layer comprises (in pts.wt.): diethylene glycol diacrylate (30-50), propanediol diacrylate (15-35), photoinitiator i.e. benzoyl phenyl carbinol (10-15) and dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate. The organic polymer coating layer comprises (in pts.wt.): tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (20-40), dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate (15-30), poly(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether methacrylate (5-10), hydroxyl terminated epoxy ethane (5-10), hydroxyl terminated epoxy propane (5-10) and photoinitiator i.e. benzoyl phenyl carbinol (1-5). The anti-fouling coating layer comprises (in pts.wt): pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (15-35), dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (8-15), polymerization initiator (0.1-3), ethanol and methyl ehtyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline material is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The special electronic detergent comprises (wt.%) surfactant (0.01-0.5), alkaline material (0.5-2), and deionized water (balance). The surfactant is alcohol ether type surfactant i.e. fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, isooctanol polyoxyethylene ether, disodium sulfosuccinate isoalkyl ether ester, disodium fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether sulfosuccinate, lauryl ether phosphate, or octyl phenol polyglycol ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous film contains conductive metal nanoparticles containing indium-tin oxide, fluorine-tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide or zinc oxide-alumina, tin oxide, antimony-tin oxide and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube is added to nitric acid solution, and carboxylated. The method further involves adding sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and/or acetic acid. Preferred Component: The tungsten salt is chosen from ammonium metatungstate, ammonium paratungstate, tungsten chloride, tungsten fluoride, tungsten bromide, tungsten dichloride dioxide. The tungsten oxide is chosen from tungsten dioxide (WO2), tungsten trioxide (WO3) and tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The dispersion solvent consists of water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and pentane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diffusion barrier is made of boron oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, copper oxide, cesium oxide, chromium oxide or manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary transparent conductive layer contains metal oxide of formula: AxB'yOz.A=copper or silver;B'=boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, yttrium, lanthanum, iron, chromium, tin, scandium, neodymium or bismuth;andx,y,z=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The copper precursor is copper-ethylbutyrylacetate or copper-ethylisobutyrylacetate. The asymmetry precursor containing indium-selenium is indium ethylbutyldiethylselenocarbamate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic ion is chosen from metallic ion of ferric chloride, ferric chloride hydrate, cupric chloride, ceric sulfate, and iron sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer of the conducting polymer is chosen from pyrrole, aniline, thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and phenylenevinylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyvinyl alcohol has molecular weight of 200000, and diameter of 50-1000 nm. The thickness of the conducting polymer is 10-200 nm. Preferred Composition: The concentration of polyvinyl alcohol is 100 parts weight. The content of metallic ion and conductive polymer is each 50 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The device layer contains nanoparticles or carbon nanotube in which nanoparticles are adhered on p-type or n-type semiconductor material. The nanoparticles contain aluminum oxide, barium carbonate, boron trioxide, bismuth oxide, calcium carbonate, cerium oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, lithium carbonate, lithium cobaltate, magnesium oxide, manganese carbonate, manganese oxide (MnO2,Mn3O4), niobium pentoxide, lead oxide, antimony trioxide, tin dioxide, strontium carbonate, tantalum pentoxide, titanium oxide, barium titanate, vanadium pentoxide, tungsten oxide, zirconia and zinc oxide. The carbon nanotube is single-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube or their mixture. The solar cell has electrolyte solution containing sulfuric acid or oxalic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The device layer has a bottom electrode, a photoelectric cell layer and an upper electrode. The photoelectric cell layer is formed using conductive polymer chosen from polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polysulfur nitride, and polyvinyl carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition contains (in weight%) reactive vinyl monomer (0.1-80), reactive oligomer (0.1-50) and remainder of reactive initiator. Acryl group-reactive vinyl monomer is trimethylol propane triacrylate, tri(propylene glycol)diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane ethoxylated triacrylate, methylmethacrylate, methacrylate, tri(propylene glycol)glycerolate diacrylate, vinylacrylate, or benzyl methacrylate. Silicon group-reactive vinyl monomer is trimethyl chlorosilane, dimethyl chlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, dimethyl chlorosilane, diphenyl chlorosilane, triphenyl chlorosilane, phenyl trichlorosilane, trimethylmethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, methyldimethoxysilane, dimethylvinyl methoxysilane, methylvinyl ethoxysilane, diphenyl dimethoxysilane, or diphenyl diethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The reactive oligomer has molecular weight of 100-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The copper atom-containing material is copper iodide, copper nitrate, copper chloride or copper powder. The indium atom-containing material is indium nitrate, indium iodide, indium chloride or indium powder. The tellurium atom-containing material is tellurium chloride or tellurium powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is alkali chelate compound chosen from ethylene diamine, diethylamine and diethylene triamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron-accepting layer is made of phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Preferred Component: The protective layer is made of ceramics, metal or organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The photoactive layer is made of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diffusion barrier consists of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, metal oxide such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, and/or metal nitride. The particles consist of silicon dioxide, magnesium fluoride, magnesium hydroxyfluoride, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, samarium oxide, erbium oxide, europium oxide, niobium oxide, neodymium oxide, gadolinium oxide, calcium fluoride, calcium hydroxyfluoride, zinc oxide, tin oxide, and/or boron oxide. The matrix is made of hydrolysable or polycondensable silicon-, titanium-, zirconium-, aluminum-, zinc-, hafnium-, niobium-, germanium-, magnesium-, calcium- and tin compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper energy transfer materials are made of conjugated polymer material such as polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide is rutile-type titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin in the primary and secondary layers is aromatic vinyl-type resin, polyester-type resin or polyolefin-type resin. The aromatic vinyl-type resin includes rubber-reinforced aromatic vinyl-type resin which is obtained by polymerizing aromatic vinyl compound in presence of rubbery polymer (a), and (co)polymer of aromatic vinyl compound. The content of the rubbery polymer is 5-40 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of aromatic vinyl-type resin. The rubbery polymer is ethylene-( alpha )-olefin-type rubber, hydrogenated conjugated diene-type rubber, acrylic-type rubber, silicone-type rubber and/or silicone acrylic composite rubber. Preferred Arrangement: The primary layer is laminated on both surfaces of the secondary layer directly or through another layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound comprises titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). The reducing gas comprises hydrogen. The organic oxygen containing compound comprises organic ester. The organic ester comprises ethyl acetate. The inert carrier gases comprise at least one of helium and nitrogen. Preferred Method: In method (M1), when the precursor gas mixture delivered to the glass ribbon, the glass ribbon is at 1050-1350 degrees F. The color suppression film stack is deposited on the heated glass substrate prior to deposition of the electrically conductive titanium oxide coating. The coated glass oxide exhibits an electrical conductivity of at least 0.80 S/cm. The conductive titanium oxide coating is deposited on the heated glass substrate at a deposition rate of at least 20 Angstrom /sec. The thickness of conductive titanium oxide coating deposited on the heated glass substrate is greater than or equal to 110 Angstrom . The reducing gas comprises not greater than 5.2 mole% of the precursor mixture. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the polycrystalline silicon ingot growing technique, the silicon nitride demolding agent is the high-purity silicon nitride obtained by soaking the silicon powder through the aqueous solution mixed with acid, performing the high-temperature desalting under the catalyst of the silicon nitride powder, and grinding and soaking in the aqueous solution mixed with acid again; where the mixed acid aqueous solution comprises muriatic acid, nitric acid, and water; the silicon nitride dope comprises high-purity silicon nitride powder or 0.05-5% of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution purified through positive ion exchange resin; the high temperature resistance of the silicon nitride is achieved through filling 0.1-4 kg of differential pressure high-purity ammonia; the mold is suspended in dissolving; the mold is supported on a water cooling lower rotating shaft in solidifying; and the heat field is regulated through downwardly moving the mold and regulating the cooling water flow speed simultaneously. Preferred Components: In the combined quartz ceramic crucible mold, the square column barrel-shaped mold comprises an upper top plate, two quartz ceramic components, and a quartz ceramic bolt; where the connection of the upper top plat and the quartz ceramic crucible is inserted by a groove, and is fixed by a quartz ceramic bolt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diffusion barrier consists of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, metal oxide and/or metal nitride. The metal oxide is aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide. The transparent metal oxide is titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, manganese oxide, hafnium oxide, germanium oxide, calcium-, magnesium-, and/or yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, gadolinium oxide, samarium oxide, lanthanum oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and/or boroxide. The structured layer is produced from hydrolyzed- and polycondensable silicon- and/or silicon organic component and if necessary hydrolyzed- and polycondensable titanium-, zirconium-, aluminum-, zinc-, magnesium-, calcium-, cerium-, samarium-, gadolinium-, lanthanum-, boron-, yttrium- and/or tin component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The ceramic thin film has thickness of 1x 101 mu m or more and 1x 102 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is made of graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer (A) is infrared ray-permeable colored resin layer. Preferred Composition: The resin layers (A-C) contain thermoplastic resin e.g. aromatic vinyl-type resin. The back sheet further contains water-barrier layer between resin layer (C) and resin layer (D). The water-barrier layer contains vapor deposition film including metal and/or metal oxide on its surface. Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin contained in resin layers (A and C) is less than the glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin contained in resin layer (B). When light with wavelength of 400-700 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (A) in the back sheet, the absorption factor with respect to light is 60% or more. When light with wavelength of 800-1400 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (A) in back sheet, the reflectance with respect to light is 50% or more. The solar cell back sheet has thickness of 50-1000 mu m, and dimensional-change rate of less than plus minus 1% when the back sheet is maintained at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes. The resin layer (D) has flame retardance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The resin layers (11-13) contain thermoplastic resin e.g. aromatic vinyl-type resin. The glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin contained in resin layers (11 and 13) is less than the glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin contained in resin layer (12). The solar cell back sheet further has a resin layer (A) provided in the outer surface of resin layer (14) and a water-vapor barrier layer provided between resin layers (13 and 14) or resin layer (14) and resin layer (A). Preferred Properties: When light with wavelength of 400-700 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (11) in the back sheet, the absorption factor with respect to light is 60% or more. When light with wavelength of 800-1400 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (11) of the back sheet having resin layer (14) as back surface protective layer, the reflectance with respect to light is less than 50%. When light with wavelength of 800-1400 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (11) of the back sheet having resin layer (A) as back surface protective layer, the reflectance with respect to light is 50% or more. The water vapor barrier layer comprises a vapor-deposited film containing metal and/or metal oxide in its surface. The back surface protective layer is a resin layer having flame retardance. The solar cell back sheet has thickness of 50-1000 mu m, and dimensional-change rate of less than plus minus 1%, when the back sheet is maintained at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound particles (A) are copper selenide. The compound particles (B) are indium-gallium selenide of formula: (In1-xGax)2Se3 or (In1-xGax)Se, or copper-indium-gallium selenide Cu(In1-xGax)Se2, where x is 0 to 1. The ratio of content of copper with respect to content of indium in copper-indium-gallium selenide is 0.4-1.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The element of group IB is copper and/or silver. The element of group IIIB is indium, gallium and/or aluminum. The element of group VIB is selenium and/or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pH of suspension is 6 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric conversion structure is silicon (Si) or amorphous silicon (a-Si) based. The anti-reflection coating of surface resonator layer comprises silicon nitride (Si3N4). The surface and buried resonator layers comprise respective silicon dioxide (SiO2) layers. The cladding structure of thin film solar cell structure comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2) layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate reflector of reflector structure of thin film solar cell comprises a layer of aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-reflecting film is silicon dioxide/titanium oxide film, aluminum oxide/titanium oxide film or magnesium fluoride/zinc sulfide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode material in electrode chamber is graphite felt. The electrolyte is phosphate buffer solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chlorophyll contained in blue-green alga is 0.5-1.5 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The titanium dioxide thin film has thickness of 10-20 mu m. Preferred Process: The titanium dioxide slurry is spread to conductive glass in screen printing or knife coating way. The titanium dioxide sol is prepared by dissolving 1-15 wt.% of organic titanium compound in 40-60 wt.% of organic solvent at 50-70 degrees C under conduction of stirring, adding 30-50 wt.% of plasticizer to solution to obtain 100 wt.% of mixture, and heating mixture until temperature is 70-90 degrees C and stirring for 0.5-1 hour, or hydrolyzing inorganic titanium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pore-forming material is terpineol, alcohol solution of ethyl cellulose with concentration of 5-15 wt.% and/or polyethylene glycol. The organic titanium compound is isopropyl titanate or tetrabutyl titanate. The organic solvent is glycol and/or isopropanol. The plasticizer is citric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid and/or xylitol. The organic titanium salt is titanium tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The platinum-based material with particle size of 2 nm-800 mu m is molybdenum carbide, tungsten nitride, molybdenum nitride, vanadium carbide, vanadium nitride, niobium carbide, niobium nitride and tungsten carbide. Preferred Process: The paste of counter electrode is prepared by scattering platinum-based material powder and inorganic compound adhesive in organic solvent or aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic carrier is ethyl cellulose, terpinol, glycerine, absolute ethanol, butyl carbitol or butyl carbitol acetic ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydride of hydrocarbon resin is obtained by hydrogenating a polymer of 9C-type polymerizable monomer, and contains vinyltoluene (50 wt.% or more) and indene (20 wt.% or less). The hydrogenation rate of hydride of hydrocarbon resin is 40% or more, preferably 90% or more. The content of vinyl acetate unit in the copolymer resin is 20-80 wt.% or 5-50 wt.%. The hydride of hydrocarbon resin is obtained by hydrogenating product obtained by polymerizing using non-phenol type Friedel-Crafts type catalyst. The content of hydride is 1-200 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of copolymer resin. The hydride has a softening point of 80-150 degrees C and a weight average molecular weight of 800-3000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bifunctional ligand layer comprises: 2-(2-ethoxycarbonylmethylsulfanyl-ethyl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 2-acetylamino-3-benzylsulfanyl-propionic acid; 3-amino-2-mercapto-propionic acid; ((2-oxo-tetrahydro-thiophen-3-ylcarbamoyl)-methylsulfanyl)-acetic acid; phytic acid; and 3-((2-((2-(bis-carboxymethyl-amino)-ethyl)-carboxymethyl-amino)-ethyl)-carboxymethyl-amino)-propionic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric hole conductor layer comprises 5-(2,5-dimethyl-thiophen-3-ylmethoxymethyl)-quinolin-8-ol compound of formula (bb).n = 6-12, preferably 6, 11 or 12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The deposited silver layer has thickness of 5-15 nm, preferably 7-11 nm. The primary AZO thin film and secondary AZO thin film have thickness of 10-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is glass substrate, quartz substrate or flexible polymer substrate. The flexible polymer substrate is made of polyethersulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The extraction solvent is selected from alcohol-based solvent, ether-based solvent, and/or tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Plasticizer is a polymer(s) selected from 1-10C polyalkylene glycol, 1-10C polyalkylene oxide, 1-10C poly(alkyl)acrylic acid, aromatic or fluorine polymer having sulfonic acid group, or cellulose-based polymer. It is extracted by dipping the coated composition onto the electrode substrate in an extraction solvent. The weight ratio of plasticizer to ionomer is 20:80-70:30. The weight ratio of fumed silica to the ionomer is 10:90-50:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lower electrode is made of polymer and poly(3,4-ethyl-enedioxythiophene) (PEDOT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst particles comprise platinum, ruthenium and palladium. The carbon nanotubes have average diameter of 0.31-0.36 nm (preferably, 0.33-0.34 nm), and average length of 100-100000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive paste includes binder of carbonic polymer and one of the aluminum, silver, copper, molybdenum, titanium and cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant is also selected from group of boron and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The impurity solution comprises phosphorus component and phosphorus oxychloride. The silicon substrate is a P-type substrate doped with boron ions. The emitter layer is an N-type doped layer doped with phosphorus ions. The selective emitter region is N+-type doped region in which phosphorus ions are doped more than the emitter layer. A phosphorus silicate glass layer formed on the surface of silicon substrate is removed after injecting thermal energy (e2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solutions: The wafer is treated with a texturing solution comprising potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide and isopropyl alcohol, or potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, isopropyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. The wafer is treated with a solution comprising a fluorinated compound and an alkaline solution to simultaneously remove the damage and to texture the surface of wafer. The fluorinated compound is ammonium fluoride or ammonium difluoride. The ratio of tetramethylammonium and ammonium fluoride in the solution is 4-4.5. The solution further includes additives chosen from isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mask has coating containing silicon dioxide (SiO2), boron nitride (BN), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (SiN), carbon film or silicon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic species of mask comprises aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W) or lead (Pb).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The total precursor gas mixture is chosen from gas mixtures consisting of silane and nitrogen, silane, nitrogen and ammonia, and silane and ammonia. Preferred Properties: Layer (I) has a hydrogen concentration lower than layer (II). Layer (I) contains less than 15 atomic% hydrogen and layer (II) contains more than 25 atomic% of hydrogen. Layer (I) has a thickness of 10-20 nm, and layer (II) has a thickness of 75-85 nm. Layer (II) has a thickness of 85% of the total thickness of the dual stack silicon-nitride layer. A bulk silicon-nitride layer (801B) is deposited on the interface layer (801A). The interface layer has a thickness of 10-20 nm. The bulk silicon-nitride layer has a thickness of 75-85 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imino-formation compound is a diamine compound. EXAMPLE - (In g) acetic anhydride (150 mL) was added to crude tetracarboxylic acid (10.75) and stirred at 100 degrees C for 3 hours. Activated carbon was added and stirred for 20 minutes, and thermal time filtration was carried out. The filtrate was cooled and deposits were collected by filtration. The deposits were washed with acetic anhydride, to obtain 1-cis-2-cis-3-trans-4-trans-cyclopentane tetracarboxylic dianhydride as colorless crystals (4.85) with a yield of 52.9 %mass. 4,4'-Diamino-dicyclohexylmethane (7.5) was added to flask and stirred after nitrogen substitution. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (58 ml) was added. The obtained dianhydride (7.5) was added at room temperature and stirred at 120 degrees C for 15 minutes, and the obtained salt was dissolved. Stirring was continued for 24 hours, to obtain a polyamic acid solution. N-methylpiperidine (2.5 ml) and acetic anhydride (6.8 ml) were added to the polyamic acid solution and imidated by stirring for 3 hours at 75 degrees C. The reaction mixture was added to a lot of methanol after cooling to room temperature, and a polymer was separated by filtration. The polymer was vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C, to obtain a white powder (12.8) with a yield of 93.5 %mass. The polymer had a weight average molecular weight of 1.2x 105 as measured by gel permeation chromatography, an imidation ratio of 89%, and excellent solubility with respect to organic solvent. A film of thickness 20 mu m was obtained using the polymer. The film had a glass transition temperature of greater than 350 degrees C as measured using differential scanning calorimeter, an elasticity modulus of 2.7 GPa, a breaking strength of 96 MPa, an elongation of 48%, and excellent heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer in emitter-base contact trenches is made of titanium (Ti)/titanium nitride (TiN) or cobalt/TiN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor is titanium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    A1=cyano.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 Triphenylamine compounds are disclosed e.g. 2-((5E)-5-((2E)-2-((4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)methylidene)-2-cyanoethylidene)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid of formula (Ia), (2E,4E,6E)-2,6-dicyano-3,5-dimethyl-7-(4-(phenyl(pyridin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid, (2E,4E,6E)-2,6-dicyano-7-(4-((4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)-3,5-dimethylhepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid, (2E,4E,6E)-7-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)amino)phenyl)-2,6-dicyano-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid and (2E,4Z,6E)-7-(4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)-4-chloro-2,6-dicyanohepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid.    EXAMPLE - Rhodamine compound and titanium tetrachloride were added to pyridine solution of cyanoaldehyde, stirred at 60 degrees C for 5 hours, hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction liquid, extracted using ethyl acetate, washed using water, the reaction liquid was concentrated, and dried using magnesium sulfate, to obtain 2-((5E)-5-((2E)-2-((4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)methylidene)-2-cyanoethylidene)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid (Ia). Titanium-oxide paste was coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide electroconductive glass substrate, to form titanium-oxide thin film having thickness of 5 mu m. Then, compound (Ia) was dissolved in mixed solvent of acrylonitrile and t-butyl alcohol, and the titanium-oxide thin film was immersed in the pigment solution at room temperature for 3 hours, to obtain semiconductor layer. The obtained semiconductor layer was laminated with electrolyte layer, to form photoelectric conversion element. The obtained photoelectric conversion element had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening accelerator is phosphorus-type or amine-type compound, preferably 1-cyanoethyl-2-phenyl imidazole, or tetra-n-butylphosphonium-o,o-diethyl phosphoro dithionate or quaternary phosphonium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent film contains epoxy resin (3-7 parts mass) and hardening accelerator (0.005-0.5 parts mass) with respect to acrylic copolymer (90 parts mass). The epoxy hardening agent contains phenolic compound, acid anhydride or carboxylic acid. The epoxy hardening agent is phenol-p-xylylene glycol dimethyl ether copolymer resin or 5-(2,5-dioxo tetrahydro-3-furanyl)-3-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride. The epoxy resin is bisphenol A or bisphenol F-type resin. The aromatic ring in epoxy resin is hydrogenated at rate of 95-100%. The acrylic copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 300000-1000000. The amount of component having weight average molecular weight of 300000-1000000 is 5% or less. The impurity content of transparent film is 1% or less. Preferred Film: The transparent film is adhered with display, and cured at 80-155 degrees C for 3 minutes to 30 hours. The transparent film is obtained by heat-drying varnish obtained by mixing aprotic polar solvent (360-630 parts mass) with acrylic copolymer (90 parts mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metallic compound is carbonate, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, acetyl acetate, halide, alkoxide or their complex of alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and rare-earth metal, preferably halide or alkoxide of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal. The metallic compound is lithium chloride, lithium iodide, cesium bromide, calcium bromide, barium bromide, barium iodide, methoxy lithium, ethoxy lithium, n-butoxy lithium or t-butoxy lithium. The cathode contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid contains 0.5-50 g/l and 0.001-10 parts weight of metallic compound with respect to 1 part weight of the organic compound. The organic solvent is protonic polar solvent, preferably 1-7C monohydric alcohol chosen from 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of theoretical density of indium oxide and calculated density of precursor thin film is 92% or more. The precursor thin film has surface arithmetic mean deviation of 1.5 nm or less and film thickness of 50-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hydrophilicity of the ionic liquid of electrolyte solution is determined based on JISR3257 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ionic liquid of electrolyte solutions contain hydrophilic ionic liquid, preferably 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The titanium nitride film is formed in the back surface electrode layer by sputtering method using titanium target and mixed gas containing argon gas and nitrogen gas. The mixed gas contains 40 volume% or more of nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant is a cyclometalated complex of iridium or platinum. The dopant is an iridum complex of formula (Ir(L1)a1(L2)b1(L3)c) (II). The dopant is a green light-emitting material and is a non-polymeric spirobifluorene compound, a fluoranthene compound or a compound having aryl amine groups. The dopant is nitrogen containing compound of formula ((N)n(A1)2-Q) (III), ((N)n(A1)2-Q-(N)m(A1)2) (IV), (N(A1)2-Q(N(A1)2)-N(A1)2) (V) or (VI). The electroactive layer is a photoactive layer.L1 = a monoanionic bidentate cyclometalating ligand coordinated through C or N (preferably phenylpyridines, phenylquinolines, phenylpyrimidines, phenylpyrazoles, thienylpyridines, thienylquinolines, or thienylpyrimidines);L2 = a monoanionic bidentate ligand which is not coordinated through C;L3 = a monodentate ligand;Q = 3-60C aromatic group (preferably naphthalene, anthracene, chrysene, pyrene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone or rubrene), or single bond;a1 = 1-3;b1, c = 0-2;A1 = 3-60C aromatic group; andn, m = 1-6.Where: a1, b1, and c are selected in such a way that the iridium is hexacoordinate and the complex is electrically neutral; and at least one of A1 and Q in (III)-(VI) has at least three condensed rings. Preferred Definitions:    R3 = alkyl;    R2, R6, R7 = H or alkyl;    R1, R4, R5, R8 = H; and    Ar1-Ar4 = phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, 4-naphthylphenyl, or 4-phenanthrylphenyl (all optionally further substituted by one or more alkyl groups).    EXAMPLE - The electroactive composition comprised of: 3-tert-butyl-6,12-bis-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-6,12-bis-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine; and tris(1-(4-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)-isoquinoline)iridium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound (A) is isocyanuric-acid group-containing organic compound of formula (III), and is chosen from triaryl isocyanurate, diallyl monoglycidyl isocyanurate and diallyl isocyanurate. The compound (C) is a hydrosilylation reaction product of compound (III) and linear, branched, cyclic or cage-type polyorganosiloxane compound(s) having 2 or more silane groups in a molecule. The compound (III) is diallyl isocyanuric acid and/or monoallyl isocyanuric acid. The polyorganosiloxane compound is cyclic polyorganosiloxane compound having silane group of formula (IV).R1=H or 1-50C monovalent organic compound, where at least 1 R1 includes carbon-carbon double bond having reactivity with silane group;R2,R3=1-10C organic group;n=1-10;andm=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal contained in the metal-organic precursor solution is lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, indium, tin, antimony, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, gadolinium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, lead, bismuth, polonium and/or uranium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The organic compound ligand is ethylhexanoate, acetylacetonate, dialkyl dithiocarbamate, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, pyridine, diamine, arsine, diarsine, phosphine, diphosphine, butoxide, isopropoxide, ethoxide, chloride, acetate, carbonyl, carbonate, hydroxide, beta -diketonate, and/or 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is hexane, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, nonane, octane, heptane and/or pentane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The organic solar cell further has a charge transport layer (i) provided between the electrode (a) and organic active layer and a charge transport layer (ii) provided between the electrode (b) and organic active layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic active layer further contains an electron acceptor material, and an electron donor material comprising poly(phenylene vinylene) type polymer or poly(3-hexylthiophene) type polymer. Preferred Process: The organic active layer is formed by the heat-treating the coated composition of fullerene derivative (I or II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plating process is performed using the metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, phosphorus and gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, potassium titanate, zirconium oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, aluminum hydroxide, and/or titanium dioxide. The content of inorganic filler is 5-50 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The isocyanuric acid derivative is 1,3,5-tri(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate. The hardener is hexahydrophthalic anhydride or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The silicone resin is obtained by condensing glycidoxy alkyl trimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The electrodepositing solution comprises dispersion medium (80-99 wt.%), semiconductor compound (0.01-30 wt.%), water (0.001-10 wt.%) and metal salt (0.005-5 wt.%). The transparent electrode contains fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide, zinc oxide-aluminum oxide, and/or tin oxide-antimony oxide. The semiconductor compound is chosen from titania, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium pentoxide and titanium strontium oxide. The metal oxide is chosen from alumina, magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, calcium oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, yttrium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, neodymium oxide, scandium oxide and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass first powder includes silica, boric oxide, bismuth oxide, alumina, zinc oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium oxide and/or thallium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of thallium compound is 0.1-50 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diluting agent is Texanol (RTM: ester alcohol), terpinol, cyclohexane, hexane, toluene, benzyl alcohol, dioxane, diethyleneglycol and/or dibutyl diethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The macromolecular binder includes cellulose-type binder or acrylic-type binder. The cellulose-type binder is ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and/or hydroxyethyl-hydroxypropylcellulose derivative. The additive includes regulating agent, dispersing agent and leveling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The P-N zinc oxide nanowire has core/shell structure in which the core includes zinc oxide nanowire and shell includes P-type zinc oxide, and further has zinc oxide layer (11) on a substrate (10), phosphorus layer on the zinc oxide nanowire and P-type zinc oxide, and transparent electrode. The zinc oxide layer is formed using seed layer which is formed by coating zinc on the substrate. The surface of zinc oxide nanowire is doped with phosphorus source using phosphorus source. Preferred Composition: The transparent electrode includes indium-tin oxide. The phosphorus source includes phosphorus pentoxide. The ratio of zinc oxide and carbon in the zinc oxide layer is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary acidic washing liquid and secondary acidic washing liquid contains sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, boric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid and/or lactic acid. The base contains ammonia aqueous solution, magnesium hydroxide aqueous solution and/or hydrated copper (II) aqueous solution. Preferred Property: The primary acidic washing liquid has pH of 5-10. Preferred Process: The silicone particles are dispersed by ultrasonic irradiation. The slurry waste is pulverized before washing with primary acidic washing liquid or separation of solid content of silicone. The solid content separated from the secondary washing process is further washed with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon particles are a reaction product obtained by reacting a metal atom contained in a metal-type reducing agent and a silicon atom contained in tetrahalogenated silicon. Preferred Property: The silicon particles have average particle diameter of 0.1-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal-type reducing agent is chosen from sodium naphthalenide, sodium biphenylide, sodium-4-4'-di-t-butyl biphenylide and sodium-8-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthalenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The optical coupling material comprises an optical grade epoxy, or ethylene vinyl acetate, silicones, or polyurethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel comprises methanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, methyl formate, ethanol, ethylene glycol, or glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide contains (in atomic ratio) 5.0-55.0 of zinc, 0.5-55.0 of cerium and the sum total of zinc and cerium is 40.0-60.0. The oxide contains 5.0-100.0 of silicon and 8.0-120.0 of oxygen. The fine particles of sulfide have average particle diameter of 0.5-100 nm. The vapor deposition source is powdered sintered compact containing mixture of zinc sulfide powder and silicon oxide powder, and sintered powder of cerium oxide, cerium sulfide and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The scattering layer contains (in mol%) phosphorus oxide (15-30), silica (0-15), boric oxide (0-18), niobium oxide (5-40), titanium oxide (0-15), tungsten oxide (0-50), bismuth oxide (0-30), lithium oxide (0-20), sodium oxide (0-20), potassium oxide (0-20), magnesium oxide (0-10), calcium oxide (0-10), strontium oxide (0-10), barium oxide (0-20), zinc oxide (0-20) and tantalum oxide (0-10). The sum total of niobium oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide and bismuth oxide in the scattering layer is 20-60 mol%. The sum total of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide in the scattering layer is 5-40 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Structure: The organic layer consists of electron injection layer or electron transporting layer, light-emitting layer and hole injection layer or hole transporting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is chosen from 24 compounds e.g. compounds of formulae (I-1) to (I-5). Preferred Definitions:    Ar=bivalent groups of formulae (i-v);    R1=group chosen from 34 groups e.g. groups of formulae (vi-x);and    Ar'=monovalent aryl groups chosen from 33 groups e.g. groups of formulae (xi-xv).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 88 Cycloalkene derivatives (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 9-cyclohex-1-enyl-10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracene of formula (A), 9-(3,4-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracene, 9-(3,4-dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracene, 9,10-bis-(3,4-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-anthracene and 2-cyclohex-1-enyl-9, 10-diphenyl-anthracene.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one was brominated to obtain 4-bromo-1,2-dihydro-naphthalene (12.8). The obtained compound (2.4) was reacted with (10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)boranediol (4) in presence of tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium (265 mg), potassium phosphate (4.87) and tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) to obtain 9-(3,4-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracene (3.08) with yield of 62%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition contains organic-type microparticles (c) (0.1-20 %mass). The organic-type microparticles (c) have molecular structure chosen from imide skeleton, amide skeleton, oxazine skeleton and benzobisthiazole skeleton. The organic-type microparticles (c) contain polyimide or polyamide. The total carbon atom number of polyimide or polyamide is 70-90 atomic% of carbon atom derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon. Preferred Property: The residual weight of the organic-type microparticles (c) at 1000 degrees C in inert-gas atmosphere is 35-70%, measured by thermogravimetric analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: In the solar cell, the insulating layer comprises silicon dioxide, where the silicon dioxide is thermally grown. The insulating layer is less than 20 Angstrom thick. The emitter layer comprises doped polysilicon. The contact holes include a tunnel insulator between the emitter layer and the underlying substrate, where the tunnel insulator is thin enough to allow current through it. The solar cell further comprises: a contact structure formed over the emitter layer, the contact structure being offset a non-zero lateral distance from the contact holes with respect to the surface of the substrate. Preferred Method: In fabricating the solar cell, the insulating layer comprises silicon dioxide, and where the step of forming the insulating layer includes performing thermal oxidation. The step of forming the emitter layer comprises depositing a doped polysilicon layer. The method further comprises forming a tunnel insulator in the contact holes between the emitter layer and the underlying substrate, where the tunnel insulator is thin enough to allow current through it; and forming a contact structure over the emitter layer. The step of forming the contact structure includes offsetting the contact structure a non-zero lateral distance from the contact holes with respect to the surface of the substrate. The method as well comprises annealing the substrate after the layers have been formed to provide hydrogen passivation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Solar Cell: In the solar cell, the substrate is comprised of silicon. The point contacts are patterned using a masking layer and etching. Also, the point contacts are patterned using a laser. The dielectric layer with the point contacts formed in it covers more than 50% of the area between the substrate and the conducting layer. The conductive layer comprises a transparent conductor. The conductive layer comprises doped polysilicon. Preferred Method: In fabricating the solar cell, the step of forming the point contacts includes: applying a resist layer that incorporates inclusions over the substrate; and etching the dielectric layer, where the dielectric layer is etched predominately at the sites of the inclusions. The inclusions dissociate in an etch bath, where the inclusions comprise aluminum particles. The step of forming the point contacts includes patterning the point contacts using a laser. The step of forming the point contacts is performed such that the dielectric layer with the point contacts formed in it covers more than 50% of the area between the substrate and the conducting layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine resin film is fluorine resin composition which contains polymethyl methacrylate resin as acrylic resin (5-50 mass parts) and polyvinylidene fluoride resin (50-95 mass parts) as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of compound of group IV element(s) is 3-10 weight ppm. The amount of compound of group II element(s) is 10-35 weight ppm. The compound of group IV element(s) is titanium compound. The compound of group II element(s) is magnesium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyester resin is obtained by performing esterification and polycondensation of dicarboxylic acid component containing terephthalic acid as main component, and diol component containing ethylene glycol as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The quaternary phosphonium salt has melting point of 100 degrees C or less. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl or n-octyl;    n=1;    R4-R8=H;and    X-=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.    EXAMPLE - (In g) benzyl chloride (64) was reacted with 25% toluene solution of Hishicolin (RTM: triethylphosphine) at 50-60 degrees C for 6 hours. Hexane was added after the reaction completion and triethylbenzyl phosphonium chloride crystals (116) were obtained. Lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (86) was reacted with the crystals and water and hexane were added to the reaction mixture. The reaction product separated was vacuum-dried at 100 degrees C to obtain triethylbenzyl phosphonium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (132) with yield of 90%. The obtained product had melting point of -67 degrees C, thermal decomposition temperature of 430 degrees C and electroconductivity of 0.74 mS/cm at 25 degrees C and 2 mS/cm at 60 degrees C. Pyrrole was polymerized in an electrolyte solution composition prepared using the obtained compound, to obtain polypyrrole having high electroconductivity and excellent heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid crystal polymer film is thermoplastic resin having thermotropic liquid crystal property and chosen from Econol (RTM: polyester resin), Vectra (RTM: polyester resin) and X7G (RTM: polyester resin). The insulation and adhesive resin layer is polyethylene-type film, ethylene vinylacetate film or unextended polypropylene film. The polyethylene-terephthalate film has thickness of 0.5-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The content of amorphous poly-( alpha )-olefin polymer with respect to 100 parts mass of butyl rubber is 20-350 parts mass. The composition further contains catalyst (0.07-7 parts mass) with respect to butyl rubber (100 parts mass). The total content of organic substance of butyl rubber is 12-25 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A solar battery substrate comprises a polysilicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation is given for the compound (i) and (ii). WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed as new are polymers of formulae (I) and -(A-CH=CH)-.    R1=H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, oxyalkylene, aryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl;    A=heteroaryl (containing at least one S and optionally substituted with at least one alkoxy).    EXAMPLE - To a mixture of 2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctoxy)-p-xylenebis(triphenylphosphonium chloride) (2.25 mmol) and 2,5-thiophenedialdehyde (1 equivalent) in para-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAc) (25 ml), was added tertiary-butoxide lithium (t-BuOLi) (640 mg) at room temperature. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then 14 hours under nitrogen at 100 degrees C after work up poly-(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-phenylenevinylene-co-thiophenevinylene) (yield 630 mg) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 1-15, preferably 3-10 wt.% of active phase and 1-20, preferably 5-15 wt.% of promoters. Preferred Components: The transition metal in the active phase is nickel. The mixed oxide support includes divalent cations (M(II)) and trivalent cations ((MIII)). The mixed oxide support is made of magnesium and aluminum. The promoter of the active phase is cobalt or rhenium. The promoter agent is cerium oxide support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is selected from a group consisting of fossil fuels like natural gas, naphtha, diesel or vegetable oils.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition has less than 1 wt.% of Na2O. Preferred Components: The metal nanoclusters have a size distribution of 0.6-0.9 nm. The metal nanoclusters comprise at least one metal compound comprising titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, manganese oxide, iron, iron oxide, cobalt, nickel, copper, copper oxide, zinc, zinc oxide, gallium, germanium, zirconium, zirconium oxide, niobium, molybdenum, molybdenum disulfide, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, cadmium selenide, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold, lead, bismuth, cerium or cerium oxide. The metal nanoclusters are platinum nanoclusters. The zeolitic material is an aluminosilicate zeolite. The porous zeolitic material is a sodium zeolite with a framework silicon (Si):aluminum (Al) ratio greater than approximately 1:1 and less than approximately 1.6:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The size of feedstock particles and silica is 200-600 microns. The amount of sulfuric acid is up to 20% of stoichiometric excess. The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 50-100% (preferably 98-100%). The metal fluoride is sodium aluminum fluoride. Preferred Process: The step of calcining the feedstock is carried out at 200-600 degrees C (preferably 300-400 degrees C), and at residence time of 3-25 minutes. The step (b) occurs at 100-500 degrees C. In the process, there is 99% of conversion efficiency of the metal fluorides in the feedstock. The excess sulfuric acid is recycled. The sodium aluminum fluoride is recycled from a silane manufacturing process. In the process, internal recycling enhances the yield of silicon tetraflouride. EXAMPLE - Mixture of fluorspar (362 lbs/hour), sand (2641 lbs/hour), and sodium and aluminum fluoride (5661 lbs/hour) were mixed in a kneader and calcined for 20 minutes. The calcined mass and sulfuric acid (8614 lbs/hour) were fed into a rotary tube furnace. The calciner was operated at 400 degrees C and the sulfuric acid had a temperature of 120 degrees C. The furnace wall temperature in the first zone of the furnace at the first and second combustion chambers was 350 degrees C and then dropped linearly to 220 degrees C at the last combustion chamber. The furnace wall temperature was controlled by regulating the quantity of natural gas supplied to the burners in the combustion chambers and worked up to give a silicon tetraflouride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum-coated compound powder is 1.0-90 %mass. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the aluminum-coated compound particles is 0.01-30 mu m. The average thickness of aluminum-coating layer is 0.1-15 mu m. Preferred Components: The aluminum-coated compound particles further have metal-containing intervening layer provided between compound particles and aluminum-containing coating layer. The metal-containing intervening layer contains metal other than aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste composition further contains organic vehicle, glass frit and aluminum powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal hydroxide and/or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide are chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide and strontium hydroxide. The metallic element is chosen from nickel, palladium, platinum and iron. The catalyst further contains chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, rhodium and tungsten. Preferred Method: Alternately, alkali metal hydroxide and metal oxide are mixed at temperature more than melting point of alkali metal hydroxide to obtain composite metal compound. Two metallic elements (a,b) are dissolved in composite metal compound and fine particles of mixture are dispersed from the surface. The metal oxide is chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, nickel oxide, tin oxide, bismuth oxide, calcium oxide, copper oxide, tungsten oxide, magnesium oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, aluminum oxide and barium oxide. The molten salt is obtained by mixing sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and potassium carbonate. The metallic element (a) is chosen from nickel, palladium and platinum. The metallic element (b) is chosen from chromium, iron, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, rhodium and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material further contains electron-accepting organic material which is fullerene compound, preferably C70 derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the density of the hole drilled on the p type silicon wafer by laser in (a) is 0.5-1 hole/mm2. The phosphorus source adopted in (d) is processed with the three-stage diffusion for the preparation of pn junction at 850-900 degrees C. Step (f) is specifically as follows: crossly arranging the anodes and cathodes by twice silk-screen printings; or manufacturing the electrode of the solar cell by making use of the other method; or step (f) is specifically as follows: crossly arranging the anodes and cathodes by twice silk-screen printings; or manufacturing the electrode of the solar cell by making use of the other method. The emission junction in (f) is more than 0.3 microns deep and the surface concentration is more than 1020 atoms/cm3 so that the increase of the by-pass current and the composition of the junction region are prevented; or the emission junction in (f) is more than 0.3 microns deep and the surface concentration is more than 1020 atoms/cm3 so that the increase of the by-pass current and the composition of the junction region are prevented; the emission junction in (f) is more than 0.3 microns deep and the surface concentration is more than 1020 atoms/cm3 so that the increase of the by-pass current and the composition of the junction region are prevented; or the emission junction in (f) is more than 0.3 microns deep and the surface concentration is more than 1020 atoms/cm3 so that the increase of the by-pass current and the composition of the junction region are prevented. The drying temperature in the chain sintering furnace in (f) is 180-210 degrees C; the highest sintering temperature is 760 degrees C; and the forward velocity of the mesh belt for conveying the silicon wafer is 180 mm/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises silicon. The dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide and nitrogen. The amorphous semiconductor layer comprises silicon, intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and doped amorphous silicon layer. A transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer is also used in the preparation of solar cell. The transparent conductive oxide layer includes indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a material selected from cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, silver indium gallium diselenide or copper indium aluminum gallium diselenide. The former electrode comprises indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, zinc magnesium oxide or tin dioxide, and a reflective conductive metal selected from molybdenum, aluminum or copper. The latter electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide or a metal, where the metal is selected from molybdenum, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, platinum, silver or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The window layer is made up of indium aluminum phosphide or aluminum gallium arsenide. The cell unit is formed from gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide phosphide or aluminum gallium indium phosphide. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Group III-V compound semiconductor solar cell device fabrication involves forming one cell unit from a group III-V compound semiconductor material. The cell unit is configured to absorb predetermined wavelengths of a solar spectrum. A window layer is formed on the cell unit to prevent recombination of photo-generated carriers at the top surface of the solar cell device. The window layer is wet-oxidized to convert it into an oxidized window layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat-conducting characteristic variable substance contains sulfur oxide (SO) group. The sulfuric acid alumite has aluminum content of 5 mol% or more and film thickness of 0.5-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The sediment removal unit is a heating unit which supplies ultrasonic wave to porous base material to remove sediment, and allows the porous base material to permeate microparticles. The sediment removal unit produces pressure difference between upstream and downstream of source gas. The method further involves removing microparticles from porous base material using particulate removal unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic semiconductor contains oxide semiconductor and semiconductor fine particles. Preferred Definitions:    n=4;and    R1=group of formula (i).    R2=-CH3 or -N-C2H5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is formed from material such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) or Al alloy. The module plate is formed from iron (Fe) or Fe alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the amorphous carbon comprises: producing plasma of a raw material gas (12) in a chamber (11); and forming amorphous carbon on a substrate placed in the chamber using the plasma, where a distance from a generation portion (15), on which the plasma is generated to the substrate is set to 0.5-10 cm, and a temperature of the substrate is set to 250-500 degrees C. Preferred Components: The doping element is boron or nitrogen. The doping element is present at 10 atomic% or lower. The hydrogen is present at preferably 17-27 atomic percent. EXAMPLE - Argon (200 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm)), acetylene (50 sccm) and trimethylboron (30 sccm) were charged into a chamber, microwave Watt were set so that the output was 1000 Watt, the operating frequency was 500 Hz, and the duty ratio was 30%. Further, the pressure in the chamber was set to 50 Pa, the substrate temperature 400 degrees C, the substrate distance was set to 1 cm, and the deposition time was set to 30 minutes. Trimethylboron was diluted with argon at a dilution of 1:99 and the diluted trimethylboron was supplied to the chamber to give amorphous carbon with hydrogen (26.4 atomic%) and boron (1.06 atomic%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coated transparent conductive film is zinc oxide film, tin(IV) oxide film or tin(IV) oxide-zinc oxide composite film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The introducing step includes ion implantation or gaseous diffusion. Introducing through the apertures forms doped regions (404). The method further comprises freezing the material, and activating the workpiece. The evaporating and the activating steps occur partially simultaneously. Preferred Component: The material is zinc, germanium, antimony oxide, graphite or graphite compound. The gas is oxygen, nitrogen trifluoride or fluorine. The material may be exposed to a solvent including water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material may comprise hydrocarbon including benzene or butane, or glycerin. The solvent is organic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises injecting liquid or gas on the outer surface to control the temperature of the substrate. A thin layer of molybdenum is deposited on the inner surface prior to deposition of the thin film layer. An n-, i- or p-type doped silicon layer is deposited on the inner surface of the substrate. Depositing thin film layer(s) further comprises depositing a thin film layer of transparent conductive metal oxide on the inner surface of the substrate after the deposition of the thin film layer. The method further comprises cutting the solar cell modules into smaller portions to be mounted on a substrate for producing a solar cell panel. Preferred Component: The reagent chemical(s) in the form of gas, vapor, aerosol, small particle or powder is tetrachlorosilane, silane, trichlorosilane, tetafluorosilane, silicon containing compounds, phosphine, diborane, germane, germanium tetrachloride, germanium tetrafluoride, or germanium containing compounds. The transparent conductive metal oxide is an oxide of indium, tin, or zinc. The plasma gas is helium, neon, argon, and/or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Solar Cell Module: The housing is bonded to an encapsulant layer on one side of the solar cell module only, without connection to the other side of the module. Multiple electroconductive connections with multiple housings are bonded to the solar cell module and all housings are bonded to the same side, be it the front side or the back side of the module. The housing is bonded to an encapsulant layer on both sides of the solar cell module. The module is a flexible module provided with a first encapsulant layer at one side of the module and a second encapsulant layer at the opposite side of the module. The housing or its relevant part, and the encapsulant layer to which the housing is bonded, are based on the same type of polymer. The housing and the encapsulant layer are based on a thermoplastic fluoropolymer. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the solar cell module, the housing and the encapsulant layer are both transparent to the laser at the wavelength applied, and a laser light absorbing material is applied at the interface between the housing and the encapsulant layer. Either the housing or the encapsulant layer are transparent to laser light at the wavelength applied, with the other of housing or encapsulant layer not transparent to the laser light at the wavelength applied, with the laser directed at the interface between housing and encapsulant layer from the side of the component which is transparent to the laser light. During welding, a pressure is applied onto the housing, while the solar module is supported on a support surface. The pressure is applied using a pressure member, which is transparent for the laser light at the wavelengths applied. The pressure member is a disposable member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The handle substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The film(s) of materials comprises two electrode layers, absorber layer and window layer. The absorber layer comprises a composition including copper indium disulfide or indium gallium disulfide. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenium, zinc oxide, or zinc magnesium oxide. The interconnect structure is made of aluminum, copper, nickel, Alloy 42, silver, gold, molybdenum, or other metal or conductive dielectric materials. The handle substrate is quartz, semiconductor or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flexible and conformal material is polyimide material of less than or equal to 20 mu m. Preferred Component: The flexible and conformal material comprises a first layer of the polymer material overlying a second layer of the polymer material. The handle substrate is plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total volume of lithium particles is 60-100 volume% of total volume of insulating material. The thickness of protective layer is 5-40 mu m. The insulating material is silica and/or alumina. The insulating material is powder having average particle diameter of 0.05-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide, polyetherimide, polyamide, polyether ether ketone, polyarylate, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, preferably polyimide, polyamide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat conversion material contains indium (In), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al) and tin (Sn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of lithium particles and electroconductive material in protective layer is 10-90 volume% and 5-50 volume%, respectively. The amount of insulating inorganic material is 5-90 volume%. The insulating inorganic material contains inorganic oxide chosen from silica, alumina and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thiophene derivative which has trihalosilyl group or trialkoxysilyl group is of formulae (1) or preferably (2). The electroconductive high molecular precursor is pyrrole, bipyrrole, thiophene, bithiophene, aniline, these derivatives or preferably ethylene dioxythiophene (preferably 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).L1,L2=bivalent group which can be formed with greater than or equal to 2 combinations chosen from alkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, carbonyl, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, -NH- or bivalent group;R1,R2=alkoxy or halo;R3,R4=substituent; andn=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic layer comprises aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The front protective layer comprises glass ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene and poly methyl methacrylate. The back protective layer comprises polyvinyl fluoride, poly vinylidene fluoride and/or UV stabilized polyethylene terephthalate. The encapsulant material comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic olefin, pressure sensitive silicone and acrylic adhesive. The shield material is polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, poly ethylene napthalate and/or polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal foil is one of aluminum, copper, iron, and alloys of aluminum, copper or iron. The electrolyte is a room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte. The room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte comprises 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ((BMIM)(Cl)), and a lithium salt. The carbon nanoparticles are carbon nanohorns, carbon nano-onions or a combination of at least two kinds of carbon nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte comprises cellulose (1-25%). The microperforated plastic film is a membrane made of polyethylene (PE)-polypropylene (PP). The electrolyte is a composite of a lithium salt and one of the following polymers: ethylene carbonate (EC), diethylene carbonate (DC) and propylene carbonate (PC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises component chosen from carbon, zinc, semiconductor, semimetal, magnetic material and/or metal, preferably nickel. The particles (A) are nickel hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, lithium and/or lithium hydroxide particles. The magnetic particles are cobalt, nickel, iron, samarium-cobalt alloy and/or neodymium-iron-boron alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating layer further contains binder chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, fatty acid, liposomes and/or polymers, preferably hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy methylcellulose and/or methyl cellulose. Portion of magnetic particles comprises coating of inert material chosen from silane and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diameter of cupric oxide in the copper/zinc oxide-based catalyst is less than or equal to 5 nm. The diameter of palladium(II) oxide in the copper palladium/zinc oxide catalyst is less than or equal to 10 nm. The palladium content in the copper palladium/zinc oxide-based catalyst is 1-4 wt./wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing portion comprises polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl alcohol polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The sheet (S2) has high bending strength than that of sheet (S1). The acid-modified polyolefin group thermoplastic resin is acid modified polyethylene-type thermoplastic resin, preferably ionomer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and maleic acid anhydride modified polyethylene. The sheet (S2) contains polyester-type resin and/or polyamide-type resin, preferably polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is made of polymer of ethylene vinyl acetate-polyethylene terephthalate-polyhydroxy valerate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crystals are taken out by applying vibration to a hanger which grips the protrusion portion. The release agent is recoated to the inner surface of crucible and recycled. The vacuum leak rate of the crucible is adjusted to 10-4 torr L/second or less at ambient environment and in-furnace component contained in the crucible is heated at 50-200 degrees C before supplying the fusion raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, tin oxide, and alloy of zinc oxide and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lower conductive film is made of silver, aluminum, copper and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The samarium-strontium-cobalt oxide is of formula: SrxSm1-xCoO3. The samarium precursor is samarium chloride hexahydrate. The strontium precursor is strontium chloride hexahydrate. The cobalt precursor is cobalt nitrate hexahydrate.x=more than 0 and less than 1.Preferred Properties: The nozzle has internal diameter of 0.02-0.04 mm and external diameter of 0.50-0.70 mm. Preferred Condition: The substrate is pre-heated at 300-500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and/or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary catalyst is copper bromide or silver bromide. The inert gas is nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon or radon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The functional group-containing fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by reacting fullerene, reactant, primary catalyst, secondary catalyst and organic solvent at high temperature under inert atmosphere for 40-60 hours, extracting obtained product using ethanol and drying. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene or ortho-dichlorobenzene. The fullerene is 60C or 70C fullerene. The reactant is 1-bromoethylbenzene, bromopropane, bromobutane, bromopentane, bromohexane, bromoheptane, 4-tert-butyl benzyl bromide, 3,5-di-benzyl bromide or 4-isopropyl benzyl bromide. The primary catalyst is 2,2'-bipyridine, triethylamine, 4-(diethylamino)pyridine, 4-aminopyridine, aminopyrazine, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine, quinolylamine or N,N-dimethyl dipropylene triamine. The alcohol is methanol and/or ethanol. Preferred Condition: The high temperature is 80-130 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    R=1-bromoethylbenzene, bromopropyl, bromobutyl, bromopentyl, bromohexyl, bromoheptyl, 4-tert-butyl benzyl bromide, 3,5-di-benzyl bromide or 4-isopropyl benzyl bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer formation material is cadmium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc or zinc atom in zinc complex and palladium atom in palladium complex is 40:1-15:1. The zinc complex is zinc acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The heat-processing of crude titanium oxide powder is carried out repeatedly at 300 degrees C or more for residence time of 5 seconds or less. The inner diameter of cylindrical process chamber is 50-300 mm. Preferred Component: The dehalogenation gas contains water vapor and/or alcohol gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-sensitive feverish inorganic resist is soluble to at least one sort of aqueous acid, alkaline aqueous solution and fluoride aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The non-sensitive feverish inorganic resist is made of zinc, silicon, titanium, vanadium and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is chromium, vanadium, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, molybdenum or niobium. Preferred Property: The photocatalyst particles have size of 20-30 nm. Preferred Composition: The content of transition metal in photocatalyst particles is 2.47-2.86 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery comprises a layer containing a compound selected from a group consisting of Indium selenide, Indium trisulfide, gallium sesquiselenide and gallium sesquisulfide. An indium tin oxide/zinc oxide layer is arranged in the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Electrodes used for recovering silicon are made of metal and metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat transfer layer is made of a metal nitride layer, metal carbide, and metal oxide layer or resinous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The slag is blast furnace slag or nickel slag. The silicon is derived from trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The core particles are formed from mixture and/or complex of cupric oxide and component (II) consisting of pigment chosen from extender pigment, white pigment and iron oxide having solar reflectance of 10% or more. The molar ratio of cupric oxide and component (II) is 0.1:0.9-0.95:0.05. The core particles obtained by mixing process are heated at temperature below melting point of the core particles after mixing process and before coating process. The core particles are heated at 300-850 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The infrared reflective black-type pigment has brightness (Lasterisk) of 30 or less, or 20-50, and solar reflectance of 18% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface treating agent is organic-type surface treating agent compound or compound chosen from silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, zinc and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sum total of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide in tempered glass is 0.1 %mass or more. The tempered glass further contains boric oxide (0.5 %mass). Preferred Properties: The tempered glass has softening point of 900 degrees C or less, warped point of 400 degrees C or more, liquidus temperature of 1200 degrees C or less, liquid phase viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more, and thermal expansion coefficient of 50-110x 10-7/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The abundance ratio of diamond structure and graphite structure in carbonaceous substance is 0.18. The carbonaceous substance is highly oriented thermally decomposed graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoropolymer comprises poly(tetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The poly(meth)acrylate and the polyolefin are linked together at 50-350 degrees C and at water vapor atmosphere. The poly(meth)acrylate and polyolefin are copolymerized or grafted with 0.2-12 wt.% of (I)-(IV). The poly(meth)acrylate and polyolefin are copolymerized with 0.3-6 wt.% of (I) or (II). The poly(meth)acrylate is copolymerized with 0.3-6 wt.% of (I) and the polyolefin is grafted with (II). Preferred Components: The poly(meth)acrylate contains up to 2 wt.% of a photoinitiator. The polyolefin comprises a poly- alpha -olefin. The polyolefin comprises cycloolefin copolymer or a cycloolefin polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: Oxidizing comprises contacting the germanium-containing solid with an oxidizing solution. The method further comprises electrochemically reducing oxidation product of germanium-containing solid. The chemical reduction comprises reacting the oxidation product with a metal borohydride or metal aluminum hydride. The method includes reacting or decomposing a gas phase germanium precursor to form a thin film germanium material. The reaction or decomposition further forms a solid phase byproduct comprising germanium; and this byproduct is oxidized. The reaction or decomposition of gas phase germanium precursor occurs in the presence of silane. It further occurs in the presence of an n-type or p-type dopant. Preferred Materials: The oxidizing solution comprises a base, preferably hydroxide comprising alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or transition metal; or acid comprising hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or sulfuric acid. The metal borohydride comprises sodium borohydride. The metal aluminum hydride comprises lithium aluminum hydride. Less than 90, preferably less than 50% of germanium in the germanium-containing solid is present in form of germanium dioxide. The thin film germanium material comprises silicon and the byproduct further comprises silicon. The dopant comprises phosphorus, boron, or arsenic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas phase germanium precursor comprises germane, preferably organogermanium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Silicon oxide is produced using silica particles, silica type compound, and/or polysilazane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal microparticles contain an alloy of silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, indium and/or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of hydrogen atom with respect to carbon atom is 0.08-0.25. The carbon material has nitrogen-atom content of 0.5 weight% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aldehyde compound is formaldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves washing the polymer, drying, heating the polymer in oxidizing-gas atmosphere at 400 degrees C, to obtain a baked product and heating the obtained baked product at 600-3000 degrees C in an inert gas atmosphere. The polymerization reaction is carried out in presence of basic catalyst. Preferred Definitions:    R'=H;and    R=1-12C linear alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric conversion layer contains compound semiconductor formed using Ib group element, IIIb group element and IVb group element. The Ib group element is chosen from copper and silver. The IIIb group element is chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium. The IVb group element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oxidation number of niobium oxide is 2, 4 or 5. Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive oxide layer further contains 0.5-3 wt.% of silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The translucent board is coated with hydrophilic material comprising aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sulfur atom inside the palladium is moved to the surface under reduced pressure of 1x 10-3 Pa or less by heat-processing the palladium at 800-1000 degrees C. When oxygen partial pressure heat-processing is carried out to palladium at 600-1000 degrees C in atmosphere of 0.1 Pa or more, the sulfur atom on the surface of the palladium is removed. Preferred Composition: The surface of the highly purified palladium has sulfur atom concentration of 0.01 atomic% or less, preferably 1 ppb or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic group is greater than or equal to 3 carbon containing alkyl group which may have substituent. The hydrophobic group has bonded with oligo pyridine skeleton through divalent organic group of formulae -(C(=O)-NH)-, (4) and (5). The metal complex dye is further equipped with electron donating group (preferably isothiocyanate group) coordinated to metal atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is chosen from metal halide, metal carboxylate, metal nitrate and metal sulfate. The metal salt contains element chosen from transition metal element, group III metallic element and group IV metallic element. The transition metal element is chosen from iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel, cadmium, zinc, titanium, vanadium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, erbium and ytterbium. The group III metallic element is chosen from aluminum, gallium, thallium and indium. The group IV metallic element is chosen from tin and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is alcohol having boiling point of 220-400 degrees C. Preferred Condition: The mixed solvent is heated at 220-400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Transparent conductive particle is an electroconductive metal oxide particle consists of indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and/or cadmium oxide. Electroconductive metal oxide particle contains tin, antimony, aluminum and/or gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Dispersing agent contains comb-shaped copolymer with both a basic functional group and an acidic functional group as a particle-pick-up site. Preferred Process: The ink for transparent conductive film formation was applied to the substrate using ink-jet printer to obtain transparent conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal film is gold or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The preparation of polyimide film includes surface hydrophilicity processing using sodium hydroxide aqueous solution process, oxygen plasma irradiation treatment or UV ozone treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The urethane resin contains castor oil type polyol and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The polyol has a structure which does not include a double bond by hydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium compound precursor is hydrolyzable at room temperature, preferably 20-30 degrees C. The titanium compound precursor is titanium isopropoxide or titanium chloride. The nanocomposite comprises 0.01-0.5 wt.% carbon nanotubes. The nanocomposite is 1-15 mu m thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (B) has diol group (I), and is chosen from diol, triol, alkyl monocarboxylate and monoether compound of triol, preferably trimethylol propane, ditrimethylol propane, neopentyl glycol and trimethylol ethane. The diol group is of formula: R1-C(CH2OH)2- (I).R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer (A) has number average molecular weight of 5000-50000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The content of component (B) is 0.05-5 wt.% with respect to total amount of component (A) and component (B) as cyclic amino vinyl compound unit. The content of component (C) is 0.2-5 weight parts with respect to total amount of component (A) and component (B). The component (A) is copolymer ethylene and 1-hexene. The component (A) is ternary polymer of ethylene hexene propylene. Preferred Parameters: The gel fraction is greater than or equal to 80 wt.% and total transmittance is greater than or equal to 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent is greater than or equal to 30 wt.%. The diffusing agent composition further comprises a water-soluble monomer having hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The impurity-diffusing component contains a compound of Group III element. The water-soluble polymer compound has saponification degree of greater than or equal to 90 mol%, and comprises polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A) has a pre-compounding weight average molecular weight of 40000-50000 atomic mass units. (I) exhibits a tensile stress at yield of at least 60 megapascals, measured at 23 degrees C according to ISO 527, a tensile modulus of at least 2200 megapascals, measured at 23 degrees C according to ISO 527, a flexural strength of at least 80 megapascals, measured at 23 degrees C according to ISO 178, a melt volume-flow rate of at least 20 cubic centimeters per minute, measured at 300 degrees C and 10 kilogram load according to ISO 1133, a heat deflection temperature of at least 140 degrees C, measured at 0.45 megapascals according to ISO 75/Bf, an Izod notched impact strength of at least 18 kilojoules/meter2, measured at 23 degrees C according to ISO 180/1A, and an Izod notched impact strength of at least 7 kilojoules/meter2, measured at 23 degrees C according to ISO 180/1A after aging for 2000 hours in air at 140 degrees C. (I) comprises less than 2 wt.% any polymer other than (A), (B), the homopolystyrene, and the polysalicylate. (I) comprises the product of melt-kneading: 55-65 wt.% of (A) having a post-compounding weight average molecular weight of 53000-57000 atomic mass units; 11-16 wt.% of (B) having a polystyrene content of 25-40% and a weight average molecular weight of 250000-450000 atomic mass units; 15-25 wt.% of homopolystyrene; and 3-6 wt.% of polysalicylate; where the weight ratio of (A) to (B) is 3-5. (I) is a multiwall article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: In the film, the PET film layers are added with 0.1% to 1.0% of antioxidant by weight percentage. The antioxidant is butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), four (beta-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy pheny) propanoic acid) pentaerythritol ester, or beta-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy pheny) octadecyl propanoic. The PET film layers are added with 0.1% to 1.0% of ultraviolet radiation absorbent by weight percentage. The ultraviolet radiation absorbent is selected from the follows: 2-hydroxyl group-4-n-capryl oxo benzophenone, 2-hydroxyl-4-methoxy benzophenone, 2-hydroxyl group-4-propylene acyloxy ethyoxy benzophenone, 2-(2-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-5-mehtylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, and 2-(2-tert-butyl-5-mehtylphenyl) benzotriazole. Te PET film layers are added with 0.1% to 1.0% of ultraviolet radiation stabilizing agent by weight percentage. The ultraviolet radiation stabilizing agent is selected from the follows: double(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate ester, concentration of succinic acid and (4-hydroxide radical-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidyl), double (1,2,2,6, 6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate ester, and double (1-capryl oxo-2,2,6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate ester. The PET film layers are added with 0.1% to 1.0% of nucleating agent by weight percentage. The nucleating agent is selected from talcum powder, TM-1, TM-3, Miliad 3905, Miliad 3940, Miliad 3988, NA-10, NA-11, and NA-21. The nucleating agent is selected from talcum powder, TM-1, TM-3, Miliad 3905, Miliad 3940, Miliad 3988, NA-10, NA-11, and NA-21.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The organic electroluminescence device comprises cathode, anode and organic film layer; and organic light-emitting layer is at least included in organic film layer between cathode and the anode and polyaryl substituted pyridine derivative at least included in at least one layer in the organic film layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane or dioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bivalent zinc salt is zinc acetylacetonate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate or zinc acetate. The bivalent or quadrivalent tin salt is tin acetate, tin octoate, tin bromide acetylacetonate or tin chloride acetylacetonate. The copper salt is copper acetylacetonate, cuprous chloride, cuprous cyanide, copper chloride or copper acetate. Preferred Method: The copper-zinc-tin-selenium particles are prepared by heating at 100-500 degrees C for 1-24 hours, and dissolving in organic solvent A to obtain lower deposit; dissolving in organic solvent B to obtain upper clear liquid; and adding oleamide and organic solvent A into upper clear liquid. Preferred Composition: The concentration of copper-zinc-tin-selenium nanoparticles in copper-zinc-tin-selenium nanoparticle paste is 1-100 mg/ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvents A and B are ethanol, glycol, n-amyl alcohol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, xylene, n-hexane, Triclene (RTM: trichloroethene), tetrachloroethylene and/or chloroform. The solvent is glycol, dimethylbenzene, tetrachloroethylene or Triclene (RTM: trichloroethene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method preferably comprises conducting chemical vapor deposition for thermal decomposition of heavy oil residue at 1273K to obtain carbon microsphere with uniform grain diameter; refluxing the carbon microsphere (1 g) in 5 mol/L nitric acid solution at 393K, and filtering; performing ultrasonic oscillation to the carbon microsphere processed by nitric acid solution to prepare carbon slurry; slowly adding H2PtCl6 solution (7.5 ml) and metal chloride solution (4 ml), and uniformly mixing, where density of platinum (Pt) is 7.4 mg/ml and density of metal in metal chloride solution is 8 mg/ml; gradually adding reducing agent, and adjusting the mixed solution to neutral; heating the mixed solution to 333K and keeping temperature for 30 minutes; washing the mixed solution for several times using distilled water; and filtering and drying in vacuum. Preferred Component: The metal chloride solution is tin(II) chloride solution, ruthenium(II) chloride solution, or palladium(II) chloride solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The palladium salt is palladium chloride or palladium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes are formed from a material selected from high aspect ratio carbon material, fine carbon powder, conductive polymer, carbon fibril, and carbon nanotube material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is thermoplastic polymer (preferably poly(tert-butyl acrylate)), crosslinked polymer containing repeating units of tert-butyl acrylate, polymer blend containing crosslinked polymer or polymer composite containing additives selected from nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, plasticizers, surfactants, light absorbing agent, light absorbing fillers, conductive fillers, microwave absorbing fillers, and magnetic fillers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (dislcosed): The amine derivative is prepared by mixing carbazole, benzo fluorene derivative potassium carbonate and palladium acetate under nitrogen atmosphere, adding tri-t-butylphosphine and o-xylene, adding water after completion of reaction, stirring and leaving still, separating water layer, carrying out vaccum concentraion after carrying out washing liquid separation, distilling off o-xylene solvent, purifying residue, and obtaining amine derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Compounds (I) are specifically disclosed e.g. group of formulae (A1-A5).    EXAMPLE - The 3.3 g of carbazole, 5.6 g of 9-chloro-11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)fluorene, 4.2 g of potassium carbonate, and 45 mg of palladium acetate were put into 200 mL flask under nitrogen atmosphere. The 160 mg of tri-t-butylphosphine and 70 g of o-xylene were added and stirred at 130 degrees C for 15 hours. A 15 mL of distilled water was added after completion of reaction, and water layer was separated after stirring for 0.5 hour and leaving still at room temperature. Vacuum concentration was subjected after carrying out washing liquid separation in saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, and o-xylene solvent was distilled off. The obtained residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography, and 5.6 g of amine derivative as white solid was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The content of sulfolane derivative and linear carbonate compound with respect to nonaqueous mixed solvent, are 76-95 volume% and 5-24 volume%, respectively at 25 degrees C.The nonaqueous mixed solvent further contains ether solvent of formula: R17C(O)OR18 (III), benzene derivative of formula (IV) having molecular weight of 400 or less, and nitrile derivative of formula: R22-CN (V).R17, R18 = 1-10C aliphatic hydrocarbyl;or R17+R18 = ring;R19 = halo or 1-7C organic group;R20, R21 = 1-7C organic group, H or halo;andR22 = 1-10C aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having 1-2 cyano group or ether linkage. Preferred Definitions:    X-=BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6, N(RfSO3)3- or RfSO3-;and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, i.e. compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Ic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester film further has coating layer, thermobonding layer, polyester skin layer and polyester core layer. The coating layer contains polyester resin, polyurethane resin or polyacryl resin. The thermobonding layer contains non-crystalline polyester resin, and has thickness of 1.0-40 mu m. The microparticles contain 3-50 %mass of rutile-type titanium-dioxide microparticles. The polyester skin layer containing many cavities, obtained from microparticles having average particle diameter of 0.1-3 mu m, is laminated with polyester core layer containing many cavities, obtained from thermoplastic resin incompatible with polyester. Preferred Properties: The polyester film has many fine cavities. The apparent specific gravity of the film is 0.7-1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sintered silver ink of the conductive film has a specific resistivity of 1.7|asterisk10-5~0 or less by controlling a ratio of the reducing agent and the sintering temperature. The sintering process is performed at temperature of 130-150 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The branched chain carboxylic acid having 6-14 carbon atoms or its salt, is neohexanoic acid, neoheptanoic acid, isooctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, neodecanoic acid or neoundecanoic acid. The organic solvent is tetradecane, toluene, xylene, hexane, tetrahydrofuran or cyclohexane. The reducing agent is phenyl hydrazine, triethylamine, hydrazine, aldehyde, ascorbic acid and tert-butylhydroxytoluene. The reducing agent is added at an equivalence ratio of silver ion complex reducing agent is 1:0.5-1:1. EXAMPLE - Branched chain carboxylic acid (0.4 mol) was dissolved in methanol (0.4 M). The methanol solution was mixed with an aqueous solution (1000 ml) including sodium hydroxide (0.4 mol), this was agitated and aqueous solution (1000 ml), including silver nitrate (0.4mol) was added to the mixed solution and agitated to obtain a white silver complex precipitate. The silver complex precipitate was filtered, washed with an aqueous solution several times and then with a polar organic solvent (acetone or ethanol) several times, and dried to obtain a silver ion complex. The silver ion complex (9.9x 10-3 mol) was dissolved in tetradecane (20ml), and phenyl hydrazine (9.9x 10-3 mol) as a reducing agent and terpineol (0.005 g) were added to obtain a dark brown silver ink (a mole ratio of silver ion complex: reducing agent is 1:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The compound (I) is deposited on substrate by sublimation or by solution-phase deposition, where the substrate has temperature of less than or equal to no 150 degrees C during deposition. Preferred Components: The organic semiconductor material is one or more of 4 compounds, e.g. of formula (II).Ar1, Ar2=carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring systems fused to each corresponding adjacent imidazole in structure (substituted with one or more F atoms);X=optional organic or inorganic substituent group including alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkoxy groups, halo (preferably F), CN, or optionally substituted aryl and arylalkyl groups at any available position on core nucleus; andn=0-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cerium ammonium nitrate has a concentration of 0.05-0.5 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precipitant (2-20 times cerium ammonium nitrate quantity) is carbamide and/or urotropine. The silane coupling agent (0.1-0.5 times cerium ammonium nitrate quantity) is 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adhesive: In the EVA hot-melt adhesive piece for solar battery, the vinyl acetate in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 5-50 wt.