TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymer resin has crystallinity of 75-95%. The weatherable film is extruded and stretched for 1-5 times along longitudinal and transverse directions. The film has thickness of 5-700 mu m, elongation change rate of 20-90% in hydrolysis resistance test, visible transmittance of 80-95%, and haze of 0.1-5%. Preferred Composition: The polybutylene terephthalate glycol copolymer contains 10-60% of polytetramethylene ether glycol. The hard layer and soft have weight ratio of 0.1-100:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The etching solution (a) further contains ammonium hydroxide, alkylammonium hydroxide or its derivative, preferably ammonium hydroxide, and oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent contains reagent chosen from hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxide, ozone and/or water, preferably hydrogen peroxide. The etching solution (a) preferably contains (in weight%) succinic acid (10-20), hydrogen peroxide (1-3), ammonium hydroxide (1-3) and water (74-88). The laminated epitaxial material contains gallium arsenide, and adhesive containing polymer chosen from polyester, polyvinyl, polycarbonate and/or its derivatives. The etch-stop layer contains aluminum arsenide. Preferred Process: The method further involves exposing substrate to etching solution (b) containing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon black is acetylene black or furnace black. The fluororesin film further contains a copper compound whose content is 1x 10-4-5x 10-2 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. Preferred Properties: The carbon black has a nitrogen-adsorption specific surface area of 30-150 m2/g as measured based on JIS K6217.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluororesin film has a volume resistivity of 1x 1013 ohm.cm or more, and a thickness of 12-100 mu m. The fluororesin film has an ultraviolet-ray transmittance of less than 1%, at a wavelength of less than 360 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electroconductive precipitate is polycrystal containing oxygen, sulfur, iron, chromium and carbon. The stainless steel material further has electroconductive layer containing graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxycarbonitride is a mixture containing oxycarbonitride containing metal (A) (0.2 %mass or more) and oxycarbonitride containing metal (Z) (0.2 %mass or more). The molar ratio of metal (A) and metal (Z) is 1-15. The combinations of metal (A) and metal (Z) are metal (a) chosen from titanium and zirconium, metal (b) chosen from vanadium, niobium, and tantalum, and metal (c) chosen from molybdenum and tungsten. The metal oxycarbonitride is of formula: AaZbCxNyOz. The catalyst layer further contains electroconductive particles.A=metal (A);Z=metal (Z);a=0.01-1;b=0-0.99 (excluding 0);x,y=0.01-2;z=0.01-3;a+b=1;andx+y+z=5 or less.Preferred Process: The metal carbonitride is further obtained by heating compound chosen from oxide of metal (A), nitride of metal (A), and carbide of metal (A) with mixture containing at least carbide in an inert gas atmosphere or in nitrogen atmosphere, when the mixture does not contain nitride. The metal oxycarbonitride is heated at 400-1400 degrees C in oxygen gas concentration of 0.1-10 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polycyclic compound is contained in the bulk heterojunction layer as p-type semiconductor material. A fullerene derivative is contained in the bulk heterojunction layer as n-type semiconductor material. The polycyclic compound is low molecular weight compound with molecular weight of 300-3000. The polycyclic compound is of formula (5).A1,A2=heterocyclic group;q,r=0-8;andq+r,n=1 or more.The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by solution process. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R6=heterocyclic group chosen from formulae (2-4);    X3-X5=X1;    R11-R16=R1, at least one being unsubstituted alkyl;and    X1,X2=S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The multi-junction photovoltaic cell comprises gallium arsenide layer or gallium indium phosphide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode electrical conducting layer consists of indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode electrical conducting layer formed adjacent to quantum dot layer consists of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The planarizing/hole injection layer consists of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first conductive layer is an electron acceptor layer and the second conductive layer is an electron donor layer, or the first conductive layer is an electron donor layer and the second conductive layer is an electron acceptor layer. The first or second conductive layer comprises conductive polymer, or conductive polymer composition comprising polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfluorene, and/or (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aza-crown ether compound has structure containing nitrogen atom(s) in aza-crown ether ring bonded with organic group having polymerizable unsaturated bond. The organic group is of formula: -R-C(-Q1)=C-(O2)-O3 (I), (II) or methacryloyloxyalkyl group. The additive further contains disassociation promoter, carbonate compound of formula (III and/or IV) having polymerizable unsaturated bond, and cyclohexane derivative having vinyl ether group or propenyl ether group. The aza-crown ether compound is chosen from aza-12-crown-4-ether, aza-14-crown-4-ether, aza-15-crown-5-ether and aza-18-crown-6-ether. The electrolyte dissociation promoter is ether compound and/or sulfoxide compound having donor number of 16-40. The sulfoxide compound is of formula: R1-S(=O)-R2. The ether compound is of formula: R3-O-(CH2CH2O)n-R4. The cyclohexane derivative is of formula : R9-CH=CH-O-(CH2)p-O-CH=CH-R10 (V) or R11-CH=CH-O-(C2H4O)q-O-CH=CH-R12 (VI).R=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3,Q5-Q7=H, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl;Q4=H or halo;R1-R4=1-5C alkyl;n=1-10;R5,R6=H or 1-3C alkyl;R7,R8=H or 2-3C alkenyl;R9-R12=H or methyl;p=4-10;andq=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass frit does not contain lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silver-type organic compound is 0.01-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of electroconductive powder. The silver-type organic compound is polyether modified silane coupling agent and/or polydimethylsiloxane. The electroconductive powder is obtained using liquid mixture containing electroconductive powder having silver or its compound as main component, and dispersant having solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The concentration of cyclohexene in fuel gas is set to 10 ppb or less, preferably 0.1 ppb or less as fixed quantity, using selective adsorption agent by direct method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The zeolite is zeolite-X, Y-type zeolite or beta -type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The positive electrode material, negative electrode material and gel polymer electrolyte are prepared according to proportion. N-methyl pyrrolidone is used as solvent for preparing positive electrode paste and water is used as solvent for preparing negative electrode paste. The positive collector is aluminum foil and negative collector is copper foil. The double surfaces of aluminum foil and copper foil are coated with back roller. The slit pole portion of collector is wound and packaged with aluminum plastic film. The diaphragm is polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene composite film. The gel polymer electrolyte containing monomer, initiator and organic electrolytic solution is injected into the collector and sealed through heat pressing. Then, the battery is baked at 58-62 degrees C for 6.5-7 hours, to obtain gel polymer lithium ion battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, cellulose glycolate and styrene-butadiene rubber in a weight ratio of 0-100:100-0:1.5-2.5:3-5. The anode comprises lithium manganate, acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride in a weight ratio of 100:2.1-3:2.1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The spinel type lithium titanate is Li4+xTi5O12. The anode material is lithium manganate or lithium iron phosphate. The electrolyte is the non-water-soluble electrolyte after added with the lithium in a mixture. The lithium is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, or lithium perchlorate. The concentration of lithium is 1-1.5 mol/L.x=0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium is lithium bis(oxalato)borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The mixture comprises polycarbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, and/or methyl propyl carbonate. The mixture comprises (mass %) polycarbonate (10-50), dimethyl carbonate (10-30), and ethyl methyl carbonate (30-70).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode system comprises lithium manganate, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride at a weight ratio of 100:2.1-3:2.1-3. The cathode system comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, carboxymethylcellulose, and styrene-butadiene rubber at a weight ratio of 0-100:100-0:1.5-2.5:3-5. Preferred Method: The battery is prepared by using N-methylpyrrolidone as the solvent for the anode; using water as the solvent for the cathode; coating two surfaces of the aluminum and copper foils; limiting the capacitance by using the anode; forming a diaphragm using a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene compound film to form the diaphragm; packaging well wound and well cut pole sheets by an aluminum-plastic compound film; filling the electrolyte system when the nitrogen is at the full state; vacuumizing the battery, and sealing; pre-charging the battery, shaping by roasting; placing the battery in a vacuum oven at 80 plus minus 1 degrees C for 1.5-2.5 hours; cooling, sealing, and cutting off edge and folding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: In the film, the thickness of the fluorosilicone film forming layer or silicotitanium film forming layer is 0.01 to 5 mu m. The thickness of the fluorine base layer is 10 to 500 mu m. The fluorine base layer is Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF),Polytetrafluoroethylene (FTFE) and hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride (THV) base layer. The plasma fluorosilicone processing is performed on the surface of the fluorine base layer to form the fluorosilicone film forming layer. The plasma silicotitanium processing is performed on the surface of the fluorine base layer to form the silicotitanium film forming layer. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the solar battery surface film containing fluorine on middle surface, in step (b), the heating temperature is 80-150 degrees C, and the heating time is 10-60 seconds. The solid content of the fluorosilicone in the fluorosilicone compound is 1-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiN(SO2CF3)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The linear block copolymer is diblock copolymer. The structural polymer block is ionically non-conductive. The block copolymer is polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block poly(ethylene oxide)triblock copolymer and/or polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide)diblock copolymer, and further comprises additional linear polymer block. Preferred Composition: The structural polymer block comprises polystyrene. The conductive polymer block comprises poly(ethylene oxide) and/or lithium salt. Preferred Properties: The structural polymer has molecular weight of 5000 Daltons or more. The structural polymer has elastic modulus of 1x 107 Pa to 3 GPa. The conductive polymer has elastic modulus of 1 MPa or less. The conductive and structural polymers both have molecular weights of 15000 Daltons or more, preferably 50000 Daltons or more. The electrolyte has ionic conductivity of 1x 10-4 Scm-1. The poly(ethylene oxide) block has molecular weight of 50,000 Daltons or more. The polystyrene block has molecular weight of 50000 Daltons or more. The volume fraction of poly(ethylene oxide) block is between 0.2-0.5, preferably 0.25-0.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of monomers HFP and VDF in the solid P(VDF-HFP) is 6-20:100. The mass ratio of the P(VDF-HFP) to the organic solvent is 1-40:100. Preferred Property: The multi-pore film is formed by coating mixture solution on separating film, positive pole and/or negative pole to a thickness of 420 mu m. Preferred Conditions: Heating and parching are performed at 60-90 degrees C under a pressure of 0.01-0.2 MPa, for 1-7 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The vanes are made of aluminum alloy, and upright post is made of a carbon steel pipe, and surface of the vane is made of zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is montmorillonite, talc, hectorite, illite, laponite, saponite, vermiculite, mica and/or brittle mica. The lithium salt is lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonylimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plasticizer is ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, sulfolane, methyl acetate and/or methyl propionate. The organic solvent is acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, dimethylformamide and/or tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polar polymer, lithium salt, plasticizer, organic solvent and oxide polymer is 1-50 parts weight, 4-40 parts weight, 5-50 parts weight, 50-2500 parts weight and 100 parts weight, respectively. The polar polymer is polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyvinyl chloride. The oxide polymer is polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and glycidol. The polyelectrolyte further contains 50 parts weight or less of filler with respect to 100 parts weight of the oxide polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: Excrement and domestic organic waste collection includes fixing a seating or squatting type toilet bowl and discharging urine and excrement by water. The bottom parts of the toilet bowl are movable, the excrement discharging hole is large and the inclined degree of the inner wall of the excrement containing part is also large. The excrement containing bag is mounted on the excrement containing part of the toilet bowl. The excrement containing part of the toilet bowl is wetted by water before defecation and the excrement is discharged. The toilet bowl is sorted into direct discharging mode and movable discharging mode according to the excrement discharging mode. The excrement containing part of the direct discharging mode of the toilet bowl acts correspondingly to discharge excrement without moving to the other position and moves to discharge excrement. The excrement containing movable part of the bottom discharging mode of the toilet bowl moves to directly discharge excrement from the bottom part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The photosensitive dye has functional group chosen from phenyl, amino phenyl, alkoxy and bipyridine group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrates: The transparent substrate and opposing electrode substrate are made of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, magnesium oxide or zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The secondary particles have average particle diameter of 7-15 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of thermoplastic polymer is 0.1-10 parts weight. Preferred Property: The thermoplastic polymer has melt index of 1 g/10 minutes or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The cover layer has thickness of 0.03-9 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The light reflection property of the protection sheet is measured according to the EN-471 standard. The adhesiveness of the protection sheet is measured according to the JISK6854 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The micro structure layer is formed from a material selected from a group containing polyester resin, methacryl type resin, polymethyl pentene type resin, polyolefin type resin, transparent polyimide resin, transparent fluorine resin, polylactic acid type resin, silicone resin, polysulfone type resin, polyethylene napthalate type resin, polyether imide type resin and epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening agent is imidazole, tertiary amine and/or Lewis acid containing boron fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin composition (A) contains phenol aralkyl-type epoxy resin, biphenyl-type epoxy resin, naphthalene-type epoxy resin, cresol novolak-type epoxy resin and dicyclopentadiene-type epoxy resin. The epoxy resin composition (B) contains bisphenol F-type epoxy resin and bisphenol A-type epoxy resin. Preferred Conditions: The electroconductive ink composition is heat-hardened at 100-280 degrees C after coating on substrate. The collector electrode (14) is formed on transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating liquid does not contain macromolecular component having weight average molecular weight of 100000 or more. The acrylate has functionality of 5 or less, and a ring structure in a molecule. The gas-barrier sheet further has heat-resistant overcoat layer (5) provided on gas-barrier layer. Preferred Process: The coating liquid is coated on the base material at speed rate of 5 m/minute or more and hardened, to form heat-resistant plasma layer. The gas-barrier layer is performed by ion-plating method. Preferred Properties: The surface of gas-barrier sheet has water-vapor permeation rate of 0.1 g/m2 day or less and maximum protrusion length of 2-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one of the sheets is a non-conductive material, which is a polymer from plastic materials comprising acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, plastics, and polypropene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode material comprises magnesium or its alloy, iron or its alloy, zinc or its alloy, aluminum or its alloy, and/or electrochemically oxidizable degradable polymer, preferably magnesium or its alloy or iron or its alloy. The cathode material comprises metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxyhydroxide, polyoxymetallate, metal salt or electrochemical reducible degradable polymer, preferably manganese oxyhydroxide, manganese oxide (Mn2O3), manganese dioxide (MnO2) and ferric oxide. The metal salt is metal halide, metal sulfide, metal sulfates and/or metal phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The biosorbable separation element comprises polymeric matrix. Preferred Component: The polymeric matrix comprises polymer chosen from polyethylene oxide, polylactide, polycaprolactone, and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing inorganic nano-material and polythiophene derivative composite material, in step (a), the polythiophene derivative monomer is one of substances represented by Formula (I). The organic solvent is chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, glycol or isopropanol and the inorganic nano-material is nano-scale zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium oxide (CdO), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), manganese oxide (MnO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), nano-scale iron(II) oxide (FeO), nano-scale Fe3O4, silver, copper, gold, magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), iron ferrite (FeFe2O4), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4), copper ferrite (CuFe2O4), manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4), barium ferrite (BaFe2O4), strontium ferrite (SrFe2O4) or magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4).R1 and R2=straight-chain or branched-chain C1-C24 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, amino, carboxyl, ester group, halogen or nitryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coated layer comprises a cathodic pulp board paper coated layer pasted on the zinc cathode and a paper cup paper coated layer for coating the catholic material. Preferred Composition: The coated layer comprises (wt.