%. The melt index of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-500 g/10 second. The average molecular weight of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 1x104-30x104. The silane coupling agent is silane compound comprising one functional group of the amino-group and glycidyl. The nucleating agent is chosen from one of benzoic acid, hexanedioic acid, diphenyl acetic acid, sodium stearate, sodium acetate, sodium phenate, dibenzylidene sorbitol compound, dibenzylidene xyllitol compound, dibenzylidene dulcitol compound, dibenzylidene mannitol compound. The age resister is chosen from one or more of arylamine, phenol and ester age resister. The hot-melt adhesive piece further comprises 0.01-0.05 pts.wt. of heat stabilizer relatively to 100 pts.wt. of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The hot-melt adhesive piece further comprises 0.01-0.05 pts.wt. of ultra-violet absorber relatively to 100 pts.wt. of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel base compound is formed by at least two of nickel, nickel oxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, or nickel hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is conducting acetylene black, spherical carbon black, or carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The monomer unit is derived from compounds of formula (Ia)-(If).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The non-fluorinated acid polymer is poly(styrenesulfonic acid), and/or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). The composition further comprises a fluorinated acid polymer having fluorinated olefin backbone and pendant groups comprising fluorinated ether sulfonate, fluorinated ester sulfonate, and/or fluorinated ether sulfonimide. The fluorinated acid polymer is copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene and 2-(2,2-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid; and/or copolymer of ethylene and 2-(2-(1,2,2- trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid. The fluorinated acid polymer is a compound of formula -((CF2-CF2)a-(CF2-C(O-(CF2-C(R16)F-O)b-(CF2)c-SO2-NH-(SO2-(CF2)d-SO2-NH)e-SO2R16)F))n-. It is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid.R16=fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl;a-e=0 or 1-3;andn= greater than or equal to 4. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R4=NH2;    R2, R3=H;and    Q=X=CH.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonating agent is chosen from chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid and acyl sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aprotic polar solvent is chosen from dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, diphenylether and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, when the reaction is performed at 130 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Monomeric compound of formula: F2C=CFO-R-OFC=CF2 (II) having low sulfonation activity and monomeric compound of formula: F2C=CFO-R'-OFC=CF2 (III) having high sulfonation activity are polymerized to form polymer having perfluorocyclobutane ring of formula (IV). The polymer having perfluorocyclobutane ring is sulfonated using a sulfonating agent to obtain the copolymer. Preferred Process: The polymerization is performed in inert gas atmosphere, at 130-450 degrees C for 1/2 hour to 72 hours, in molten or solution state. Preferred Definitions:    R=bivalent groups of formulae (a-e);and    R'=group chosen from 12 bivalent groups, e.g. of formulae (f-j).    EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Bis(trifluorovinyloxy)biphenyl having low sulfonation activity and 4,4'-sulfonyl-bis(trifluorovinyloxy)biphenyl were polymerized in the weight ratio of 1:1, at 250 degrees C for 5 hours. The obtained polymer was dissolved in dimethylacetamide and excess methanol was added. The precipitated copolymer was separated and melted in dichloroethane containing 1 wt.% of chlorosulfonic acid, to obtain post-sulfonated copolymer having intrinsic viscosity of 1.2 dl/g. The polymer film formed using the copolymer had high proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photocatalyst layer contains photocatalyst layer (1-20 mass parts), inorganic oxide particle 70-99 mass parts, polymer of hydrolysable silicone (0-10 mass parts), polymer of titanium alkoxide (0-10 mass%) and surfactant (0-10 mass%). Preferred Parameters: The average particle diameter of photocatalyst particle is 10-100 nm. The photocatalyst has air permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal film contains silver. The transparent electrode film contains indium-tin oxide and/or fluorine doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticle is a noble metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic compound is 1-16C aliphatic carboxylic acid and/or aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acid, preferably 1-6C aliphatic carboxylic acid. The polymer dispersing agent contains free carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal in porous carbon material is 1 weight% or more. The porous carbon material contains two or more types of metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal complex is amine complex or ethylenediamine complex. Preferred Condition: The baking process is carried out at 200 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal complex is nickel complex and/or palladium complex. Preferred Property: The charge transport film has thickness of 10 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerization medium for solution polymerization contains hydrofluorocarbon and/or hydrofluoroalkyl ether of formula: R1-O-R2.R1=polyfluoroalkyl;andR2=polyfluoroalkyl or alkyl.At least one of R1 and R2 is H and total number of carbon atoms of R1 and R2 is 3-8. EXAMPLE - 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-Tridecafluorohexane (in g) (1217) and methanol (10) were heated to 66 degrees C. Then, tetrafluoroethylene (180), ethylene (7.7) and propylene (3) were added in a molar ratio of 54.1:33.8:12.1 and polymerized in the presence of initiator tert-butyl peroxy pivalate for 6 hours under a pressure of 1.5 MPa/G, to obtain fluorine-containing copolymer in a yield of 98 g. The obtained copolymer was press molded and a 100 mu m thick film was manufactured. The film had a transparency of 95% measured based on JIS K7105, haze value of 1.5%, tensile strength of 51.2 MPa measured based on JIS K7162, and excellent weather resistance and workability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyamic acid and/or polyimide has weight average molecular weight of 50000-500000 based on polystyrene conversion. Preferred Process: The polyimide acid is obtained by imidating the polyamic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layers (12 and/or 13) contain white-colored coloring agent. The resin layer (11) contains infrared-permeability coloring agent. The resin layers (11, 12 and 13) comprises grafted polymer which is obtained by polymerizing silicon-containing thermoplastic resin with monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in presence of silicone-containing rubber. Preferred Properties: The back surface protective film has reflectance of 50% or more with respect to wavelength of 400-1400 nm (preferably, 800-1400 nm), transmittance of 60% or more with respect to wavelength of 800-1400 nm, absorption factor of 60% or more with respect to wavelength of 400-700 nm and thickness of 30-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base material thermoplastic resin film contains greater than or equal to 2 mass% of inorganic particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flame retardant is non halogen flame-retardant compound, inorganic metal, and/or inorganic metallic compound which contains phosphorus and/or nitrogen atom. The substance with a saccharide is cellulose. Preferred Parameter: The shape of the cellulose is spherical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material thermoplastic resin film is a porous white thermoplastic resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amino acid unit includes structural unit of bivalent hydrocarbon group, ester group, ether group, amide group, amino group, thioether group, oxyethylene group and/or oxyphenylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The former surface of the light guide substrate is coated with hydrophobic material selected from a group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polysulfone, reaction modifier containing polymeric anhydride, silicone gum, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic metal salt is chosen from inorganic sodium salt, inorganic magnesium salt and inorganic aluminum salt. The organometallic salt is chosen from sodium carboxylate and magnesium carboxylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of volatile base is 1-500 equivalence with respect to content of carboxyl groups of cellulose fiber. The content of polyvalent metal is 0.1-1.5 equivalence with respect to content of carboxyl groups of cellulose fiber. The cellulose fiber contains sodium-containing carboxylate ion (COO-Na+), before performing mixing process of cellulose fiber and aqueous solution of acid. The carboxylate ion in cellulose fiber is converted to carboxyl group (COOH), after mixing cellulose fiber with aqueous solution of acid. The carboxyl group of cellulose fiber is converted into conjugate acid-containing group (COO-B+), after mixing process of volatile base-containing aqueous solution and suspension liquid of cellulose fiber, where B+ is conjugated acid of volatile base. Preferred Film: The film-type molded product has cellulose fiber, inorganic metal salt or organometallic salt. Preferred Property: The aspect-ratio of cellulose fiber is 10-1000. Preferred Component: The composite-shaped component has a layer as base material, obtained from film-type molded product. Preferred Process: The film-type molded product and composite-shaped component are obtained by adhering suspension liquid containing cellulose fiber on a substrate, forming membranous substance on the substrate, adhering an inorganic-metal-salt solution on the membranous substance, and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel, zirconium, component (A), component (B) and tantalum is 35 weight%, 30 weight%, 25 weight%, 5 weight% and 5 weight%, respectively. Preferred Property: The thickness of palladium thin film is 50-5000 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen permeable alloy component has a palladium thin film coated on the hydrogen permeable alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer containing semiconductor fine particles to which binuclear metal complex pigment and steroid-type compound are adsorbed is formed on an electroconductive support. The photogalvanic cell has photoelectric transducer, a counter electrode, and an electrolyte layer. Preferred Process: A semiconductor layer containing semiconductor fine particles is formed on the electroconductive support. The electroconductive support with semiconductor layer is immersed in solution containing binuclear metal complex pigment and solution containing steroid-type compound, or solution containing steroid-type compound and solution containing binuclear metal complex pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor fine particles contain titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The asymmetrical binuclear metal complex pigment (I) has structure where lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is mainly distributed in complex ((L1)2M1). The steroid-type compound is chosen cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed using solution process. Preferred Compound: The organic compound having optically active center is contained in a bulk heterojunction layer as an n-type-semiconductor material of the organic photoelectric transducer. The optically active center is a carbon atom. The organic compound is fullerene derivative of formula (I). The fullerene is chosen from 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 76C fullerene, 78C fullerene and 84C fullerene.R=substituent having optically active center chosen from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and silyl;andn=1-4.Preferred Layer: The layer containing organic compound unit having optically active center is formed in contact with the bulk heterojunction layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal expansion coefficient of the sealant is 8-10 parts per million/ degrees C at 0-600 degrees C and the softening point of the sealant is 680-750 degrees C. The sealant is provided between: two metal layers; two ceramic layers; or a metal layer and a ceramic layer. The sealant comprises (in mole%): silicon oxide (0-40); boron oxide (0-15); aluminum oxide (0-10); barium oxide (0-40); calcium oxide (0-15); lanthanum oxide (0-15); and zirconium dioxide (0-5). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nanowire of metal nanowire layer is silver nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crosslinking agent is aldehyde-type crosslinking agent, melamine-type agent, epoxy-type crosslinking agent and/or isocyanate-type crosslinking agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol or cellulose derivative. The crosslinked material of water soluble polymer or crosslinked material of macromolecular latex is crosslinked using crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nanowire is silver nanowire. The removal liquid contains bleach-fixing solution and a water-soluble binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The metal base has an Al content of not less than 98.0% by mass, a silicon (Si) content of not greater than 0.25% by mass, and a copper (Cu) content of not greater than 0.20% by mass. The photoelectric conversion layer includes a compound semiconductor formed of: (a) at least one type of group Ib element selected from Cu or silver (Ag); (b) at least one type of IIIb element selected from Al, gallium (Ga), or indium (In); and (c) at least one type of VIb element selected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: In the photovoltaic apparatus, the energy storage device is a member selected from a low voltage battery, a high voltage battery, a capacitor, and a combination. The solar modules are mounted in solar panel defining a laminate structure having a backing layer, a first polymer layer, a solar module layer, a second polymer layer, and a glass layer. The solar modules are formed within the first and second polymer layers as an integral unit. The solar module is laminated within a durable polymer material. Each solar module is mounted in a solar panel formed of a material selected from polymer, composite polymer, thin film amorphous silicon, and combinations. each solar module includes a set of solar cells arranged in a predetermined configuration. The predetermined configuration is an array. The solar cells are mounted on cross connectors within the polymer layers. The solar modules form a solar panel having four solar modules. The solar modules form a solar panel defining a curvilinear geometry. The solar panel curves in multiple directions. Moreover, each solar module is electrically coupled to a corresponding DC/DC boost converter. Also, each solar module is electrically coupled to a corresponding DC/DC converter having electrical pathways within the converter that are electrically isolated from each other. The solar modules are mounted on a roof of the vehicle. The solar panel is mounted on a deck lid of the vehicle. The solar cells within each solar module are arranged to maximize radiation reception.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hole exnihilation layer comprises p-type oxide semiconductor selected from nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), copper oxide (Cu2O), CuAlO2, and/or CuInO2, or photoactive material comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2). The transparent electrode comprises a degenerated n-type oxide semiconductor selected from zinc oxide (ZnO), ZnO:Al, tin oxide (SnO2), SnO2:F, TiO2, Iridium oxide (IrO2), and/or ruthenium oxide (RuO2). The reactant precursor comprises oxygen (O2), N2O, water (H2O), O3, O2 plasma, N2O plasma, H2O plasma, oxygen (Oasterisk) radical, NH3 plasma, and/or hydrogen (Hasterisk) radical. The source precursor comprises nickel bis(1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-butanolate) (Ni(dmamb)2), cobalt bis(1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-butanolate) (Co(dmamb)2), copper bis(1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-butanolate) (Cu(dmamb)), tetra-dimethyl-amino-titanium, tetra-diethyl-amino-titanium, tetra-ethyl-methyl-amino-titanium, trimethylaluminum, dimethylaluminumhydride, ruthenium cyclopentadienyl, bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium), and/or (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method further involves applying a second acid composition comprises acids chosen from polycarboxylic acids and inorganic acids to the semiconductor wafer subsequent to step of applying an aqueous alkaline composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous acid composition and the aqueous alkaline composition further comprise at least one surfactant. Preferred Components: The surfactants are nonionic. The nonionic surfactant is chosen from a polyol and a gemini surfactant. The polyol is chosen from a glycoside and a polyglycoside. The polycarboxylic acid is chosen from a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid and an oxycarboxylic acid. The alkaline compounds are chosen from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The masking layer is a silicon nitride layer or a silicon carbide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of insulating particles is less than the average particle diameter of lithium particles. The ratio of average particle diameter of insulating particles with respect to average particle diameter of lithium particles is 0.001-0.2. The secondary particles further contain electroconductive particles adhered to the surface of lithium particles. The ratio of average particle diameter of electroconductive particles with respect to average particle diameter of lithium particles is 0.001-0.2. The ratio of average particle diameter of secondary particles with respect to average particle diameter of lithium particles is 1.01-2. The negative electrode active material contains silicon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum, indium and/or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of carbon with respect to metallic elements in metal oxide layer is preferably 4-10%. The metal oxide layer contains organometallic compound, reducing gas and discharge gas containing noble gas and/or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of aluminum hydroxide and calcium hydroxide is 3:7-5:5. The perfluoro compound processing agent has average particle diameter of 55-160 mu m. The volume ratio of alkali chemical and perfluoro compound processing agent is 6.5-9. Preferred Process: The baking of mixture of aluminum hydroxide and calcium hydroxide is carried out at 430-890 degrees C in nitrogen stream or airflow. The reaction tank is heated to 500 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the mixture in the reactor chamber is heated to a temperature of 550-650 degrees C; pumps for delivering methanol and water for providing a mixture of methanol and water is adjusted so as to provide a methanol concentration of 5-10 wt.%; a back-pressure regulator inserted between the high-pressure phase separation vessel and a hydrogen tank; and a back-pressure regulator inserted between the low-pressure phase separation vessel and a CO2 tank. Preferred System: In the system, the high-pressure phase separation vessel is connected to a high-pressure hydrogen tank through a backpressure regulator; and the low-pressure phase separation vessel is connected to a CO2 tank through a back-pressure regulator. EXAMPLE - A water was added to dilute a methanol feedstock (5-10 wt.%) to provide a feed mixture. The feed mixture was then pumped into the reactor chamber at a pressure of 250 bar. The reactor chamber was preferably constructed of lnconel alloy 625 and pretreated with a aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (3 wt.%) for 50 hours at a temperature of 600 degrees C and a pressure of 250 bar. The pressurized feed mixture enters the heat exchanger located inside reactor chamber, where it was heated. The heat exchanger was composed of a heat-conducting tube formed as a vertical helical coil. The cooler ingoing feed mixture flows upwards along the outer surface of the tube, while the warmer outgoing product mixture flows downwards inside the tube so as to provide a heat exchange. The feed mixture enters the reactor chamber and heat exchanger at room temperature and exits the top of the heat exchanger with a temperature above 500 degrees C as a supercritical fluid, whereupon it enters a reaction zone to be further heated to 600 degrees C by electric resistors attached to the outside of the reactor wall. At these conditions, methanol reacts completely with water to produce hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of aliovalent transition metal in the precursor composition is 1-8 mol%. The aliovalent transition metal is electron acceptor dopant chosen from manganese, nickel, cobalt and iron, or electron donor dopant chosen from niobium and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type microcrystalline silicon alloy layer comprises silicon, oxygen, nitrogen or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The p-type and n-type layers of material include a dilute III-V nitride material, and gallium nitride arsenide (GaNAs). They comprise GaNAs with 0.5-5% nitrogen. At least one of the p-type and n-type layers has a compositionally graded nitrogen concentrations to provide an electric field for more efficient charge collection. The contact blocking layer(s) comprises aluminum-GaAs or indium-Ga-phosphide. A protective layer is formed on contact blocking layer(s) to provide a protective covering and further provide a low resistance electrical contact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zinc powder and aluminum powder is 80-100% and 0-20%, respectively. Preferred Property: The particle size of zinc powder and/or aluminum powder is 100-1000 meshes. Preferred Condition: The spark-plasma sintering process is carried under vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical hydride comprises lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride and/or lithium hydride. The metal hydride comprises lanthanum nickel (LaNi5), lanthanum nickel manganese alloy (LaNi4.6Mn(0.4)), manganese nickel cobalt aluminum alloy (MnNi(3.5)Co(0.7)Al(0.8)), manganese nickel cobalt manganese aluminum alloy (MnNi4.2Co(0.2)Mn(0.3)Al(0.3)), titanium iron nickel alloy (TiFe(0.8)Ni(0.2)), calcium nickel (CaNi5), vanadium titanium iron (V(0.9)Ti(0.1))(0.95)Fe(0.05) and/or lanthanum nickel aluminum alloy (LaNi(4.7)Al(0.3)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The activity of nitrous oxide-reductase is restricted or interrupted by appropriate irreversible- and/or reversible- or non-competitive- and/or competitive- inhibitors and/or substrate- or product inhibitors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gradual reduction of nitrates and/or nitrites is a biodegradation of nitrates and/or nitrites from nitrates and/or nitrites containing substances, where the nitrates are first reduced to nitrites, the nitrites are further reduced to nitric oxide and the nitric oxide is further reduced to nitrous oxide. The gradual reduction of nitrates and/or nitrites and/or nitrogen oxide is respectively carried out using appropriate reductase. The nitrous oxide is separated from the liquid phase and/or from the exhaust gas. The nitrous oxide is separated or purified from the exhaust gas by selective membrane process. The copper ions are reduced, complexed, separated or exchanged before and/or during the denitrification process. The copper ions are complexed, reduced and/or removed by chelating agents, by reducing with appropriate metals or metal ions and further redox system and appropriate ions, by using selective ion exchangers and/or by electrochemical reaction. The nitrate and/or nitrite containing substances comprise household wastewater, household wastes and/or wastewater, wastes and/or waste materials obtained from industries and/or agriculture. The nitrate and/or nitrite containing substances are obtained during the production of biogas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxidation reaction comprises combustion of coal, natural gas or fuel in an internal combustion engine or an oxidation reaction in a fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The target object is made of aluminum, neodymium, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photoelectric transducer further has an electric charge blocking layer provided between the electrode and photoelectric converting layer. The electrode is transparent electrode. Preferred Property: The application of electric field to the photoelectric converting layer through the electrode is 1x 104 to 1x 107 V/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The organic compound has dipole moment of more than 1 D, and peak-value ( lambda )max of 350-700 nm, measured by spectroscopy absorption spectrum. Preferred Compound: The organic compound is methine group-containing compound of formula (I or II), and has heterocyclic group-containing partial structure of formula (III).X=O, S or N-R10;R10=H or substituent;Rx,Ry=R10, where at least one of Rx and Ry is electron attractive group;or Rx+Ry=ring;R=bond, H or substituent, preferably at least one R is bond;or R in 2nd-position and 3rd-position+R in 5th-position and 6th-position=ring;r=1-4;Z11,Za=atomic group required to form 5 or 6-membered ring;L1-L3=optionally substituted methine;D1=atomic group;n=0 or more;Z1=atomic group which forms 5 or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, preferably thiazoline nucleus, and excludes thiazole nucleus;R1=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;L11-L14=optionally substituted methine;p1=0 or 1, preferably 0;n1=0-4, preferably 0-3, more preferably 0 or 1;M1=ion which neutralizes an electric charge;andm1=number required for neutralization of electric charge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 14 Amine derivatives e.g. N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-17,17-dimethyl-N-phenyltetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.011,16)heptadeca-1(10),2,4,6,8,11(16),12,14-octaen-14-amine of formula (A), N-(4-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-17,17-dimethyl-N-phenyltetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.011,16)heptadeca-1(10),2,4,6,8,11(16),12,14-octaen-14-amine, 17,17-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-(4-(3-phenyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)tetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.011,16)heptadeca-1(10),2,4,6,8,11(16),12,14-octaen-14-amine, N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-17-methyl-N,17-diphenyltetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.011,16)heptadeca-1(10),2,4,6,8,11(16),12,14-octaen-14-amine and N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylspiro(cyclohexane-1,17'-tetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.011,16)heptadecan)-1'(10'),2',4',6',8',11'(16'),12',14'-octaen-14'-amine are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - N-(4-chlorophenyl)carbazole (in g) (5.6) was added to a flask under nitrogen atmosphere. N-phenyl-9-amino-11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)-fluorene (6.7), sodium t-butoxide (2.9), palladium acetate (45 mg), tri-t-butyl phosphine (160 mg) and o-xylene (70) were added and stirred at 140 degrees C for 8 hours. Distilled water (15 ml) was added and stirred for 0.5 hour, and water layer was separated. Vacuum concentration was carried out, and obtained residue was purified to produce amine derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The low molecular charge transport agent has molecular weight of 400-1500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The photoelectric cell further has titanium oxide thin film (7) including peroxotitanic acid provided between the electrode layer (A) and porous metal oxide semiconductor film. Preferred Properties: The porous metal oxide semiconductor film has pore volume of 0.30-0.60 ml/g and mean pore diameter of 10-50 nm. The titanium oxide thin film has thickness of 10-70 nm, pore volume of 0.01-0.20 ml/g and mean pore diameter of 0.5-5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide particles are titanium oxide, lanthanum trioxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or indium oxide, preferably crystalline titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of water and organic solvent is 0.5-6.5 weight%, each respectively. The organic solvent is alcohol incompatible with water, ketone, glycol and/or ether. The emulsion further contains 0.5-5 weight% of surfactant as emulsion stabilizer. The coating material further contains 0.1-15 weight% of thickener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum-modified composite catalyst contains ruthenium-iridium-platinum oxide of formula: RuxIr1-xO2-Pty. The aqueous solution comprises sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia. The platinum compound is chloroplatinic acid, platinum tetrachloride, tetraamminedichloroplatinum or sodium chloroplatinate. The protective gas is an inert gas, preferably highly pure argon gas, neon gas, krypton gas, xenon gas or helium gas. The ruthenium compound is ruthenium trichloride or ammonium chlororuthenate. The iridium compound is chloroiridic acid, iridium trichloride or iridium tetrachloride. The casting solvent is nitrate, preferably potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate.x=0.1-0.9;andy=0.05-0.95.Preferred Property: The grain size of the nanopowder is 5-10 nm. Preferred Process: The ultrasonic mixing of the mixture is carried out with power of 200-1000 W. The constant temperature is 30-80 degrees C. The drying is carried out at 60-100 degrees C. The thermal treatment is carried out at 300-800 degrees C for 30 minutes to 3 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reducer is formaldehyde, sodium formate, glycol, hydrazine hydrate, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride. The alcohol is isopropanol, n-butanol or absolute ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): An amine compound of formula (II) and a carbonyl compound of formula: R'1-CO-CH2-R'3 are reacted in the presence of an acid to produce polyaromatic organic semiconductor compound.R1',R2"=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally having hetero atom chosen from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur;B'=-CO-O-R'3;andR'3=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally having hetero atom chosen from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl or benzyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 44 Polyaromatic organic semiconductor compounds e.g. 9,21-diazahexacyclo(11.11.0.02,10.03,8.014,22.015,20)tetracosa-1,3(8),4,6,10,12,14(22),15(20),16,18,23-undecaene of formula (A), 13,29-diazaoctacyclo(15.15.0.02,14.03,12.05,10.018,30.019,28.021,26)dotriaconta-1,3(12),4,6,8,10,14,16,18(30),19(28),20,22,24,26,31-pentadecaene, 13,29-diazaoctacyclo(15.15.0.02,14.03,12.04,9.018,30.019,28.020,25)dotriaconta-1,3(12),4,6,8,10,14,16,18(30),19(28),20,22,24,26,31-pentadecaene, 17,37-diazadecacyclo(19.19.0.02,18.03,16.04,13.06,11.022,38.023,36.024,33.026,31)tetraconta-1,3(16),4,6,8,10,12,14,18,20,22(38),23(36),24,26,28,30,32,34,39-nonadecaene and 6,16,25,35-tetraazadecacyclo(18.18.0.02,17.03,15.05,13.07,12.021,36.022,34.024,32.026,31)octatriaconta-1,3(15),4,7(12),8,10,13,17,19,21(36),22,24(32),26(31),27,29,33,37-heptadecaene are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The annealing process is accomplished at 450-550 degrees C for 2 hours. The hydrogen plasma generating source is short range or long range plasma source generated by radio-frequency glow discharge, ultrahigh frequency glow discharge, microwave exciting, heat-assisted or hot-wire decomposing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive glass is mixture of tin dioxide conductive glass and fluorine or indium tin oxide transparent conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor is titania, zinc oxide, tin dioxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, manganese dioxide, or cobalt oxide. The semiconductor acetate is titanium acetate, zinc acetate, arsenic acetate, magnesium acetate, iron acetate, manganese acetate, cobalt acetate or nickel acetate. Preferred Process: The titania-acetate-polymer spinning solution is subjected to stainless steel guide tube spraying device. The thickness of stainless steel guide tube is 0.1-2 mm. The conduction glass is a receiving device. The distance between the spraying device and the receiving device is maintained at 1-30 cm. The positive pole of the high-voltage power source is connected with the stainless steel guide tube, and the negative pole is connected to the conduction glass to form conductive glass with titania-acetate-polymer compound nanofiber film. The voltage of 1-30 KV is loaded between positive pole and negative pole. The pre-sediment titania film on the surface of the conductive glass is pretreated using plasma.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic titanium alkoxide is tetraethyl titanate, propyl ester titanate, titanium isopropoxide or butyl titanate. The light sensitization agent is cis-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium (II), cis-di(thiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4-carboxylate-4'-carboxylic acid)-ruthenium(II), or black dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The functionalized polymer has: a molar ratio of nitrogen to carbon of 0.168-0.175, and sulfur to carbon of 0.018-0.4; a molecular weight of 105 g/mol or above; and an intrinsic viscosity, measured in dimethylsulfoxide, of 1-5 dl/g. The functionalized polymer is soluble in aprotic polar solvents and in strong acids. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Diphenylether-dicarboxylic acid and hydrazine sulfate were reacted for 1 hour at 160 degrees C, then the reaction temperature was increased to 180 degrees C. 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid was added to the reaction vessel and the reaction was carried out for 2 hours. The molar solubility rate of polyphosphoric acid/hydrazine sulfate and the molar monomer rate of hydrazinesulfate/4,4'-diphenylether-dicarboxylic acid were kept constant at 10 and 1.2, respectively. A molar ratio of polyhydrazide, formed in situ, to 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid of 1:1 was used. After completion of the process, the reactive medium was put into lukewarm water containing 5 wt./vol.% sodium hydroxide solution to precipitate the functionalized polytriazole polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hard coat layer forming material is UV curable material. The hard coat layer forming material contains component containing urethane acrylate and urethane methacrylate, component containing polyol acrylate and polyol methacrylate and component containing polymer formed from copolymer, alkyl acrylate which has alkyl group having hydroxyl group and acryloyl group, and alkyl methacrylate which has alkyl group having hydroxyl group and acryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The dye (I) is of formula (II).X=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, or carbon atom or nitrogen atom (both optionally substituted), preferably sulfur;andZ2=naphthylene ring optionally having optionally substituted benzene ring. Preferred Definitions:    Y'=iodine ion.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 26 Styryl-type dyes are disclosed, e.g. 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-((E)-2-(pyren-4-yl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium iodide of formula (Ia), 3-(carboxymethyl)-2-((E)-2-(pyren-4-yl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium iodide, 3-(carboxymethyl)-5-chloro-2-((E)-2-(pyren-4-yl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium iodide, 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-chloro-2-((E)-2-(pyren-4-yl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium iodide and 3-(carboxymethyl)-2-((E)-2-(pyren-4-yl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-3-ium iodide.    EXAMPLE - 3-(2-Carboxyethyl)-2-methyl-benzothiazol-3-ium iodide (in g) (2.5), 1-pyrene carboxyaldehyde (1.9) and piperidine (2) were added in ethanol (100 ml), heat-stirred for 5 hours, cooled to room temperature, the obtained reaction liquid was concentrated, aqueous solution of potassium iodide and acetic acid were added, and the crystals formed were filtered, to obtain 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-((E)-2-(pyren-4-yl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium iodide crystals (3.8) (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is made of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, titanium, indium, yttrium, lithium, silver, tin and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture contains titanium oxide powder (98-70 weight%) and carbon precursor (2-30 weight%). The carbon precursor is chosen from starch, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxypropyl cellulose. Preferred Properties: The heating process is carried out at 200-900 degrees C for 0.5-5 hours. The hydrocarbon layer has thickness of 1-15 nm. Preferred Process: The method further involves pulverizing carbon-coated titanium powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide binder is alumina, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silica and/or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is alcohol, benzene, toluene, pyridine, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and/or dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic peroxide has a half-life temperature of 118-121 degrees C with respect to 1 hour. The organic peroxide is preferably t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexylcarbonate. The content of organic peroxide is 0.5-4 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The composition has a shrinkage of 2% or less and an outgas-generation amount of 0.1% or less, during hardening.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thienylenevinylene-containing repeating unit (I) is preferably of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=C12H25;    R2-R5=H;and    m=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material is made of polyolefin resin chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene and chlorinated polypropylene. The layer (A) further contains a light diffusing agent, and ultraviolet stabilizer, antioxidant, antiblocking agent and/or crosslinking agent. The content of compound (a), light-diffusing agent and antiblocking agent contained with respect to 100 parts weight of the base material is 0.1-5 parts weight, 0.01-5 parts weight and 0.1-5 parts weight, respectively. The antiblocking agent is chosen from silica bead, polymethyl methacrylate bead, fluoride-type slipping agent and silicon-type slipping agent. Preferred Layer: The layer (A) is light-diffusion coating layer formed by coating a coating solution containing (in wt.%) light-diffusing agent (0.1-5), organic binder (10-35), organic solvent (60-85), dispersing agent (0.1-5) and additive (0.1-5), on a base material. The sheet further has a prism layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal thin film layer contains aluminum, copper, chromium, nickel, silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antacid material is chosen from metal carboxylate, metal salt of organic acid, silicate and alkali hydroxide. Preferred Composition: The content of antacid material is 0.01-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode active material. Preferred Condition: The electrochemical element is formed using electrolyte organic type electrolyte solution including fluorine as electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecules exhibiting non-vertical triplet energy transfer comprise non-vertical triplet scavenging material. The molecule exhibiting non-vertical triplet energy transfer is chosen from cyclooctatetraene, cycloheptatriene and/or cis-stilbene, preferably cyclooctatetraene. The solid-state organic material comprises light emitting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The microparticles comprises polymer (20 parts or more, preferably 100 parts or more, and more preferably 300 parts or more), wollastonite fiber, talc and zinc oxide. The polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride. The battery separator further comprises a reinforcing web.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A set of silicon-metal interface doped with group IV nanoparticle comprising boron and phosphorus is formed on the wafer. The formation of junction on the wafer comprises flowing nitrogen through a bubbler filled with liquid phosphorus oxychloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group IB elements comprise copper and the group IIIA elements comprise indium and/or germanium. The ionized group VIA elements comprise ionized selenium and/or ionized sulfur like selenium ions (Se+, Se2+) and sulfur ions (S+, S2+). The ionized group VIA elements are formed by transporting vaporized group VIA elements through plasma. The substrate is a glass substrate, a metal substrate, a ceramic substrate or a polymer substrate. The IB-IIIA-VIA2 compound semiconductor film comprises copper-indium-selenide (CuxIn1-xSe2), copper-gallium-selenide (CuxGaySe2), copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CuxIn1-xGaySe2) or copper-indium-gallium-sulfur selenide (CuxIn1-xGay(SSe)2), where x and y are more than 0 to less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell electrode further contains palladium as additional metal. The solar cell electrode is produced using conductive paste containing conductive component, glass frit and resin binder. The conductive component contains silver particles and metal particles chosen from palladium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, titanium and cobalt, alloy particles comprising silver and metal chosen from palladium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, titanium and cobalt, and silver particles and core-shell particles in which a metal is coated on surface of silver or copper. Preferred Composition: The content of additional metal is 0.01-10 weight% based on the total amount of the conductive paste. The content of alloy particles is 0.01-20 weight% based on the total amount of the paste. The core-shell particles are 0.01-20 weight% based on the total amount of the paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activator is chosen from alkali metal, alkali earth metal, hydride of alkali metal, hydride of alkali earth metal, hydroxide of alkali metal, and hydroxide of alkali earth metal, preferably lithium hydride. The inert gas is chosen from argon, helium, nitrogen and hydrogen, preferably argon. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of activator and base metal is 1:5 or less, 1:10 or less or 1:30 or less. Preferred Condition: The activator is contacted with base metal by dissolving the activator in non-aqueous solvent, adding base metal to solution of activator, evaporating solvent, depositing activator on surface of base metal and heating in inert gas atmosphere. The base metal is reacted with water at 5-100 degrees C and pH of 4-10. The hydrogen is alternately produced by reacting base metal with urine in presence of activator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is chosen from lithium, sodium and potassium. The base metal is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains (in weight%) molybdenum (5 or less), and vanadium (0.1-1.5), tungsten (0.1-2), lanthanum (0.0005-1), zirconium (0.0005-1) and/or boron (0.0005-0.1). The secondary passivation coating has thickness of 2-4.5 nm. The stainless steel has contact resistance of 10 m( Omega ).cm2 or less at 60-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The raw material powder are indium compound powder and tin compound powder or aluminum compound powder and zinc compound powder. Preferred Property: The relative density of the sintered compact is 95% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thickness of layer formed using solution containing crosslinking agent is 14 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid component layer contains ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Preparation): No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    G1, G2, G3 and G4=4-hexyloxy-benzen-1-yl;    A'=-CH=C(CN)-COOH or -C=C(CN)-CN;    D'=diphenyl-amine, N,N-Di-p-tolyl-amine or N,N-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amine.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds are disclosed as compound (I) i.e. 4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-2-(diphenylamino)-7-(2-cyano-2-carboxyl-ethenyl)-4,9-dihydrodithieno(2,3-a:2',3'-g)indacene (I'), 4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-2-(diphenylamino)-7-(2,2-dicyano-ethenyl)-4,9-dihydrodithieno(2,3-a:2',3'-g)indacene.    EXAMPLE - 4,4,9,9-Tetrakis(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-2-(diphenylamino)-7-formyl-4,9-dihydrodithieno(2,3-a:2',3'-g)indacene is reacted with 2-cyano-acetic acid in presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid at 80 degrees C to give 4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-2-(diphenylamino)-7-(2-cyano-2-carboxyl-ethenyl)-4,9-dihydrodithieno(2,3-a:2',3'-g)indacene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The capping layer is made of molybdenum, chromium, titanium or tungsten. The seed metal layer is made of nickel, palladium, gold, silver, aluminum, tin, antimony, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, cadmium, or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is carboxylate ester. Preferred Process: The formation of gas barrier layer in gas barrier layer forming process is performed by ion-plating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica fine powder (C) is surface-treated with silazane compound having vinyl group and silazane compound having perfluoroalkyl group, or surface-treating agent containing (in mol%) fluorine-modified group-containing processing agent (30-95), vinyl group-containing processing agent (1-40) and alkyl group-containing processing agent (0-50). The silazane compound having perfluoroalkyl group is of formula: ((RfQ1)aSi(R1)b(NR2)4-a-b/2)l. The linear perfluoropolyether compound (A) is of formula: CH2=CH-(X)p-Rf1-(X')p-CH=CH2 or CH2=CH-(X)p-Q2-Rf1-Q2-(X')p-CH=CH2.R1=optionally substituted hydrocarbyl;R2=H or alkyl;Rf=3-20C perfluoroalkyl;Q1=2-5C bivalent organic group;a=1-3;b=0-2;a+b=1-3;l=2-5;X=(-CH2-), -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2O- or -Y'-NR3-CO-;Y'=(-CH2-) or dimethylsilyl phenylene group of formula (i or ii);R3=H, methyl, phenyl or allyl;X'=(-CH2-), -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2- or -CO-NR4-Y1-;Y1=Y';R4=R3;Rf1=bivalent perfluoropolyether having fluorine-containing repeating unit (I);Q2=1-15C bivalent organic group optionally having ether linkage, preferably alkylene optionally having ether linkage;andp=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic filler is spherical silica powder. The surface of the inorganic filler is chemically modified.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The acrylic-type polymer has number average molecular weight of 500-20000. Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains polyfunctional acrylate compound as reactive diluent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silica, zirconia and titania are coated on aluminum powder with the thickness of 1-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transparent conductive film is obtained by adhering glass substrate and silicon oxide gel film through adhesive layer, removing substrate and heating and humidification processing the silicon oxide gel film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles include metal chosen from silver, gold, copper, platinum, palladium, iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, indium and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon oxide gel film further contains perhydro polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The manufacture of article further involves carrying out immersion treatment of the base material in aqueous cationic surfactant solution. The laminate is alternately obtained by immersing article in electroless plating liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal particles are chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver, iridium, and osmium. The metal coated film is film chosen from gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, and copper. The electroless plating liquid is chosen from gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, and copper electroless plating liquid. Preferred Property: The metal coated film has thickness of 10-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material is thermoplastic polymer or polymer softened by heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer monomer is pyrrole, thiophene, aniline and/or its derivatives. Preferred Process: The solid electrolytic capacitor is obtained by forming electroconductive polymer layer (A) and electroconductive polymer layer (B) formed by polymerizing electroconductive polymer layer (A) using electroconductive polymerization liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film is formed using titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Bipyridine derivative of formula (II) and ammonium thiocyanate are reacted to obtain metal complex pigment (I). Preferred Definitions:    Q9,Q12=aromatic group (i);    Y1,Y2=isothiocyanate;    R3,R4=1-18C saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon residue optionally having substituent, preferably n-butyl;and    R1,R2=H.    EXAMPLE - Ruthenium complex of formula (III) (in parts mass) (0.039) and 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (0.0082) were added and stirred in N,N-dimethylformamide (3) at 140 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. Ammonium thiocyanate (0.054) was added and stirred for 4 hours. The reaction solution was stood, cooled, filtered, precipitated, washed with water, and dried at 70 degrees C for 14 hours. Ruthenium complex pigment of formula (IV) (0.033) was obtained as dark brown crystals. A dye-sensitized photoelectric transducer having oxide semiconductor fine particles thin film supported with obtained pigment was manufactured with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wiring film is made of one among polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The energy comprises light or heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting substituted diol compounds of formulae (HO-(Ar1)(SO3Na)-OH) and (HO-R-OH), and dicarbonyl compounds of formula (F-Ar1-C(=O)-(-Ar1-C(=O)-)n-Ar1-F) in the presence of potassium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Preferred Components: (I) has the structure of formula (Ia). The radical initiator comprises a photo initiator or a thermal initiator. The film formula further comprises a double-bond compound and/or a triple-bond compound. The double-bond compound comprises silane, divinyl benzene, or alkenyl oligomer. Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding the double-bond compound and/or a triple-bond compound to the solution, where (I), the double-bond compound and/or the triple-bond compound are radical crosslinked by the energy. EXAMPLE - 1,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene (1.85 g), 2,3-dihydroxy-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid monosodium salt (1.35 g), 1,4-dihydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene-5,8-diol (0.1 g) and potassium carbonate (1.19 g) were dissolved in a co-solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (10 ml) and toluene (10 ml). The solution was heated to 160 degrees C for 4 hours and then distilled out the toluene. The NMP solution was heated to 175 degrees C for 48 hours. After polymerization, at room temperature, methanol (100 ml) was added and worked up to give a sodium salt of (Ia) (2.85 g, 86%) (where the molar ratio of a and b is 9:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method removes the transparent conductive layer from the light-transmitting portion through the use of boron trichloride and argon. The wet etching process is performed through the use of an etchant including an etching material selected from a group of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, Hydrochloric acid, ammonium oxide, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and oxalic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method removes a transparent conductive layer from a light-transmitting portion through the use of one gas of methane and ethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium oxide sputtering layer is made of titanium dioxide, and having a thickness of less than 100 nm (preferably less than 20 mu m). The crystalline phase of the titanium dioxide particles are rutile or anatase and having specific surface area of 2-165 cm2/g. The material of the substrate is transparent conductive oxide. The electrolyte comprises lithium iodide or iodine. The counter electrode is platinum, carbon or transparent conductive oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The material of the substrate is a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell further comprises a dye that is dispersed on the surface of the titanium dioxide particles. The dye is N719 (tris(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) ruthenium (II) dichloride). The material of the substrate is indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate). The electrolyte comprises 4-tert-butylpyridine or acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The counter electrode is conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The new cyanine compound is obtained by reacting 2-methyl-indolenium salt derivatives of formulae (II,III) and N,N'-diphenylheptane amidinium salt derivative of formula (IV) in the presence of acetic acid and triethylamine. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=group of formula (ii);    group of formula (ii)=group of formula (iii);    Z3=1-4C alkoxy optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, 1-4C alkyl optionally substituted by halo, or halo;    c=0-5;    An(q-)=N-(-R5SO2)(-R6SO2);and    R5,R6=1-8C haloalkyl.    EXAMPLE - (In g) bromo-3,3-dibenzyl-1,2-dimethyl-3H-indolium (3.41) and phenyl-chloride(7-phenylaminohepta-2,4,6-trienylidene)ammonium (1.24) were dissolved in methanol (33). Triethylamine (0.93) was added and stirred at room temperature. Acetic anhydride (8.17) was dripped and stirred at room temperature, and heat-refluxed for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and a solution obtained by dissolving sodium tetrafluoroborate (0.66) in ion-exchange water (3.3) was dripped. The precipitate was separated by filtration, recrystallized using chloroform/2-propanol, and dried under reduced pressure at 100 degrees C for 2 hours to obtain an ocher solid (0.7) of tetrafluoroboric acid salt of 3-benzyl-2-((1E,3E,5E,7E)-9-(3-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-(2E)-ylidene)-nona-1,3,5,7-tetraenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indolium with a yield of 21%. The obtained compound had a maximum absorption wavelength of 889 nm, a decomposition temperature of 238.3 degrees C, and a solubility of 0.16 wt.% in methyl ethyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lead-free glass adhesive is formed from barium oxide (0-40%), silicon dioxide (1-20%), diboron trioxide (3-20%), bismuth trioxide (0-82%), calcium oxide (1-20%), aluminum oxide (0-10%), zinc oxide (1-15%), magnesium oxide (0-5%), lithium oxide (0-5%), manganese dioxide (2-5%) and zirconium oxide (0-5%). The metal or non-metal powder additive comprises boron, silicon, zinc, antimony or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic resin in the organic carriers comprises ethylcellulose, polyvinyl butyral, acrylic resin, polyimide resin, epoxy resin or phenolic resin. The additive in the organic carriers comprises dibutyl phthalate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, diethyl phthalate, castor oil, cyclohexanone, lecithin, furancarboxylic acid, stearic acid and Arlacel (RTM: polymeric emulsifier). The solvent of the organic carriers comprises terpineol, turpentine, tributyl citrate or ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition contains 1-5% other solidifying additive as sensitizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ultraviolet-ray absorptive monomer is chosen from indene-phenol compound of formula (I), phenol-containing compound of formula (II), triazine-containing compound of formula (III) and benzotriazole-containing compound of formula (IV). The ultraviolet-ray stable monomer is piperidine monomer of formula (V). The hardening agent is polyfunctional isocyanate compound.R1,R4=H, 1-8C alkyl, 6-12C aryl or 7-12C aralkyl;R2=1-6C alkylene;R3,R5,Y',R20,R23,R24=H or methyl;X1=H, halo, 1-8C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, 6-12C aryl, 7-12C aralkyl, cyano or nitro;R6=H or hydroxy;R7=H or 1-6C alkoxy;R8=1-10C alkylene or 1-10C oxyalkylene;X2=ester bond, amide bond, ether linkage or urethane bond;m,q=0 or 1;R9-R16=H, 1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl or 1-10C alkoxy;A=-(CH2CH2O)p-, -CH2CH(OH)-CH2O-, -(CH2)p-O-, -CH2CH(CH2OR17)-O-, -CH2CH(R17)-O- or -CH2(CH2)qCOO-B'-O-;B'=methylene, ethylene or -CH2CH(OH)CH2-;R17=1-10C alkyl;p=1-20;R18=H, halo, 1-8C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy, cyano or nitro;R19=element capable of forming hydrogen bond;R21=H or 1-12C alkyl;R22=H or cyano;R25=H or 1-18C alkyl;andZ=oxygen atom or imino group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ultraviolet-ray absorptive copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 50000-500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crucible is made of tantalum, molybdenum, titanium, or their oxide, aluminum oxide, boron nitride and pyrolytic boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lanthanum-strontium-manganese oxide is of formula: LaxSr1-xMnO3. The lanthanum precursor is lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate. The strontium precursor is strontium chloride hexahydrate. The manganese precursor is manganese nitrate hexahydrate. The nozzle has internal diameter of 0.02-0.04 mm and external diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm.X=more than 0 and less than 1.Preferred Composition: The substrate is pre-heated at 127-330 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aqueous solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silver particle is 40-90 wt.%. The silver particle is 40-90 wt.%, and the added particle is 0.01-10 wt.%. A third conductive particle is included and present at less than 2 wt.%. Preferred Method: The paste is fired at 450-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Group IB material is copper, Group IIIB material is indium and gallium, Group VIA material is selenium or silicon, and Group IA material includes sodium, potassium or lithium. The partially reacted precursor layer comprises one of the metallic phases of copper, indium, gallium, copper-indium alloy, indium-gallium alloy, copper-gallium alloy and copper-indium-gallium alloy. The partially reacted precursor layer further comprises a non-metallic phase consisting of copper-indium selenide/sulfide, copper-gallium selenide/sulfide and copper-indium-gallium selenide/sulfide. The contact layer includes molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, iridium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell apparatus further comprises oxygen containing gas supply part which supplies oxygen containing gas to vaporization part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The process substrate is alkali glass substrate. Preferred Gas: The reactive gas is sulfur hexafluoride, tetrafluorocarbon, trifluoromethane, nitrogen trifluoride, hexafluoroethane and/or octafluoropropane. The auxiliary gas is chlorine, hydrogen iodide and/or boron tribromide. The noble gas is argon, krypton and/or xenon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic cell is mono-chambered structure free from diaphragm which separates anode pole and cathode pole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst used for anode reaction is metal complex including rhodium, ruthenium or iridium and nitrogen-containing polycyclic compound or carbonyl compound as ligand or element chosen from group 11 of periodic table. The ruthenium oxide is of formula: RuO2.H2O, where x is 0-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydride is a compound of formula: X(Y'H4-nZn). The hydroxide is compound of formula: AOH.X,A=alkali metal, NH4 or M1/2;M=alkaline earth metal;Y'=boron, aluminum or gallium;Z=halo or monovalent hydrocarbyl;andn=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The third layer further comprises a crosslinking agent (0.1-5, preferably 0.3-1 wt.%); and antioxidant, UV stabilizer, hydrolytic stabilizer, fire retardant, paint, coupling agent and/or hindered-amine stabilizer. The crosslinking agent is an organic peroxide selected from 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-hydrogen peroxide, p-methane hydrogen peroxide and/or tert-butyl peroxycarbonate-2 ethylhexoate. The polyfluoroolefin is polyvinyl fluoride, PTFE, perfluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-fluorotetraethylene copolymer, fluorotetraethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-trifluorochloroethylene copolymer and/or polytrifluorochloroethylene. The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and/or polytrimethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: In reaction of zinc chloride and magnesium, a molten metallic magnesium layer as upper layer and metallic zinc layer as middle layer and lower layer, and are separated using fused salt layer in liquid state. The metallic magnesium is alloy containing metallic zinc. The separated zinc chloride is condensed or mixed in molten salt, before reacting with metallic magnesium. The method further involves separating polycrystalline silicon and magnesium chloride from residual molten salt, and generating chlorine and metallic magnesium by electrolyzing separated magnesium chloride. The zinc chloride is separated from molten salt in vaporization state. The chlorosilane and metallic zinc are reacted in gaseous phase. The molten salt is at temperature more than the temperature of zinc chloride in gaseous state. The polycrystalline silicon is separated from reaction product using solid-liquid separator and melting-evaporation apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molten salt contains fluoride of alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal. The zinc chloride contains unreacted metallic zinc, and is at gaseous state. The chlorosilane is silicon tetrachloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The reactor further contains several shelf tiers provided in perpendicular direction, introducing portion for supplying zinc chloride from shelf to storage layer, feed portion for supplying zinc chloride into reactor under shelf, and multiple-staged filled layer provided in perpendicular direction. Each shelf tier have shelf which forms storage layer which stores liquid, and communication path which supplies liquid overflowing from storage layer to another storage layer in lower stage. The feed portion supplies zinc chloride into the reactor under filled layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support contains zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyanine compound (I) is of formula (II), preferably of formula (III), more preferably of formula (IV).ring A=benzene ring, naphthalene ring, phenanthrene ring or their derivative;andR13,R14=R1,R2. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R7,R8,R10,R11=group (i);    Y1,Y2=-CH2-CH2-C(=O)-OH or -CH2-CH2-C(=O)-O-;and    Q=coupling group in which cyano is introduced into methine chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The group of the multiple carbon nanotube is separated by a space in the circumferential direction of the fibrous carbon, and formed several groups. The group of the carbon nanotube forms several groups in the circumferential direction of carbon fiber. The carbon nanotubes are arranged in parallel along the long axis direction of the fibrous carbon, and the group of the carbon nanotube is formed. The carbon nanotube arranged in the length direction is orthogonal to the long axis of the fibrous carbon. The fibrous carbon is carbon fiber which contains carbon fiber accumulated component containing carbon fibers. The carbon nanotube is formed on thin film of iron formed in the surface of the fibrous carbon. The thin film of the iron is formed on the thin film of the aluminum formed in the surface of the fibrous carbon. Preferred Process: The composite carbon is obtained by burning carbon fiber pulp accumulated component obtained by using carbon paper. The carbon paper is obtained by using dispersion liquid containing carbon fiber and cellulose fiber by papermaking net. Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber accumulated component is carbon paper, carbon cloth or carbon felt. Preferred Properties: The thickness of substrate of aluminum is 2-50 nm. The thickness of the thin film of iron is 2-65 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modified support exhibits a surface area of 20-300 m2/g. The modified support is formed by contacting a support material with a modifier. The support material comprises a transition metal oxide. The support material exhibits a surface area of 50-350 m2/g. The metal component comprises a group VIII transition metal (0.1-60 wt.%). The metal component comprises nickel. The modifier comprises an alkaline earth element (0.1-15 wt.%). The modifier comprises a magnesium containing compound. The promoter comprises a rare earth element (0.1-15 wt.%). The promoter comprises lanthanum. The steam reforming catalyst comprises a greater amount of promoter than modifier. Preferred Method: The method further comprises calcining the steam reforming catalyst and/or the modified support at calcining temperature of 400-900 degrees C. The modified support exhibits a greater surface area after calcining than before. EXAMPLE - Co-mulling magnesium hydroxide, lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate and deionized water into Catapal b (RTM: Alumina) in a Lancaster mix muller. The well mix-mulled powder was then extruded as a wet paste into the form of 1.6 mm cylindrical extrudates. The extrudates were dried at 120 degrees C for 16 hours and then calcined in air at 550 degrees C for 3 hours. The extrudate was allowed to cool and then impregnated with nickel nitrate hexahydrate. The nickel impregnated catalyst was dried and then calcined in air at 700 degrees C for 2 hours to give lanthanum promoted nickel catalyst having magnesium oxide impregnated into an alumina support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reformer is operated at a reformer operation temperature of 500-850 degrees C. It is recovered from the reformer at a recovery temperature of greater than or equal to 500 degrees C. The water-gas shift reaction zone comprises a first stage and a second stage, where first stage is operated at a temperature that is higher than the second stage, and the feedstream is in heat exchange contact with stream(s) selected from a first stage water-gas shift product stream, a second-stage water-gas shift product stream, and/or reformate. The feedstream is introduced into the reformer as vapor at 150-400 pounds/square inch. It is introduced into the reformer in the absence of compression. The feedstream is introduced into the reformer at a steam to carbon molar ratio of 2:1-4:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The steam reforming catalyst comprises metal component, modified support, and promoter. The metal component comprises nickel (0.1-60 wt.%). The promoter comprises rare earth element (0.1-15 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bio-based feedstock comprises alcohols, acids, ketones, ethers, esters, and/or aldehydes. It comprises ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bio-based feedstock is derived from biomass selected from lignin, corn, sugar cane, syrup, beet juice, molasses, cellulose, sorbitol, algae, glucose, and/or acetates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder (a) is chosen from ethylacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate, vinyl butyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether and vinyl methyl ether. The binder (b) is ethyl cellulose, the hydroxyethyl cellulose, and cellulose derivative of hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl-cellulose, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate, styrene monomer, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylamide, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of binder (a) and binder (b) is -40 degrees C to 10 degrees C and 50-120 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor particle is selected from one of titanium oxide (TiO2) particles, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles, zirconium oxide (ZrO2) particles, silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles, tunsten oxide (WO3) particles, nickel oxide (NiO) particles, tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) particles, niobium oxide (Nb2O5) particles, tin oxide (SnO2) particles, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) particles, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) particles, hafnium (HfO2) particles, strontium oxide (SrO2) particles, indium oxide (In2O3) particles, vanadium oxide (V2O5) particles, cromium oxide (Cr2O3) particles, molybdenum oxide (MoO3) particles, magnesium oxide (MgO) particles, scandium oxide (Sc2O3) particles, samarium oxide (Sm2O3) particles, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) particles, strontium titanium oxide (SrTiO3) particles, zinc sulphide (ZnS) particles, lead sulphide (PbS) particles or cadmium sulphide (CdS) particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating withstand voltage heat conducting layer can be made of aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide or other heat-conducting insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The subject capable of eliminating free radical is ion, oxide, hydrated oxide, or complex of manganese (Mn), cerium (Ce), and lanthanum (La) elements. The cerium ion is supplied by one or combination of cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3), cerium acetate (Ce(Ac)3), cerium carbonate (Ce2(CO3)3), cerium sulfate (Ce2(SO4)3), cerium phosphate (CePO4), cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)2), lanthanum cerium carbonate (LaCe(CO3)3), and cerium orthophosphate (Ce3(PO4)4) The manganese ion is supplied by one or combination of manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2), manganese acetate (Mn(Ac)2), manganese carbonate (MnCO3), manganese sulfate (MnSO4), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2), or manganese phosphate (Mn3(PO4)2). The lanthanum ion is supplied by one or combination of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4), lanthanum acetate (La(Ac)3), lanthanum carbonate (La2(CO3)3), or lanthanum sulfate (La2(SO4)3). The oxide or hydrated oxide comprises one or combination of cerium oxide (Ce2O3), ceric oxide (CeO2), manganese (II) oxide (MnO), manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), cerium hydroxide (Ce(OH)3), manganese hydroxide (Mn(OH)2), or lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH)3). The oxide can be loaded on reinforcing fiber; where the reinforcing fiber comprises glass fiber, fluorine-carbon polymer fiber, silicon carbide fiber, ceramic fiber, or mineral fiber. The ligand of the complex is cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, nitrogen-containing crown ether, EDTA, dimethylformamide (DMF), or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing composite electrode, in the technical step, the electrically-conductive polymer layer is prepared by the following steps: mixing the PEDOT-PSS solution and dimethyl sulfoxide and blending for 6 hours; the weight ratio of the PEDOT-PSS solution to dimethyl sulfoxide is 4.5: 1; adding carbon black and continuously blending; the weight ratio of the PEDOT-PSS solution/ dimethyl sulfoxide/ carbon black is 4.5:1:0.1; the PEDOT-PSS solution is 1.3 wt% of aqueous solution. In step (a), the electrically-conductive polymer layer is prepared on the electrically-conductive substrate in the roller coating method. In step (b), the quasi-solid electrolyte is prepared by the following steps: mixing PEDOT-PSS solution, CuSCN powder and dimethyl sulfoxide and milling; the weight ratio of CuSCN powder to PEDOT-PSS solution is 0.24: 4.5; the weight ratio of the PEDOT-PSS solution to dimethyl sulfoxide is 4.5: 1; dripping ionic liquid into the system; continuously milling for 1-2 h to make CuSCN fully mix uniformly; the weight ratio of the ionic liquid to the PEDOT-PSS solution is 0.24: 4.5; the PEDOT-PSS solution is 1.3 wt% of aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sulfonated hydrophilic inorganic oxide is prepared by reacting hydrophilic inorganic oxide with organic silane or inorganic acid with sulfo-acid and phosphoric acid radicals for 10-48 hours. The acid radical is loaded in surface of the hydrophilic inorganic oxide to form the sulfonated hydrophilic inorganic oxide. Preferred Components: The hydrophilic inorganic oxide is silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), removing the embedded pore-forming particles comprises chemically etching the embedded pore-forming particles. The chemically etching is performed with aqueous sodium hydroxide or hydrogen fluoride. Removing the embedded pore-forming particles comprises heating the embedded pore-forming particles. The dispersing insoluble pore-forming particles in the liquid medium comprise ultrasonic vibrating. Heating the precipitate in a controlled atmosphere comprises heating to 1000 degrees C. The titanium compound is titanium (IV) alkoxide compound (preferably titanium (IV) isopropoxide or titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexyloxide). The liquid medium comprises alcohol or aqueous/alcohol medium. The insoluble pore-forming particles are at least one of silica particles, polymer particles, nylon particles, or vinyl chloride particles. The insoluble pore-forming particles are silica particles, and in which the silica particles are dispersed in the liquid medium in an amount to provide 1.2 parts by weight of silicon per part of titanium. The insoluble pore-forming particles are 10-15 nanometers in largest dimension. The dopant element comprises at least one element selected from lanthanum, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, strontium, vanadium, and yttrium (preferably niobium). The pores in the crystalline, dopant element-containing titanium dioxide particles are surface-area increasing, internal and external pores. The controlled atmosphere comprises hydrogen or ammonia. The dopant element is niobium, the catalyst support particles contain Ti/Nb in an atomic ratio of 2, and the catalyst support particles have a BET surface area of 125 m2/g. In method (M2), the catalyst particles are noble metal (preferably platinum). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent further comprises another poor solvent comprising hydrofluoroether and/or hydrofluorocarbon, preferably CF3CH2OCF2CF2H. The good solvent is hydrofluorocarbon, preferably C6F13H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer is a perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid type functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The coating machine is fully automated roll-to-roll coating machine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method also comprises;(A) selecting polyethylene terephthalate plastics plated with indium tin oxide thin film anode (150 nm), and roll-to-roll printing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (30 nm) on anode;(B) selecting hole-transporting layer i.e. poly(styrene sulfonate), and roll-to-roll printing electron donating layer i.e. poly(3-hexylthiophene) (25 nm) on hole-transporting layer;(C) roll-to-roll printing electron receiving layer i.e. fullerene (25 nm) on electron donating layer, and roll-to-roll printing electron transmitting layer i.e. copper (5 nm) on electron receiving layer; and(D) printing silver thin film electrode (100 nm) on electron transmitting layer to obtain organic thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from 1-4C alcohol, 3-6C ketone, 4-10C diether, cyclohexanol, tetrahydrofuran, and mixture of methanol and methyl isobutyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane or dioxane. The organic electroluminescent device comprises cathode, anode and organic film layer; organic light-emitting layer is at least included in the organic film layer between cathode and the anode; and multi-aryl substituted pyridine derivative is included in at least one layer of the organic film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal thin film layer contains aluminum, nickel, gold, copper, silver, titanium or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive particles are electroconductive metal oxide particles comprising indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and/or cadmium oxide. The electroconductive metal particles are doped by element chosen from tin, antimony, aluminum and gallium. The transparent conductive sheet has initial stage sheet resistance of less than 1000 ohm/square, and total light transmittance of 80% or more at wavelength of 380-780 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous medium is water. The amount of aqueous medium is 50-180 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide. Preferred Process: The calcination is performed in an atmospheric air. EXAMPLE - Aluminum isopropylate as aluminum alcoholate was hydrolyzed with water to form a slurry of aluminum hydroxide and the slurry was dried to obtain a first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide. The first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide had a dry bulk density of 0.12 g/cm3, a Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of 294 m2/g and an average secondary particle diameter of 11 mu m. Then, the first dry powdery aluminum hydroxide (100 parts by weight) was mixed with water (58 parts by weight) as an aqueous medium using a continuous jet mixer to obtain a wet powdery aluminum hydroxide. The wet powdery aluminum hydroxide was charged in a container (13 L) equipped with agitating blades and dried while agitating the powder to evaporate water to obtain a second dry powdery aluminum hydroxide. The second dry powdery aluminum hydroxide powder had a dry bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, a BET surface area of 183 m2/g and an average secondary particle diameter of 18.3 mu m. The second dry powdery aluminum hydroxide was maintained and calcined in a furnace at a temperature of 1280 degrees C during 7 hours to obtain alpha alumina having a BET surface area of 3.5 m2/g and an average secondary particle size of 34 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The substrate processing apparatus further comprises: a quartz reaction tube installed in the alloy reaction tube; and a purge gas supply part configured to supply a purge gas to a gap formed between the alloy reaction tube and the quartz reaction tube; a controller configured to perform a control operation such that hydrogen gas is supplied from the purge gas supply part to the gap as a purge gas when a film-forming gas is supplied from the gas supply part to the inside of the process chamber to process the substrate in the process chamber. The purge gas supply part is installed at an upper end of the alloy reaction tube. The substrate processing apparatus as well comprises an exhaust port installed in the quartz reaction tube such that the gap communicates with the process chamber; and a member made of silicon carbide and installed at an upper part of an inner wall of the quartz reaction tube. The process chamber comprises a set of process chambers installed in vertically multiple stages, and a preliminary heating chamber is installed next the lowermost one of the process chambers. The alloy reaction tube is made of a material comprising tungsten (W) but not comprising copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A material of nano-semiconductor base comprises cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, ZnO-ruthenium dioxide, copper gallium disulfide, titanium dioxide, gallium phosphide, and/or gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A material of the metal nanoparticles comprises iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, gallium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, antimony, iridium, platinum, gold, and/or lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fabrication of nano-semiconductor base comprises solvothermal synthetic method, which uses amine solvent as capping agent. The amine solvent comprises ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is made up of dual gage material such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and Cu alloys and their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polymer (c), expanded graphite powder and pitch-type carbon fiber is 100 parts mass, 30-300 parts mass and 100-400 parts mass, respectively. The content of flame-retardant thermally-conductive inorganic compound with respect to 100 parts mass parts of the polymer (d) is 50-300 parts mass. The polymer (c) is poly(meth)acrylate (c1). The polymer (d) is poly(meth)acrylate (d1). The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (a) further contains (meth)acrylate (a1). The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (b) further contains (meth)acrylate monomer (b1). The layer (A) is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer (a1) in heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (a). The layer (A) is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer (b1) in heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (b). Preferred Property: The volume resistivity of layer (B) is 1010 ohm.cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Diisocyanate compound of formula (II) having biphenyl structure and cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid dianhydride are reacted and imidated to obtain the polyimide resin. Preferred Resin: The structural units (Ia, Ib) are preferably of formulae (Ia-1, Ib-1). The polyimide resin further has structural units of formulae (Ic, Id, preferably Ic-1, Id-1) and structural units of formulae (Ie, If). The polyimide resin has repeating units of formulae: -(A1)m- (i), -(A2)n- (ii), -(A3)p- (iii) and -(A4)q- (iv) or of formulae: -(A1)m-, -(A2)n-, -(A7)t- (v) and -(A8)u- (vi), or -(A9)v- (vii). The polyimide resin further contains structural units chosen from formulae (d-1 to d-4) in the terminal.asterisk=connecting bond which can form amide or imide bond;m,n,t,u,v=1-1000;A1=group of formula (Ia, Ib);A2=group of formula (Ic, Id);A3=groups of formulae (a-1, a-2);A4=groups of formulae (b-1, b-2);A7=groups of formulae (c-1,c-2);A8=groups of formulae (c-3,c-4);R2=R1;andA9=group of formula (c-5).The total amount of the repeating units (i, ii) with respect to the polyimide resin is 1-90 wt.%, preferably 20-80 wt.%. The resin hardening component is epoxy resin melamine resin. Preferred Properties: The polyimide resin has weight average molecular weight of 1000-600000, and dissolves by 10 wt.% concentration in 25 degrees C gamma -butyrolactone. EXAMPLE - (In g) diphenylmethane diisocyanate (57.5), gamma -butyrolactone (848.8), 4,4'-diisocyanate-3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl (59.4) and cyclohexane-tricarboxylic acid anhydride (29.7) were reacted at 160 degrees C for 5 hours to obtain polyimide resin with acid value of 5.3 mg potassium hydroxide/g and viscosity of 7 Pa.second at 25 degrees C. The cured material formed using the composition containing the polyimide resin had excellent flame retardance, mechanical properties and adhesiveness with respect to copper foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material has primary average particle diameter of 0.010-0.050 mu m. The electrolyte further contains less than 10 parts mass of carbon material (C1) having specific surface area of 1000-3500 m2/g or carbon black (C2) with nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 90 m2/g or more, with respect to 100 parts mass of the ionic liquid. The sum total content of the carbon material (B) and carbon material (C) is 10-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the ionic liquid. The ratio of the content of carbon material (B) and content of carbon material (C) is 99.9/0.1-60/40. The material (C1) has primary average particle diameter of 0.5-120 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid has quaternary ammonium cation of formula (I) or cation of formula: R5-Q+(-R4)(-R6)-R7, and iodine ion as anion.R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom or 1-20C substituent optionally containing heteroatom;R2,R3=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom;Q=N, O, P or S;andR4-R7=H or 1-8C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom.When N contains a double bond, R3 does not exist and when Q is O or S, R7 does not exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate may be made of metallic material such as stainless steel, or polymer. The polymer maybe selected from a group consisting of polyethylene naphthalene (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: The solar cell module has solar cell panel and solar element. The solar cell element is sealed using the sealing resin layer. The sealing resin layer is coated using coating glass layer on both sides from the thickness direction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing material further contains 100-200 parts weight of softener with respect to 100 parts weight of polyisobutylene and/or butyl rubber. Preferred Properties: The sealing material has storage shear modulus (G') of 3x 104-2x 106 at 0-100 degrees C, and dielectric breakdown voltage of 8 kV or more, measured based on JISC2110.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of lead-free glass frit, conductive powder and bismuth component is 0.1-57.0 parts weight, 40-99.0 parts weight and 0.1-3.0 parts weight, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silver particles are chosen from silver, silver alloy and silver compound, and have particle size of 0.01-30.0 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bismuth component is chosen from bismuth, bismuth alloy, bismuth oxide of formula: BipOqHr (1), bismuth alkoxide of formula: Bia(OR)b (2), condensed-polymerized bismuth polymer of formula: BixOy(OR)z (3), and bismuth complex of ( beta )-diketone compound of formula: R-C(=O)-CH2-C(=O)-R' (4).R,R'=H or hydrocarbyl;anda,b,p,q,r,x,y,z=0 or more.Preferred Properties: The size of bismuth component is 1-1000 nm, preferably 1-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ink or coating further comprises at least one carrier. Preferred Components: The lipid comprises at least one: phospholipid (lecithin); and sphingolipid. The phospholipid comprises at least one of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylglycerol. The sphingolipid comprises ceramide. The graphene sheets have carbon to oxygen molar ratio of at least 25:1, preferably 75:1. The carrier comprises at least one citrus terpene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous filler comprises: carbon nanotubes; carbon black; or graphene sheets. The graphene sheets have a surface area of at least 300 m2/g. The binder comprises at least one: polysiloxanes; or polyamide. EXAMPLE - Mixture comprising polyamide (16 wt.%), graphene sheets (4 wt.%) having a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of 100:1 and isopropyl alcohol (80 wt.%) were mixed in ball mill at 5000 rpm at 100 degrees F for 1.5 hours using a grinding medium comprising yttrium (212 ml) stabilized zirconium oxide (0.3 mm) to give a dispersion. To the resulted dispersion lecithin (0.2 g) was added. The reaction mixture was then further blended for a minute using the high shear mixture. The resulted dispersions were printed as a film onto thermally stabilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles are metallic particles preferably gold particles, inorganic particles preferably silica particles, particles of organic compounds, polymeric compounds, semi-conducting particles or magnetic particles. The nanoparticles of organic compounds are not soluble in the surfactant mesophase. The nanoparticles are isotropic, anisotropic or irregularly shaped. The non ionic surfactant is a compound of formula (CnEm) (I). The surfactant is capable of forming ordered, structured phase, lamellar, spongy, cubic network preferably hexagonal network. The scaffold have particle volume fraction of 0.5-50%. The crosslinkable polymer is polyvinyl alcohol or polyethyleneimine. The ratio of the crosslinkable polymer and the nanoparticle is 1:100-100:1 by weight.n = greater than 1, preferably greater than 10; andm = greater than 1, preferably 9, where E is not defined.Preferred Process: The crosslinking processes are particle-particle interactions and welding of the particles, sintering of the particles, coating particles by absorbing a layer of the crosslinkable polymer, preparing particles with crosslinkable groups on their surface, fusing particles by changing ionic strength, adding salt or changing pH and temperature. The cooling is done at 0.5-300 degrees C/minute. The crosslinking is effected by physical, chemical or physico-chemical process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pair of electrodes and work electrode contain platinum-plated transparent conductive substrate. The surface of transparent conductive substrate has metal oxide thin film including dye. The dye contains ruthenium, osmium, promethium, platinum or metal complex of zinc, and organic compound without metal. The metal oxide thin film is formed using titanium oxide, zinc oxide, alumina, silica or titanium-aluminum complex oxide (TixAlyO2, where x and y are 1-3 and z is 1-6). The transparent conductive substrate contains glass, plastic base material or metal base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The luminescent substance is 8-hydroxy-quinoline or its derivative and/or tris(bipyridyl)iridium(III) compound. The content of luminescent substance is 1-10% of total content of electrolyte. The emission wavelength of luminescent substance, is preferably 400-600 nm. The electrolyte is in form of liquid, colloid or solid. The luminescent substance contains organic compound or inorganic compound mixed with luminescent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulator is made of polysaccharide substance chosen from pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose, starch and hyaluronic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polysaccharide substance is chosen from pullulan, carboxymethylcellulose, starch and/or hyaluronic acid. The content of water-soluble polysaccharide substance filled in wiring board, is 10-70 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Monofunctional (meth)acrylate is monofunctional acrylate or monofunctional acrylate monomer mixture which contains an isobornyl acrylate and 8-18C alkyl acrylate of an alkyl group with mass ratio of 20:80-100:0. Liquid saturated elastomer is a hydrogenated polybutadiene, terminal hydroxyl-containing hydrogenated polybutadiene, terminal carboxyl group-containing hydrogenated polybutadiene, hydrogenated polyisoprene, terminal hydroxyl-containing polyisoprene, terminal carboxyl group-containing polyisoprene, hydrogenated butadiene-isoprene copolymer or polyisobutylene. Preferred Parameters: The number average molecular weight of liquid saturated elastomer is 700-30000. The iodine number of liquid saturated elastomer is less than or equal to 70 mg/100 g. The viscosity (V2) of photocurable composition measured by viscosity measuring instrument with 25 mm diameter cone and plate as measuring gig, in which the cone and plate rotation amount is 2rpm at 23 degrees C, is 0.3-20 Pa.s. The ratio (V2/V20) of the viscosity (V2) with respect to the viscosity (V20) of photocurable composition measured at cone and plate rotation amount of 20 rpm and 23 degrees C is less than or equal to 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cleaning agent further contains surfactant (B), chelating agent (C) and/or alkaline component (D). The aliphatic primary amine is 6-8C cyclic amine. The cleaning agent containing 0.1-15 weight% of active ingredient has pH of 7-14 at 25 degrees C. The contact angle of cleaning agent containing 0.1-15 weight% of active ingredient with respect to electronic substrate is 10 degrees or less. Preferred Process: The electronic substrate is washed using the cleaning agent by cleaning method chosen from ultrasonic cleaning, shower washing, spray cleaning, brush washing, immersion cleaning, immersion swiveling cleaning and sheet-fed washing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The (meth)acrylate type monomer which has a 4-25C hydrocarbon group is of formula CH2=C(R5)-C(=O)-OY (II). The mass ratio of (meth)acrylate type with 4-25C hydrocarbon group to UV-ray stable monomer is 0.01/1 to 2/1. The black coating composition also contains a monomer composition consists of hydroxyl-containing monomer. Hydroxyl-containing monomer is hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate or its ( epsilon )-caprolactone addition product. Black pigment is carbon black. Resin film is a polyester film.R5=H or Me; andY=4-25C branched chain alkyl, 4-25C alicyclic hydrocarbon group or 4-25C polycyclic hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Coloring agent is a pigment such as titanium oxide or carbon black. The compounding ratio of pigment to acrylic resin or methacryl resin is 0.1-5. Plasticizer is polyester type, epoxy type or phthalic acid ester and has a number average molecular weight of 100-2000 e.g. dioctyl phthalate, phthalic acid diisononyl ester, diisodecyl phthalate or dibutyl phthalate. The compounding ratio of plasticizer to acrylic resin or methacryl resin is 0.04-0.4. Isocyanate hardening agent is aliphatic type isocyanate, alicyclic isocyanate or aroma aliphatic type isocyanate. The compounding ratio of isocyanate to acrylic resin or methacryl resin is 0.05-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polycondensation reaction is carried out using antimony compound as catalyst. Preferred Composition: The ratio of the content of additional amount of antioxidant with respect to content of phosphorus atom is 0.05-0.5. The phosphonite compound and phosphite compound contain two or more phosphorus atoms in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves adding 20-100 ppm of magnesium compound and antioxidant (20 weight% or less) to the mixture (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The thermoplastic resin (i) or thermoplastic resin (ii) is non-crystalline thermoplastic resin, and is dispersed to a layer containing organic particles of non-crystalline thermoplastic resin. Preferred Composition: The organic particles contain polyolefin, preferably cycloolefin copolymer. The layer containing organic particles comprises anhydrous carboxylic acid modified polyolefin. Preferred Properties: The chroma-saturation of transmitted light of the laminated film is 3.5 or less, using F10 light source. The flat ratio of organic particles in the laminated film is 1.5 or more. The layer thickness distribution of layer (a) or layer (b) has 3 or more gradient structures, and the gradient structures do not incline in the same direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The white pigment is titanium dioxide and barium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chalcogen compound powder consists of copper-indium-gallium selenide of formula: CuInzGa1-zSe2.z=0.1-0.9.Preferred Property: The chalcogen compound powder has average particle diameter of 20 nm or less. The peak intensity ratio of chalcogen compound powder measured by X-ray diffraction method is 8 or more, preferably 15 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises the active material (A1) (0.0-6, preferably 0.1-3) wt.%. Preferred Components: The 2% of the active material is dissolved in the solvent. The solvent is aromatic ether, aromatic hydrocarbon, tetrahydrofuran and/or methylene chloride. The wetting fluid is hexane, isopropyl alcohol, or 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene. Preferred Process: In the process (P1), the dispersion is by agitation. The emulsification is performed with a microfluidizer. EXAMPLE - A solution of hole-transporting material in diethylbenzene was prepared. The obtained solution was added to 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene, using agitation, to prepare a dispersion. The obtained dispersion was emulsified by passing the dispersion through a microfluidizer to obtain an emulsified composition.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 76 Anthracene derivatives are specifically claimed, e.g. 2,5-bis(4-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)phenyl)thiophene of formula (A), 2-(4-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(5-(4-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene, 2-(4-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(5-(4-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene, 2,5-bis((4-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl))thiophene and 2,5-bis(4-(9,10-diphenylanthracen-2-yl)phenyl)thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass-making feedstock contains (in %mass) silica (50-75), alumina (1-18), boric oxide (0-12), magnesium oxide (0-10), calcium oxide (0-20), strontium oxide (0-15), barium oxide (0-15), sodium oxide (0-20), potassium oxide (0-15), zirconia (0-10), alkaline-earth metal oxide (5-25) containing magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide, arsenic oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide and sulfur trioxide. The total content of arsenic oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide and sulfur trioxide is 0.05-5 %mass. Preferred Properties: The glass-making feedstock has liquid phase viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more, and warped point of 560 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive metal oxide particles are doped with tin, antimony, gallium, aluminum, indium, zinc, fluorine or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reactive gas is hydrogen or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrode (B) contains metal with larger work function and metal with smaller work function. Preferred Components: The metal with larger work function is chosen from gold, platinum, and silver, preferably silver. The metal with smaller work function is chosen from aluminum, calcium, cesium, silicon, zinc, tin, nickel, chromium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and barium, preferably lithium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum-iron alloy sheet contains 0.7-5 %mass of iron. The protection sheet further has fluorine adhesive layer and heat bondable layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The low-expansion filler is silica, alumina, zirconia, zirconium silicate, cordierite, zirconium-phosphate type compound, soda-lime glass, and/or borosilicate glass. The content of filler in the glass material is 1-50 vol.%. The sealing glass contains silica, zinc oxide, boria, alumina, tungstic oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, titania, zirconia, lithia, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, cesium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, and/or barium oxide (15 or less). The laser absorber consists of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and/or their compounds. The content of laser absorber in the glass material is 0.1-10 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon desulfurizing agent further contains phosphorus oxide. The porous inorganic oxide is silica. The solution or suspension liquid contains silica and/or its precursor as the porous inorganic oxide and/or its precursor. Preferred Process: The coprecipitate is further supported with phosphorus compound. Preferred Condition: The hydrocarbon desulfurizing agent and kerosene are contacted at 0-400 degrees C, pressure of 0.1-1.1 MPa and liquid space velocity of 0.01-100/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive diamond-like carbon contains sp3-bonding carbon (30-90 atomic%), hydrogen (0-30 atomic%) and sp2-bonding carbon (10-70 atomic%). The conductive diamond-like carbon material is conductive amorphous diamond. The amorphous charge carrier separation layer is an amorphous semiconductor layer which comprises amorphous material selected from free silicon, gallium arsenide, indium-gallium phosphide, indium-gallium nitride, indium-copper selenide and cadmium telluride. The amorphous charge carrier separation layer comprises dopant selected from phosphorus, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium. The amorphous charge carrier separation layer comprises the material containing carbon and silicon with variable constituents. The cathode is a conductive diamond-like cathode. The amorphous charge carrier separation layer comprises multiple p-n or p-i-n junctions to form a multi-junction solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal anode is made of aluminum, magnesium and zinc. The integrated cathode is selected form silver, manganese, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium or their mixture. A porous conducting material, electrolyte, aqueous solution of sodium chlorate, strong alkaline solution, phosphoric acid and electrical catalyst are also used in the high energy powder. The porous conducting material is selected from chromium, carbon, titanium, silver, copper or their mixture. The electrical catalyst is selected from palladium or platinum. The electrolyte is selected from sodium chloride or potassium chloride. The strong alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The electrical catalyst is selected from platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-tin alloy, platinum iridium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy, platinum-bismuth alloy, palladium-gold alloy, palladium-silver alloy or palladium-lead alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Citrobacter freundii is LY-3 having preservation number of CGMCC No.3246. The fuel is glucose or sodium acetate. Preferred Process: The microbe fuel cell inoculum is prepared by inoculating the Citrobacter freundii in the Lysogeny Broth (LB) liquid culture medium at 30 degrees C for culturing for 24 hours at speed of 100 rotations/minute, centrifuging for 4 minutes at 4000 rotations/minute to collect fungus, and obtaining the microbe fuel cell inoculum. Preferred Composition: The anolyte is the mixed solution of 2 g/L glucose and 100 mM/L of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. The catholyte is 0.05 M ferricyanide (FeCN). The addition amount of the microbe fuel cell inoculum in (c) is 0.2 g/ml anolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The preparation method of the single passivation layer is performed through thermal oxidation, chemical oxidation, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or magnetron sputtering. Preferred Components: The single passivation layer is silicon dioxide, alpha-silicon, silicon carbide or silicon nitrides layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic protective layer contains polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate or polyvinyl butyral. The particles forming the conductor tracks contain polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate and/or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The interfacial layer formed between PIN junctions is made of one of silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon oxycarbide (SiOC), silicon carbonitride (SiCN), carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chloride of silica is silicon tetrachloride or silicon trichloride. The active metal is magnesium or aluminum. Preferred Process: Distillation process is rectification. The magnesium or aluminum is distilled and purified under vacuum. Distillation is carried out at temperature of lower than, higher than, or equal to the boiling point of the silica in order to eliminate different impurities; where if the distillation is conducted at the temperature of lower than the boiling point of the silica, the impurities with low boiling point are in the distillate; the silica and impurities with high boiling point is left in the residue; the residue is distilled once more at the temperature of higher than the boiling point of the silica and lower than the boiling point of the high-boiling-point impurity; the silica is evaporated and turned into the steam, the steam is condensed to obtain the product; and the impurities having boiling point that is higher than that of the silica is left in the residue. The silica is purified by directional solidification process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In physically purifying silicon, the distillation is rectification, where the distillation is carried out in vacuum state or in inert gas. The distillation is carried in different steps at the temperature which is lower, higher than, or equal to boiling point of the silicon in order to remove different impurities; where when the distillation is carried out at the temperature which is lower than boiling point of the silicon, the low-boiling point substance is remained in the distillate; and the silicon and high-boiling point is remained in the residual substance; and when the distillation is carried out at the temperature which is higher than boiling point of the silicon, after the silicon is vaporized, the residual substance is condensed to be the product; and the impurity having boiling-point that is higher than that of the silicon is remained in the residual substance. The industrial silicon is purified by directional solidification process. The impurities in the industrial silicon are removed chemically before being distilled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The triarylmethane dye is Food Yellow 13 or Food Red 14.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a solvent, a stabilizer and a soluble electrolyte.Preferred Compound: The diionic liquid is of formula (I).n = 1-16.Preferred Components: The solvent comprises ethanol, acetonitrile, methoxy acetonitrile, propionitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN), ethyl carbonate, propyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate or 2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole. The stabilizer comprises lithium iodide (LiI), N-butyl benzimidazole (NBB), 1-methylbenzimida (NMBI) or 4-tert-butyl pyridine (TBP). The soluble electrolyte comprises 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide (PMII), 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide (EMII), 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium iodide (DMII) or 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide (AMII). The electrode substrate comprises a transparent substrate and a conductive layer formed on the transparent substrate. The transparent substrate comprises glass, a transparent plastic sheet or polished ceramic plate. The conductive layer comprises tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2), and/or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The oxide semiconductor porous film comprises titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), tungsten oxide (WO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), and/or niobium oxide (Nb2O5). The dye-sensitized solar cell has a photoelectric conversion efficiency of greater than 5%. The diionic liquid has a concentration of 0.1-1 M. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thin film solar cell contains amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium selenide, copper-indium/gallium diselenide, light absorbing dye and organic semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionomer contains carboxylate group and cation, and is neutralization product of precursor of ( alpha )-olefin carboxylic acid copolymer containing copolymerized unit of 2-10C ( alpha )-olefin and 18-30 weight% of copolymerized unit of 3-8C ( alpha ),( beta )-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, in which 5-90% of carboxylic acid group in precursor is neutralized to form ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains transition metal and/or transition metal salt, preferably iron salt, copper salt, cobalt salt and/or molybdenum salt. The catalyst is ferric chloride, copper(II)chloride or cobalt/molybdenum catalyst. Preferred Process: The catalyst in the catalyst layer is reduced at 600-1200 degrees C for 5-200 minutes by chemical vapor deposition method using hydrogen gas (20-200 sccm). The transparent conductive carbon nanotube film is grown at 600-1200 degrees C using a carbon source and a carrier gas. Preferred Property: The flow-rate ratio of carbon source and carrier gas is 1:8-3:4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst solution is obtained using a solvent. The uniform catalyst layer is formed on the substrate by coating and drying the catalyst solution. Preferred Properties: When the catalyst is ferric chloride or copper(II)chloride, the concentration of catalyst solution is 0.03-2 wt.%. When the catalyst is cobalt/molybdenum catalyst, the concentration of catalyst solution is 0.001-2 wt.%. The thickness of the wet film of uniform catalyst layer is 11-33 mu m. Preferred Compound: The solvent is alcohol solvent, ether solvent or ketonic solvent, preferably methanol, ethanol, acetone, diethylether or glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal particles, metal particles having oxide film, or metal oxide particles have average particle diameter of 1-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is silver, copper, nickel or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dioxolane-containing compound is contained in a vapor state or liquid state. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H;and    R3=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion layer comprises mixture of p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The self-assembled monolayer material is fluorine-containing compound of formula: R-X.R=fluoroalkyl, fluoro alkenyl, fluoro cycloalkyl, fluorine-containing aromatic hydrocarbyl cyclic group, or fluorine-containing aromatic heterocyclic group;andX=silyl, phosphono or thiol group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The light anode further contains dye or narrow forbidden conductor quantum point as sensitizing layer. The flexible solar battery further comprises a ionic liquid electrolyte, gel electrolyte, polymer electrolyte or liquid electrolyte containing ionic oxidation-reduction electron pair (I/I3), ionic oxidation-reduction electron pair (S2/(S2)2), cobalt, hole transporting material and/or p-type semiconductor material, and a pair of electrode containing metal wire or sheet containing carbon material and/or organic high molecular conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The narrow forbidden conductor quantum point is cadmium sulfide quantum point, lead sulfide quantum point, cadmium selenide quantum point or cadmium tellurium quantum point. Preferred Property: The titanium dioxide nanotube has length of 5-60 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal wire is titanium wire with diameter of 0.1-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye is chosen form organic dye containing triphenylamine electron donating group or nitrile acetic acid electron accepting group and ruthenium-containing dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell: In the flexible dye-sensitized solar cell, the blocked layer is YxCel-xO2-0.5x; atom numbers of yttrium and cerium are matched in a mixture ratio of x more than or equal to 0.2 and less than or equal to 0.8. The blocked layer is unitary metal or polynary metal oxide, perovskite or perovskite-like structural compound. The conductive layer is film thickness profilometer or Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The nano-porous layer is composed of one or more of titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), stannic oxide (SnO2), niobium oxide (Nb2O3) and Strontium Titanate Oxide (SrTiO3). The dye sensitizing agent is absorbed on the outside surface of the nano-porous layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polybasic carboxylic acid is chosen from oxalic acid, malonic acid, butane diacid, butene diacid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and trimellitic acid. The polyaldehyde is chosen from glyoxal, malonaldehyde, butanedial and glutaral pentanedial. The acid catalyst is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and perfluoro sulfoacid. The basic catalyst is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, pyrrole, trimethylamine and triethylamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molecule chain of sulfonated polyaryletherketone contains sulfonic acid group. The sulfonic acid group is present on aromatic ring adjacent to ether group or located on aromatic ring connected with carbonyl group. The sulfonated polyaryletherketone is obtained by sulfonating and modifying polyaryletherketone using sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide or chlorosulfonic acid, or obtained by directly polymerizing sulfonic acid group-containing monomers. The polyaryletherketone is of formulae: -(-O-Ar-C(=O)-Ar-)n- (I), -(-O-Ar-(R)n)- (II), -(R-C(=O)-Ar-)n- (III), -(O-Ar-R-(C=O)-Ar-)n- (IV), -(R2-(C=O)-Ar)n- (V), -(O-Ar-R)n-(O-Ar-O-Ar-s(=O)(=O)-Ar)m- (VI) and -(O-Ar-R-C(=O)-Ar)n-(R')m- (VII).R=group of formula: -(-O-Ar-C(=O)-Ar-)-;R'=group of formula: -(O-Ar-O-Ar-s(=O)(=O)-Ar)-;andAr=group of formulae (1a-1j).N.B: n and m are not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second structural unit comprises trifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene or hexafluoropropylene. The third structural unit comprises chlorofluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene. The electrolytic material comprises n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate and/or n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide. The crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer comprises crosslinking unit in its molecule. The crosslinking agent or unit comprises dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, bisphenol A, methylenediamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylethylenediamine, 1,3-phenylenediamine, 1,5-naphthalenediamine or 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer is crosslinked terpolymer comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorofluoroethylene). The polymer matrix further comprises non-crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer. Each of first and second electrodes or conductive polymer comprises polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene), polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) or poly(thienylene vinylene). Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of electrolytic material to crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer is 9:1-5:5. Preferred Method: The crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer layer is produced by subjecting fluorine-containing polymer to crosslinking reaction using crosslinking agent, where crosslinking is conducted by providing solution containing fluorine-containing polymer and crosslinking agent; forming layer from solution; and thermally treating layer to form layer of crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer. The electrolytic material is dissolved in solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber material is selected from a group consisting of copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide, amorphous silicon and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first host and the second host each have solubility in toluene of at least 0.6 wt%. The first and second host materials have triplet energy greater than 2.0 eV. The first host has a compound of formula Ar1-N(Ar2)-Q-(N(Ar3)-Ar4)m. The second host material is selected from phenanthrolines, quinoxalines, phenylpyridines, benzodifurans, or metal quinolate complexes, (preferably phenanthroline compound of formula (II). The dopant is a phosphorescent material (preferably cyclometalated complex of iridium (Ir)).Ar1-Ar4=aryl (preferably phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, quarterphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, naphthylphenyl, or phenanthrylphenyl);Q=multivalent aryl or group of formula (ia) (preferably chrysene substituted by at least one alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or silyl);T'=(CR')a, SiR2, S, SO2, PR, PO, PO2, BR, or R;R=alkyl, or aryl;R'=H or alkyl;a=1-6;m=0-6 (preferably 1 or 2);R1=phenyl, naphthyl, naphthylphenyl, triphenylamino, or carbazolylphenyl;R2 and R3=phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, naphthylphenyl, phenanthryl, triphenylamino, or carbazolylphenyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 9 Compounds are specified as the dopant material e.g. 9-naphthalen-2-yl-10-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-anthracene (I'), and N,N'-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N,N'-bis-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine. 14 Compounds are specified as the first host material e.g. biphenyl-4-yl-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-chrysen-3-yl-amine, and 9-(4'-naphthalen-1-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-3,6-bis-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-9H-carbazole. 7 Compounds are specified as the second host material e.g. 2,4,7,9-tetraphenyl-(1,10)phenanthroline.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The system is formed with microtubular solid oxide fuel cell(s). The burner(s) is integral part of fuel cell. One burner is sealing element or part of sealing element that is arranged between gas chambers for oxidizable gas/steam or gas mixture/steam mixture and reducible gas/steam or gas mixture/steam mixture, through which gas exchange of oxidizable and reducible gas takes place. The aperture(s) in gas-tight electrolyte (2) formed as layer and/or porous area(s) of gas-tight electrolyte, is executed as burner through which gas exchange takes place. The aperture(s) or porous area exists at one end and/or in middle or as strip at/on microtubular solid oxide fuel cell. The aperture(s) on outer electrode (3) is/are shaped in such a way that there is no direct electrically conductive contact through apertures of electrolyte between inner electrode (1) and outer electrode. There is separate controllable or adjustable gas supply to burner(s) (7) and/or parts of system that function as burner. The inner electrode, electrolyte and/or outer electrode of solid oxide fuel cell is/are formed of different material in areas or directly adjacent to areas in which there is aperture(s) or porous area at electrolyte, and/or in areas and/or directly adjacent to areas at which there is additional gas-sealing layer that is electrochemically inactive than in areas with gas-tight electrolyte. The fuel cells and/or sealing elements that function as burners are connected in parallel or in series with other system components concerning gas flow. The fuel cells or sealing elements acting as burner are arranged in direct vicinity of heat exchanging or heat consuming system component. The fuel cell(s) acting as burner or fuel cells downstream or upstream of this/these fuel cell(s) (7) are polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive paste further contains silver microparticles (30-60 weight%) and additive (0.1-10 weight%) which is chosen from stabilizer, dispersant, reducing agent, surfactant, wetting agent, thixotropic agent, leveling agent, antifoaming agent, coupling agent, surface tension adjusting agent and thickener. The content of carbon nanotubes are 0.5-1 weight% and silver nanoparticles are 1-10 weight%. Preferred Properties: The conductive paste has specific resistance of 2x 10-6-10x 10-6 ohm.cm. The carbon nanotubes have average length of 5-50 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is chosen from nitro-cellulose, acrylic resin, vinyl resin, ethyl cellulose and modified resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid medium is an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide. The hydrogen- containing material is sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: In the electrode, the oxide phase is present in grain boundaries of the metallic particles. The electrode contains the metallic particles and oxide phase at respective 75-95 (preferably 83-92) vol.% and 5-25 (preferably 8-17) vol.%. In the electrode, the metallic particles contain copper and aluminum at respective greater than or equal to 97 mass% and less than or equal to 3 mass%. In the electrode paste the solution is phosphoric acid solution forming a phosphate glass oxide phase. The electrode formed by coating the electrode paste and calcining at less than or equal to 500 degrees C in inert gas atmosphere or in oxidative atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic particles contain copper at greater than or equal to 80 (preferably 85-97) mass%, and aluminum greater than or equal to 3 (preferably 5-15) mass%. The metallic particles comprise a mixture of spherical particles having different particle diameters, and plate-shape particles. The oxide phase contains at least one element selected from vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, manganese, cobalt, tin, barium, zinc, aluminum, silver, copper, antimony and tellurium. The oxide phase is a phosphate glass phase containing vanadium. The oxide phase further contains at least two elements selected from tungsten, molybdenum, iron, manganese, barium, zinc, antimony and tellurium. The oxide phase is phosphate glass phase containing aluminum. The oxide phase further contains copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support body is made of poly dimethyl siloxane or silicon rubber-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reactive functional group of fluoropolymer has carboxy group, acid halide group, alkoxycarbonyl group or carbonate group. Polar functional group is amino group, hydroxyl group or glycidyl group. Fluoropolymer with fluorine-containing aliphatic ring structure in the principal chain has a repeating unit consists formula (1) - (5).h, s=0-5;i, t=0-4;j, u=0-1;h+i+j, s+t+u=1-6;p, q, r=0-5;p+q+r=1-6;R1-R4, X1, X2=H, deuterium, F, Cl, OCF3, or CF3 ;R5-R8=H, deuterium, F, Cl, CnF2n+1, CnF2n+1-mClmOk or CnF2n+1-mHmOk;n=1-5;m=0-5;2n+1-m=greater than 0; andk=0-1.Preferred Parameters: Thickness of fluoropolymer thin film is 1-10 nm. Preferred Conditions: The temperature of heat processing is 70-400 degrees C. Preferred Process: Coating the base material surface with fluoropolymer is performed by physical vapor deposition in which fluoropolymer is the deposition source or by applying a solution which contains fluoropolymer. Processing the base material surface with silane coupling agent is performed by physical vapor deposition in which silane coupling agent is the deposition source or by applying a solution which contains silane coupling agent. The base material is washed with fluorine-containing solvent which contains greater than or equal to 1 mass% dissolved fluoropolymer at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer is the polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, organic glass or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The distribution particle size of the carbon material is 2 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery composition further contains solvent, binder component, and positive electrode active material and/or negative electrode active material. The binder component is high molecular compound having fluorine atom in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin having basic functional group is polymer (A) and/or polymer (B). The polymer (A) is obtained by reacting primary and/or secondary amino group of amine compound in polyamine, isocyanate group of urethane prepolymer having isocyanate group in both terminal, hydroxyl group of phenyl polymer having 2 hydroxyl groups, and isocyanate group of diisocyanate, and has amine titer value of 1-100 mg.potassium hydroxide/g. The polymer (B) is obtained by reacting isocyanate group of polyisocyanate having 2 or more isocyanate groups, primary and/or secondary amino group of polymer having amino group, primary and/or secondary group of polyamine having 1 or more primary and/or secondary groups, and (meth)acryloyl group of polymer having 1 or 2 (meth)acryloyl groups in the terminal, and has amine titer value of 5-100 mg.potassium hydroxide/g. The vinyl polymer having 2 hydroxyl groups in both terminal is obtained by radical polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomer and compound having 2 hydroxyl groups and 1 thiol group in a molecule. The polymer having 1 or 2 (meth)acryloyl groups in the terminal is vinyl polymer or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The imparting fire-resistant filler contains zinc carbonate. The silica type filler contains water-containing amorphous silica (precipitated silica).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layers (a-c) comprises thermoplastic resin which includes aromatic vinyl-type resin. The glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin of layers (a,c) is less than the glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin of layer (b). The solar cell back sheet further has a water vapor barrier layer which consists of a film containing metal and/or metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat-shrinkable material is complex oxide of tungstic acid or manganese nitride having reverse perovskite crystal structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylate of yttrium is acetate or citrate. The content of yttrium carboxylate and zirconium oxyacetate in mixed solution with respect to total content of yttrium oxide and zirconium oxide is 1-10 %mass. The molar ratio of carboxylic acid group with respect to total content of yttrium and zirconium in the aqueous solution is 1.2-2.5, and is adjusted by adding acetic acid or citric acid to the aqueous solution. Preferred Conditions: The pH of mixed aqueous solution is 4-5.5, and is adjusted by adding acetic acid or citric acid to the aqueous solution. The method further involves performing desalination process of mixed aqueous solution which is subjected to hydrothermal treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of the anion exchange resin is acid equivalent amount. The carrier liquid comprises less than 50 wt.% of water compatible liquid. The carrier liquid is water. The silver salt is silver nitrate. The reducing agent is chosen from hydrazine and carbohydrazide, preferably carbohydrazide to produce gaseous by-products and/or water. The aqueous dispersion has solids content of 10-20 wt.%. Preferred Process: The particles are further separated from the aqueous carrier liquid and optionally dried.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anion exchange resin is a weak base resin. The stabilizer is comb graft copolymer of formula (I).m=7-50, preferably 10 or 11;andn=2-100, preferably 28-32.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cleaning agent has pH of 3.0 or less at 25 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of sulfamic acid, anionic surfactant and chelating agent is 5-90 weight%, 0.1-50 weight% and 0.1-50 weight, respectively. The weight ratio of anionic surfactant and chelating agent is 0.1-7. The anionic surfactant and chelating agent is polymeric anionic surfactant having weight average molecular weight of 1000-2000000. The polymeric anionic surfactant is polystyrene sulfonate, poly(2-(meth)acryloylamino-2,2-dimethyl-ethanesulfonic acid), 2-(meth)acryloylamino-2,2-dimethyl-ethanesulfonic acid/(meth)acrylic-acid copolymer, naphthalenesulfonic-acid formaldehyde condensate or its salts. The chelating agent is chosen from amino polycarboxylic acid, hydroxycarboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, condensed phosphoric acid, and their salts. The cleaning agent contains hydrophilic solvent and nonionic surfactant. The electronic material is a substrate after polishing with silica, alumina or diamond as polishing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon substrate, silicon nitride layer, exchange metal and non-exchange metal are fired at 400-950 degrees C in a low oxygen atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of less than or equal to 10-6 atmospheres.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The exchange and non-exchange metals are in the form of an alloy coated with a flux. The exchange metal (1-40 wt.%) is nickel, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, and/or manganese; and having an average diameter of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 mu m. The non-exchange metal is silver, copper, tin, bismuth, lead, arsenic, antimony, zinc, gold, cadmium, and/or beryllium; and having an average diameter of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The band gap is 1.6-4 eV. A thickness of the buffer layer is 0.005-0.15 mu m. The back electrode layer further comprises a metal layer. The back electrode layer and the transparent electrode comprise a transparent conductive oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent conductive oxide is tin oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal is cadmium, zinc, indium, tin, and/or magnesium. The element of Group VIA is oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. The buffer layer is made by chemical bath deposition from a first precursor comprising zinc, a second precursor comprising selenium and a third precursor comprising sulfur. The absorber layer has chalcopyrite structure comprising I-III-VI compound. The Group I element is copper, the Group III element is aluminum, indium, and/or gallium, and the Group VI element is sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium. The metal layer is molybdenum, silver, aluminum, chromium, titanium, nickel, and/or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles include a catalyst. The catalyst includes an oxide, a dioxide (preferably silicon dioxide), a metal and a metal alloy. The solution is an aqueous solution, and further includes a surfactant, which increases the wettability of the solution onto the carbon nanotubes without disturbing the suspension of the nanoparticles. The solution is a non-aqueous solution. Preferred Method: The solution is applied by: dripping the solution onto the carbon nanotubes; spraying the solution onto the carbon nanotubes; or dipping the carbon nanotubes into the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The active metals are preferably molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid type desulfurizing agent is Lewis acid type desulfurizing agent. The sulfur content of hydrocarbon oil in which sulfur content is reduced is less than or equal to 5 mass ppb. Preferred Process: The reduction of sulfur content is performed at - 30-100 degrees C. The color of solid acid type desulfurizing agent can be identified from exterior. Preferred Components: The transparent or semitransparent desulfurizer with detection part which detects color of solid acid type desulfurizing agent by measuring light with wavelength of 400- 550 nm by sensor is filled desulfurizing agent made into hydrocarbon oil with sulfur contents of less than or equal to 20 mass ppb and slurry form, equipped with cylindrical main body container and flange provided in each of entrance of main body container and exit and heat storage agent jacket, and installed in exterior of housing with fuel cell and fuel treating apparatus. Preferred Parameter: The size of particles of desulfurizing agent is 0.1-2 mm. The diameter of entrance of main body container and exit is 0.1-1 time the internal diameter of cylindrical part of main body container. The internal volume of desulfurizer A is 2- 100 times the internal volume of high temperature desulfurizer B.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon oil with sulfur contents of 0.1-10 mass ppm is lamp oil or light oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal nanoparticles other than silver nanoparticles are chosen from nanoparticles of gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, nickel, copper, tin, indium, zinc, chromium, iron and manganese. The content of metal nanoparticles other than silver nanoparticles is 0.02-25 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of total metal nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersion medium is alcohol or alcohol-containing aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nucleus portion contains rutile type titanium dioxide or barium titanate. The surface layer contains anatase type titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface layer contains metal chalcogenide compound containing metallic element selected from titanium, zinc, tin, indium, tungsten, vanadium, aluminum, iron, strontium, or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The particle size of nucleus of microparticles is 5 nm to 1 mu m. The microparticles are composed of translucent material. The precursor is produced using metal chalcogenide compound containing metallic element chosen from titanium, zinc, tin, indium, tungsten, vanadium, aluminum, iron, strontium and gallium by sol gel process. The precursor contains organic semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid containing component is electrolytic solution in which particles are dispersed. The charging reaction is a reaction in which particles are electrically charged and couples with cation or anion of electrolytic solution. The surface of the particles including semiconductor is covered with sensitizing dye. The semiconductor is titanium oxide or zinc oxide. The sensitizing dye is organic pigment or metal complex pigment dye. The cation is lithium and anion is iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali hydroxide has concentration of 0.3-15 weight%. The alkali hydroxide is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The compound (A) has boiling point of 120 degrees C or more under atmospheric pressure, and solubility parameter of 9-12.5 (cal/cm3)0.5. Preferred Compound: The compound (A) is tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 3-methyl-3-methoxy-1-butanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, isobutanol, 3-methoxy-1-butanol, 1-butanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 1-propanol, 1,3-butanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol and/or propylene glycol, preferably tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 3-methyl-3-methoxy-1-butanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, isobutanol, 3-methoxy-1-butanol, 1-butanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 1-propanol, 1,3-butanediol, diethylene glycol and/or 1,4-butanediol. Preferred Composition: The compound (A) has concentration of 0.1-20 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfolane derivative (S) and content of nonaqueous solvent (G) are 20-80 weight% and 80-20 weight%, respectively with respect to the total weight of sulfolane derivative (S) and nonaqueous solvent (G). The nonaqueous solvent (G) is nonaqueous solvent (G2). Preferred Definitions:    X-=BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)3-, C(RfSO3)3- or RfSO3-;and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The optical absorption layer contains copper, group III-B metal, selenium and alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The optical absorption layer solution is obtained by dissolving raw material containing copper, raw material containing group III-B metal and alkali metal in the solvent containing chalcogen element containing organic compound and Lewis basic organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode and cathode comprises carbon cloth, carbon paper, carbon felt, active carbon particle, graphite plate, graphite particle, stainless steel plate, stainless steel screen, titanium plate or titanium screen as electrode material. The alga is Chlorella, Spirulina, Diatom, Dinoflagellate, Chrysophyta, Euglena, stonewort, sea lettuce, kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, laver or agar. Preferred Content: The inoculation concentration of alga is 0.5-0.8 (preferably 0.6) g/L. Preferred Process: The cathode uses carbon brush with 0.1-0.35 mg/cm3 platinum/carbon (Pt/C) catalyst as electrode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): An alkyl group-containing compound of formula: R-A is reacted with iodine, to obtain iodine-containing compound of formula: R-A-I. The obtained iodine-containing compound is reacted with silicon-containing of formula: SiH(OR1)3, to obtain compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    A=group of formulae (i, ii, iii or iv);    R2,R3=H, halo, amide, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, acyl, 1-30C alkyl, 1-30C alkoxy or 1-30C alkylcarbonyl;    n=1-5;and    R=group chosen from 9 groups e.g. group of formulae (a1-a5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The required gas contains nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, helium, and/or oxygen. The pyrolysis gas contains required gas, silicon, carbon or germanium. The film forming apparatus contains required gas, and oxidant gas or nitridation gas. The required gas is silane (SiH4, Si2H6) or halogenated silane. The oxidant gas contains nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The nitridation gas contains ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate comprises glass or a plastic substrate. The backsheet comprises a glass or a laminated polymer film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The thin film solar cell comprises a superstrate silicon thin film solar cell, a superstrate copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cell or a superstrate cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film solar cell. The thin film solar cell comprises a-Si silicon thin film, a mu c-Si silicon thin film, a tandem junction silicon thin film or a triple junction silicon thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The encapsulant material comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyolefin, polyurethane or silicone. A reflectance range of the encapsulant material is 7-45%. The chemical crosslinking method comprises peroxide crosslinking or silane crosslinking. The physical crosslinking method comprises e-beam crosslinking or gamma ray crosslinking. The encapsulant material with porous structure is disposed between the crystalline silicon solar cells and between the first encapsulant layer and the second encapsulant layer. The encapsulant material with porous structure replaces the second encapsulant layer. The encapsulant material with porous structure is a plastic thin film structure, which is foamable polymeric material disposed between the crystalline silicon solar cells and between the first encapsulant layer and the second encapsulant layer using an additional stacking method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light receiving side of solar cell includes Group IB, IIIA and/or VIA thin film, or an amorphous silicon thin film. The conductive substrate of each solar cell includes stainless steel foil and/or aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The encapsulant comprises ethylene vinyl acetate and/or thermoplastic polyurethane. The transparent front protective layer comprises glass and/or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. The back protective layer comprises glass and/or polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The synthetic resin is colored thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin containing crosslinking agent for causing crosslinking at heat application and contains less than or equal to 50 wt.% transparent filler having such glass transition temperature that it will not be fluidized at temperature at which flow molding of synthetic resin is performed. Preferred Method: The antireflection process matt-finishes the incident surface and gives the incident surface a central line surface roughness of 0.03-2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-layer comprises zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and phosphorus pentoxide. The n-layer comprises zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytically active materials or additives are noble metals such as platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), silver (Ag), gold (Au) and/or other metals of the subgroup elements (transition elements) and/or a non-metallic inorganic/ceramic compound such as perovskites, nickelates, copper oxide, and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The core sheet contains hydrated polymer having fixed pendant polar groups. The electrically conductive flexible layer contain poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfone, and/or polyaniline. The semiconductive organic polymeric layer contains poly-3-hexylthiophene, Poly3-HexylThiophene, F8T2 (RTM: poly(dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene)), poly(thiophene acetic acid) and pentacene. The dielectric organic polymer contains polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polyimide, poly-4-vinylphenol, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), and polyvinylacetate. The conductive polymeric filler layer contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate, polyaniline and/or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler comprises metal oxide, metal halide, or metal nitride. The filler is present at 5-15 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acrylic resin monomer is of formula CH2=C(R2)-C(O)-O-R1. The epoxy resin monomer is of formula (I). The silicone resin monomer is of formula R1b-Si(R1a)(R1c)-R2-O-C(O)-C(CH2)-R3. The initiator comprises peroxide, azo compound, free radical initiator, cationic initiator, or metallocene complex.R1-R3, R1a-R1c=1-12C alkyl, t-butyl, 1-12C ester, 1-12C alkanol, or 1-12C cycloalkoxy. EXAMPLE - Silicone monomer of formula CH2=C(CH3)-C(O)-O-(CH2)3-Si(OCH3)2-OCH3 (333 g), silicon oxide (39 g) and azobisisobutyronitrile (6 g) were mixed and stirred at normal pressure and normal temperature to obtain encapsulant composition. The composition was heated by microwave source (800 W) for 10 minutes and added with Irgacure 184 (RTM: 1-hydroxycyclohexylbenzophenone) (3 g), Irgacure 369 (RTM: 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1(4-morpholino-phenyl)-1-butanone) (1.5 g) and I-ITX (RTM: 2-isopropylthioxanthone) (1.5 g). After mechanically stirring for 30 minutes, silicone-acrylic polymer was obtained. The silicone-acrylic polymer had viscosity of 7800 cPs, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 87200, number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 52600, Mw/Mn of 1.66, adhesive strength of 1.78 kg/cm, hardness of 3B, light transparency of 95%, and reflective index of 1.62.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal particles are manufactured by atomizing method, and have metal oxide layer on the surface. Preferred Component: The metal particles are silver particles or copper particles. Metal element is electronic component having metal-type substrate or metallic portion. Preferred Properties: The melting point of metal particles and their porous sintered article is more than 600 degrees C. The volume resistivity of silver particles and their porous sintered article is 1x 10-4 ohm.cm or less. The volume resistivity of copper particles and their porous sintered article is 1x 10-2 ohm.cm or less. The cross section of porous sintered article has porosity of 5-50 area%. The metal structure has cross section with porosity of 5-50 area%, melting point of more than 400 degrees C, volume resistivity of 1x 10-2 ohm.cm or less and shear adhesive strength of 5 MPa or more at 250 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Liquid flux is liquid containing rosin or its derivative(s) and solvent, liquid containing rosin or its derivative(s), oxide-film removal activator, and solvent, liquid containing rosin or its derivative(s), thixotropic agent, and solvent, liquid containing rosin or its derivative(s), oxide-film removal activator, thixotropic agent and solvent, liquid containing oxide-film removal activator and solvent, or liquid containing oxide-film removal activator, thixotropic agent, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion module is attached to amorphous type silicon solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made of foam material that is selected from group consisting of polystyrene foam, urethane foam, phenolic foam and glass wool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The planar sealing material has lamination of base material layer (3-1) having surface with refractive index (n1), and high-refractive index layer (3-2) having surface with refractive index (n2) and thickness of 5-1000 nm. The refractive index (n2) is more than refractive index (n1) by 0.1 or more, and is preferably 1.6-2. Preferred Layers: The base material layer is made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral and polyolefin-type resin. The high-refractive index layer is obtained by polymerizing monomer having 2 or more aromatic rings and/or 2 or more sulfur atoms. The high-refractive index layer contains resin chosen from acrylic resin having refractive index of 1.6 or more, epoxy resin having refractive index of 1.6 or more and oxetane-type resin having refractive index of 1.6 or more. The acrylic resin is obtained by hardening an acrylic monomer having refractive index of 1.6 or more with light and/or heat. Preferred Monomer: The acrylate monomer contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate compounds of formulae (I-IV).R11,R12,R21,R22,R31,R32,R41,R141,R43,R143=H or methyl;g-l=1-6;R33,R34=1-4C bivalent hydrocarbyl optionally having oxygen or sulfur atom;Z1,Z2=oxygen or sulfur;a,b=0-3;c=1-3;R42,R142=direct bond or -O(C2H4)d-;andd=1-5.Preferred Resin: The high-refractive index layer contains epoxy resin having refractive index of 1.6 or more and/or oxetane-type resin having refractive index of 1.6 or more. The epoxy resin is epoxy resin containing fluorene structure or epoxy resin having benzene ring and sulfur. The oxetane-type resin has benzene ring and sulfur. The resin contained in high refractive index layer is thermoplastic resin having refractive index of 1.6 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramic film is formed using clay thin film comprising natural clay or synthetic clay such as vermiculite, montmorillonite, iron montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite and nontronite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The back surface protection sheet further has synthetic resin film having heat resistance and mechanical characteristics on surface(s) of ceramic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The amount of vinyl acetate in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin contained in joining intermediate layer is 25% or less. Elastomer resin is added to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin of joining intermediate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Liquid crystalline polyester contains 30-80 mol% of carboxyl-containing structural unit of formula: -O-Ar1-CO-, 35-10 mol% of carboxyl-containing structural unit of formula: -CO-Ar2-CO- and 35-10 mol% of heteroatom-containing structural unit of formula: -X-Ar3-Y'-.Ar1=phenylene or naphthylene;Ar2=phenylene, naphthylene or group (G) of formula: -Ar11-Z-Ar12-;Ar3=phenylene or (G);X,Y'=O or NH, preferably NH;Ar11,Ar12=Ar1;andZ=O, CO or SO2.Hydrogen atom coupled with aromatic ring of Ar1-Ar3 is optionally substituted by halo, alkyl or aryl. Preferred Method: A liquid composition containing liquid crystalline polyester and a solvent is impregnated in fiber sheet, and solvent is removed to form polyester layer. Preferred Layers: The solar cell has sequential lamination of liquid crystalline polyester layer, conductive layer, electric power generation layer and transparent electrode (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive powder is silver powder or silver composite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The (meth)acrylate monomer mixture contains isobutyl methacrylate or n-butylmethacrylate. The organic solvent contains compound having aromatic ring and hydroxyl group or carbonyl group, and boiling point of 140-290 degrees C at 1 atmosphere. The compound having aromatic ring and hydroxyl group or carbonyl group is chosen from methylphenylacetate, ethylphenylacetate, ethylbenzoate, methylbenzoate, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, diethylene glycol monophenyl ether, ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, diethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, propylene glycol monobenzyl ether, propylene glycol monophenyl ether, benzyl alcohol and benzyl glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer-type ionic dispersing agent contains polyamine or polycarboxylic acid as main component. The conductive layer of solar cell element is formed by screen-printing the electroconductive paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic iodate in the liquid electrolyte is iodide of formula M+I-.M+=Li+, Na+, or K+.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic iodate in the liquid electrolyte is ammonium iodide quaternary ammonium salt of formula ((R1)(R2)N(R3)(R4))+I-. The organic mixed solvent is mixture of acetonitrile (50-90 vol.%) and N-methylpyrrolidone (10-50 vol.%) or gamma -butyrolactone (50-90 vol.%) and N-methylpyrrolidone (10-50 vol.%).R1-R4=1-5C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polyacrylic acid polymer is polyacrylic acid/glutin copolymer, polyacrylic acid grafted with long-chain alkane quaternary ammonium salt with 10-32C, or polyacrylic acid glyceride polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible flat cable has an insulating layer formed on the conductor layer, the insulator layer being made from polyimide, organosilicone, epoxy resin or benzocyclobutene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (III) comprises 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of (IV) and synthesizing olefin. EXAMPLE - N-(1-Hexylheptyl)-N'-(4-N''-phenylcarbaldimine-N''-oxidobenzyl)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid-bisimide (110 mg) was suspended in methyl methacrylate (20 ml), heated at 60 degrees C for 3 hour, cooled, and purified to obtain N-(1-hexylheptyl)-N'-4-(5-methyloxycarbonyl-5-methyl-2-phenylisoxazolidin-3-yl)benzylperylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide (87 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode: The substrate is not subjected to preheat treatment before the step (b). The predetermined temperature in step (c) is 350-550 degrees C. The heat treatment is carried out for 0.5-3 hours. The substrate is selected from a transparent substrate or a glass substrate. The semiconductor layer is a porous titanium dioxide layer. The transparent electrode is used as a first electrode in the solar cell, and where the solar cell further comprises a second electrode on which a conductive layer is provided, and where the semiconductor layer adsorbs the photosensitive dye molecules to form the photosensitive dye layer, and where an electrolyte is provided between the conductive layer and the photosensitive dye layer. The second electrode is made of indium tin oxide. The second electrode is made of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The substrate has a surface textured to have first microstructures, and where the indium tin oxide film is formed with second microstructures in correspondence with the first microstructures. An anti-reflection layer is additionally provided on the opposite surface of the substrate to the surface on which the indium tin oxide film is provided. Preferred Method: The method for producing a dye-sensitized solar cell further comprises texturing a surface of the substrate to form first microstructures, and forming second microstructures along a surface of the indium tin oxide film in correspondence with the first microstructures. The method further comprises providing an antireflection layer on the opposite surface of the substrate to the surface on which the indium tin oxide film is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nickel-aluminum intermetallic compound nanoparticles have Brauner-Emmett-Teller surface area of 50 m2/g or more. Preferred Process: The nickel-aluminum intermetallic compound nanoparticles are obtained from nickel aluminum alloy ingot by vacuum arc-plasma vapor deposition method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor layer contains microcrystal silicon, amorphous silicon and/or polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The low-refractive-index layer contains silicon oxide, magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, calcium fluoride and lithium fluoride, each doped with carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrode is composed of indium oxide and zinc-acidic compound. The stacked semiconductor layer contains group III nitride semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The joining layer contains element(s) chosen from aluminum, titanium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, magnesium, bismuth, silicon, hafnium and tantalum. The connection electrode has a bonding layer comprising gold, aluminum or their alloys, and a barrier layer comprising alloy containing silver, aluminum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum and/or niobium. The valve action metal contains element(s) chosen from aluminum, titanium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, magnesium, bismuth, silicon, hafnium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The predetermined interval is 5-15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The electronic device is organic light emitting diode (OLED) such as small molecule electroluminescent OLED, small molecule electro-phosphorescent OLED, polymer OLED and/or, quantum dot OLED.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Method: In the method, cross-linking the organic conductive material involves thermal annealing, photolysis and/or reacting the solid substrate bound organic conductive material with a cross-linking compound. Preferred Components: The conductive layer is a hole-transport layer or electron-transport layer. The cross-linkable moiety comprises a diene, siloxane, acylate, styrene, epoxide, trifluorovinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, or oxetane moiety.Preferred Compounds: The compound (I) is selected form 2 compounds e.g. compound of formula (II).R11 = benzene (substituted with (R14)a;R14 = electron withdrawing group or cross-linkable functional group moiety;a = 0-5.Provided that:(1) at least one of R14 is an electron withdrawing group; and(2) and at least one of R11 and R14 comprises cross-linkable functional group moiety. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Six carbazole compounds of formula (I) are disclosed, i.e. 9-(4'-methoxybipheny1-4-y1)-9H-carbazole, 4'-carbazol-9-yl-bipheny1-4-ol, 9-(4-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-y1)-phenyl) -9H-carbazole, 6-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-naphthalen-2-ol, 2-methylacrylic acid 6-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-naphthalen-2-yl ester and tris-(4'-carbazol-9-yl-bipheny1-4-yl)-amine.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes contain silver and conductive material selected from nickel, copper, aluminum, tin, zinc, indium, titanium, and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coloring agent is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer, epoxy-type plasticizer, and/or phthalate ester plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains polyisocyanate resin. The polyisocyanate resin is aliphatic-type isocyanate resin, alicyclic-type isocyanate resin, and/or aromatic aliphatic-type isocyanate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer includes zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide or indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant includes antimony, bismuth, lithium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, cesium, francium, copper, gold, silver, arsenic, phosphorus or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The i-type semiconductor layer is made of crystalline silicon, microcrystal amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon. The p-type and n-type semiconductor layers are made of amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gallium, aluminum, or indium is doped on zinc oxide made transparent electrode. The rear surface electrode is made of selenium, platinum, or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Layer: The organic photoelectric transducer further has a photoelectric converting layer comprising three-layer lamination of p-type layer (14p) containing p-type semiconductor unit, bulk heterojunction layer (i-type layer) (14i) containing mixture of p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor, and n-type layer (14n) containing n-type semiconductor unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed by coating method. Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative is contained as n-type semiconductor material in a bulk heterojunction layer of organic photoelectric transducer. The fullerene derivative further acetylene group-containing partial structure of formula: -CC-Q2(-R11)(-R13)-R12 (II). The fullerene derivative is of formula (III). The fullerene is chosen from 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 76C fullerene, 78C fullerene and 84C fullerene.Q2=Q1;R11-R13=R1;andL=bivalent coupling group chosen from single bond, alkylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene and arylene, preferably single bond, or alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The content of composite particles in the fluororesin film is 6-25 %mass. The composite particles have an average particle diameter of 0.1-0.4 mu m and an acid solubility of 15-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrophobic agent is a silane coupling agent having an alkyl group, or a silicone compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluororesin film has an arithmetic mean deviation of 0.5-2.5 mu m and contains copper compounds (1-500 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A source gas (G2) of plasma and/or plasma jet heats a mixture with metal powder. The metal powder is supplied in the plasma and/or plasma jet, and the metal powder is heated. The halogenated silane is contacted with the metal powder and reduced. The metal powder in the plasma and/or plasma jet is heated, and the metal powder is liquefied. The halogenated silane is supplied to the plasma and/or plasma jet. Preferred Gas: The source gas is hydrogen, helium and/or argon. Preferred Component: The plasma is thermal plasma, preferably direct current arc plasma. The plasma jet is thermal plasma jet, preferably direct current arc plasma jet. The metal powder contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sealing glass further contains 10 %mass or less of component chosen from alumina, cerium oxide, silica, silver oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, gallium oxide, antimony oxide, cesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and tin oxide (SnOx, where x is 1 or 2). The glass material contains sealing glass, low expansible filler and laser absorber. The low-expansible filler is silica, alumina, zirconia, zirconium silicate, cordierite, zirconium-phosphate type-compound, soda-lime glass, and borosilicate glass. The laser absorber consists of a compound containing metal iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, a coating liquid containing organopolysiloxane and fluid medium having boiling point of 60 degrees C or more, or a coating liquid containing silicone oil and solvent having boiling point of 60 degrees C or more is coated to the glass substrate. The amount of viscosity conversion portion of silicone oil is 3500-130000. The organopolysiloxane is silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The release sleeve comprises alkali halide (preferably sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium fluoride, potassium chloride or potassium bromide), silver chloride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, calcium carbonate, graphite, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, sodium silicate, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, tellurium, lead or bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-producing-agent carrier further has catalyst content layer (2) formed by applying a coating liquid containing catalyst component and water-soluble compound on another water-absorption component (3), solidifying and laminating the supported water-absorption component and another water-absorption component. Preferred Process: The aqueous solution containing water or catalyst component is supplied from another water-absorption component with respect to hydrogen-producing-agent carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photoelectrochemical cell has an insulating porous material between light reception electrode and counter electrode. Preferred Definitions:    A=porphyrin, phthalocyanine, perylene, diaryl methine, triaryl methine, merocyanine, hemicyanine, styryl cyanine or coumarin;and    B'=phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, di-immonium, aminium, squarylium, cyanine, merocyanine, hemicyanine, styryl cyanine or coumarin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The supercritical fluid is flown using an impeller. The supercritical fluid in the reactor includes silicon rod (48) configured to attach silicon generated due to the reaction of silicon source and hydrogen. The supercritical fluid is heated by supplying power to the silicon rod or by using a separate heater (52) included in the reactor, such that the silicon source is reacted with hydrogen. The supercritical fluid is heated to 550-800 degrees C. The supercritical fluid, hydrogen, and silicon source are supplied through the same or different supply pipes (44,56). The reactor is heated to a temperature at which the silicon source reacts with hydrogen before supplying the supercritical fluid and hydrogen to the reactor. The supercritical fluid, hydrogen and silicon source are simultaneously supplied to the reactor. All or a portion of elements of the solar cell are sequentially formed on the silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon source is trichlorosilane or silane. The supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide with a pressure of 60-200 atmosphere, ammonia supercritical fluid or hydrocarbon supercritical fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The glass composition preferably comprises total iron as iron(III) oxide of 0.01-0.15% and cobalt oxide of 0.3-10 ppm, with glass redox of less than or equal to 0.08. The glass composition further comprises 0-0.2% titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hardness of the elastic blade is measured according to JIS 6253 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thermal layer contains photothermal conversion substance and metal containing organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The ink affinity layer is photosensitive layer or thermal layer. The ink peeling layer is silicone rubber layer. The photosensitive layer is formed using photosensitive resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Layer: The active layer is a hole transport layer (120) and a photoactive layer (130), and further contains photoactive material. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar3=group of formula (i), preferably phenylene, para-biphenylene, para-terphenylene, naphthylene, phenylene-naphthylene or naphthylene-phenylene;    R3=alkyl, alkoxy, siloxane and silyl;    c=0-4;    m=1-6;    Ar2=group of formula (ii), where at least one Ar2 has crosslinking substituents;    d=0-5;    R1,R2=1-12C alkyl or 1-12C alkoxy;    a,b=0 or 1;    x=0.4 or more;and    M=aromatic group having triarylamine units or aromatic unit having crosslinkable substituent.    EXAMPLE - Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (in g) (0.33), 2,2'-dipyridyl (0.189) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (0.131) were added into a Schlenk tube and dissolved in N,N'-dimethylformamide (6.25 ml), to obtain a solution. The obtained solution was added to Schlenk tube, the Schlenk tube was inserted into an aluminum block, the reaction mixture was heat-stirred at 600 degrees C for 30 minutes, N-(4-(4-bromophenyl)phenyl)-N-(4-(4-(3-(4-((4-(4-bromophenyl)phenyl)(3-ethyl-4-(4-nonylphenyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)-2-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)-3-methylnaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl)-3-ethyl-4-(4-nonylphenyl)aniline (0.907) dissolved in toluene (25 ml) was added to the Schlenk tube and the tube was sealed. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred at 700 degrees C for 18 hours, polymerized, cooled to room temperature, hydrochloric acid and methanol were added, stirred for 2 hours and dried, to obtain biphenyl-diamine-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conducting inorganic material is indium-tin-oxide, indium-zinc-oxide, aluminum-tin-oxide, aluminum-zinc-oxide, or zirconium-tin-oxide. The metal oxide is oxides of Group 3-13 metals or lanthanide metals. The metal oxide is aluminum oxides, molybdenum oxides, vanadium oxides, chromium oxides, tungsten oxides, nickel oxides, niobium oxides, yttrium oxides, samarium oxides, praseodymium oxides, terbium oxides, or ytterbium oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silica particles are surface-treated with silane compound of formula: CH2=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)q-SiR2r(OR3)3-r (I) or of formula (II).R1=H or methyl;R2,R4=1-3C alkyl or phenyl;R3,R5=H or 1-10C hydrocarbyl;q=1-6;r,t=0-2;ands=0-6.The (meth)acrylate (a) does not have ring structure. The (meth)acrylate (a) is (meth)acrylate having three ethylenically unsaturated groups. Preferred Composition: The content of silane compound (I or II) is 5-25 parts mass each, with respect to 100 parts mass of silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains silica particles, (meth)acrylate (a) having 2 or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (meth)acrylate (b) which has ethylenically unsaturated group and alicyclic structure. Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of the (meth)acrylate (a and b) is 150 degrees C or more. The curable composition has viscosity of 30-300 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid silicon compound material is an organic solvent liquid of polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulated connecting piece is made of plastic or resin selected from a group consisting of unsaturated polyester resin, nylon resin, polycarbonate, PTFE and polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first n-type layer is n-type hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon carbon germanium ( mu c-SiCGe:H), hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon carbon ( mu c-SiC:H), or hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon carbon (nc-SiC:H). The i-type layer is i-type mu c-SiCGe:H, i-type mu c-Si1-x-x-yCxGey:H (I), i-type mu c-Si1-xCx:H (II). The first p-type layer is p-type mu c-SiCGe:H, p-type mu c-SiC:H.x (for formula (I))=35-40 at.%;orx=30-45 at.% exclusive of H content;andy=10-30 at.% exclusive of H content.The i-type layer comprises greater than or equal to 40 alternating layers of mu c-SiC:H and mu c-SiGe:H. It has a composition of 35-45 at.% carbon and 10-30 at.% germanium exclusive of hydrogen content. The tandem junction photovoltaic device further comprises a textured transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer of zinc oxide:aluminum disposed above the top cell; and middle interconnect TCO layer disposed in contiguous contact with the first p-type layer of the top cell; and an intrinsic zinc oxide barrier layer disposed in contiguous contact with the middle interconnect TCO layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent oxide electroconductive thin film contains stannous oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al), and indium tin oxide. Preferred Properties: The thin metal net and transparent oxide electroconductive thin film have thickness of 1-30 nm and 420-2000 nm respectively. Preferred Component: The transparent conductive thin film electrode has dielectric material thin film containing magnesium fluoride and silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The thin metal net contains silver, copper, aluminum, gold and/or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light has a wavelength of less than 300 nm. The metal ion comprises at least one of silver ions (Ag+), copper ions (Cu+), zinc ions (Zn2+), cadmium ions (Cd2+), indium ions (In3+), CuIn4+, AgIn4+, metal sulfate, metal nitrate and their metal carbonate. Preferred Solution: The alkaline solution further comprises ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) for adjusting pH of the solution. The alkaline solution comprises silver nitrate (AgNO3), indium nitrate (In(NO3)3), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), NH4NO3, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and thiourea (CSN2H4) in a mole ratio of m:m:2(1-m):(1-20)m:(100-2000)m:(9-100)m. The first and second carriers are made of material comprising at least one of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), boron phosphorus silicon glass (BPSG), silicon glass, and indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. The composite metal sulfide thin film is (AgInS2)x/(ZnS)2(1-x).m= greater than or equal to 0 to 1;x=0-1.Preferred Process: The metal sulfide thin film is grown with the alkaline solution comprising silver nitrate, indium nitrate, zinc nitrate, ammonium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate and thiourea in a mole ratio of 1:1:7:36:430-2000:9-100. The method further involves performing a thermal process for curing the metal sulfide thin film; and involves performing a sintering process on the metal sulfide thin film at 200-1000 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sub cells comprise indium gallium aluminum phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimony, or gallium indium arsenic nitride.
Preferred Definitions:    n=1;    X, Y1=O or S.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 6 compounds is specifically claimed, e.g. 5,12-dioxa-7,14-dithia-pentacene of formula (Ia), N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-5,12-dioxa-7,14-dithia-pentacene-6,13-diamine, 3,10-dimethoxy-5,12-dioxa-7,14-dithia-pentacene, 5,9,16-trioxa-7,14,18-trithia heptacene and 6,6'-bis(5,12-dioxa-7,14-dithia-pentacene).    EXAMPLE - Potassium tert-butoxide (2.78 g) was suspended in anhydrous dimethylformamide (30 ml) under inert atmosphere. Then the suspension was cooled to 0 degrees C and 2-mercaptophenol (1.96 g) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (30 ml) was slowly added dropwise. After removing the ice bath, the reaction mixture was stirred for another 30 minutes, until a viscous light yellow solution was formed. Then 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene (0.93 g) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for two days. Then dimethylformamide was removed under the vacuum and the obtained residue was dissolved in chloroform (30 ml). The organic phase was washed thrice with water (15 ml) and subsequently dried with sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under the vacuum and the obtained residue was recrystallized from chloroform/methanol to obtain 5,12-dioxa-7,14-dithia-pentacene as a white solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive fiber is carbon nanotube. The insulating layer is silica glass layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (Q) further comprises at least a third phosphor material, which emits yellow light, preferably silicate phosphor. Preferred Components: (Q) comprises at least two different (I). (II) emits yellow light. The green phosphor component is of formula (Baw1Srx1SiO4:z1Eu), which is (I), cerium doped lutetium containing granite, europium doped sulfoselenide, thiogallate, and/or cerium and/or europium doped nitride containing phosphor component. The yellow phosphor component is of formula (Baw2Srx2Cay2SiO4:z2Eu), preferably (I), cerium doped granite, or cerium and/or europium doped nitride containing phosphor component. The orange phosphor component is of formula (Baw3Srx3Cay3SiO4:z3Eu), preferably (I), cerium doped granite, europium doped sulfoselenide, europium doped thiogallate, and/or cerium and/or europium doped nitride containing phosphor component. The weight ratio of green phosphor component, yellow phosphor component or orange phosphor component is 1.8-4:0.0-4:0.8-3, preferably 1.8-2.5:0.8-1.3:1.8-2.5.w1 = 0.8-1.85;x1 = 0.1-1.25;z1 = 0.05-0.2;w2 = 0.1-0.8;x2 = 1-1.8;y2 = 0.0-0.2;z2 = 0.05-0.2;w3 = 0.03-0.1;x3 = 0.9-1.5;y3 = 0.2-0.8; andz3 = 0.05-0.2. EXAMPLE - Typical phosphor mixture comprised of (in g): SGA 524 100 (2); SGA 555 100 (1); and SGA 593 100 (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is electroconductive fine particles having average particle diameter of 0.001-10 mu m. The electroconductive substance is metal chosen from gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium and iron, preferably silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The protective substance is a compound containing functional group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group and phosphoric acid group. The protective substance is carboxylic acid. The 1-9C compound having hydroxyl group is 1-9C monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol or glycol ether. Preferred Film: The electroconductive film is formed using composition containing the substance having ion exchange capacity with respect to protective substance, and conductive ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the device, the barrier composite material is present on the edge of sensitive device, where the barrier composite material covers an inner part of the sensitive device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functionalization on the superficially modified nanozeolites comprises aromatic groups, where the aromatic groups are phenyl groups. The surface modifying organic groups is aliphatic group or polymerizable group. The polymerizable group is glycidoxy, acrylic or methacrylic group. The surface modified nanozeolites are Linde Type A (LTA), Faujasite (FAU), Linde Type L (LTL) or Gismondine (GIS) zeolites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The surface modifying group of the nanozeolites is polymerizable group, preferably glycidoxy, acrylic or methacrylic group. The polymerizable compound is an organic resin, preferably epoxy or acrylic resin. The epoxy resin is a single component resin, where the single component resin is a bisphenol and epichlorohydrin based resin. Preferred Method: The deposition is made by means of serigraphy. The deposition is obtained by means of microdispersion, which is obtained with a syringe. The consolidation process is UV irradiation and/or thermal. EXAMPLE - LTA 4A-POD (Linde Type 4A-phenyl groups) (7.74 g) was activated through a thermal process at 240 degrees C under vacuum and added to Epo-tek OG142-17 resin (single component commercial epoxy resin based on epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A) (31.36 g) of viscosity 300-500 Pa-s and glass transition temperature (Tg) of 54 degrees C. The composition was then pre-dispersed by means of simple mechanical stirring and subsequently made homogeneous, thus giving the barrier composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid used in the step (ii) is hydrofluoric acid and/or hydrochloric acid in a volumetric ratio of 1:1. The silicon slice in the step (iii) is textured with an alkaline solution, isopropyl alcohol, sodium phosphate solution, sodium silicate solution or sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymers comprise A, D compounds and bithiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive (0.005-5.0 mass%) is diphenyl guanidine, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, benzothiazole, 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-one, cyclohexyl benzothiazole sulfenamide and/or N,N-diisopropyl-2- benzothiazole sulfenamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinel contains excess of magnesium oxide. The content of magnesium oxide is 5 weight% or less. Preferred Process: The spinel which does not contain aluminum oxide, and magnesium oxide are mixed in presence of organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles further contains spherical electroconductive particles having average particle diameter of 0.1-3 mu m. The electroconductive particles contain 50-95 %mass of flake-shaped electroconductive particles and 1-10 %mass of nano-silver particles. The nano-silver particles contain spherical shape particles and anisotropic particles other than spherical shape particles. The mass ratio of heat-hardenable resin composition and electroconductive particles are 2-15:75-95. Preferred Components: The flake-shaped electroconductive particles are silver particles. The spherical electroconductive particles are silver particles. Preferred Condition: The electroconductive ink composition is heat-hardened at 100-280 degrees C, after coating on substrate. The collector electrode of photovoltaic cell is formed on transparent conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening agent is imidazole, tertiary amine and/or Lewis acid containing boron fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat-hardenable resin composition is epoxy resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pressure in the container is increased from atmospheric pressure (i) to atmospheric pressure (ii), before increasing the temperature from temperature (a) to temperature (b). The pressure of the container is increased by injecting an inert gas into the container. The temperature (a) is more than the sublimation temperature of the dopant source at the atmospheric pressure, or temperature (a) is transition temperature of amorphous-silicon film of high silane compound and is lower than the sublimation temperature of the dopant source at atmospheric pressure, or temperature (a) is decomposition temperature of the dopant source and is lower than the sublimation temperature of the dopant source at atmospheric pressure. The temperature (b) is lower than the sublimation temperature of the dopant source at atmospheric pressure. The liquid material is coated on a substrate (3) and the substrate is mounted on a heater (6). The coated film is heated to temperature (a), by controlling the heater such that the temperature which heats the periphery portion of the substrate is high with respect to the temperature which heats the center of the portion. The rise of temperature from temperature (a) to temperature (b) during heating of coated film is carried out such that the temperature rise per unit time to temperature (a) is higher than the temperature rise per unit time to temperature (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution used to wash silicon chip and texture the surface is alkali solution, alkali solution and isopropanol, sodium phosphate solution, sodium silicate solution or sodium bicarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic light-absorbing chromophore comprises cerium, manganese, titanium, chromium, neodymium, ytterbium, or vanadium. The inorganic light-absorbing chromophore comprises titanium and manganese. The substrate is comprised of a silicate, phosphate, titanate, or lead-doped glass. The inorganic luminescent chromophore comprises neodymium, ytterbium, or vanadium with valency of 3+, 3+, or 4+ respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Phosphorus is added such that phosphorus/aluminum mass concentration ratio is set to 0.009 or more. The silicon material containing aluminum is reduced silicon obtained by reducing halogenated silicon by metal aluminum. After pickling silicon material containing aluminum, heat-melting is carried out under reduced pressure. The silicon material containing aluminum is silicon material refined by unidirectional solidification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocarbon is XC-72 carbon or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The stabilizing agent is polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum solution or slurry is chloroplatinic acid solution or slurry. Preferred Process: The conductive-glass cleaning involves cleaning in an ultrasonic cleaner using scouring agent, ethanol and acetone, respectively, then washing using ethanol and drying in air. The chloroplatinic acid solution is obtained by dissolving the chloroplatinic acid in alcoholic solution. The chloroplatinic acid slurry is obtained by adding 38.34-70 g of compounds selected from terpineol, kerosene, high-boiling point paraffin oil and ethylene glycol monomethylether acetic ester with respect to chloroplatinic acid slurry (100 g), to an alcoholic solution (100-500 ml) of the chloroplatinic acid, stirring for 1-5 minutes, performing primary ultrasonic treatment, adding ethylene cellulose (4.15-20 g) with stirring, where the addition content of ethylene cellulose is 10-20 wt.% of that of alcoholic solution, continuously stirring for 1-5 minutes, carrying out secondary ultrasonic treatment and reduced pressure distillation, and optionally removing portion of solvent to adjust the viscosity of the chloroplatinic acid slurry. Preferred Properties: The concentration of the chloroplatinic acid solution or slurry is 5-20 mM. The viscosity of the chloroplatinic acid slurry is 5 pa.second. The area of the platinum counter electrode is 25-300 cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Solar Cell: The dielectric comprises a silicon oxide layer or is formed of a ceramic or polymer material. The lower and upper substrates are flexible. The lower substrate comprises a polymer layer coated with a conductive material or a metal layer. The upper substrate comprises a transparent polymer layer. The dye-sensitized solar cell further comprises: (i) a catalyst layer disposed on the light emitting surface of the upper substrate; and (ii) a conductive layer disposed between the catalyst layer and the light emitting surface. The lower substrate is formed metals and metal alloys or comprises a glass or a polymer layer coated with a conductive material. Preferred Method: In fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell, the dielectric is formed using a spin-coating, a dip-coating, a chemical vapor deposition, a physical vapor deposition, or an atomic layer chemical vapor deposition. The method further comprises performing a thermal process after the dielectric is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer is made of zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), indium oxide (In2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). The electrode connecting layer is made of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode connecting layer is made of materials selected from nickel (Ni), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), germanium (Ge), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The encapsulant comprises poly-ethyl-vinyl acetate. The transparent cover comprises glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bonding layer which is arranged between the chip and buffer layer, comprises gold (Au), silver, and gold-tin (Au-Sn) alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler material which is arranged among the pillars is made of polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The borohydride compound is at least one alkali metal borohydride (preferably sodium borohydride and/or potassium borohydride). The base is sodium, lithium or potassium hydroxide and/or sodium or potassium methoxide. Preferred Composition: The solid composition comprises (wt.%): at least one base (5-25, preferably 6-22), at least one borohydride compound (70-85), and at least one transition metal salt (2-15, preferably 4-14); or at least one base (8-30) and at least one borohydride compound (70-92). The liquid contains at least one transition metal salt ( not greater than 2, preferably not greater than 0.5) wt.%. The solid composition contains the at least one transition metal salt from groups 8, 9 and 10 ( not greater than 0.5 wt.%); the liquid contains acid (less than 1 wt.%); and the liquid contains the at least one transition metal salt at a level of 5-15 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A solid fuel composition comprising (%): sodium borohydride (80), sodium hydroxide (14) and cobalt chloride (6) was prepared in powder and/or pellet form. Pellets were produced in caplet form under a pressure of 10000 psi. The liquid activator (water) was added at ambient temperature (20-25 degrees C). The liquid activator was pumped via a syringe pump into a graduated cylinder capped with a gas outlet and septum with an 18-gauge needle. The outlet was connected to either a wet test meter or a water displacement apparatus connected to a balance. The foam volume was observed at 1 minute intervals. The maximum foam volume reading and the sum of foam volume readings were evaluated and the results were found to be 28 ml and 960 in pellet form respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The magnets are samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical layer is selected from a group consisting of tantalum oxide, titanium dioxide, niobium pentoxide, alumina, silicon dioxide and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The end plate structure components are made of ferrous alloy, non-ferrous alloy, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The end plate manifold components are made of polymer material that is selected from a group consisting of rubber, plastics and fiber composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material (MOx) is able to inhibit dissolution of the element E in the (I). The molar ratio of platinum and the element E to the element M is 1:0.0001 to 1:10 and a molar ratio of platinum to the element E is 10:1 to 1:10. The material (MOx) has sufficiently strong interaction with the element E such that the element E is stabilized. The element E is ruthenium, rhodium, palladium iridium, nickel, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, chromium, copper or tin. The average grain size of the composite catalyst is 0.5-1000 nm. Preferred Definitions:    M = Al, Ti, Ta, Ce, Y, Zr, Nb, Gd, Sm, La or Si; and    x = 0-2.5.    EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution of 1.4646x 10-4 mole of chloroplatinic acid (7.5 ml) and aqueous solution of 1.4646x 10-4 mole of ruthenium chloride (7.5 ml) were prepared respectively. Each of the two solutions was then added with sodium hydrogen sulfate (0.3033 g) for formation of platinum complex. An amount of titanium tetrachloride corresponding to the molar ratio platinum:ruthenium:titanium was dissolved in pure water (10 ml), and then resulting titanium tetrachloride solution, chloroplatinic acid solution and ruthenium trichloride solution were fully mixed with further addition of moderate amount of carbon black and the mixed solution was subjected to supersonic vibration for 30 minutes. Then 11 ml of pure hydrogen peroxide solution was added into the mixed solution while 1M sodium hydroxide solution was slowly dropped in the mixed solution to keep its pH value at 5. The mixed solution was refluxed at 100 degrees C for 8 hours to form a precipitate, which was washed, dried and collected. The collected precipitate was then reduced with 10% hydrogen/argon at 300 degrees C for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dopant metallic compounds are tin oxide, titanium oxide, germanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, and/or vanadium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The coating liquid further contains organometallic compound for dopants, chosen from organic tin compound, organic titanium compound, organogermanium compound, organozinc compound, organic tungsten compound, organic zirconium compound, organic tantalum compound, organic niobium compound, organic hafnium compound, and organic vanadium compound. The molar ratio of organometallic compound and organometallic compound for dopant is 99.9:0.1-66.7:33.3. Preferably, the organometallic compound consists of an organic tin or zinc compound. The organic indium compound is indium acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sources: The primary dopant source comprises boron, and secondary dopant source comprises phosphorus. Preferred Property: The polysilicon layer is recrystallized to have average grain size of 1 micron or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first film is molybdenum and ruthenium. The second film is molybdenum. The third film is ruthenium. The fourth film is copper. Each of the first film, the second film and the third film comprises molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, osmium and iridium. The continuous substrate is stainless steel and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curable composition contains silica particles (A), urethane compound (B) of formula: CH2=C(-R3)-C(=O)-O-R1-O-C(=O)-NH-R2-O-C(=O)-C(R4)=CH2 (I), (meth)acrylate (C) having alicyclic structure and ethylenically unsaturated group, and polymerization initiator (D). The curable composition has viscosity of 100-5000 mPa.second.R1=linear or branched 1-12C bivalent aliphatic group, 3-12C divalent organic group having alicyclic group, 6-30C divalent organic group having aromatic ring, or (-(CH2)a-O-(CH2)b-)c;R2=linear or branched 1-10C bivalent aliphatic group, 3-10C divalent organic group having alicyclic group, 6-30C divalent organic group having aromatic ring, or (-(CH2)d-O-(CH2)e-)f;a,b,d,e=1-10;c,f=1-5;andR3,R4=H or methyl.Preferred Components: The (meth)acrylate (C) has two ethylenically unsaturated groups. The silica particles (A) are surface-treated with silane compound (E) of formula: H2C=C(-R5)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)a-SiR6r(OR7)3-r (II). The content of silane compound (E) is 10-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of silica particles (A).R5=H or methyl;R6=1-3C alkyl or phenyl;R7=H or 1-10C hydrocarbyl;q=1-6;andr=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flow volume of diluent gas with respect to silane-type gas is 100 times or more of source gas containing silane-type gas and diluent gas containing hydrogen gas. The impurity atom such as boron atom, aluminum atom or phosphorus atom is doped into primary p-type semiconductor layer and secondary p-type semiconductor layer. The content rate of phosphorus atom with respect to silicon atom in the source gas is 0.1-5 atomic%. The removal of residual film on the cathode is performed by the etching process performed using plasma gas chosen from hydrogen gas, inert gas and fluorine-type cleaning gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layer of filling material is made of foam, particularly polyurethane- or polystyrene-foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The depth of the recessed portion is 1 mm or less. Preferred Component: The recessed portion comprises a groove extended along axial direction of the honeycomb material. The honeycomb material has 2 or more portions, and the joining layer joins honeycomb portion material (2). The honeycomb material contains silicon carbide as a main component. Preferred Layer: The joining layer is an outer periphery material layer (4) formed in the outer periphery of the honeycomb material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is carbon black or silica. The carbon black has iodine adsorption amount of less than or equal to 80 mg/g, average particle diameter of 15-250 nm, and dibutyl-phthalate absorbed quantity of 10-300 cm/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The liquid polymer has viscosity at 25 degrees C of 10-100000 Pax sec. The liquid polymer consists of ethylene propylene rubber, acrylic rubber, fluororubber, butyl rubber and/or nitrile rubber. The ethylene propylene rubber is ethylene- alpha -olefin-non conjugated-polyene copolymer has structural unit derived from ethylene and structural unit derived from 3-20C alpha -olefin in weight ratio of 35/65-95/5 and structural unit derived from isolated polyene of formula (1) or (2).R1, R3=H or 1-10C;R2=H or 1-5C alkyl; andn=0-10.The ethylene- alpha -olefin-non conjugated-polyene copolymer has iodine number of 0.5-50 g/100 g and intrinsic viscosity at 135 degrees C in decalin of 0.01-5.0 dL/g. The ethylene- alpha -olefin-nonconjugated polyene copolymer is an ethylene, propylene and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene random copolymer. The non-crosslinked rubber composition contains anti-aging agent, catalyst, reaction inhibitor, cross-linking agent, processing aid, organic peroxide and cross-linking adjuvant. Preferred Parameter: The masterbatch has Mooney viscosities at 125 degrees C of 5-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises washing the mixture solution by using a washing agent including deionized water or ethanol before the drying step. Preferred Components: In the method, a solvent of the mixture solution includes water. The mixture solution does not include organic solvent. The element of group IB comprises copper or silver. The element of group IIIA comprises aluminum, indium, or gallium. The element of group VIA comprises sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. The IB-IIIA-VIA-group crystalline structure has a chalcopyrite structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA-group crystalline structure or IB-IIIA-VIA-group chalcopyrite structure used for polymer thin-film solar cells is mixed with a conductive polymer. The IB-IIIA-VIA-group amorphous powders are transformed into the IB-IIIA-VIA-group crystalline structure by annealing the IB-IIIA-VIA-group amorphous powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. EXAMPLE - Copper(II) chloride dihydride, indium trichloride and sodium selenite (with molar ratio of copper:indium:selenium of 1:1:2) were weighed and dissolved in water and were positioned in a container. A magnet was placed into the mixture solution and uniformly agitated by a magnetic stirrer driver for 10 minutes. After agitation the container was tightly locked in a microwave reactor. The mixture solution was heated by a microwave generator with 200 W at 180 degrees C for 30 minutes. After the reaction was completed, the mixture solution was placed into a funnel for separation and washed by ethanol or water to give a glue mixture. The filtered product was placed into a vacuum high temperature baking oven and dried at 80 degrees C for 1 hour to give copper indium selenite (CuIn(SeO3)2) powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic net is made of a material selected from a group consisting of an alloy of aluminum, titanium, iron, copper, nickel, zinc, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon composite is carbon black, graphite and/or carbon fiber. Preferred Property: The carbon composite has average particle diameter of 0.001-300 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface-modified carbon nanotube contains oxygen, nitrogen and/or carbon. The foaming agent is azodicarboxylamide, azobistetrazole diaminoguanidine, azobistetrazole guanidine, 5-phenyltetrazole, triazol guanidine, triazol piperazine, N,N-dinitropentamethylenetetramine and/or hydrazodicarboxyamide. Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube is surface modified using oxygen, air, ozone, aqueous hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitro compound and/or functional groups chosen from carboxyl, carboxylate, amine, amine salt, amine, phosphate group, sulfate, alcohol, thiol, ester, amide, epoxide, aldehyde and ketone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive resin composition further contains resin (a) and 0.01-5 parts weight of foaming agent with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic resin. The resin (a) is thermoplastic resin, polyacetal resin, acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, styrene resin, polyester resin, vinyl resin, polyphenylene ether resin, polyolefin resin, acrylonitrile-butadien-styrene copolymer resin, polyarylate resin, polyamide resin, polyamide imide resin, polyarylsulfone resin, polyetherimide resin, polyether sulfone resin, polyphenylenesulfide resin, fluorine-type resin, polyimide resin, polyether ketone resin, polybenzoxazole resin, polyoxadiazole resin, polybenzothiazole resin, polybenzimidazole resin, polypyridine resin, polytriazole resin, polypyrrolidine resin, polydibenzofuran resin, polysulfone resin, polyurea resin, polyphosphazene resin and/or liquid-crystal polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - In solar cell evaluation apparatus, the light which imitates the reference sunlight is defined by JIS specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cover glass consists of silicon oxide, boron oxide, alkali metal oxide or europium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the first amount of copper includes about 35-49% of the total molar copper amount in the precursor stack, and the second amount of copper includes about 5 1-65% of the total molar copper amount in the precursor stack. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack, and the film stack includes a stack order comprising one of copper/indium/copper/gallium, copper/gallium/copper/indium, and indium/copper/gallium. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack, and where the film stack further includes a fourth copper film, where the film stack includes a stack order comprising one of copper/gallium/copper/indium and copper/indium/copper/gallium. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack and at least one of the first film and the second film comprises copper-indium binary alloy. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack and at least one of the first film and the third film comprises copper-gallium binary alloy. Copper in the second layer is graded so that the amount of copper adjacent the first layer is less than the amount of copper at the top of the second layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A dielectric layer made of silicon dioxide is formed between the polysilicon layer and back side of the sliver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixing- and agitation-time for many aqueous solutions are more than 1 hour. The mixture solution and the saturated citric acid aqueous solution comprise heating at 100 degrees C for more than 6 hours. The metal sol comprises drying in oven at 70 degrees C for more than a day. The precursor powder comprises heating at 650 degrees C for more than 4 hours. The powder mixture comprises sintering at 600 degrees C for more than 4 hours under the air atmosphere and having 5 degrees C per minute of temperature rising rate, and heating at 800 degrees C for more than 4 hours. Preferred Composition: The chemical composition of perovskite compound comprises lanthanum, calcium, cobalt and iridium compound of formula (La(0.6)Ca(0.4) Co1-xIrxO3), or (La(0.6) Ca(0.4) CoIr(0.25) O(3.5- delta )).x = 0-1. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface layer is a plasma-oxidized layer. The conducting inorganic material is indium-tin-oxide, indium-zinc-oxide, aluminum-tin-oxide, aluminum-zinc-oxide, or zirconium-tin-oxide. The inorganic surface layer is a passivation layer having a thickness of 50-500 nm. The plasma comprises argon and oxygen at a volume ratio of 9:1-0:10. Preferred Process: The power density is 0.25-1, preferably greater than 10 W/cm2, and the treating time is greater than or equal to 10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of thickness of crystalline silicon-germanium i-layer with respect to thickness of crystalline silicon layer is 0.6-1, 0.9-1.6 or 0.7-1.2. The ratio of germanium atom with respect to total of germanium atom and silicon atom in crystalline silicon-germanium i-layer is 25-35 atomic% or 35-45 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The clay component is chosen from mica, talc, vermiculite, smectite, bentonite, montmorillonite, iron montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite and nontronite, preferably hydrotalcite-type component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The clay component contains organic cation compound with ammonium salt, phosphonium salt or imidazolium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protection sheet further contains hydrophobic resin film layer having thickness of 1-1000 mu m and contact angle of 60 degrees or more with water, provided on clay film layer. The hydrophobic resin film layer contains 50 weight% or more of fluorine resin. The clay film layer and hydrophobic resin layer are laminated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer of doped titanium oxide comprises the same dopant which is present in an adjacent layer comprising hydrogen. The (I) is TiOx:H, N-TiOx, C-TiOx, Ag-TiOx, Y-TiOx, Nb-TiOx, and/or Ta-TiOx. The doped (I) is non-metal or metal doped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The speed of sound along the width direction of the polyimide film is 2 km/second. Preferred Process: The elongated polyimide film is obtained by casting solvent solution of polyimide precursor on a support, removing the solvent, peeling obtained self-supported film, stretching the film along width direction for 1.06 times or more and heating. The polyimide precursor is obtained from acid component including 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid and diamine component including para-phenylenediamine. The metal wiring is then connected with tip component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermostabilizer is hindered phenolic antioxidant or phosphorus processing stabilizer. The thermoplastic resin composition further contains ultraviolet absorber (0.1-10 parts mass). The ultraviolet absorber is benzotriazole-type compound or benzotriazine type-compound. The rubber-containing copolymer particles are particles having multilayered structure beyond a triple-layered structure or particles having triple-layered structure formed in the order of hard layer-soft layer-hard layer from the inner side. Preferred Properties: The molded product has haze value of 2% or less at 23 degrees C, and Vicat softening temperature of 110 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The paste composition further contains inorganic fluorescent substance composition for forming fluorescent substance layer of plasma display panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The swelling particle size of acrylic-type polymer particulate in the organic solvent is 1.1-3 times with respect to the particle size in dried condition. The thermal decomposition temperature in in-air of acrylic-type polymer particulate is 410 degrees C or less. The paste composition has viscosity of 10 Pa.second or more at rate of shear of 1 second-1, and viscosity of 2 Pa.second or less, preferably 1 Pa.second-1 or less at rate of shear of 4000 second-1. Preferred Process: The acrylic-type polymer particulate is obtained by emulsion polymerization method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal compound and/or alkaline earth metal compound are added to positive electrode. The electrolytic salt is fluorine-containing lithium salt. The positive electrode active material has compositional formula: LiMPO4, where M is iron and/or manganese, and is preferably lithium iron phosphate. Lithium carbonate is added to at least one portion of electric power generation element as alkali metal compound. The amount of lithium carbonate is 0.3 %mass or more with respect to total of positive electrode active material. The electroconductive coating material is carbon. The amount of carbon is 0.6 %mass or more with respect to total of 100 %mass of positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The peeling layer comprises tin-doped indium oxide or metal material. The transparent electrode layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary electrode layer contains molybdenum, and the optical absorption layer solution contains selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A gas containing selenium is used as the gas of reduced environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A gas containing selenium is used as the gas of reduced environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A gas containing selenium is used as the gas of reduced environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching solution is sulfuric acid is or hydrogen peroxide. The metal separation is carried out galvanically, particularly as silver-light induced platter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    A=one or more of 19 groups e.g. formulae (i), (ii) and (iii); and    R1-R6=Ph.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - A suspension of 1,3-bis(2,7,9-triphenyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrido(3,2-h)quinazolin-4-yl)benzene (4.4 mol) in diethyleneglycol was heated until total dissolution. Palladium/carbon (1.2 g) was then slowly added, and reaction was refluxed for 6 hours with argon bubbling directly in solution. The reaction was then stopped and suspension cooled to room temperature. The resulting yellowgreen solution was dried with magnesium sulfate and filtered through paper filter. The solvents were reduced to approximately 30 mL. The suspension was filtered again and suspended in 30 mL diethylether sonicated again for 15 mm. The suspension was filtered and dried finally to obtain compound (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a porous screen at least on one side. The area ratio of the pressure-sensitive adhesive region to the porous screen region is 5/95-95/5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant is hydrophobic. The coolant is silicone oil, mineral oil distillate, mineral oil raffinate, synthetic oil or biological oil. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The first sealant cap is made of glass. The casing is made of borosilicate glass or soda lime glass. The sealant cap is hermetically sealed with a continuous strip of sealant formed from glass frit, sol-gel, or ceramic cement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water resistant layer comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), silicon oxide (SiOx) or aluminum oxide. The butyl rubber includes an active desiccant which is calcium oxide or barium oxide.x, y=positive integers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first sealant cap is made of metal or metal alloy, or low expansion stainless steel alloy. The first sealant cap is made of KOVAR (RTM: nickel-cobalt ferrous alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A filler layer (560) is disposed on the solar cells, and comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane, room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral, thermoplastic polyurethane, polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or urethane. A water resistant layer is disposed on the solar cells, and comprises clear silicone. The first sealant cap is hermetically sealed to the first end of the casing using a butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The P3HT-b-P(S'xA'y)-C6-0 diblock is synthesized by carrying out polymerization reaction and performing cycloaddition reactions. Preferred Composition: The weight percentage of each of P3HT, PCBM in wt.% solution, and P3HT-b-P(S'xA'y)-C60 per amount of P3HT is 1-10, 0.1-10, 0.1-5, and 1-20 (preferably 1, 0.7, 1, and 5), respectively. The mole percentage of each of P3HT, polystyrene and polyacrylate, and weight percentage of C60 are 10-20, 50-80, 10-40, and 30-50, respectively. EXAMPLE - A mixture of polytosylhydrazone (360 mg), sodium methoxide (36 mg) and dry pyridine (20 ml) was placed under argon and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. A solution of C60 (0.28 g) in ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) (100 ml) was added into mixture, and the homogeneous reaction mixture was stirred at 70 degrees C under argon for 2 days. The solution was heated to reflux and allowed to continue overnight again. The resulting mixture was vacuum-concentrated and precipitated in methanol (200 ml). The crude product was extracted with methanol for 1 day and hexane for 7 days. The residue was redissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF, 500 ml) and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and washed with hexane. The crude product was redissolved in THF (500 ml) and filtered, and then evaporated. The obtained residue was redissolved in o-DCB and precipitated into hot hexane (200 ml), which was repeated until disappearance of unreacted fullerene. The product was collected and dried to give reddish brown polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Compounds: The phosphor is of formula EuMg(1-x)MnxAl10O17 including EuMg0.7Mn0.3Al10O17; or EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al(10-y)GayO17 including EuMg0.8Mn0.2A19GaO17.y=0-5.Preferred Properties: The phosphor is excited by 200-400 nm UV or 400-420 nm blue light to emit green light having major emission peak of about 515 nm and a CIE coordination of (0.157, 0.677); or excited by 200-400 nm UV or 400-420 nm blue light to emit a green light having major emission peak of 515 nm and CIE coordination of (0.155, 0.615). Preferred Materials: The device includes blue phosphor and red phosphor. The blue phosphor comprises BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+(Ba,Sr,Ca)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,Br,OH):Eu2+; 2SrO-0.84P2O5-O.1 6B2O3:Eu2+; Sr2Si3O8-2SrCl2:Eu2+; or (Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Zn)3B2O5:Eu2+. The red phosphor comprises (Sr,Ca)S:Eu2+; (Y,La,Gd,Lu)2O3:Eu3+, Bi3+; (La,Gd,Lu)2O2S:Eu3+,Bi3+; Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+; or ZnCdS:AgCl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The strip-shaped electroconductive material comprises copper, aluminum, silver or gold, or highly purified touch pitch copper, low oxygen copper, anoxia copper, phosphorus deoxidized copper, or copper having purity of more than 99.9999%. The hot-dipped layer consists of tin group solder alloy containing 0.1 %mass or more of lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopants present in the transparent conductive layer are selected from one of boron oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal is selected from molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, titanium, niobium or zirconium (preferably molybdenum). The alkali metal is selected from lithium, sodium or potassium (preferably sodium). The second target comprises alloy or compound of the alkali metal such as sodium with selenium, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, titanium, niobium or zirconium such as sodium molybdate, sodium fluoride, sodium selenide, sodium hydroxide, sodium oxide, sodium sulfate, and sodium tungstate, sodium selenate, sodium selenite, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium titanate, sodium metavanadate and/or sodium orthovanadate (preferably sodium fluoride). The first target comprises molybdenum. The sputtering atmosphere comprises argon gas and a selenium-containing gas. The two electrically conductive targets are copper, indium or gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises web substrate selected from metal web substrate, a polymer web substrate, or a polymer coated metal web substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy board contains 0.8-2.5 %mass of iron as beta -stabilization element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is electroconductive fine particles having average particle diameter of 0.001-10 mu m. The electroconductive substance contains metal chosen from gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium and iron, preferably silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The protective substance is compound containing functional group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group and/or phosphoric acid group, and is preferably carboxylic acid. The 10-18C compound having 1-4 hydroxyl groups is 10-18C monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol or glycol ether. EXAMPLE - (In parts weight) toluene (200), silver pentanoate (20.9), diethylaminoethanol (1.8) and succinic acid dihydrazide (73.1) were heated to 40 degrees C and reacted for 4 hours. The reaction was stopped and the oil layer was separated and washed with distilled water. The washed layer was vacuum distilled to obtain electroconductive substance with silver concentration of 82% and average particle diameter of 5 plus minus 1 nm. Palset JK-510 (RTM: cation modified acrylic type copolymer solution) (15), Snowtex O (RTM: colloidal silica) (60) and mixture (25) of water/isopropyl alcohol were mixed and stirred for 20 minutes to obtain coating liquid for forming ion exchange layer. The obtained coating liquid was used for forming ion exchange layer with thickness of 5 mu m. The prepared electroconductive substance (24.4), Isopar L (RTM: isoparaffin solvent) (30.04) and stearyl alcohol (45.4) were stirred for 30 minutes to obtain conductive ink with silver concentration of 20 wt.%. The conductive ink was coated on the ion exchange layer and an electroconductive circuit pattern was printed to obtain electroconductive film with thickness of 0.3 mu m. The electroconductive film had favorable adhesiveness with respect to substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-noble metal and/or its oxide is iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and/or nickel (Ni). The catalyst further includes promoter such as alkaline, earth-alkaline and lanthanides groups of the periodic table. Preferred Composition: The total metal loading of catalyst is 5-50 wt.%, where surface area is 30-360 m2/g. Preferred Process: The deposition of metal ions of non-noble metal is performed by incipient wetness impregnation method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material is phenyl derivative of formula (A) or polymer derivative of formula (C).R1=H or 1-10C hydrocarbon radical (optionally substituted with halo);R2, R3=electron-attractor group, e.g. H, halo, acyl, ester, COOH, formyl, -NH-, sulfonic acid, aryl, or 1-15C linear or branched alkyl (optionally substituted with halo);y=2-120;x=1-2;n=1-3; andR4, R5=electron-donor group, e.g. H, OH, ether, -NH, or 1-15C linear or branched aryl or alkyl; orR2+R3=condensed cycles with Ph or -NO-.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of organic material and inorganic porous material is 0.5-2. EXAMPLE - A gamma -aluminum oxide ( gamma -Al2O3) or alumina (5 g) was added with polymer (7 g), ammonium nitrate (7 g) and distilled water (150 ml). An ammonia solution (30 wt.%) was added dropwise until pH was 9. The suspension was heated to 50 degrees C and stirred for 8 hours. The solvent was removed, and obtained solid was dried at 70 degrees C overnight. The dried material was pyrolyzed in argon flow at 900 degrees C for 2 hours. The composite material (0.9 g) was impregnated via incipient wetness with aqueous solution containing iron (II) acetate (0.31 g) to obtain final metal load (10 wt.%). The material was dried at 70 degrees C and reduced in hydrogen flow at 500 degrees C for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Flame retardant is non-halogen flame-retardant compound, inorganic metal and/or inorganic metallic compound which contains phosphorus and/or nitrogen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material thermoplastic resin film contains greater than or equal to 2 mass% inorganic particle with respect to the total mass of base-material thermoplastic resin film, and is a porous white thermoplastic resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramic filler is chosen from cordierite, bismuth titanate, amorphous silica, eucryptite, aluminum titanate, spodumene, zircon, willemite and/or mullite. The glass composition further contains manganese oxide, ferric oxide, cobalt(III) oxide or vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible adhesive material layer is made of polyvinyl butyral or transparent ethylene-vinyl acetate material. The insulating plate of solar mobile power supply is made of epoxy resin board. The cover plate of power supply is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or transparent polyvinyl fluoride material. The back plate is made of polyvinyl fluoride composite membrane or piece of leather.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal powder contains silver, gold, platinum, rhodium, palladium, nickel, aluminum, and/or copper, preferably silver powder. The inorganic binder is glass frit. Preferred Property: The conductive paste composition has viscosity of 50000-500000 centipoise.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel is 1-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of alumina carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium precursor solution is tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetra-isopropyl titanate or ethyl titanate. The n-butyl acetate or isopropanol is used instead of absolute ethyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block polymer is triblock copolymer of polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene, or diblock copolymer of polystyrene and polyoxyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The organic layer consists of a hole injection layer (3), a hole transport layer (4), a light-emitting layer (5), and an electron injection layer and/or an electron transport layer (6). The light-emitting layer contains the anthracene derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 676 Anthracene derivatives are disclosed, e.g. 2-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole of formula (Ia), 1-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole, 2-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-(1,10)phenanthroline, 6-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenanthridine, and 2-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode is a carbon paper electrode, ruthenium-titanium electrode, a tin dioxide electrode, a 10% platinum-carried carbon paper electrode, a lead dioxide electrode, or a graphite electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode is a stainless steel electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silicone composition comprises a moisture curable silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fabrication of crystalline surface structures further includes impregnating heated template by introducing carbon monoxide (CO) precursor for making carbon diffuse into the template. Preferred Components: The element is carbon, nitrogen or boron. The crystalline surface structure is graphene. The template comprises transition metal, oxide, nitride and carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type semiconductor is dissolved in an organic solvent to obtain a varnish. Preferred Definitions:    R 7=tetrose residue, pentose residue or hexose residue, allosyl group, arabinosyl group, erythrosyl group, fructosyl group, galactosyl group, glucosyl group, inositol residue, lyxosyl group, mannosyl group, ribosyl, sialic acid residue, sorbosyl group, caprosyl, carosyl (sic) or xylosyl group, having hydroxyl group protected by alkyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, t-butyl, methoxymethyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, ethoxyethyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyl dimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl or t-butyl diphenylsilyl.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) o-formylphenyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl- beta -D-glucopyranoside (181) and para-xylene solution of fullerene (288) were heat-refluxed for 8 hours. Sarcosine (36) was added and a dark brown solid was obtained by concentrating the reaction liquid. The dark brown solid (267) was purified and heat-dissolved in benzene (4 ml) and methanol (20 ml) to obtain fullerene having tetra-O-acetyl- beta -D-glucopyranoside (228) having melting point of more than 300 degrees C. The obtained fullerene compound had favorable solubility with respect to organic solvent and favorable film formability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compounds (I)-(III) are prepared by mixing pyrrole and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde; mixing obtained solution with mixture of methanol and water having a volume ratio of 1:1; adding concentrated hydrochloric acid as catalyst and tetrachlorobenzoquinone as oxidant; stirring mixture at room temperature for 6 hours; distilling the mixture; subjecting to column chromatography to obtain (I); adding (I) to pyridine solution; adding copper acetate or cobalt acetate at 80 degrees C; stirring and reflowing for 1-6 hours and subjecting to column chromatography to obtain (II) or (III), respectively. Preferred Components: The column chromatography employs silicon oxide; and eluting agent comprising methylene dichloride and n-hexane, methylene dichloride or anhydrous ether, preferably methylene dichloride and n-hexane having a volume ratio of 3:1 when (II) is synthesized or 2:3 when (III) is synthesized. The ratio of copper acetate or cobalt acetate and compound (I) is 1:1. The ratio of tetrachlorobenzoquinone and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde is 1:1. The volume ratio of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde is 1:8 (l/mol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains platinum nitrate, platinum chloride and platinum hydroxide. Preferred Component: The support is alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconium oxide. Preferred Condition: The heating is carried out at 300-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The voltage applied to the organic player is 0.1-10 kV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises gallium phosphate. The device further comprises a window layer, p-type indium-gallium-nitrogen-phosphate of formula: InaGa1-aNbP1-b, where a is 0-1 and b is 0-0.1 and a reflective surface which contains a metal. The dilute nitride semiconductor active layer comprises dilute nitride semiconductor chosen from gallium-nitrogen-phosphate of formula: GaNcP1-c or indium-gallium-nitrogen-phosphate of formula: InmGa1-mNcP1-c. The window layer comprises group III-V semiconductor alloy, gallium phosphate or aluminum-gallium phosphate of formula: AlvGa1-vP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insulation layer comprises silicon oxide. The emitter layers of the first junction comprise germanium. The emitter layers of the second junction comprise gallium arsenide. The emitter layers of the third junction comprise gallium indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode of the corrugated tube battery assembly is prepared as the corrugated tube electrode with multiple pores and the anode is prepared as the film electrode with multiple pores. The electrolyte is prepared as a compact film. The cathode, electrolyte and anode are connected into an integer by high temperature sintering to constitute a three-in-one corrugated tube battery assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The tubular filler is a hollow cylinder with identical upper and lower apertures and the spherical filler is a spherical body and the surface is distributed with pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal oxide and/or electroconductive particle is 5-100 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric material is cellulose derivative, polymethacrylic acid ester-type resin and/or fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic nanoparticle consists of barium titanate or strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic nanoparticle consists of polyvinylidene fluoride or poly (vinylidene fluoride/trifluoro-ethylene) as ferroelectric dipole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid is silver paste and/or aluminum paste. The nanoparticles are doped with boron and/or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is at least one of sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium hydride, calcium hydride and/or hydrazine. The viologen in the solution is adjusted to control the n-doped state of the CNTs. The CNT displays n-type doping behavior in air and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is viologen comprising at least one of 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride, methyl viologen dichloride hydrate, ethyl viologen diperchlorate, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-4,4'-bipyridiniumdibromide and/or dioctyl bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl viologen. The viologen comprises a molecular structure capable of conjugation between bipyridyl structures. The molecular structure capable of conjugation comprises aryl, alkenyl and/or alkynyl. The non-polar solvent is at least one of alkanes, aromatic compounds, glycol ethers, glycol ether acetates, acetates, halogen compounds and/or nitrogen compounds. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a solvent, where the solvent is operative to dissolve (I) n-doping material. Preferred Method: The reduced form of the compound is obtained by the reduction of the nitrogen atom on a benzene ring of at least one pyridinium derivative. The method further comprises: contacting the CNTs that are to be doped with a solution containing a reduced viologen; and heating the CNTs provided with the solution to remove a solvent in the solution. The solution is prepared by a method comprises: adding water and a non-polar solvent sequentially to viologen to obtain a phase separated solution; adding a reducing agent to the solution; and obtaining a non-polar solvent phase from the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass electrode comprises the porous high surface area titanium dioxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains polyisocyanate resin chosen from aliphatic type isocyanate resin, alicyclic type isocyanate resin and aromatic-aliphatic type isocyanate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum, copper, silver, gold, or stainless steel, or titanium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, platinum, or Hastelloy (RTM: nickel based alloy). The conductive layer is made of titanium, chromium, nickel, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, platinum, or Hastelloy (RTM: nickel based alloy), preferably chromium or nickel. The electroconductive catalyst layer is made of carbon, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, or a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains acetylene black or boron-modified acetylene black as carbon material (B) and silicon oxide and/or metal oxide. The carbon material (B) contains carbon black with nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 90 m2/g or more. The sum total content of carbon material (A and B) is 10-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass ionic liquid. The ratio of carbon material (B) with respect to carbon material (A) is 99.9/0.1-60/40. Preferred Properties: The carbon material (A) has primary average particle diameter of 0.5-120 mu m. The carbon material (B) has pH of 2-6 based on JIS Z8802 pH measurement method and primary average particle diameter of 0.01-0.05 mu m. Preferred Process: The carbon material (B) is added after mixing ionic liquid and carbon material (A) to obtain dispersion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid has iodine anion or ammonium cation of formula (1) or R5-Q+(-R4)(-R6)-R7 (2).R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl or 1-20C substituent (both optionally containing hetero atom);R2,R3=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hetero atom;Q=N, O, P or S;andR4-R7=H or 1-8C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hetero atom.when nitrogen atom includes double bond, R3 does not exist and when Q is oxygen atom or sulfur atom, R7 does not exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The excitation light source comprises a light emitting diode or a laser diode. The white light illumination device further comprises a blue phosphor and a red phosphor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for preparation of compound (I) is given. Preferred Compound: The phosphor is EuMg(1-y)Mb'yAl(10-z)MczO17, or EuMg(1-y)MnyAl10O17, (preferably EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al(10-z)GazO17, EuMg0.7Mn0.3Al10O17, or EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al9GaO17), where the phosphor is excited by 200-400 nm UV or 400-420 nm blue light to emit a green light, and the green light has a major emission peak of 517 nm and a CIE coordination of (0.157, 0.677). The blue phosphor comprises BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+, (Ba,Sr,Ca)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,Br,OH):Eu2+, 2SrOasterisk0.84P2O5asterisk0.16B2O3:Eu2+, Sr2Si3O8asterisk2SrCl2:Eu2+, or (Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Zn)3B2O6:Eu2+. The red phosphor comprises (Sr,Ca)S:Eu2+, (Y,La,Gd,Lu)2O3:Eu3+,Bi3+, (Y,La,Gd,Lu)2O2S:Eu3+,Bi3+, Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+, or ZnCdS:AgCl.Mb'=Mn and/or Zn. Preferred Definitions:    Mb=Mn;    Max = MdpMe'q;    Ma and Md=Sn, Yb, Pb, Tb, Ce, Dy and/or Pr;    p and x=0-0.5;    Me'=Ca, Sr and/or Ba;    q=0-0.9;    p+q=0-0.9.    EXAMPLE - Eu2O3 (99.99%), MgO (99.99%), MnCO3 (99.99%), Al2O3 (greater than 99.9%), and Ga2O3 (greater than 99.9%) were evenly mixed and grinded, charged in a crucible, and heated in a high temperature furnace. After sintering at 1600 degrees C for 8 hours under 5% hydrogen/nitrogen, the phosphor EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al9.5Ga0.5O17, EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al9GaO17, EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al7Ga3O17, and EuMg0.8Mn02Al5Ga5O17 were prepared. The phosphors have a major excitation peak of 380 nm to 396 nm and a major emission peak of 515 nm, where the major emission peak has CIE coordination (0.155, 0.615).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor for nanotubes is AsH3 (arsine). The silicon substrate comprises a (111)-oriented Si wafer. The group III-V nanowires comprise InAs or GaAs nanowires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor for nanotubes is trimethyl-indium ((CH3)3In) (TMI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas mixture comprises oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium and/or hydrogen, preferably oxygen, hydrogen and/or argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Dehydrogenation reaction of organic hydride is carried out in the presence of the catalyst.
Preferred Definitions:    Z=allyl nadic acid anhydride compound residue;    n=1-5;and    Y'=naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic acid dianhydride, 2,2-bis(4-phenyl carboxylic acid)propanoic acid dianhydride, 1,2,3,4-cyclopentane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-7-en-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4-(2,5-dioxo tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dianhydride, 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dianhydride, 5-(2,5-dioxo tetrahydrofuryl)-3-methyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dianhydride, pyromellitic acid dianhydride, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-biphthalic acid dianhydride, 3,3',4,4'-diphenylsulfonic acid, 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopyridine)diphthalic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-oxydiphthalic acid dianhydride or 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.    EXAMPLE - (In g) (1R,2R)-(+)-1,2-trans cyclohexanediamine (45.68) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (300 ml). 1,2,3,4-Cyclopentane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (63.04) was added the contents were stirred for 30 minutes. Allyl nadic acid anhydrous compound (40.08) and mixture of acetic anhydride/pyridine were further added and heated for 12 hours. The reaction liquid was added to ion exchange water (400 ml) and imide oligomer with softening point of 80 degrees C was obtained after drying. The heat-hardened material produced using the oligomer was colorless and had excellent transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The translucent film includes ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The polar functional group is hydroxyl group. Preferred Substance: The charge transporting substance is aniline derivative compound, preferably oligo aniline derivative or quinone diimine derivative, which is an oxidant of oligo aniline derivative. The oligo aniline derivative is of formula: R1-(A-NH)n-(B'-N(-R2))m-R3 or of formula (I).R1-R3=H, halo, hydroxy, amino, silanol, thiol, carboxy, phosphoric acid, phosphate ester, ester, thioester, amide, nitro, monovalent hydrocarbyl, organo oxy, organo amino, organo silyl, organo thio, acyl or sulfone;A,B'=bivalent group of formula (i or ii);R4-R11=R1;m,n=1 or more;andm+n=20 or less.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is mixture of good solvent and poor solvent. Preferred Property: The charge transporting varnish has viscosity of 10-200 mPa.second at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of powder of aluminum-silicon alloy is 50 weight% or more. The content of silicon with respect to aluminum in the alloy is 1-10 weight%, preferably 1.5-3 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The residual component further contains organic binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of silicon of D nucleus with respect to total silicon content of polymer film is 0.3 or more and the molar ratio of Q nucleus including elements chosen from tungsten, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium with respect to total silicon content of polymer film is 0.025-0.25.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic group chemically bonded with silicon of polymer film is methyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The other vinyl monomer is ethylene, propylene, styrene, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, acrylic monomer, methacrylate monomer, acrylic monomer and/or methyl acrylic monomer. The acrylic monomer is acrylic acid, methyl acrylate and/or hydroxyethyl acrylate. The methacrylate monomer is chosen from methacrylic acid. The methyl acrylic monomer is methyl methacrylate and/or hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The fluoride is hydrogen fluoride, ammonium acid fluoride and salt formed from hydrogen fluoride and alkali, tetramethyl ammonium fluoride and/or 3-hydroxyethyl ammonium fluoride. The alkali is ammonia water, quaternary ammonium hydroxide and/or alcohol amine. The carrier is chosen from water and organic solvent. The organic solvent is sulfoxide, sulfone, imidazole flavanone, ketopyrrolidine, imidazolidinone, alcohol, ether and/or amide, preferably dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazole flavanone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, hydroxyethyl pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, propanediol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dimethylformamide and/or dimethylacetamide. The sulfoxide is 1-4C sulfoxide and/or 7-10C aryl sulfoxide. The sulfone is 1-4C sulfone and/or 7-10C aryl sulfone. The alcohol is 1-4C alkyl alcohol and/or 7-10C aryl alcohol. The ether is chosen from 3-20C ether. The amide is chosen from 1-6C alkyl amide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyvinylpyrrolidone is homopolymer and/or copolymer. The copolymer is chosen from vinyl pyrrolidone and binary and/or ternary copolymer of other vinyl monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The organic semiconductor element has crystal arrangement to which the neutral radical compound comprising trioxo triangulene derivative (I) overlaps with columnar shape. The hybrid-type solar cell has organic thin film solar cell combined with a silicon-type solar cell. Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer is n-type-semiconductor layer which forms p-type organic-semiconductor material and p-n-type joining, or an electron injection layer or electron carrying layer which supplies an electron to a light-emitting layer. The semiconductor layer is formed by forming a film of neutral radical compound comprising trioxo triangulene derivative (I) by coating process. Preferred Property: The semiconductor layer has carrier mobility of 0.01-20 cm2/Vs.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The energy gap of singly occupied molecular orbital of the neutral radical compound comprising trioxo triangulene derivative (I) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is 0.1-1 eV. Preferred Definitions:    R=monovalent organic group chosen from H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, cyclohexyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoroisopropyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, phenyloxy, amino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, isopropylamino, carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, trifluoro methoxycarbonyl, cyano, nitrile or halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has primary average particle diameter of 0.5-120 mu m. Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid has iodine anion or ammonium cation of formula (1) or R5-Q+(-R4)(-R6)-R7 (2).R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl or 1-20C substituent (optionally containing hetero atom);R2,R3=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hetero atom;Q=N, O, P or S;andR4-R7=H or 1-8C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hetero atom.when nitrogen atom includes double bond, R3 does not exist and when Q is oxygen atom or sulfur atom, R7 does not exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The spherical particles have monodispersed degree of 10% or less and specific surface area of 10 m2/g or more. The microcrystal has diameter of 2-40 nm. Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor contains tin oxide as main component. Alternately, the spherical oxide semiconductor particles are porous particles consisting of aggregate of microcrystal having titanium oxide. The spherical oxide particles are regularly arranged in accumulated material. The photosensitization substance has emission spectrum having reflected wavelength band based on Bragg reflection and overlap of accumulated material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The air hole has average diameter of 4 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon substrate is pre-cleaned before textured. Texturing of silicon substrate involves exposing the silicon substrate to a mixture containing water, isopropyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide. Preferred Components: The silicon substrate is pre-cleaned using sulfuric acid solution, hydrofluoric acid solution, hydrochloric acid solution, or buffered oxide etch solution. The silicon substrate is cleaned using hydrofluoric acid solution, hydrochloric acid solution, buffered oxide etch solution, standard cleaning solution (SC-1), standard cleaning solution (SC-2), hydrochloric acid solution, or solution containing water, buffered oxide etch solution and piranha solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The gas conveying unit comprises an injection nozzle or a ventilator. The ventilator is arranged in the region of one front side of the stack of substrates and is fixed to a driveshaft which extends into the process chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The welded pipe further contains niobium (1.0 or less), titanium (1.0 or less), molybdenum (4.0 or less) and/or copper (4.0 or less), aluminum (1.0 or less), alkaline earth metal or rare earth metal (0.10 or less) and/or boron (0.010 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer is formed from silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitrogen oxide or silicon carbide. The fluid is formed from a material selected from a group consisting of lead oxide, cadmium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, aluminum oxide, phosphorus oxide, boron oxide, titanium oxide, palladium oxide, thallium oxide, zirconium oxide, lithium oxide, gallium oxide, nickel oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particle is formed of metal selected from a group consisting of silver, nickel, copper, lead, titanium, tin and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon compound for the decomposition is mixed with a carrier gas heated at greater than 1410 degrees C, preferably with hydrogen heated at greater than 1410 degrees C. The carrier gas is heated at 2000-4000 degrees C before mixing with the silicon compound. The energy required for the decomposition of the silicon compound is provided at least in part, exclusively via the carrier gas. The carrier gas is heated in a plasma generator. The mixture of the silicon compound and the carrier gas is adjusted at 1600-1800 degrees C. The mixture of silicon compound with the carrier gas is introduced in a decomposition reactor (101). The mixture with a flow velocity of 200-400 m/second is introduced into the decomposition reactor. The hydrogen originating during the thermal decomposition of the silicon-hydrogen compound is used as a carrier gas. At least one section of the reactor interior space is substantially cylindrically shaped. Preferred Components: The silicon compound is a silicon-hydrogen compound. The amount of the silicon compound in the mixture is 5-99 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor contains a channel preferably tangentially discharging into the interior space, over which the mixture of silicon compound can be introduced with the carrier gas. The delivery pipe for the gaseous decomposition product, consists of a filter (104) in the form of a tube open on one side, which is arranged vertically in the interior space of the reactor. The system comprises a heating device (102), in which the carrier gas is heated to a temperature of greater than 1410 degrees C, preferably at 2000-4000 degrees C. The heating device is a plasma generator. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    X=9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl (substituted at 9 position by R1) or 10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diyl (substituted at 10 position by R1;    Y1 and Y2=((5-(meth-(E)-ylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acid))-1-yl, ((Z)-2-cyano-3-(tetrahydro-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid)-5-yl, or ((E)-2-cyano-acrylic acid)-3-yl, ((5-methyl-cyclohex-2-en-(Z)-ylidene)-cyano-acetic acid)-3-yl;    L1 and L2=(Z)-ethene-1,2-diyl (substituted at 1 and 2 positions by R2 and R3), (E)-ethene (substituted at 1 and 2 positions by R2 and R3) or ethyne-1,2-diyl;    R2 and R3=H or 1-4C alkyl (optionally substituted);    n and m=1-4.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 3 compounds i.e. (E)-3-(7-(2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-10-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid (I'); (5-(7-(3-carboxymethyl-2,4-dioxo-thiazolidin-(5Z)-ylidenemethyl)-10-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-10H-phenothiazin-3-ylmethylene)-2,4-dioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acid; and (Z)-3-(5-(7-(5-((Z)-2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-10-hexyl-1 0H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid are specified as the compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The boron tablet is made from boron compounds comprising boron, boron carbides, boron oxides, and boron nitrides. The composite target material is boron tablet inserted in a graphite target material or carbon target material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphite complex includes expandable graphite having an average particle size of 20-200 mu m, planar graphite having an average particle size of 20-200 mu m, and spherical graphite having an average particle size of 5 to 80 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin includes one or more kinds of the resins comprising polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly methyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystalline polymer, polyether ether ketone, polyimide and polyether sulfone, and the thermosetting resin includes one or more kinds of the resins comprising epoxy resin and phenol resin. EXAMPLE - Planar graphite having an average particle size of 70 mu m was mixed with spherical graphite having an average particle size of 20 mu m at a ratio of 3-1 wt.% to obtain graphite powder. The graphite powder was mixed with expandable graphite having an average particle size of 170 mu m at a ratio of 3-1 wt.% using a dry mixer to form a graphite complex. The graphite complex (75 wt.%), a carbon black (2 wt.%), and a thermoplastic resin polypropylene (23 wt.%) were mixed and made into a pellet shaped material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Fuel Cell: The nickel-based alloy approximately includes 57 wt% nickel, 22 wt% chromium, 2 wt% molybdenum, 14 wt% tungsten, 0.4 wt% silicon, 0.5 wt% manganese, 0.3 wt% aluminum, a non-zero amount of cobalt up to 5 wt%, and a non-zero amount of iron up to 3 wt%. The separator sheet and the perforated support sheet are made of a metal foil comprising a thickness of 10-150 micrometers (394-5906 microinches). The porous layer comprises woven filaments. The porous layer is a nickel-based alloy or stainless steel. The nickel-based alloy includes a predominant amount of nickel, chromium, and an element selected from cobalt, molybdenum, aluminum, iron, and/or tungsten. The fuel cell comprises: (a) an electrode including a solid oxide electrolyte between an anode and a cathode; (b) an interconnect layer; and (c) a rigidized foil support between the electrode and the interconnect layer, where the rigidized foil support includes a separator sheet, a perforated support sheet connected to the separator sheet, and a porous layer located between the separator sheet and the support sheet, where the perforated support sheet and the separator sheet comprise a nickel-based alloy, and the porous layer provides an electrical connection between the separator sheet and the perforated support sheet. The solid oxide electrolyte is an electrolyte selected from a doped ceria, a gallate, or a stabilized zirconia, and the separator sheet and the perforated support sheet each comprise a metal foil having a thickness of 10-150 micrometers. The separator sheet is a nickel-based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotubes are modified or pristine carbon nanohorns, modified or pristine carbon nanocapsules, modified or pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes, modified or pristine double-walled carbon nanotubes, or modified or pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes are modified or pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes, modified or pristine double-walled carbon nanotubes, or modified or pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises pulverizing the melt compounding material from the melt compounding step to form a melt compounding powder, and the molding step comprises placing the melt compounding powder in a mold. The molding step is a compression molding or injection molding. Preferred Component: The polypropylene resin is the homopolymer of propylene. The polypropylene resin is the random copolymer of propylene and ethylene. EXAMPLE - Propylene homopolymer (1.10 g), graphite powder (40 g) and pristine carbon nanotubes (0.8 g) were melt compounded at 180 degrees C and 50 rpm for 10 minutes. The melt compound material was removed from the brabender and cooled at room temperature. The melt compound material was divided into several lumps, which were then pulverized in a mill for two minutes and half to form powders. A slab mold was fastened to the upper and lower platforms of a hot press. The pre-heating temperature of the mold was set at 180 degrees C. After the temperature had reached the set point, the powder was disposed at the center of the mold and pressed at 1500 psi to form a specimen. After 30 minutes, the heater was turned off and the specimen was cooled in the mold to 80 degrees C, which was then removed from the mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The graphene paper is provided between heat source and heat sink, to transfer heat between the heat source and the heat sink. The sheets of graphene paper are oriented perpendicular to plane (18) of the heat source, and plane (20) of the heat sink. Preferred Composition: The bonding agent comprises thermal conductive material. The thermal conductive material is graphite, copper, gold, silver, gallium, indium, thermal cement and/or thermal epoxy component. The heat source comprises electronic circuit board, solar cell or thermoelectric element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first ink comprises silver alloy, and consists of silver-copper alloy and/or silver-geranium alloy. The second ink comprises copper and/or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heteropolyacid compound is molybdophosphoric acid. The charge-transporting varnish contains charge-transporting material and organic solvent. Preferred Property: The charge-transporting varnish has viscosity of 10-200 mPa.second at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer is hole implant layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer or electron transport layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R7=groups chosen from 48 groups e.g. of formulae (a-e);and    R1,X=groups chosen from 46 groups e.g. of formula (a-e).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 368 Compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. 5,6-diphenyl-(2,3')bichrysenyl of formula (I-a), 6-(5,6-diphenyl-chrysen-2-yl)-4,10c-dihydro-pyrene, 6-(4-(5,6-diphenyl-chrysen-2-yl)-phenyl)-4,10c-dihydro-pyrene, 2-(10-naphthalen-1-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-5,6-diphenyl-chrysene and 5,6-diphenyl-2-(4-(10-phenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-chrysene.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolan-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-ol (10.5), 1-bromo-2-(2-phenylethynyl)-benzene (10) and potassium phosphate (24.7) were suspended in mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (898 mg) was added and the contents were reacted to obtain 6-(2-phenylethynyl-phenyl)-naphthalen-2-ol (10.5). The obtained compound was used for manufacturing 4'-methyl-3'-phenyl-(2,2')binaphthalenyl-6-ol (A-1) (7.02). The compound (A-1) (7.02) was reacted with phenyl boronic acid (2.30), potassium phosphate (6.67) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (363 mg) to obtain 3',4'-diphenyl-(2,2')binaphthalenyl -6-ol (B-1). The compound (B-1) (6.2), potassium carbonate (6.10) and n-nonafluorobutyl sulfonyl fluoride (5.22) were reacted to obtain nonafluorobutyl sulfonic acid substituted compound (C-1). The compound (C-1) (4.85), 2-(9,10-Di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracen-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2) dioxaborolane (3.98) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (165 mg) were reacted. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and chloroform, and dried to obtain 5,6-diphenyl-(2,3')bichrysenyl (4.18) with yield of 73%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The weight average molecular weight of poly (I group element-4-styrene-sulfonate) is 5000-200000 g/mole. The electroconductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly (3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene), poly (3,4-dialkyl thiophene), poly (3,4-dialkoxythiophene), poly (3,4-cycloalkylthiophene), or their modified substance. The monomer of electroconductive polymer is chosen from pyrrole, aniline, thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, 3,4-dialkyl thiophene, 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, 3,4- cycloalkylthiophene and their modified substance. Preferred Solution: The coating solution contains solvent chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, N-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutanol, hexanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, benzene, chlorobenzene, nitromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate, hexane, cyclohexane, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, xylene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, methyl ethyl ketone, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, and n-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The template layer and epitaxial layer comprises group III-V nitride having compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum nitride (AIN), gallium nitride (GaN), indium nitride (InN), aluminum gallium nitride (AIGaN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN) or group nitride type ternary or quaternary alloy. The substrate comprises group consisting of silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC) and sapphire. The patterned sacrificial layer comprises group consisting of silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and titanium oxide (TiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = phenyl or naphthyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl-(3-vinyl-phenyl)-amine of formula (Ia), diphenyl-(3-vinyl-phenyl)-amine, diphenyl-(4'-vinyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-amine and naphthalen-1-yl-(4'-(naphthalen-1-yl-(4'-(4-vinyl-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-yl)-methyl)-biphenyl-4-yl)-(4'-(4-vinyl-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-yl)-amine.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of phenyl(1-naphthyl)amine (10 g), 3-bromostyrene (9.2 g), sodium butoxide (5.1 g), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.300 g) and tributyl phosphate (0.150 g) was stirred in toluene (80 ml) under nitrogen for 20 hours. The resulting solution was diluted with diethylether and filtered. The mixture was worked up to give naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl-(3-vinyl-phenyl)-amine (9.8 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal aluminum comprises atomic ratio of transition metal of 0.001-0.1 with respect to aluminum. Preferred Compound: The trialkyl aluminum is triethyl aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electronic device has organic layer including hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light-emitting layer or electron transport layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dithieno pyrrole derivative is of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl, ethyl, phenyl or naphthyl;and    R2,R3=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, methoxy, ethoxy or phenoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 396 Dithieno pyrrole derivatives (I) are disclosed, e.g. 2,4,6-triphenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)pyrrole of formula (Ia), 2,6-di-anthracen-9-yl-4-phenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)pyrrole, 4-phenyl-2,6-bis-(10-phenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-4H-dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)pyrrole, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-phenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)pyrrole and 2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b;2',3'-d)pyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium oxide particles adsorbing near infrared ray-adsorption photosensitization material are doped with niobium, zirconium, germanium, hafnium, tungsten, cerium, tin and/or iron. The titanium oxide particles adsorbing near ultraviolet ray-adsorption photosensitization material are covered with aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and/or yttrium oxide. The porous titanium oxide aggregate contains titanium oxide microparticles and peroxatitanic acid binder. The porous titanium oxide thin film (7) has thickness of 10-70 nm, pore volume of 0.01-0.2 ml/g and mean pore diameter of 0.5-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is chosen from metal, glass, silicon and indium tin oxide. The metallic nanoparticles are indium tin oxide (ITO) and antimony tin oxide (ATO), antimony indium tin oxide (AITO) and/or lanthanum hexaboride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metallic nanoparticles are gold, aluminum, copper, iron, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, titanium, cobalt, vanadium, magnesium, silver, zinc, and cadmium, indium, lanthanum, indium, lanthanum, tin, boron and/or rare earth metals and their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is chosen from woven and non-woven fabrics, and thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The thermoplastic polymer of the micro-porous membrane is chosen from polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane, polyolefin, polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyketone, polyurea, polyacrylate and polymethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The olefin is ethylene. The copolymer further contains repeating unit derived from cyclic olefin of formula (V) obtained using olefin of formula (Va).R17,R18=R1;andor R15+R16, R17+R18=mono- or poly-cyclic ring.When both u and v are 0, at least one of R7-R9, R15-R18 is substituent other than H. The crosslinked material is obtained by heating the cyclic olefin copolymer in the presence of radical polymerization initiator. Preferred Properties: The maximum value of loss tangent of the crosslinked material at 30-300 degrees C is 0.6 or less and storage elastic modulus is 0.1 GPa or more measured at frequency of 1 Hz in the solid viscoelasticity measurement. The ratio of storage elastic modulus at 260 degrees C with respect to the storage elastic modulus at 30 degrees C is 0.05 or more. The crosslinked material shows 2 or more peaks at 20-50 ppm in solid 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. EXAMPLE - Toluene solution (48 ml) of cyclohexane and dicyclopentadiene, methyl aluminoxane (3 mmol), transition metal compound (0.015 mmol) and ethylene were polymerized. The polymerization was stopped and the polymer with molecular weight distribution of 2.47, weight average molecular weight of 961000 and intrinsic viscosity of 2.43 dl/g was obtained. The obtained polymer (500 mg) and Perhexa 25B (RTM: organic peroxide) (12.5 mg) were dissolved in xylene (5 ml) to obtain a varnish. The crosslinked material formed using the varnish had excellent heat resistance, mechanical characteristics, dielectric characteristics, transparency, gas barrier property and workability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is of fluorine-doped tin oxide film, zinc-aluminum oxide film or indium-tin oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of aluminum or sliver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrofluoric acid solution has a concentration of 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, or 2 wt.%. The corrosive liquid comprises (g/L) hydrofluoric acid (60), ammonium fluoride (50), and sorbitol (250); hydrofluoric acid (460), ammonium fluoride (220), and sorbitol (850); hydrofluoric acid (200), ammonium fluoride (150), and sorbitol (500); hydrofluoric acid (300), ammonium fluoride (200), and sorbitol (700); hydrofluoric acid (100), ammonium fluoride (100), and sorbitol (300); hydrofluoric acid (400), ammonium fluoride (180), and sorbitol (600); hydrofluoric acid (60-100), ammonium fluoride (50-100), and sorbitol (250-300); hydrofluoric acid (100-200), ammonium fluoride (100-150), and sorbitol (300-500); hydrofluoric acid (200-300), ammonium fluoride (150-180), and sorbitol (500-600); hydrofluoric acid (300-400), ammonium fluoride (180-200), and sorbitol (600-700); or hydrofluoric acid (400-460), ammonium fluoride (200-220), and sorbitol (700-850).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating liquid comprises (pts.wt.) compound (I) (0.01-7), alcohol (1-9.8), alkaline matter (0.01-5), and water (0-9.8). The alkaline matter is ethylamine, cyclopropylamine, ethanol amine, n-butylamine, aniline, diisopropylamine, triethylamine, triethylene diamine, m-aminotoluene, p-aminotoluene, benzylamine, o-toluidine, o-methylaniline, diphenylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, m-phenylene diamine, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, or quaternary ammonium. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, n-butanol, isoamyl alcohol, phenylcarbinol, isooctanol, or sec-butyl alcohol. Compound (I) is methyl trimethoxysilane, phenyl trimethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, or diethyldichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary silicon material is polycrystalline silicon material having grain size of more than 0.1 mm. The polysilicon material has thickness of 0.1-200 microns. Preferred Process: The chemical polishing process is carried out using potassium hydroxide solution or acid solution comprising hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. The chemical leaching process is carried out using acid mixture comprising hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Group VI elements in the stacked-layered light-absorbing structure comprise sulfur and selenium. The first light-absorbing layer is copper aluminum sulfide (CuAlS2); and the second light-absorbing layer is copper aluminum selenide (CuAlSe2). The third light-absorbing layer is copper aluminum indium selenide (Cu(Al1-xInx)Se2).x=0-1.The fourth light-absorbing layer is copper indium selenide (CuInSe2); and the fifth light-absorbing layer is copper indium sulfide (CuInS2). The reaction process is co-evaporation or sulfuration for filling vacancies and dangling bonds of selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Group I elements in the stacked-layered light-absorbing structure comprise copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The etchant-resistive protection layer contains amorphous carbon or silica, and is formed by vapor deposition using gas chosen from methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene and liquid toluene, or ammonia gas and silane gas, transported by carrier gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conductive Paste: The glass frit comprises one or more of silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and boron oxide (B2O3), where the total content of SiO2, Al2O3, and B2O3 in glass comprising at least PbO is 11-70 wt% and the total content of SiO2, Al2O3, and B2O3 in glass containing at least Bi2O3 is 7-11 wt%. The amount of the glass frit is 0.5-12.0 wt% of the conductive paste. The conductive powder comprises silver (Ag) or mixture of Ag and at least one metal selected from lead (Pd), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), platinum (Pt), rubium (Ru), titanium (Ti), and cobalt (Co). The conductive paste comprises metal oxides comprising one or more of metal selected from Zn, Ag, gadolinium (Gd), cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr), Ti, manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), ruthenium (Ru), Co, iron (Fe), Cu and chromium (Cr). Preferred Method: In the method for producing a solar cell electrode, the conductive paste is fired at 700-975 degrees C. The silicon wafer has emitter junction depth which is 0.1-0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The template is nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide template. The template includes honeycomb structure having alternating voids and alumina material. The nanowires comprise zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A metal layer or metal oxide layer is sandwiched between transparent substrate and nanorod layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A resin is coated on the surface of a substrate, during manufacture of thin film solar cell. The microlenses have diameters of 1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent layer contains acryl-based monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition contains (in %mass) transition-metal oxide (17-25), alkali-metal oxide (5-15) and zirconia (0-6). The transition-metal oxide contains magnesium oxide (0-4), calcium oxide (0-6), strontium oxide (0-10) and barium oxide (0-10). The alkali-metal oxide contains sodium oxide (1-6) and potassium oxide (3-9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material powder further contains tin. The atomic ratio of zinc with respect to total content of zinc, tin and indium is 0.1-0.80, preferably 0.50-0.80. The atomic ratio of tin with respect to total content of zinc, tin and indium is 0.10-0.98, preferably 0.05-0.49. The atomic ratio of indium with respect to total content of zinc, tin and indium is 0.01-0.50, preferably 0.01-0.25. The sintered oxide further contains elements (a-c). The element (a) (0.1-10 weight%, based on oxide conversion) is magnesium, aluminum, gallium, silicon, titanium, germanium and/or lanthanum. The element (b) is niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or antimony. The element (c) is elements of group chosen from (3-5) and/or gallium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The organic electroluminescent element has thin film comprising positive hole injection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is mixed solvent containing good solvent(s). The heteropoly acid compound is molybdophosphoric acid. The charge transporting substance is aniline derivative compound, preferably quinone diimine derivative or oligoaniline derivative of formula: R1-(A-NH)n-(B'-N(-R2))m-R3 (I), preferably of formula (II) and more preferably of formula (III).R1-R11=H, halo, hydroxy, amino, silanol, thiol, carboxy, phosphoric acid, phosphate ester, ester, thioester, amide, nitro, monovalent hydrocarbyl, organo oxy, organo amino, organosilyl, organothio, acyl or sulfone;A,B'=bivalent group of formula (i) or (ii);m,n=1 or more;m+n= 20 or less;andR12-R35=H, hydroxy, silanol, thiol, carboxy, phosphoric acid, phosphate ester, ester, thioester, amide, nitro, optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl, organo oxy, organo amino, organosilyl, organothio, acyl, sulfone or halo.Preferred Property: The organic solvent has viscosity of 10-200 mPa.second at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic element contained in the metal salt aqueous solution is chosen from silver, platinum, copper, iron, zinc, tin, palladium, ruthenium and metal other than silver. The content of silver contained in the metal salt aqueous solution is 75 %mass or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves separating the reaction liquid formed by reacting the reducing agent aqueous solution and liquid (B) into solid and liquid, and adding water and a solvent to the separated solid, to obtain metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid (21). Preferred Compounds: The reducing agent is hydrazine, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and/or their salt, or sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride and/or glucose. The carboxylic acid is chosen from glycolic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and tartaric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: The base material does not generate oxidation and reduction reaction with respect to electric potential of electrochemical-device electrode, and does not generate reaction with the electrolyte of the electrochemical device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The compound of metal (a) has electroconductivity. The metal (a) has oxidation states. The base material has translucency. Preferred Component: The base material is a plate-shaped material or a porous material of mesh material, foam and/or punching processed material. Preferred Composition: The compound of metal (a) is oxide of metal chosen from tin, antimony, zinc, indium, lead and/or selenium. The base material contains nickel, chromium, cobalt, tungsten, iron and/or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): A fullerene hydroxide is reacted with an etherification agent of formula: X-(CH2)s-C(=O)-(O)n-R, and etherified to obtain fullerene derivative (I).X=chloro, bromo or iodo;ands=1-6.Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative has fullerene structure of 60C fullerene and/or 70C fullerene, or fullerene structure except 60C fullerene and/or 70C fullerene. The solvent is ester solvent. Preferred Definitions:    m,n=1;    R=tert-butyl;and    C'=60C fullerene or 70C fullerene.    EXAMPLE - Fullerene hydroxide (in g) (1), tetrahydrofuran (20 mL), potassium carbonate (8), suspension liquid (10 mL) of tert-butyl bromoacetate and acetone (40 mL) were stirred at 25 degrees C for 1 hour, filtered, liquid-separated, dried, concentrated and crystallized to obtain fullerene derivative (C60(OH)5.2(O-CH2C(=O)O-tert-butyl)4.8) (0.74), with yield of 46%, and fullerene derivative had excellent solubility with respect to ester solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas containing silicon halide further contains a gas that does not influence reaction of silicon halide with aluminum, which is inert gas or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The acrylic-type polymer particulate has number average particle size of 50-1500 nm. Preferred Composition: The paste composition further contains non-particulate polymer and thickener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The complex ion (b1) contains selenium and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinked-and-foamed rubber contains nitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conducting material is metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, carbon, silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, platinum, palladium, calcium,, tungsten, indium, lead, indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxides and gallium indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material is benzocyclobutene polymers, polycycloolefins and polyacrylates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The base material is formed using a soda lime glass, tile or enamel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polysilazane or its modified substance has a main structure that consists of repeating unit of formula: -(Si(-R1)(-R2)-N-R3)-.R1-R3=H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or aryl.At least one of R1, R2 or R3 is H. Preferred Condition: The heat processing temperature is 400-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. tetrakis(2-methoxyquinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium of formula (Ia), tetrakis(quinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium, tetrakis(2-methylquinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium, tetrakis(phenazin-1-yloxy)zirconium and tetrakis(2,3-dimethylquinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium .    EXAMPLE - Zirconium tetrachloride (0.23 g) dissolved in methanol (10 ml) and phenazine-1-ol (0.86 g) dissolved in methanol (10 ml) were mixed. Then triethylamine (0.45 g) was added drop wise to the above reaction mixture. Then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes to obtain a solid crystalline precipitate. The crystalline solid was collected by filtration, dissolved in methylene chloride, filtered, dried under vacuum and purified to obtain tetrakis(phenazin-1-yloxy)zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A nano-particle or nano-cluster material comprises gold, bismuth, platinum, palladium, silver, indium, iron, zirconium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, zinc, titanium, silicon, germanium, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, lead selenide, lead telluride, lead sulfide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The tempered glass substrate comprises (in %mass) silica (45-75), sodium oxide (0-20), alumina (1-30) and potassium oxide (0-20). The mass ratio of total content of alumina and potassium oxide with respect to sodium oxide is 0.1-6.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass contains (in %mass) zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and/or barium oxide (0-35), yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, gadolinium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide and/or lutetium oxide (0-20), phosphorus oxide (0-15), alumina (0-15), boron oxide (0-12), titania (0-15) and/or zirconia (0-15), lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide (less than 3), tin oxide (0-35), and arsenic oxide and/or antimony oxide (0-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The amide-type compound is bis(di-cyclohexylamide)diphenic acid or (diisopropylamide)diphenic acid. The nitrogen boron compound is ammonia borane. Preferred Process: The hydrogen desorption compound is heated at 90-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Hydrogen is supplied through one reactive gas supply port and silane, mixture of diborane and silane or mixture of silane and phosphine is supplied through other reactive gas supply port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The target contains copper-indium-gallium-aluminum-selenium-sulfide of formula: Cut(In1-x-yGaxAly)2-t(Se1-zSz)2, where x is 0-0.30, y is 0-0.40, z is 0-0.5 and t is 1-1.50. A buffer layer(s) (105) excluding cadmium is provided between absorber layer and top conductive layer (102). The top conductive layer and buffer layer (a) are contacted by layer of conductive zinc oxide or other transparent conductive oxide, and by a layer of resistive zinc oxide. A buffer layer (b) excluding cadmium and containing zinc-indium-selenium-sulfide of formula: Zn1-xInxSe1-ySy, where x,y is 0-1 or zinc-magnesium-aluminum-boric oxide of formula: Zn1-x-y-zMgxAlyBzO, where x is 0-1 and y,z is 0-0.1 is provided between buffer layer (a) and absorber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intermediate contact layer mainly contains zinc-magnesium oxide compound to which gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is added. The sheet resistance of intermediate contact layer is 10-100 kilo( Omega )/square, after performing hydrogen plasma exposure. The photoelectric conversion apparatus further has an interface layer containing zinc oxide or zinc-magnesium oxide (Zn1-xMgxO2, where x is more than 0-0.096) to which gallium oxide is added. The interface layer has film thickness of 5-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin layer (A) has reflectance of 50% or more, when emitting light with wavelength of 400-1400 nm on surface of resin layer (A), transmittance of 60% or more with respect to light with wavelength of 800-1400 nm and absorption factor of 60% or more with respect to light with wavelength of 400-700 nm. The backside protective sheet has thickness of 10-1000 mu m. Preferred Composition: The resin layer (A) further contains white-coloring agent and infrared-permeability coloring agent. The backside protective sheet further comprises resin layer (B) which is bonded to resin layer (A). Preferred Component: The silicon-containing thermoplastic resin is graft polymer resin which is obtained by polymerizing monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in presence of silicon-containing rubber. The resin layer (B) is white resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Triethynylbenzene compound of formula (II), and sulfur compound or selenium compound are reacted to obtain heterocyclic compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    X1-X3=sulfur;and    3 or more of R1-R6=group A, and remainder is hydrogen, preferably R1,R3,R5 is halo, and R2,R4,R6 is H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 161 heterocyclic compounds e.g. 4,9,14-trimethyl-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaene of formula (Ia), 4,5,9,10,14,15-hexamethyl-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaene, 4,9,14-triphenyl-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaene, 3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,611)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaene-4-carbaldehyde, and 4,9,14-tribromo-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaene are disclosed    EXAMPLE - Sodium sulfide nonahydrate (720 mg), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (18 mL) was added to round bottom flask and stirred for 15 minutes. 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trioctylbenzene (3g) was added, heated at 180-190 degrees C for 12 hours, poured into saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution (180 mL), extracted with toluene (100 mL), washed using saturated salt solution (200 mL), dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, distilled under reduced pressure, and purified to obtain colorless solid of 4,9,14-trimethyl-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The container of fused silicon is inclined by rotation, and device wall on which silicon solidification layer is formed is exposed to molten metal surface. The container is further tilted and inclined during exposure. The plasma jet is scanned such that it is irradiated to both sides of silicon solidification layer and silicon molten metal. Solidification is carried out using difference of solid-liquid distribution coefficient, and impurity containing portion is removed to produce purified silicon ingots. Electron beam is irradiated to edge portion in vacuum atmosphere, and purified silicon ingots are melted. Evaporative removal of phosphorus is then carried out. Preferred Components: The inert gas is helium. The oxygen environment contains water vapor. Preferred Apparatus: The purifier has a primary purifier carrying out evaporative removal of other impurity containing phosphorus, and secondary purifier for performing electron beam heating in vacuum atmosphere and carrying out evaporative removal of phosphorus to produce highly purified silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first coating comprises: at least oxides of titania and silica; at least oxides of titania, silica and phosphorus; and at least oxides of titania, silica and alumina. The first coating comprises 30-80 vol.% of silica, 1-15 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, and 5-69 vol.% of titania. The first coating has a thickness of 10-120 nm, preferably 30-70 nm. The first coating is: a gradient coating; or a multi-layer coating comprising a first layer comprising 5-10 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, 70-80 vol.% of silica and 10-25 vol.% of titania with a thickness of 11-29 nm, a second layer comprising 2 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, 48-62 vol.% of silica and 36-50 vol.% of titania with a thickness of 21-33 nm, and a third layer comprising 5-11 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, 70-80 vol.% of silica and 9-25 vol.% of titania with a thickness of 15-23 nm. The functional coating is a conductive coating comprising oxides of one or more of zinc, iron, manganese, alumina, cerium, tin, antimony, hafnium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, bismuth, titania, cobalt, chromium, silica or indium, or an alloy of two or more of these materials. The functional coating comprises: at least one dopant comprising fluorine, indium, alumina or antimony; and fluorine doped tin oxide. The first coating comprises a mixture of silica, titania and alumina and the functional coating comprises titania. The functional coating is a photoactive coating comprising titania. The titania has a thickness of at least 10 nm, preferably 113-121 nm. The functional coating is titania or fluorine doped tin oxide. The first coating is deposited as a gradient coating or a multi-layer coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous hydrocarbon is natural gas or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: To (I): either at least one compound from at least one elements of silicon, aluminum, germanium, boron, antimony, bismuth, phosphorus or arsenic is added in dissolved or dispersed form, where the mass portion of the element is 0.1-20%, where the compound is oxide, chloride, nitrate, acetylacetonate, salt of fatty acids or naphthenate; or at least one compound from elements of platinum, palladium or silver is added in dissolved form. The heat treatment step takes place at greater than 45 degrees C. The preparation of the layer takes place many times, where each single layer has a composition, which is different from one another, such that the obtained total layer is formed from many single layer. Preferred Components: The metal oxide particles have a particle size of greater than or equal to 20 nm or less than or equal to 1 mu m. The metal oxides particles are silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or aluminum oxide. (I) contains one or more dispersion agents. The surface to be coated is metal, glass or ceramics. The liquid mixture further contains at least one compound from elements with low sintering temperature, which is lithium, sodium or potassium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - To a mixture of 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine (2 g), tributylstannyl thiophene (5.7 g) in 10 mL dry degassed toluene:tetrahydrofuran (2:1) was added palladium catalyst (Pd(PPh)3Cl2) (134 mg) and cesium fluoride (4.84 g). The reaction mixture was heated at 110 degrees C for 8 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and crude product was purified by column chromatography. After evaporation of solvent, 4,4'-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine (1.93 mg) was obtained as colorless solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    A = phenyl group (c);    Z3 = H;    B1, C1, D, E = diphenyl amine group (f) or phenyl group (n); and    R1a, R1b, R1g, R1h = tert-butyl or C6H13.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 Compounds (A) are disclosed e.g. porphyrin-based zinc complexes of formulae (Aa)-(Ae).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of porphyrinyl iodide compound of formula (13a) (21 mg) and 4-ethynylbenzoic acid (4.4 mg) in dry tetrahydrofuran (2 ml) and triethylamine (1 ml) was prepared and deoxygenated with nitrogen for 10 minutes, followed by adding palladium (0) tetra(triphenylphosphine) (4.6 mg) and copper iodide (0.4 mg) into the mixture. The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 2 hours. The solvent was removed by vacuum, and the residue was purified to give porphyrin-based zinc complex (Aa) (19.4 mg, 90%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The palladium compound is Pd(OAc)2, (CH3CN)2PdCl2, Pd2(dba)3, Pd/C and/or PdCl2. The phosphorus ligand is 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis (diphenylphosphino) xanthene. The reaction solvent is ether solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon type solvent, and/or amide system solvent. Preferred Process: The method involves reacting under coexistence of basic compound. Preferred Composition: The usage-amount of palladium compound is 0.001-10.0 mol% (metal palladium conversion) with respect to diarylamine (1). The usage-amount of phosphorus mixing element is 0.5-5.0 times mole amount with respect to metal palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal-oxide particles are tin-containing indium oxide particles, and have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm. The content of tin in the tin-containing indium oxide particles is 5-20 %mass with respect to tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylate monomer is chosen from 1,9-nonanediol-di(meth)acrylate and 1,10-decanediol-di(meth)acrylate. Preferred Process: The metal oxide-containing film is formed by coating the dispersing liquid on a substrate and baking. Preferred Property: The metal oxide-containing film has volume resistance value of 1x 10-2 to 5x 10-1 ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum powders comprise microsized aluminum powders of 1-20 mu m and aluminum nanoparticles having sizes of 30-500 nm. The inorganic oxide nanopowders have sizes of 30-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vehicle is 2-buntoxyethy1 acetate, ethyl cellulose, or terpineol. The vehicle is a solvent consisting of 2-butoxyethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, acetone, ethanol, and 2-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The inorganic polymer is silicon-containing inorganic polymer including polyphenylsilsesquioxane and poly(hydromethylsiloxane). Preferred Composition: The composition comprises additives including inorganic oxide nanopowders. EXAMPLE - Aluminum ink was prepared from aluminum powder (7 g of 3 mu m aluminum micro powder), ethyl cellulose (1 g), terpineol (4 g), and polyphenylsilsesquioxane solution (1 g). The ink may be mixed in glass beaker and passed 10 times through three-roll mill machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atoms of group IIIA-VIIB are platinum, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, or iron. In the metal particles, the precursors of the Group IIIA are VIIB metal borides, preferably cobalt-boron compound of formula CoiBj.The hydrophobic group is: siloxane compound of formula SiORR1; halogen; and perfluorinated carbon compound of formula CnFmHp.The metal particles have a size of 1-100 nm.The metal particles are nanoparticles of cobalt-fluorine type (CokFk1).The metal particles are metal nanoparticles carrying a hydrophobic nano-metric layer of CF2 and CF3, or dimethylsiloxanes (SiO(CH3)2) type.R, R1 = H, alkyl, 1-30C alkenyl, or 6-30C aryl;i = 0-25;j = 1-8;n, m = less than 0;p = less than or equal to 0; andk, k1 = non zero.Preferred Method: In the method, a grafting of fluorine layer on the surface of metal particles is done by hydrofluoric acid treatment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A) contains: at least one 1-18C-alkyl(meth)acrylate-homopolymer or -copolymer; at least one copolymer, which comprises 80-99 wt.% of methylmethacrylate-units and 1-20 wt.% of 1-10C-alkylacrylate-units; and at least one sterically hindered amine; at least one silane coupling agent. (A) has: a transmission of 80-89% at 500 nm; a transmission of 75-80% at 1000 nm; and a transmission of 55-70% at 1150 nm. Preferred Components: The copolymer comprises methylacrylate- and/or ethylacrylate-units. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises reaction of a free ligand with corresponding metal salts. Preferred Definitions:    M = Pd or Pt;    Ar1 = benzene, naphthalene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, benzofuran, benzothiophene or indole; and    X = -CH2-, -C((CH3)2)-, -(CH2)3-, cyclohexyl group of formula (a), -CH2-CH2-, -CH2=CH2-, benzylbenzene group of formula (b), -Si((H)2)-, -Si((CH3)2)-, diphenylsilane group of formula (c), -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -O-, -S-, -S(=O)-, -S((=O)2)-, -N(-R)-, -N(-Ar1)-, -P(-R)- or -P(-Ar1)-, benzen-1,2-diyl, naphthalen-2,3-diyl, naphthalen-1,8-diyl, benzen-1,3-diyl, biphenyl-2,2'-diyl, 9H-fluoren-9,9-diyl, pyridin-3,4-diyl, pyridin-2,3-diyl, pyridin-2,4-diyl, substituted phenyl group of formula (d), 9H-xanthen-4,5-diyl or 9H-carbazol-1,8-diyl (all optionally substituted with R).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 96 Complexes (A) are disclosed e.g. platinum complexes of formulae (Aa)-(Ae).    EXAMPLE - A solution of N-phenylbenzaldimine (12 mmole) in methanol (120 ml) was added to a solution of bis(methylallyl)platinum(II) chloride (4.25 mmole) in methanol (150 ml) under nitrogen and stirred at 40 degrees C for four days to give a solid material, which was worked up to give platinum complex (Aa) with a yield of 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    n = 1;    Z = S; and    R16, R1-9 = H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(9,9-dibutyl-7-dibutylamino-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid of formula (Ia) and (E)-3-(5-(7-(bis-(9,9-dibutyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-amino)-9,9-dibutyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid.    