%) modified starch (35-40), polyacrylamide (2-3), polyvinyl alcohol (25-50), compound corrosion inhibitor (1.5-3), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (13-15), and carboxymethyl cellulose (3.5-5.5). The compound corrosion inhibitor comprises bismuth trichloride and EDTA with weight ratio of 5-7:1. The polyvinyl alcohol comprises 15-20 wt.% of polyvinyl alcohol-1788 and 25-35 wt.% of polyvinyl alcohol-1799. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone comprises 10-13 wt.% of polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-90 and 1-3 wt.% of polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30. The cathodic pulp board paper coated layer comprises (wt.%) modified starch (40), polyacrylamide (2), polyvinyl alcohol-1799 (30), polyvinyl alcohol-1788 (18), compound corrosion inhibitor (3), polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-90 (2), and carboxymethyl cellulose (5). The paper cup paper coated layer comprises (wt.%) modified starch (40), polyacrylamide (3), polyvinyl alcohol-1799 (10), polyvinyl alcohol-1788 (25), compound corrosion inhibitor (2), polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-90 (13), polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 (2), and carboxymethyl cellulose (5). The thickness of the paper cup paper coated layer is 40-45 mu m; and the thickness of the pulp board paper coated layer is 60-70 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Photovoltaic Module: The color of the lamination layer (10) is white. The lamination layer (10) is a polyolefin based polymer. The lamination layer (10) at least partially encapsulates the photovoltaic module. The back layer (14) is a float glass. Means for establishing external electrical connection to the photosensitive semiconductor layer (16) is provided. The lamination layer (10) comprises a stiffening structure. Preferred Method: In the method for manufacturing a photovoltaic module, in a step (e) an evacuation process is provided. In a step (f) a pressing process is provided. Step (f) comprises a pressing time of 100-400 seconds, preferably 200-300 seconds. In step (f), a pressure between 200 mbar and 15 bar, preferably 4.5 bar and 5.5 bar is used. In step (d), step (e) and/or step (f), a process temperature of 50-200 degrees C, preferably 140-160 degrees C is used. In a step (g), the photovoltaic module is cooled. A stiffening structure is included into the lamination layer (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite particles are of natural graphite. The graphite particles have interlayer distance between planes of 0.335-0.337 mm. The anode active material has specific surface area of 1.0-1.8 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon with which surface of graphite particles is coated or which is deposited has amount of 1-30 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises disulfonic acid ester. The electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is gelled by polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic flexible film comprises molybdenum. The metal electrode layer has sequential arrangement of layers containing molybdenum-titanium-silver-gold or titanium-gold-molybdenum. The transition material contains arsenic phosphide, nitrogen, and/or antimony-type III-V compound semiconductors. The lattice constant transition material comprises complex of indium (In)-gallium (Ga)-aluminum (Al)-arsenide (As) of formula: (InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs. The subcell (a) comprises gallium indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimony or gallium indium arsenic nitride emitter region and gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenic antimony or gallium indium arsenic nitride base region. The subcell (b) contains indium gallium arsenide base and emitter region. The subcell (b) comprises indium gallium phosphide emitter layer and gallium arsenide base layer. The subcell (c) comprises indium gallium phosphide emitter layer and indium gallium arsenide base layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesive bonding process involves using epoxy or silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metallic film has metallic layer deposited on a surface of Kapton (RTM: polyimide material).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hardness of the polymeric resin material is measured based on the JIS K6253 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises any material selected from the group of: polyimide, polyester, polyethylene naphthalate, polyetherimide, aramid, and epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanometer-scale monodispersed inorganic particles in the triblock copolymer matrices are oxides of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, silicon. The preferable mass fractions of nanometer-scale monodispersed inorganic particles from the mass of PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer are equal to 0.1-0.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low-molecular-weight organic plasticizer in the triblock copolymer matrices for Li-ion batteries electrolyte is the non-aqueous organic solvent. The preferable mass fraction of non-aqueous organic solvent from the mass of PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer is equal 0.5-5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block-type copolymers are preferably the linear triblock copolymers with a central block of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and two side blocks of chemically complementary polyacrylamide (PAAm) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc). The preferable molecular weight of PEO in the PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymers is situated in the range of greater than 1.104 and less than 1.105. The ratio between the average polymerization degrees of the side and central blocks, P-nPAAm/P-nPEO, is of 0.5-20. The low-molecular-weight electrolyte in the triblock copolymer matrices for dye-sensitized solar cells is preferably redox couple KJ/J2. The molar ratio in the redox couple KJ/J2 is of 0.5:3-3:0.5, consequently. The preferable relations between PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer and KJ in their blends are equal to 10-60 (base-mol/mol). The low-molecular-weight electrolyte in the triblock copolymer matrices for lithium (Li)-ion batteries is salt based on Li ion. The preferable relations between PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymer and Li salt in their blends are equal to 4-10 base-mol/mol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The metal hydride-based fuel is in liquid or paste form; in particular the fuel in the storage compartment (5) is at least partially dissolved in an inert non-aqueous solvent. The hydride is especially a metal borohydride. The reaction chamber (7) is tubular, and is connected to a reaction by-product discharge chamber (18). The mixing chamber (9) contains a stirring system (14), specifically a deflector system; and is of polymer material. The catalyst (17) is solid, and especially consists of metal nanoparticles distributed on a solid carrier. The device especially includes a rigid container (20), containing a pressurized chamber (21) and two flexible reservoirs forming the storage compartment and water supply system respectively. EXAMPLE - A 10 cm long, 10 cm wide hydrogen generator, as shown in the figure, consisted of a 45 ml container (20), a 4 ml mixing chamber (9), a 20 ml water reservoir (6) and a 60 ml discharge chamber (18). A sodium borohydride (NaBH4) dispersion, produced from 10 g NaBH4, 7 g polyethylene glycol and 500 mg dispersion-promoting additive, was charged into the storage compartment (5) and 20 g of water was charged into the reservoir. The reaction chamber (7) consisted of 1 cm diameter, 4 cm long polymeric tube, provided with five flat foamed nickel cylinders (thickness 1.6 mm; diameter 9 mm) supporting 5-100 nm diameter cobalt nanoparticles at ca. 30% of the foam weight. The generator released 27 l of hydrogen, and supplied a fuel cell at a flow rate of 200 ml per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A silicon hydronitride layer is provided between device and gas-barrier laminate. The device on substrate is sealed with silicon hydronitride layer. The device sealed with silicon hydronitride layer is further sealed with gas-barrier laminate. The silicon hydronitride layer comprises oxygen atom in amount of less than or equal to 50% by atom relative to nitrogen atom in silicon hydronitride layer. The semiconductor layer or electroconductive layer comprises zinc oxide. The gas-barrier laminate comprises greater than or equal to 2 organic layers and greater than or equal to 2 inorganic layers that are alternately laminated. The substrate is flexible substrate. The inorganic region or inorganic layer comprises aluminum oxide or silicon oxide. Preferred Ratio: The silicon hydronitride layer has hydrogen/nitrogen atomic ratio of 0.1:3. Preferred Property: The silicon hydronitride layer has density of 1.8-2.7 g/m3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The device is solar cell or thin film transistor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic region or organic layer comprises acrylate polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The sum total thickness of surface layer is 1/2 or less with respect to thickness of the total thickness of sealing sheet. Preferred Process: The lamination integration of surface layer is carried out on both surfaces of main component layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The electroconductive ink composition is heat-hardened at 100-280 degrees C, after coating on a substrate. Preferred Component: The solar cell module has a lead wire containing electroconductive ink composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the flake-shaped electroconductive particles is more than the average particle diameter of spherical electroconductive particles. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles comprise spherical electroconductive particles (50-5 %mass) and flake-shaped electroconductive particles (50-95 %mass). The electroconductive particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hardening agent is Lewis acid containing imidazole, tertiary amine or boron fluoride, or its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The mass ratio of heat-hardenable resin composition and electroconductive particles is 2-15:75-95. Preferred Composition: The heat-hardenable resin composition is epoxy resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The epoxy resin composition is phenol aralkyl type, biphenyl mixed type, naphthalene type, cresol novolak type and/or a dicyclopentadiene type. The hardening agent is imidazoles, tertiary amines or Lewis acid which contains boron fluoride. The electroconductive particles are silver particles. Preferred Method: The electroconductive ink composition is heat hardened at 100-280 degrees C after applying to a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The battery further comprises boron detectable by at least one technique chosen from mass spectroscopy, NMR, X-ray, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dissolved ionizable salt is alkali metal salt (preferably lithium salt, more preferably lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). The ionizable salt includes quaternary ammonium salt having an anion selected from ClO4-, BF4-, AsF6-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N-, (CF3SO2)3C-, (C2F5SO2)2N-, PF3(C2F5)3-, PF3(CF3)3-, and B(C2O4)2-. The side chain oxygen/lithium ratio of the electrolyte is 5:1-50:1 (preferably 10:1-35:1, especially 12:1-28:1, particularly 15:1-25:1, more particularly 15:1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dissolved ionizable salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiN(SO2CF3)2), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Li(CF3SO2)2N), lithium tri(trifluoromethanesulfoxyl)methide (LiC(CF3SO2)3), lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide LiN(SO2C2F5)2, lithium bis(chelato) borate having 5-7 rings, and lithium alkyl fluorophosphates).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The poly(ethylene oxide) ether is methyl ether. The poly(ethylene oxide) includes 2-10 (preferably 3) ethylene oxide units. Preferred Definitions:    n=8;m=0;and    R4=poly(ethylene oxide)ether.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary metal ion is bivalent platinum ion. The secondary metal ion is ruthenium ion. The bivalent platinum ion is tetrachloro platinum (II) acid. The trivalent ruthenium is ruthenium (III) chloride. Preferred Composition: The content of ruthenium with respect to total metal content in the metal-supported porous component is 5-12 weight%, preferably 5-10 weight%. The solvent contains water. The electroconductive porous component is carbon black or conductive ceramics. The content of the reducing agent is 1-50 mole times with respect to total content of the primary metal ion and secondary metal ion. Preferred Property: The electroconductive porous component has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 50-1500 m2/g. Preferred Process: The primary metal ion and secondary metal ion are reduced at 15-100 degrees C using isopropyl alcohol as reducing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide, lithium bis(perfluoroethyl)sulfonyl imide, lithium (perfluorobutyl)sulfonyl(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, lithium tris(trifluoro methane sulfonyl)methanide and/or lithium trifluoroacetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The glyme is oxyalkylene group-containing compound of formula: R4-O-(A4O)n-R5. The polyfunctional monomer is ether-containing compound of formula (I or II).R4,R5=1-6C hydrocarbyl;A4,A5,A6=2-4C alkylene;n=2-20;R6-R9=H or methyl;o-q=1-50;R10,R11=H, methyl or trifluoromethyl;andr,s=1-30.Preferred Composition: The polyfunctional monomer further contains alkylene oxide unit. The electrolyte precursor composition further contains monofunctional monomer having ethylenically unsaturated bond and alkylene oxide. The positive electrode contains olivine-type lithium iron phosphate. The negative electrode contains lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The apparatus has an electro active material that comprises electro active polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holder segments are made of resin such as polyetheretherketone that contains filler such as carbon fiber or glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The additive includes polyethyleneglycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, xylitol, lactose, saccharose, anhydrous maltose, D-fructose, dextran, glucose, polyoxyethylene hardening castor oil, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan higher fatty acid ester, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, citric acid, tartaric acid, glycine, beta -alanine, lysine or meglumine, preferably polyethyleneglycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, D-mannitol, lactose, saccharose, sodium chloride or and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol. The pharmaceutical composition contains 5-75, preferably 5-70 wt.% of additives. The polymeric material includes polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose or carboxy vinyl polymer, preferably polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose. The pharmaceutical composition contains 1-70 wt.% of polymeric material. The pharmaceutical composition further contains antioxidant chosen from butyl hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate and sodium ascorbate, preferably butyl hydroxytoluene. The compounding quantity of antioxidant is 0.025-0.25 wt.%. The pharmaceutical composition further contains stabilizer chosen from yellow iron sesquioxide, red iron sesquioxide and black iron oxide, preferably yellow iron sesquioxide and/or red iron sesquioxide. The compounding quantity of stabilizer is 0.05-1 wt.%. EXAMPLE - (R)-2-(2-aminothiazole 4-yl) -4'-(2- ((2-hydroxy- 2-phenyl ethyl) amino) ethyl) acetic acid anilide (in g) (10), polyethylene oxide (3.5) and polyethyleneglycol (6.5) were mixed to obtain tablet (1-400 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin contains rubber reinforcement aromatic vinyl-type resin. The resin composition further contains white-colored coloring agent and infrared-permeability coloring agent. The film further has other resin layers in which a layer contains white-colored coloring agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reinforcing material is selected from a group consisting of polyester, aramid, nylon, and polyolefin. The laminate is selected from ethylene vinyl acetate, polydimethylsiloxane, thermoplastic polyurethane, ionomeric polymer, polyvinylbutyral, and thermoplastic polyolefin. The adhesive comprises a rubbery polymer blend of different polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shell comprises a fiber composite with e.g. fiberglass, aramid fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The magnetic functionality is provided by material consisting of manganese, chromium, iron, cobalt and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticle material is electron donor consisting of 60-C, functionalized 60-C, single wall nanotube, multiwall nanotube, nanowire, or quantum dot. The 60-C functionalized is (6,6)-phenyl-61-C-butyric acid methyl ester or 60-fused pyrrolidine-meta-12-C phenyl. The nanoparticle is electron acceptor material fullerene which contains metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material is electron donor. The polymer material is a hole-conducting polymer including poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl-octyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), polyacetylene, polyparaphenylenevinylene, poly (3-octylthiophene), poly(fluorene-benzothiadiazole), preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene) and/or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The ratio of nanoparticle material to polymer material is 1:1. Preferred Properties: The thin film is 100-300 nm thick. Preferred Method: The making of photovoltaic device involves doping nanoparticle with ferromagnetic or paramagnetic material, where doping is one of endohedral doping or surface functionalization; applying electric current to mixture while applying magnetic or electric field to the mixture; applying metal electrodes to polymer material
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a flexible substrate made of metal such as stainless steel or titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate is made of polymer film such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic semiconductor layer comprises nickel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The buffer layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The donor material comprises poly(2-methoxy-5(2'-ethyl)hexoxy-phenylenevinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene), and/or poly(3-hexylthiophene). The acceptor material comprises poly(oxa-1,4-phenylene-1,2-(1-cyano)-ethylene-2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-(2-cyano)-ethylene-1,4-phenylene) and/or 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive slurry further contains acetylene black (less than 2 weight%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dispersant is high methyl methacrylate polymer. The molecular weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride is more than 1.3 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polyvinyl alcohol with respect to carboxymethyl cellulose in the mixture layer is more than 0:10 and 4:6. The negative electrode active material is carbon material, preferably graphite. The latex-type binder is styrene-butadiene rubber. The total content of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol in the mixture layer is 0.2-2 weight%. The content of latex-type binder in the mixture layer is 0.5-2 weight%. Preferred Property: The degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol is preferably 500-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (A) is 50-80 weight%. The content of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (B) is 20-50 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The Mn-Co doped spinel composite nanometer material is prepared by preparing precursor, calcining the precursor at 400-1200 degrees C, adding organic solvent for ball milling, and drying the mixture. Preferred Method: The precursor is prepared by sol-gel process comprising dissolving the soluble salt doped with R, Mn and Co to de-ionized water, adding citric acid and dispersant to prepare sol, drying the sol to obtain dry gel, i.e. the precursor; or sintering method comprising dissolving the soluble salt doped with R, Mn and Co to de-ionized water according to proportion, adding organic acid or dispersant to mix, heating, evaporating, and burning the solution to obtain the precursor. The reductive treatment temperature of the powder is 300-1000 degrees C, and the reductive atmosphere is hydrogen or carbon monoxide. Preferred Components: In the de-ionized water solution, the concentration of all cations doped with R, Mn and Co is 0.1-10 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant is glycol or polyethylene glycol. In the sol-gel process, the total added amount of citric acid and dispersant is 1-10 times the total molar weight of the cations, and the mol ratio of the citric acid to dispersant is 1:10-10:1. In the sintering method, the added amount of the organic acid or dispersant is 1-10 times the total molar weight of the cations, and the organic acid is glycine. Preferred Definitions:    R=Y, and/or La.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate composition further comprises 0.1-1 part of tackifier, where the tackifier is vinyl tri-methoxysilane. The cross-linker is one or mixture of two or more of o,o-tertiary butyl-o-isopropyl-mono-peroxycarbonate, o,o-tertiary butyl-o-(2-ethylhexyl)-mono-peroxycarbonate, o,o-tertiary pentyl-o-(2-ethylhexyl)-mono-peroxycarbonate, normal-butyl, 4,4-di-(peroxy-tert-butyl)valerate and 3,3-bis(tertiary pentyl peroxy)ethyl butyrate. The antioxidant is one or mixture of hindered amine antioxidant and one of: (a) 1,3,5-tri-4-tertiary butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone/bis(2,4-dicumenyl phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite compound, (b) tri(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)phosphite ester/2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-ethyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol) compound, (c) 1,3,5-tri(4-tertiary butyl-3-hydroxyl-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone/ bis(2,4-dicumenyl phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite compound, and (d) 1,3,5-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone/bis (2,4-dicumenyl phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite/salicylic acid bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl alcohol ester compound; the hindered amine antioxidant is one of the following substances: polymer of N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,6-hexamethylenediamine and 2,4-dichloro-6-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-amino-1,3,5-triazine, polymer of N,N'-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,6-hexamethylenediamine and morpholinyl-2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, and polymer of succinic acid and (4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidyl alcohol). Preferably, the ultraviolet absorber is one or mixture of two or more of 2,2'-tetramethylene bis(3,1-benzoxazol-4-one), 2-(2'-hydroxy-5-methyl phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-stearyloxy-3',5'-dimethyl phenyl)-5-methyl benzotriazole, 6,7'-methylene bis(2-methyl-4H,3,1-benzoxazol-4-one) and 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis-(4H-3,1-benzoxazol-4-one).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid binder is selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, hydroxylpropyl cellulose, paraffin wax, carboxymethyl cellulose, starch, and glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier web includes polymer substrate (80) coated with metallic thin film. Each of the first and second cells has layers of transparent thermoplastic tape applied to positive and negative sides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conductive film is made of boron, aluminum, gallium, zinc, tin, vanadium, nickel, titanium, or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material layer of the positive electrode contains the acicular active material particle containing material selected from the group consisting of lithium-transition metal composite oxide, lithium-transition metal phosphoric acid compound and lithium- transition-metal sulfated compound. The active material layer of the negative electrode contains the acicular active material particle comprising metal oxide selected from tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide and vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound (1) is preferably of formula (2 or 3). Preferred Component: The organic compound is contained in the positive electrode of the secondary battery. Preferred Definitions:    X=-OH, -NHRa, -NHC(=O)Rb, -NHC(=O)NHRc, -NHC(=O)ORd or -NHSO2Re;    Ra=H, optionally substituted alkyl or aryl;    at least one of R2-R5=polymer chain or -N(-O.)R'1 whose ortho position is substituted by -X';    X'=X;and    Rb-Re,R'1=optionally substituted alkyl or aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode fuel electrode of fuel cell contains platinum and ruthenium by weight ratio of 1:1. The cathode air electrode of fuel cell contains platinum and ruthenium by weight ratio of 1:1 and metals and carbon by weight ratio of 80:20. Preferred Process: The cathode air electrode and anode fuel electrode of fuel cell are obtained by mixing catalyst of zeolite, cordierite, carbon and organometallic complex with solution of PTFE and Nafion (RTM: Not defined) and making into paste-form, and applying mixture of paste-form to surface of carbon paper which carried out water-repellent process. The membrane electrode assembly is formed by interposing Nafion 117 (RTM: Not defined) which functions as electrolyte membrane between anode fuel electrode and cathode air electrode, and performing thermocompression-bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the primary polyvinyl fluoride thin film and polyethylene terephthalate film are same. The thickness of primary adhesive layer and secondary adhesive layer are same. The thickness of primary polyvinyl fluoride thin film is 0.02-0.03 mm. The thickness of polyethylene terephthalate thin film is 0.2-0.3 mm. Preferred Composition: The primary adhesive layer and secondary adhesive layer are formed using composite glue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinked polymer is linear low-density polyethylene. The non-crosslinkable polymer is polypropylene. The content of rice starch, polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene is 40-80 weight%, 10-30 weight% and 10-30 weight% respectively. Preferred Process: The crosslinking process is performed by chemical crosslinking method or irradiation crosslinking method. The chemical crosslinking method involves using organic peroxide as crosslinking agent. The irradiation crosslinking method involves irradiating an ionizing radiation. The molded product formation process involves melt-kneading solid substance at 160-170 degrees C, extruding and molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred material: The first resin layer is present in amount of 100-800 (preferably 350-650) g/m2. The fibres of one layer of fibrous reinforcements is in +30 degrees to +45 degrees or -30 degrees to -45 degrees orientation. The layers of fibrous reinforcement are stiched together. The second resin layer is present in an amount of 10-16 gsm. Preferred Components: The first resin layer is a thermosetting resin selected from phenol formaldehyde resins, epoxy, polyester, vinylester, polyimide, cyanate ester, phenolic and/or bismaleimide resins. The second resin is a bisphenol-epoxy resin comprising thermoplastic rubber particles. EXAMPLE - A semi-preg material was constructed from film layer (340 g/m2) of M9.6-LT (RTM: an epoxy resin based on a blend of liquid, semi-solid and solid bisphenol-A epoxies, dicyandiamide and urone) to which a layer of glass unidirectional fibrous reinforcement was attached to either side of the film. One reinforcement layer typically possessed unidirectional fibres running at +45 degrees or +30 degrees to the warp (i.e. 0 degrees ) direction of the resin film and the other layer possessed the same unidirectional reinforcement fibres running at -45 degrees or -30 degrees to the warp direction. The reinforcement fibres for each layer were typically bundled into tows. These tows were stitched together to hold the fabric layer together. The semi-preg material a tack controlling, property enhancing resin film was applied which was prepared by blending, at greater than 80 degrees C, a mixture of Epikote 1001 (RTM: molten solid bisphenol-A epoxy resin) (75 parts per hundred) and Struktol Polydis 3614 (RTM: rubber adducted liquid bisphenol-A epoxy resin) (25 parts per hundred). This resin blend was then transferred on to the outer surface of the semi-preg as a film at 20-60 g/m2, or first converted into a film supported on a silicone release paper before heat transferring to a surface of the semi-preg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The polymer electrolyte further comprises an acid (3-12 mol.%) comprising phosphoric acid and solid inorganic proton conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent (400-1000 pts.wt.) is dichloroacetic acid. The polymerization initiator (1-30 pts.wt.) comprises benzoin ethyl ether, diethoxyacetophenone, benzyl dimethyl ketal, and 2,2'-azobisisobutylnitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Methods: The method further comprises adding an acid to the sulfonated polyether ketone ketone solution. The sulfonated polyether ketone ketone is prepared through sulfonication of polyether ketone ketone. The resulting mixture is cured using a method that comprises the use of heat, light, and electron beam irradiation, preferably by heating at 40-90 degrees C and using UV rays. A degree of sulfonication of the sulfonated polyether ketone ketone is 30-40 wt.%. Preferred Materials: The crosslinking agent (80-250 pts.wt.) comprises polyethyleneglycol diacrylate, polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, and polyethyleneglycol methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: First sealing ring is fitted between the central component and base component and/or second sealing ring is fitted between the central component and housing cover by a dual-component injection molding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A titanium oxide layer (60) is disposed between the active organic thin film and the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV barrier layer is formed by coating a film or a coating liquid exhibiting UV-blocking effect in wavelength of less than or equal to 400 mu m. The film or the coating liquid comprises phenolic derivatives or cyanoacrylate derivatives. The UV barrier layer is disposed on a rear side of the substrate. The organic semiconductor layer comprises active organic thin film comprising polythiophene derivatives as electron donor and fullerene derivatives as an electron acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The channel elongated structures are formed of carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, semiconductor nanorods (preferably cadmium selenide), or carbon nanorods. The bearing molecule comprises metal-organic frameworks (MOF); zeolites; silicon clathrates including Si34, Si24, or Si46; or carbon clathrates including C46, C24, C28, or C34. The MOF comprises a metal including zinc, copper, or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The channel elongated structures comprise, fullerene, or fullerene derivatives including phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The matrix material comprises poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene), poly (3-hexylthiophene), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic-bis-benzimidazole, or poly(diiododiacetylene). The matrix material and the nanoscale channel material are formed from polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The barrier laminate comprises two inorganic layers including silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or aluminum oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The barrier laminate comprises two organic polymer layers. The organic polymer layer of the barrier laminate comprises a (meth)acrylate polymer. The solar cell device comprises a barrier laminate, a power-generating laminate and a barrier laminate layered in that order on a plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active hydrogen-containing resin (b) is acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shrink film is made of polyethylene terephthalate, and is formed with a thickness of 15 to 35 micrometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The density of sulfonic-acid group in the polyelectrolyte material is 0.5-3 mmol/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polyelectrolyte material further has diphenylmethanone-containing structural unit of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cadmium primer is selected from cadmium acetate, cadmium perchlorate, cadmium nitrate or cadmium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hyperbranched polymer is hyperbranched polyamide-amine, hyperbranched polyethyleneimine, hyperbranched polysulfone-amine or hyperbranched polyester-amine. The hyperbranched polyamide-amine includes terminal group, which is enclosed by acyl chloride as amino group. The acyl chloride is valeryl chloride, nonanoyl chloride, octadecyl sulfonyl chloride, hexadecyl acyl chloride, octadecyl chloride or benzoyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble salt solution precursor comprises trichloroplatinic acid, ruthenium trichloride, hexachloroiridic acid, palladium chloride, rhodium trichloride, osmium trichloride, chloroauric acid, chromium nitrate, nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, manganous chloride, copper dichloride, titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, vanadium tetrachloride, ferric chloride, gallium nitrate, molybdenum hexachloride and/or sodium selenite. The alkaline material comprises sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal nanoparticle comprises metal element or metal alloy. The metal element comprises platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os) or gold (Au). The metal alloy is alloy comprising Pt, Ru, Ir, Pd, Rh, Os and/or Au; or alloy of formula M'N'.M'=Pt, Ru, Ir, Pd, Rh, Os and/or Au;andN=Cr, Mn, Cu, Ti, Sn, V, Fe, Ga, Mo and/or Se.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethanediol, cis-butanediol or propanetriol. The reducer comprises sodium borohydride, formaldehyde, aldehyde, methanoic acid, acetic acid, hydrazine, sodium citrate or ascorbate. Preferred Ratio: The mass ratio of ethanol to water in aqueous ethanol solution is 0.5-100:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton-conducting polymer comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin, sulfonated polysulfone resin, sulfonated polyphenyl thioether resin, sulfonated polybenzimidazole resin, sulfonated polyphosphazene, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polystyrene resin or sulfonated poly(ether-ether-ketone) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium nitrate, lithium phosphate, lithium chlorate and/or lithium oxalate. The dispersing agent is deionized water. A mass ratio of lithium salt to titanium dioxide is 0.80-0.88:1. A mass ratio of dispersing agent to mixture of lithium salt and titanium dioxide is 1-3:4. A granularity of lithium titanate particle is 0.02-2.5 mu m. A mass ratio of lithium titanate particle to methyl cellulose to deionized water in lithium titanate suspension is 1:0.002-0.08:0.5-20.0. A volume ratio of lithium titanate suspension to oil solution is 1:1-30. An average granularity of spherical lithium titanate is 5-30 mu m. Preferred Process: A vacuum drying temperature is 120-200 degrees C. A primary roasting temperature is 750-1000 degrees C and time is 8-20 hours. A second drying temperature is 80-200 degrees C and drying time is 12-36 hours. A secondary roasting temperature is 600-1000 degrees C and roasting time is 0.5-10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oil solution is prepared by mixing and agitating emulsifier with oil solvent in normal temperature water bath. Preferred Component: The emulsifier is Span (RTM: sorbitan fatty acid ester), Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester), HLB emulsifier, long chain fatty ester and/or fatty alcohol ester, present at 50-2000 mg/L. The oil solvent is coal oil, liquid paraffin, octanol and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive oxide layer is composed of zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or indium tin oxide. The solar cell layer is composed of amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflective media layer is formed using ethyl vinyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent polymer sheet is made of polyethylene terephthalate. The transparent adhesive layer includes ethyl vinyl acetate or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid content of thixo agent is particulate silica, which is a mixture of two or more types of silica having different particle size.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The boron compound is boric acid, anhydrous boric acid, alkyl boric acid ester, boron chloride, boric-acid melamine, and/or ammonium borate. The organic binder is polyvinyl acetate. Preferred Condition: The boiling point of organic solvent is 100 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer has number average molecular weight of 3000-6000 and mass average molecular weight of 7000-10000. Preferred Definitions:    A=group of formula (1);    D=group of formula (1 or 2);and    R1,R2=1-20C linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier structure is made of polycarbonate or styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains at least one of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. In (I), a negative electrode composite containing the negative electrode active material of powdered silicon and/or silicon alloy and the binding agent is adhered to the surface of a negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode. The negative electrode after rolling is sintered at a temperature which is not lower than glass transition temperature under non-oxidation atmosphere. The negative electrode current collector has a surface roughness of 0.2 mu m or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (1a) is 4-fluoro-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The binding agent is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery stack layer includes anode comprising lithium titanium oxide, and cathode comprising lithium cobalt oxide. The formation step includes forming electrolyte comprising Garnet-structured solid electrolyte of formulae Li5La3M2O12 and/or Li6ALa2M2O12.A=Ca, Sr, Ba; andM= Nb, Ta, Bi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible substrate includes polyimide and/or parylene material having thickness of less than or equal to 10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first fuel component is pressurized by a liquefied hydrocarbon (preferably butane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive fine particle layer includes carbon particles made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent consists of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethylene glycol or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dispersing stabilizer consists of acetyl acetone, polyvinyl alcohol or mixture of acetyl acetone and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One of the precursors comprises a thiophene, vinylene, phenylene, aniline, quinoline, quinoxaline and/or thienothiophene and 2,5-diiodothiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer comprises polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastomer comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the carbon short fiber in the porous carbon sheet is 40 weight% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aromatic polyether-type sulfonated polymer further has optionally substituted diphenyl methanone-containing repeating unit of formula (II) which does not contain ionic group. Preferred Property: The density of sulfonic acid group in the polyelectrolyte material is 0.5-3 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antioxidant is one type, or two or more types of mixture chosen from phenol, cresol, hydroquinone, catechol, anisole, xylenol, t-butyl-p-cresol, N-nitroso aniline, and N-nitrosamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The active material of the negative electrode is nitrogen-containing neutral radical compound of formula (II or III).R3,R4,R6=electron attractive group;R5=H or methyl;m=0-5;R7,R8=H or electron attractive group;andR9=R.