EXAMPLE - Under nitrogen atmosphere, 5-(9,9-dibutyl-7-dibutylamino-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (0.23 parts), cyanoacetic acid (0.05 parts), and piperidine (0.017 parts) were added into acetonitrile, followed by stirring and mixing. Then, the reaction mixture was heated to 90 degrees C and reacted for 6 hours. After the reaction mixture was cooled, the reaction mixture was filtrated to obtain a solid. Then, the solid was washed with water, ether and acetonitrile sequentially to give a red solid. Finally, the crude was purified with column chromatography to give 2-cyano-3-(5-(9,9-dibutyl-7-dibutylamino-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid (86%) as a red solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of organic peroxide with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-2.5 parts mass.The film further includes crosslinking adjuvant whose content with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-5 parts mass. The sealing film is further arranged between electricity generating element and surface side transparent protection component in solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting ortho-diamino substituted aromatic compound with an aromatic phosphonic acid chloro derivative and/or an aromatic oligophosphonic acid chloro derivative, where the amino group is unsubstituted or preferably monosubstituted. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyrrole, thiophene, furan, naphthalene, triphenylene, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, indole, benzothiophene or benzofuran;    Ar2 = benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, naphthalene, phenanthrene, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene or carbazole;    X = CR1;    Y1 = P(=O);    R3 = phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, or terphenyl;    q = 0; and    n = 1 or 2.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 33 Compounds (Q) are disclosed e.g. 1,4-bis(phosphonic acid chloride)benzene of formula (Ia), N,N'-diaryl-1,2-benzene diamine, 4,5-dimethyl-N,N'-diphenyl-1,2-benzene diamine, N,N'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-1,2-benzene diamine and 4,5-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-1,2-benzene diamine.    EXAMPLE - Dimethylformamide (10 drops) was added to 1,4-bis(phosphonic acid)benzene (55.2 g) and methyl chloride (1400 ml). Further oxalyl chloride (86.3 ml) in methyl chloride (400 ml) was added and stirred at 45 degrees C for 5 hours. The solvent was removed to obtain 1,4-bis(phosphonic acid chloride)benzene (70 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first composition comprises elements from Group IV. The second composition comprises elements from Groups III and V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor fine particles are titanium oxide, zinc oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid further contains imidazolium ion as cation component. The ionic liquid is imidazole-containing ionic liquid of formula (II).R71,R72=1-6C linear or branched alkyl group.The electrolytic solution further contains redox couple. The nitrogen-containing bi-dentate ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-dimethyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-tert-butyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-nonyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-dodecyl)bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline. The nitrogen-containing bi-dentate ligand (a) is 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid. The nitrogen-containing tetradentate ligand is 2,2'-biimidazole or 2,2'-bibenzimidazole. Preferred Component: The photogalvanic cell has photoelectric transducer, counter electrode and layer containing semiconductor fine particles sensitized with binuclear metal complex dye and electrolytic solution provided between photoelectric transducer and counter electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal is chosen from copper, cobalt, chromium, tungsten, silver, nickel and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves reducing fluctuations in output power, provided by the vapor fed direct oxidation fuel cell, to a load. In the method, utilizing a buffer component involves utilizing a porous silica gel as a buffer component. The reducing fluctuation in output power involves utilizing an electro-osmotic pump and a pump driver controller to supply fuel to the vapor fed direct oxidation fuel cell; utilizing a mass flow controller in providing fuel to the vapor fed direct oxidation fuel cell; reducing amplitude fluctuations in output power to less than 50%; and reducing fluctuation frequency lower than 0.1 Hz. The fuel utilization is higher than 50%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact metal comprises at least one nickel, cobalt, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and palladium. The metal containing layer comprises paste containing silver or silver alloy. The paste further comprises a glass frit and is free to completely free of lead or lead oxide. The semiconductor substrate comprises a silicon wafer and the passivation layer comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode wire further comprises a plating layer (a), and an anode oxidation layer formed between the base and the plating layer. The plating layer (a) contains copper, and is formed between the primary plating layer and secondary plating layer. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the primary plating layer and secondary plating layer is 0.05-10 mu m and 0.1-10 mu m respectively. The surface resistance of the secondary plating layer is 1x 10-6-1000x 10-6 Ohm. The thickness of the plating layer (a) and anode oxidation layer is 0.05-10 mu m and 0.01-10 mu m respectively. Preferred Composition: The anode oxidation layer comprises aluminum and/or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ions implanted into solar cell consists of boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and tellurium. The metallic wire of the filament consists of gold, silver, platinum, iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, zinc, silicon, tin, tungsten, lead, carbon fiber, graphite, quartz, silicon carbide, silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The field effect transistor device comprises a dielectric material selected from organic dielectric material, an inorganic dielectric material, or a hybrid organic/inorganic dielectric material. The field effect transistor has a structure selected from top-gate bottom-contact structure, bottom-gate top-contact structure, top-gate top-contact structure, and bottom-gate bottom-contact structure. The photovoltaic device comprises a p-type semiconducting material adjacent to the polymer (I). Preferred Method: The method of making the article involves depositing the composition by printing, spin coating, drop-casting, zone casting, dip coating, blade coating, or spraying onto a substrate (where the printing is selected from gravure printing, inkjet printing, and flexo printing).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid medium comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid medium comprises an organic solvent. The additives are selected from viscosity modulators, detergents, dispersants, binding agents, compatiblizing agents, curing agents, initiators, humectants, antifoaming agents, wetting agents, pH modifiers, biocides, and bacteriostats.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Preparation of (I) involves copolymerization of dibromo compound of formula Br-M1-Br with dimagnesium compound of formula XMg-M2-MgX in presence of catalyst to give (I) (X is not defined). Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises at least one additive. Preferred Definitions:    R1=L-3-14C cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with mono to tetra 1-6C alkyl), n-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2-ethylhexyl or 2-octyldodecyl;and    n=4-1000.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The floating coolant composition further comprises deionized water and alkylene glycol. The content of trimethylglycine is 0.02-6 wt.% with respect to total content of floating coolant composition. The content of deionized water and alkylene glycol is 35-65 wt.% and 30-60 wt.% respectively. The alkylene glycol is chosen from monoethylene glycol, monopropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, triethylene glycol and tripropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The template is made of a material consisting of silicon carbide (SiC), silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic polymer film contains ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, PVC, polymethylmethacrylate, polymethylacrylate, polystyrene, nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide, polyimide, polyethersulfone, polyvinyl acetal, polyetherketone and/or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred: The metal of metal hydroxide is platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (Q) comprises reacting (M(Hal)2m(R4)2n), preferably (MHal4) with a corresponding diamine, an amino alcohol, an aminothiol or respective deprotonated compound.Hal = Cl, Br or I;m = 1 or 2 (preferred); andn = 2-m, preferably 0. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 Compounds (Q) are disclosed e.g. 1',3,3'-tetraphenyl-2,2'-spirobi(1,3,2-benzodiazasilole) of formula (Qa), 1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(p-tolyl)-2,2'-spirobi(1,3,2-benzodiazasilole), 1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(m-tolyl)-2,2'-spirobi(1,3,2-benzodiazasilole), 5,5',6,6'-tetramethyl-1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(p-tolyl)-2,2'-spirobi(1,3,2-benzodiazasilole) and 1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(p-tolyl)-2,2'-spirobi(phenanthro(9,10-d)(1,3,2)diazasilole).    EXAMPLE - A solution of N,N'-diphenyl-benzene-1,2-diamine (300 mmole) in diethyl ether (2000 ml) was reacted with n-butyl lithium (240 ml) and n-hexane (2.5 molar) and stirred for 1 hour. Further a mixture of silicon tetrachloride (25.5 g) and diethyl ether (100 ml) was added, and diethyl ether was removed. The obtained residue was transferred to toluene (approximately 300 ml) to obtain 1',3,3'-tetraphenyl-2,2'-spirobi(1,3,2-benzodiazasilole) (44%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process - Titanium dioxide collosol is sprayed onto the surface of fluorine-doped tin oxide glass, and spin coating is carried out for 10-30 seconds at a rate of 1000-4000 rpm, to form the film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid is oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid or benzoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The length of the high temperature fuel gas channel is 0.8-1.2 m. The thickness of the heating intersection plate fin is 0.3-0.7 mm; where the section of the heating intersection plate fin is a square wave shaped structure. The width of the square wave is 3-7 mm; the height is 1.2-1.8 times of the width; and the length is 8-12 times of the width of the heating intersection plate fin. Preferred Components: In the compact plate-fin heat exchange reformer, an inlet of the high temperature fuel gas channel is connected with an exhaust pipe of the high temperature fuel gas battery or the other high temperature fuel gas supply pipe; an outlet is connected with the other heat exchanger or exhausted directly; an inlet of the fuel gas heating channel is connected with a cold fuel gas supply pipe; the outlet is connected with the inlet of the fuel gas reforming channel; an inlet of the fuel gas reforming channel is connected with the outlet of the fuel gas heating channel; the outlet is connected with an anode inlet of the high temperature fuel battery. The high temperature fuel gas channel and fuel gas heating channel uniformly comprises a baffle plate and a heating intersection plate fin; where the heating intersection plate fins are mounted between two baffle plates in parallel; and 50% of each heating intersection plate fin and the closing heating intersection plate fin are lapped. The fuel gas reforming channel comprises a baffle plate, a catalyst layer, and a heating intersection plate fin; where the catalyst layer is clung to the inner sides of the two baffle plates tightly; the heating intersection plate fins are mounted between the two baffle plates in parallel; and 50% of each heating intersection plate fin and the closing heating intersection plate fin are lapped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate layer contains silicon sheets. The epitaxially growing process of silicon carbide layer uses hydrogen as carrier gas, silane and propane as reaction source and aluminum source as doping agent. The epitaxially growing process of zinc oxide layer uses nitrogen as carrier gas, vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen dioxide as oxygen source and argon as sputtering gas. Preferred Properties: The substrate layer has thickness of 3-4 mm, preferably 3 mm. The silicon carbide layer has thickness of 500-3000 nm, preferably 1500 nm. The zinc oxide layer has thickness of 300-2000 nm, preferably 1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The epitaxially growing process of zinc oxide layer uses diethyl zinc as reaction gas. The aluminum source is trimethyl aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The optical electrode is dimensionally stable anode (DSA), lead(IV) oxide, tin(IV) oxide, antimony(III) oxide, ruthenium oxide, tungsten(VI) oxide, titanium dioxide, iridium dioxide, or bismuth(III) oxide electrode loaded with optical catalyst, or composite electrode of the above metal oxides. The optical electrode is mesh shape, sheet shape, block shape, wire shape or barrel shape. The electrode pair is made of stainless steel, carbon fiber, graphite, nickel, titanium, iron or aluminum. The working voltage of electrode pair is 0-20 V and the current density is 0-30 mA/m3. When the integrated solar photo-electrical water treatment device is circulating, the treated raw water or wastewater is input into the electrolytic bath in the way of intermittent or continuous circulation, and if necessary, conductive medium is added into the treated raw water or wastewater to enhance conductivity of the solution. The electrolytic bath is opened, which makes the optical electrode receive the sun light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate and/or the encapsulation element are glass elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflective layer comprises silicon as a bonding material. The reflective layer comprises white pigments and/or white dye, particularly titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflective layer comprises bonding material and pigments and/or dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The reflective layer comprises polyvinyl butyral as a bonding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles include copper-indium-gallium-selenide, copper-indium-selenide or capper-gallium-selenide. The additive contained in the composition layer is sodium carbonate or chalcogen element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reflectance-enhancing material includes titanium oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum oxide and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive contains compound of I group element, III group element and VI group element, preferably copper indium tin oxide, copper gallium oxide, copper aluminum oxide or copper thallium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The I group element is copper or silver. The III group element is chosen from indium, gallium or silicon. The IV group element is chosen from selenium, tellurium or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon nanofiber has interplanar distance (d002) of hexagonal plane of 0.35 nm or less. Preferred Method: Ferric nitrate is dispersed in solvent, and carbon black (3-20 wt.%) is added and mixed to obtain slurry. The slurry is dried to produce ferric nitrate catalyst. Pyrolytic reaction is carried out at 500-700 degrees C in atmosphere containing nitrogen and hydrogen in ratio of 5:5-9.5:0.5. The carbon source is carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen source is water, ozone or oxygen plasma, preferably water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (3) is 2-ethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-methylpyrazine, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethylpyrazine, 2,6-diethylpyrazine and/or tetramethylpyrazine. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl, ethyl or propyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The battery material further includes photosensitive unit chosen from micromolecular dye, aromatic ketone, porphyrin and dihydro porphyrin. The battery material containing bithiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit and diisocyanate phenol ester as connection unit/self assembly unit is of formula (I). The battery material containing bithiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit, biphenyl as connection unit and hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit is of formula (II). The battery material containing bithiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit, benzene ring as connection unit and hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit is of formula (III). The battery material containing bithiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit, biphenyl as connection unit and hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit is of formula (IV). The battery material containing bithiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit, styrene as photosensitive unit/connection unit, and hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit is of formula (V). The battery material containing thiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit, styrene as photosensitive unit and pyridine triketone, amino or hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit is of formula (VI). The battery material containing styrene as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit and hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit is of formula (VII), or dithiofuran as donor unit, perylene as receptor unit, hydroxyl pyridine as self-assembly unit and benzene ring or polystyrene as connection unit is of formula (VIII).R=1-8C alkyl;R1,R2=H, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy;R'=1-15C alkyl;n=1-5;A=thiophene group of formula (i);andB'=diisoquinoline group of formula (ii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semi-conductor quantum dot is cadmium-selenium-cadmium/zinc sulfide alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volume ratio of water and organic solvent in the mixed solvent is 2/1-200/1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elastomer is chosen from polyester-type urethane elastomer and polycaprolactone-type urethane elastomer. The elastomer further has a sulfonic acid functional group. Preferred Process: The method further involves adding a compound having phenolic hydroxyl group as a secondary dopant between polyaniline derivative synthesis process and elastomer mixing process, or after elastomer mixing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of number of zinc aluminate particles in the grain boundary of zinc oxide and number of zinc aluminate particles in a grain is 0.15-0.35. The sintered compact has density of 5.3-5.5 g/cm3, and ratio of Young's modulus and bending strength of 300-1500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heat-processing is carried out at temperature of 180 degrees C or less. Preferred Property: The metal particles or metal oxide particles have average particle diameter of 1-200 nm. Preferred Metal: The metal is silver, copper, nickel or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is ethylene glycol diformate. The compound (I) is existed in exterior of the composition as vapor, liquid or component of the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises a photovoltaic element (101). (I) is present in at least one transparent disc (103).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molding component contains at least one 1-18C-alkyl(meth)acrylate-homopolymer or -copolymer. The molding component contains at least one copolymer, which contains 80-99 wt.% of methylmethacrylate-units and 1-20 wt.% 1-10C-alkylacrylate-units. The copolymer comprises methylacrylate- and/or ethylacrylate-units. (I) is a substituted phenyl compound of formula (II). The molding component is a light concentrator or a collecting lens. The collecting lens comprises a convex area. The lens has a plano-convex structure. The lens is a Fresnel lens.R1a = ethyl, n-dodecyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl or phenyl. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises a photovoltaic element (101). (I) is present in at least one transparent disc (103).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molding compound contains at least one 1-18C-alkyl(meth)acrylate-homopolymer or -copolymer. The molding compound contains at least one copolymer, which comprises 80-99 wt.% of methylmethacrylate-units and 1-20 wt.% 1-10C-alkylacrylate-units. The copolymer comprises methylacrylate- and/or ethylacrylate-units. (I) is N-(2-ethoxy-phenyl)-N'-(2-ethyl-phenyl)-oxalamide. The molding component is a light concentrator or a collecting lens. The collecting lens comprises a convex area. The lens has a plano-convex structure. The lens is a Fresnel lens. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molding compound further comprises: at least one sterically hindered amine; and at least one silane coupling agent. Preferred Components: The molding compound contains at least one 1-18C-alkyl(meth)acrylate-homopolymer or -copolymer. The molding compound contains at least one copolymer, which comprises 80-99 wt.% of methylmethacrylate-units and 1-20 wt.% 1-10C-alkylacrylate-units. The copolymer comprises methylacrylate- and/or ethylacrylate-units. (I) is N-(2-ethoxy-phenyl)-N'-(2-ethyl-phenyl)-oxalamide. The molding compound exhibits: a transmission of 80-89% at 500 nm; a transmission of 75-80% at 1000 nm; and a transmission of 55-70% at 1150 nm. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    R = H, methoxy, methyl or phenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. tetrakis(2-methoxyquinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium of formula (Ia), tetrakis(quinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium, tetrakis(2-methylquinoxalin-5-yloxy)zirconium and tetrakis(phenazin-1-yloxy)zirconium.    EXAMPLE - Zirconium tetrachloride (0.23 g) dissolved in methanol (10 ml) and phenazine-1-ol (0.86 g) dissolved in methanol (10 ml) were mixed. Then triethylamine (0.45 g) was added drop wise to the above reaction mixture. Then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes to obtain a solid crystalline precipitate. The crystalline solid was collected by filtration, dissolved in methylene chloride, filtered, dried under vacuum and purified to obtain tetrakis(phenazin-1-yloxy)zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fabric: The coating is in the form of a circuit path, especially with branches and/or loops. The metal is silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, gold, titanium, chromium or an alloy thereof. The fibers are entirely synthetic. The coating is 20-500 nm thick. The fabric is a taffeta or twill fabric, especially a screen printing, filter or sieve fabric. Preferred Process: The coating is produced by applying a mask to the fabric, coating the fabric with metal by sputtering or vapor deposition, and removing the mask. The mask is preferably water-soluble and is applied by screen printing or inkjet printing and is removed with a jet of steam or pressurized water. Alternatively, the fabric is completely coated with the metal by sputtering, electrodeposition, chemical coating or vapor deposition and the coating is either: treated with an etchant, especially an acid in paste, solution or ink form, by screen printing or inkjet printing and the etchant and etched coating are removed with water or steam after 5-30 minutes; or partially removed with high-energy radiation, especially laser radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises reaction of a free ligand with corresponding metal salts. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 90 Complexes (A) are disclosed e.g. platinum complexes of formulae (Aa)-(Ae).    EXAMPLE - A solution of 1-((E)-8-quinolinylimino-methyl)-naphthalene (41.5 mmole) in acetic acid (1300 ml) was added to a solution of potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (41.5 mmole) in acetic acid (1300 ml) under nitrogen and stirred at 90 degrees C for three days to give solid material, which was worked up to give platinum complex (Aa) with a yield of 13.4 g (24 mmole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of fluorine-containing linear carbonate and/or fluorine-containing linear ether with respect to propylene carbonate is 30/70-70/30. The electrolytic salt is tetraalkylammonium salt, spiro bipyridinium salt or imidazolium salt. The fluorine-containing linear carbonate is of formula: R1-O-C(=O)-O-R2 (Ia), R3-O-C(=O)-O-R4 and/or R5-O-C(=O)-O-R6. The fluorine-containing linear ether is of formula: R'1OR'2 (Ib) or R'3CH2OR'4.R1=fluoroalkyl or alkyl having (HCX1X2) at its terminal portion, preferably 1-3C alkyl (10-76 %mass);R2=linear carbonate which has -CF3 at its terminal portion, preferably fluoroalkyl (10-76 %mass);R3=10-76 %mass of fluorine-containing ether group which has CF3 at its terminal;R4=10-76 %mass of fluorine-containing ether group or fluorine-containing alkyl;R5=10-76 %mass of fluorine-containing ether group which has HCFX3- at its terminal;X1-X3=H or fluoro;R'1=3-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;R'2=2-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;R'3=2-5C fluorine-containing alkyl;R6=H or alkyl group optionally substituted by halo and optionally having hetero atom;andR'4=1-5C fluorine-containing alkyl.The fluorine-containing linear carbonate (Ia) is methyl-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate and/or bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)carbonate. The fluorine-containing linear ether (Ib) is 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propane and/or 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium alkoxide is tetraalkoxy titanium of formula: Ti(OR1)4. The organic acid is chosen from oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid and itaconic acid. The quaternary ammonium hydroxide of formula: N+(R2R3R4R5)OH- is tetramethylammonium hydroxide or tetraethylammonium hydroxide.R1=1-3C alkyl;andR2-R5=1-16C alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or 1-2C hydroxyalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A coating containing solution of calcium, strontium and/or barium is provided to surface of inner side layer. Preferred Composition: The raw material powder (d) contains calcium, strontium and/or barium, impurity (i) (10 weight ppb or less) chosen from lithium, sodium and potassium, and impurity (ii) (1 weight ppb or less) chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and gold. The substrate contains aluminum (30-3000 weight ppm). Preferred Properties: The content of compound powder as nucleus material in the raw material powder (c) is 50-5000 weight ppm. The sum total concentration of calcium, strontium and barium in the solution coated to the inner side layer is 5-500 mu g/cm2. The sum total concentration of calcium, strontium and barium in the raw material powder (d) is 50-5000 weight ppm. The raw material powder (a) has silica purity of 99.5-99.999 wt.% and particle size of 0.05-5 mm. The raw material powder (b) has particle size of 0.1-10 mu m. The intermediate layer and inner side layer have thickness of 0.1-5 mm. The substrate has diameter of 20 mu m or more and bubble content of 10000/cm3 or more. The inner side layer has diameter of 20 mu m or more and bubble content of 30/cm3 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sum total concentration of aluminum element and hydroxyl group in the raw material powder (c) is 50-5000 weight ppm. Preferred Compound: The organic binder is paraffin-type binder or stearic acid-type binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw-coal material fiber is pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor growth carbon fiber and/or polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber. Preferred Properties: The expanded carbon fiber has diameter of 5 nm to 1 mu m, and length of 10 nm to 2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of carboxyl group is preferably 6-83% with respect to total content of acidic functional group. Preferred Process: The carboxyl group is formed in the surface of expanded carbon fiber using acid, ozone and/or peroxide as reagent. The surface oxidation treatment is electrochemical oxidation treatment, chemical oxidation treatment and/or ozone oxidation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The chemical polishing is performed using acidic solution at 5-70 degrees C. The surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy is subjected to defat process which is alkaline-degreasing process. Preferred Property: The thickness of the oxide film of the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy, before performing anodic oxidation process is 0.2 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A phenazasiline compound of formula (II) is polymerized in presence of nickel catalyst, or phenazasiline compound of formula (III) is polymerized in presence of palladium catalyst, to obtain high molecular compound.X1=halo;andX2=boronic acid group, boronate group or trialkyl stannyl group.Preferred Compounds: The high molecular compound is dissolved in organic solvent, in organic-semiconductor material. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=linear or branched optionally substituted 1-6C monovalent alkyl or optionally substituted 3-8C cyclic alkyl, preferably aryl;and    R3=optionally substituted 2C or more monovalent alkyl.    EXAMPLE - Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel (in g) (2.19), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (1 ml) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (1.25) were reacted in toluene, in presence of nitrogen, heated at 60 degrees C, stirred for 1 hour, mixed with 2,8-dibromo-5,10-dihydro-10,10-di-n-hexyl-5-methyl-phenazasiline (3), stirred for 14 hours at 60 degrees C, and mixed with bromobenzene. The obtained reaction product was filtered, evaporated, mixed with methanol, and obtained precipitate was filtered, to obtain white solid (28). The obtained white solid was washed using 2M hydrochloric acid (200 ml) and hexane (200 ml) under reduced pressure, to obtain poly(5,10-dihydro-10,10-di-n-hexyl-5-methyl-phenazasiline) (1.83) which had glass transition temperature of 130.1 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is a compound having aromatic ring, or carbon material chosen from graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, fullerene and carbon nanotube, preferably carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the composition contains thermoplastic resin containing fluorene-type compound (I) as structural monomer and additive chosen from filler, coloring agent, electroconductive agent, flame retardant and carbon material. Alternately, the resin containing fluorene-type compound (I) is thermosetting resin chosen from polyurethane-type resin containing fluorene-type compound (I) as structural monomer, epoxy resin containing fluorene-type compound (I) as structural monomer, vinylester resin containing fluorene-type compound (I) as structural monomer and (meth)acrylic-type resin obtained by esterification of fluorene-type compound (I) and polymerizable monomer having carboxyl group. The weight ratio of thermoplastic resin containing fluorene-type compound (I) and thermoplastic resin is 99:1-1:99 or 98:2-70:30. The content of additive is 0.1-300 parts weight, preferably 30-250 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of resin containing fluorene-type compound (I). The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyester-type resin, polycarbonate-type resin and polyurethane-type resin. The composition is coating composition provided in form of particles or pellet. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=hydroxy or -O(AO)pH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The compound (A) has maximum absorption wavelength of 300-450 nm and light emission at wavelength of 350-600 nm. Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains an ultraviolet absorber and/or an optical stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electronic block layer consists of amorphous nickel oxide. The surface of electrode (12) comprises conductive fiber and transparent conductive material. The conductive fiber is chosen from metal nanowire and carbon nanotube. The transparent conductive material is chosen from conductive polymer and electroconductive metal oxide fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The deposition thin film layer is single layer film or laminated film of metal thin film, metal oxide thin film and inorganic oxide thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The back surface sealing material further contains resin layer containing polyester-type resin between base material and adhesive layer, deposition thin film layer laminated on resin layer, anchor coat layer provided between resin layer and deposition thin film layer and gas barrier layer provided between deposition thin film layer and adhesive layer. The gas barrier layer contains hydrolyzate of water soluble polymer, metal alkoxide or its hydrolyzate and silicon alkoxide or its hydrolyzate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electric power generation layer contains group IB element, group IIIB element and group VIB element. The group IB element contained in short circuited layer is copper or silver. The compound semiconductor of electric power generation layer is copper-indium-selenium type semiconductor containing chalcopyrite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pyrrolidinium cation-containing ionic liquid is dialkylpyrrolidiniumbis(sulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide semiconductor electrode comprises titanium oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The to-be-transferred substrate is a resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer comprising several portions made of silicon carbide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant source materials for P and N-type doped regions are made of boron and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanowires and the bulk region comprise crystalline silicon, which lies along a crystal plane in an orientation other than (100). The thin film comprises porous silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Glass: The glass (A1) comprises (wt.%): total iron (expressed as Fe2O3) (0.01-0.025), cerium oxide (0-0.03, preferably 0), and antimony oxide (0.15-0.30, preferably 0.18-0.28). The glass (A1) has total alkali content (Na2O+CaO+MgO+K2O) of not greater than 24.35 (preferably not greater than 24.25, especially not greater than 24)%. The glass substrate comprises FeO (0-0.0005%). The glass substrate includes at least twice as much antimony oxide as total iron oxide, by weight. EXAMPLE - Glass composition comprising (wt.%): silica (73.71), sodium oxide (Na2O) (13.53), calcium oxide (CaO) (10.65), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0), potassium oxide (K2O) (0.03), aluminum oxide (1.42), manganese oxide (0.0014), barium oxide (0.009), chromium oxide (0.001), titanium oxide (0.0105), total iron (as ferric oxide (Fe2O3)) (0.0205), antimony oxide (0.252), sulfur trioxide (0.383), and Na2O+CaO+MgO+K2O (24.21) was prepared. The obtained glass composition showed glass density of 2.492 g/cm3; and total solar transmission (ISO 9050) of 91.68%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The former substrate is composed of gallium arsenide. The middle subcell is composed of Gallium arsenide, Gallium Indium Phosphide, Gallium Indium arsenide, Gallium Arsenide Antimonide, Gallium Indium nitride arsenide emitter region and base region. The top subcell is composed of Aluminum gallium indium phosphide. The bottom solar subcell is composed of an Indium Gallium arsenide base and emitter layer, or an Indium Gallium arsenide base layer and an Indium Gallium Phosphide emitter layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The former substrate is composed of germanium. The latter surrogate substrate is composed of silicon aluminum alloy having approximately 80 percentages of silicon and 20 percentages of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silicon waste material is sintered at 900 degrees C or more, preferably 900 degrees C for 1800 seconds or more. The silicon waste material sintered by discharge plasma sintering is dissolved in vacuum or non-oxidizing atmosphere at 1800 degrees C or more. The silicon waste material contains silicon oxide or silicon carbide. A carbon group substance or calcium group substance is mixed with silicon waste material, and dissolved. An inert gas is sprayed on the surface of the dissolved silicon waste material. The dissolved silicon waste material is then cooled, solidified and annealed in hydrogen atmosphere. The silicon waste material is fluidized by coagulant containing iron. The coagulant is iron chloride and/or iron sulfide. An aluminum component is mixed with silicon waste material, and waste material is fluidized using coagulant containing aluminum. The coagulant containing aluminum is aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfide and/or poly aluminum chloride. The silicon waste material is produced during manufacture of silicon wafer. The waste material contains pure water and silicon, and is subjected to solid-liquid separation by carrying out centrifugation, pressing, sedimentation and floatation separation. Sintering is carried out at pressure of 10-100 MPa and temperature of 500-2000 degrees C. The non-oxidizing atmosphere is vacuum, nitrogen, argon and/or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper is in the form of a plate, a mesh or particles, and comprises copper nanoparticles (preferred). The nanoparticles are round-shaped nanoparticles, nanorods or nanowires. The cathode comprises a catalyst layer comprising a non-noble metal and/or a non-metallic substance (preferred). The non-metallic substance is a metal complex, which is ferrocene or Prussian blue. The anode compartment further comprises an alkaline aqueous solution comprising a metal alkali hydroxide, which is sodium hydroxide (preferred), potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide or barium hydroxide. The metal alkali hydroxide is present at 0.5-6 M, preferably 3-6 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidant is a peroxide (0.5-25 wt/wt.%), preferably hydrogen peroxide. The fuel is present at 0.01-1 M in the alkaline aqueous solution. The cathode compartment further comprises an acidic aqueous solution, where the acid is: present at 0.1-5 M; and hydrochloric acid and/or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator is a solid electrolyte membrane, which is a Nafion membrane (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) and/or a polypropylene membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphite compound is 0.01-5 parts mass (preferably, 0.05-1 part mass) and silane coupling agent is 0.05-1 part mass, with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The atomic ratio of silicon and phosphorus atom (Si/P) with respect to silicon atom is 0.1-41, preferably 0.1-36, where the silane coupling agent is bonded with alkoxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphite compound is triisodecyl phosphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The copper alloy contains silver, tin, zinc, zirconium, oxygen and nitrogen. The copper or copper alloy has thickness of 7-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The copper alloy contains silver, tin, zinc, zirconium, oxygen and nitrogen. The copper or copper alloy has thickness of 7-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass materials in the paste contain tin-phosphate glass or bismuth type glass as main component. The glass substrate contains soda lime glass or alkali free glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The laser absorber comprises iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An organic halogen compound of formula: R1-X is reacted with sodium salt of methane thiol, to obtain sulfido compound of formula: R1-S-CH3 which is oxidized to obtain sulfone compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1=2-ethyl hexyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One sulfone compound (I) is disclosed i.e. methyl-2-ethylhexyl sulfone of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - 3-Chloromethyl heptane (in g) (74.4) and methyl-mercaptan sodium aqueous solution (187.8) were mixed, maintained at 60 degrees C and stirred for 2 hours. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was added to the resultant product and stirred for 10 minutes. The dichloromethane layer was fractionated and washed once using ultrapure water (30 ml). Then, hydrogen-peroxide solution (102) was added to the obtained 35% dichloromethane layer, maintained at 60 degrees C, stirred for 2 hours and methyl-2-ethylhexyl sulfone (Ia) (86.5) was obtained at yield of 90% with respect to 3-chloromethyl heptane. The sulfone compound had melting point of 10 degrees C, exothermic start temperature of 167 degrees C and solubility of 3 g/100 g of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working gas flowing into the cathode chamber is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, helium, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia and silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture of oxides comprises oxides of phosphorus (1-15 vol.%), silicon (30-80 vol.%), titanium (5-69 vol.%), aluminum and zirconium. The conductive coating comprises oxides of zinc, iron, manganese, aluminum, cerium, tin, antimony, hafnium, zirconium, nickel, bismuth, titanium, cobalt, chromium, silicon or indium or its alloys. The multi-layer coating comprises a first layer comprising phosphorus oxide (5-10 vol.%), silica (70-80 vol.%) and titania (10-25 vol. %) with a thickness of 11-29 nm, a second layer comprising phosphorus oxide (2 vol.%), silica (48-62 vol. %) and titania (36-50 vol.%) with a thickness of 21-33 nm, and a third layer comprising phosphorus oxide (5-11 vol.%), silica (70-80 vol. %) and titania ( 9-25 vol. %) with a thickness of 15-23 nm. The dopant is made of fluorine, indium, aluminum and antimony. The conductive coating comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The ink comprises up to 40, preferably more than 10 vol.% particles of the functional material. Preferred Components: The functional material is a metal, a metal alloy, carbon, a polymer, a semiconductor, a glass and/or a ceramic. The metal is silver, copper, nickel and/or alloys. The particles of a functional material have a median particle size of greater than 200 nm. The fine features have a width of not more than 200 mu m. Preferred Method: The step of extruding the ink onto the substrate through the fine applicator is a mono-extrusion process or coextrusion process. The coextrusion process comprises extruding a first ink and a second ink so that the second ink shares at least one common boundary with the first ink, where the second ink is substantially free of particles of a functional material, and the first and second ink both have a dynamic shear viscosity of greater than 10 Pa.s at a shear rate of less than 1/second, and more than 20 ml of each of the first and second ink per cm2 of filter area can be dispensed through a 400 mesh screen filter before a pressure drop through the filter doubles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The long chain polymer makes up 3-33 wt.% of a soluble portion of the ink, and has an average molecular weight of 1000-300000 g/mol, viscosity of 45 mPa.s for a 5% solution of the long chain polymer in an 80/20 mix of toluene and ethanol solvents. The long chain polymer is cellulose derivatives, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, or acrylics. EXAMPLE - Typical printing ink comprised (in wt.%) of: silver flake (78.1); diethyl sebacate (12.3); diethylene glycol butyl ether (6.7); and Ethocel-45 (RTM: Ethylcellulose) (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base film consists of polyvinyl fluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, and/or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises Si or SiO2 (preferably SiO2). The at least two II-VI binary compounds to generate the chemical vapor are CdS and CdSe (preferably three II-VI binary compounds comprising CdS, CdSe, and ZnS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The average grain size of alloy in the target is less than 1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanowire has diameter of 5-10 nm and length of 0.1-1 mu m. The nanowire does not have clear peak in D and G band, when measured using Raman spectrum. Preferred Process: The heat-processing is performed at 150-300 degrees C. The nanowire is immersed in a solvent and partially dissolved copper component are removed, after heat processing. The copper chloride is dissolved in ammonia aqueous solution and than contacted with acetylene gas by gaseous conditions with concentration of 5 volume% or less by the solution interface of the raw material. Preferred Component: The solvent contains ammonia, nitric acid and/or carbon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The total amount of silicon atom and oxygen atom in joining film is 10-90 atomic%. The abundance ratio of silicon atom and oxygen atom in joining film is 3:7-7:3. The crystallinity degree of silicon structure is 45% or less. The joining film includes silicon-hydrogen (Si-H) bonding. The leaving group comprises hydrogen atom, boron atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, phosphorus atom, sulfur atom and/or halogen atom, through which the leaving group is coupled to silicon structure. The leaving group is alkyl. Active group is formed in joining film after leaving group is desorbed. The active group is dangling bond or hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The joining film comprises polyorganosiloxane as main material. The polyorganosiloxane contains polymer of octamethyl trisiloxane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamide resin of phenolic hydroxyl group-containing aromatic polyamide resin has amide-containing unit of formula (II).x=1-4. Preferred Definitions:    Ar4=group of formulae chosen from (i,ii and iii);    R1=H or 1-6C substituents substituted by O, S, P, F or Si;    R2=direct bond or 1-6C group which contains -O-, -S-, -SO2-, -N=N-, O, N, S, P, F or Si;    a,b=0-4;and    c=0-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film forming material is a dielectric material such as silicon carbide (SiC), silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon cyanide (SiCN), silicon nitride (Si3N4), zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, indium-tin-oxide (ITO), zinc oxide, diamond and amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The iodide salt is quaternary ammonium iodide, trialkyl imidazolium iodide or pyrrolidinium iodide. The pyrrolidinium salt is N,N-dialkyl pyrrolidinium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The negative electrode film has coating-film density of 0.8-1.2 g/cm3, and shear resistance of 80 ohm or less with film thickness of 40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon halide is silicon tetrachloride. The gas containing silicon halide contains gas which does not disturb reaction of silicon halide and aluminum. The gas which does not disturb reaction of silicon halide and aluminum is inert gas or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The spherical nanoparticles select light of specific wavelength for carrying out structural color development under light irradiation. The average particle diameter of primary particles of spherical nanoparticles is 15-400 nm. The content of spherical nanoparticles in transparent composite sheet is 0.1-70 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The film thickness of the thin ruthenium-oxide electroconductive film formed on the substrate surface is 20 nm or more. Preferred Composition: The precursor solution contains titanium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (e) comprises at least one filler (5-50 mass.%) comprising: silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide or titanium dioxide; and titanium dioxide, potassium titanate, zirconium oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises (f) an antioxidant. Preferred Components: The components (a), (b) and (c) are included as a prepolymer obtained by heating components (a), (b) and (c). The component (a) is 1,3,5-tri(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate. The component (b) is a silicone resin obtained by condensing a glycidoxyalkyltrimethoxysilane. The component (b) is a branched silicone resin comprising a 3,5-diglycidylisocyanarylalkyl. The component (c) is hexahydrophthalic anhydride and its derivatives. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by mass): tris(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate (22.5); methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (27.5); prepolymer (comprising tris(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate (25), epoxy group-containing silicone resin B-2 (38.8), methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (36.2) and triphenyl phosphite (3)) (50); methyltributylphosphonium dimethylphosphate (1); titanium dioxide (120); fused silica (540); 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (1); and calcium stearate (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is made of a metal comprising aluminum, zinc, magnesium and/or alloys. The metal forming the anode comprises a metal having an additive comprising gallium, indium, tin, cadmium and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel matrix is formed from starch and glycerin. The electrolyte comprises a pH neutral gelled solution of saline at a concentration of 5 wt.%, starch at a concentration of 2-3 wt.%, alcohol at a concentration of 7.5 wt.% and glycerin at a concentration of 7.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the solar cell above, the substrate is hydrogenated. The solar cell further comprises a layer of SiO2 or silicon at grain boundaries of the front surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises cutting peripheral sections of the ingot prior to slicing the ingot; and texturing the front surface of the wafers after the steps of removing the hydrogenated silicon nitride and aluminum layers. Texturing comprises etching the front surface of the wafers; depositing a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silicon on the front surface of the wafers; and etching the deposited layer such that the deposited layer partially remains at the grain boundaries. The method also comprises dry etching the front surface prior to depositing the layer of SiO2 or silicon. In making solar cells using metallurgical grade silicon, neutralizing grain boundaries comprises depositing SiO2 or silicon at the grain boundaries. Depositing SiO2 or silicon at the grain boundaries comprises depositing a layer of SiO2 or silicon on the front surface of each wafer; and etching the deposited layer such that the deposited layer partially remains at the grain boundaries. The method further comprises depositing a layer of intrinsic amorphous silicon on the front surface of the wafer and depositing an n-doped layer over the of intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The layer of intrinsic amorphous silicon and n-doped layer are hydrogenated. The method also comprises depositing a layer of intrinsic amorphous silicon on the front surface of the wafer and depositing an n-doped layer over the of intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The layer of intrinsic amorphous silicon and n-doped layer are hydrogenated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A separation region configured for heat transfer is provided between the electrochemical cells. The separation region is formed using diamond, poly-diamond, alumina, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, or silicon carbide. The electrochemistries are chosen from lithium, lithium-ion, lithium-metal-polymer, lithium-air, lead-acid, nickel metal hydrate, nickel-zinc, zinc-air, molten salts (sodium-zinc-nickel chloride), sodium aluminum chloride, nickel-cadmium, and silver-zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The heating step (b) is carried out at 800-1050 degrees C for 20-40 minutes. The heating step (d) is carried out at 200-400 degrees C for up to 30 minutes. The ink is applied pattern wise.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphoric acid comprises an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid comprises an aqueous solution containing 85 wt.% of phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid comprises at least 15 wt.%, preferably 85 wt.% of phosphoric acid. The aprotic organic sulfoxide is dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl sulfone. The substrate has a surface coating of silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The wafer of the solar cell has a thickness of 200 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises water (20-30 wt.%) and one or more non-aqueous co-solvent (20-30 wt.%). The non-aqueous co-solvent comprises ethyl lactate. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): 85% of phosphoric acid (25); deionized water (27.5); dimethyl sulfoxide (20); and ethyl lactate (27.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the organic peroxide with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-2.5 parts mass. Preferred Compound: The epoxidized fatty-acid ester compound is of formula (I).R1,R3=linear or branched alkyl;andR2=linear or branched alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of inorganic glass is 100 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of epoxy-terminal coupling agent is 10-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic resin (1). The hydroxyl group is phenolic hydroxyl group. The epoxy-terminal coupling agent further contains annular portion of cyclic ether compound and/or ring-opened cyclic ether compound. The content of annular portion of cyclic ether compound and/or ring-opened cyclic ether compound is 5-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic resin (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent resin layer contains thermoplastic resin layers (11 and 11'). The thermoplastic resin layer (11) is obtained by coating glass with casting solution (1) containing thermoplastic resin (1). The thermoplastic resin layer (11') is obtained by coating glass with casting solution (2) containing thermoplastic resin (2). The thermoplastic resin (1) is chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide, polyether sulfone, polyether imide, polysulfane, polyallylate/polyarylate and polycarbonate. Preferred Properties: The thermoplastic resin (1) has glass transition temperature of 150-350 degrees C, elastic modulus of 1 GPa or more at 25 degrees C, fracture-toughness of 1-10 MPax m1/2 at 25 degrees C and weight average molecular weight of 2x 104-150x 104 based on polyethylene oxide conversion. The thermoplastic resin (2) has glass transition temperature of 150-350 degrees C, elastic modulus of 1.5-10 GPa at 25 degrees C and fracture-toughness of 1.5-10 MPax m1/2 at 25 degrees C. The thickness of thermoplastic resin layer (1) is 20 mu m or less. The transparent substrate has total thickness of 150 mu m or less and fracture diameter of 50 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sensitizing dye is a mixture of D131 dye, D149 dye, N719 dye and black dye or D131 dye and black dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Obtaining colored zirconia further comprises: (f) sintering product obtained in step (e) in air. The stabilized zirconia powder has a ratio of 2.5%-3.5% mol. The zirconia powder is stabilized with 3 mol% yttria. The suspension of step (a) conducts water. The iron compound is selected from a chloride or nitrate. The compound iron is iron chloride tetrahydrate. The suspension of step (a) conducts alcohol. The iron compound is selected from alkoxide, oxalate, and citrate. The compound iron is iron acetyl acetonate. The magnetic stirring of step (b) is maintained between 15 mm and 180 mm. The agitation is maintained between 40 minutes and 80 minutes. The solids content of zirconia suspension of step (a) is in the range of 30 to 70% by weight. The atomization process is conducts a flow of air or nitrogen. Step (d) occurs at a cold isostatic pressure between 100 and 400 MPa. Step (e) occurs at a temperature between 800 and 1400 degrees C. The stage presintering takes place at a temperature of 900 degrees C. The material is sintered at temperatures between 1200 and 1600 degrees C. Sintering occurs at a temperature between 1300 and 1500 degrees C. The duration of the sintering stage is more than 10 minutes. Preferred Material: In the material colored by zirconia, the final density is greater than 98% of the theoretical density of zirconia, harder than 12 GPa, a flexural resistance of 800 MPa, a monoclinic phase content of less than 5% and colorimetric color coordinate basterisk which is in the range of 0-70. The proportion of iron is between 0001 to 0.5% by weight of the final material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is butyl carbitol, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, petroleum ether, abies oil and/or terpineol. The thinner is butyl carbitol, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, petroleum ether, abies oil, terpineol, castor oil and/or cyclohexanone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper or lower adhesive layer is made of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl butyral material. The flexible translucent layer is a tedlar-polyeaster-tedlar or polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made from one of polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, and Polyethylene Naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting structure is made of poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS)-based or silicon rubber-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The band gap is controlled by temperature and/or duration of heat processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The polymer-protected electrochemical catalyst layer comprises noble metal chosen from palladium, platinum, ruthenium, silver and gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer comprises polymer chosen from poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), poly(acrylamide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), and poly(ethyleneimine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye is cis-di(thiocyano)-di(4,4-dicarboxylic acid-2,2-bipyridyl) ruthenium or its derivative N719 dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The surface active agent is non-ionic surface active agent Triton X-100 (RTM: Polyethylene glycol tert octylphenyl ether).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (3) contains 0.5-10 %mass of inorganic filler in order to prevent ultraviolet radiation. The inorganic filler has average grain diameter of 0.01-1 mu m and is chosen from alumina, aluminum sulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, silicon dioxide and white titanium dioxide, preferably white titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layers (1-3) further contain additive chosen from antistatic agent, slipping agent, light stabilizer, ultraviolet absorber and/or antioxidant. The antioxidant is hindered phenol, para-aromatic amine, hindered amine or trivalent phosphorus compound chosen from triphenylphosphate and trialkyl phosphate. The ultraviolet absorber is benzotriazole or cresyl triazine type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The olefin polymer is polyethylene homopolymer, polypropylene homopolymer and/or ethylene-propylene copolymer. The layer (2) contains ethylene vinyl acetate. The composite film has thickness of 50-250 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The smectite type substance is chosen from bentonite, montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite, hectorite and/or synthetic smectite. The activated carbon is chemically activated carbon. EXAMPLE - (In parts weight) 10 wt.% sodium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution (30), 12-tungstophosphoric acid (1.9), trioctyl methyl ammonium acetate (6.5), toluene (150) and cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid cyclohex-3-enylmethyl ester (110) were heated to 50 degrees C. Hydrogen peroxide solution (106) and 20 wt.% sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution were further added and stirred. Activated carbon (15) and bentonite (15) were further added to the organic layer and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solid substance was washed with toluene (100) and water (100) in order to obtain epoxy compound with epoxy equivalent of 134 g/equivalent, viscosity of 240 mPa.second, residual tungsten content of 19 ppm and residual quaternary ammonium salt content of 10 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is reducing solvent. The metallic compound powder contains transition metal element, III group metallic element, and/or VI group metallic element. The transition metal element contains iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel, cadmium, zinc, titanium, vanadium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, erbium, and/or ytterbium. The III group metallic element contains aluminum, gallium, thallium, and indium. The VI group metallic element contains tin and lead. The solvent with boiling point of 220-400 degrees C is alcohol solvent. The metal salt is metal halide, metal carboxylate, metal carboxylate, metal nitrate, or metal sulfate. Preferred Process: The mixed solvent is heated by 220-400 degrees C. The metal oxide is obtained by dehydration reaction of hydroxide which heats metal hydroxide at 70-300 degrees C. The metallic compound powder is produced by dissolving metal salt in solvent, and adding alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The composition comprises a glass ceramic seal located in a fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition comprises (mol%) first alkaline earth metal oxide (5-25), second alkaline earth metal oxide (2-25), aluminum oxide (5-15), and silica (45-65). The first alkaline earth metal oxide comprises (mol%) calcium oxide ( greater than or equal to 80) and the second alkaline earth metal oxide comprises barium oxide ( greater than or equal to 80). A molar ratio of the first alkaline earth metal oxide to the second alkaline earth metal oxide is 5:1 to 1:5. The composition comprises 0-0.5 mol% boron oxide and phosphorus oxide. The composition contains barium oxide, calcium oxide, alumina and silica and the composition is free of other glass formers and easily reducible species. The composition comprises 0-0.5 mol% arsenic oxide, lead oxide or zinc oxide. It further comprises less than 5 mol% of fluxing agent or bulk nucleation agent. EXAMPLE - A seal composition contained (mol%) calcium oxide (19.5), barium oxide (7.5), aluminum oxide (9.5), and silicon dioxide (63.5). The calculated free silica was 9.45 mol%. This composition was suitable for sealing applications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tunnel diode is made of indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) materials. The bond layers are made of indium gallium arsenide (In0.30GaAs). The upper sub-cell is made of indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP). The middle sub-cell is made of GaAs, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb) and gallium indium arsenide nitride (GaInAsN) emitter and base regions. The graded interlayer is made of indium gallium aluminum arsenide (InGaAlAs) material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact metal layer which is deposited in sequence of layers, is made of titanium, gold, silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The method for growing gallium nitride (GaN) nanocolumn further involves depositing gold layer (ii) on silica substrate (ii), annealing the gold layer (ii) to form regions that are configured to act as catalyst and nucleation sites for indium nitride (InN) growth and performing an In-deposition process to form n-type InN columns on the gold layer (ii). The deposition of metal alloy such as gallium-magnesium (Ga-Mg) alloy and InN alloy involves respectively flushing a collection of the deposited gold layers of the silica substrates (i) and (ii), Ga-Mg alloy, InN and ammonium chloride salt with nitrogen in a vacuum environment, exposing the collection to 900 degrees C and introducing a flow of ammonia to the collection. The portion of p-type GaN columns and portion of n-type InN columns each coalesce into a continuous film layer having a thickness more than 15 mu m, preferably more than 25 mu m. The Ga-Mg alloy deposition process further involves decomposing ammonium chloride to release ammonia, introducing a flow of nitrogen to the substrate until the columns have cooled to ambient temperature, removing the film layer from the substrate using ultra-sonication with a washing fluid comprising hydrofluoric acid. Preferred Alloy: The metal alloy comprises indium-magnesium alloy, indium-silicon alloy, gallium-silicon alloy, gallium-zinc alloy, gallium-germanium alloy or indium-zinc alloy, and/or indium, gallium or Ga-Mg alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkenyl or alkynyl end group comprises vinyl, allyl, or ethynyl. The protecting group provides amino, hydroxyl (both preferred), or aldehyde upon deprotection. The aryl group is phenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly (3-substituted thiophene) is present at at least 86%, preferably at least 91% of monocapped with alkenyl or alkynyl end group. The poly (3-substituted thiophene) is a poly(3-alkyl thiophene) or regioregular polythiophene. The poly (3-substituted thiophene), which is at least 70% monocapped with alkenyl or alkynyl end group is also 20 (preferably 1)% or less dicapped. The poly(3-substituted thiophene), which is at least 95% monocapped with alkenyl or alkynyl end group is also 1% or less dicapped. The poly(3-substituted thiophene) is at least 90%, preferably 98% head-to-tail regioregular. The polythiophene is deprotected. Preferred Process: The poly (3-substituted thiophene) is prepared by (i) Grignard metathesis polymerization of one or more 3-substituted thiophene monomers to form a polymer product, and (ii) quenching the polymer product with an excess of Grignard reagent followed by treatment with a proton source. The regioregular polythiophene block and the ATRP polymer block are covalently joined by a group comprising an alkylene group, preferably ethylene group. The polyp-(substituted thiophene) precursor is prepared by using Grignard metathesis polymerization of one or more 3-substituted thiophene monomers. The precursor is reacted with the alkenyl or alkynyl reagent by quenching the precursor with an excess of Grignard reagent. The reaction of the precursor with the Grignard reagent is followed by treatment with a proton source. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor is selected from a group consisting of ammonium nitrite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride, alkali metal salts of nitrous acid, nitrous oxide in an organic or aqueous solvent, preferably water or their mixtures. The precursor is selected from a group consisting of water, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and perdisulfuric acid in diluted form, buffered hydrofluoric acid with oxidizing agents or their mixtures. The substrate is selected from a group consisting of silicon, glass, ceramics or their silicon containing composites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor is selected from a group consisting of peracetic acid, formic acid, trichloroacetic acid, formic acid, glycol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The concentration of internal mold release agent is 0.1-10000 ppm. The cooling is carried out at 10-35 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solution is methanol, ethanol and/or isopropanol solution. The dialkoxysilane is N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl-dimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionomer composition contains dialkoxysilanes (3 %mass or less with respect to 100 parts mass of zinc ionomer) having amino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic compound is silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The base material is a polyester base material with number average molecular weight of 18000-40000, cyclic oligomer content of less than or equal to 1.5 mass% and hydrolysis resistance more than 5x 10-5 m3/g. Preferred Component: The (meth)acryl resin has an alkoxy silyl group and a (meth)acryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The indium oxide has bixbite structure. The activation energy of electrical conductivity of the oxide semiconductor is 50-500 meV at 25 degrees C. The content of element in indium oxide is 0.1-20 weight%. The element is nickel, zinc, cadmium and/or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface layer contains oxides of rare-earth elements, aluminum, zirconium or yttrium. Preferred Properties: The intermediate layer has porosity of 5-20% and thickness of 50-1000 mu m. The surface layer has thickness of 50-1000 mu m. The adhesion strength of intermediate layer with respect to base material is 20 MPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide films (3 and 4) contain oxides of rare-earth element, aluminum, or zirconium. Preferred Properties: The oxide film (3) contains material having higher corrosion resistance than the material contained in oxide film (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gadolinium oxide film contains iron-type metallic compound. Preferred Properties: The gadolinium oxide film has thickness of 50-1000 mu m and is made to contact with the base material under a pressure of 20 MPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substituents contains 2-5 aromatic ring units. Polyoxyalkylene phenyl ether is polyoxyethylene dibenzyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene tribenzyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene distyrene phenyl ether or polyoxyethylene tristyrenated phenyl ether. The antistatic laminated polyester film contains 1-20 wt% polymer (D) which has oxazoline group. Preferred Process: Coating liquid which comprises the application layer in an extending process is coated to greater than or equal to 1 surface of polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The total amount of silicon atom and oxygen atom in joining film excluding hydrogen atoms is 10-90 atomic%. The abundance ratio of silicon atom and oxygen atom in joining film is 3:7-7:3. The crystallinity degree of silicon structure is 45% or less. The joining film includes silicon-hydrogen (Si-H) bonding. The leaving group comprises hydrogen atom, boron atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, phosphorus atom, sulfur atom and/or halogen atom, through which leaving group is coupled to silicon structure. The leaving group is alkyl. Active group is formed in joining film after leaving group is desorbed. The active group is dangling bond or hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The joining film comprises polyorganosiloxane as main material. The polyorganosiloxane contains polymer of octamethyl trisiloxane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier transparent vapor deposition film contains silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The barrier layer is a layer formed by laminating an anchor-coat layer and a deposited thin film layer of inorganic oxide on the polyester resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: An aluminum foil is provided as barrier layer at the side of weather-resistant material touching the polyethylene film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The weather-resistant material is a fluororesin film. The anchor-coat layer contains a mixture of composite of acrylic polyol and/or polyester polyol, and isocyanate compound. The barrier layer consists of a gas-barrier film layer containing water-soluble polymer, metal alkoxide, and/or its hydrolyzate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive application layer contains 0.1-30 %mass of rutile-type titanium dioxide having average particle diameter of 0.1-0.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive application layer contains polyacrylic resin as main resin component. The solar cell back sheet further contains gas barrier transparent vapor deposition film between weather-resistance base film and adhesive application layer. Preferred Properties: The weather-resistance base film contains polyester having number average molecular weight of 18000-40000, oligomer content of 1.5 %mass or less and intrinsic viscosity of more than 5x 10-5 m3/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film is white. The film comprises one or more additives comprising inorganic particles, organic particles, flame retardants, radical scavengers, antioxidants, infrared-absorbing agents and UV stabilizers. Preferred Components: The chain extender is a molecule with at least two reactive groups, which are reacted with polyesters during the extrusion and combined with polyester chain, where the reactive groups are reacted during the extrusion and a chain repair (extension) during the use of polyester film after its production is no longer available. The chain extender is difunctional epoxy, where the epoxy terminal is arranged at the end of the molecular chain or a side chain. The amount of epoxy groups in the chain is 1-100. The epoxy equivalent weight of the chain extender is 200-2000 g/mol (molecular weight/number of epoxy). The molecular weight of the chain extender is 1500-15000. The chain extender present at a room temperature (25 degrees C) is liquid. The chain extender is a substituted cyclopentane compound of formula (A). The chain extender is a polymer having a structure of formula (B). The chain extender is present at less than 2 wt.% to at least 0.05 wt.%, based on the film. In formula (A),R 7=H or aliphatic or aromatic organic group; andR 8=aliphatic or aromatic organic group. In formula (B),R 3-R 7=H or 1-12C alkyl;R 8=1-12C alkyl;x, y=0-100 (where x+y are greater than 0); andz=2-100. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: polyethylene terephthalate (19.2); titanium dioxide (100); regenerate (obtained by hackling the film by twin-screw extruder, melting, extruding and then palletizing by hole-type nozzle); and Joncryl 4380 (RTM: High-epoxy functionality for liquid acrylic resin) (0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon black has: a Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area of 30-2000 m2/g which is measured using nitrogen according to ASTM D3037; and an oil absorption number of 100-500 ml/100 g, measured in according to ASTM D2414.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises: an organic polymer (5-99.9 wt.%); a dispersant; at least one wax other than a propylene-olefin-copolymer wax; and copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate. Preferred Components: The composition comprises propylene-olefin-copolymer (0.05-99.95 wt.%); and carbon black (0.05-99.95 wt.%), where the sum of the propylene-olefin-copolymer and the carbon black is 0.1-95 wt.% based on the total wt.% of the total composition. The organic polymer is thermoplastic polycondensates, styrene polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyacrylate copolymers, polyacetals, polyadducts, polyolefins and/or polyolefin copolymers. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %): propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax (50); carbon black (25); nonpolar polyethylene wax homopolymers (15); nonpolar polyethylene wax homopolymers (8.5); and zinc stearate (1.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium dioxide powder is anatase nanometer titanium dioxide with average grain size of 25 nm. The water is deionized water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant is acetylacetone. The acid is acetic acid or nitric acid. The additive is terpineol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The emulsifier is Triton OP-10 (RTM: not defined). The pore-forming material is polyethylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycol. The powder glazing agent is in the type of YB-509. The cellulose is ethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation further comprises controlling flow ratio of silane: boron hydride (SiH4:B2H6) at 1:0.04-1:0.10, controlling dilution ratio at 90-98%, controlling air pressure at 1-5 Pa, controlling substrate temperature at 150-300 degrees C, controlling hot-wire temperature at 1800-1900 degrees C, controlling distance between substrate and hot-wire of 3-8 cm, and controlling membrane thickness at 10-30 nm; growing passivation layer made of medium material as silicon nitride or silicon oxide on P layer using hot-wire chemical vapor-phase deposition method, with thickness of dielectric passivation layer at 2-10 nm, silicon alkyl as silicon source, oxygen as oxygen source; growing I layer on passivation layer using the hot-wire chemical vapor-phase deposition method; depositing layer of transparent conductive film of 100-300 nm thick on N layer using magnetically-controlled sputtering method; and depositing layer of metal film of 600-1000 nm thick on transparent conductive film as upper electrode using physical vapor-phase deposition method. Preferred Component: The transparent conductive film is AZO membrane or an indium tin oxide (ITO) membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal film is aluminum metal film or silver metal film, and physical vapor-phase deposition method is magnetically-controlled sputtering method or the thermal evaporation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalysts include (wt.%): MnO (40-48), CuO (26-30) and La2O3 (26-30). Preferred Components: The La2O3 is mixed with cerium oxides, where g-atom content of cerium is less than 50% g-atom content of La. The mixed oxides are supported on inert porous inorganic carriers including alumina, silica or silica-alumina. The alumina is gamma -alumina in form of microspheroidal particles or hallow cylinder of single- or three-lobed cylindrical granules provided with through bore at lobes, parallel to axis of the lobes. The amount of supported mixed oxide is 15-25 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The carrier has porosity of more than 0.3 cm3/g and surface area of more than 30 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Catalyst supported on gamma -alumina was prepared from (wt.%) lanthanum oxide (36.5), manganese oxide (39.3), and copper oxide (24.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The visible light or infrared absorption compound has maximum absorption wavelength of 600-1500 nm. Preferred Component: The photoelectrochemical cell further has an insulating porous material between counter electrode and light reception electrode. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R1-R24 and R37-R56=3-20C alkyl or 3-20C polyethylene oxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali metal fluoride is potassium fluoride, preferably potassium fluoride dihydrate. The catalytic activation agent is calcium fluoride. The potassium fluoride and calcium fluoride form potassium-calcium trifluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalytic activation agent is tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium halide of formula: (R1R2N)4P+X-, hexa-alkyl guanidinium halide of formula: ((R3R4N)2CNR3R4)X-, tetraalkyl ammonium chloride of formula: R7R8R9R10N+Cl- or oligo ethylene glycol dimethyl ether of formula: H3C-O-(CH2CH2O)m-CH3, preferably 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, hexaethyl guanidinium chloride or tetrabutyl ammonium chloride.R1-R6=1-3C alkyl;m=2-8;X=Br, Cl or F;andR7-R10=1-4C alkyl.The alkoxysilane is preferably trimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomolecule comprises DNA molecules, RNA molecules, synthetic oligonucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, polysaccharides or viruses.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is glass or plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The linker precursor comprises a substituted or unsubstituted alkene and alkyne. The first functional group is vinyl group and ethynyl group. The linker precursor comprises 1-dodecene, t-butyloxycarbonyl protected 10-aminodec-1-ene or trifluoroacetic acid protected 10-aminodec-1-ene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type-semiconductor layer has group chosen from oxide, nitride and oxynitride, and contains anatase-type titanium oxide and rutile-type titanium dioxide. In the surface-near-field area, the abundance ratio of anatase-type titanium oxide is higher than the abundance ratio of rutile-type titanium dioxide. In the joint surface near-field area, the abundance ratio of rutile-type titanium dioxide is higher than the abundance ratio of anatase-type titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The compound (A) includes aromatic ring structures (I and II), and has maximum absorption wavelength of 300-450 nm and light emission wavelength of 350-600 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains ultraviolet absorber and/or optical stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive substrate is transparent glass substrate containing indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide transparent conductive film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The formed sol comprises zinc acetate (0.3-0.8 mol/l). The monoethanol amine and the zinc acetate are at a ratio of 1:1. The coating mixture comprises nano-titanium dioxide (18-36%), and ethyl cellulose and terpineol (64-82). The ethyl cellulose and the terpineol are at mass ratio of 1:9-1:15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The cadmium telluride thin-film solar battery is manufactured by adopting ultra-low-toxicity compound cadmium as cadmium source, where sulfur or sulfide is used as sulfur source and tellurium or telluride as tellurium source. A chemical reaction is performed according to the cadmium source and sulfur or tellurium source to prepare cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride grains with equal grain diameter. The obtained product is purified, which is mixed with a low boiling point solvent containing polyvinylidene fluoride to prepare a colloid solution. The cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride are coated on the substrate with transparent conductive layer. A rich tellurium layer is also deposited on the coated substrate, where back contact layer and back electrode are deposited through vacuum membrane plating process to manufacture the solar battery. The sulfur source adopting process is accomplished by using long-chain organic acids or organic amine through high-temperature pyrogenation process, where the long-chain organic acids or organic amine is selected from oleic acid, oleyl amine, stearic acid, octadecylamine, hexadecylamine, hexadecanoic acid or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The photoelectric transducer is formed by providing semiconductor layer on an electroconductive support. The semiconductor layer contains semiconductor fine particles to which the asymmetrical binuclear metal complex dye and isoprene-type compound are adsorbed. Preferred Component: The photogalvanic cell further has counter electrode and electrolyte layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor fine particles are titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The asymmetrical binuclear metal complex dye is a structure in which the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is distributed in metal chelate-type ligand ((L1)2M1). Preferred Composition: The isoprene-type compound is chosen from abscisic acid, deoxy abscisic acid, phaseic acid, 3-methyl sorbic acid and retinoic acid. The content of isoprene-type compound in the solution is 0.1-15 mol with respect to 1 mol of binuclear metal complex dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticles: In the population of nanoparticles, greater than 75% of the population of nanoparticles has diameters of less than 15 nm. In the nanoparticles, the intermediate semiconductor shell layer and the external semiconductor shell layer are comprised of more than one monolayer. Preferred Method: The external shell layer is disposed on top of the intermediate shell layer. The process B involves adding a reagent to modify the organophosphorous-based ligands with hydrophilic functionality. Preferred Components: The functionalized organophosphorus-based hydrophilic layer includes several functionalized phosphonate and phosphinate ligands which include a hydrophilic functional group. The thiol-based hydrophilic organic layer includes several bidentate thiol ligands, and several tridentate thiol ligands. The bidentate thiol ligand is dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). The tridentate thiol ligand is R6-N(R5)-CH2-C(O)-N(R4)-C(CH2CH2CH2-SR1)(CH2CH2CH2-SR2)-CH2CH2CH2-SR3 (I); R6-N(R5)-CH2-C(O)-N(R4)-C(CH2-SR1)(CH2-SR2)-CH2-SR3 (II); R6-C(O)-N(R4)-C(CH2CH2CH2-SR1)(CH2CH2CH2-SR2)-CH2CH2CH2-SR3 (III); R6-N(R5)-CH2-C(O)-N(R4)-CH(CH(SR2)-CH2CH2-SR1)-CH2CH2CH2-SR3 (IV); R6-N(R5)-C(O)-(CH2)4-CH(SR3)-CH(SR2)-CH2CH2-SR1 (V); or R6-N(R5)-CH2-C(O)-N(R4)-CH2-CH(SR3)-CH2-CH(SR2)-CH2CH2-SR1 (VI).R1-R3=H, halo, hydroxyl, (-(C=O)-1-22C, -(C=O)CF3) alkanoyl, 1-22C alkyl, 1-22C heteroalkyl, ((CO)O-1-22C) alkylcarbonato, or (-(CO)NH(1-20C) or -(CO)N(1-20C)2) alkylcarbamoyl;R4 and R5=H, 1-22C alkyl, or 6-18C aryl;R6=H or a polyethylene glycol moiety (preferably -C(O)-CH2-(CH2-O-CH2)n-CH2-R7);R7=NH2, N3, NHBoc, NHFmoc, NHCbz, COOH, COO-tert-Bu, COOMe, iodoaryl, hydroxyl, alkyne, boronic acid, allylic alcohol carbonate, NHBiotin, (CO)NHNHBoC, (CO)NHNHFmoc, or OMe;n=1-100. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by (A) adding condensed ring thiofuran monomer (Ia) substituted by dibromine and having R, R1, and R2 substituent groups and diazosulfide monomer (Ib) substituted by diborate whose molar weight are equal, in a reactor; charging inert gas to protect; adding toluene solvent and potassium carbonate aqueous solution in the reactor, where molar ratio of potassium carbonate to (Ia) or (Ib) is 20:1; after discharging air in the reactor, adding catalyzing amount of tetrakis-triphenyl phosphine palladium catalyst; agitating and reacting at 100-120 degrees C; and obtaining (I); or (B) adding condensed-ring thiofuran monomer (Ic) substituted by organic bis-tin and having R1 and R2 substituent groups and condensed ring thiofuran monomer (Id) substituted by dibromine and having R substituent group, whose molar weights are equal, in the reactor; charging inert gas to protect; adding toluene solvent in the reactor; after discharging air in the reactor, adding catalyzing amount of tetrakis-triphenyl phosphine palladium catalyst; agitating and reacting at 100-120 degrees C; and obtaining (I). The molar ratio of (Ia) to (Ib) is 1:15-1:20. The molar ratio of tetrakis-triphenyl phosphine palladium to (Ic) and (Id) is 1:15-1:20. Compound (Ia) is at 0.5-1 mmol/L. Compound (Ib) is at 0.2-1 mmol. Compound (Ic) is at 0.2-1 mmol. Compound (Id) is at 0.2-1 mmol/L. Preferred Definitions:    R=n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, or preferably n-dodecyl;    m=2, 3, 6, preferably 1, or 0;    R1=n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, or preferably H;    R2=H, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, or preferably there is no substituent group at R2 position;    X=C, Si, or preferably S;and    n=5-2000, preferably 5-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The base member or object is made of a light-transmitting material. The light-transmitting material is quartz glass or quartz crystal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bonding film includes a silane (Si-H) bond. The leaving groups contain hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The leaving groups are alkyl groups, preferably methyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bonding film is mainly made of polyorganosiloxane. The polyorganosiloxane predominantly contains octamethyltrisiloxane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titano siloxane compound (B) contains alkoxy group bonded with titanium atom and/or alkoxy group bonded with silicon atom, and is obtained by carrying out partial cohydrolysis condensation of alkoxy titanium compound (b-1) and/or its partial hydrolysis condensate (b-2) and alkoxy silane compound (b-3). The molar ratio of water and alkoxy group bonded with titanium atom in the titano siloxane compound is 0.2-1.3. The molar ratio of alkoxy silane compound (b-3) and water is 0.3-5. The atomic ratio of titanium atom and silicon atom in titano siloxane compound (B) is 0.1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of titano siloxane compound (B) is 5-1500 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of vinyl polymer (A). The vinyl polymer is an acrylic resin, and contains carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The anode has light reflection property. The cathode has light transmittance property. The light is emitted from cathode side of light emitting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode contains aluminum as main component, and element having reduced work function, as subsidiary component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The thiophene derivative is of formula (III). The organic layer further has layer (c) containing aniline derivative and organic acid. The organic acid is sulfonic acid group-containing compound of formula: B1(-R31)(-R32)-S(=O)2-OH (IV), (V) or (VI). The aniline derivative is of formula: R41(L4-N(-R42)-)l-(L5-N(-R43)-)m-(L6-N-(-R44)-)n-R45.R21=bivalent group in which substituent is introduced into 1-5C alkylene, or 1-5C alkylene;Z1=oxygen or sulfur;q=1 or more;R31,R32=carboxy or hydroxy;B1=trivalent group having benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring or heterocyclic ring;R41-R45=H, (un)saturated hydrocarbyl, heterocyclic group having (un)saturated hydrocarboxy, or aryl or aryloxy (both optionally substituted);L4-L6=bivalent group having benzene ring or naphthalene ring;x,y,z=1 or more;l,m,n=0 or more;andl+m+n=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tube and movable plunger comprise metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat transfer fluid comprises hydrocarbon based fluid and/or silicone based fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heterojunction layer contains low molecular weight compounds (I, II, III and/or IV) as p-type semiconductor material, and fullerene derivative as n-type semiconductor material. The heterojunction layer preferably contains low molecular weight compound (III). Preferred Property: The low molecular weight compound has purity of 99% or more, measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Preferred Definitions:    N1=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring;    D1,D2=group of formula (V);    X1,X2,X3=oxygen, sulfur, selenium, optionally substituted nitrogen or silicon, preferably sulfur;    R1,R2,R3=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, silyl, ether, thioether, amino, mutually united ring structure, or aromatic ring structure;    A1,A2=aromatic ring of formulae (VI or VII);and    N1=optionally substituted phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl containing cyclic sec. amino group (20) can be of formulae (1) or (21). The fullerene has 60 carbons. About greater than or equal to 7of hydroxyl containing cyclic sec. amino groups have coupled with fullerene. The aminated fullerene has partial structure of one or more of 3 compounds, e.g. group of formulae (2)-(4).m,n=0-4; andX=NH or CH2;Ar=group which has aromaticity; andR=hydroxyl containing cyclic sec. amino group (20) which may be substituted. Preferred Definitions:    L=organic group and/or alkylene group which may contain imino group (-NH-), phosphine diyl group (-PH-), oxy group (-O-) or thio group (-S-) and show aromaticity;    m= greater than or equal to 2; and    n=2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and/or second metal layers consist of nickel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves preprocessing the metallic silicon by acid-leach process, and carrying out unidirectional solidification process to separate the impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon monomer is silane and trichlorosilane. The additional chlorosilane species comprises trichlorosilane and/or silicon tetrachloride. The etching gas consists of silicon tetrachloride. The deposition gas comprises 25-35 mol.% of chlorosilane. The second vent gas stream comprises hydrogen, trichlorosilane, silicon tetrachloride, and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline and polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The drying is done at 80-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours. The calcining is done at 300-700 (preferably 400-700) degrees C for 2-24 hours. The method further comprises mixing and heating a carrier precursor in an organic solution containing an acid (5-20 pts.wt./1 pts. wt. of oxide carrier) and ethylene glycol (10-60 pts.wt./1 pts. wt. of oxide carrier) to obtain a mixture; and calcining the mixture at 400-700 degrees C for 2-24 hours to obtain a oxide carrier. Preferred Components: The platinum precursor is present at 0.5-5 pts.wt./100 pts. wt. of oxide carrier. The cerium precursor is present at 1-20 pts.wt./100 pts. wt. of oxide carrier. The oxide carrier is formed of alumina, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and/or cerium oxide. The dispersing medium is water and/or alcohol. The acid is an inorganic acid from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or boric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is an organic acid from citric acid, a 1-20 carbon aliphatic carboxylic acid and/or a 1-30 carbon aromatic carboxylic acid. EXAMPLE - A tetraammineplatinum (II) nitrate solution (0.22 g) was added (g) with cerium nitrate hexahydrate (2.42) and gamma -alumina (100), added to water (50 ml), stirred for 6 hours, vacuum dried at 60 degrees C, dried at 110 degrees C for 16 hours, calcined at 500 degrees C for 2 hours in air, and cooled at 300 degrees C for 2 hours in hydrogen atmosphere to obtain non-pyrophoric shift reaction catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is biaxially oriented polyester film, fluoropolymer film, fluoropolymerpolyester-fluoropolymer film, glass, metal, ceramic or polymer that is polycarbonate, acrylic, polyacrylate, cyclic polyolefin and/or metallocene-catalyzed polystyrene. INDUSTRIAL STRANDARDS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin comprises ethylene and 5-50 wt.% of an alpha -olefin based on the total weight of the parent polyolefin copolymer and having 3-20 carbons having a density of less than 0.92 g/cc according to ASTM D-792.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aqueous solution has pH value of 6.5 or less. The polyacrylic acid has weight average molecular weight of 2000-10000. Preferred Compound: The salt of polyacrylic acid is ammonium polyacrylate. Preferred Composition: The acidic component (0.01-30 %mass) is chosen from acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The concentration of polyacrylic acid or its salt is 0.1-3 %mass. The alkaline aqueous solution contains sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ammonia, monoethanolamine and methyl ethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Portion: The fluorescent portion is introduced into principal chain or side chain of polymer or oligomer. The fluorescent portion is anthracene or its derivative(s), coumarin or its derivative(s), fluorescein or its derivative(s), rhodamine, eosin, perylene or its derivative(s), fluorene or its derivative(s), or stilbene or its derivative(s). Preferred Solvent: The solvent is organic solvent chosen from propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethyl lactate, cyclohexanone, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, acetylacetone, toluene and N,N-dimethylformamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer or oligomer is acrylic resin, methacryl resin, novolak resin, aminoplast polymer, polyamide, polyimide, polyester, polyfluorene, polyfluorene derivative, polysiloxane, polysilane, or polycarbosilane. The polymer or oligomer has a crosslinking portion. The wavelength conversion membrane forming composition further contains a crosslinking agent, and antioxidant and/or a radical trapping agent. Wavelength conversion membrane formed using the composition converts wavelength of an ultraviolet light region into wavelength of visible region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass further contains ferric oxide (0.06 %mass or less), and optionally contain antimony oxide. Preferred Properties: The temperature at which the viscosity of the glass is 102 dPa.second is 1550 degrees C or less. The glass has mean linear expansion coefficient of 70\10-7-110x 10-7/ degrees C at 50-300 degrees C, and average transmittance of 90% or more at wavelength of 450-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cells are thin film solar cells consisting of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper indium/gallium diselenide, light absorbing dyes, and organic semiconductors based solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Each of the other sub-layers and other of the front and back encapsulant layers comprises a polymer consisting of acid copolymers, ionomers of acid copolymers, poly(ethylene vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of an alpha -olefin and an alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, silicone elastomers and/or epoxy resins. The polymeric sheets comprise a polymer consisting of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and/or fluoropolymers. The polymeric films comprise a polymer consisting of polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides) and/or fluoropolymers. INDUSTRIAL STRANDARDS - Preferred Component: The first precursor acid copolymer has a melt flow rate of 150-400 g/10 min as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190 degrees C and 2.16 kg. The second precursor acid copolymer has a melt flow rate of less than 30 g/10 min as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190 degrees C and 2.16 kg. The sodium ionomer has a melt flow rate of 0.7-25 g/10 min, and a freeze enthalpy that is not detectable or that less than 3 j/g when is determined by differential scanning calorimetry in accordance with ASTM D3418.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first substrate comprises silica or titania. The nanowire comprises a silica core surrounded by a layer of indium tin oxide or tin oxide. It is coated with an electrically conducting material. The second substrate comprises aluminum. The nanowires comprise silicon, germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, aluminum nitride, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, tungsten oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, hafnium oxide, lead zirconate, lead zirconate titanate, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and/or cadmium telluride. The nanowires comprise copper, aluminum, iron, gold, platinum, nickel, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, titanium, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, and/or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The nanowires comprise steel or brass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell includes a passivating film e.g. silicon oxide layer and amorphous silicon layer. The solar cell includes an anti-reflective coating with silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass layer comprises silicate glass doped with europium or europium-containing compound, or borate glass doped with europium or europium-containing compound, and is of molecular formula: 59SiO2-33B2O3-8Na2O-xEu-2O3, where x is 0.5-2.5. The borate glass is doped with europium oxide (Eu3+). The borate glass comprises silicon dioxide, boron oxide and oxide of alkali metal(s). The content of europium oxide in borate glass is 2.5 mol% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chalcogenide alloy comprises mercury telluride (HgTe), led sulfide (PbS), led selenide (PbSe), led telluride (PbTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium tellurium (CdTe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc telluride (ZnTe), tin telluride (SnTe), copper sulfide (CuS, Cu2S, or Cu1-xSx (where x is 0 to 1)), copper selenide (CuSe, Cu2Se, CuSe2, or Cu2-xSe1+x), copper indium disulfide (CuInS2), copper gallium disulfide (CuGaS2), copper indium gallium disulfide, (Cu(In1-xGax)S2), copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2), copper gallium diselenide (CuGaSe2), copper indium gallium diselenide (Cu(In1-xGax)Se2), copper silver indium gallium disulfide (Cu1-xAgx)(In1-yGay)S2 (where y is 0 to 1)), copper silver indium gallium diselenide (Cu1-xAgx)(In1-yGay)Se2), indium sulfide (In2S3), (In2S3)x'(Ga2S3)1-x' (where x' is 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.75 or 0.8), indium selenide (In2Se3), (In2Se3)x'(Ga2Se3)1-x', bismuth sulfide (Bi2Se3), antimony sulfide (Sb2S3), silver sulfide (Ag2S), tungsten sulfide (WS2), tungsten selenide (WSe2), molybdenum sulfide MOS2), molybdenum selenide (MoSe2), tin sulfide (SnSz (where z is 1 to 2)), tin selenide (SnSez), or copper tin sulfide (Cu4SnS4). The consolidating the processed volume comprises vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, thermal sintering, or energy-assisted sintering processes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin layer is formed by lamination of resin film. Preferred Property: The resin layer contains fiber having an average fiber diameter of 4-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intermediate layer further contains a nanoparticle dispersion. The nanoparticle dispersion is obtained by dispersing atomized metal oxide-type material in the organic solvent. The metal oxide-type material is tin-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, aluminum-doped tin oxide or indium-doped zinc oxide. The intermediate layer material is chromium, tantalum, titanium, manganese, molybdenum or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The intermediate layer contains a conductive polymer which is complex of polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyethylene dioxythiophene or polyethylene sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The interface process layer has an electroconductivity of 1-100 S/cm and a thickness of 1-3 nm. The i-layer is a crystalline intrinsic semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell element is made of any one of the material such as silicon, gallium arsenide, indium gallium phosphide, aluminum indium gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide nitride, germanium, copper indium gallium selenide and cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic molding portion is made of silicone resin, epoxy resin or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell further comprises an electrolyte between a cathode catalyst and an anode catalyst, and the cathode catalyst includes the quaternary catalytic alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: platinum, vanadium, cobalt and iridium in a molar ratio of 30-60 (preferably 40), 5-20 (preferably 20), 20-40 (preferably 30), 5-15 (preferably 10) mol.%, respectively. The quaternary catalytic alloy comprises 10-70 wt.% of a combined weight of the quaternary catalytic alloy and carbon support material. The particles have an average particle size of 2-20 nm. Preferred Components: The quaternary catalytic alloy is disposed as particles on a carbon support material. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The slip vehicle comprises methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, butanol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 2-methoxyethanol, solvents having vapor pressures of greater than 5 Torr at 25 degrees C and/or boiling points of below 100 degrees C. The dispersant comprises less than 6 wt.% of phosphate ester. The charge-modifying agent comprises acetic acid. The slip vehicle comprises greater than 70 wt.% of ethanol, 10 -20 wt.% of butanol and less than 6 wt.% of propylene glycol in wt.% of the ceramic slip. The flocculent comprises acetic acid diluted in 2-propanol in a 1:1 ratio. The plasticizer comprises dibutyl phthalate (0.5-3.5), butyl phenyl phthalate and/or low molecular weight polyethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The carrier film comprises a polytetrafuoroethylene film, a coated polytetrafuoroethylene film, a laminated polytetrafuoroethylene film, a polyethylene terephthalate film, a polymethylpentene film, a polyvinylidene fluoride film, a polyetheretherketone film, an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene film, a polyimide film or a similar polymer film. The binder comprises poly vinyl alcohol, acrylics, less than 10 wt.% of poly vinyl butyral, poly ethylene oxide or polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulosics such as hydroxymethylcellulose, hyrdroxyethylcellulose or hyrdroxypropylcellulose, gums such as agar gum or gum arabic, acrylics, vinylacrylics, acrylic acids, polyacrylamides or starches, an emulsion such as an acrylic emulsion with an aqueous liquid, binder precursors, acrylics such as poly methylmethacrylate, or condensation polymers such a polyfunctional acids and glycols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and third region comprises elements only from Group IV. The third region comprises elements only from Groups III and V; or elements only from Groups II and VI. The composition of the second region is described by (RE1)v(RE2)w(RE3)x(J1)y(J2)z (where (RE) is selected from rare earth; (J1) and (J2) are selected from O, N and P; v, w and z are 0-5; x is less than 0; and y is less than or equal to 5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode (111) of the photoelectric conversion device is a transparent electrode comprising indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and/or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The electrode (112) of the photoelectric conversion device is the same as the transparent electrode or is a metal electrode comprising aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, platinum, silver and/or chromium. Preferred Film: The green color photoelectric conversion film has a p-type layer formed by depositing tetraphenyldiamine, a p,n-type layer formed by co-depositing tetraphenyldiamine and N-methyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxyl-diimide on the p-type layer, and a n-type layer formed by depositing naphthalene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride on the p,n-type layer. Preferred Methods: Alternately, the p-type layer of blue color photoelectric conversion film is formed by depositing tetraphenyldiamine, and the p,n-type layer of blue color photoelectric conversion film is formed by co-depositing tetraphenyldiamine and fullerene on the p-type layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The area ratio of the region which has Raman peak ratio of 3.5-8 or less, is 80% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The main organic compound is organic compound which has amino group, carbazolyl group, or condensed polycyclic ring aromatic compound portion. The organic compounds are not metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: One type of the electron-accepting material is 60C fullerene, and the other type is 61C or more fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (K2) is fullerene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably naphthalene, rylene, preferably perylene, terrylene or quaterrylene, acene, preferably anthracene, tetracene, preferably rubrene, pentacene, pyrene, coronene or hexabenzocoronene; quinone, quinone dimethane or quinonediimine; phthalocyanine or subphthalocyanine; porphyrin, tetraporphyrin or tetrabenzoporphyrin; thiophene, oligo-thiophene, condensated/annelated thiophene, thienothiophene or dithienothiophene; thiadiazole; carbazole or triarylamine; indanthrone, violanthrone or flavanthone; and fulvalene, tetrathiafulvalene or tetra-selena-fulvalene, or the derivatives of the above components. (K2) is one or more fullerene and/or its derivatives, preferably 60C-fullerene. The amount of: (K1) is 10-90, preferably 20-80 wt.%, and (K2) is 90-10, preferably 80-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high refractive index zones are made of element that is chosen from a group comprising silver (Ag), copper (Cu), barium (Ba) and thallium (Tl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (1) contains titanium dioxide and barium sulfate as the inorganic particles. The content of titanium oxide with respect to the total weight of the inorganic particles is 10-25 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The layer (3) has thickness of 7-30 mu m. The layer (1) is thinner than the layer (3). The average relative reflectance of the polyester film in the wavelength of 400-700 nm is 90% or more. Preferred Composition: The layer (2) contains polymethyl pentene or cyclic olefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The tin oxide powder has tap density of 2.25-2.65 g/cm3, volume-based particle size distribution (D50) of 1.5-5 mu m, measured by laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measuring method, and compressibility of 60-65%, which satisfies the relation: ((tap-density volume density)/(tap density))x 100. The ratio of volume-based particle size distribution (D50) with respect to difference of volume-based particle size distribution (D90) and volume-based particle size distribution (D10) is 0.1-0.4. The difference of volume density of tin oxide powder and indium oxide powder is 0.2 g/cm3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamic acid further contains at least 10 mol% of repeating unit of formula (II) and has number average molecular weight of 5000 or more. The polyimide film further contains at least 10 mol% of repeating unit of formula (IV). EXAMPLE - 4-(3-(4-Aminophenoxy)phenoxy)aniline (in g) (1.4) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (16.4) were mixed by stirring. Then, 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydronaphtho(1,2-c)furan-1,3-dione (1.5) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred at 26 degrees C for 24 hours and polymerized, to obtain polyamic acid solution. Further, dimethylformamide was added to the obtained polyamic acid solution, flow-spread on glass plate, baked at 80 degrees C for 1.5 hours, 140 degrees C for 1.5 hours, 200 degrees C for 1.5 hours, and 240 degrees C for 2.5 hours under pressure of 10 Pa, peeled off the film, and dried under reduced pressure at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, to form polyimide film. The obtained polyimide film had excellent transparency, heat resistance, flexibility and toughness, and reduced water-absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal element is zinc, magnesium, cadmium, calcium, beryllium, copper, silver, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, oxygen, nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, silicon, carbon, manganese, nickel and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vapor deposition film further includes silicon compound layer. Preferred Component: The calcium-phosphate compound is hydroxyapatite. The silicon compound is chosen from silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. Preferred Property: The calcium-phosphate compound layer has thickness of 2 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystalline metal oxide particles are titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The layered clay mineral has average particle diameter of 0.01-5 mu m, swelling degree with respect to water of 3-20 and aspect-ratio of 200-1000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste further contains 65-90 %mass of water and 5 %mass or less of alcohol having boiling point of 150 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The flexible transparent organic electroluminescent element has anode, hole injection layer, hole transportation layer, light emitting layer containing organic material, electron injection layer and cathode sequentially laminated on the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide film further contains at least 10 mol% or more of repeating unit of formula (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The detection element is made of acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) resin, nylon resin, polycarbonate (PC) and PC/ABS resin. The housing covering the fuel accommodating portion is provided with a window which is made from any one of polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, cyclic olefin copolymer, cycloolefin polymer, polymethyl pentene, and polyphenyl sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal in the metal particle, metal particle having oxide film and metal-oxide particle is silver, copper, nickel or tin. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of metal particle, metal particle having oxide film or metal-oxide particle is 1-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxyl group-containing compound (I) is of formula (II), and exists as a vapor, liquid and/or component.R5=2-12C hydrocarbylene optionally substituted by hydroxy, preferably ethylene, propylene, propane-1,3-diyl, 2,3-butylene, 1,2-butylene, butane-1,3-diyl or 2,2-dimethyl propane-1,3-diyl.Preferred Condition: The heat-process is carried out at 180 degrees C or less. Preferred Definitions:    R2=-NR6R7, -OR8, -CR10=CAr'R9 or Ar';and    Ar'=phenyl optionally substituted by cyclic substituent containing hydroxymethyl, formyl, amino, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino.    R9 and R10 exist in trans form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The particles are coated with silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains a surfactant and polyamic acids other than polyamic acid (I). The coating layer has a refractive index of 1.7 or more at 633 nm and 25 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    R=tetravalent aliphatic or alicyclic group containing sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Precursor: At least one of n-type or p-type semiconductor material precursor is a precursor having crosslinking substituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflectance improvement material is lithium fluoride. The back-surface metal electrode layer contains silver. The back-surface transparent conductive layer contains zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The treated target is cooled by air, water or oil. Preferred Property: The average grain size in the alloy of target is 1 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first periodic element is silicon. The second periodic element is germanium, and magnesium. The additional periodic element is bismuth and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The lithium alloy is a hydride. The lithium alloy is plate shaped, rod shaped or a particulate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal is melted in inert gas atmosphere having dew point of -20 degrees C or less, and then contacted with halogenated silicon. The metal is melted by spraying atomizing gas (G) having dew point of -20 degrees C or less on metal, forming microdroplets (P) consisting of metal, and contacting metal and halogenated silicon. Preferred Composition: The total content of iron, copper, nickel, lead and tin as impurity component in metal is 30 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The element contained in thin film is selected from zinc, magnesium, cadmium, calcium, beryllium, copper, lithium, silver, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, chromium, nickel, iron, carbon, and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The third layer comprises glass portion, which is self-healing and deformable.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and/or second layer comprises silver and copper, or silver and copper oxide; and noble metal comprising palladium, platinum and/or gold, base metal comprising aluminum, nickel, tin and/or zinc, or ceramic comprising zirconia, barium titanate and/or strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high-temperature adhesive polyester layer is coated by polyethylene glycol terephthalate thin film coating and flame-retardant epoxy rein adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The derivatives of choline halide is an alkyl acyl choline halide, or an ammonium alkyl acyl choline halide. The alkyl acyl choline halide is a butyryl choline halide, and the alcohol is a glycerol. The mole ratio of the butyryl choline halide to the glycerol is 2.5:1-3.5:1. The composition further comprises a second ionic liquid, preferably an imidazolium ionic liquid. The imidazolium ionic liquid is a 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide. The composition further comprises an additive comprising 4-tertbutyl pyridine, N-methyl benzimidazole, and guanidine thiocyanate. The redox mediator is iodide/triiodide, bromine/bromide, or and thiocyanate/di-thiocyanate mediators. The dye is a carboxylate polypyridyl ruthenium, a phosphonate polypyridyl ruthenium, or a polynuclear bipyridyl ruthenium. EXAMPLE - Glycerol having a melting point of 18 degrees C, and butyrylcholine iodide having a melting point of 87-89 degrees C were mixed at a mole ratio of 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 respectively. Results showed that when the glycerol and the butyrylcholine iodide were mixed at the mole ratio of 3:1, the melting point of the mixture evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry was 25 degrees C. Accordingly, the preferred mole ratio of glycerol and butyrylcholine iodide was 2.5:1-3.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium dioxide layer comprises titanium dioxide-containing nano structures. The titanium dioxide-containing nano structure comprises a titanium dioxide crystal and a compound formed on its surface. The titanium dioxide crystal is an anatase titanium dioxide crystal. The size of the anatase titanium dioxide crystal is 18-22 nm x 2-6 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene derivative comprises (6,6)-phenyl 61C-butyric acid methyl ester. The compound comprises carboxyl-containing compounds or phosphonate-containing compounds. The carboxyl-containing compound comprises 18C acidic compounds. The phosphonate-containing compound comprises diethyl(2-cyanoethyl)phosphonate, diethyl(2-oxopropyl)phosphonate, triethyl-3-phosphonopropionate or diethyl(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)phosphonate. The phosphonate-containing compound has the structure of formula (a) or (b).n = 2-2.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The active layer comprises polymer semiconductors and fullerene derivatives. The polymer semiconductor comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bonding film includes a silane (Si-H) bond. The leaving groups contain hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The leaving groups are alkyl groups, preferably methyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bonding film is mainly made of polyorganosiloxane. The polyorganosiloxane predominantly contains octamethyltrisiloxane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismaleimide is of formula (I) or (II). The bismaleimide comprises N,N'-bismaleimide-4,4'-diphenylmethane, 1,1'-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diyl)bismaleimide, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, 1,1'-(3,3'dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diyl)bismaleimide, N,N'-ethylenedimaleimide, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)dimaleimide, N,N'-(1,3-phenylene)dimaleimide, N,N'-thiodimaleimid, N,N'-dithiodimaleimid, N,N'-ketonedimaleimid, N,N'-methylene-bis-maleinimid, bis-maleinimidomethyl-ether, 1,2-bis-(maleimido)-1,2-ethandiol, N,N'-4,4'-diphenylether-bismaleimid, or 4,4'-bis(maleimido)-diphenylsulfone. The Bronsted base solution comprises N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, pyrrolidone, or N-dodecylpyrrolidone. The ionic liquid electrolyte comprises lithium iodide, iodine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, and solvent. The solvent comprises acetonitrile and/or propylene carbonate.R3=-R-, -R-NH2-R-, -C(O)-, -R-C(O)-R-, -R-C(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)-, -R-S(O)-R-, -SO2-, -(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-R-, -R-(C6H5)-O-, -(C6H5)-(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-R- or -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-O-;Y'=-R-, -C(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)- or -SO2-;X1-X8=halo, H, 1-8C alkyl, 1-8C cycloalkyl or 1-8C silylalkyl;andR=1-8C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The bismaleimide and barbituric acid are at molar ratio of 1:1-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive layer contains swelling gel ( greater than or equal to 50 mass parts) which is hydrogel. The amount of moisture content in adhesive layer is 0.1-3 ml/g. The base material is printed circuit board. Preferred Parameters: The thickness of adhesive layer before swelling is 0.05-10 mu m. The adhesive layer is heater from 40-80 degrees C. The peeling of adhesive film is performed at 20-5 degrees C after bonding adhesive film together to base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar fraction of silicon alkoxide and/or alkyl silicon compound in the mixed gas is 4x 10-5-4x 10-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base-material layer contains thermoplastic resin. Preferred Layer: The multilayered structure further has resin composition layer on the surface-treatment layer. The resin composition layer contains polymer component and clay mineral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The connection structure has an average thickness of 1-2.5 mm when used as a junction box, and an average thickness of 0.5-2.5 mm when used as a connector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin composition contains (in parts mass) polyphenylene ether (65-98), styrene resin (1-25), and hydrogenated block copolymer (1-20). The rated temperature of the resin composition is 120 degrees C or more. The Charpy impact strength at -40 degrees C of the thermoplastic resin composition is preferably 7.5 kJ/m2 or more. The dart impact strength at -40 degrees C of the thermoplastic resin composition is 3 J or more. The retention of dart impact strength of the resin composition after leaving for 500 hours at 90 degrees C in saturated steam environment with respect to the dart impact strength at -40 degrees C before leaving to stand, is 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The support does not decompose and melt during heating process or ultraviolet irradiation process. An ultraviolet-ray is irradiated without drying the solvent-containing precursor film. The ultraviolet laser is irradiated after ultraviolet irradiation by an ultraviolet ray lamp. The metal oxide nanoparticle is obtained by heating and/or ultraviolet irradiating the raw material solution chosen from metal organic acid salt, ( beta )-diketonate, and metal alkoxide. The oxide nanoparticle is an insulator composite metal oxide. The precursor solution is organic metal compound solution containing a metal having valence different from the structure metal of the insulator metal oxide. Preferred Film: The thin film contains metal oxide nanoparticles with specified metal composition and crystal structure, and metal oxide nanoparticles of dissimilar-metal composition with crystal structure equivalent to the nanoparticles. Preferred Composition: The precursor solution is metal oxide nanoparticle solution or an organic metal compound solution. The substance other than metal and metal oxide is organic material. The metal composition ratio of metal oxide nanoparticle solution and metal composition ratio of the organic metal compound in the precursor solution are the same. The metal of the organic metal compound is different from that of the metal of metal oxide nanoparticles. The mother substance of the phosphor material is cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and/or ytterbium. The oxide nanoparticle is of formula: AVO2.A=cesium or rubidium.Preferred Structure: The metal oxide nanoparticles have perovskite structure, ilmenite structure, tungsten-bronze structure, spinel, pyrochlore structure, rutile structure, anatase structure, and fluorite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An organic halogen compound of formula: R2-X is reacted with thiol of formula: R1-SH, to obtain a sulfido compound of formula: R1-S-R2 (Ia). The obtained compound (Ia) is oxidized using an oxidizing agent, to obtain a compound (I).X=halo. Preferred Definitions:    R1=propyl, isopropyl, butyl or s-butyl;and    R2=isobutyl or s-butyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. propyl isopropyl sulfone of formula: CH3-CH(-CH3)-S(=O)2-CH2-CH2-CH3 (Ia), propyl isobutyl sulfone, propyl-s-butyl sulfone, propyl-t-butyl sulfone and isopropyl butyl sulfone.    EXAMPLE - 1-Butanethiol (in g) (13.5) and 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (60) were added, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour in nitrogen atmosphere. 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane (13.7) was added to the resulting solution and stirred at 60 degrees C for 2 hours and cooled to room temperature. Further, dichloromethane (50 ml) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Then, the dichloromethane layer was fractionated and washed using ultra-pure water (30 ml). Hydrogen-peroxide solution (19.2) was added to the obtained 35% dichloromethane layer and stirred at 30 degrees C for 2 hours. The dichloromethane layer was distilled, to obtain colorless and transparent liquid of butyl isobutyl sulfone (16). The butyl isobutyl sulfone had yield of 90%, melting point of 1 degrees C, exothermic start temperature of 200 degrees C, viscosity of 8 cp at 25 degrees C and water solubility of 3.7 g/100 g at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The weight or molar ratio between the electron donor and the electron acceptor is 1:10-10:1, preferably 1:2-2:1. The electron donor and/or electron acceptor are halo-substituted (fluorine-substituted), and comprises a pi -conjugated structure. The electron donor comprises liquid crystal including porphyrin-based compound, phthalocyanine-based compound, discotic liquid crystal, and/or polymer. The electron acceptor comprises fullerene-based compound, carbon nanotube, graphene, photosensitive dye, and/or thiophene-based material. The porphyrin-based compound comprises compound of formula (I) and (III) and the phthalocyanine-based compound comprises compound of formula (II) and (IV). The fullerene-based compound comprises 60C, 70C, 76C, 84C, carbon nanotube, graphene, or their derivative including compound of formula (V) or methanofullerene (6,6)-phenyl-71C-butyric acid methyl ester.M=2H, Zn, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn, Mg, Ce, Ru, Rh, Pt, Au, or lanthanide metal and which may be bound to halo, O, OH, -CO, amine or heterocyclic moiety;andR1, R2=alkyl which may optionally include perfluoroalkyl, aromatic moiety, heterocyclic moiety, substituted 60C, or O, S, Br, CI, CO, COO, NH, C-C, N-N and/or C=C.m=0-20, preferably 3 or 4;n=3-20, preferably 10;M=2H, cu, or Zn;andL=linking group comprising COO, OOC, O, S, NHCO, CONH, C=C, C-C, aromatic moiety, substituted 60C, N=N, or heterocyclic moiety, preferably -COO, OOC, or O.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic polymer is an ionomer that is an ionic, neutralized derivative of a precursor alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer, where 10-60% of the total content of the carboxylic acid groups present in the precursor alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer have been neutralized with metal ions, and where the precursor alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer comprises copolymerized units of 2-10C alpha -olefin and 18-30 wt.% based on the total weight of the alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer, of copolymerized units of an alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated 3-8C carboxylic acid; or is an acid copolymer that comprises copolymerized units of 2-10C alpha -olefin and 18-30 wt.% based on the total weight of the alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer, of copolymerized units of an alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated 3-8C carboxylic acid. The at least one thermoplastic sheet is a front encapsulant sheet layer positioned to the front sun-facing side of the solar cell layer and the at least one glass sheet is an incident layer positioned adjacent to the at least one thermoplastic encapsulant sheet layer and opposite from the solar cell layer; or is a back encapsulant sheet layer positioned to the back non-sun-facing side of the solar cell layer and the at least one glass sheet is a backing layer positioned adjacent to the back encapsulant sheet layer and on the side of the encapsulant sheet layer opposite from the solar cell layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The at least one encapsulant sheet layer comprises a polymeric material selected from acid copolymers, ionomers of acid copolymers, poly(ethylene vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, silicone elastomers and/or epoxy resins. The at least one encapsulant sheet layer comprises a thermoplastic polymer selected from acid copolymers and/or ionomers of acid copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The n-doped base layer comprises n-gallium arsenide (n-GaAs). The p-doped emitter layer comprises p-aluminum gallium arsenide (p-AlGaAs). The intermediate layer comprises n-aluminum gallium arsenide (n-AlGaAs). The device has several p-doped layers comprising layer containing p-gallium arsenide (p-GaAs), layer containing p-aluminum gallium arsenide (Al0.1Ga0.9As), layer containing p-aluminum gallium arsenide (Al0.2Ga0.8As), and layer containing p-aluminum gallium arsenide (Al0.3Ga0.7As).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer has group III-V monocrystalline and a base layer made n-gallium arsenide. An emitter layer made of p+-aluminum gallium arsenide is arranged below the base layer. A lateral surface is passivated with silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxide (SiOx), titanium oxide (TiOx), tantalum oxide (TaOx) and Zinc sulfide (ZnS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material is selected from a group consisting of acrylic resin, silicone, fluoropolymer, polyurethane, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyethylene terphthalate, polyamide, ethylene vinyl acetate or their mixtures, preferably with silicon oxides or ORMOCER (RTM: Inorganic-organic hybrid polymers). The fibers include a material, which is selected from a group consisting of polyamide, polypropylene, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. An electro-plating is applied on the polymer material, where the electro-plating is selected from a group consisting of nickel and alloys of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, copper, silver, aluminum or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group IIIA and group IIIB elements include platinum, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt, chromium, nickel and iron. The second component is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, cesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride and manganese chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid is selected from perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid. The conductive substrate is fluorine-doped tin dioxide conductive glass, indium tin oxide conductive glass or a substrate with platinum, gold, carbon, graphite, iron, copper, chromium, indium and tin oxide as conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is a mixture of polythiophene, polypyrrole and polyaniline. The conductive substrate is polyethylene glycol terephthalate plated with indium tin oxide conductive flexible strip.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises introducing either (Ar3)2N-Ar2 as a boronic acid derivative in a Suzuki-coupling or introducing (Ar3)2N as (Ar3)2NH in Hartwig-Buchwald coupling. Preferred Definitions:    X = N, N(Ar2)2, P=O or 1,3,5-triazine;    Ar1 = phenyl optionally substituted with at least one R1;    Ar2 = naphthalene or phenyl optionally substituted with R1;    Ar3 = thiophene, phenyl or naphthalene (all optionally substituted by at least one R1); and    n = 3.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 2,2',2''-tris-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-triphenylamine of formula (Ia), 2,2',2''-(tris-N-carbazolyl-phenyl)-triphenylamine, 2,2',2''-(tris-diphenylamino)-triphenylamine, 2,2'-bis(diphenylamino)-2''-phenyl-triphenylamine, and 2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N,N-bis(2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-aniline.    EXAMPLE - To a mixture of 2,2',2''-tribromo-triphenylamine (48.2 g), 4-(N-diphenylamino)-phenylboronic acid (115.7 g), tripotassiumphosphate (169.8 g), toluene (600 ml), dioxane (200 ml) and water (800 ml), tri-o-tolylphosphine (5.5 g) and palladium(II)acetate (674 mg) were added and stirred. After 24 hours under reflux, the aqueous phase was separated, and the organic phase was filtered over silica gel and dried. Further the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (1000 ml), filtered over aluminum oxide and dried. Further the mixture was washed with acetone (50 ml) and thrice with ethanol (100 ml), and dried to obtain 2,2',2''-tris-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-triphenylamine (53.2 g, 99.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Contents: The silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) with excess of hydrogen fluoride comprises 0.1-1.1%. Preferred Components: The alkaline metals hydride comprises sodium hydride (NaH). The alkaline-earth metal hydride comprises calcium hydride (CaH2). Preferred Processes: The hydrogenation reaction of SiF4 with sodium hydride (NaH) is at 0 degrees C in liquid media of organic solvent having tetrahydrofuran, diethylene glycol or simple ethers. The monosilane synthesis (SiH4) involves reaction of silicon tetrafluoride with CaH2 in media of the eutectic melt of lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) at 360-380 degrees C under 2.5 bar. The calcium hydride (CaH2) is used as hydrogen donator in reaction with SiF4 by hydrogenation of the granular calcium with hydrogen in the pseudo fluidized-bed reactor at 500 degrees C under 2.5 bar. The thermal decomposition of SiH4 is carried out in pseudo fluidized bed of silicon pellets in a thermal decomposition reactor of SiH4 quartz vessel, heated by radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The reaction of metallurgical silicon with HF is at 500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The piezoelectric material is aluminum orthophosphate, quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, gallium orthophosphate, lanthanum gallium silicate, barium titanate, bismuth titanate, lead titanate, zinc oxide, zirconium lead titanate (Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3, where x is greater than 0 and less than 1), lanthanum bismuth titanate ((Bi4-xLax)Ti3O12, where x is greater than 0 and less than 1), tin oxide, potassium niobate, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, sodium tungstate, sodium barium niobate, potassium lead niobate, sodium potassium niobate, and/or bismuth ferrite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanorods are contacted with a basic solution comprising the hydroxide ions. The basic solution comprises lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, francium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, copper hydroxide, iron hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, alanine, phosphazene, histidine, imidazole, benzimidazole, purine, pyridine, pyrimidine, and/or methylamine. The nanorods are formed on a substrate chosen from gallium nitride substrate, glass substrate, plastic substrate, indium tin oxide layer-coated glass substrate, and indium-tin layer-coated plastic substrate. The nanotube has a wall thickness of 1-200 nm. The concentration of hydroxide ions is 0.01-1 mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The mask contains silica or silicon nitride. The underlying gallium nitride layer is grown on substrate (101) containing sapphire, silicon and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The aluminum particles are heated at -20 degrees C or less in presence of inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Process: The aluminum particles are heated above the melting point of aluminum, to obtain molten aluminum particles. Then, the obtained molten aluminum particles are contacted with the halogenated silane, to obtain silicon. An atomize gas (G) containing oxygen and/or moisture is sprayed to the molten aluminum using a chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The diameter of metal nanoparticle is 1-5 nm. Preferred Process: The method further involves preparing aqueous solution containing cationic surfactant with concentration of less than or equal to 5 times of critical micelle concentration, immersing substrate in aqueous solution, adding silica source which produces silanol compound according to hydrolysis so that concentration may become 0.1-100 mmol/L, stirring at 10-100 degrees C and forming meso-porous silica membrane in substrate surface, and removing cationic surfactant from obtained meso-porous silica membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The number of component of impurity atom is controlled to 1/1000 or less with respect to number of component of titanium element. The thin-line-state titanium compound has sedimentation velocity in 1 mol/L-hydrochloric acid with pH of 0 of 3x 10-7-1.2x 10-6 m/second, specific surface area of 47-67 m2/g, and sedimentation velocity in pure water of 8.5x 10-5-1.2x 10-4 m/second. The thin-line-state titanium compound has titania structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The alkali metal is sodium or potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The base-material thermoplastic resin film is polyester film or white film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having polymeric groups has an aromatic tertiary amine structure, and is dissolved in toluene at 20 degrees C with concentration of 1 %mass or more. The polymeric group is vinyl group. Preferred Method: The polymerization is carried out by energy irradiation, ultraviolet ray irradiation, electron irradiation, ion irradiation, radical beam irradiation or heat. The insolubilization is carried out by coating of two or more types of compounds differing in reactivity of polymerization. Preferred Layer: The layer formed by insolubilization process is hole transport layer. The photoelectric transducer has an electric power generation layer (14) having bulk heterojunction structure and containing mixture of organic donor material and organic acceptor material, and formed after forming layer obtained by insolubilization. The electric power generation layer is provided between hole transport layer and organic electron carrying layer, which are provided between electrodes. The organic donor material and organic acceptor material are dissolved in chlorobenzene at 20 degrees C with concentration of 1 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multi-component target comprises selenium and selenium compound which is copper-selenium compound or indium-selenium compound. A compound semiconductor layer formed of film comprises chalcopyrite-type compound containing copper-indium-selenium semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The laminated constitution material is indium, zinc, gallium, tin, aluminum, cerium, tungsten, titanium, and/or their oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is formed in noncrystalline film containing indium oxide and tin oxide as main component, by performing sputtering film forming process using mixed gas of argon and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reflective layer comprises white pigments and/or white dye, particularly titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The reflective layer comprises polyvinyl butyral or silicone as bonding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The corrosion-resistant low resistance metallic material is tungsten or platinum. The corrodible low resistance metallic material is silver, gold, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light anode is made of nanometer grain, nanometer tube and rod or nanometer fiber with zinc peroxide, tin oxide and indium oxide (In2O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low resistance grid mesh electrode is tungsten, platinum, titanium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, aluminum, silver or gold metal electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preferably, the process for improving stability of a dye-sensitized solar cell comprises coating an ultraviolet filtering film on an outer surface on the light receiving side of the dye-sensitized solar cell and the component or the inner surfaces of upper and lower protective layers. The process for coating the ultraviolet filtering film is thin film adhesion, solution curtain coating, on-site cured filming of material with the ultraviolet filtering function, pulling method, chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, spin coating, or screen printing. Preferred Composition: The ultraviolet filtering film is 0.01-10 mm thick. The ultraviolet filtering film is the ultraviolet filtering film obtained by uniformly mixing one or multiple ultraviolet absorbents with one macromolecular material; where the content of the ultraviolet absorbent is 0.01-10%. Preferred Components: Specifically, the ultraviolet filtering film is the light-transmission film comprising ultraviolet filtering metal oxide, metal sulfide, or metal nitride. The ultraviolet absorbent is benzophenone, benzotriazole, benzimidazole, or benzothiazole ultraviolet absorbent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The macromolecular material is polyurethane, polyacrylic acid, polyester, polysiloxane, polyurea, polyether, or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating cover is made of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous insulating layer is made of zirconium, niobium, tungsten, strontium, indium, tantalum and barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds are dislosed as ruthenium-based complex (I) i.e. compounds of formulae (Ia) and (Ib).    EXAMPLE - (RuCl2(para-cymene))2 (0.45 g), 4,4'-bis(5-(3,6-diheptyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine (1.53 g) were placed in a flask, anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) was added, and the mixture was heated to 80 degrees C and reacted for 4 hours in argon (Ar) atmosphere. Then (4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine) (0.36 g) was added and the mixture was reacted for 4 hours with the reaction temperature controlled at 160 degrees C. The light was blocked out to avid producing the isomer. Excessive ammonium isothiocyanate (NH4NCS) was then added and the mixture was reacted for 5 hours with the temperature dropping to 130 degrees C. The solvent was removed by using a vacuum system, and water was added to remove the unreacted NH4NCS. The solids were collected by gas filtering. Afterwards, the solids were sequentially washed with de-ionized water and ether and then dried. The solids were resolved by methanol and further purified. After work up, ruthenium-based complex of formula (Ia) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The organic photoelectric transducer has bulk heterojunction layer including thiophene-containing compound (I) as p-type semiconductor material and fluorine derivative as n-type-semiconductor. Preferred Condition: The both terminals of conjugated chain having ( pi )-conjugation length in chemical structure of thiophene-containing compound, are substituted with optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring. The bulk heterojunction layer of organic photoelectric transducer is formed by solution process. Preferred Component: The thiophene-containing compound (I) is preferably of formula (II or III).R3,R4=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, silyl, ether, thioether or amino, preferably optionally substituted thiophene ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, silole ring, thiazole ring, pyrazole ring, imidazole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxadiazole ring, or triazole ring;R5,R6=R3;R3+R5, or R4+R6=ring;A1=thiophene-containing compound of group of formula (I or II);A2,A3=optionally substituted thiophene ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, silole ring, thiazole ring, pyrazole ring, imidazole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxadiazole ring or triazole ring, preferably thiazole ring, pyrazole ring, imidazole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxadiazole ring or triazole ring substituted by alkyl;p,q,r=1-4;ands=0-4. Preferred Definitions:    Z=thiophene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The quinone diimine derivative is of formula (4). The electron-accepting dopant substance is aryl sulfonic acid derivative of formula: (A(-SO3H)n-X)q-B.X=O, S or NH;A=naphthalene ring or anthracene ring optionally substituted by substituent other than X and SO3H;B=optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, 1,3,5-triazine or group of formula (iii or iv);W1,W2=O, S, S(O), S(O2) or group coupling with N, Si, P or P(O);n=1-4;andq=1 or more.Preferred Composition: The varnish further contains organic solvent (0.0001-10 %mass) and silane compound (1-50 %mass) chosen from dialkoxysilane compound, trialkoxy silane compound, tetraalkoxy silane compound and silicone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation (Claimed): The solar cell is produced by cleaning and sputtering transparent conductive glass with indium tin oxide anode ultrasonically, where surface of the substrate is processed with ozone. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrenesulfonate) is spin coated with a thickness of 30 nm to serve as anode modification film and then dried. The conjugated polymer electron donor material is dissolved in solvent, which is coating on the substrate that is modified by the anode through spin coating or ink-jet printing process. The substrate is dried for 10-48 minutes at 80-250 degrees C and then naturally cooled to the room temperature for forming a conjugated polymer electron donor material layer with a thickness of 2-30 nm. The conjugated polymer electron donor material, semiconductor nanocrystalline electron acceptor material and solvent are mixed to obtain a mixed solution, which is directly coated on the conjugated polymer electron donor material layer through spin coating or ink-net printing process. The coating is naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, aluminum, silver, copper or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer electron donor material is selected from poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(arylidene vinylidene), poly(p-phenylene), poly(arylidene), polythiophenes or polyquinolines. The photoelectric active layer is composed by mixing conjugated polymer electron donor material and semiconductor nanocrystalline electron acceptor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The perfluorosulfonic acid resin solution comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perfluorosulfonic acid resin solution comprises alcohol selected from methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol or n-butanol. The high boiling solvent selected from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or 1-methtyl-2-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metaloxide particles are antimony doped tinoxide (ATO) particles. Preferred Method: The amount of metaloxide particles used in step (a) is 10-25 wt%. The wt.% of component (I) with respect to the solid weight of metaloxide particles in step (a) is 5-30%. The amount of solids after step (d) is at least 25 (preferably at least 35 wt.%). Preferred Composition: The latex composition comprises ATO particles (10-40, preferably 15-35, especially 20-30 wt.%). The total amount of solids of the latex composition is 20-70 (preferably 30-65, especially 40-60, particularly 45-60) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane component (I) is chosen from 3-glycidoxypropyltri(m)ethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldi(m)ethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)tri(m)ethoxysilane, hydroxymethyltri(m)ethoxysilane, hydroxyethyltri(m)ethoxysilane, hydroxymethylmethyldi(m)ethoxysilane. The organic solvent is ethanol, methanol or acetone. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble zinc salt is zinc acetate, zinc sulfate or zinc nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acceptor material is (6.6)-C60-phenyl methyl n-butyrate or fullerene derivative (6.6)-C70-phenyl methyl n-butyrate. The solvent of donor material and acceptor material is o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform and/or tetrahydrofuran. The soluble zinc salt is zinc acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer of donor material is poly-3-hexane thiophene, polythiophene derivative having 6-12C carbons in lateral alkyl chain, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-p-phenylene vinylene), or poly(2-methoxy-5(3',7'-dimethyl octyloxy)-1,4-p-phenylene vinylene). The mol. ratio of polyacrylamide PAH to dextran in amphipathic self-assembled molecule is 3:1-1:3. The mol. ratio of PAH-D to PSS is 1:10-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron transfer layer is formed by coating a nano-crystal oxide on the metal transparent electrode, and annealing the nano-crystal oxide. The nano-crystal oxide comprises titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Hydrogen gas is introduced with respect to the entire amount of gas introduced into the chamber in a volume concentration of 3 ppm or more and 25% or less. The polycrystalline silicon is obtained by casting method, electromagnetic casting method, Czochralski method, or continuous Czochralski method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen content in the process atmosphere is 1-50 volume%, preferably 4-16 volume% and more preferably 6-12 volume%. The hydrogen is provided by a source containing pure hydrogen, a gas mixture containing hydrogen or a chemical compound containing hydrogen, preferably water, ammonia or methane. The process atmosphere further contains oxygen, gas mixture containing oxygen or chemical compound containing oxygen. The dopant is aluminum, indium, gallium, boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine and/or antimony, preferably gallium. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive oxide coating has resistance of 1000 mu ohm cm or less, preferably 600 mu ohm cm or less and more preferably 450 mu ohm cm or less and transmittance of 96.5% or more, preferably 97.5% or more and more preferably 98.8% at a wavelength of 540 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The semiconductor substrate is silicon substrate and the semiconductor compound is silicon compound. The dope additive includes at least one element selected from p-type dopant, n-type dopant, phosphorus and arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoride of M element is lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, barium fluoride and/or calcium fluoride. The oxide of rare-earth element Ln is ytterbium(III) oxide, yttrium oxide, thulium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, dysprosium(III) oxide, gadolinium(III) oxide, europium(III) oxide, samarium(III) oxide, neodymium oxide, cerium(III) oxide, praseodymium oxide, and/or terbium oxide. The acid is hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. The precipitant is ammonium bifluoride or ammonium fluoride. Preferred Definitions:    Sigma M=Li, Na, Ba or Ca; and    Sigma Ln=Yb, Y, Tm, Er, Ho, Dy, Tb, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd, Pr and/or Ce.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nitrogen atom in polyaniline with respect to dopant is 1:0.5-1:3. The dopant contains acid having 6C or more alkyl group. The acid is dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of thermoplastic resin, electroconductive carbon and electroconductive polyaniline is 30-75 weight%, 12-53 weight% and 1.5-10 weight%, respectively. The thermoplastic resin contains polyolefin. The electroconductive polyaniline is polyaniline doped with dopant. The electroconductive carbon contains electroconductive carbon fiber. The conductive resin molded product further contains 2000 ppm or less of metallic elements. Preferred Properties: The conductive resin molded product has volume resistivity of 1x 10-1 (ohm)cm or less, and has bending strength of 100 gf or more which is measured by bending press sample having size of 7 mm which is obtained by molding conductive resin molded product based on JIS K7171. Preferred Condition: The press condition of conductive resin molded product includes size of 24 mm ( phi ), thickness of 1 mm, temperature of above the melting point of thermoplastic resin, rate of 50 mm/minute and pressure of 20 MPa for 4 minutes and 5 MPa for 1 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type silicon alloy layer consists of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen element and silicon element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactive gas used in formation of thin film (12) differs in the content of hydrogen gas or water vapor from reactive gas used in formation of thin film (11). Targets (I,II) are the same, and are chosen from tin-added indium oxide group target, titanium-added indium oxide group target, and zinc-added indium oxide group target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The concentration of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, hexamethylenetetramine, and copper nitrate trihydrate is 0.0375 M, 0.5 M, and 0.004-0.067 M, respectively. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticle contains copper (8% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thin layer of indium material is 200 Angstrom or more, preferably 500 Angstrom or more. The thin layer is formed by flash sputtering an indium target with an argon gas. The indium material has a purity of 99.99% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The hydrogen content in the process atmosphere is 1-50 (preferably 6-12) vol.%. The substrate temperature during deposition is 100-250 (preferably 230) degrees C. The transparent conductive oxide coating is generated by sputtering of direct current (DC) sputtering, pulsed DC sputtering or mid-frequency (MF) sputtering. The hydrogen is provided by hydrogen source, source containing pure hydrogen, gas mixture having hydrogen or chemical compound containing hydrogen, e.g. water, ammonia or methane. The process atmosphere further comprises oxygen, gas mixture having oxygen or chemical compound having oxygen. Preferred Components: The dopant is aluminum, indium, gallium (preferably), boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine and/or antimony. The power density is 2-20 (preferably 2-11) W/cm2. The transmittance of the coating is approximately 96.5 (preferably 98.8)% at wavelength of 540 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive material comprises amorphous silicon, protocrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), copper indium selenide (CIS), gallium arsenide (GaAs), light absorbing dyes, quantum dots or organic semiconductors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The PN junction includes aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) alloy and/or InGaP alloy. The absorber layer includes InGaP alloy, gallium arsenide alloy, and InGaAs alloy. The p-type layer is a graded aluminum gallium arsenide layer. The PN junction is nearly lattice-matched, slightly indium-rich InGaP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The basal underlying structure consists of the body of a photovoltaic solar cell device which is composed of, but not limited to, semiconductive materials such as silicon (all variations), sulfur and/or sulfides, copper, indium, gallium, arsenide, germanium, cadmium, tellurium or tellurides, and/or any combinations thereof, as well as any and all other semiconductive materials which have been, or may be in the future, determined to be of beneficial interest to the photovoltaic industry, and/or any combinations thereof. The basal underlying structure consists of the body of a photovoltaic solar cell device which is composed of, but not limited to, conductive materials such as aluminum, silver, tin, copper, zinc, ferrites (all variations) as well as any and all other conductive materials which have been, or may be in the future, determined to be of beneficial interest to the photovoltaic industry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The orientated high-density carbon nanotube exists on the surface of carbon nanotube alignment film by repeating each process for two or more times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Metal oxide is titanium oxide obtained using titanium alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The cured resin layer is obtained by curing thermosetting resin, preferably polyurethane-type thermosetting resin. The substrate is resin film substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the adhesive layer contains a compound containing epoxy group instead of amino group. The resin layer and polyvinyl acetal layer contains a compound containing alkoxy silyl and amino groups or compound containing alkoxy silyl and epoxy groups. The resin layer is a layer containing resin including carbonic acid bond, carboxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl group, ester bond or imide bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin layer is formed by electro-discharge treatment. Preferred Composition: The resin layer is layer containing polyester, polyunsaturated carboxylic ester, aromatic polyimide and/or aromatic polycarbonate. The polyvinyl acetal layer is a polyvinyl butyral layer, which contains plasticizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer (A) contains an acrylic resin and electroconductive component, preferably zinc oxide. The layer (D) is polyethylene film, and the layer (C) is white polyester film (6). The laminated surface of polyethylene film is not subjected to corona treatment. Preferred Properties: The difference of colorimetric value of front and back surface of layer (A) when irradiated with ultraviolet ray with intensity of 100 mW/cm2 for 48 hours is 10 or less, measured using accelerated weathering machine. The surface resistance value of layer (A) after 12 hours storage at 120 degrees C and 100% relative humidity is 1x 1012 or less measured using accelerated life test apparatus. The protection sheet has total thickness of 170-255 mu m and partial discharge voltage of 1000 V or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The intermediate layer contains 0.05-3 %mass of nucleating agent like sorbitol-type nucleating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent resin for adhesive layer is silane-modified transparent resin and/or non-silane modified transparent resin. The silane-modified transparent resin is a silane-modified copolymer. Preferred Process: The silane-modified copolymer is formed by copolymerizing ethylenically unsaturated silane compound with polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The black pigment is carbon black. The content of black pigment in the black layer is 0.01-20 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent resin (A) is silane-modified transparent resin and/or non-silane-modified transparent resin. The silane-modified transparent resin is a copolymer formed by copolymerizing an ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and a resin. The resin is polyethylene. The transparent resins (A and B) of black layer and adhesive layer are same. Preferred Property: The ratio of the thickness of the black layer and adhesive layer is 95:5-5:95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous alkali solution is chosen from sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution and tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. The etching liquid contains 1.0-10 %mass of alcohol solvent and 1.0-7.5 %mass of aqueous alkali solution. Preferred Properties: The silicon substrate surface has corrugation pitch of 0.2-100 mu m and corrugation depth of 0.1-50 mu m. The alcohol solvent has boiling point of 100 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide fine particles are oxide fine particles containing titanium, copper, nickel, zinc, tin or indium. The precursor of metal oxide contains inorganic acid salt, halide, hydroxide or nitrate of zinc, tin and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive paste contains (in parts weight) aluminum powder (30-90), organic binder (0.1-10), solvent (5-70) and glass frit (0.01-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of layers of silica and silicon nitride are used as passivation and anti-reflection coatings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame-retardant is non halogen-type flame-retardant compound, inorganic metal, and/or inorganic metallic compound containing phosphorus and/or nitrogen. Preferred Property: The pH of the flame-retardant is 6 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flame-resistant layer further contains hydroxyl group-containing binder resin and flame retardant. Preferred Property: The binder resin has hydroxyl value of 20 or more. Preferred Film: The base-material thermoplastic resin film is a white polyester film. Preferred Material: The light source of the backlight is light emitting diode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic compound fine particles are inorganic oxide fine particles. The inorganic oxide fine particles are titanium oxide fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound dispersion further contains dispersion medium including organic component and/or silicon-containing organic component. Preferred Compound: The compound (B) is of formula: CH2=CH-(Si(-R4)(-R5)-O)a-Si(-R2)(-R3)-R1.R1-R5=optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, organic silyl group or organic siloxy group;anda=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The tackifying resin (C) is hydrogenated petroleum-type tackifying resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pyrrolidinium salt is 1-methyl-1-alkyl pyrrolidinium salt of formula (I), preferably 1-methyl-1-propyl pyrrolidinium salt.n=2-6;andX-=anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary material is bismuth ferrite. The additive is strontium manganate. The substance system has a bismuth ferrite-strontium manganate system, where the proportion of strontium manganate is 50-10 mol.%. The additive has an alkali metal. The layer is doped with a manganate of a rare earth metal. The layer is doped with a calcium manganate. The layer has a thickness of 150-250 nm. The layer is applied to an insulating- and/or passivation layer and is deposited on a silicon oxide layer. In the layer, particles are introduced, which at least partially absorb radiation in the wavelength range of 600-1400 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    A = tetraalkylphosphonium, benzyltrialkylphosphonium or phenyltrialkylphosphonium, where the alkyl is 1-20C-alkyl; and    m = 2 or 3.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(tetrabutylphosphonium) of formula (Ia) and cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(triethyl-phenyl phosphonium).    EXAMPLE - cis-Di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium(II) (0.50 parts), and distilled water (10 parts) were added to a reaction flask and the reaction solution was mixed and stirred. Then 10% aqueous solution of tetrabutylphosphoniumhydroxide-reagent was added dropwise to the reaction solution to adjust the pH of the reaction solution to 11. A rotary evaporator was used to remove the solvent from the reaction solution to obtain a viscous liquid. The viscous liquid was dissolved in methanol, then diethyl ether was added to obtain a precipitate, and the wet solid precipitate was removed and dried for one day under vacuum. The dried solid was dissolved in distilled water (10 parts), and aqueous nitric acid (0.1 M) was used to adjust the pH of the solution to obtain below 5, and worked up to give cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(tetrabutylphosphonium) with a yield of 75.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (Q) is in liquid form at ambient pressure and at less than 200 degrees C. The melting point of (Q) is 40-200 degrees C (preferably 80-120 degrees C). Preferred Definitions:    IL = a salt comprising a cation, e.g. pyridinium-, pyridazin-1-ium-, pyrimidin-1-ium-, pyrazin-1-ium-, 2H-imidazol-1-ium-, 1H-pyrazol-1-ium-, 3H-pyrazol-1-ium-, 5H-pyrazol-1-ium-, 4H-pyrazol-1-ium-, or 4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-1-ium-group (all substituted), and an anion e.g. F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, SiF62-, ClO4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO3)2N-, CF3CO2-, CCl3CO2-, CN-, SCN-, OCN-, SO42-, HSO4-, SO32-, HSO3-, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, SbO22-, SbO43-, BO33-, HBO32-, H2BO3-, HCO3-, CO32-, SiO44-, HSiO43-, H2SiO42-, or H3SiO4-;    linker = a chemical bond, -O-, -S-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, -CO-S-, -S-CO-, -CO-N(R1a)-, -N(R1a)-CO-, -N(R1a)-CO-O-, -O-CO-N(R1a)-, -N(R1a)-CO-N(R1a)-, -CH2-O-, -O-CH2-, or a (n+ m)-valent 1-50C-hydrocarbon, which is 1-4 times optionally interrupted by -O-, -S-, -NR1a-, -PR1a-, -SiR1aR1aa and/or -SO2-;    R1a = (n+m)-valent 1-50C-hydrocarbon, which deviates formally by the abstraction of n+m H atoms of the corresponding parent compound;    HTM = substituted thiophene group, a-Ar1-N(R20)(R21);    a = binding site to the linker;    R20, R21 = benzen-1-yl or 4-methoxy-benzen-1-yl; and    Ar1 = not defined.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The interior of the housing is made of epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of titanium oxide includes addition of hydrogen peroxide solution and alkali or addition of hydrogen peroxide solution and acid which performs particle dissolution of titanium oxide particles. Preferred Components: The amount of dissolved titanium oxide particles is greater than or equal to 10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic vapor deposition layer contains element of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), bromine (Br), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), indium (In), tin (Sn), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and/or fluorine (F). Preferred Parameter: The vapor deposition temperature of inorganic vapor deposition layer is ( degrees C)(Tg-30)-(Tg+40)( degrees C) of cyclic olefinic resin film (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The thickness of hardened layer (B) with respect to thickness of 100 of cyclic olefinic resin film (A) is 0.1-20. Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains 1-20 weight part of active energy polymerization initiators with respect to total of 100 weight part of (a), (b) and (c).
EXAMPLE - Dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium dimer (0.61 g), and 2-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid were dissolved in dimethyl fluoride, and stirred at 80 degrees C for 2 hours. Then, 4,4'-dinonyl 2,2'-bipyridine was added to obtained solution and heated at 150 degrees C for 5 hours. Ammonium thiocyanate was added to resultant solution, heat-stirred for 4 hours, reacted, concentrated and filtered, to obtain crude product. The obtained product was dissolved in aqueous hydroxylated n-butylammonium solution and purified. The obtained product was concentrated, diluted, filtered and dried, to obtain photosensitizer in yield of 65%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The electrode has width of 15-100 mu m, thickness of 10-100 mu m, and aspect ratio of 0.7-1.2 with respect to width and thickness of the electrode. Preferred Material: The collector electrode is formed on the transparent conductive layer. The lead wire of solar cell module is formed using the electroconductive ink composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low-temperature volatile solvent is glycol ether-group solvent. The resin composition is single composition or mixed composition of epoxy resin, acrylic resin, urethane resin, and/or phenol resin composition. Preferred Condition: The linear laminated component is heated at 100-280 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: Compound (A) consists of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings. The molecular structure is preferably of formula (II). Structural unit (b) is of formula (III, IV or V). The sulfonic acid or sulfonate density is 0.1-5 mEq/g.R=alkylene, preferably 3C or 4C alkylene in which at least one portion of hydrogen is substituted with halo. Preferred Definitions:    H'C'y=heterocyclic ring containing pyridine ring, or pyridine ring.    EXAMPLE - (In g) nickel-1,5-cyclooctadiene complex (1) was stirred with N,N-dimethylformamide. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene (0.46 ml) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (0.58) were added and stirred. 5-Bromo-2-((5-chloropyridin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine (0.053), sodium 3-((3,5-dibromopyridin-2-yl)oxy)propane-1-sulfonate (0.221), and N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.264) were added and reacted. The crude product was collected, purified and dried, to obtain sulfonic-acid-group-containing polypyridine (0.092) of formula (Ia). The compound had an acid value of 1.6 mEq/g, and excellent radical resistance, proton conductivity, film-forming property, chemical stability, thermal stability, heat resistance, ion-exchange capacity, and activity as acidic catalyst.    l-n=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: Compound (A) consists of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings. The molecular structure is preferably of formula (II). Structural unit (b) is of formula (III, IV or V). The sulfonic acid or sulfonate density is 0.1-5 mEq/g.R=alkylene, preferably 3C or 4C alkylene in which at least one portion of hydrogen is substituted with halo. Preferred Definitions:    H'C'y=heterocyclic ring containing pyridine ring, or pyridine ring.    EXAMPLE - (In g) nickel-1,5-cyclooctadiene complex (0.92) was stirred with N,N-dimethylformamide. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene (0.41 ml) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (0.52) were added and stirred. 2-Bromo-6-((6-bromopyridin-2-yl)dimethylsilyl)pyridine (0.062), sodium 3-((3,5-dibromopyridin-2-yl)oxy)propane-1-sulfonate (0.199), and N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.238) were added and reacted. The crude product was collected, purified and dried, to obtain sulfonic-acid-group-containing polypyridine (0.073) of formula (Ia). The compound had an acid value of 1.9 mEq/g, and excellent radical resistance, proton conductivity, film-forming property, chemical stability, thermal stability, heat resistance, ion-exchange capacity, and activity as acidic catalyst.    l-n=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic solvent is 1 %mass or less, with respect to gross mass of the aqueous coating composition. The acidic radical is carboxy group and/or carboxy base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of repeating units (a1,b1) in the copolymer (A) is 20-80 mol% and 80-20 mol%, respectively. The content of repeating unit (a1) in hydrophilic block (A) is 80-100 mol%. The repeating unit (a1) has hydrocarbon-containing group of formula: -(OC2H4)nOR1 in a side chain and polymer unit based on carbonyl-containing group of formula: CH2=C(X)-Q1-(OC2H4)nOR1. The repeating unit (b1) has polymer unit based on carbonyl-containing group of formula: CH2=C(X)-Q2-R2.n=2-30;R1=H or 1-3C monovalent hydrocarbyl;X=H or methyl;Q1=single bond, carbonyl or -COOR3-;R3=3-6C alkylene;R2=1-20C hydrocarbyl;andQ2=-COO-, single bond or oxygen.The content of the copolymer (A) is 2-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the pigment. The fluoro-olefin copolymer has acidic radical which optionally forms salt. The aqueous coating composition does not contain emulsifier. The fluoro-olefin copolymer is a copolymer which has repeating units chosen from (f-i). The repeating (f) is repeating unit based on fluoro-olefin. The repeating unit (g) is a repeating unit based on vinyl monomer, allyl monomer or isopropenyl monomer. The repeating unit (g) has carboxy base whose portion is optionally coupled with carboxy group. The repeating unit (h) is a repeating unit based on vinyl monomer, allyl monomer or an isopropenyl monomer, in which hydroxyl group does not couples with carboxy group (a) which optionally forms salt. The repeating unit (i) is a repeating unit based on vinyl monomer bonded with hydroxyl group, allyl monomer bonded with hydroxyl group, or isopropenyl monomer bonded with hydroxyl group, and in which the carboxy group (a) is not bonded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymer resin has crystallinity of 75-95%. The weatherable film is extruded and stretched for 1-5 times along longitudinal and transverse directions. The film has thickness of 5-700 mu m, elongation change rate of 20-90% in hydrolysis resistance test, visible transmittance of 80-95%, and haze of 0.1-5%. Preferred Composition: The polybutylene terephthalate glycol copolymer contains 10-60% of polytetramethylene ether glycol. The hard layer and soft have weight ratio of 0.1-100:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The etching solution (a) further contains ammonium hydroxide, alkylammonium hydroxide or its derivative, preferably ammonium hydroxide, and oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent contains reagent chosen from hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxide, ozone and/or water, preferably hydrogen peroxide. The etching solution (a) preferably contains (in weight%) succinic acid (10-20), hydrogen peroxide (1-3), ammonium hydroxide (1-3) and water (74-88). The laminated epitaxial material contains gallium arsenide, and adhesive containing polymer chosen from polyester, polyvinyl, polycarbonate and/or its derivatives. The etch-stop layer contains aluminum arsenide. Preferred Process: The method further involves exposing substrate to etching solution (b) containing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate and the nanowires comprise a transition metal, a Group 13 metal, a Group 14 metal, a Group 15 metal, and/or their oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The matrix comprises polymers including a polystyrene, a polysiloxane, a polyacrylate, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polycarbonate, a polyalkyleneglycol, and/or a (styrene-ethylene-butylene) tri-block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon black is acetylene black or furnace black. The fluororesin film further contains a copper compound whose content is 1x 10-4-5x 10-2 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. Preferred Properties: The carbon black has a nitrogen-adsorption specific surface area of 30-150 m2/g as measured based on JIS K6217.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluororesin film has a volume resistivity of 1x 1013 ohm.cm or more, and a thickness of 12-100 mu m. The fluororesin film has an ultraviolet-ray transmittance of less than 1%, at a wavelength of less than 360 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by reacting glycine derivative and aldehyde derivative with decarboxylated fullerene in presence of solvent. Preferred Component: The electron donor is high molecular compound. EXAMPLE - (2-(2-Methoxy ethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (in mg) (92), 60C fullerene (250), 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde (190) and chlorobenzene (50 mL) were mixed, heated, refluxed for 3 hours, cooled, filtered and obtained residue was washed, washed and purified, to obtain fullerene derivative of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by reacting glycine derivative and aldehyde derivative with decarboxylated fullerene in presence of solvent. Preferred Component: The electron donor is high molecular compound. EXAMPLE - (2-(2-Methoxy ethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (in mg) (92), 60C fullerene (250), 2-thienyl-2-thiophene carboaldehyde (135) and chlorobenzene (50 mL) were mixed, heated, refluxed for 3 hours, cooled, filtered and obtained residue was washed, washed and purified, to obtain fullerene derivative of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The scattering layer contains phosphorus pentoxide, niobium oxide, bismuth oxide, titanium dioxide and tungsten oxide. The glass layer contains mixture of boric oxide, zinc oxide and lanthanum oxide, mixture of niobium pentoxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum pentoxide and tungsten oxide, silica, boric oxide, mixture of niobium pentoxide and titanium dioxide, mixture of silica and boric oxide, and/or bismuth oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbonitride mixture particles are formed by heating using primary laser beam. The obtained carbonitride mixture particles and oxygen source are reacted by heating using secondary laser beam to obtain oxycarbonitride mixture particles. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the carbonitride mixture particles or oxycarbonitride mixture particles is 1-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The group (4 or 5) transition metal is niobium, titanium, and/or zirconium. The organometallic compound is metal alkyl, metal alkoxide, metal chelate, and/or metal carbonyl. The metal salt is metal chloride, metal bromide and/or metal iodide, or acetate, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and/or ammonium carbonate salt. The carbon source is carbon fine powder, hydrocarbon, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and/or nitrile. The nitrogen source is ammonia, nitrogen, hydrazine, and/or nitrile. The oxygen source is oxygen, water, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde and/or carboxylic acid. The diluent gas is argon, nitrogen and/or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic polymer comprises monomers consisting of acrylates, phthalamides, acrylonitriles, cellulose, styrenes, alkyls, alkyls methacrylates, alkenes, halogenated alkenes, amides, imides, aryletherketones, butadienes, ketones, esters, acetals, carbonates and/or co-monomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The counter electrode is a ferrite type steel prescribed by JIS G4305. The ferrite type steel comprises carbon (0.15 or less), silicon (1.2 or less), manganese (1.2 or less), phosphorus (0.04 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), nickel (0.6 or less), chromium (16-32), molybdenum (0.3-3), copper (0-1), niobium (0-1), titanium (0-1), aluminum (0-0.2), nitrogen (0.025 or less), boron (0-0.01), and iron and unavoidable impurities (remainder).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polycyclic compound is contained in the bulk heterojunction layer as p-type semiconductor material. A fullerene derivative is contained in the bulk heterojunction layer as n-type semiconductor material. The polycyclic compound is low molecular weight compound with molecular weight of 300-3000. The polycyclic compound is of formula (5).A1,A2=heterocyclic group;q,r=0-8;andq+r,n=1 or more.The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by solution process. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R6=heterocyclic group chosen from formulae (2-4);    X3-X5=X1;    R11-R16=R1, at least one being unsubstituted alkyl;and    X1,X2=S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mask layer comprises a material consisting of gold, silver, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, iron, cadmium selenide, carbon nano-tubes, buckyballs and graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The self-assembly material layer comprises a material consisting of DNA molecule, protein, a synthetic polymer and a carbon-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The organic silicon layer has a thickness of 1-50 nm and a carbon content of 5 atm% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method enables providing a granular magnetic recording layer made of a material selected from a group consisting of silicon oxygen, silicon aluminum, aluminum nitrogen, titanium oxygen, titanium nitrogen, titanium carbon, nickel oxygen and cobalt oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The method enables providing a granular magnetic recording layer made of a material selected from a group consisting of tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, rhenium, ruthenium, copper, silver, hafnium, iridium, yttrium, titanium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles are colloidal particles, which are patchy particles. The chemical moieties A1, A2, B1, B2 comprise DNA. The DNA comprises sequence comprising: ccatgcgcatgg (SEQ ID NO: 1); agcatgcatgct (SEQ ID NO: 2); agctgtcaagga (SEQ ID NO: 3); gcctctgagaga (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the complement of any one of the sequences. The seed particle is constructed using holographic optical traps. The material is a photonic crystal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first conductive layer is an electron acceptor layer and the second conductive layer is an electron donor layer, or the first conductive layer is an electron donor layer and the second conductive layer is an electron acceptor layer. The first or second conductive layer comprises conductive polymer, or conductive polymer composition comprising polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfluorene, and/or (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxide semiconductor is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The charge transport substance is aromatic amine compound. Preferred Pigment: The pigment is carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass frit does not contain lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silver-type organic compound is 0.01-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of electroconductive powder. The silver-type organic compound is polyether modified silane coupling agent and/or polydimethylsiloxane. The electroconductive powder is obtained using liquid mixture containing electroconductive powder having silver or its compound as main component, and dispersant having solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A bidentate ligand of formula (2) and metal compound in a solvent, and a bidentate ligand of formula (4) are reacted and the solvent is distilled off to obtain a precipitate. The bidentate ligand of formula (3) is reacted with the precipitate and the obtained deposit is filtered after adding alcohol e.g. methanol and ether e.g. diethyl ether, to obtain the dye. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the dye in the solution containing the dye is 0.0001-50 mN. Preferred Definitions:    M=ruthenium.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) ruthenium (II) (p-cymene) dichloride (100) and 4,4'-bis-(5-dodecyloxy-thiophen-2-yl)-(2,2')bipyridinyl (148) in N,N-dimethylformamide (25 ml) was reacted with (E)-3-(4'-((E)-2-carboxy-vinyl)-(2,2')bipyridinyl-4-yl)-acrylic acid. The obtained precipitate (100) was reacted with 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (42) and t-butyl ammonium hydroxide (266). The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 5 using 0.1N nitric acid. Diethyl ether (50 ml) and methanol (15 ml) were added and the precipitate obtained was separated and purified to obtain ruthenium-containing dye. The solar cell produced using the obtained dye had excellent durability and high conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The concentration of cyclohexene in fuel gas is set to 10 ppb or less, preferably 0.1 ppb or less as fixed quantity, using selective adsorption agent by direct method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The zeolite is zeolite-X, Y-type zeolite or beta -type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular anion contains oxo-acid type anion, imido-acid type anion, thio-acid type anion and/or hydrohalic acid type anion, preferably oxo-acid type anion. The ion conductor further includes Bronsted acid or Bronsted base. The Bronsted acid is conjugate acid of the protic ion and Bronsted base is a conjugate base of protic ion. The inorganic solid-acid salt contains ions of elements chosen from IA, 4A and 4B groups of the periodic table, oxo-acid type anion and cations chosen from ammonium ion and hydrogen ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular cation contains hetero atom(s) including cations of imidazolinium derivative, pyridinium derivative, pyrrolidinium derivative, piperazinium derivative, ammonium derivative, phosphonium derivative and sulfonium derivative, preferably piperazinium derivative cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: In the film, the thickness of the fluorosilicone film forming layer or silicotitanium film forming layer is 0.01 to 5 mu m. The thickness of the fluorine base layer is 10 to 500 mu m. The fluorine base layer is Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF),Polytetrafluoroethylene (FTFE) and hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride (THV) base layer. The plasma fluorosilicone processing is performed on the surface of the fluorine base layer to form the fluorosilicone film forming layer. The plasma silicotitanium processing is performed on the surface of the fluorine base layer to form the silicotitanium film forming layer. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the solar battery surface film containing fluorine on middle surface, in step (b), the heating temperature is 80-150 degrees C, and the heating time is 10-60 seconds. The solid content of the fluorosilicone in the fluorosilicone compound is 1-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The styrenic based monomer is styrene. The acrylate based monomer is butyl acrylate. The methacrylate based monomer is methylmethacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymeric based anticorrosive coating composition is applied to a surface of a conductor by spraying, brushing, dipping, bar coating or rolling, and the coated metal is air dried for a time effective to form an anticorrosive coating on the metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Ruthenium complex is prepared by adding cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium(II) in distilled water, and 10% aqueous solution of benzyltriethylammonium hydroxide was formulated with 98% benzyltributylammonium chloride reagent (ACROS), was added until pH 10. Then, the reaction solution was concentrated to obtain viscous liquid. The viscous liquid was dissolved in methanol, and diethyl ether was added to precipitate a product. After the wet solid precipitate was dried under vacuum for 1 day, the dried solid was dissolved in distilled water (10 pts.wt.), and 0.1 M nitric acid was used to adjust pH to less than 5. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Ruthenium complexes are specifically claimed, i.e. cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(benzyltriethylammonium) of formula (I-2) and cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium(II)bis(triethylhexylammonium).    