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hard transparent substrate is formed by hardening a curable resin composition which is obtained by blending a silicone resin containing a compound having hydrosilyl group in a molecule and/or a compound having ethylenically unsaturated double bond in a molecule, radical initiator and hydrosilylation catalyst. The hard transparent substrate has a film laminate formed by spread-coating the silicone resin on single surface or both surfaces of transparent plastic film having glass transition temperature of 70-220 degrees C, and hardening to form a film which blocks near infrared light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The grafting process is radiation graft polymerization or radical graft polymerization. The grafting is performed using vinyl monomer of formula: CX1X2=CX3X4.X1-X3=H or F;andX4=0-12C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by fluoro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flame-retardant component is phosphate ester, pentabromo diphenylether, octabromo diphenylether, decabromo diphenylether, tetrabromo bisphenol A, hexabromo cyclododecane, chlorinated paraffin, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide, aluminum hydroxide, and/or magnesium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The wall material comprises melamine resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, and/or phenol resin. Preferred Properties: The sensitive microcapsules are electrodeposited to a thickness of 1-100 mu m. The microcapsules have a diameter of 1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hindered amine compound is hindered amine compound having 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperdine structure of formula (II), or hindered amine compound of formula (III or IV).R5=linear or branched 1-18C alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl or 5-8C cycloalkyl;andR6=1-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The cell includes transparent material of glass, plastic, and/or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material comprises cadmium telluride copper-indium selenide, and/or copper indium/gallium diselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The electrodes comprise graphite or glassy carbon. The wt. ratio of P3HT to PCBM is 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The 3-dimensional electrodes are coated with conductive polymer. The electrodes comprise cathodes and anodes coated with conductive polymer, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate). The photoactive material comprises donor polymer and crystalline silicone, where absorption of photon excites electron in donor polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (II) is sulfonated (4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton-conducting polymer has a hydrogen ion exchange capacity of 0.5-5 meq/g. The crosslinking agent has at least one methylol group in its molecule. The proton-conducting polymer and the crosslinking agent are chemically bonded to each other by heating, where the heating is performed at 60-250 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    A = -CO-; and    B1 = -O-.    EXAMPLE - Sulfonated polyethersulfone (1 g) and 1,4-benzenedimethanol (0.15 g) as a crosslinking agent were mixed in an organic solvent. Then using the resulting solution, a film was then formed on a polyimide substrate by a casting method. Then the solvent was removed by drying, the resulting film was subjected to hot pressing. The hot pressing was performed at a pressing temperature of 120 degrees C, a pressing time of 3 hours, and a pressing pressure of 60 kgf/cm2 and worked up to give polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step of protonating the crosslinked first reaction products includes hydrolyzing with sodium hydroxide to form second crosslinked reaction product of formula: (-C60((CF2-CF2-O-CF2-CF2-SO2Na)n)-(CF2)8-)y. Preferred Compound: The crosslinked second reaction product is a polymer of formula: (-C60((CF2-CF2-O-CF2-CF2-SO3H)n)-(CF2)8)y. EXAMPLE - Fullerene, C60, (357 mg) in carbon disulfide (40 mL) was mixed with hexafluorobenzene (C6F6, 40 mL), precursor (A) (5 g) and precursor (B) (7.77 g). The solution was then heated at 200 degrees C for 96 hours, cooled and solvent was evaporated to obtain crosslinked first reaction product. The obtained product was put in a solution of C6F6 (5 mL), diluted with tetrahydrofuran (85 mL) and stirred overnight with sodium hydroxide (1 M, 6 mL). The hydrolyzed product was dissolved in methanol 20 mL, diluted with water (80 mL), protonated via ion exchange column, and dried overnight at 80 degrees C to obtain proton conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lead oxide comprises lead monoxide, lead dioxide, and free lead ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyelectrolyte comb copolymer is polyacrylic acid-polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each of the first to third semiconductor films is silicon film, germanium film, or silicon film containing germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The second transfer chamber is provided with a roller for sending a protective sheet, which is sent to be in contact with a surface on which the third semiconductor film is formed and rewound together with the substrate by the roller for rewinding a substrate, where protective sheet is paper, metal foil, or organic film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is polyethylene naphthalate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, or polybutylene naphthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The temperature-adjusting gas comprises air, nitrogen, and/or inert gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrode(s) comprises metal or metal alloy. The metal is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloys, nickel, stainless steels, nickel alloys, and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plasma CVD system comprises a gas manifold for dispersing the reactive gas composition between the electrodes. The reactive gas composition comprises silicon-containing compound, which is selected from silane, disilane, and/or polysilanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon support is pretreated in order to remove the impurities on the surface, before the fluorination. The fluorination is performed under pressure of 0.01-1 MPa for 1-30 minutes, at temperature between room temperature and 800 degrees C, preferably room temperature and 500 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The amount of fluorine introduced into the carbon support is 5-40 wt.%, preferably 10-30 wt.% based on the weight of the support. The metal impregnated in the fluorinated carbon support has particle size of 0.1-4.5 nm, and is impregnated in an amount of 2-30 wt.% based on the catalyst weight. The metal contains 5-20 wt.% of platinum and 2-10 wt.% of ruthenium. The carbon support is carbon black, activated charcoal, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, graphite and/or graphite nanofiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The precipitate powder is selected from pawpaw, Pachyrhizus, potato or corn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizing agent is castor oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coal is selected from bonded coal, weakly bonded coal, non-bonded coal, blind coal, wood coal, coke dust or their mixture. The adhesive is humate, coal tar, asphalt, precipitate powder, water glass or their mixture. The desulfurizing agent is hydrochloric acid. Preparation (Claimed): The non-charred coal coke is prepared by crushing waste plastics. The crushed plastic is mixed with the adhesive, desulfurizing agent and coal uniformly. The mixture is further processed in cooling pressing and hot pressing process at 0-750 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The waste plastic is polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or their mixture. The adhesive is high molecular weight polymer. The high molecular weight polymer is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylic acid (AA), polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE) or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filter consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation resin film-forming layer is made of imide type polymer resin or epoxy type polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The absorber layer is provided with a black-nickel, black chromium and titanium oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The solar chimney is made of reinforced concrete, or bricks. The heat collecting shed is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The indirect condenser is made of copper, or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The indirect condenser is made of stainless steel, or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The solar chimney is made of plastic. The heat collecting shed is made of transparent plastic. The heat insulating material is made of polystyrene foam plastic, and/or polyurethane foam plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation sheet is selected from at least one of polyethylene terpthalate (PET), nylons, acylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polybutylene terephtalate (PBT), polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO). The back layer comprises a fluorinated polymer. The bond comprises a polymer adhesive bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is used select wet etchant for spot etching of masking layer. The pin-hole-free masking layer is formed by using amorphous silicon or amorphous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pin-hole-free masking layer is also formed by using polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first layer is formed from polyethylene resin or polypropylene resin. The gas barrier layer is formed from an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen absorption layer contains indium-tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide and/or conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The n-type semiconductor layer contains perylene, polythiophene, polythiophene-heterocyclic aromatic copolymer, polyphenanthroline, or their derivatives. The p-type semiconductor layer contains polythiophene, its derivative, metal phthalocyanine, polyparaphenylenevinylene, its derivative and/or p-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic device further has intermediate layer and layer(s) of hydrogenated silicon alloy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric material comprises transparent polymer chosen from acrylic, olefinic polymer, polyester, ionomer, polyurethane, polycarbonate and/or polyamides, preferably polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, nylon, and polycarbonate. The intermediate layer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, silicone, ionomer, polyurethane thermoplastic hot melt adhesive and/or phenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The layers of x-ray fluorescence cascade shield are tuned so that an emission frequency of the prior level matches an absorption frequency of the successive layer. The successive layers have thickness equal to penetration depth of emission from the prior layer. At least two layers of x-ray fluorescence shield are separated by an interposing layer (36). The radiation source comprises bismuth-207.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer(s) of the x-ray fluorescence shied comprises depleted uranium. The multiple layers may comprise one layer consisting of depleted uranium; and succeeding layers consisting of a sequence of bismuth-209, copper and graphite, or a sequence of bismuth-209, tantalum, samarium, neodymium, antimony, silver, niobium, copper, vanadium, aluminum, and carbon. The interposing layer may comprise metal including nickel or steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The interposing layer may comprise plastic including Kapton (RTM: Polyimide film) or Mylar (RTM: Thin polyester film).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ice-resistant layers are made of polysilicone, polysiloxane such as polydimethylsiloxane, fluorinated polymer such as Teflon (RTM: PTFE manufactured by Dupont) or polytetrafluoroethylene, epoxy, and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The resin is a fluorine or a polyimide-based resin or a hydrocarbon-based electrolyte resin, and having a heat-resistant temperature of the resin material exceeds greater than or equal to 100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture barrier comprises thin metal sheet or pinhole free aluminum foil sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation sheet is selected from polyethylene terpthalate (PET), nylons, acylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS), polybutylene terephtalate (PBT), (polycarbonate (PC), PPS (polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO). The back layer comprises fluorinated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive agent is chosen from urethane-type adhesive agent, ester-type adhesive agent, acrylic-type adhesive agent, olefin-type adhesive agent, silicone-type adhesive agent, rubber adhesive and/or epoxy adhesive. The fabric layer is laminated cloth containing woven fabric, knitted fabric, non-woven fabric and textile material which consists of polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, vinylon fiber, polyolefin fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber and/or cellulose fiber. The adhesive agent used in the installation method of solar cell module is chosen from epoxy adhesive, urethane-type adhesive agent, silicone-type adhesive agent, rubber-type adhesive, vinyl-ester-type adhesive, polyester-type adhesive, polymer cement-type adhesive agent, acrylic-type adhesive agent, polyolefin-type adhesive agent and/or resin mortar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant porous layer contains heat-resistant resin and filler (20-95 weight%). Preferred Resin: The heat-resistant resin is nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer or aromatic polyamide. Preferred Property: The heat-resistant porous layer has thickness of 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber-based adhesive agent layer contains butyl rubber adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor material (a) is silicon, silicon compound or germanium. The semiconductor material (b) is silicon or silicon compound. The heat processing is carried out in hydrogen-containing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The precursor liquid is organic-solvent liquid of polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocrystal grains consist of silicon or silicon compound. Heat-processing in carried out in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor liquid is an organic solvent liquid or polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The good solvent is chosen from N-methyl pyrrolidine, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The air permeable base material is formed using thermoplastic resin and has void or space inside. The polymer is chosen from aromatic polyamide, polyimide, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyether ketone and polyether imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat resistant porous layer contains inorganic filler (50-95 weight%) which consists of metal hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heat resistant resin is chosen from aromatic polyamide, polyimide, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyether ketone and/or polyether imide. The aromatic polyamide is meta-type aromatic polyamide. The thermoplastic resin is a resin having polyolefin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A paste material with water-repellant property is provided between the catalyst layer and resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of water with respect to silicon atom derived from all alkoxysilane compounds in silica type composition is not less than 10 (mol/mol). The silica type composition contains 0.1 wt.% of surfactants. Preferred Components: The silica type composition contains organic solvent with boiling point of greater than or equal to 100 degrees C, and organic solvent with boiling point of less than or equal to 100 degrees C. The silica type composition has nonionic surfactant with weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 3000. The silica type composition contains alkoxysilane group contains alkoxysilane group which consists of alkoxysilanes, hydrolyzate of alkoxysilane and/or its partial condensate, tetraalkoxy silane group which consists of tetraalkoxy silanes, hydrolyzate of tetraalkoxy silane and/or its partial condensate, alkoxysilane group which consists of alkoxysilanes, hydrolyzate of alkoxysilanes and/or its partial condensates other than tetraalkoxy silanes, and/or tetraalkoxy silane group which consists of tetraalkoxy silanes, hydrolyzate of tetraalkoxy silane and/or its partial condensate other than alkoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The anti-reflective film substrate is provided on the light receiving surface side of a solar cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains tetraalkoxysilane, its hydrolyzate or partial condensate, alkoxysilane, its hydrolyzate or partial condensate and/or partial condensate comprising tetraalkoxysilane group and other alkoxysilane group, water, organic solvent, catalyst and nonionic polymer having ethylene oxide region. The ratio of the silicon atom derived from tetraalkoxysilane with respect to silicon atom derived from all the alkoxysilane is 0.3-0.7 mol/mol. The ratio of water with respect to silicon atom derived from all the alkoxysilane is more than 10 mol/mol. The organic solvent contains 80 wt.% or more of organic solvent with boiling point of 55-140 degrees C. The tetraalkoxysilane is tetraethoxysilane, the alkoxysilane other than the tetraalkoxysilane is monoalkyl alkoxysilane or dialkyl alkoxysilane having aromatic hydrocarbon group or aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The organic solvent is ethanol, 1-propanol, t-butanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and/or ethylacetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The nonionic polymer has weight average molecular weight of 4300 or more. The ratio of nonionic polymer with respect to silicon atom derived from all the alkoxysilane is 0.001-0.05 mol/mol. The content of ethylene oxide region in the nonionic polymer is 20 wt.% or more. The nonionic polymer is chosen from polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide triblock polymer and polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrode has catalyst layer provided on a metal porous component (4,5) containing foaming nickel, foaming titanium and foaming silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder further contains non-anion conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Device: In the battery lug of polymer, the Ni refers to the nickel bar made of nickel material with a purity more than 99.5%, and the nickel bar is 0.1-0.3 mm thick, 2-20 mm wide, and 10-150 mm long. The Al refers to the nickel bar made of Al material with a purity more than 99.5%, and the nickel bar is 0.1-0.3 mm thick, 2-20 mm wide, and 10-150 mm long. The insulating tape is composed of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), the melting point of PE is 120-125 degrees C, the melting point of PP is 140-145 degrees C, and the insulating tape is 0.1-0.3 mm thick, 4-30 mm wide, and 4-30 mm long. The total thickness of the lug is acquired by adding the thickness of the nickel bar with that of the insulating tape, which refers to 0.1-0.6 mm, the insulating width of the nickel lug is 4-30 mm and the length thereof is 4-30 mm; the length of the conductor (long terminal) of the nickel lug is 10-100 mm, the length of the conductor (short terminal) of the nickel lug is 5-50 mm, and the width of the conductor of the nickel lug is 2-20 mm. The total thickness of the lug is acquired by adding the thickness of the Al bar with that of the insulating tape, which refers to 0.1-0.6 mm, the insulating width of the nickel lug is 4-30 mm and the length thereof is 4-30 mm; the length of the conductor (long terminal) of the Al lug is 10-100 mm, the length of the conductor (short terminal) of the Al lug is 5-50 mm, and the width of the conductor of the Al lug is 2-20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: In the lithium-ion battery, the positive materials contains 30%-85% of lithium iron phosphate, 5%-60% of transition metal oxide or mixture of multiple positive material, 1%-5% of nano-carbon fiber, 1%-5% of superconductive soot carbon, and 5%-15% of polyvinylidene fluoride or polyfluortetraethylene, 100% in all. The lithium iron phosphate accounts for 36%, while lithium cobaltate accounts for 50%, the nano-carbon fiber 1%, the superconductive soot carbon 3%, and the polyvinylidene fluoride 10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermal solidification adhesive is a polyurethanes thermal solidification adhesive or a propylene thermal solidification adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The optical orientation portion is an aromatic group of formula (1 or 2).j=1-12;X=bond, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -N=N-, -CH=CH-, -CC-, or m-phenylene;Y'=bond, -O-, or group of formula (3, 4 or 5), preferably -O-;Z=alkoxy, alkyl, or group of formula (6 or 7);R=H, halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro, cyano, or oxo, preferably H, halo, or lower alkoxy;n1=0-5;andn2=0-3.The optical alignment film is formed using a monomer having a polymerizable portion chosen from epoxy group, vinyl ether group, cyanate group, acrylate group, and methacrylate group. The liquid-crystal compound is a salt of fan-shaped amphipatic molecule having a hydrophilic group and a fluorine-containing hydrophobic group. The hydrophilic group is located at the fan center, and the fluorine-containing hydrophobic group is located in terminal (sic). The hydrophilic group is carboxy group, hydroxyl group, phosphoric acid group, sulfo group, amino group, cyano group, polyoxyalkylene group, imidazolium group, or quaternary ammonium group, preferably imidazolium group or quaternary ammonium group. The liquid-crystal compound is of formula (2).m=0-10;n=1-12;n+m=6-20;R=H or halo;andX-=anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acrylate is aliphatic diacrylate including 25-75% of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate. The epoxide is aromatic polyepoxide such as bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the closed track pool microalgae cultivating system, the inside of the culturing region is individually arranged with carbon-supplementing region. The surface and bottom of algae solution in the culturing region are arranged with light quantum sensors for monitoring intensity of illumination at real time. The light quantum sensors are total radiation sensors or photosynthesis effective radiation sensors. The inside of the culturing region is arranged with sensor channels for mounting temperature sensor, pH value sensor, biological oxygen demand sensor, oxygen electrode, nitrogen concentration, phosphor concentration and chlorophyll luminoscope sensor. The transparent sealing cover is supported by brackets. The transparent sealing cover is selective diaphanous functional film. The selective diaphanous functional film with function of preventing mist is polyester transparent anti-mist film or polyvinyl chloride transparent anti-mist film. The depth of the carbon-supplementing region and oxygen-removing region is greater than that of the culturing region. The cultured alga comprise: spiral seaweed, anabaena, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlamydomonas, Haematococcus, Chlorella, Scendesmus obliquus, Chaetoceros, Phaeoplaca, Nitzschia laevis, Porphyridium cruentum and Rhodella reticulate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high-reflectivity metal electrode is made of silver or aluminum material. The grid lick thick metal electrode is made of gold, silver, tin, titanium, gold and tin alloy, gold and germanium alloy, nickel, lead and lead and tin alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonate, lithium tris(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)amide, lithium di(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)amide, lithium nonafluorobutyl sulfonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium aluminate, lithium aluminum tetrachloride, lithium chloride, lithium iodide or lithium complex of formula: LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CxF2y+1SO2).x,y=natural number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte composition contains lithium salt dissolved in solvent. The solvent is chosen from polypropylene carbonate, gamma -butyroacetone, ethylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or gamma -caprolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polyaniline derivative is contained in an amount of 0.1-10.0 wt.%. The polyaniline derivative is polydiphenylamine or poly N-methylaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The softener is 4-7 weight% of dioctyl sebacate and 4-6 weight% of chlorcosane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A metal grid or fine pattern is provided on the transparent conductive substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The glass composition comprising thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin and photo-crosslinkable polymer resin is provided to vent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The phase change material has melting point of 15-50 degrees C. The phase change material is chosen from n-pentadecane, n-heptadecane, n-nonadecane, n-eicosane, n-heneicosane, n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, n-pentacosane, n-pentacosane, n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, n-octacosane, n-nonacosane, n-triacontane, n-hentriacontane, n-dotriacontane, n-tritriacontane, acetic acid, glycerin, lithium chloride ethanolate, polyethylene glycol 600, D-lactic acid, 1,3-methyl pentacosane, camphenilone, docasyl bromide, caprylone, heptadecanone, 1-cyclohexylooctadecane, 4-heptadacanone, cyanamide, methyl eicosanate, 3-heptadecanone, 2-heptadecanone, isopropyl stearate, caprylic acid, butyl stearate, dimethyl sabacate, vinyl stearate, methyl palmitate, capric acid, erucic acid, lauric acid, elaidic acid, pelargoinc acid, myristic acid, and eutectic system chosen from sodium chloride-sodium sulfate decahydrate, potassium fluoride tetrahydrate, manganese nitrate hexahydrate, lithium borate octahydrate, ferric bromide hexahydrate, calcium chloride hexahydrate, lithium nitrate trihydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, lithium bromide dihydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, manganese nitrate tetrahydrate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride tetrahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, copper sulfate heptahydrate, potassium fluoride dihydrate, magnesium iodide octahydrate, calcium iodide hexahydrate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, zinc nitrate tetrahydrate, potassium phosphate heptahydrate, magnesium nitrate heptahydrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate trihydrate, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, calcium nitrate trihydrate and sodium nitrate hexahydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The refractive index (nd20) of the carrier film is not more than 1.440. The carrier film has a specific breakdown resistance of at least 1013 Omega m. The carrier film has a surface resistance of at least 1015 Omega . The carrier film is a film based on fluorinated polyolefinic polymers or multilayer film. The carrier film is provided with a reflection-reducing and/or surface-protecting coating. The pressure-sensitive adhesive is (meth)acrylate-based composition. The fluorine content of the carrier film is at least 15 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The PW-CNTs are semiconducting polymer-wrapped single-wall CNTs. The polymer-wrapped single-wall CNTs are wrapped with a photoactive polymer. The bulk heterojunction layer comprises semiconducting PW-CNTs disposed within an electron acceptor type organic semiconductor material from evaporated 60C, (6,6)-Phenyl 84C butyric acid methyl ester, fluorinated-copper phthalocyanine (F16-CuPc), 3,4,9,10 perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline), 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, or tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane. The bulk heterojunction layer comprises semiconducting PW-CNTs disposed within an electron donor type organic semiconductor material from poly(2,5-bis(1,4,7,10-tetraoxaundecyl)-1,4-phenylenevinylene), poly(3-decyloxythiophene), CuPc, 4,4'-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)phenylamino)biphenyl, pentacene, or tetracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has particle size distribution of 2 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basic functional group is amino group. The acidic functional group is carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and/or phosphoric-acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The battery composition further contains binder component, solvent, and positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material. Preferred Component: The binder component is high-molecular compound including fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zeolite is X-type zeolite, Y-type zeolite or ( beta )-type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The height of the corrugated structure in the amorphous silicon thin film photoelectric converting layer is specified in accordance with the JISB0602-1994 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front tip of the corrugated structure is planarized using etching gas such as oxygen, helium and halogen, during manufacture of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sacrificial layer containing resist or acrylic material is formed on the amorphous silicon thin film photoelectric converting layer, during manufacture of thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is chosen from activated carbon, graphite and conductive carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises dispersion resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Alternatively, fluoride ion is used to decompose portion(s) of fluorine-type ion exchange resin film. Preferred Component: The fluorine-type ion exchange resin film is obtained from fluoropolymer in which the principal chain contains tetrafluoroethylene unit, side chain contains perfluoroether sulfonic acid unit and terminal contains sulfonyl unit. The perfluoroether sulfonic acid unit is of formula: -(ORf)-. The sulfonyl unit is of formula: SO3X.Rf=(-CmF2m-);m=integer;andX=H or alkali metal.Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal process is performed at 300-350 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass raw material for biomass mixture is selected from wood, bamboo, crop straw, fruit shell or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is selected from potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biomass mixture is a mixture of cellulose and xylogen. The plastic is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, rubber, polyamide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The n-type-semiconductor material is a fullerene-containing high molecular compound of formula (1) having fullerene structure in a principal chain. The fullerene-containing high molecular compound forms three-dimensional network structure. The p-type-semiconductor material is a compound which generated chemical structure change, and is converted into p-type-semiconductor material by heating a p-type-semiconductor material precursor. The p-type-semiconductor material is tetrabenzoporphyrin derivative.R1,R2=substituent chosen from optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and silyl;L1,L2=optionally substituted alkylene, alkene diyl, alkyne diyl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, silylene, ether, thioether, carbonyl, carboxy, amino, or amide;andn=2 or more.Preferred Process: The fullerene-containing high molecular compound is obtained by carrying out polymerization crosslinking of fullerene-containing monomer of formula (2). The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by forming a layer using a solution obtained by dissolving p-type-semiconductor material or its precursor and n-type-semiconductor material or its precursor, and heating the layer. The bulk heterojunction layer is a multiple layer.R3,R4=same as R1;L3,L4=same as L1;andG1,G2=polymerization group used as joint chain of three-dimensional network structure, preferably vinyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive inorganic nanomaterial is nanoparticle powder of silver or copper, carbon nanowire, or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The conductive polymer is polythiophene-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive agent is polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid-type resin, polyacrylamide-type resin, polyacrylonitrile and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. The capsule coating material of microcapsule is epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane resin, polyurea resin and/or urea resin. Preferred Properties: The diameter of microcapsule is 1-5 mu m. The amount of pressure applied to destroy the microcapsule is 100-500 N/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution contains aqueous solution containing salt of strong acid and alkali metal. The electrolyte solution contains compound which contains group 15 element, and/or compound which contains group 13 element. The salt contains sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and/or sodium nitrate. The electrolyte solution contains acid which forms metal complex. The electrolyte solution contains ionic liquid or its gelled material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protector comprises a material selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, silicon compound and combinations thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic soak up region comprises a hydrophilic material associated with the gas diffusion layer. The hydrophilic material comprises carbon or a wettable polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The core is metal such as molybdenum, tungsten, or nickel. The dielectric material further comprises a ceramic material or aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The material of gas barrier material layer comprises polyester polymer or polyolefin polymer. The polyester polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The polyolefin polymer comprises polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). The flat fuel cell assembly further includes hydrophobic porous material layer made of PTFE, PP or polyethersulfone (PES).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer is made of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon or copper indium gallium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The base substrate and the protective substrate comprise glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer layer comprises poly(vinyl butyral), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) or ionomers of partially neutralized ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer. Preferred Dimension: The polymer layer has a thickness of less than 2.29, preferably less than 0.508 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The transparent inorganic material layer contains silica or titanium dioxide. The reflective base material layer and/or transparent intermediate layer contain glass, and acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin and/or cyclic polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles are silica, and have particle size of 10-200 nm. The content of inorganic particles is 4.5-60 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The reactive polymer is (meth)acrylate copolymer. Preferred Film: The porous film contains polyethylene. Preferred Property: The polymer layer has thickness of 0.05-1 mu m and gel fraction of 30% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The light absorption media are visible light absorption media, UV light absorption media, and infrared light absorption media. The visible light absorption media comprises cadmium telluride and/or cadmium sulfide. The UV light absorption media comprises titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The infrared light absorption media comprises conjugated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: A metal layer is formed in between the transparent conductive film and insulation layers. The titanium plate is made of flexible material. The gaps and cavities of titanium dioxide nanotubes absorb photosensitive dye. The titanium plate is made of pure titanium plate or titanium alloy. The titanium alloy is titanium-aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The insulation layer contains silicone resin, plastic, rubber, polymer material or non-conductive ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The titanium plate is made of a pure titanium plate or titanium alloy plate. The titanium alloy is a titanium-aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulation layers are made of silicone resin, plastic, rubber, polymer material, or non-conductive ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The texturing method involves supplying etchant containing hydrogen fluoride, silver nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide on textured surface of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The texturing method involves supplying metal particles selected from gold, copper, aluminum, platinum, and palladium on textured surface of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The texturing method involves providing metal particle layer comprising water and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is NH4OH or a similar weak base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer substrate comprises a polymer selected from polycarbonate, acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and polyimide (preferably polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate). The polymer substrate has a sheet resistance of 8-15 Omega /unit not defined. The second layer (L1) has a thickness of less than 15 (preferably less than 5) mu m. The second layer (L2) has a thickness of less than 5 mu m. The third layer has a thickness of less than 15 (preferably less than 5, especially 0.25-4) mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative micro-texture is formed by depositing one or more metal layers made of nickel alloy or silver alloy on predetermined portion of photo-resist layer formed on master substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The solder paste contains alloy chosen from tin-lead, tin-bismuth, tin-lead-silver, tin-copper and tin-silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is chosen from Tedlar (RTM: polyvinyl fluoride film)-polyethylene terephthalate-copper, Tedlar (RTM: polyvinyl fluoride film)-polyethylene terephthalate-aluminum, or structure made of glass, epoxy or coated polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shower has two enclosures, three pipes, inner cover, coupler, outer top cover, and threaded lock nut that are fabricated from a polymer such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, and a rubber seal fabricated from elastic polymer, rubber, synthetic rubber, polyisoprene and polybutadiene or butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The silicon solar cell further comprises a silicon wafer. The organic vehicle further comprises organic polymers and/or organic additives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises one or more glass frits at 0.01-5 wt.%. Preferred Components: The spherical-shaped aluminum powder is present at 50-75 (preferably 60-70) wt.