EXAMPLE - Cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium(II) and distilled water (10 pts.wt.) were added into a reaction flask, and reaction solution was stirred. Then, 10% aqueous solution of benzyltriethylammonium hydroxide was formulated with 98% benzyltributylammonium chloride reagent (ACROS), and was added into reaction solution drop by drop, until pH 10. The rotary-evaporator was used for removing the solvent from the reaction solution to obtain viscous liquid. The viscous liquid was dissolved in methanol, diethyl ether was added to obtain a precipitate, and wet solid precipitate was taken out and dried under vacuum for 1 day. The dried solid was dissolved in distilled water (10 pts.wt.), and 0.1 M nitric acid was used to adjust pH to less than 5. The sintered glass filter was used for filtering product out, and distilled water (5 pts.wt.) with pH 4.1 was used for washing the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Production of superfine rare-earth polishing powder comprises:(A) dissolving cerium nitrate (2 pts.wt.) and praseodymium nitrate (1 pt.wt.) in organic solvent (1 pt.wt.), dropping 2 mol/L alkali liquid (0.6), agitating and dissolving for 10-30 minutes to obtain transparent sol;(B) putting obtained transparent sol in jacket of reaction kettle and evaporating in water bath to transform sol into gel; and(C) drying gel at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, roasting at 600 degrees C for 2 hours, controlling heating rate at 100 degrees C/hour, and maintaining temperature for 10 hours to obtain mono-dispersed superfine rare-earth polishing powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is citric acid. The alkali comprises ammonia or organic amine, or mixture of amines or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The photosensitive dye has functional group chosen from phenyl, amino phenyl, alkoxy and bipyridine group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrates: The transparent substrate and opposing electrode substrate are made of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary metal nanoparticles contain copper, gold, silver, nickel, palladium, platinum and/or aluminum. The average particle diameter of secondary metal nanoparticles is 7 times or more than the average particle diameter of primary metal nanoparticles. Preferred Condition: The heat treatment is carried out at 100-300 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerin, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, toluene, hexane, heptane, methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl lactate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion-exchange-capacity functional group is sulfonic acid group, sulfonimide group, phosphoric acid group and/or carboxylic acid group. The organic group is 6C or less chain-hydrocarbon group and/or 10C or less cyclic-hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support stage is covered by ceramic layer made of alumina and yttrium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cover is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer is made of rhodium, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and magnesium-fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective layer is made of silver, aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The micro structure layer is formed from a material selected from a group containing polyester resin, methacryl type resin, polymethyl pentene type resin, polyolefin type resin, transparent polyimide resin, transparent fluorine resin, polylactic acid type resin, silicone resin, polysulfone type resin, polyethylene napthalate type resin, polyether imide type resin and epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of bismuth trioxide is 10-65 mole%, boron trioxide is 20-50 mole%, and zinc oxide is 0.1-50 mole%. The alkaline earth metal oxide is chosen from magnesium oxide, barium oxide, calcium oxide and strontium oxide. The electroconductive composition contains 0-2 mole% of silica, alumina, zirconia and/or nickel oxide as trace component. Preferred Properties: The glass powder has basicity of 0.3-0.8 and glass transition point of 300-450 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic sodium is in the form of powder, bulk component or melt solution. The silicon is in the form of bulk component or powder. The silicon crystal is in the form of porous plate shape, granular single crystal, thin film or aggregate of granular single crystals. The reaction mixture further contains carbon raw material. Preferred Conditions: The metallic sodium and the silicon are heated at 620 degrees C or more, such that the mixture contains intermetallic compound of sodium and silicon or mixture of silicon and intermetallic compound of sodium and silicon. The reaction mixture is heated at 700-900 degrees C. Boron and phosphorus are further added to the reaction mixture, to provide n-type or p-type semiconducting properties to the silicon crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube structure is immersed into the nanoparticles-dispersed solution, the immersed carbon nanotube structure is placed in environment of predetermined temperature, and the solution in the carbon nanotube structure is removed, during manufacture of carbon nanotube composite material. The nanoparticles are adhered on the surface of carbon nanotube in the carbon nanotube structure. The carbon nanotube structure has free-standing structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening agent is imidazole, tertiary amine and/or Lewis acid containing boron fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin composition (A) contains phenol aralkyl-type epoxy resin, biphenyl-type epoxy resin, naphthalene-type epoxy resin, cresol novolak-type epoxy resin and dicyclopentadiene-type epoxy resin. The epoxy resin composition (B) contains bisphenol F-type epoxy resin and bisphenol A-type epoxy resin. Preferred Conditions: The electroconductive ink composition is heat-hardened at 100-280 degrees C after coating on substrate. The collector electrode (14) is formed on transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The random copolymer is obtained by carrying out continuous addition polymerization of styrene derivative and conjugated diene derivative. The cyclized polymer contains cyclization structure obtained by carrying out cyclization reaction of olefinic double bond of structural unit derived from conjugated diene derivative and aromatic ring of structural unit derived from styrene derivative. Preferred Properties: The cyclized polymer has linear expansion coefficient of 55-70x 10-5/ degrees C and refractive index of 1.55-1.60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating liquid does not contain macromolecular component having weight average molecular weight of 100000 or more. The acrylate has functionality of 5 or less, and a ring structure in a molecule. The gas-barrier sheet further has heat-resistant overcoat layer (5) provided on gas-barrier layer. Preferred Process: The coating liquid is coated on the base material at speed rate of 5 m/minute or more and hardened, to form heat-resistant plasma layer. The gas-barrier layer is performed by ion-plating method. Preferred Properties: The surface of gas-barrier sheet has water-vapor permeation rate of 0.1 g/m2 day or less and maximum protrusion length of 2-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one of the sheets is a non-conductive material, which is a polymer from plastic materials comprising acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, plastics, and polypropene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing inorganic nano-material and polythiophene derivative composite material, in step (a), the polythiophene derivative monomer is one of substances represented by Formula (I). The organic solvent is chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, glycol or isopropanol and the inorganic nano-material is nano-scale zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium oxide (CdO), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), manganese oxide (MnO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), nano-scale iron(II) oxide (FeO), nano-scale Fe3O4, silver, copper, gold, magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), iron ferrite (FeFe2O4), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4), copper ferrite (CuFe2O4), manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4), barium ferrite (BaFe2O4), strontium ferrite (SrFe2O4) or magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4).R1 and R2=straight-chain or branched-chain C1-C24 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, amino, carboxyl, ester group, halogen or nitryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The aggregation-induced luminescent material is produced by synthesizing benzophenone derivatives, where a keto carbonyl group is transferred into double bond to form intermediate containing triphenylethylene structure and then proper group is introduced. Preferred Definitions:    R1 to R3=aromatic groups of general formulae (II-XIV);    R4=alkyl or aromatic groups of general formulae (XV-XX);    R5 and R6=hydrogen atom, 1-8C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy, alkyl, carbazolyl, phenyl, phenyl or other aromatic groups; and    R7 and R8=said any aromatic groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film is formed using indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, cadmium oxide, ruthenium oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and/or indium-gallium-zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polycarbonate, and/or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The latter material is made of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The former material is made of mono-crystal silicon, poly silicon, aluminum antimony, aluminum arsenic, aluminum gallium arsenic, aluminum gallium indium phosphate or zinc-germanium diphosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The latter material is made of poly carbonate, polystyrene or Polymethyl methacrylate,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is silver or gold. The nanostructure deposits are wires (preferred), sheets, cubes, spheres, needles or rods. The metal nanostructure deposits comprise metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid dopant comprises tartaric acid, camphosulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, poly(styrene sulfonic acid) and/or para-toluenesulfonic acid. The metal is silver and the acid dopant is citric acid or para-toluenesulfonic acid. EXAMPLE - The concentrated polyaniline solution was poured onto a glass substrate and smeared into a homogeneous thin film. The glass substrate and film were kept in a leveled oven at 55 degrees C or 2 days. The dried film was then detached from the glass substrate. The pristine metal-polyaniline films were then dried in air for 1 hour, then sandwiched between two Kim wipes, and placed under a flat metal weight (15 kg) for 1 day to keep the dry film flat. The resulting thermally cured, dense polyaniline film had a thickness of 1-350 mu m. The films were then doped by immersing them into an acid solution for 24-144 hours followed by three rinses in water (100 ml) for 1-30 minutes. The acid doped films was cut into pieces and immersed into freshly prepared aqueous metal ion solutions, and worked up to give metal-polymer composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The susceptors are formed from any one of silicon carbide (SiC) coated graphite and monolithic silicon carbide (SiC). The reaction gas includes any one of the following, silane (SiH4), dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2), trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic flexible film comprises molybdenum. The metal electrode layer has sequential arrangement of layers containing molybdenum-titanium-silver-gold or titanium-gold-molybdenum. The transition material contains arsenic phosphide, nitrogen, and/or antimony-type III-V compound semiconductors. The lattice constant transition material comprises complex of indium (In)-gallium (Ga)-aluminum (Al)-arsenide (As) of formula: (InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs. The subcell (a) comprises gallium indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimony or gallium indium arsenic nitride emitter region and gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimony or gallium indium arsenic nitride base region. The subcell (b) contains indium gallium arsenide base and emitter region. The subcell (b) comprises indium gallium phosphide emitter layer and gallium arsenide base layer. The subcell (c) comprises indium gallium phosphide emitter layer and indium gallium arsenide base layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesive bonding process involves using epoxy or silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metallic film has metallic layer deposited on a surface of Kapton (RTM: polyimide material).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper section, middle section, lower section and tube are made of molybdenum, molybdenum alloys, steel, stainless steel, nickel, chromium, iron, or its alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The purge gas comprises hydrochloric acid, silicon chloride and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive carbon nanotube material is deposited using electrophoresis process. The light receiving surface is a surface of a transparent conductive oxide comprising zinc oxide or indium tin oxide. The conductive carbon nanotube material layer has width of 1-15 mu m and thickness of 1-5 mu m. The sheet resistance of the conductive carbon nanotube material layer is greater than or equal to 10-12 times lower than the sheet resistance of the metallic layer. The first conductive layer has a thickness of 3-50 mu m and a width of 30-250 mu m. The second conductive layer has a thickness of 3-30 mu m and a width of 30-250 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic layer comprises silver, and has a thickness of 20-100 mu m. The silver is deposited from a silver paste using a screen printing process and from an ink using an ink deposition process. The sheet resistance of the metallic layer is less than 1 ohm per square.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanometer-scale monodispersed inorganic particles in the triblock copolymer matrices are oxides of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, silicon. The preferable mass fractions of nanometer-scale monodispersed inorganic particles from the mass of PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer are equal to 0.1-0.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low-molecular-weight organic plasticizer in the triblock copolymer matrices for Li-ion batteries electrolyte is the non-aqueous organic solvent. The preferable mass fraction of non-aqueous organic solvent from the mass of PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer is equal 0.5-5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block-type copolymers are preferably the linear triblock copolymers with a central block of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and two side blocks of chemically complementary polyacrylamide (PAAm) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc). The preferable molecular weight of PEO in the PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymers is situated in the range of greater than 1.104 and less than 1.105. The ratio between the average polymerization degrees of the side and central blocks, P-nPAAm/P-nPEO, is of 0.5-20. The low-molecular-weight electrolyte in the triblock copolymer matrices for dye-sensitized solar cells is preferably redox couple KJ/J2. The molar ratio in the redox couple KJ/J2 is of 0.5:3-3:0.5, consequently. The preferable relations between PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer and KJ in their blends are equal to 10-60 (base-mol/mol). The low-molecular-weight electrolyte in the triblock copolymer matrices for lithium (Li)-ion batteries is salt based on Li ion. The preferable relations between PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer and Li salt in their blends are equal to 4-10 base-mol/mol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The bottom of the etched pattern in coated with silver metal. The deposited and patterned metal is silver having thickness of 50 nm or less. A barrier is provided between metal and silicon-containing substrate to prevent the metal from touching silicon in predetermined areas of the substrate. The substrate has an exposed silicon surface. The metal on portions of the substrate is removed from portion where etching is not required by lift-off process. The deposition of metal is carried out by reduction of organometallic precursor. A metal-containing component is deposited on the silicon to increase the etch rate of silicon in presence of an etchant. The silicon-containing substrate before deposition and patterning of metal has a polysilicon film. The etching of substrate produces black silicon. The pattern induces formation of mixed electronic states in patterned and etched silicon-containing substrate. The silicon-containing substrate has mixed electronic states, before etching of the substrate. Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing substrate before deposition and patterning of metal comprises epitaxial grown silicon. The oxidation agent is hydrogen peroxide with concentration of 0.5-30 wt.% or oxygen bubbled through etch aqueous liquid. Preferred Properties: The etched pattern has minimum dimension of 100 nm or more, or 100 nm or less. The width or length of the etched pattern is less than the coherence length of electrons or holes in silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The barrier comprises inorganic non-metallic material or organic material which is optionally an organometallic, and photoresist such as e-beam photoresist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group VIA material comprises selenium. The group IA material includes sodium, potassium and lithium. The group IB and IIIA materials comprise copper, indium and gallium metals. The base comprises a stainless steel substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The sum total thickness of surface layer is 1/2 or less with respect to thickness of the total thickness of sealing sheet. Preferred Process: The lamination integration of surface layer is carried out on both surfaces of main component layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The electroconductive ink composition is heat-hardened at 100-280 degrees C, after coating on a substrate. Preferred Component: The solar cell module has a lead wire containing electroconductive ink composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the flake-shaped electroconductive particles is more than the average particle diameter of spherical electroconductive particles. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles comprise spherical electroconductive particles (50-5 %mass) and flake-shaped electroconductive particles (50-95 %mass). The electroconductive particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hardening agent is Lewis acid containing imidazole, tertiary amine or boron fluoride, or its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The mass ratio of heat-hardenable resin composition and electroconductive particles is 2-15:75-95. Preferred Composition: The heat-hardenable resin composition is epoxy resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The arc discharge process is performed in gas atmosphere containing oxygen. Preferred Component: The discarded silicon is waste silicon material generated while cutting the silicon for semiconductor and solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The raw material powder (a) has silica purity of 99.9-99.999 wt.% and particle size of 0.05-5 mm. The raw material powder (b) has particle size of 0.1-10 mu m. The thickness of the transparent silica glass layer is 0.1-5 mm. The sum total concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium in the substrate with opaque silica layer is 10-100 wt.ppm. Preferred Composition: The mixed powder contains aluminum element. The raw material powder (c) contains calcium, strontium and/or barium, and impurities such as potassium, lithium and/or sodium (10 wt.ppb or less), and titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and/or gold (1 wt.ppb or less). The transparent silica glass layer has sum total concentration of calcium, strontium and/or barium of 50-5000 wt.ppm. The opaque silica layer contains aluminum (30-3000 wt.ppm).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic binder is paraffin-type binder or stearic-acid-type binder. Preferred Process: The transparent silica glass layer having hydroxyl group concentration of 50-1000 wt.ppm is formed by heat-processing in an atmosphere containing steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The epoxy resin composition is phenol aralkyl type, biphenyl mixed type, naphthalene type, cresol novolak type and/or a dicyclopentadiene type. The hardening agent is imidazoles, tertiary amines or Lewis acid which contains boron fluoride. The electroconductive particles are silver particles. Preferred Method: The electroconductive ink composition is heat hardened at 100-280 degrees C after applying to a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tin oxide film has a tin raw material, which is tin tetrachloride. Preferred Properties: The heating temperature of the substrate is 450 degrees C. The peak wavelength of the ultraviolet ray is 220-400 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The alkali is added to the aqueous acid after terminating the stirring process and allowing the aqueous acid to stand for 15 seconds or more. The addition of alkali is terminated within 1 minute and stirred after completing the addition process. Preferred Condition: The pH of the liquid during preparation of aqueous solution is 3.5-4.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive layer contains ( pi )-conjugated polymer, silver or carbon material. The ( pi )-conjugated polymer is polythiophene, polyaniline and/or polypyrrole, preferably poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy)thiophene. The layer containing ( pi )-conjugated polymer further contains polystyrene sulfonate as a dopant. The flexible support contains polyester resin as main component. The polyester resin contains polyethylene terephthalate. The easily bonding layer contains 2 or more types of polymer chosen from polyurethane resin, polyester resin, and/or acrylic resin. The easily bonding layer which is in contact with electroconductive layer contains polyurethane resin and acrylic resin. The easily bonding layer which is in contact with support contains polyester resin. The easily bonding layer further contains carbodiimide compound as crosslinking agent, organic or inorganic microparticles, and sliding agent. Preferred Property: The easily bonding layer has film thickness of 30-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gate region has a gate structure positioned on a silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The semiconductor structure is made of aluminum indium gallium (AlxInyGa1-x-yN) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pigments are used in combination with chlorophylls. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 2 compounds i.e. bixin (IA) and torularhodin are specified as the compounds (I)-(VI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate is made of silicon-germanium alloy materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electroconductivity variable material is a complex oxide of formula: (RMbO3-d)n(MaO)m having a layered triangular lattice structure, where R is indium, scandium, yttrium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, titanium, calcium, strontium, cerium, tin, and/or hafnium, Ma and Mb are titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, gallium, zinc, aluminum, magnesium and/or cadmium, n is 1 or more, m is 0 or more, and d is 0-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin contains rubber reinforcement aromatic vinyl-type resin. The resin composition further contains white-colored coloring agent and infrared-permeability coloring agent. The film further has other resin layers in which a layer contains white-colored coloring agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The stabilized silver particles have mean particle size of 10-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silver particles ink further comprises solvent which is soluble in water and has higher boiling point than water and/or ink solvent comprising water and polyol. Preferred Components: The solvent is chosen from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerin. The reducing agent used during formation of stabilized silver particles are diethanolamine, 2-(methylamino)ethanol, 2-(butylamino)ethanol, bis(2- hydroxypropyl)amine, n-(2-hydroxyethyl)trifluoroacetamide, 2-(propylamino)ethanol, n-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanol, ethanolamine, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, 1-amino-2-propanol, 3-aminophenol and/or 3-amino-1-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anionic polyelectrolytes (a and b) have carboxylic acid and/or carboxylate group-containing repeating units. Preferred Component: The anionic polyelectrolytes (a and b) are chosen from poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), copolymers and their salts. Preferred Properties: The anionic polyelectrolyte (a) has molecular weight of 1000-10000, preferably 4000-6000. The anionic polyelectrolyte (b) has molecular weight of 25000-100000, preferably 40000-60000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The magnetic functionality is provided by material consisting of manganese, chromium, iron, cobalt and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticle material is electron donor consisting of 60-C, functionalized 60-C, single wall nanotube, multiwall nanotube, nanowire, or quantum dot. The 60-C functionalized is (6,6)-phenyl-61-C-butyric acid methyl ester or 60-fused pyrrolidine-meta-12-C phenyl. The nanoparticle is electron acceptor material fullerene which contains metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material is electron donor. The polymer material is a hole-conducting polymer including poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl-octyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), polyacetylene, polyparaphenylenevinylene, poly (3-octylthiophene), poly(fluorene-benzothiadiazole), preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene) and/or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The ratio of nanoparticle material to polymer material is 1:1. Preferred Properties: The thin film is 100-300 nm thick. Preferred Method: The making of photovoltaic device involves doping nanoparticle with ferromagnetic or paramagnetic material, where doping is one of endohedral doping or surface functionalization; applying electric current to mixture while applying magnetic or electric field to the mixture; applying metal electrodes to polymer material
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a flexible substrate made of metal such as stainless steel or titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate is made of polymer film such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic semiconductor layer comprises nickel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The buffer layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The donor material comprises poly(2-methoxy-5(2'-ethyl)hexoxy-phenylenevinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene), and/or poly(3-hexylthiophene). The acceptor material comprises poly(oxa-1,4-phenylene-1,2-(1-cyano)-ethylene-2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-(2-cyano)-ethylene-1,4-phenylene) and/or 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for preparation of the compound (I) is given. Preferred Definitions:    A'=N+R1R2R3R4, pyridinium-(substituted on 1 position by R5), or quinolinium-(substituted on 1 position by R5);    R2, R3, and R4=1-6C alkyl;    R5=5-20C alkyl;    m=2, or 3.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds are specifically claimed as the ruthenium complex (I) i.e. cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(benzyltriethylammonium); cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(triethylhexylammonium) (Ia).    EXAMPLE - Cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) (0.50 parts), and distilled water (10 parts) were added into a reaction flask, and the reaction solution was stirred. Then, 10% aqueous solution of triethylhexylammonium hydroxide, which was formulated with 99% triethylhexylammonium bromide reagent, was added into the reaction solution, until the pH value of the reaction solution was 12. The rotary-evaporator was used for removing the solvent from the reaction solution to obtain a viscous liquid. The viscous liquid was dissolved in methanol, diethyl ether was added to obtain a precipitate, and the wet solid precipitate was taken out and dried under vacuum for 1 day. The dried solid was dissolved in distilled water (10 parts), and 0.1 M nitric acid was used to adjust the pH value of the resulted solution under 4. The sintered glass filter was used for filtering the product out, and distilled water (5 parts) with pH 4.1 was used for washing the product. Finally, black solid of cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II)bis(triethylhexylammonium) (0.44 parts, 81.5%) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide is catalyst metal oxide of nickel, cobalt, iron and/or copper, and reaction compound containing aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide. The mixture contains metal salt of yttrium, samarium and/or gadolinium, and metal salt aqueous solution containing cerium. The oxide having ionic conductivity is yttrium oxide, scandium oxide and/or ytterbium oxide, zirconia, samarium oxide doped with cerium oxide, gadolinium oxide doped with cerium oxide and/or yttrium oxide doped with cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide-type semiconductor of photoelectrode is niobium or tantalum-doped titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (A) is 50-80 weight%. The content of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (B) is 20-50 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The covalent bond portion contains pi -conjugated bond. The chemical bond is covalent bond, hydrogen bond or sulfide bond. The main structure of layers (12,14) is pi -conjugated structure, aromatic ring structure containing ethylenic linkage, or aromatic ring or stilbene structure having imine binding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The inorganic compound layer has thickness of 5-500 nm. Preferred Method: The inorganic oxide layer was formed by physical vapor growth method or chemical vapor deposition method. Preferred Component: The gas barrier film contains an overcoat layer which contains a metal alkoxide of formula R1(M-OR2) on the upper layer of the inorganic oxide layer.R1, R2=1-8C organic group; andM=metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The organic compound thin film has thickness of 0.01-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate composition further comprises 0.1-1 part of tackifier, where the tackifier is vinyl tri-methoxysilane. The cross-linker is one or mixture of two or more of o,o-tertiary butyl-o-isopropyl-mono-peroxycarbonate, o,o-tertiary butyl-o-(2-ethylhexyl)-mono-peroxycarbonate, o,o-tertiary pentyl-o-(2-ethylhexyl)-mono-peroxycarbonate, normal-butyl, 4,4-di-(peroxy-tert-butyl)valerate and 3,3-bis(tertiary pentyl peroxy)ethyl butyrate. The antioxidant is one or mixture of hindered amine antioxidant and one of: (a) 1,3,5-tri-4-tertiary butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone/bis(2,4-dicumenyl phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite compound, (b) tri(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)phosphite ester/2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-ethyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol) compound, (c) 1,3,5-tri(4-tertiary butyl-3-hydroxyl-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone/ bis(2,4-dicumenyl phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite compound, and (d) 1,3,5-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone/bis (2,4-dicumenyl phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite/salicylic acid bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl alcohol ester compound; the hindered amine antioxidant is one of the following substances: polymer of N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,6-hexamethylenediamine and 2,4-dichloro-6-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-amino-1,3,5-triazine, polymer of N,N'-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,6-hexamethylenediamine and morpholinyl-2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, and polymer of succinic acid and (4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidyl alcohol). Preferably, the ultraviolet absorber is one or mixture of two or more of 2,2'-tetramethylene bis(3,1-benzoxazol-4-one), 2-(2'-hydroxy-5-methyl phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-stearyloxy-3',5'-dimethyl phenyl)-5-methyl benzotriazole, 6,7'-methylene bis(2-methyl-4H,3,1-benzoxazol-4-one) and 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis-(4H-3,1-benzoxazol-4-one).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Glass: In the solar battery assembly glass, the rare earth element is one or several ones in La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. The thickness of the thin film layer is 50-150 nm. Preferred Method: In preparing solar battery assembly glass, forming thin film on the surface of the glass matrix, specifically is forming the thin film with the thickness of 50-150 nm on the surface of the glass matrix. The front body of the titanium dioxide can be one or the mixture in titanic chloride, titanic chloride or the organic compound and the derivate of titanium. The organic matter of the titanium can be one or several of titanium propanol, titanate radical propyl, butyl titanate and butyl iso-titanate. In the step of placing the glass substrate on a carrying platform evenly heated, the glass temperature is controlled between 400 and 600 degrees C. Before the step of placing the glass substrate on a carrying platform evenly heated, it also comprises: using 10% fluorhydric acid to clean the glass substrate; using de-ionizing water to wash the glass substrate then using hot nitrogen to dry the glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In fabricating solar cell polysilicon raw material using rice hulls, the oxidizing acid liquid is prepared by analyzing pure hydrochloric acid an/or hydrogen nitrate, and analyzing the hydrogen peroxide and high-purity de-ionized water with specific resistance as 10 Mega Ohm.cm, wherein the concentration of hydrogen nitrate or hydrochloric acid solution is 10%-30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rubber board provided in the platform is made of silicon rubber or florin rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a silicon based material. The semiconductor powder comprises silicon, cadmium telluride, and/or copper indium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In preparing water retaining type proton exchange membrane for fuel cell, the mass concentration of the perfluosulfonic resin solution is 0.1%-20%, the exchange equivalent range is 650-1500. The aperture of the expanded polyfluortetraethylene micropore membrane is 0.05-1.0 mu m; the porosity is greater than 80%, the thickness of the membrane is 10-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode solution is electron donor solution that is nitrate solution, ferricyanide solution and/or permanganate salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode solution contains electron donor raw water comprising organic wastewater, glucose solution and/or sodium acetate. The electron donor raw water is added with microbiological nutrient solution for generating electric bacteria domestication, with the components specified as 500-1200 mg/L of sodium acetate, 50-120 mg/L of nitrogen, 3000-7000 mg/L of phosphorus and 30-150 mg/L of potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The middle lateral conduction layer comprises InGaP and aluminum (Al)-GaAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A silver particle containing halogen is produced by adding reducing agent to an aqueous solution containing silver ion, and then adding a dispersing agent and antifoamer, followed by adding alkali and halide. Silver powder containing halogen is obtained by producing silver particle containing halogen. Preferred Components: The aqueous solution containing silver ion is silver nitrate aqueous solution, reducing agent is formalin, alkali is sodium hydroxide, halide is chloride and dispersing agent is gelatin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid binder is selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, hydroxylpropyl cellulose, paraffin wax, carboxymethyl cellulose, starch, and glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method involves depositing a layer of precursor material selected from the group consisting of sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium selenide, sodium selenite and sodium selenate, onto web, before depositing primary layer of gallium indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier web includes polymer substrate (80) coated with metallic thin film. Each of the first and second cells has layers of transparent thermoplastic tape applied to positive and negative sides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous reactants include a group V hydride including ammonia and an organic compound of a group III metal including indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar cell device further comprises a second zinc oxide layer formed between the absorber layer and the first zinc oxide layer, and having a higher resistivity than the first zinc oxide layer. The barrier layer comprises a silicon dioxide material having a thickness of greater than or equal to 200 Angstrom ; or a bi-layer of aluminum oxide material plus silicon dioxide material having a total thickness of 200-2000 Angstrom . The absorber material comprises a chalcopyrite structured copper indium gallium diselenide absorber layer. The absorber material comprises sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell has indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal buffer layer is made of boron, tin, aluminum, gallium, zinc and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent comprises acetone, toluene or chlorobenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The target surface is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or indium tin oxide, uncoated or coated with a layer of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate or caesium carbonate. The first polymer film is poly(3-hexylthiophene) or a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene)). The second polymer film is (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conductive film is made of boron, aluminum, gallium, zinc, tin, vanadium, nickel, titanium, or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The base material is inorganic base material. The metal nanoparticles contain noble metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound is aliphatic carboxylic acid or hydroxycarboxylic acid, preferably 1-24C aliphatic carboxylic acid. The polymer dispersing agent has carboxyl group or amino group. The mass ratio of organic compound and polymer dispersing agent is 84/16-4/96. The content of protective colloid is 1-6 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of metal nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali silicate composition comprises a silicon dioxide/oxide compound (M2O) ratio of greater than or equal to 2.5. The drive element comprises micro-piezo drive element. The co-depositing of embedded passive device material further comprises co-depositing resistor material, capacitor material, or inductor material. The finish is tin, cadmium, or zinc. The first element comprises nanoparticles, chemical additive, ceramic particles, fluorescing particles, magnetic materials, rare earth materials, lanthanide materials and/or actinide materials. The fluorescing particles are nanophosphors, and surface is surface of solar cell, window, sealing surface between two materials, light emitting diode, or electronic device. The alkali silicate glass material is an anti-reflective material configured to improve light transmission into the solar cell, and may be modified by a dopant or by modifying alkali silicate glass chemistry. The coating further comprises multiple layers of alkali silicate glass material, each layer of alkali silicate glass material having a different refractive index.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal within assembly is tin, cadmium, or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The number of silicon atoms modified by organic group containing halogen element, is less than 50% of total silicon atoms. The main component has mean molecular weight of 50000 or less, and is mixed with tin-type, titanium-type, aluminum-type, zinc-type, zirconium-type, bismuth-type, iron-type, cobalt-type, manganese-type, phosphorus-type and/or nickel-type organometallic compounds, as hardening agent. The addition amount of hardening agent is 50 %mass or less. The organic-inorganic hybrid transparent material is hardened by heating at 300 degrees C or less, and has favorable adhesiveness with respect to to-be-adhered component, and Shore D hardness of 10 or more, after hardening. The surface of to-be-adhered component is coated with primer solution containing phenyl group or amino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plating layer is made of material selected from the group comprising nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), ruthenium (Ru), etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode fuel electrode of fuel cell contains platinum and ruthenium by weight ratio of 1:1. The cathode air electrode of fuel cell contains platinum and ruthenium by weight ratio of 1:1 and metals and carbon by weight ratio of 80:20. Preferred Process: The cathode air electrode and anode fuel electrode of fuel cell are obtained by mixing catalyst of zeolite, cordierite, carbon and organometallic complex with solution of PTFE and Nafion (RTM: Not defined) and making into paste-form, and applying mixture of paste-form to surface of carbon paper which carried out water-repellent process. The membrane electrode assembly is formed by interposing Nafion 117 (RTM: Not defined) which functions as electrolyte membrane between anode fuel electrode and cathode air electrode, and performing thermocompression-bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the primary polyvinyl fluoride thin film and polyethylene terephthalate film are same. The thickness of primary adhesive layer and secondary adhesive layer are same. The thickness of primary polyvinyl fluoride thin film is 0.02-0.03 mm. The thickness of polyethylene terephthalate thin film is 0.2-0.3 mm. Preferred Composition: The primary adhesive layer and secondary adhesive layer are formed using composite glue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The catalyst having electric potential of anode pole during open circuit is lower than the electric potential of cathode pole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal component is rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ligand is porphyrin compound. Preferred Process: The metal complex is supported by an electroconductive carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: An inorganic oxide deposition thin film layer (D) is provided between base material layer (A) and film layer (B). The organic oxide deposition thin film layer and film layer (B) are laminated in turns between base material (A) and film layer (B). The transparent conductive laminated film has structure of layer (C)/(layer (B)/layer (D))x n/layer (B)/layer (A) or layer (C)/(layer (B)/layer (D))x n/layer (A), where n is 1 or more. Preferred Layer: The layer (D) contains silicon oxide (SiOx). The surface of film layer (B) is plasma-processed. Preferred Property: The difference of actual value and co-linear approximation of transparent conductive laminated film is 1% or less using polyacetal pen having diameter of 8 mm and 100000 reciprocation (3 reciprocation/1 second, 35 mm of one-way distance) by load of 250 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The film layer (B) is formed by adding mixture (b) into evaporation source in vacuum evaporation system, vaporizing, and hardening by irradiating ultraviolet ray or electron beam. Preferred Component: The mixture (b) contains monoacrylate and/or diacrylate. Preferred Composition: The content of monoacrylate and diacrylate in the mixture is 50 weight% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The molten metal particles (P) as metal having mass fraction of oxygen of 5 ppm or less is obtained by spraying an atomized gas (G) with dew point of -20 degrees C or less on a molten metal (L) having mass fraction of oxygen of 5 ppm or less which is flown through a nozzle (1a). The molten metal is obtained by melting metal having mass fraction of oxygen of 5 ppm or less in an inert gas atmosphere having dew point of -20 degrees C or less. Preferred Property: The sum total of mass fraction of iron, copper, nickel, lead and/or tin as impurity component in the metal is 10 ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The halogenated silane and metal are contacted in a space having dew point of -20 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature is lowered to below liquidus temperature with the progress of contact time of silicon melt solution and coolant from the temperature which is more than the liquidus temperature before the silicon melt solution and coolant contacts. The temperature of silicon melt solution is lowered continuously. The coolant is rotated in the silicon melt solution. Preferred Properties: The liquid temperature (Tl) before contacting silicon melt solution and coolant is Tl+20 degrees C. The temperature which is lowered to below liquidus temperature (Tl) is Tl-20 degrees C with progress of contact time of silicon melt solution and coolant. The temperature-fall rate of silicon melt solution is 0.05-5 degrees C/minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The eutectic-type impurity is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silver ammine complex aqueous obtained by mixing silver nitrate aqueous solution, imine compound and aqueous ammonia, and reducing agent aqueous solution, are used in the manufacture of the spherical silver powder. Particles of silver, copper, platinum group element and/or iron group element, or particles of colloidal silica and/or oxide glass are used in the manufacture of the spherical silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A reducing agent such as hydrazine is added to the silver ammine complex aqueous and/or reducing agent aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The imine compound is polyethyleneimine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic semiconductor fine particles are lead selenide, tin selenide, germanium selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc selenide, lead sulfide, tin sulfide, germanium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, lead telluride, tin telluride, germanium telluride, cadmium telluride, or zinc telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solution includes an alcohol containing a dithiol compound. The dithiol compound is alkanedithiol, phenyldithiol, or thiophenedithiol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor film contains hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H), hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon carbide (nc-SiC:H), hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium (a-SiGe:H) or hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon-germanium (nc-SiGe:H). The semiconductor film comprises multiple hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon carbide/hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon-germanium bilayers. Preferred Gas: The film forming gas comprises hydrogen, a silicon-contained gas chosen from silane, disilane, trisilane, tetrafluorosilane, tetrachlorosilane, methylsilane, hexa methyl disilane, trichlorosilane or dichlorosilane, a carbon-contained gas chosen from methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, propene or propane, and a germanium-contained gas chosen from germane, germylmethane and dimethyl germane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The currentless chemical etching is carried out in a liquid etching solution, which has an oxidizing agent for the partial oxidizing of the surface of silicon substrate and an etching medium for etching away the oxidized silicon. The silicon substrate and the etching solution are moved relative to each other during etching. The silicon substrate is rotated during etching in a vertically inclined position in the etching solution. A wetting agent is added to the etching solution. After the formation of the porous layer, a high temperature step is carried out above 850, preferably above 1000 degrees C. The silicon substrate is flushed in non-etching liquid after the formation of the porous layer and before the deposition of the silicon thin film. It is held stationary during flushing. Preferred Parameter: The porous layer is formed with a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.1, preferably greater than or equal to 0.4 mu m; and a porosity of 20-60, preferably 30-50%. The provided silicon substrate has a specific resistance of less than 50 milliohm cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The low molecular aromatic compound is compound having hydroxyphenyl group, preferably 4-(2-(4-(1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)phenyl)propan-2-yl)phenol. Preferred Composition: The organic layer comprises compound (a) (0.1-10000 parts weight) with respect to conjugated polymer compound (100 parts weight), and further contains electron-accepting compound and electron donor. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A titanium oxide layer (60) is disposed between the active organic thin film and the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV barrier layer is formed by coating a film or a coating liquid exhibiting UV-blocking effect in wavelength of less than or equal to 400 mu m. The film or the coating liquid comprises phenolic derivatives or cyanoacrylate derivatives. The UV barrier layer is disposed on a rear side of the substrate. The organic semiconductor layer comprises active organic thin film comprising polythiophene derivatives as electron donor and fullerene derivatives as an electron acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Bromine-containing substituted heterocyclic aromatic compound of formula (A) is subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction, to obtain substituted heterocyclic aromatic compound (1). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 95 substituted heterocyclic aromatic compounds are specifically claimed e.g. 2-(9,10-diphenyl-anthracen-2-yl)-5-naphthalen-2-yl-1,4-diphenyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene of formula (1a), 5-(9,10-diphenyl-anthracen-2-yl)-1,2,4-triphenyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene, 5-(4-(10-naphthalen-1-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-1,2,4-triphenyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene, 5-(4-(9,10-diphenyl-anthracen-2-yl)-phenyl)-6-phenyl-benzo(b)naphtho(1,2-d)furan and 5-(9,10-diphenyl-anthracen-2-yl)-6-phenyl-benzo(b)naphtho(1,2-d)furan.    EXAMPLE - 2-Bromo-5-naphthalen-2-yl-1,4-diphenyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene (in g) (2.2), 2-(9,10-diphenyl-2-anthracenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (2.2), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.1), water (50 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) were mixed, refluxed, agitated for 24 hours, cooled to room temperature and filtered using mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran and ethanol, to obtain 2-(9,10-diphenyl-anthracen-2-yl)-5-naphthalen-2-yl-1,4-diphenyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene (1a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each nanotube includes catalytic nanoparticle of ferromagnetic material. The ferromagnetic material includes iron, cobalt, and/or nickel. The protonation agent includes hydronium ion, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, and/or oleum. The metal includes salt including nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, nickel chloride, copper chloride, calcium zincate, or metal oxide including zinc oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide, and/or lithium-manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanostructured sheet further includes a solution of mixture of compounds to enhance alignment, and to promote conductivity by enhancing proximity of adjacent nanotubes to one another. The mixture includes solvent, polymer, and/or metal. The solvent includes toluene, kerosene, benzene, hexanes, any alcohol including but not limited to ethanol, methanol, butanol, isopropanol, as well as tetrahydrofuran, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethyl formamide, methylene chloride, and/or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer includes polyurethane, polyethylene, poly(styrene butadiene), polychloroprene, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene), epoxy, polyurea silazane, bismaleimide, polyamide, polyimide, polycarbonate, and/or any monomer including styrene, divinyl benzene, methyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal is a non-noble metal including aluminum, chromium, or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The channel elongated structures are formed of carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, semiconductor nanorods (preferably cadmium selenide), or carbon nanorods. The bearing molecule comprises metal-organic frameworks (MOF); zeolites; silicon clathrates including Si34, Si24, or Si46; or carbon clathrates including C46, C24, C28, or C34. The MOF comprises a metal including zinc, copper, or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The channel elongated structures comprise, fullerene, or fullerene derivatives including phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The matrix material comprises poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene), poly (3-hexylthiophene), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic-bis-benzimidazole, or poly(diiododiacetylene). The matrix material and the nanoscale channel material are formed from polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate is 100-400 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of (meth)acrylate polymer and (meth)acrylate monomer. The content of calcium carbonate is 20-85 %mass with respect to total amount of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Preferred Property: The aluminum hydroxide has average particle diameter of 1-80 mu m. Preferred Component: The calcium carbonate is heavy calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further contains plasticizer and (meth)acrylate monomer. Preferred Component: The polymer is (meth)acrylate polymer. Preferred Process: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet is sheet-type molded product of solidified material obtained by molding the heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition containing (meth)acrylate polymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer, into sheet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chalcopyrite compound semiconductor includes a first element having first electronegativity of greater than or equal to 1.9 in Pauling units, where the first element occupies a lattice site of the chalcopyrite compound semiconductor. A portion of the first element is substituted with a second element having second electronegativity different from the first electronegativity, where the second element is a congeneric element of the first element. The intermediate level is created by substituting the first element with the second element. The n-type semiconductor include cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc oxide, or zinc sulfide. A surface of the n-type semiconductor is provided with a transparent electrode including zinc oxide, indium oxide or tin oxide. Preferred Structure: The p-type semiconductor is of formula AB'C'2.A=Cu or Ag;B'=Ga, In, or Al; andC'=S or Se.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The barrier laminate comprises two inorganic layers including silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or aluminum oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The barrier laminate comprises two organic polymer layers. The organic polymer layer of the barrier laminate comprises a (meth)acrylate polymer. The solar cell device comprises a barrier laminate, a power-generating laminate and a barrier laminate layered in that order on a plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light concentrating device and the reflective curving-surface device are metal-surface reflective devices.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The promoter is selenium (preferred), tellurium and/or germanium. The catalyst is lanthanum metal oxide, transition metal, and/or mixture of nickel and/or rare earth element. A weight ratio of the promoter and the catalyst is greater than 0-0.1:1, preferably 0.02-0.03:1. The carbon source is graphite. A weight ratio of the carbon source and the catalyst is 0.5-10:1, preferably 1-5:1. A weight ratio of the carbon source, catalyst and promoter is 3.4:1:1:0.02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is yttrium-nickel alloy, iron-nickel alloy, iron-cobalt alloy, cobalt-nickel alloy, rhodium-platinum alloy, or cerium-nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The to-be-processed water is subjected to ultraviolet-ray irradiation and the organic material is oxidatively-decomposed to obtain treated water. The hydrogen is added to the to-be-processed water. The treated water after contacting with catalyst resin is subjected to deaeration process and/or ion exchange treatment. Preferred Property: The hydrogen peroxide concentration in the treated water after contacting with catalyst resin is 5 ppb or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen peroxide reduction apparatus has an ultraviolet-ray oxidation apparatus, a film-type deaeration unit, a regenerating-type ion exchange unit and a microparticle separation-membrane apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The catalyst metal is platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The load of catalyst metal to the anion exchange resin is 10 mg-catalyst/L-R-500 mg-catalyst/L-R catalyst. The anion exchange resin is in gel form. Preferred Process: The to-be-processed water is contacted with catalyst resin with water flow space velocity of 30-2000 hour-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active hydrogen-containing resin (b) is acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The amine derivative (I) is obtained by reacting bromocarbazole compound of formula (A) with (4-chlorophenyl)boranediol, and reacting obtained chlorophenyl carbazole compound of formula (B) with fluorene compound of formula (C). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 Amine derivatives are disclosed e.g. (11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-9-yl)-(4-(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-phenylamine, (4-(9-biphenyl-4-yl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-(11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-9-yl)-phenylamine of formula (A), (4-(9-biphenyl-4-yl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-(11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-9-yl)-p-tolylamine, (4-(9-biphenyl-4-yl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-(11-methyl-11-phenyl-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-9-yl)-p-tolylamine and biphenyl-4-yl-(4-(9-biphenyl-4-yl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-(11,11-diphenyl-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-9-yl)-amine.    EXAMPLE - 9-Biphenyl-4-yl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-9H-carbazole (in g) (3), N-phenyl-9-amino-11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)fluorene (in g) (2.81), palladium acetate (16 mg), sodium tert-butoxide (0.81), ortho-xylene (60 mL) and tri-tert-butyl phosphine (68 mg) were mixed, heated at 130 degrees C and cooled, to obtain reaction mixture. Organic layer was separated from the reaction mixture, washed, dried and purified, to obtain (4-(9-Biphenyl-4-yl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-(11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-9-yl)-phenylamine (A) having purity of 99.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating microparticles contain silica, and have particle size of 0.05-1 mu m. Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion layer is a layer containing silicon microcrystal.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 Benzocarbazole compounds are disclosed e.g. 5-phenyl-5H-benzo(b)carbazole of formula (A), 5-anthracen-2-yl-5H-benzo(b)carbazole, 13-phenyl-13H-13-aza-indeno(1,2-b)anthracene, 13-phenyl-2-(4-propyl-phenyl)-13H-13-aza-indeno(1,2-b)anthracene and 13-anthracen-2-yl-13H-13-aza-indeno(1,2-b)anthracene.    EXAMPLE - Tribasic potassium phosphate (in g) (3.20), copper iodide (240 mg), 5H-benzo(b)carbazole (0.84), 1,4-dioxane (40 mL), iodobenzene (0.50 mL) and ( plus minus )-trans-1,2-diamino cyclohexane (0.47 mL) were mixed, refluxed for 10 hours, reacted with iodobenzene (0.50 mL), refluxed for 6.5 hours, filtered and purified, to obtain 5-phenyl-5H-benzo(b)carbazole (A) in yield of 73%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The benzochrysene derivative of formula (I) is preferably of formulae (II and III).R15-R44=R1, preferably R23 and R28 is optionally substituted 6-40C aryl. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R14=H, and 1-40C alkyl or 6-40C aryl (both optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 21 Benzochrysene derivatives are disclosed. E.g. 7,12-diphenyl-benzo(b)chrysene, naphtho(2,1,8-qra)naphthacene, 7,12-diphenyl-naphtho(2,1,8-qra)naphthacene, 7,12-bis-(4-propyl-phenyl)-naphtho(2,1,8-qra)naphthacene and 7,12-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-naphtho(2,1,8-qra)naphthacene of formula (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fiber-like element semiconductor is made of silicon, germanium, boron, selenium or tellurium. The connecting semiconductor is made of gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium antimonide, gallium antimonide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride, zinc sulphide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, gallium sulfide, gallium selenide, gallium telluride, indium sulfide, indium selenide, indium telluride, silicon nitride or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carry-type graphite oxide/hydroxyl bismuth oxynitrate is 20-1:1. The ratio of solvent to graphite oxide is 300-100:1. The ratio of solvent to bismuth salt is 15-5:1. The usage amount of bismuth salt and graphite oxide is measured by gram. The usage amount of solvent is measured by milliliter. The bismuth salt is bismuth nitrate pentahydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is n-butanol or hexanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In producing polycrystalline silicon for P-type solar cell, the illuminating vacuum pulling furnace comprises a pulling furnace; the upper part of the furnace body is provided with a vacuum pumping hole and an upstream silicon liquor introduction hole; and there is an electric light source above the heating container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing high-performance low-platinum catalyst for a methanol fuel cell, the Pd salt mentioned in step (a) refers to Pd chloride or Pd nitrate. The concentration of the chloroplatinic acid or the mixture of chloroplatinic acid and ruthenium trichloride is that the theoretical mass of platinum or platinum and ruthenium is 2%-3% of the mass of the catalyst precursors. In step (b), if the mixture of chloroplatinic acid and ruthenium trichloride is adopted, the mass ratio of the chloroplatinic acid to the ruthenium trichloride is 1:0.2-1:5. The carbon powder should be pre-processed through the following steps: firstly, repeatedly washing it using acetone; and then processing it using 1-3 mol.L-1 while stirring; and finally, oxidizing it for 1-5 hours using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a mass concentration being 20-30%. The Pt or Pt and Ru cover the Pd alloy and are together carried on the carbon powder. The mass of Pt or Pt and Ru is 2-20% of total mass of the catalyst; and the Pd alloy modified by Pt or Pt and Ru accounts for 10-60% of the total mass of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solution includes methanol, ethanol and propanol. The alcohol amine is mixture of diethanolamine and trolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solution comprises alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms. The high-b. pt. polar solvent is dimethylformamide, glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide or N-methyl pyrrolidone. The surfactant is non-ionic fluorine containing surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid composition comprises (wt.%) aqueous solution of conductive polymer based on polythienyl (20-60), alcohol solution (30-70), film forming resin (0.4-0.9), coupling agent (0.1-0.3), high-b. pt. polar solvent (2-9), and surfactant (0.1-1). Preferred Components: The film forming resin is polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyurethane resin, melamine resin or polyester resin. The coupling agent is polyethoxylated silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive oxide layer is composed of zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or indium tin oxide. The solar cell layer is composed of amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflective media layer is formed using ethyl vinyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent polymer sheet is made of polyethylene terephthalate. The transparent adhesive layer includes ethyl vinyl acetate or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pulse discharge or direct current discharge is applied between metal zinc electrodes. The pulse discharge is alternating current pulse discharge. Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide nanoparticles have length of 10-1000 nm, aspect ratio of 2 or more and peak which is derived from E1(LO) in Raman spectrum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid content of thixo agent is particulate silica, which is a mixture of two or more types of silica having different particle size.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The boron compound is boric acid, anhydrous boric acid, alkyl boric acid ester, boron chloride, boric-acid melamine, and/or ammonium borate. The organic binder is polyvinyl acetate. Preferred Condition: The boiling point of organic solvent is 100 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer has number average molecular weight of 3000-6000 and mass average molecular weight of 7000-10000. Preferred Definitions:    A=group of formula (1);    D=group of formula (1 or 2);and    R1,R2=1-20C linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The carrier gas is argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier structure is made of polycarbonate or styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The white pigment (1-50 mass %) is at least one titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide and alumina, with their average particle diameter is 0.05-10.0 mu m, where a total mass of white pigment and inorganic filler is 70-93 mass%. Preferred Process: The linear expansion coefficient of the cured body of (I) is 10-30 ppm/K at a glass transition temperature or higher of the cured body. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by mass): organopolysiloxane preliminary reaction product (97); titanium dioxide (160); spherical fused silica (600); zinc benzoate (1); organopolysiloxane (3); and Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal material comprises metal sensor, metal antenna, metal laminate, metal sheet, metal film, metal frame or metal structure. The metal material contains metal formed of aluminum, steel, stainless steel, copper and/or their derivates. The surface of the metal material is oxygenated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The coupling agent is selected from maleic anhydride polyolefin. The maleic acid is converted to maleic anhydride during the film manufacturing so that maleic anhydride conversion is more than 86% and unconverted maleic acid conversion is less than 14%. The layer of the coupling material containing the coupling agent is formed of a film. The layer of the coupling material containing the coupling agent is formed of at least 2-layer (preferably 3-layer or multi-layer) films. The coupling material comprises at least two layers containing the metal material; and at least one middle layer containing polymer and coupling agent, where the middle layer is arranged between two metal material containing layers. The coupling material is manufactured by co-extrusion and the coupling agent is activated at greater than 180 degrees C during the coupling material manufacturing. The wood material is a wood board, where the coupling material is arranged inside the wood board, or arranged on the surface of the wood board. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ozone or oxygen supplied to substrate is subjected to ultraviolet light irradiation or plasmifying process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains boron, nitrogen, fluorine, aluminum, phosphorus, chlorine, gallium, arsenic, niobium, indium and/or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains alkoxide compound, ( beta )-diketone compound, carboxylate compound, halogen compound, alkyl compound and/or cyclopentadienyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ozone or oxygen supplied to substrate is subjected to ultraviolet light irradiation or plasmifying process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is titanium, zinc, indium and/or tin. Preferred Composition: The solution contains boron, nitrogen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, phosphorus, chlorine, gallium, arsenic, niobium, indium and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent consists of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethylene glycol or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dispersing stabilizer consists of acetyl acetone, polyvinyl alcohol or mixture of acetyl acetone and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The organic layer has a hole implant layer (3), hole-transport layer (4), light-emitting layer (5), electron-transport layer (6) containing anthracene derivative (I), and electron injection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron-transport layer further contains alkali metal and its compound, and/or alkaline earth metal and its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-diol-containing compound of formula (1a) is reduced, to obtain anthracene derivative (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 200 Anthracene derivatives are specifically claimed e.g. 4-(9,10-diphenylanthracen-2-yl)-3-azatricyclo(8.4.0.02,7)tetradeca-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12-heptaene of formula (Ia), 4-(9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-2-yl)-3-azatricyclo(8.4.0.02,7)tetradeca-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12-heptaene, 4-(9,10-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)anthracen-2-yl)-3-azatricyclo(8.4.0.02,7)tetradeca-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12-heptaene, 4-(9,10-bis(4-phenylphenyl)anthracen-2-yl)-3-azatricyclo(8.4.0.02,7)tetradeca-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12-heptaene, and 4-(9,10-bis(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)phenyl)anthracen-2-yl)-3-azatricyclo(8.4.0.02,7)tetradeca-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12-heptaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light-absorbing semiconductor layer contains copper, silver, indium, gallium, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. The metal nanowire contains silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The upper solar cell is made of material selected from the group comprising gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium-indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium-argon phosphide (GaArP), amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), and cadmium-zinc telluride (CdZnTe). The lower solar cell is made of material selected from the group comprising crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, copper-indium-gallium diselenide, germanium, gallium-indium nitride, gallium-indium-arsenic nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal nanowires contain silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanowire-containing composition (C1) further comprises aqueous solvent, and is in the form of aqueous dispersion. Preferred Components: The metal nanowire has diameter of less than or equal to 50 nm, length of greater than or equal to 5 mu m, and the metal nanowire is contained as metal, of greater than or equal to 50 mass% in the total amount of metal particles. The metal nanowire contains silver. EXAMPLE - A silver nanowire aqueous dispersion (D1) comprising pure water (410 ml), additive liquid H (containing pure water and hexadecyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide) (82.5 ml), additive Liquid G (containing pure water, glucose powder) (206 ml), additive Liquid A (containing pure water, silver nitrate powder, 1N ammonia water) (206 ml) was prepared. A composition comprising silver nanowire aqueous dispersion (D1) and 1H-indole-2-thiol was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of polymer comprises polycondensation of the polymer according to Suzuki, Yamamoto, Stille or Hartwig-Buchwald process followed by subsequent fractionation. Preferred Components: The repeating units are spirobifluorene-derivatives of formula (I), trans-indenofluorene-derivatives, cis-indenofluorene-derivatives, phenanthrene-derivatives, dihydrophenanthrene-derivatives, 4,5-dihydropyrene-derivatives of formula (VI), tetrahydropyrene-derivatives of formula (VII) or 5,7-dihydrobenzooxepine-derivatives of formula (VIII). The polymer contains structural elements, which: increase the hole injection and/or transport properties of the polymer; increase the electron injection and/or transport properties of the polymer; change the emission characteristics that contain electrophosphorescence instead of electrofluorescence; improve the transition from singlet to triplet state; influence morphology and/or the emission color of the resulting polymers; and emit light. The polymer is conjugated or partially conjugated.V1 = C, Si or Ge;W1 = C(R)2, O, S or Se;R = H or 1-22C-alkyl or 1-22C-alkoxy (where one or more non-adjacent carbon atoms of the alkyl or alkoxy are replaced by O, S, CR2=CR2, C?=C, CO, O-CO or O-CO-O, and one or more H atoms are replaced by F), 5-40C-aryl or 5-40C-aryloxy (optionally one or more carbon atoms are replaced by O, S or N), F, CN, N(R2)2 or B(R2)2; andR2 = H, 1-22C-alkyl (where one or more non-adjacent carbon atoms are replaced by O, S, CO, O-CO, CO-O or O-CO-O, and one or more H is replaced by F) or optionally substituted 5-40C-aryl (where one or more carbon atoms are replaced by O, S or N). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material powder further contains complex oxide powder. Preferred Components: The indium oxide in the raw material powder is substituted by germanium, tin, titanium, antimony, molybdenum and/or tungsten. The tin oxide in the raw material powder is substituted by antimony, niobium, tantalum, tungsten and/or molybdenum. The gallium oxide in the raw material powder is substituted by silicon, germanium, tin, titanium and/or niobium. The titanium oxide in the raw material powder is substituted by niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or antimony. The solid solution further contains aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, tin-doped gallium oxide and/or niobium-doped titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic element (B) is iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, indium, tin, titanium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, barium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, aluminum, silicon, germanium, bismuth, samarium, promethium, europium, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The raw material powder contains mixture of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium oxide. Preferred Condition: The electric sintering is carried out at 700-1300 degrees C under pressure of 10-100 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Powder: The raw material powder contains metal(s) chosen from indium, gallium, titanium, magnesium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, aluminum, silicon, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium, and oxygen. Preferred Composition: The content of indium with respect to all metal atom contained in raw material powder is 60 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide sinter contains niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and antimony. The oxide sinter further includes metallic element(s) chosen from group III element excluding actinoids in long-form periodic table, group IV element and group V element, and zinc oxide or gallium oxide. The ratio of peak intensity in main peak surface of indium-tin oxide (In4Sn3O12) phase with respect to peak intensity in main peak surface of tin dioxide (SnO2) phase is 0-0.1 measured by X-ray diffraction. A complex oxide phase of oxide sinter comprises indium or tin, and magnesium, zinc, aluminum, gallium, silicon, titanium, germanium and/or lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: All carbon number of alkyl is different.
Preferred Definitions:    at least one of L1 and L2=thiocyanate as electron-donating ligand or electron-withdrawing ligand having carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or sulfonic acid group as substituent;and    p=0.    At least one of L1 and L2 contains oxygen and nitrogen as coordinating atom. At least one of L1 and L2 has heterocyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hard transparent substrate is formed by hardening a curable resin composition which is obtained by blending a silicone resin containing a compound having hydrosilyl group in a molecule and/or a compound having ethylenically unsaturated double bond in a molecule, radical initiator and hydrosilylation catalyst. The hard transparent substrate has a film laminate formed by spread-coating the silicone resin on single surface or both surfaces of transparent plastic film having glass transition temperature of 70-220 degrees C, and hardening to form a film which blocks near infrared light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has equivalent circular diameter of 5 mu m or more, specific surface area of 200 m2/g or less and interlayer distance (d002) of 0.350-0.385 nm measured by X-ray diffraction method. Preferred Component: The carbon material is obtained from a pitch-type carbon precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Composition: The electrode further contains electroconductive auxiliary material. Preferred Property: The thickness of the electrode is 400 mu m or less. Preferred Process: The electrode is made into a sheet form by rolling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hindered amine compound is hindered amine compound having 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperdine structure of formula (II), or hindered amine compound of formula (III or IV).R5=linear or branched 1-18C alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl or 5-8C cycloalkyl;andR6=1-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy of CdS and ZnS and the dopant of Mn has composition ZnS:Mn, Zn0.75Cd0.25S:Mn, Zn0.50Cd0.50S:Mn, Zn0.25Cd0.75S:Mn or CdS:Mn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The cell includes transparent material of glass, plastic, and/or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material comprises cadmium telluride copper-indium selenide, and/or copper indium/gallium diselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The electrodes comprise graphite or glassy carbon. The wt. ratio of P3HT to PCBM is 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The 3-dimensional electrodes are coated with conductive polymer. The electrodes comprise cathodes and anodes coated with conductive polymer, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate). The photoactive material comprises donor polymer and crystalline silicone, where absorption of photon excites electron in donor polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each of the first to third semiconductor films is silicon film, germanium film, or silicon film containing germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The second transfer chamber is provided with a roller for sending a protective sheet, which is sent to be in contact with a surface on which the third semiconductor film is formed and rewound together with the substrate by the roller for rewinding a substrate, where protective sheet is paper, metal foil, or organic film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is polyethylene naphthalate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, or polybutylene naphthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cleaning layer (preferred) and functional layer contain a radiation curable monomer or oligomer. The coating liquid comprises a radiation curable monomer or oligomer. The cleaning layer and the functional layer have the same composition and are formed under different film forming conditions. Preferred Process: The method further comprises forming a cleaning layer by treating the coating liquid under first film forming conditions after forming the functional layer. The second film forming conditions are different in radiation intensity from the first film forming conditions, and the radiation intensity in the first film forming conditions is lower than the radiation intensity in the second film forming conditions. EXAMPLE - A mixture (98 g) of dipentaerythritol pentacrylate and dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate was dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone solvent (900 g). Irgacure 907 (RTM: 2-Methyl-1-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholinopropan-1-one) (2 g) was added to the obtained solution, stirred and dissolved to obtain coating fluid. A triacetyl cellulose film was passed through rollers heated at 90 degrees C. The coating fluid was continuously applied on the film and the film was dried at 100 degrees C in a heating process and worked up to obtain a corresponding film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions of a diarylamino compound with a third aromatic substituent in the presence of palladium diacetate to build up new C-N bonds. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. (E)-2-cyano-3-((naphthylphenylamino)triphenylene)acrylic acid of formula (Ia), (E)-2-cyano-3-(5'-(4"-(naphthylphenylamino)biphenylene)thiophen-2'-yl)acrylic acid, (E)-2-cyano-3-(p-(5'-(p-(naphthylphenylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2'-yl)-phenyl)acrylic acid, (E)-2-cyano-3-(ditolylaminotriphenylene) acrylic acid and (E)-2-cyano-3-(5'-(dimethoxyphenylaminobiphenylene)-thiophen-2'-yl)-acrylic acid.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of compound 4'-(naphthylphenylamino)triphenylene-4-carbaldehyde (242 mg), cyanoacetic acid (52 mg) and ammonium acetate (10 mg) in acetic acid was placed in a three necked flask under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at 120 degrees C for 12 hours. After cooling, the reaction was quenched by adding water and then extracted by dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to give (E)-2-cyano-3-((naphthylphenylamino)triphenylene)acrylic acid (195 mg, 70%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the polymer comprises: subjecting the monomers, and optionally one or more monomers of formula (R7-Ar1-R8) to an aryl-aryl coupling reaction. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The temperature-adjusting gas comprises air, nitrogen, and/or inert gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrode(s) comprises metal or metal alloy. The metal is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloys, nickel, stainless steels, nickel alloys, and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plasma CVD system comprises a gas manifold for dispersing the reactive gas composition between the electrodes. The reactive gas composition comprises silicon-containing compound, which is selected from silane, disilane, and/or polysilanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The number average molecular weight of component (A) is 500-100000. Preferred Components: The silicon-containing group is a terminal and/or side-chain of formula SiR13-aZa (1). Organic polymer component is an organic polymer with polyoxyalkylene polymer, saturated hydrocarbon polymer or (meth)acrylic ester polymer as main chain structure. Component (B) is hydrophilic silica or synthetic amorphous silica synthesized using wet or dry method. Component (B) is 10-50 weight parts with respect to total component (A) and plasticizer. Fluoride salt compound (c-1) in component (C) is hydrogen fluoride (c-2) and/or compound (c-3) of formula MF.HF (2). Amine compound (d) of component (C) is amidine compound which may be a (bi)guanidine compound optionally substituted with aryl, tert. amine compound, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)-7-undecene, 1-phenyl guanidine or N,N-diethylamino-1,3-propane diamine. Fluoride salt compound (c-1) is boron trifluoride and/or its derivatives.R1=1-20C alkyl group, 6-20C aryl group, 7-20C aralkyl group or triorganosiloxy group of formula (R')3SiO-;R'=1-20C hydrocarbon group;Z=OH or a hydrolysable group;a=1-2; andM=alkali metal. Preferred Definitions:    Z=alkoxy group    .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Organic-dye-absorption of at least one stage is carried out after secondary dye-absorption. Same or different organic dyes are used for organic-dye-absorption and secondary dye-absorption. A titanium-dioxide layer is formed on the transparent conductive substrate, and primary dye-absorption is carried out using a ruthenium metal complex dye. The substrate is cleaned to remove the residual ruthenium metal complex dye, and then secondary dye-absorption is carried out. The substrate is cleaned using acetonitrile or acetone. The temperature of primary dye-absorption is 50-70 degrees C and the temperature of secondary dye-absorption is 20-70 degrees C. Preferred Components: The transparent conductive substrate is coated with transparent conductive oxide. The transparent conductive oxide comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The metal oxide layer is made of titania, silica, zinc oxide, zirconia, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The organic dyes have different absorption wavelength ranges. The molecule of organic dye is a long chain, and one end of the organic dye is carboxyl functional group or its salts. The molecular weight of the organic dye is 200-700. The metal complex dye contains metal complex dye of ruthenium, osmium, iron, promethium, platinum or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The M-salt is nickel dichloride hexahydrate, cobalt chloride hexahydrate or copper nitrate trihydrate. The reducer is hydrazine hydrate, triethyl lithium borohydride or sodium borohydride. The platinum-based compound is chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate, potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV) or ammonium chloroplatinate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is glycol, water, tetrahydrofuran, propanetriol or ethanol. The stabilizer is tetra-n-octylammonium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The stabilizer is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coupling agent is KH-570, titanate coupling agent of formula (II), or chlorine containing compound of formula (I). The alkyl hydrosulfonyl is isopropyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan, isobutyl mercaptan, amyl mercaptan, 2-amyl mercaptan, isoamyl mercaptan, n-hexyl mercaptan, heptyl mercaptan, octyl mercaptan, sec-octyl mercaptan, iso-octyl mercaptan, decyl mercaptan, nonyl mercaptan, or 12-18 mercaptan. The high b. pt. organic solvent is dichlorobenzene, dichlorotoluene, trichlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, benzene, cyclohexane, naphthalene, polychlorinated naphthalene, diphenyl ether, tetralin or quinoline. The photosensitizer is diphenyl ketone; 2-alkyl diphenyl ketone; 4-alkyl diphenyl ketone; 3,4-alkyl diphenyl ketone; 4,4'-di(diethylamino)benzophenone; benzoin ether; benzoin ethyl ether; benzoin methyl ether; benzoin butyl ether; and/or benzoin iso-butyl ether. The strong reducing agent is hydrazine hydrate, alkyl hydrazine or dialkyl hydrazine. The organic solvent is dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, toluene or xylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The alkyl mercaptan substituted phthalonitrile monomer is 3-alkyl hydrosulfonyl substituted phthalonitrile monomer or 3,4-dialkyl hydrosulfonyl substituted phthalonitrile monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The P-layer and N-layer contain zinc oxide, and further contain magnesium oxide. The semiconductive or insulator material comprises titania, silica, zinc sulfide, tantalum oxide and/or niobium oxide. The semiconductive material of quantum dots comprises lead sulfide, lead selenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium nitride, indium antimonide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, boron sulfide, bismuth sulfide, aluminum antimonide, zinc phosphide and/or silicon-germanium (SixGe1-x). The seed layer comprises aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, cobalt, rhenium, osmium, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum and/or their alloys. The substrate comprises iron-cobalt-boron or chromium-tantalum. The electrode comprises aluminum doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, tin oxide and/or fluorinated tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxide of metal is nickel oxide, nickel(III) oxide, copper oxide (Cu2O, CuO, Cu2O3) or zinc oxide. Preferred Process: The hydrogen-ion conductive ceramic material is obtained by plasticizing the raw material at 1300-1500 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Re=yttrium, ytterbium, scandium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium or samarium;and    M=iron, cobalt, nickel or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The backing layer and the gas diffusion layer are made of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heating process is performed under vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Process: The silicon containing solid substance is separated into solid portion and liquid portion which is a slurry-waste or a concentrate containing waste silicon produced using slurry containing abrasive grains, coolant and silica. The abrasive grain is particulate impurity. The slurry containing abrasive grains and coolant polishes silicon ingot or silicon wafer. The silicon grains are washed using water after washing with acid solution. The acid solution is further neutralized or diluted to obtain re-melting solution which is used in heating process. Preferred Property: The silicon grains have particle diameter of 0.2-5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid solution is aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution (2-25 weight%), or hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid (1 weight% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The transparent electrode has surface specific resistance of 100 ohms/square or less and transmittance of 80% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal nanowire is silver nanowire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: A titanium-oxide thin film (7) formed using peroxotitanic acid is provided between electrode layer (1) and semiconductor film. The titanium-oxide thin film has a thickness of 10-70 nm, a pore volume of 0.01-0.2 ml/g, and a mean pore diameter of 0.5-5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-molecule adsorption agent is zeolite chosen from ZSM-5 type zeolite, mordenite type zeolite, faujasite type zeolite, A-type zeolite, L-type zeolite, and/or beta -zeolite. The adsorption agent has an average particle diameter of 50 nm to 10 mu m, and an alkali content of 2 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation resin film-forming layer is made of imide type polymer resin or epoxy type polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor material comprises gallium, indium, and phosphide. The quantum wells are formed of indium gallium phosphide, where the relative proportions of As and P are given as Asy and P1-y, where 0.25 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 0.45, where InGaAsP is lattice matched to within 2% of the lattice constant of gallium arsenide or germanium and to the first bulk semiconductor region, the second bulk semiconductor region and an underlying substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process medium is a component consisting of water, hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, oxidation agent such as hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonium fluoride, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphorous acid, nitric acid and/or aqueous hydrofluoric. The process medium consists of 0.1-70 vol.% of acid components, 0.1-20 wt.% of hydrogen fluoride and 20-70 wt.% of nitric acid, where the total component in the process medium is 100 vol.%. The ratio of hydrogen fluoride and nitric acid in the process medium is 1:8 to 1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal etching solution is ammonium hydroxide/hydrogen peroxide, when the primary metal layer is made of titanium. The metal etching solution is aqueous solution of cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)2) and nitric acid, when the primary metal layer is made of chromium. The metal etching solution is hydrochloric acid (3HCl)/hydrogen peroxide, when the primary metal layer is made of tungsten. The metal etching solution is potassium iodide/iodine, when the primary metal layer is made of palladium. The metal silicide is titanium silicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The primary metal layer contains titanium, cobalt, tungsten, platinum, hafnium, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, palladium, gold, silver, copper and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is used select wet etchant for spot etching of masking layer. The pin-hole-free masking layer is formed by using amorphous silicon or amorphous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pin-hole-free masking layer is also formed by using polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hard thin films comprise several laminates of the hard thin films. The hard thin film is provided on both surfaces of the support. The hard thin film is provided on both surfaces of the support. The laminate comprises a buffer layer softer than the hard thin film as a layer under the hard thin film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back electrode layer and the window layer are made of transparent conductive oxide selected from a group consisting of tin dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide and indium zinc oxide. The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of indium, and another metal layer and third metal layer are made of copper and aluminum. The back electrode layer is made of molybdenum, aluminum, silver or platinum. The top electrode layer is made of silver, aluminum, chromium, titanium, nickel and gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The group VI element comprises sulfur and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon-containing compound is selected from silane, disilane and/or tetrafluorosilane (preferably silane).