% and nodular-shaped aluminum powder is present at 25-50 (preferably 30-40) wt.%. The sum of spherical-shaped aluminum powder and nodular-shaped aluminum powder is more than 90 (preferably 100) wt.% of the particulate aluminum. The particulate aluminum is present at 50-80 wt.%. Preferred Process: The firing is performed as cofiring together with other front-side and/or back-side metal pastes that have been applied to the silicon wafer to form front-side and/or back-side electrodes on it during firing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of photovoltaic material such as silicon, germanium, silicon based alloy or germanium based alloy in amorphous, multicrystalline or monocrystalline state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is selected from calcium carbonate, bentonite, active clay, microsilica or talcum powder. The thixotropic agent is selected from silicon dioxide or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The terminal silane crosslinkable alpha-methyl polyethylene oxide is selected from hydroxy propyl trimethoxysilane, hydroxy methyl dimethoxysilane, hydroxyl triethoxysilane, hydroxy dimethyl diethoxysilane, hydroxy dimethoxy ethyoxylsilane or hydroxy methyl dibutoxy silane. The anti-aging agent is selected from naphthylamine, quinoline, diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, phenol or heterocyclic or phosphate ester. The tackifier is selected from isopropyl titanate, tetrabutyl titanate, gamma-amino phenyl triethoxysilane or ethyl acetoacetate chelate of carbonic ester. The catalytic curing agent is selected from dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate or tin oxide ethyl acetoacetate complex compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thixotropic agent is selected from hydrogenated castor oil or polyethylene wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer and inner plates are made of glass fiber reinforced plastic materials. The reinforcing rib inner core and cross connection block are made of hard polyurethane foamed plastic modules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The consistency of copper-zinc-tin-sulfur nanometer particle is 1-100 mg/ml. The base is a common glass base, quartz glass base, molybdenum glass base or polyimide base. Preferred Process: Bivalent zinc salt, bivalent tin salt, univalent or bivalent copper salt and powdered sulfur are mixed. Oil is added to the mixture, heated and then purified, to obtain copper-zinc-tin-sulfur nanometer particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, 1,2-methylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, carbon tetrachloride, xylene, chloroform, tetracarp or chlorylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The phase change material is magnesium chloride hexahydrate, aluminum sulfide decahydrate, sodium-aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, potassium-aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, magnesium sulfate hexahydrate, strontium bromide hexahydrate, strontium hydroxide octahydrate, barium hydroxide octahydrate, aluminum nitride nonahydrate, iron nitrate hexahydrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate, sodium hyposulfite pentahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, lithium-nitrate trihydrate or calcium chloride hexahydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte contains silver and inorganic filler. The inorganic filler is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye layer contains ruthenium-type dye, xanthene dye, cyanine-based dye, porphyrin-based dye and/or anthraquinone dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric fibers contain polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The dye-sensitized solar cell contains 95 wt.% of membranous polymer having molecular weight of 50000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bottom coating is coated on the fluorine-containing resin coating in the form of resin solution, and surface polarity and surface energy of the fluorine-containing resin coating are enhanced to increase bonding strength of EVA. Preferred Composition: The thickness of the fluorine-containing resin coating is 3-200 mu m. The thickness of the polymer basal membrane is 20-500 mu m. The bottom coating comprises (ptys.wt.) fluorine-containing resin (100), curing agent (0-20), other adjuvant (0-10), catalyst (0-20), and solvent (150-400). The thickness of the bottom coating is 1-10 mu m. The concentration of the resin solution is 2-30 wt.%. Preferred Components: The bottom coating resin is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 16-40% of vinyl acetate (VA), polyester resin with glass state temperature of 30-90 degrees C, acrylic resin, acrylamide resin, high polymer with alkyl radical, carboxyl radical, or epoxy radical. The bottom coating resin contains crosslinker; where the crosslinker is ester peroxide, ketal peroxide, dialkyl peroxide, oxazoline polymer, urea resin, melamine resin, or ethoxyline resin. The adjuvant is antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, or tackifier. The stuff with high reflecting rate is titanium pigment, calcium carbonate, mica powder, talcpowder, clay, wollastonite in powder, quartz sand, metallic oxide, black lead, ceramic powder, or cast stone powder. The stuff with high reflecting rate has high reflecting constituents comprising nanometer silicon oxide, nanometer titanium dioxide, nanometer magnesium oxide, nanometer zinc oxide, nanometer aluminum oxide, nanometer tin oxide, nanometer lithium fluoride, nanometer calcium fluoride, nanometer barium fluoride, nanometer calcium carbonate, hollow ceramic glass microsphere, and hollow glass microsphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrode is made of indium-tin oxide. The metal electrode layer contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron acceptor is fullerene or fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The electron donor is poly p-phenylene vinylene group polymer or polythiophene group derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The concentration of primary solution is 0.1-3 M. The concentration of secondary solution is 0.1-1 M. Preferred Condition: The titanium dioxide is manufactured at 100-200 degrees C, preferably 110-130 degrees C for 1-5 hours. Preferred Process: The manufacture of titanium dioxide further involves drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The fuel cell catalyst layer includes a proton conductive polymer electrolyte and platinum catalyst loading carbons, where the proton conductivity of the sulfonated amorphous carbons measured by an alternate current impedance method at 80 degrees C and humidity of 100% is greater than or equal to 0.01 S/cm. The sulfonated amorphous carbons have a chemical shift signal indicating carbons of a condensed aromatic 6-membered ring to which sulfonic groups are attached and are not attached respectively in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum; and have at least a diffraction peak signal corresponding to the carbon's (002) plane as given in the specification in a spectrum of powder x-ray diffraction. The density of sulfonic acids in the sulfonated amorphous carbons is 2-12 mmol/g, where the weight ratio of the sulfonated amorphous carbons is 0.1-50% (preferably 0.5-10%). The amount of platinum is less than or equal to 0.3 mg/cm2 per electrode and an output power are greater than or equal to 0.7 W/cm2 under 80 degrees C and 1 A current. EXAMPLE - A catalyst layer (test) comprising sulfonated amorphous carbons (3%), was prepared. A comparative catalyst layer was prepared by without using the sulfonated amorphous carbons. The hydrogen adsorption area (cm2/mg) and output characteristics (mW/cm2) of test/comparative layer was found to be 280/220 and 700/530 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant is chosen from phenolic-type antioxidant, phosphite-type antioxidant, thioester-type antioxidant, amine-type antioxidant and/or inorganic antioxidant. Preferred Property: The antioxidant includes antioxidants (a,b) whose weight ratio is 0.1:0.9-0.9:0.1. The content of antioxidant is 0.01-0.5 parts weight, the content of organic peroxide is 0.5-15 parts weight, and the content of ethylene copolymer is 80-98 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst comprises a catalytic metal. The second catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, silver, and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cation exchange membrane comprises Nafion (RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer). The anion exchange membrane comprises an anion exchange ionomer including poly(arylene ether sulfone) functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is chosen from ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder resin includes ethyl cellulose or polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution contains hydrochloric acid or acetic acid with a concentration of 10-3 mole/liter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is a perfluorated material, or Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reinforcing fiber, film or tape is selected from short fibers, long fibers or their mixtures, fiber bundles, fiber filaments, filaments or textile fabrics like woven fabric, scrim, crocheted, knitted, nonwoven fabrics or their combinations. The fibers, films, tapes, threads, filaments or textile fabrics are made of glass, metal, carbon, aramid, nylon or stretched polymers such as polyethylene, nylon or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base body and the rigid profiles are made of aluminum or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of casting mold is graphite or quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carboxyl group of ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer is neutralized and crosslinked with zinc ion. Preferred Composition: The content of organic peroxide is 0.3-1.5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-type copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carrier tile is made from a plastics material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The P-type layer of the top module layer is made of copper-indium-selenide (CuInSe2) or copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CuInGaSe2). An N-type layer of the top module layer is made of cadmium sulphide (CdS). A transparent electrode arranged on the bottom module layer is made of tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide:aluminum (ZnO:Al) and zinc oxide:boron (ZnO:B). A reflecting filter is made of titanium dioxide (TiO2) or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective electrode film arranged on a lower substrate is made of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: The electrode is made from a fired conductive paste which is comprised of silver particles (40-90 wt.%) and added particle (0.01-10 wt.%) based on the weight of the paste. The paste is fired at 450-900 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal particles are selected from ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), tungsten (W), and platinum (Pt) particles (preferably Ru, Pd or Pt particles). EXAMPLE - A silver paste comprising (parts by weight) flaked silver particle (having particle diameter (d50) of 2.7 mu m) (70.30), lead borosilicate glass frit (5.25), ethyl cellulose resin (2.50) and solvent (21.95) was prepared. A metal paste comprising palladium (10 wt.%), ethyl cellulose resin (1.30 wt.%) and solvent (8.70 wt.%) was prepared. A silver paste containing palladium metal was prepared by adding the silver paste (0.142 parts by weight) to the metal paste (10.00 parts by weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polythiophene derivative polymer comprises hexyl group at its end. EXAMPLE - 3,6-Dibromophenanthrene-9,10-dione was reacted with 3-thiophenecarboxaldehyde, 4-hexylaniline, ammonium acetate and acetic acid, and separated formed 6,9-dibromo-1-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole (I) from the products. The compound (I) was reacted with hexyl magnesium bromide and nickel diphenylphosphino propane dichloride (Ni(dppp)Cl2), and separated formed 6,9-dihexyl-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-3a,11b-dihydro-2-(thiophen-3-yl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d) imidazole (II) from products. Compound (II) was then reacted with N-bromosuccinimide, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetic acid, and separated formed 2-(2,5-dibromothiophen-3-yl)-6,9-dihexyl-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)-imidazole (HPIT). HPIT was reacted with THF, methyl magnesium bromide and Ni(dppp)Cl2, and formed poly(hexylphenanthrenyl-imidazole thiophene)(poly((2-(thiophen-3-yl)-6,9-dihexyl-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole))) (PHPIT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The heat transfer tape comprises graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermal conductive adhesive layer comprises polyester, epoxy, amine, or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocrystals are cobalt-platinum, silver, palladium, copper, cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide. The nanotube is a boron nitride nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The endothermic material comprises endothermic particles which maintains the particle shape at 100 degrees C or less. Preferred Components: The endothermic particles are inorganic particles having water-absorptivity and/or hydrous property, or microcapsule-type particles. The hydrous inorganic particles are hydrated halloysite. The base material is glass cloth having thickness of 1-100 mu m. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the endothermic particles is 0.1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder material contains synthetic resin having hydrous property. Preferred Layer: The heat absorption sheet further has adhesive layer provided to single surface of the sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of glycol is 0.5-25 times with respect to total weight of the phenol novolak compound. Preferred Component: The solvent is trimethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol and/or dipropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The epoxy decomposing solvent is 5% of sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The epoxy decomposing solvent is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, tri-clene, octane, acetone, toluene or their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is hydrogen storage alloy, surface-treated hydrogen storage alloy, chemical hydride and/or carbon nanotube. Preferred Fuel: The liquid hydrocarbon fuel is chosen from kerosene, methanol, gasoline and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The halogenated aromatic compound is trichlorobenzene, o-dibromobenzene, m-dibromobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, m-dichlorobenzene and/or 1-chloronaphthalene. The perfluoro aliphatic compound is chosen from perfluoro trialkylamine and/or 12-30C perfluoroalkane. The perfluoro trialkylamine is chosen from perfluoro tripentylamine and/or perfluoro tributylamine. The ionic dissociation property group is -SO2F, -SO2Cl, -COF and/or -COCl. The connection chain is of formula: -(CF2)n-, where n is 5-10 and the spacer group has structure of formula: -(CF2)m- or -(CF2)m-O-(CF2)m-, where m is 1-10. The reaction is performed in the presence of radical initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The gasket has a portion having most thin thickness of 0.20-0.35 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is glass fiber or layered silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic semiconductor comprises group III nitride semiconductor, zinc oxide type semiconductor, IV group semiconductor, or III-V group semiconductor. The III-V group semiconductor is indium-aluminum-gallium arsenide of formula: Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xAs, indium-aluminum-gallium phosphide of formula: Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xP, and/or indium-gallium-phosphorus arsenide of formula: (InxGa1-y)z(PxAs1-x)1-z. The III group nitride semiconductor is indium-aluminum-gallium nitride of formula: Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xN. The IV group semiconductor is a laminate of silicon-germanium composition of formula: Si1-wGew, where w-z are 0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Portion(s) of the organic electrode comprises a conductive polymer. The hydrophobic treatment is carried out using a fluorine-containing water-repellent resin having permeability coefficient of 70% or more with respect to light of wavelength 250 nm, and organic-solvent solubility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The border strip is formed from a U-profile. The adhesive layer of the covering layer is partially embedded in the outer layer and is partially protruded knitted fabric, whose partially protruded part is combined with the corresponding cavities of the core layer. Preferred Process: The thermoplastic core layer material is glass wool mat reinforced polypropylene. The fragment is preheated at 180-220 degrees C and the dwell time amounts to 2-60 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoroplastic is a perfluoroethylene-propylene copolymer. The core layer is formed from a fiber-reinforced plastic. The core layer is formed from a glass wool mat reinforced thermoplastic, preferably from glass wool mat reinforced polypropylene. The core layer is formed from a carbon fiber wool mat-reinforced thermoplastic, preferably from carbon fiber wool mat-reinforced polypropylene or polyether-ether-ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nano ZnO has grain size of less than 10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The silicone resin has light transmission of greater than 85% in visible light area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flexible film contains polymeric material containing polyimide, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyallylate, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetheretherketone, polyether imide and/or aramid. The film coated on the polymer film substrate contains high reflectance material and transparent conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is one or combination of protonated or cationic products of polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, polyphenylacetylene and polyfuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell sub-modules are made of monocrystalline silicon material, polycrystalline silicon material or thin-film material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conducting oxide substrate is tin oxide-indium coated glass, tin oxide-indium coated polyethylene, tin oxide-indium coated polybutylene, tin oxide-indium coated polyethyleneterephtalate, tin oxide-indium coated copolymers of 2 or more polyethylene, polybutylene, and polyethyleneterephtalate, tin oxide-fluorine coated glass, tin oxide-fluorine coated polyethylene, tin oxide-fluorine coated polybutylene, tin oxide-fluorine coated polyethyleneterephtalate, and/or tin oxide-fluorine coated copolymers of 2 or more polyethylene, polybutylene and polyethyleneterephtalate. The coating of coated titanium dioxide nanowire array is niobium pentoxide. Preferred Process: The dye-sensitized liquid junction solar cell is obtained by using ruthenium polypyridinium dye as exciton acceptor dye and zinc phthalocyanine-tetra-tertiary butyl (ZnPc-TTB) as exciton donor dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: In the electrode paste of silicon solar battery, the inorganic adhesive is glass powder which is composed of 15-30% of boron trioxide (B2O3), 40-70% of lead oxide (PbO), 1-5% of vanadium oxide (V2O5), 15-28% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and 3-6% of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and the total amount of the components is 100%; the organic adhesive is composed of 1.0-12.0% of ethylcellulose, 0.5-10.0% of phenolic resin or novolac epoxy resin, 0.1-2.0% of colophony, 1.0-10.0% of calcium stearate or zinc stearate, 30-60% of terpilenolterpineol, and 25-50% of additive, and the total amount of the components is 100%; the additive comprises one or several of phenoxyethanol, diethyl phthalate, butyl carbitol, butyl carbitol acid ester and benzyl alcohol. Preferred Method: In preparing