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant is phosphine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: When the content of titanium is set as (x), the content of gallium (y) is less than (-0.66x+5.5), preferably (x-0.9) or less, more preferably (-2.3x+10.1) or more. Preferred Film: The zinc oxide type transparent conductive film is formed as a surface electrode on a transparent substrate. Preferred Process: The zinc oxide type transparent conductive film is obtained by forming zinc oxide type target containing zinc, gallium and titanium into a film by sputtering or ion plating, and increasing the haze rate of the zinc oxide type transparent conductive film by etching the film surface using a weak acid. Preferred Property: The haze rate of zinc oxide type transparent conductive film is 10% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric conversion layer contains copper, silver, gallium and/or indium. The solar cell further has a semiconductor layer formed using sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium. The alkali-metal-ion supply layer contains sodium or molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, silicon, and/or phosphorus. The metal substrate contains aluminum, zirconium, titanium, magnesium, copper, niobium and/or tantalum, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The flexible substrate contains a metallic element. Preferred Material: I-III-VI Group compound solar cell further has a transparent electrode formed on the flexible substrate, and a metal electrode. Preferred Layer: The optical absorption layer preferably contains silver, copper, aluminum, indium, gallium, sulfur and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thermodynamic efficiency of the semiconductor structure is 10-50%, preferably 30-45%. The region (b) comprises germanium tin compound (Ge1-xSnx), and has bandgap of 0.4-1.0 eV and thickness of 0.1-10 mu m, preferably 1-5 mu m. The silicon substrate has thickness of 8-100 mu m, preferably 15-50 mu m and diameter of 3 inches or more or 6 inches or more. Preferred Composition: The germanium layer is formed using chemical vapor comprising a germanium compound (H3Ge2)CH2 and/or germanium compound (H3GeCH3), and digermane, where digermane is in excess. The germanium-tin layer is formed using chemical vapor comprising digermane and tin compound (SnD4) or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The RF and counter-electrodes comprise metal (preferably aluminum, nickel, stainless steels, nickel alloys and/or titanium) or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive gas composition comprises silicon-containing compound which is selected from silane, disilane and/or polysilanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant is phosphorus. The passivation layer comprises a material that is selected from silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and silicon oxynitride. The silicon-containing compound comprises a compound selected from silane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6), and/or tetrafluorosilane (SiF4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The difference of pressure of anode gas and pressure of cathode gas is kept below 0.5 (preferably 0.3) bar. The pressures of anode gas and cathode gas are reduced below 0.02 bar before anode side and/or cathode side are filled and/or flushed with the inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least a fullerene or its derivative is used as an electron acceptor material. The organic solar cell is in the form of a single cell or tandem cell. For the production of the photoactive donor-acceptor transitions in the form of a bulk heterojunction, a vapor deposition process is used. EXAMPLE - A mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (60 ml), diphenylfluoranthene (12 mmol) and cobalt trifluoride (65 mmol) was heated for 20 hours at reflux temperature (72 degrees C). The reaction mixture was added to water (400 ml) and the product was extracted by triple extraction with dichloromethane (400 ml). The combined organic phases were washed three times with water (400 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with a gradient of petroleum ether and toluene, and subsequent crystallization from the corresponding solvent mixture to obtain dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene with a high purity fraction of 18%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer formed on the substrate is made of aluminum nitride. The base layer is formed of one of aluminum gallium nitride and gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The bulk material is fabricated by adding potassium fluoride, potassium sulfide, rubidium fluoride, rubidium sulfide, sodium sulfide or sodium fluoride with Cu2S, BaS and BaF2, and adjusting the amount of BaF2 if a fluoride doping agent is used or the amount of BaS if a sulfide doping agent is used. The mixture of Cu2S, BaS and BaF2 is placed in a vitreous carbon crucible inside an ampule before heating. Preferred Condition: The first heating step is carried out at 450-500 degrees C for 10 hours. The second heating step is carried out at 600-700 degrees C for 95 hours. Preferred Material: The BCSF crystalline phase is cubic in space group Fm3m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a plastic substrate. The plastic substrate is polyethersulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer-capped noble metal nanoclusters comprise noble metal consisting of palladium, platinum, ruthenium, silver and gold. The conductive fabric layer contains graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer-capped noble metal nanoclusters comprise poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), poly(acrylamide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid) and poly (ethyleneimine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film mask contains primary particles and/or secondary particles having lower etching tolerance than the primary particles. The primary particles are inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The secondary particles are thermoplastic resin particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or metal alloy is silver or gold. The anti-reflection layer contacting with the substrate is made of mixed oxides, nitrides or oxynitride including silicon, tin and zinc optionally doped fluorine, aluminum and antimony. The layer contacting the functional stack are made of a conductive transparent oxide including titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tin zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc gallium oxide and indium zinc oxide optionally doped with niobium, tantalum, aluminum, antimony and fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The cylindrical support component of laser-engraving printing original plate is hollow cylinder-type support component having thickness of 0.1-2 mm. The hollow cylinder-type support component is a sleeve formed from fiber-reinforced plastics or metal sleeve. The laser-engraving printing original plate has cushion layer provided between sheet-form or cylindrical support component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight reduction-by-half temperature of silicone microparticles in thermogravimetric analysis under air atmosphere is 900 degrees C or more. The silicone microparticles have specific gravity of 1.05-1.5. The silicone microparticles contain 50% or more of spherical microparticles. The standard deviation of particle size distribution of silicone microparticles is 200% or less of number average particle diameter. Preferred Process: The silicone microparticles are formed by condensing trialkoxy silyl derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition further contains photoinitiator, and liquid thermal polymerization initiator at 20 degrees C. Preferred Property: The resin composition is liquefied at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The hollow cylinder-like support is sleeve made from fiber-reinforced plastics or metal sleeve, and has thickness 0.1-2 mm. The laser engraving printing plate further has cushion layer formed between sheet or cylindrical-like support and resin cured material layer, and pattern formed on the surface of the laser-engraving printing original plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cage silsesquioxane compound is of formula: (RSiO1.5)n or (RSiO1.5)n-m(O0.5H)-2+m.n=6-14;m=0 or 1;andR=H or functional group chosen from silicon atom-containing group with 1-10 silicon substituted by glycidyl oxy alkyl, methacryloxy alkyl, acryloxy alkyl, oxetanyl, (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)alkyl or mercapto alkyl.At least one of R is functional group. Preferred Property: The cage silsesquioxane compound is liquefied at 20 degrees C. Preferred Component: The cage silsesquioxane compound has several cyclic structures, and is formed by condensing trialkoxysilyl derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin has coupling group chosen from polycarbonate bond, urethane bond and ester bond in a molecule. Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition further contains photoinitiator and liquid thermal-polymerization initiator at 20 degrees C. Preferred Property: The curable resin composition is liquefied at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of multivalent organic coupling group-containing residual monomers is 1 %mass or less, preferably 0.1 %mass or less. Preferred Components: The multivalent organic coupling group-containing residual monomer is acrylamide. The organic solvent is methanol. Preferred Definitions:    L202=single bond;and    R205=H.    EXAMPLE - 1-Methoxy-2-propanol (in g) (55) was heated at 80 degrees C, dripped with solution containing 3-mercapto propyl trimethoxysilane (3.7), 2,2-dimethyl azobis isobutyrate (0.52) and 1-methoxy-2-propanol (110) for 3.5 hours, reacted with 2,2-dimethyl azobis isobutyrate (0.26) at 73 degrees C for 2 hours, cooled, filtered and dried, to obtain hydrophilic polymer having weight average molecular weight of 9000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acceptor site has four cyano groups or nitro groups. Preferred Components: The acceptor site is tetracyano quinone dimethane group, tetra-nitro quinone dimethane group, tetracyano anthraquinone dimethane group or tetra-nitro anthraquinone dimethane group. The acceptor site has anchor group such as hydroxyl group or carboxyl group. The donor portion is squarylium pigment, cyanine dye, merocyanine dye, 1,8-anthraquinone pigment, azo dye, triphenylmethane dye, oxazin pigment, naphthoquinone pigment, phthalocyanine dye, naphthalocyanine dye and/or coumarin-type dye, preferably squarylium pigment. The squarylium pigment is nitrogen-containing compound of formula (1) or (2).R1-R4=1-20C hydrocarbyl;andX=bivalent coupling group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The preparation of the optoelectronic module comprises applying (Q) on a carrier. The application step takes place by wet chemical method, colloidal suspension or sublimation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: Both ligands (L) are connected together, so that a bidentate ligand is formed. The ligand N-N and L exhibits S0-T1 energy intervals of greater than 22000, preferably 25000 cm-1, where S0 designates the electronic initial condition and T1 is the low excited triplet condition. The concentration of (Q) as an emitter in optical light emitting module, preferably organic light emitting diode is 1-10%. The amount of (Q) in the emitter or absorber layer is 100% or 1-99%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Complexes (Q) are disclosed i.e. copper complexes of formula (Qa)-(Qd).    EXAMPLE - A solution of tetrakis(acetonitrile-N)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate (0.186 g) and bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether (0.269 g) in acetonitrile (15 ml) was stirred for 30 minutes under argon atmosphere. Further, potassium polypyrazolylborate solution (0.093 g) was added, the mixture was stirred for further 2 hours under argon atmosphere, filtered and washed three times with acetonitrile (5 ml) to obtain corresponding copper complex (0.313 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive agent is chosen from urethane-type adhesive agent, ester-type adhesive agent, acrylic-type adhesive agent, olefin-type adhesive agent, silicone-type adhesive agent, rubber adhesive and/or epoxy adhesive. The fabric layer is laminated cloth containing woven fabric, knitted fabric, non-woven fabric and textile material which consists of polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, vinylon fiber, polyolefin fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber and/or cellulose fiber. The adhesive agent used in the installation method of solar cell module is chosen from epoxy adhesive, urethane-type adhesive agent, silicone-type adhesive agent, rubber-type adhesive, vinyl-ester-type adhesive, polyester-type adhesive, polymer cement-type adhesive agent, acrylic-type adhesive agent, polyolefin-type adhesive agent and/or resin mortar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thickness of transparent conductive film is measured according to JISR1636 standard. The sheet resistance value of transparent conductive film is measured according to JISR1637 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crystal structure of titanium oxide-type composite material contains anatase-type titanium oxide. The titanium oxide-type composite material electrode has transparent conductive glass as conductive substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor electrode contains titanium oxide. The inorganic oxo-acid phase is phosphoric acid phase or sulfuric acid phase. The metal hydroxide phase is formed using aluminum hydroxide or zirconium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hole-transport layer contains aromatic amine compound. The dye has carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber-based adhesive agent layer contains butyl rubber adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoink precursor further contains indium-metal hydroxide monohydrate of formula: Ax(In1-yB'y)(OH)mnH2OC'z, where C' is selenium, sulfur and/or tellurium, and molar ratio of (In1-yB'y) with respect to z is 1/1.9 to 1/6. The content of sodium in the nanoink precursor is 1000 ppm to 8 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The liquid organic compound has boiling point of 80-350 degrees C and molecular weight of 60-280 g/mol. The nanoink has viscosity of 0.1-10 Pa.second at 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoink precursor further contains indium-metal hydroxide monohydrate of formula: Ax(In1-yB'y)(OH)mnH2OC'z, where C' is selenium, sulfur and/or tellurium and molar ratio of (In1-yB'y) with respect to z is 1/1.9 to 1/6. The content of sodium in the nanoink precursor is 1000 ppm to 8 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The liquid organic compound has boiling point of 80-350 degrees C and molecular weight of 60-280 g/mol. The nanoink has viscosity of 0.1-10 Pa.second at 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Semiconductor (I) is silicon, germanium, or silicon-germanium. Semiconductor layer (7) further contains hydrogen atom (5-20%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor material (a) is silicon, silicon compound or germanium. The semiconductor material (b) is silicon or silicon compound. The heat processing is carried out in hydrogen-containing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The precursor liquid is organic-solvent liquid of polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocrystal grains consist of silicon or silicon compound. Heat-processing in carried out in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor liquid is an organic solvent liquid or polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transparent electrode containing zinc oxide and aluminum oxide as main component, and transparent electrode containing indium as main component, are etched using etching liquid. Preferred Components: The salt of hydrofluoric acid is ammonium fluoride salt and/or amine salt of hydrofluoric acid. The transparent electrode having zinc oxide and aluminum oxide is aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The transparent electrode having indium is transparent electrode having indium-tin oxide or indium-zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multivalent carboxylic acid is oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, phthalic acid and/or fumaric acid. The salt of multivalent carboxylic acid is ammonium salt of multivalent carboxylic acid and/or amine salt of multivalent carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transparent electrode containing zinc oxide and aluminum oxide as main component, and transparent electrode containing indium as main component, are etched using etching liquid. Preferred Components: The salt of hydrobromic acid is ammonium salt of hydrobromic acid and/or amine salt of hydrobromic acid. The salt of hydrofluoric acid is ammonium fluoride salt and/or amine salt of hydrofluoric acid. The transparent electrode having zinc oxide and aluminum oxide is aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The transparent electrode having indium is transparent electrode having indium-tin oxide or indium-zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The low dielectric layer is made of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. The high dielectric layer is made of titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum pentoxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio (N/C) of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) is 0.01-0.04. Preferred Process: The silk material is baked at 500-1500 degrees C. Preferred Components: The other catalyst metals are supported in catalyst. The other catalyst metals are platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complex oxide precursor compound is metal alkoxide. The organic multidentate ligand contains polyol, acetoacetate, and/or poly carboxylic acid. The organic multidentate ligand contains greater than or equal to 5C diol. The noble metal component which contains rhodium, platinum, and/or preferably ruthenium is supported in titania containing complex oxide support. The titania containing complex oxide support contains rare earth metal. The rare earth metal contains lanthanum or cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of water with respect to silicon atom derived from all alkoxysilane compounds in silica type composition is not less than 10 (mol/mol). The silica type composition contains 0.1 wt.% of surfactants. Preferred Components: The silica type composition contains organic solvent with boiling point of greater than or equal to 100 degrees C, and organic solvent with boiling point of less than or equal to 100 degrees C. The silica type composition has nonionic surfactant with weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 3000. The silica type composition contains alkoxysilane group contains alkoxysilane group which consists of alkoxysilanes, hydrolyzate of alkoxysilane and/or its partial condensate, tetraalkoxy silane group which consists of tetraalkoxy silanes, hydrolyzate of tetraalkoxy silane and/or its partial condensate, alkoxysilane group which consists of alkoxysilanes, hydrolyzate of alkoxysilanes and/or its partial condensates other than tetraalkoxy silanes, and/or tetraalkoxy silane group which consists of tetraalkoxy silanes, hydrolyzate of tetraalkoxy silane and/or its partial condensate other than alkoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the component (B) with respect to the component (C) is 0-1/3. The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The non-crystalline polyimide is polyether imide. The polycrystalline polymer is chosen from polysulfone, polyphenylene ether, polycarbonate, polyarylate and/or cyclic olefin copolymer. The polyester (A) forms a continuous structure in the film. The components (B,C) form dispersed phase with respect to the component (A) and form a discontinuous structure. Preferred Properties: The polyester film has internal haze of 0-75% and temperature coefficient of expansion of -6.0 ppm/ degrees C to 6 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The anti-reflective film substrate is provided on the light receiving surface side of a solar cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains tetraalkoxysilane, its hydrolyzate or partial condensate, alkoxysilane, its hydrolyzate or partial condensate and/or partial condensate comprising tetraalkoxysilane group and other alkoxysilane group, water, organic solvent, catalyst and nonionic polymer having ethylene oxide region. The ratio of the silicon atom derived from tetraalkoxysilane with respect to silicon atom derived from all the alkoxysilane is 0.3-0.7 mol/mol. The ratio of water with respect to silicon atom derived from all the alkoxysilane is more than 10 mol/mol. The organic solvent contains 80 wt.% or more of organic solvent with boiling point of 55-140 degrees C. The tetraalkoxysilane is tetraethoxysilane, the alkoxysilane other than the tetraalkoxysilane is monoalkyl alkoxysilane or dialkyl alkoxysilane having aromatic hydrocarbon group or aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The organic solvent is ethanol, 1-propanol, t-butanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and/or ethylacetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The nonionic polymer has weight average molecular weight of 4300 or more. The ratio of nonionic polymer with respect to silicon atom derived from all the alkoxysilane is 0.001-0.05 mol/mol. The content of ethylene oxide region in the nonionic polymer is 20 wt.% or more. The nonionic polymer is chosen from polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide triblock polymer and polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The transparent conductive thin-film layer is a film containing crystalline indium oxide. Preferred Property: The transparent conductive thin-film layer has specific resistance of 3x 10-4 ohm.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching is carried out such that a through hole is formed on stainless steel-type material. The method further involves immersing stainless steel-type material in nitric acid solution, heat processing and supporting catalytic active component on portion of stainless steel-type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermal solidification adhesive is a polyurethanes thermal solidification adhesive or a propylene thermal solidification adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The highly purified single crystal silicon is obtained by Czochralski method using highly purified crystalline silicon as raw material. The discharged crude crystal silicon is pulverized to particle size of 0.1-5 mm, acid-treated, the acid-treated material is washed using pure water, and dried, to manufacture highly purified crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The optical orientation portion is an aromatic group of formula (1 or 2).j=1-12;X=bond, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -N=N-, -CH=CH-, -CC-, or m-phenylene;Y'=bond, -O-, or group of formula (3, 4 or 5), preferably -O-;Z=alkoxy, alkyl, or group of formula (6 or 7);R=H, halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro, cyano, or oxo, preferably H, halo, or lower alkoxy;n1=0-5;andn2=0-3.The optical alignment film is formed using a monomer having a polymerizable portion chosen from epoxy group, vinyl ether group, cyanate group, acrylate group, and methacrylate group. The liquid-crystal compound is a salt of fan-shaped amphipatic molecule having a hydrophilic group and a fluorine-containing hydrophobic group. The hydrophilic group is located at the fan center, and the fluorine-containing hydrophobic group is located in terminal (sic). The hydrophilic group is carboxy group, hydroxyl group, phosphoric acid group, sulfo group, amino group, cyano group, polyoxyalkylene group, imidazolium group, or quaternary ammonium group, preferably imidazolium group or quaternary ammonium group. The liquid-crystal compound is of formula (2).m=0-10;n=1-12;n+m=6-20;R=H or halo;andX-=anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic layer comprises a metal oxide including silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or silicon aluminum oxide. The metal oxide is formed by a sputtering process. The organic layers and inorganic layers are laminated alternately.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The triphenylene skeleton and polymerizable group bond to each other via a linking group having aromatic ring. The compound having triphenylene skeleton and polymerizable group of formula (A) including formulae (1), (4), (3) and/or preferably (2) has at least 2 polymerizable groups. The polymerizable group is ethylenic double bond or ring-opening polymerizable group, preferably (meth)acryloyloxy group. The polymerizable composition comprises bifunctional or more functional (meth)acrylate without triphenylene skeleton. The bifunctional or more functional (meth)acrylate comprises a cyclic structure of formula (5).Rx=linking group;Ry=polymerizable group;R11, R12, R21, R22, R31, R32=H or methyl;R13=alkoxyl comprising P1;P1=-(O)nC(R14)=C(R18)(R15);n=0-1;R14-R16, R24-R26, R34-R36, R44-R46=H or alkyl;R23=alkoxyl comprising P2;P2=-O-C(=O)-C(R24)=C(R26)(R25);R33=alkoxyl comprising P3;P3=-(C(R34)-C(35))(O)-R36;R=-(CH2)m-OC(=O)-C(R44)=C(45)-R46;m=2-12; orm+n=not less than 2;R51, R52=H, alkyl, or aryl; orR51+R52=may bond to each other to form a ring;R53, R54=a substituent; ando, p=0-5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Bronsted alkaline solution contains N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, pyrrolidone and N-dodecyl pyrrolidone. The mole ratio of bismaleimide to barbituric acid is 40:1-0.9:1. The hyperbranched polymer further contains monomer of monomaleimide and/or monomer of polymaleimide. The molar ratio of bismaleimide to the monomer of polymaleimide and/or the monomer of monomaleimide is 99:1-1:1. The bismaleimide is of formula (1 or 2).R4=-R-, -R-NH2-R-, -C(O)-, -R-C(O)-R-, -RC(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)-, -R-S(O)-R-, -SO2-, -(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-R-, -R-(C6H5)-O-, -(C6H5)-(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-R- or -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-O-;R=1-8C alkyl, phenyl or biphenyl;Y=-R-, -C(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)- or -SO2-;andX1-X8=halo, hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl, 1-8C cycloalkyl, or 1-8C silyl.Preferred Components: The bismaleimide is selected from N,N'-bismaleimide-4,4'-diphenylmethane, 1,1'-(methylene-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, 1,1'-(3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-acetyl bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-mercapto bismaleimide, N,N'-dimercapto bismaleimide, N,N'-bismaleimide ketone, N,N'-methylene bismaleimide, bismaleimide-ether, 1,2-bismaleimide-1,2-glycol, N,N'-4,4'-diphenyl ether-bismaleimide and 4,4'-bismaleimide-diphenyl sulfone. The monomer of monomaleimide is N-phenylmaleimide or N-cycloalkylmaleimide. The monomer of polymaleimide is tri(4-phenylmaleimide)amine or polyphenmethylmaleimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetron sputtering technology uses a gaseous atmosphere which is mixture of inert gas and mixture of hydrogen or/and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The elements are selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, scandium, yttrium or rare earth metal, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, titanium, zirconium or hafnium, niobium, tantalum or antimony, molybdenum, tungsten or tellurium, or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The BSF layer and electrode (II) comprise boron, gallium, indium and/or thallium. Preferred Property: The BSF layer has a thickness of 6-8 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The 1,3,5-tris(diarylamino)benzene is chosen from formulae (III and IV).A=group of formula (II, preferably IIa);andB',C'=group of formula (II, preferably IIb). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - N,N'-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-terphenyl)-N",N"-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triamino benzene of formula (1) and N,N',N"-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N,N',N"-bis(4-terphenyl)-1,3,5-triamino benzene are specifically claimed as the 1,3,5-tris(diarylamino)benzene.    EXAMPLE - (In g) xylene (120 ml), palladium acetate (0.027) and N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl) amino-3,5-dichlorobenzene (4.05) were heated to 105 degrees C. (2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-4-terphenylamine (9.1), sodium t-butoxide and tri-t-butylphosphine (7.6) were added in order and the contents were reacted for 6 hours. Ethanol was added to the reaction mixture and produced solid was filtered and recrystallized from toluene to obtain N,N'-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-terphenyl)-N",N"-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triamino benzene (9.0) with yield of 78%. The organic electroluminescent element produced using the obtained compound as functional material had excellent heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high-reflectivity metal electrode is made of silver or aluminum material. The grid lick thick metal electrode is made of gold, silver, tin, titanium, gold and tin alloy, gold and germanium alloy, nickel, lead and lead and tin alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixture is a powder which contains zinc compound and the ammonium salt. The zinc compound is a zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zinc sulfate or their hydrate. The ammonium salt is ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium iodide or hydroxy tetramethylammonium. Preferred Component: The mixture is melted at 200-400 degrees C. The gas which contains nitrogen oxide is evaporated at 200-400 degrees C.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Triphenylene derivatives (1) are specifically claimed as 9-(4-(2,3,4-tris(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)triphenylen-1-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole of formula (2) and 9,9-dimethyl-10-(4-(2,3,4-tris(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridin-10-yl)phenyl)triphenylen-1-yl)phenyl)-9,10-dihydroacridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A metal grid or fine pattern is provided on the transparent conductive substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The glass composition comprising thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin and photo-crosslinkable polymer resin is provided to vent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light guide particle is chosen from rubidium oxide, nickel oxide, chrome oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic photoelectric device consists of an organic thin-film layer (105) provided between an anode (120) and a cathode (110). The benzoxazole derivative is contained in the organic thin-film layer. The organic thin-film layer includes light-emitting layer (130), and hole-transport layer (140), hole-injection layer (170), electron-transport layer (150), and/or electron-injection layer (160). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 45 Benzoxazole derivatives are specifically claimed e.g. 2-(5,3',5'-tri-pyridin-3-yl-biphenyl-3-yl)-benzoxazole of formula (A), 2-(5-benzoxazol-2-yl-3',5'-di-pyridin-3-yl-biphenyl-3-yl)-quinoline, 2-(5-benzothiazol-2-yl-3',5'-di-pyridin-3-yl-biphenyl-3-yl)-benzoxazole, 2-(5-(1-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3',5'-di-pyridin-3-yl-biphenyl-3-yl)-benzoxazole, and 2-(2-(3,5-di-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)-6-pyren-2-yl-pyridin-4-yl)-benzoxazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The refractive index (nd20) of the carrier film is not more than 1.440. The carrier film has a specific breakdown resistance of at least 1013 Omega m. The carrier film has a surface resistance of at least 1015 Omega . The carrier film is a film based on fluorinated polyolefinic polymers or multilayer film. The carrier film is provided with a reflection-reducing and/or surface-protecting coating. The pressure-sensitive adhesive is (meth)acrylate-based composition. The fluorine content of the carrier film is at least 15 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gasified dimethyl carbonate is made to flow into the accommodating space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The substrate surface is the surface of glass substrate, resin substrate, silicon substrate, ceramic substrate, insulation layer, organic-semiconductor layer, inorganic-semiconductor layer or gate insulating layer. Preferred Process: The single-layer or multilayer metal wiring is formed by carrying out thickness attachment of same or different types of metal by electroless plating of metal microparticles, on substrate surface. A self-assembled monolayer is formed on the substrate surface, mask having pattern opening portion is interposed, the self-assembled monolayer of the area corresponding to the pattern is selectively decomposed and removed, and metal microparticles are adhered with respect to the area where the self-assembled monolayer was removed, and is patterned, to form metal wiring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of metal microparticles is 100-500 nm. Preferred Components: The metal in the metal microparticles is chosen from gold, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, silver, rhodium, palladium and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silanol group generated by the hydrolysis of ethoxysilane group or methoxysilane group is reacted with hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group of the substrate surface. Preferred Compound: The thiol group-containing compound is triazine thiol derivative of formula (1 or 2).Y'=ethoxy or methoxy;X=CH3-, C2H5-, n-C3H7-, i-C3H7-, n-C4H9-, i-C4H9- or t-C4H9-;M=sodium, lithium, potassium or cerium;R1=H, CH3-, C2H5-, n-C3H7-, CH2=CHCH2-, n-C4H9-, C6H5- or C6H13-;R2=-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2SCH2CH2-, -CH2CH2NHCH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2OCONHCH2CH2CH2- or -CH2CH2NHCONHCH2CH2CH2-;R3=-(CH2CH2)2N-CH2CH2CH2- or -(CH2CH2)2CHOCONHCH2CH2CH2-;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive fiber is metal nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyanion contains sulfur-containing structural unit of formula (I). The electroconductive material contains sulfur-containing structural unit of formula (II).M=H+, alkali metal ion or ammonium ion;A=optionally substituted 1-4C alkylene;andQ=oxygen or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The height of the corrugated structure in the amorphous silicon thin film photoelectric converting layer is specified in accordance with the JISB0602-1994 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front tip of the corrugated structure is planarized using etching gas such as oxygen, helium and halogen, during manufacture of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sacrificial layer containing resist or acrylic material is formed on the amorphous silicon thin film photoelectric converting layer, during manufacture of thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The method for preparing the n-type zinc oxide base transparent conductive film co-doped by cation and anion comprises using high-vacuum magnetron sputtering technology, sputtering the targets comprising doping element and zinc (Zn) element to substrate, and preparing crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) base transparent conductive film. Preferred Components: The high-valent cation is positive trivalent cation, positive tetravalent cation, positive pentavalent cation, or positive hexavalent cation or combination. The positive trivalent cation is a trivalent cation of boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), or rare earth metal. The positive tetravalent cation is a tetravalent cation of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), or hafnium (Hf). The positive pentavalent cation is a pentavalent cation of niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), or antimony (Sb). The positive hexavalent cation is a hexavalent cation of molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), or tellurium (Te). Preferred Composition: The concentration of each doping element is 0.25-10.0% doped relative to intrinsic element Zn. In the magnetron sputtering technology, the working atmosphere is inert gas or mixed gas of hydrogen gas (H2) or oxygen gas; where the volume of O2 is 0-5% of total air amount; and the volume of H2 is 0-10% of total air amount. Preferred Process: The magnetron sputtering technology comprises singly sputtering the target of ZnO co-doped by cation and anion or co-sputtering the combined target formed by ZnO doped with cation and ZnO doped by anion. Preferred Conditions: The magnetron sputtering technology is carried out at pressure of 0.1-3 Pa having temperature of 500 degrees C, distance between the substrate and target of 5-10 cm, and magnetron sputtering power of 60-160 Watts (W) for 10-60 minutes. Preferred Definitions:    X=F, Cl, or Br.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate has short strip sheet-like tin oxide crystal having an average length of 10-1000 nm. The substrate is tin oxide substrate doped with fluorine. Preferred Compounds: The tin compound is tin fluoride, tin tetrachloride, tin dichloride, tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O), tin chloride pentahydrate (SnCl4.5H2O), tin bromide (SnBr2), stannous iodide, stannic iodide, tin acetate, tin oxalate, tin stearate, tin sulfate, tin tartarate, tin tetrafluoroborate, tin tetrafluoromethane sulfonate and/or tin metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The heat-treatment is carried out at 25-140 degrees C for 3-120 hours. Preferred Property: The surface roughness of the hydrophilic coating film after performing the heat-treatment is 500-3000 nm. Preferred Components: The base material contains aluminum alloy or polyester. The hydrophilic polymer has hydrolysable alkoxy silyl group, and/or hydrophilic group chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxylic acid group and amide group. The hydrolysable alkoxy silyl group is of formula: -Si(OCH3)n(R102)3-n, -Si(OC2H5)n(R102)3-n and/or -Si(OC3H7)n(R102)3-n. The hydrophilic polymer is a coupling group-containing polymer of formula: -(C(-R3)(-H)-C(-R4)(-L2-Y'))- -(C(-R5)(-H)-C(-R5)(-L3-X))-.R3-R6=H or hydrocarbyl;X=reactive group;L2,L3=single bond or coupling group;Y'=-NHCOR, -NHCO2R, -NHCONR2, -CONH2, -NR2, -CONR2, -OCONR2, -COR, -OH, -OR, -OM, -CO2M, -CO2R, -SO3M, -OSO3M, -SO2R, -NHSO2R, -SO2NR2, -PO3M, -OPO3M, -(CH2CH2O)nH, -(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or NR3Z1;R=H, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=H, alkyl, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or onium;Z1=halo ion;n=2 or 3;andR102=H or monovalent hydrocarbyl chosen from alkyl, aryl and aralkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol fuel comprises methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane comprises silicone including poly(dimethyl)silicone or poly(trimethyl)silyl propyne; and fluorocarbon polymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonates, polyimides, polysulfones, polysulfides, polyurethanes, polyesters, and/or cellulose. The colorant comprises liquid colorant or powder colorant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramics comprise silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide. The crucible comprises secondary silicon oxide in inner peripheral portion (1c). Preferred Method: The solution containing polysilazane is coated by immersion treatment. Heat-processing is carried out in oxygen atmosphere. The crucible precursor is further heat-processed at high temperature than primary heat processing, and inner peripheral portion containing secondary silicon oxide is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene molecule with bonded metal is a hexa-perihexabenzocoronene derivative of formula (1) and which is a compound of formula (3).R1 = alkyl;R2, R3 = -C6H4-O-R5-(O-R6)n-OR4 (2) provided that -C6H4- is a phenylene group;R4 = fullerene group with H, alkyl or metal;R5, R6 = alkylene; andn = positive integer.Preferred Parameters: The metal is bonded by a covalent bond. The metal is bonded to fullerene, which is a C60 fullerene, by an ester bond. Preferred Definitions:    R5, R6 = -CH2CH2-; and    R1 = 10-30C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solvent has boiling point of 150-300 degrees C. The monomer is chosen from hydroxyl group-containing monomer, carboxyl group-containing monomer, acrylate-type monomer, styrene monomer, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(meth)acrylate monomer. The hydroxyl group-containing monomer is (meth)acrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl, (meth)acrylic acid-2-hydroxypropyl and/or (meth)acrylic acid-3-hydroxypropyl. The carboxyl group-containing monomer is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, itaconic acid and/or citraconic acid. The acrylate-type monomer is methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-lauryl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, iso-octyl acrylate and/or iso-dodecyl methacrylate. The polyisocyanate is isophorone diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4'-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, para tetramethyl diisocyanate and/or hexamethylene diisocyanate. The conductive paste composition further contains additives chosen from dispersing agent, polymerization inhibitor, antioxidant, antifoaming agent, leveling agent and thixotropic agent.R1=H or CH3;R2=H, or saturated 1-15C alkyl substituted with carboxy, ether, carbonyl, ester or 1 or more hydroxy;andn=1-1000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is obtained by polymerizing monomer (10-80 weight%) having repeating unit of formula (1), and polyisocyanate, and has average molecular weight of 1000-100000. The content of binder, fine powder, glass frit and solvent, are 5-30 weight%, 50-90 weight%, 1-10 weight% and 4-30 weight%, respectively. The weight ratio of polyisocyanate and polymer in conductive paste composition is 100:1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The n-type-semiconductor material is a fullerene-containing high molecular compound of formula (1) having fullerene structure in a principal chain. The fullerene-containing high molecular compound forms three-dimensional network structure. The p-type-semiconductor material is a compound which generated chemical structure change, and is converted into p-type-semiconductor material by heating a p-type-semiconductor material precursor. The p-type-semiconductor material is tetrabenzoporphyrin derivative.R1,R2=substituent chosen from optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and silyl;L1,L2=optionally substituted alkylene, alkene diyl, alkyne diyl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, silylene, ether, thioether, carbonyl, carboxy, amino, or amide;andn=2 or more.Preferred Process: The fullerene-containing high molecular compound is obtained by carrying out polymerization crosslinking of fullerene-containing monomer of formula (2). The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by forming a layer using a solution obtained by dissolving p-type-semiconductor material or its precursor and n-type-semiconductor material or its precursor, and heating the layer. The bulk heterojunction layer is a multiple layer.R3,R4=same as R1;L3,L4=same as L1;andG1,G2=polymerization group used as joint chain of three-dimensional network structure, preferably vinyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Preparing ZnO nanometer rod and micron rod in large scale comprises: taking analytically pure zinc acetate having the second crystal water and analytically pure ammonia water having a mass percentage of 25% as raw material, proportioning according to mol ratio of zinc acetate to ammonia water of 1:2. It comprises: after arranging the raw materials respectively, dripping ammonia water into the Zn(CH3COO)2 solution at 35-45 degrees C, and agitating, when PH value is 8, stopping dripping; at this time it locates in gel state, in the process, the alkali is reacted with Zn salt to generate zinc hydroxide and polymer, obtaining ZnO precursor. It comprises: placing the washed products into the constant temperature humidity chamber SPX-250, setting temperature to be 25-70 degrees C, setting humidity to be 40-90% of relative humidity, setting time to be 24-72 hours, and in the process, nucleating and growing the ZnO rod-shaped structure on surface of precursor. It comprises: thermally treating the powder treated in constant temperature humidity chamber at 200 degrees C, where the heating speed is 5 degrees C/minute and the heat-insulating time is 3 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main catalyst is metallic catalyst. The co-catalyst is cadmium. The metallic catalyst is aluminum, copper, lithium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum and/or palladium. The content of metallic catalyst is 1-10 weight%. Preferred Condition: The silicon metal and anhydrous hydrochloride are reacted at 200-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The indium oxide group transparent conductive film is doped with tin, titanium, tungsten, cerium and/or zinc (0.1-20 wt.%). The zinc oxide transparent conductive film is doped with gallium, silicon, germanium, aluminum, tin, boron, indium, thallium, scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel (0.1-20 wt.%). Preferred Property: The transparent conductive films have a surface resistance of 20-5000 Omega /square.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The plastic substrate comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate, polymethacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethersulfone, bisphenol A polysulfone, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polynorbornene, aromatic fluoropolyester, and/or cyclic olefin copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The silver electrolyte contains silver halide, distilled water and complexing agent. The silver halide is silver chloride or silver bromide. Preferred Layer: The self-assembled monolayer is made of aminopropyltriethoxysilane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and/or triethoxysilylundecanal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises nanoscale particles. The catalyst includes (wt.%) copper oxide (20-80, preferably 30-70, especially 40-60), zinc oxide (20-80, preferably 30-70, especially 40), and cerium oxide (0-40, preferably 10-30, especially 10-20). EXAMPLE - Aged CuO-ZnO catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation from an aqueous solution containing 0.5M Cu(NO3)2 2.5H2O and Zn(NO3)2 6H2O. A mixture of copper and zinc hydroxides were co-precipitated at a pH of 7 by the drop-wise addition of a 0.5 M NaOH solution to the nitrate solution taken in a 600 ml beaker under vigorous stirring. The mixture was aged in the mother liquor at 60 degrees C for 3 hours before being cooled to room temperature while stirring. The mixture was then filtered, washed several times with de-ionized water, and dried overnight in an oven at 110 degrees C. The dried samples were calcined at 450 degrees C for 4 hours at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute. CuO-ZnO-CeO2 catalysts were prepared by including Ce(NO3)3 2.5H2O as a precursor for CeO2 and co-precipitating a mixture of cerium, copper, and zinc hydroxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back electrode layer comprising a transparent conductive oxide is selected from tin dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back electrode layer i.e. metal layer, is made of silver, aluminum, chromium, titanium, nickel and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The film thickness of the thin film is controlled to nano range, by controlling the penetrance of the laser beam. The laser beam with wavelength of 205-900 nm and output of 10-100 W/cm2 is irradiated on the semiconductor-material surface. Preferred Material: The semiconductor material is unalloyed titanium material or titanium coating. Preferred Composition: The thin film contains titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluororesin is tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer or polyvinylidene fluoride. The mass ratio of fluororubber and fluororesin is 60:40-97:3. Preferred Process: The manufacture of fluorine rubber molded product further involves adding an additive at temperature lower than the vulcanization molding temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer consists of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, or microcrystal silicon. The dielectric film consists of silicon oxide, oxynitridated silicon and/or silicon nitride. The positive impurities contain lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, phosphorus, arsenic and/or antimony. The negative impurities contain boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, platinum, fluorinated fullerene, fullerene oxide, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine. The electrode contains metal, metal silicide and/or transparent conductive film. The semiconductor layer consists of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon or microcrystal silicon. The dielectric film consists of silicon carbide, silicon oxide, oxynitridated silicon and/or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The light absorption media are visible light absorption media, UV light absorption media, and infrared light absorption media. The visible light absorption media comprises cadmium telluride and/or cadmium sulfide. The UV light absorption media comprises titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The infrared light absorption media comprises conjugated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: A metal layer is formed in between the transparent conductive film and insulation layers. The titanium plate is made of flexible material. The gaps and cavities of titanium dioxide nanotubes absorb photosensitive dye. The titanium plate is made of pure titanium plate or titanium alloy. The titanium alloy is titanium-aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The insulation layer contains silicone resin, plastic, rubber, polymer material or non-conductive ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The titanium plate is made of a pure titanium plate or titanium alloy plate. The titanium alloy is a titanium-aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulation layers are made of silicone resin, plastic, rubber, polymer material, or non-conductive ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The texturing method involves supplying etchant containing hydrogen fluoride, silver nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide on textured surface of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The texturing method involves supplying metal particles selected from gold, copper, aluminum, platinum, and palladium on textured surface of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The texturing method involves providing metal particle layer comprising water and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Bond layer, indium tin oxide layer, silver layer, titanium layer, platinum layer, gold layer, indium layer, gold layer, and titanium layer are stacked sequentially. The active layer has Multiple Quantum Well structure having a periodical structure containing aluminum indium gallium nitride. A gold-beryllium alloy pad is formed in between indium tin oxide layer and light emitting diode epitaxial layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The solder paste contains alloy chosen from tin-lead, tin-bismuth, tin-lead-silver, tin-copper and tin-silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is chosen from Tedlar (RTM: polyvinyl fluoride film)-polyethylene terephthalate-copper, Tedlar (RTM: polyvinyl fluoride film)-polyethylene terephthalate-aluminum, or structure made of glass, epoxy or coated polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is selected from a group of indium tin oxide substrate, silicon substrate, aluminum oxide substrate, magnesium aluminum oxide substrate and zinc oxide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Each solar cell is formed using at least two semiconductor materials including III-V semiconductor, II-VI semiconductor, or copper medium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The polishing material particles have average particle diameter of preferably 5-20 nm. The primary peak appears at the wavelength of 5-20 nm. The secondary peak appears at the wavelength of 25-60 nm. Preferred Component: The polishing material is mixture of colloidal ceria and colloidal silica, colloidal ceria or colloidal silica, preferably colloidal ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The silicon solar cell further comprises a silicon wafer. The organic vehicle further comprises organic polymers and/or organic additives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises one or more glass frits at 0.01-5 wt.%. Preferred Components: The spherical-shaped aluminum powder is present at 50-75 (preferably 60-70) wt.% and nodular-shaped aluminum powder is present at 25-50 (preferably 30-40) wt.%. The sum of spherical-shaped aluminum powder and nodular-shaped aluminum powder is more than 90 (preferably 100) wt.% of the particulate aluminum. The particulate aluminum is present at 50-80 wt.%. Preferred Process: The firing is performed as cofiring together with other front-side and/or back-side metal pastes that have been applied to the silicon wafer to form front-side and/or back-side electrodes on it during firing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of photovoltaic material such as silicon, germanium, silicon based alloy or germanium based alloy in amorphous, multicrystalline or monocrystalline state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is selected from calcium carbonate, bentonite, active clay, microsilica or talcum powder. The thixotropic agent is selected from silicon dioxide or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The terminal silane crosslinkable alpha-methyl polyethylene oxide is selected from hydroxy propyl trimethoxysilane, hydroxy methyl dimethoxysilane, hydroxyl triethoxysilane, hydroxy dimethyl diethoxysilane, hydroxy dimethoxy ethyoxylsilane or hydroxy methyl dibutoxy silane. The anti-aging agent is selected from naphthylamine, quinoline, diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, phenol or heterocyclic or phosphate ester. The tackifier is selected from isopropyl titanate, tetrabutyl titanate, gamma-amino phenyl triethoxysilane or ethyl acetoacetate chelate of carbonic ester. The catalytic curing agent is selected from dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate or tin oxide ethyl acetoacetate complex compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thixotropic agent is selected from hydrogenated castor oil or polyethylene wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal catalyst is dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel (II), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) or dichloro bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer (I) is obtained by reacting methoxy benzene compound of formula (A) and halogen-containing compound of formula (B) in presence of metal catalyst.X=chloro, bromo or iodo;andA=substituent chosen from chloro, bromo or iodo which can be cross-linked. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 22 Thiophene/phenylene co-oligomers are disclosed e.g. 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(5-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene of formula (IA), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(4-(4-(4-methylphenyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)phenyl)thiophene, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(4-(4-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)thiophene, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(4-(4-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)thiophene, 2-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl)-5-(4-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)thiophene and 2-(4-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl)phenyl)-5-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phenyl)thiophene.    EXAMPLE - 5-bromo-5"-(4-trifluormethylphenyl)-2,2':5'-2"-terthiophene (in g) (1), chlorobenzene (90 ml) and water (40 ml) were added into a flask, mixed, and 4-methoxy phenylboronic acid (0.7), sodium carbonate (0.7) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.3) were added and heated at 98 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain reaction liquid. The reaction liquid was then cooled, filtered, crystallized, washed, and dried, to obtain 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(5-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene in yield of 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene containing metal is fullerene with 60 carbons. The molar fraction of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which has fullerene group containing metal in molecule with respect to sum total of number of moles of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which has fullerene group containing metal in molecule and hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which does not have fullerene group containing metal in molecule is 5-90% (preferably 5-50%). The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which has fullerene group containing metal in molecule is of formulae (1) or (4). The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which does not have fullerene group containing metal in molecule is of formula (2) or (5).R1,R5=alkyl group;R2,R3=C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOR4;R4=fullerene Cm which may contain metal, H or alkyl group;n,m=positive integer;Cm=spherical shell-formed structure;R6=C6 H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOR7; andR7=H or alkyl group. Preferred Definitions:    R4=methano(60)fullerene carboxylic acid group of formula (3); and    R1,R5=10-30C alkyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The consistency of copper-zinc-tin-sulfur nanometer particle is 1-100 mg/ml. The base is a common glass base, quartz glass base, molybdenum glass base or polyimide base. Preferred Process: Bivalent zinc salt, bivalent tin salt, univalent or bivalent copper salt and powdered sulfur are mixed. Oil is added to the mixture, heated and then purified, to obtain copper-zinc-tin-sulfur nanometer particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, 1,2-methylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, carbon tetrachloride, xylene, chloroform, tetracarp or chlorylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The phase change material is magnesium chloride hexahydrate, aluminum sulfide decahydrate, sodium-aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, potassium-aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, magnesium sulfate hexahydrate, strontium bromide hexahydrate, strontium hydroxide octahydrate, barium hydroxide octahydrate, aluminum nitride nonahydrate, iron nitrate hexahydrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate, sodium hyposulfite pentahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, lithium-nitrate trihydrate or calcium chloride hexahydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structural layer includes silicon. The sacrificial layer includes silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method provides a high resistance transparent oxide layer with transition metal oxides such as zinc oxide, tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, zinc magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide. The method provides a transparent conductive contact layer with cadmium tin oxide. The method provides an absorber layer with cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, cadmium magnesium telluride, mercury cadmium telluride, copper indium disulfide, copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium gallium sulfur selenium, copper indium gallium aluminum sulfur selenium, copper zinc tin sulfide, amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon and nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The band gap of oxide is controlled by adjusting solid solution substitution amount of positive divalent or lower element (E1), or positive quadrivalent or higher element (E2). Preferred Definitions:    M=iron;    E1=calcium, strontium, barium and/or zinc, preferably calcium;and    E2=cerium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tin, tantalum, antimony and/or rhenium, preferably cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte contains silver and inorganic filler. The inorganic filler is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye layer contains ruthenium-type dye, xanthene dye, cyanine-based dye, porphyrin-based dye and/or anthraquinone dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric fibers contain polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The dye-sensitized solar cell contains 95 wt.% of membranous polymer having molecular weight of 50000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Films: The back electrode is a molybdenum-copper film having a thickness of 0.3-3 mu m and a copper content of 2-40 wt.%. The buffer layer is a zinc-sulfide film having a thickness of 20-100 mu m. The window layer is a zinc-aluminum-oxide film having a thickness of 0.2-5 mu m. The top electrode is a nickel-aluminum film having a thickness of 0.2-5 mu m and an aluminum content of 1-100 wt.%. Preferred Method: The back electrode is formed using direct-flow magnetic-control sputtering method to sputter on the surface of a substrate through direct-flow magnetic-control sputter of molybdenum-copper target or molybdenum-copper double-target. The working atmosphere of sputtering is high-purity argon, the working air pressure is 0.05-10 Pa, the sputtering power is 40-250 W, and the heat-treatment temperature is 300-600 degrees C. The absorbing layer is formed by sputtering to form a copper-silicon-tin alloy prefabricating layer, and vulcanizing in an atmosphere of sulfur or hydrogen sulfide at 300-700 degrees C to form a copper-silicon-tin-sulfur film. The buffering layer is formed by magnetic-control sputtering with radio frequency response. The working atmosphere of sputtering is a mixed gas of high-purity hydrogen sulfide and high-purity argon. The content of hydrogen sulfide is 1-100%, the working pressure is 0.05-10 Pa, the target material is high-purity zinc target or zinc-sulfide target, the sputtering power is 40-250 W, and the temperature of substrate is 200-400 degrees C. The window layer is formed by direct-flow magnetic-control sputtering to sputter zinc oxide mixed with aluminum oxide (1-5%). The working atmosphere of sputtering is high-purity argon, the working pressure is 0.05-10 Pa, the sputtering power is 40-250 W, and the heat-treatment temperature is 150-400 degrees C. The top electrode is formed by depositing a layer of nickel-aluminum film on the zinc-aluminum-oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bottom coating is coated on the fluorine-containing resin coating in the form of resin solution, and surface polarity and surface energy of the fluorine-containing resin coating are enhanced to increase bonding strength of EVA. Preferred Composition: The thickness of the fluorine-containing resin coating is 3-200 mu m. The thickness of the polymer basal membrane is 20-500 mu m. The bottom coating comprises (ptys.wt.) fluorine-containing resin (100), curing agent (0-20), other adjuvant (0-10), catalyst (0-20), and solvent (150-400). The thickness of the bottom coating is 1-10 mu m. The concentration of the resin solution is 2-30 wt.%. Preferred Components: The bottom coating resin is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 16-40% of vinyl acetate (VA), polyester resin with glass state temperature of 30-90 degrees C, acrylic resin, acrylamide resin, high polymer with alkyl radical, carboxyl radical, or epoxy radical. The bottom coating resin contains crosslinker; where the crosslinker is ester peroxide, ketal peroxide, dialkyl peroxide, oxazoline polymer, urea resin, melamine resin, or ethoxyline resin. The adjuvant is antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, or tackifier. The stuff with high reflecting rate is titanium pigment, calcium carbonate, mica powder, talcpowder, clay, wollastonite in powder, quartz sand, metallic oxide, black lead, ceramic powder, or cast stone powder. The stuff with high reflecting rate has high reflecting constituents comprising nanometer silicon oxide, nanometer titanium dioxide, nanometer magnesium oxide, nanometer zinc oxide, nanometer aluminum oxide, nanometer tin oxide, nanometer lithium fluoride, nanometer calcium fluoride, nanometer barium fluoride, nanometer calcium carbonate, hollow ceramic glass microsphere, and hollow glass microsphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A cyanide is reacted with a boron compound, to obtain ionic compound (I). Preferred Properties: The ionic compound has silicon content of 2500 ppm or less, cyanide ion (CN-) content of 3000 ppm or less, halide ion content of 500 ppm or less and water content of 3000 ppm or less. Preferred Component: The cyanide is trimethyl silyl cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, cyanide of formula: Ma(CN)n or ammonium cyanide type-compound of formula: R4NCN.Ma=zinc ion (Zn2+), gallium ion (Ga3+), palladium ion (Pd2+), tin ion (Sn2+), mercury ion (Hg2+), rhodium ion (Rh2+), copper ion (Cu2+) and lead ion (Pb+);andR=H or organic group.Preferred Method: The method further involves adding an amine and/or ammonium salt, and contacting the crude product obtained by reacting the starting materials, with an oxidizing agent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Tetracyanoborate-containing ionic compounds are disclosed e.g. tetrabutyl ammonium tetracyanoborate of formula (A), 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetracyanoborate, triethyl ammonium tetracyanoborate, tri-ethyl-methyl ammonium tetracyanoborate and tetraethyl ammonium tetracyanoborate.    EXAMPLE - Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (5.1 mg), zinc cyanide (II) (in g) (9.26), toluene (10 ml) and boron tribromide (2.8) were mixed in a flask under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 days and heated in an oil bath maintained at 130 degrees C. Toluene was distilled, and black solid was obtained. The obtained solid was pulverized, and chloroform (200 ml) was added. The product was extracted in the chloroform layer. The obtained chloroform solution was filtered, water-washed, and an organic layer was separated. The separated organic layer was concentrated, purified using column chromatography and dried, to obtain tetrabutyl ammonium tetracyanoborate (A) having melting point of 90 degrees C with yield of 35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrode is made of indium-tin oxide. The metal electrode layer contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron acceptor is fullerene or fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The electron donor is poly p-phenylene vinylene group polymer or polythiophene group derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The concentration of primary solution is 0.1-3 M. The concentration of secondary solution is 0.1-1 M. Preferred Condition: The titanium dioxide is manufactured at 100-200 degrees C, preferably 110-130 degrees C for 1-5 hours. Preferred Process: The manufacture of titanium dioxide further involves drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant is chosen from phenolic-type antioxidant, phosphite-type antioxidant, thioester-type antioxidant, amine-type antioxidant and/or inorganic antioxidant. Preferred Property: The antioxidant includes antioxidants (a,b) whose weight ratio is 0.1:0.9-0.9:0.1. The content of antioxidant is 0.01-0.5 parts weight, the content of organic peroxide is 0.5-15 parts weight, and the content of ethylene copolymer is 80-98 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is chosen from ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder resin includes ethyl cellulose or polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The residual metal impurities of the substrate is leached using hydrogen-chloride gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution contains hydrochloric acid or acetic acid with a concentration of 10-3 mole/liter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is a perfluorated material, or Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching medium contains mineral acid or strong base such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The base material is printed circuit board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of swelling gel in adhesive layer is 50-100 mass parts. The swelling gel is hydrogel. The cleaning film has water content before using. The quantity of water content is 0.1-10 ml/g. Preferred Parameter: The thickness before swelling of adhesive layer is 0.05-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of casting mold is graphite or quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The IV group semiconductor substrate is silicon substrate or germanium substrate. The III group raw material is gas containing boron, aluminum, gallium, indium or titanium. The V group raw material is gas containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth. The III-V compound semiconductor is indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, indium antimonide, gallium antimonide, aluminum antimonide, aluminum gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium gallium nitride, aluminum gallium nitride, gallium nitride arsenide, indium arsenide antimonide, gallium arsenide antimonide, indium gallium antimonide, aluminum indium antimonide, indium gallium aluminum nitride, aluminum indium gallium phosphide, indium gallium arsenide phosphide, indium gallium arsenide phosphide, gallium indium arsenide nitride, indium gallium aluminum antimonide, indium gallium arsenide antimonide, or aluminum indium gallium phosphide antimonide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tempered glass contains (in mole%) silica (55-70), alumina (8-14), boric oxide (0-5), sodium oxide (7-15) and potassium oxide (1-10). The sum total content of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide in tempered glass is 5-13 mole%. Preferred Property: The molar ratio of sum total of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide with respect to sum total of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide in tempered glass is 0.3-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carboxyl group of ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer is neutralized and crosslinked with zinc ion. Preferred Composition: The content of organic peroxide is 0.3-1.5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-type copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material comprising silicon dioxide (SiO2) is SiO2 and organosilicate glass. The organosilicate glass is selected from phosphorus silicate glass and fluorosilicate glass. Preferred Process: The reactor chamber is equipped with electrodes. The step of activating the energy source to form a plasma activated reactive etching gas mixture within the chamber involves supplying a high frequency electrical energy to the electrodes to form a plasma activated reactive etching gas mixture within the chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorine compound is selected from NF3, F2, F2 created in situ, and a mixture of F2 in an inert gas (preferably NF3). The polymerizable fluorocarbon is a compound having formula (ChFi) or (CxFyHz) (preferably octafluorocyclobutane, octafluorocyclopentene, hexafluorobenzene and/or hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene, especially hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene; or C2F5H (1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane), and/or C3F7H (1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane)).h=4-6;i=h to 2h+2;x=1-4;z=1 to (2x+1);y=((2x+2)-z).Preferred Composition: The polymerizable fluorocarbon and the fluorine compound in the reactive gas mixture are present at a ratio of 1:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method further involves forming doped crystalline semiconductor layers (I,II) on the conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type crystalline semiconductor alloy comprises material(s) chosen from silicon and germanium, and material(s) chosen from carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The doped crystalline semiconductor alloy layers comprise a semiconductive material, and material(s) chosen from carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The P-type layer of the top module layer is made of copper-indium-selenide (CuInSe2) or copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CuInGaSe2). An N-type layer of the top module layer is made of cadmium sulphide (CdS). A transparent electrode arranged on the bottom module layer is made of tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide:aluminum (ZnO:Al) and zinc oxide:boron (ZnO:B). A reflecting filter is made of titanium dioxide (TiO2) or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective electrode film arranged on a lower substrate is made of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: The electrode is made from a fired conductive paste which is comprised of silver particles (40-90 wt.%) and added particle (0.01-10 wt.%) based on the weight of the paste. The paste is fired at 450-900 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal particles are selected from ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), tungsten (W), and platinum (Pt) particles (preferably Ru, Pd or Pt particles). EXAMPLE - A silver paste comprising (parts by weight) flaked silver particle (having particle diameter (d50) of 2.7 mu m) (70.30), lead borosilicate glass frit (5.25), ethyl cellulose resin (2.50) and solvent (21.95) was prepared. A metal paste comprising palladium (10 wt.%), ethyl cellulose resin (1.30 wt.%) and solvent (8.70 wt.%) was prepared. A silver paste containing palladium metal was prepared by adding the silver paste (0.142 parts by weight) to the metal paste (10.00 parts by weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat insulation structure is made of aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon carbide or carbon felt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming of the light-absorbing layer comprises depositing by using a digital chemical vapor deposition method, an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method, a reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition method, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method, or a reactive thin film deposition method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ions contains one or more elements selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, oxygen, tellurium, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, krypton, argon and xenon. The mask is made of materials selected from group consisting of graphite, silicon, silicon carbide and quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polythiophene derivative polymer comprises hexyl group at its end. EXAMPLE - 3,6-Dibromophenanthrene-9,10-dione was reacted with 3-thiophenecarboxaldehyde, 4-hexylaniline, ammonium acetate and acetic acid, and separated formed 6,9-dibromo-1-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole (I) from the products. The compound (I) was reacted with hexyl magnesium bromide and nickel diphenylphosphino propane dichloride (Ni(dppp)Cl2), and separated formed 6,9-dihexyl-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-3a,11b-dihydro-2-(thiophen-3-yl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d) imidazole (II) from products. Compound (II) was then reacted with N-bromosuccinimide, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetic acid, and separated formed 2-(2,5-dibromothiophen-3-yl)-6,9-dihexyl-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)-imidazole (HPIT). HPIT was reacted with THF, methyl magnesium bromide and Ni(dppp)Cl2, and formed poly(hexylphenanthrenyl-imidazole thiophene)(poly((2-(thiophen-3-yl)-6,9-dihexyl-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole))) (PHPIT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layers of the semiconductor device is made of titanium and palladium. The pad electrode layer of n-side electrode is made of gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The peak intensity ratio (ILO/ITO) is 1.80 or less, 1.40 or more, or 2.20 or less. The ratio of the sheet resistance of the substrate face which is just behind the substrate with transparent electrode is 0.75-1.5, or 2 or less as measured after standing the substrate at 85 degrees C under a 85% relative humid environment for 10 days.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive oxide layer contains mixed oxide of zinc oxide and oxide selected from gallium oxide, aluminum oxide and boron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains 0.2-15% of barium oxide, 2.5% or less of copper oxide and 0.05% or more of alkali metal oxide. The content of glass powder in electroforming material is 0.2-10 %mass. The metal powder contains silver, aluminum, gold, copper, palladium and/or platinum or its alloy, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the content of gallium with respect to total content of element of group (III) in the fine particles is 0.05-0.6. The molar ratio of the content of copper with respect to total content of element of group (III) in the fine particles is 0.7-1. The element (A) is copper, gallium or indium. The molar ratio of the content of sulfur with respect to total content of element of group (VI) in the light absorbing layer is 0.5-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of the content of gallium with respect to total content of element of group (III) in the fine particles is 0.05-0.6. The molar ratio of the content of copper with respect to total content of element of group (III) in the fine particles is 0.7-1. The molar ratio of the content of sulfur with respect to total content of element of group (VI) in the light absorbing layer is 0.5-1. Preferred Component: The element (A) is copper, gallium or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The capping layer comprises lanthanum oxide. The metal gate layer comprises titanium nitride and conductive material chosen from tantalum nitride, tantalum carbide, tantalum carbide nitride, molybdenum nitride, tungsten nitride and tungsten. Preferred Composition: The diluted hydrofluoric acid is applied as hydrofluoric acid solution obtained by adding water and hydrofluoric acid in ratio of less than 100:1. The wet etching solution sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The shell material is platinum (preferred), palladium, rhodium, iridium, cerium, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, rhenium or their alloys. The core material comprises a non-noble metal or its alloy, preferably iron, copper, nickel, palladium, aluminum, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold or their alloys. In the core-shell catalyst material, there is substantially no interdiffusion of atoms between the core material and the shell material and an interface between the shell and the core is coherent. The shell material has a shell crystal structure that is the same or different from the core crystal structure. The shell completely encompasses the core. The core-shell catalyst is a nanoparticle. The shell has an average thickness of 0.1-10 nm. Preferred Method: The step of forming a shell comprises forming particles of the shell material and then dissolving the particles of the shell material and substantially concurrently depositing the shell material on the core. The forming of the shell is accomplished by mixing the electrically conducting powder and core particles in an aqueous solution of a water soluble catalyst material for a time sufficient to precipitate the shell catalyst material from the water soluble catalyst material to form a supported core-shell catalyst. The particles of the shell material have an average particle size of 1-2 nm. The core is formed on an electrically conducting powder (carbon black), where the core has a nanometer particle size. The forming of the shell is: under substantially epitaxial growth conditions; or is performed by precipitation or vapor deposition of a salt of the shell material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Apparatus: The containment apparatus has carbon fiber composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive electrode consists of indium tin oxide, and indium zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of glycol is 0.5-25 times with respect to total weight of the phenol novolak compound. Preferred Component: The solvent is trimethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol and/or dipropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silver powder has average particle diameter of 20 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The epoxy resin is bisphenol-type epoxy resin. The phenol novolak compound hardening agent is phenol formaldehyde-type novolak resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is made of titanium, titanium alloy or stainless steel. The electroconductive film can also be made up of alloy of gold or palladium or carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier contains zinc oxide, formed by electrolytic-deposition method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The total carbon number of R1-R4 is 72 or less. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=6C or more linear alkyl;and    R5,R6=ethylene (-CH2-CH2-).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is glass fiber or layered silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The Brix value of the alkali liquid is 2.5-3.1 Brix%. The temperature of the washing liquid is 50-70 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The alkali liquid contains surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal or semiconductor containing element in the solution of substance or suspension liquid is germanium. Preferred Process: The solution of a substance or suspension liquid is formed by using hydrogen peroxide and germanium. The thin film is silicon thin film. The exposure of thin film in atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma is performed in the presence of mixed gas containing hydrogen gas or hydrogen, and noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat sinterable-metal particles are silver particles or copper particles. The oxidizing gas is a mixed gas of 0.1-40 volume% of oxygen gas and 99.99 volume% or more of nitrogen gas. The reducing gas is a 60-99 volume% of nitrogen gas and 1-40 volume% of hydrogen gas. Preferred Property: The joined metal component has shear adhesive strength of 5 MPa or more. The sintered product of the heat-sinterable metal particles have volume resistivity of 1x 10-1 Omega .cm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal components are gold, silver, copper, palladium and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volatile dispersion medium is hydrophilic solvent or aliphatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flexible film contains polymeric material containing polyimide, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyallylate, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetheretherketone, polyether imide and/or aramid. The film coated on the polymer film substrate contains high reflectance material and transparent conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic thin layer comprises emission layer; and layer(s) having hole transport layer (HTL), hole injection layer (HIL), electron injection layer (EIL), and/or hole blocking layer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pyrenyl, perylenyl or chrysenyl;    Ar2, Ar3=imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazine, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, diphenyl amine, dinaphthyl amine, dibiphenyl amine, phenyl naphthyl amine, phenyl diphenyl amine, ditolyl amine, phenyl tolyl amine, carbazoyl, triphenylamine, or dipyridylamine;and    L1, L2=phenylene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 90 Asymmetric compounds are specifically claimed, e.g. 2,6-bis(N-carbazolyl-phenyl)-4-(naphthan-1-yl)-pyrimidine of formula (63), and compounds of formulae (1, 23, 45, 90).    EXAMPLE - 2-Chloro-4-(naphthan-1-yl)-6-(4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl)-pyrimidine intermediate product (6 g), compound of formula (E) (4.5 g), and tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.36 g) were suspended in mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran (180 ml) and toluene (120 ml) to produce suspension. The suspension was added to solution having potassium carbonate (3.4 g) dissolved in water (120 ml). The obtained mixture was heated and refluxed for 12 hours. After separating reaction fluid into two layers, an organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was distillated and removed under reduced pressure, and then the residue was recrystallized with toluene. The obtained crystal was separated by filtration and washed with toluene to obtain 7.2 g (yield: 88.3 %) of 2,6-bis(N-carbazolyl-phenyl)-4-(naphthan-1-yl)-pyrimidine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell sub-modules are made of monocrystalline silicon material, polycrystalline silicon material or thin-film material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ion conductor has a layered structure along thickness direction. Portion(s) of film-like electrolyte forming surface of electrolyte of ion conductor is electrolyte other than electrolyte having highest compatibility with respect to water. The ion conductor is clamped between a cathode and anode of a fuel cell. The electrolyte other than electrolyte having highest compatibility with respect to water is arranged at cathode side, preferably in downstream of flow direction of cathode gas. The electrolyte having lowest compatibility with respect to water is arranged at cathode side. The electrolyte is gel-like electrolyte, and does not mutually dissolve in water. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte having lowest compatibility with respect to water contains onium cation as cation component. The onium cation has monovalent substituent coupled to neutral atom. The monovalent substituent is of formula: CH3-CH2-Z1-R1 or CH3-Z3-R4,R1=H, halo or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl;Z1=oxygen, sulfur, NR2 or PR3;R2-R4=R1;andZ2=carbonyl, sulfonyl or difluoromethylene.The electrolyte having lowest compatibility with respect to water contains primary onium cation, secondary onium cation and tertiary onium cation as cation component, and oxoacid type anion, thio acid type anion and/or hydrohalic acid type anion as anion component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fracture strength of the inner layer is 2-7 MPa. Preferred Component: The polycrystalline-silicon production vessel further has layer containing silicon oxynitride formed on the surface of release layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixed particle has diameter of 50-500 mu m. Impurity is evaporated by carrying out oxygen burning of particles containing silica or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diameter of silicon particles are 1-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon containing impurity and solid containing additive for impurity refinement are heated to melt, and the gas containing nitrogen is blown into the melt solution containing silicon and additive to reduce the impurity in silicon. The silicon contains boron and/or phosphorus as impurity, and further contains aluminum, calcium, tantalum, titanium and/or vanadium as impurity. The gas containing nitrogen further contains helium, neon, argon, water vapor and gaseous chlorine. The solid containing additive includes oxide, hydroxide, hydrate or carbonate of alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal. The solid containing additive is a solid containing silicon dioxide, and further contains calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and calcium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The inert gas is argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silicon monocrystal wafer has diameter of 200 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy film further contains nickel (3 atomic% or less). Preferred Property: The aluminum alloy film has resistance value of 20 mu ohm.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is placed in furnace containing phosphorus chloride oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous medium contains gas selected from the group containing phosphoric acid and phosphorus chloride oxide. The surface passivation includes chemically bonding hydrogen or hydrogen-containing additive to the dopant atoms of the film, where hydrogen or hydrogen containing additive is admixed with a solution containing dopant atoms which are selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, boron, arsenic, antimony and a combination of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first block copolymer includes polystyrene groups. The polymer film includes a second block copolymer including polyvinylpyridine groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conducting oxide is tin oxide, cadmium oxide, zinc oxide, indium-tin-oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, magnesium oxide, niobium:strontium-titanium trioxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, niobium-doped titanium dioxide, (La(0.5)Sr(0.5)) cobalt trioxide, La(0.7)Sr(0.3) manganese trioxide, strontium ruthenium oxide, fluorine-doped tin-oxide, strontium ruthenate and strontium ruthenate (Sr4Ru3O10). The semiconductor nanolayer comprises titanium oxide. The metal complexes are metal phthalocyanine, chlorophyll, hemin, ruthenium complex, osmium complex, iron complex or zinc complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic dyes are metal-free phthalocyanine, cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, xanthene dyes and triphenylmethane dyes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conducting oxide substrate is tin oxide-indium coated glass, tin oxide-indium coated polyethylene, tin oxide-indium coated polybutylene, tin oxide-indium coated polyethyleneterephtalate, tin oxide-indium coated copolymers of 2 or more polyethylene, polybutylene, and polyethyleneterephtalate, tin oxide-fluorine coated glass, tin oxide-fluorine coated polyethylene, tin oxide-fluorine coated polybutylene, tin oxide-fluorine coated polyethyleneterephtalate, and/or tin oxide-fluorine coated copolymers of 2 or more polyethylene, polybutylene and polyethyleneterephtalate. The coating of coated titanium dioxide nanowire array is niobium pentoxide. Preferred Process: The dye-sensitized liquid junction solar cell is obtained by using ruthenium polypyridinium dye as exciton acceptor dye and zinc phthalocyanine-tetra-tertiary butyl (ZnPc-TTB) as exciton donor dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell has photovoltaic layer which is made of compound of indium-gallium-arsenic, indium-gallium-arsenic-antimony and indium-arsenic-phosphorus-antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photovoltaic cell has substrate made of alumina zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: In the electrode paste of silicon solar battery, the inorganic adhesive is glass powder which is composed of 15-30% of boron trioxide (B2O3), 40-70% of lead oxide (PbO), 1-5% of vanadium oxide (V2O5), 15-28% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and 3-6% of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and the total amount of the components is 100%; the organic adhesive is composed of 1.0-12.0% of ethylcellulose, 0.5-10.0% of phenolic resin or novolac epoxy resin, 0.1-2.0% of colophony, 1.0-10.0% of calcium stearate or zinc stearate, 30-60% of terpilenolterpineol, and 25-50% of additive, and the total amount of the components is 100%; the additive comprises one or several of phenoxyethanol, diethyl phthalate, butyl carbitol, butyl carbitol acid ester and benzyl alcohol. Preferred Method: In preparing electrode paste of silicon solar battery, the glass powder is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing the prepared material, placing it in a ceramic crucible, pre-heating it at 500 degrees C, then placing it in a furnace of 1100-1250 degrees C for heating, preserving it for 1.5 hours, then quenching it with water, baking it, crushing and middling it to 5-8 mu m; the organic adhesive is prepared by uniformly mixing the material, and heating and dissolving it at 100 to 150 degrees C to obtain the transparent organic adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant consists of sulfur, selenium, germanium, carbon, argon, silicon and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each of the thin-film N-type semiconductor and the thin-film P-type semiconductor and the semiconductor micro/nanostructure array are made of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium phosphide, gallium antimonide and/or zinc telluride. The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin-film N-type semiconductor is made of a small molecule organic semiconductor material consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline), (1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61), 4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenyl vinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl, beryllium-quinoline complex, aluminum(III) bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinate)-4-phenylphenolate, oxadiazole or 2,5-bis(tertbutyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene. The thin-film P-type semiconductor is made of a small molecule organic semiconductor material consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluoreny-2,7-diyl), (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methyl-phenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) or N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, noble gas, air or reactive gas such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and/or ammonia. An aqueous solution (2-5 mass%) of phosphorous acid or phosphoric acid, in alcohol such as methanol, ethanol and/or isopropanol is used as the liquid or a liquid, etching the surface, containing hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid or potassium hydroxide is used as the liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film contains silane coupling agent, aluminum coupling agent or titanium coupling agent. The electroconductive fine particles contain oxide, hydroxide and/or complex of zinc, indium, tin, antimony, silicon, aluminum, gallium, cobalt, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium, or carbon, silicon, copper, nickel, silver, palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium and/or iridium, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains hydrolysis product (including sol-gel) of acrylic resin, acrylate resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, polyurethane resin, acryl urethane resin, polystyrene resin, polyacetal resin, polyamide resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, cellulosic resin, ethyl cellulose resin, epoxy resin, vinyl chloride resin, siloxane polymer or metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The group III nitride semiconductor material is made of gallium nitride and aluminum gallium indium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mask pattern is made of one among titanium, tantalum, iron, nickel, platinum, gold, cobalt, tungsten and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon black (B) is carbon black having DBP oil absorption amount of 300 cm3/100 g or more and BET specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. The expanded graphite powder (C) has average particle diameter of 30-500 mu m. The expanded graphite powder (C) is obtained by heat-processing an acid-treated graphite at 500-1200 degrees C, pulverizing and expanding to 100-300 ml/g. Preferred Process: The (meth)acrylic-ester monomer (A2m) in composition (E) is polymerized in presence of (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1) contained in adhesive composition (E), and the solidified material (E') of composition (E) is molded to form heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive sheet (F). The sheet (F) comprises (in mass parts) carbon black (B) (1-80) and expanded graphite powder (C) (25-250) with respect to (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A) (100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (S) is (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1). The heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (E) comprises (in mass parts) carbon black (B) (2-100) and expanded graphite powder (C) (50-300) with respect to (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1) (100), and further contains (meth)acrylic-ester monomer (A2m).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support is chosen from polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, acrylic resin and/or polyimide resin. The repeating unit of polymer is of formula: -(CF2-CF2)-, -(CF2-CFCl)- or -(CF2-CFCF3)-. The support contains ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Property: The thickness of polymer layer is 1-20 mu m, and thickness of support is 30-400 mu m. The polymer sheet is heated at 200-360 degrees C for 5-30 minutes. The content of polymer in aqueous medium is 5-55 mass%. The aqueous medium further contains surfactant. A sample of polymer sheet is set and to which calcium chloride (1 g) is added, placed in a 60 mm diameter moisture-permeable cup, sealed with wood's alloy and preserved at 25 degrees C and 90% relative humidity atmosphere for 60 days. The water vapor transmission rate of the sheet is then calculated by the following relation: (w2-w1)x 100x 100 three quarters x 3x 3.14, where w1 is the weight of cup measured after controlling the humidity at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 2 hours, and w2 is the weight of cup measured after controlling the humidity at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 2 hours.