electrode paste of silicon solar battery, the glass powder is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing the prepared material, placing it in a ceramic crucible, pre-heating it at 500 degrees C, then placing it in a furnace of 1100-1250 degrees C for heating, preserving it for 1.5 hours, then quenching it with water, baking it, crushing and middling it to 5-8 mu m; the organic adhesive is prepared by uniformly mixing the material, and heating and dissolving it at 100 to 150 degrees C to obtain the transparent organic adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxygen-supplying material is selected from a group consisting of magnesium, aluminum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, tin, tungsten and iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each of the thin-film N-type semiconductor and the thin-film P-type semiconductor and the semiconductor micro/nanostructure array are made of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium phosphide, gallium antimonide and/or zinc telluride. The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin-film N-type semiconductor is made of a small molecule organic semiconductor material consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline), (1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61), 4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenyl vinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl, beryllium-quinoline complex, aluminum(III) bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinate)-4-phenylphenolate, oxadiazole or 2,5-bis(tertbutyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene. The thin-film P-type semiconductor is made of a small molecule organic semiconductor material consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluoreny-2,7-diyl), (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methyl-phenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) or N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching layer is made of doped and undoped semiconductor layers such as silicon, pin and nip layers, germanium or its alloys, gallium-arsenide, tertiary or quaternary mixtures of III-IV and II-IV semiconductors, where the layer includes a metal or metal alloys selected from aluminum, silver, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, zinc, TixWy, NixVy, TaxNy, TixNy, oxides or mixed oxides such as indium-tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, zinc oxide or other oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickener is selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, amino-functionalized polyolefin or polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film contains silane coupling agent, aluminum coupling agent or titanium coupling agent. The electroconductive fine particles contain oxide, hydroxide and/or complex of zinc, indium, tin, antimony, silicon, aluminum, gallium, cobalt, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium, or carbon, silicon, copper, nickel, silver, palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium and/or iridium, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains hydrolysis product (including sol-gel) of acrylic resin, acrylate resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, polyurethane resin, acryl urethane resin, polystyrene resin, polyacetal resin, polyamide resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, cellulosic resin, ethyl cellulose resin, epoxy resin, vinyl chloride resin, siloxane polymer or metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elastic sheet material is silicone rubber.
Preferred Definitions:    Q=vinyl repeating unit of formula (3) obtained by cleaving polymerizable double bond of CH2=CH-, CH2=C(-CH3)- or CH2=C(-CF3)-;    R2-R4=H, halo, linear or branched 1-10C alkyl, 3-20C alicyclic hydrocarbyl or alicyclic structure;    or R2+R3+R4=ring;    W'=-(C(-R5)(-R6)-C(-R7)-R8)-;    R5-R8=H, halo, or linear or branched 1-4C alkyl;    M=hydrogen ion;and    asterisk=bond which forms a side chain.    A portion or all of hydrogen atoms in an alkyl group and an alicyclic structure are optionally substituted by fluoro or cyano groups.    EXAMPLE - 2-Butanone (in g) (520), 4,4-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-1-butene (100), and tertiary butyl peroxy pivalate (2) were mixed with nitrogen gas and deaerated. Then, tetrafluoroethylene (28.4) was added to the reaction mixture, reacted at 60 degrees C for 16 hours, n-heptane (2 kg) was dripped to the reaction mixture, filtered and dried at 75 degrees C under reduced pressure, to obtain white solid (102.4) having number average molecular weight of 19000 and molecular weight distribution of 2. The obtained white solid (0.05) was dissolved in propylene-glycol-monomethyl-ether acetate (2), tetraethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.08) was added to the reaction liquid and stirred. The resulting homogeneous solution was coated on silicon substrate using spin coater, and dried at 90 degrees C for 1 minute under nitrogen stream, to obtain coated film having thickness of 200 nm. The obtained coated film had excellent thermal stability, electrochemical stability, workability, oxidation resistance and ion conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support is chosen from polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, acrylic resin and/or polyimide resin. The repeating unit of polymer is of formula: -(CF2-CF2)-, -(CF2-CFCl)- or -(CF2-CFCF3)-. The support contains ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Property: The thickness of polymer layer is 1-20 mu m, and thickness of support is 30-400 mu m. The polymer sheet is heated at 200-360 degrees C for 5-30 minutes. The content of polymer in aqueous medium is 5-55 mass%. The aqueous medium further contains surfactant. A sample of polymer sheet is set and to which calcium chloride (1 g) is added, placed in a 60 mm diameter moisture-permeable cup, sealed with wood's alloy and preserved at 25 degrees C and 90% relative humidity atmosphere for 60 days. The water vapor transmission rate of the sheet is then calculated by the following relation: (w2-w1)x 100x 100 three quarters x 3x 3.14, where w1 is the weight of cup measured after controlling the humidity at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 2 hours, and w2 is the weight of cup measured after controlling the humidity at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The clips are made of stainless steel or extruded aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The O-rings are made of ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A ceramic layer of general formula (II) is developed on a substrate, where the ceramic layer is used as hydrogen diffusion source for bulk passivation of the silicon, and is applied on n-type silicon or p-type silicon. SiuNvHwOx Cy (II)u=1;v=1.3-0;w=3-0;x=1.3-0; andy=1.5-0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electricity conducting wires are made of metals such as copper, silver or copper and silver alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bonding layer is made of thermofusible polymer such as ethylene vinyl acetate polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine compound is N-(1-methylheptyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, styrenated diphenylamine or phenothiazine. The phenol-type compound is hydroquinone, tert-butyl hydroquinone, methyl hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)methane, isooctyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and/or styrenated phenol. Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of amine compound and phenol-type compound is 1:4-4:1, preferably 3:7-1:1, more preferably 1:1. Preferred Process: The biodiesel fuel containing antioxidant (0.05-0.5 mass%) is stabilized. Preferred Composition: The biodiesel fuel contains fatty-acid methyl ester and 4-25C unsaturated component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus is directly coupled with engine installed in motor vehicle and arranged at pipe interior in which hot exhaust gas is circulated. The hydrogen production apparatus has on oxygen supply unit for supplying oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer further has a support capable of supporting metallic cluster. The metal is zero valent metal, and metal having valence of more than 2, preferably bivalent metal and tetravalent metal. The number of moles of bivalent metal is more than number of moles of zero valent metal in metallic cluster. The ratio of number of moles of zero valent metal, bivalent metal and tetravalent metal is 20-50%, 20-50% and 10-50, respectively with respect to total amount. The metallic cluster contains gold, tungsten, copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or platinum, preferably palladium. The amount of palladium in catalyst is 5-50 wt.%. The number of moles of metal is determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A front plastic layer made of polyethylene vinyl acetate sheet is arranged between the front substrate and the solar cells. The rear substrate has a black sheet made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer has inorganic layer made of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer has polymer layer made ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl fluoride and acrylate. An adhesive made of silicone is formed between a support structure and the protective layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Separating the carrier comprises removing separation layer by sonicating zinc oxide (ZnO) in subacidic environment. Forming the dye-absorption layer comprises coating nano-crystal oxide and annealing nano-crystal oxide. Preferred Component: The carrier is glass, metal or silicone. The separation layer comprises ZnO. The nano-crystal oxide comprises titanium dioxide, ZnO, niobium pentoxide, tungsten trioxide, tin dioxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cathode polymer layer is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimides, polymeric hydrocarbons, celluloses, plastic, polycarbonate and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a polyethylene terephthalate substrate, or a macromolecular alloy material substrate formed by blending polyethylene terephthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate through thermal melting. The substrate is formed by adding one inorganic oxide chosen from silica, titanium dioxide, alumina and zirconia into polyethylene terephthalate. The fluorine-based film is a tetrafluoroethylene-based film, a trifluorochloroethylene-based film, or a film formed using ternary copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The active layer contains conjugated polymer compound and fullerene derivative. Preferred Layer: The organic photoelectric transducer further has functional layer formed using a solution having pH value of 5-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The trimellitic acid ester is trialkyl trimellitate having 1-12C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The copolymer composition is molded to a film form by calendar molding at 55-90 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of crosslinking agent is 1-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in mass parts) (100) containing vinyl acetate (28), tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (3), triaryl isocyanurate (2), ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl trimethylsilane (0.5) and tri-n-octyl trimellitate (0.01) were mixed to obtain ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer composition. The composition had excellent film-forming property and reduced roll-sticking property, and provided a film having excellent adhesion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resin filler is chosen from carbon fiber, glass fiber, graphite, carbon black, aluminum powder, iron powder and/or molybdenum disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin is chosen from polyamide, polyacetal, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetheretherketone, liquid crystal polymer, fluororesin, polyether nitrile, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyarylate, polyamidoimide, polyether imide and/or thermoplastic polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The distribution particle size (D50) of carbon material is 2 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains solvent, positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material and binder component. Preferred Components: The solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone. The acidic functional group is carboxyl group or sulfonic acid group, ammonium salt of carboxylic acid or ammonium salt of sulfonic acid, or metal salt of sulfonic acid or metal salt of carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder component is a high molecular compound which contains a fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plating layer is formed of nickel, zinc, copper, aluminum and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye (A) is tetraketo-piperidino perylene dye of formula (Aa). The dye (B) is diketo piperidino perylene dye of formula (Bb) or pyrrolopyrrole dye of formula (Bc). The dye A has a maximum absorption wavelength of 520-600 nm, and dye B has a maximum absorption wavelength of 400-540 nm. The weight ratio of dye A to dye B is 2-4. The luminescent solar collector has an edge emission output of 350 W/m2 or greater when measured using a sheet of dimensions 60 mm/asterisk60 mm/asterisk3.2 mm and exposed to a radiation intensity of 1000 W/m2. The thermoplastic polymer is a polycarbonate polymer or polymethyl methacrylate. The transparent substrate is a glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first fluorescent dye is a perylene dye. The luminescent solar collector further comprises a reflective backing layer. In the luminescent solar collector, the dye compound is present in amount of 0.001-1 wt.%, based on the total weight of the sheet. The sheet has an edge emission output of greater than or equal to 200 (preferably greater than or equal to 640) W/m2, when measured using a sheet of dimensions 60 mmx 60 mmx 3.2 mm and exposed to a radiation intensity of 1000 W/m2. The sheet comprises a first layer and a second layer; the first layer comprises a first thermoplastic polymer and a first fluorescent dye; and where the second layer comprises a second thermoplastic polymer and a dye compound (I), where the sheet is configured to transmit light radiated by the first fluorescent dye and the dye compound to the light energy converter; and where the sheet has an edge emission output of greater than or equal to 450 W/m2, when measured using a sheet of dimensions 60 mmx 60 mmx 3.2 mm and exposed to a radiation intensity of about 1000 W/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic polymer is a polycarbonate polymer or polymethyl methacrylate. Preferred Definitions:    R=8-18C alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds are specified as the compound (I) comprises aromatic ether compound of formulae (II)-(V).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) involves: coupling a hydroquinone compound of formula (IVa) with a compound R-Z in the presence of a metal containing catalyst. The coupling reaction is a Suzuki cross coupling reaction of an aryl-boronic acid with an aryl-halide, catalyzed by a palladium(0) complex.X2=metal, metalloid atom, electrophile, or leaving group;Y2=H or protecting group;Z=metal atom, metalloid atom, electrophile or leaving group.Preferred Compounds: In the preparation (M1) of polymers, the aromatic difluoride used is selected from: bis-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone, bis-(4-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphine oxide, 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone, or decafluorobiphenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polyether copolymer of formula (II) has a molecular weight (Mn) of less than or equal to 120000 (preferably 10000-100000). Preferred Definitions:    R=pyridine-3-yl;    X1 and Y1=-(1,4-phenylene)-SO2-(1,4-phenylene)-, or -(1,4-phenylene)-P(O)(C6H5)-(1,4-phenylene)-;    A=absent;    n=40-50%;    m=60-50%.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound is disclosed as (I): 2,5-di(pyridin-3-yl)benzene-1,4-diol (Ia).    EXAMPLE - To a degassed mixture of 3-bromopyridine, 2,5-bis(tetrahydro-2H-pyranyloxy)phenyl-1,4-diboronic acid, and Pd(PPh3)4, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Na2CO3 (2 M) were added under argon. The solution was stirred at reflux for 4 days under argon. The organic layer was separated and worked up to obtain THP-protected diol (yield 70%). To a solution of the THP-protected diol in THF and MeOH, HCl (37%) was added and the mixture was stirred at 50 degrees C for 24 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and worked up to obtain 2,5-di(Pyridin-3-yl)benzene-1,4-diol (Ia) (yield 60%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler is resin selected from polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate, poly sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether-sulfone, polyether imide, polyimide and rubber resin, and ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxy, acrylic, urethane, olefin types of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The chloroplatinic acid slurry is prepared by adding one or more compounds and chloroplatinic acid into 5-20 mM alcoholic solution under blending condition to obtain a mixture. An ultrasonic process is performed by adding ethyl cellulose to the mixture under blending condition. Alcoholic solution is further added to the mixture. Viscosity coefficient is adjusted by performing another ultrasonic process. Preferred Components: The alcoholic solution is selected from methanol, ethanol or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): A compound of formula: Q1-E1-Q2 is reacted with T1-E2-T2 by Suzuki coupling reaction in presence of palladium catalyst such as palladium acetate and base such as potassium carbonate to obtain high molecular compound.E1,E2=aromatic ring-containing unit of formula (II);Q1,Q2=boric acid residue or boric acid ester residue;T1,T2=halo, alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate or arylalkylsulfonate;A,B'=aromatic ring, preferably 5-10 membered ring, more preferably benzene or naphthalene ring;andR10,R11=H or substituent, where R10 and R11 optionally bonded to form cyclic structure, preferably hydrocarbyl, more preferably alkyl, where carbon number of R10 is 12 or more and R11 is 12 or more.Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit of formula (I) is more than 50%, preferably 52-98% with respect to sum total of all repeating unit in high molecular compound. The high molecular compound further contains aromatic ring-containing repeating unit of formula (II). Preferred Components: The electron-accepting compound is high molecular compound having metal-containing repeating unit of formula (I), and electron donor is high molecular compound having thiophene structure. The high molecular compound having thiophene structure is polythiophene homopolymer. Preferred Definitions:    n,m=1-3;    X1-X3=sulfur;and    R1-R6=H.    EXAMPLE - (7-(Dihydroxyboranyl)-9,9-didodecyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)boranediol (in g) (0.945), 4,7-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (0.9189) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) were mixed and stirred at 100 degrees C, and reacted, filtered and dried to obtain high molecular compound having weight average molecular weight of 2x 104 and number average molecular weight of 4.7x 103.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal element with respect to 100 wt.% of amorphous silicon oxide particle is 0.01-10 wt.% preferably, 1-3 wt.%. The carbon base material is a composite of 1-50 wt.% of graphite and 50-99 wt.% of amorphous silicon oxide particles. The catalyst element is nickel. The carbon-silicon composite material is obtained by growing carbon nanofibers in vine mode on the surface of carbon base material particles with the catalyst effect of metal element, where at least one end of the carbon nanofiber is bonded with the surface of silicon oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbon-silicon composite material further contains a conductive polymer. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber is a thin fiber with diameter of 1-40 nm or thick fiber with diameter of 20-200 nm, and length of 10 nm to 200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, ethylene and vinylidene fluoride. The intermediate layer is polyethylene terephthalate. The other outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A portion of basic tertiary amino group and/or quaternary ammonium group is bonded through principle chain of electrolyte polymer and 2-12 atoms. The quaternary ammonium group contains betaine structure containing acidic group of formula: -R1-N+(-R3)(-R2)-R4-SO3- (1). Preferred Process: The method further involves using monomer with equivalent of 200-1000 meq/g of basic amino group, and amide compound of formula (2) as crosslinking agent. The amide compound is obtained by Michael-addition reaction using primary amine and/or secondary amine having 2 or more carbon-carbon double bond.R6=1-10C hydroxy, tertiary amino in a group or carboxy;R7,R8=2-6C alkylene;R9-R12=H or methyl;andn=1-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alloy type negative electrode active material contains silicon, tin, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon containing alloy, silicon compound, tin, tin oxide, tin containing alloy and tin compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A metal-deposited layer and/or metal oxide vapor deposition layer are formed on surface(s) of the syndiotactic polypropylene film. Preferred Composition: The syndiotactic polypropylene film contains inorganic particles. The metal-deposited layer and/or metal oxide vapor deposition layer contains aluminum, tin, copper, and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The syndiotactic polypropylene film has melt-flow rate of 0.5-100 g/10 minutes, melting point of 130-180 degrees C, and optical density of 0.3-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protection layer is made of light radiation passing material e.g. ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains 0.2-5.0 mass parts of PTFE particles with respect to 100 mass parts of photopolymerizable compounds. The photopolymerizable compound is (meth)acryloyl group containing compound which has greater than or equal to 1 (meth)acryloyl groups in molecule, or epoxy compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The blades of the rotor of the wind energy extraction device are formed of woven material e.g. nylon, Kevlar (RTM: para-aramid synthetic fiber), woven glass, carbon fiber, impregnated with epoxy or other material for added stiffness and structural integrity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The space portion formed between noise insulation plate and acoustic absorbent is filled with inert gas constituting argon or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first coating portion of the second coating layer is made of resin material or resin composition containing carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A portion of the proton conductive polyelectrolyte is perfluorocarbon sulfonate. The carbon powder is high-electroconductive carbon black, furnace black or acetylene black having average particle diameter of 20-80 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cathode catalyst layer comprises (wt.%) second carbon powder (1-10) and water repellent material (1-5). About greater than or equal to 5 wt.% of carbon material is occupied by carbon fiber having average particle diameter of 50 nm to 1 mu m and specific surface area of greater than or equal to 150 m2/g. Preferred Components: The repellent material is PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinylether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer and amorphous fluororesin. Preferred Parameters: The porous structure has V1/V0 of 50-90%, where V0 is volume of pores having a diameter of 3-10 mu m, and V1 is volume of pores having a diameter of 50 nm to 10 mu m. About 50-80% of V1 is occupied by pores constituted by the second carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: In the fuel cell system, the ion scavenger comprises ion exchange material containing zirconium phosphate or antimony oxide, and matrix member containing water absorbing organic material; the fuel supplying line is a piping and the ion scavenger is in the form of a coating that is present on inner side of the piping; and the ion scavenger is disposed in a vicinity of the cell part.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Scavenger: The ion scavenger (S1) has particle size distribution of 10-1000 mu m. The ion scavenger is an aggregate of particles and has a specific surface area of 50-500 m2/g. Preferred Components: The ion exchange material comprises one of zirconium phosphate and antimony oxide; and the matrix member comprises one of silicon oxide, zirconium oxide and titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - Ion scavenger (test) comprising pulverized zirconium phosphate (10 g), tetramethoxysilane (5 g), zirconium tetrapropoxide (3 g), water (2 g), ethanol (3 g) and formamide (1 g), was used to coat the inner surface of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) piping. An untreated PEEK piping (with diameter of 0.5 cm and length of 20 cm) was used as control. The test/control scavenger was total ion concentration, and it was found to be 8/4800 parts per billion, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet is a fluorine resin sheet filled with glass cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The diisocyanate compound is a linear diisocyanate compound of formula: OCN(-CH2)x-NCO, preferably OCN-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-C(CH3)2-(CH2)2-NCO, OCN-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH(CH2)2-NCO or group of formula (5). The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is of formula (6), preferably 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one.x=3 or more, preferably 4-12, more preferably 6-12;andR9-R12=H or fluoro, and at least one is fluoro.Preferred Composition: The content of diisocyanate compound is 0.1-5 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate includes ultra-thin glass substrate which includes fused glass particles or borosilicate glass, has greater flexibility than the encapsulation layers, and has thickness of less than or equal to 200 mu m. Preferred Method: The method further comprises connecting multiple conductor to the solar cell, bonding the solar cell to the polymer sheets, filling in voids or cracks in the ultra-thin glass substrate using a silica coating or a hard polymer, applying a liquid polymer to the substrate to form a hard polymer coating (100, 140), laying the substrate on a substrate holder during the deposition, and laminating the multiple layer polymer sheet on the solar cell. The step of applying the liquid polymer comprises spraying the liquid polymer and curing to form the polymer coating, or dipping and/or spin coating the substrate to apply the liquid polymer and curing the liquid polymer to form the hard polymer coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises transparent encapsulation layer disposed on the substrate, and opaque encapsulation layer disposed on another side of the solar cell. The opaque encapsulation includes an adhesive layer including thin hard polymer layer and outer fluoropolymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electronic or electro-optic device is a polymer solar cell device or photodetector device. The polymer solar cell device comprises a bulk heterojunction structure, where the structure comprises at least one ingredient in addition to the conjugated polymer. The electronic or electro-optic device (d1) further comprises a second layer of active material disposed between the first and second electrodes such that the electronic or electro-optic device is a tandem photovoltaic device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Preparing conjugated polymer (P1) comprises a repeated unit (I) involves polymerizing pentalene monomer of formula (i) with substituted boronic acid ester compound of formula Y1-Ar'-Y-1 (ii) in presence of solvent (tetrahydrofuran) to give conjugated polymer (P1).Y1=boronic acid, boronic acid ester (preferably 1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl, 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-2-yl, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl), magnesium halide, zinchalide, or trialkyltin (including trimethyl tin, triethyl tin or tributyl tin).Preferred Components: The repeated unit is of formula (II). The conjugated polymer material is a photovoltaic material. The ingredient in addition to the conjugated polymer is at least one of a fullerene or its derivatives, where the fullerene or its derivatives is at least one of (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester or (6,6)-phenyl 71C butyric acid methyl ester. Preferred Definitions:    R1 and R2=2-ethyl-hexyl;    Ar'=22 compounds e.g. difluoro-2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-yl, 2-thia-1,3-diaza-cyclopenta(b)naphthalene-4,9-yl, pyrazine-2,5-yl, 2-thia-4-aza-indene-1,3-yl, 3,4-dinitro-thiophene-2,5-yl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bar for mounting the moving plate of variable capacitor is made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler material comprises aluminum nitride, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, talc, barite, clay, titanium oxide, magnetite, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, boron nitride, silicon nitride, wollastonite, marble, silicon carbide, red iron oxide, black iron oxide, chromium oxide, zinc sulfide, zirconium oxide, antimony oxide zinc oxide and/or mineral coated iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene butyl acetate, polyurethane, fluoropolymer, polysilicone, polypropylene, polyethylene ionomers and/or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoroelastomer is prepared by polymerizing fluoromonomer(s) chosen from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylfluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluorovinylmethyl ether and trifluoroethylene. Alternately, the fluoroelastomer is prepared by copolymerizing the fluoromonomer(s) and non-fluoromonomer(s). The non-fluoromonomer(s) is chosen from ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, styrene and vinyl chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer (I) is a fluoroelastomer chosen from poly(tetrafluoroethlyene-co-ethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-propylene), terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, and terpolymer of ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinylether, preferably poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). The polymer (II) is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. Preferred Group: The polymer (II) comprises a sulfonic acid group of formula: (CF2-CF)-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H (b).X=fluorine or trifluoromethyl, preferably trifluoromethyl;m=0-3, preferably 0 or 1;n=1-12, preferably 2 or 4;andp=0 or 1, preferably 1.Preferred Composition: The polymer blend comprises (in weight%) polymer (I) (1-80, more preferably 10-30) and polymer (II) (20-99, more preferably 70-90). Preferred Properties: The fluoroelastomer has glass transition temperature of less than 25 degrees C. The polymer (I) exhibits an elongation at break in a tensile mode of 50% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer (A) containing organosilane of formula: R1nSi(OR2)4-n is obtained from cured material of composition (I) containing silane compound chosen from hydrolyzate of organosilane and/or condensate of organosilane and metal oxide particles. The layer (B) containing organosilane of formula: R3mSi(OR4)4-m is obtained from cured material of composition (II) containing silane compound chosen from hydrolyzate of organosilane and/or condensate of organosilane. The composition (I) contains polymer (a) and metal oxide particles. The polymer (a) is obtained by carrying out hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silane compound and vinyl polymer containing silyl group with silicon atom bonded to silane compound, hydrolysable group and/or hydroxyl group. The composition (II) contains polymer (c) obtained by carrying out hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silane compound and vinyl polymer containing silyl group having silicon atom bonded to silane compound, hydrolysable group and/or hydroxyl group. The composition (II) further contains silica particles. The base material is glassR1,R3=1-8C monovalent organic group;R2,R4=1-5C alkyl or 1-6C acyl;andn,m=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heating plate adopts a heating wire made of nickel-chromium alloy or aluminum-iron-chromium alloy. The superconducting heat transmission tubes are made of copper, aluminum or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal nanoparticles contain gold, silver or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticle colloidal solution contains metal nanoparticles, dispersing agent and solvent. The base material contains glass, organic polymer or silicon. The solvent is terpineol with 40-85% of ( alpha )-isomer ratio, toluene or xylene. The dispersing agent is decanethiol or hexathiol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The initiator is benzoin ethyl ether, diphenyl iodonium tetrafluoroborate, diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate and diphenyl iodonium trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymeric ionic liquid is imidazolinium compound of formula (1 or 2) or pyridinium compound of formula (3 or 4). The non-polymeric ionic liquid is imidazolinium compound of formula (5). The ionic liquid crosslinking agent is bis-imidazolinium compound of formula (6).X=I, Br, Cl, SeCN or SCN;Z=I, Br, Cl, SCN, BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, N(CN)2 or (N(SO2CF3)2);m=0-10;p,s=0-6;Y'=I, Br, Cl, SCN, BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, N(CN)2 or (N(SO2CF3)2);andr=2-8.Preferred Process: The trigger mode of polymerization is heating, ultraviolet irradiation or ( gamma )-ray trigger mode. Preferred Composition: The adsorbing amount of quasi-solid polymer gel for absorbing the iodine monomer is 5-30% of total amount of the quasi-solid polymer gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The ball grinding tank used by planet type ball mill is agate tank. Preferred Method: The anode sheet is sintered for 5 hours at 1000 degrees C. The drying temperature during printing of YSZ electrolyte pulp material is 150 degrees C. The retaining temperature during sintering of anode support with YSZ electrolyte film is 1100 degrees C for 4 hours. The retaining temperature during sintering of SDC electrolyte film is 1400 degrees C for 4 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The grain diameter of nickel oxide powder is 0.05-1 mm. The grain diameter of yttria stabilized zirconia powder is 0.1-2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The organic cementing agent is mixed solution of ethyl cellulose (3-7 volume%) and terpineol (93-97 volume%). The pore diameter of the silk screen is 420 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive layer contains polyurethane adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plastic resin layer includes inorganic white dye and anti-ultraviolet stabilizer. The inorganic white dye is titanium pigment or barium sulfate. The weatherproof layer is a fluorine material layer containing pure fluorine material. The inorganic material is inorganic substance having general formula (I). AxB'y (I)A=silicon, magnesium, titanium, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum or barium;B'= oxygen or sulfate radical; andx and y=1, 2 or 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plastic resin layer includes ethylene segment. The fluorine material is vinyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The structural reinforcing layer is polyester layer. The adhesive reflective layer is polyolefin layer. The polyester layer is polyethylene terephthalate layer, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) layer, polybutylene terephthalate layer or polyethylene naphthalate layer. The polyolefin layer is plastic resin layer. The plastic resin layer is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate resin, propylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene-butyl acrylate, methyl ester resin or ethylene-acrylic ester-maleic acid. The fluorine material is selected from Kynar (RTM: A highly non-reactive and pure thermoplastic fluoropolymer) polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, ethylene-trifluorochloroethylene copolymer, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, fluoroethylene trifluorochloroethylene copolymer, perfluoroethylene-propylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer or perfluoro-n-propyl-vinyl copolymer. The plasticizing agent is polymethylmethacrylate. The adhesive layer is selected from polyurethane rubber layer or epoxy rubber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support is composed of a polyimide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is polymer electrolyte fuel cell or solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxammonium compound is of formula (1).R15-R18=H or 1-10C alkyl group;X1-X5=coupling groups of one or more of 3 compounds, e.g. group of formulae -CH2-, -N+(=O)-.R-SO3- or -N+(H)(OH)-.R-SO3-; andR=6-20C aromatic group or 1-10C aliphatic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous substrate is foamed resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An alcohol solvent is added to the catalyst ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is made of aluminum, titanium, tungsten, chromium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lithium intercalatable graphite and the lithium iron phosphate for the cathode material are degassed at 20-80 degrees C and 0.13 Pa for 5 hours. The anode material comprising graphite, lithium-organoborate, perfluoroalkyl(alkoxy)carbonate and magnesium oxide, and cathode material comprising lithium iron phosphate, lithium-organoborate, perfluoroalkyl(alkoxy)carbonate and magnesium oxide are tribochemically packed. The solidified electrode material is mixed with polymer binders based on polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole (homo- and/or copolymers), polyvinylcarbazole, polyvinylethers or polyethers with a molecular weight of 10000-200000 and the anode and cathode materials are separated using an extruder to each primer coated electrode conductor exhibiting anode-copper-foil and cathode-aluminum-foil. The separator consists of: polyolefin and/or perfluoroelastomer, preferably perfluoroterpolymer; mineral filler, preferably cement, alkali-/alkaline earth-oxides, alkali-/alkaline earth-hydroxides, alkali-/alkaline earth-carbonate, alkali-/alkaline earth-phosphate, alkali-/alkaline earth-borates and/or alkali-/alkaline earth-oxalates; aprotic solvent, preferably alkylcarbonate and/or dimethoxyethane; and conducting salt, preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate or their derivatives, and/or lithium salt of formula (LiPF5R), (LiPF4R2) or (LiPF3R3), are extruded as foils at 30-80 degrees C. The lithium iron phosphate is coated with an electrically conductive layer of soot, polypyrrole or iron-nitride, so that it exhibits a conductivity of greater than 0.5 S/cm.R = perfluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive coating includes a fluorine-doped tin oxide, tin-doped Indium oxide (ITO), doped zinc oxide or thin silver films. The layer of counter electrode is made of metal particles or other conductive particles, where the metal particles are selected from platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, fluorine or antimony doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer of counter electrode is also made of graphite powder or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer of counter electrode is additionally made of an electrically conductive polymer selected from polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene or polyacetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene raw material contains C60 fullerene (50-90%), C70 fullerene (40-10%) and high fullerene (10% or less). The fullerene raw material is optionally extracted from soot obtained by heating carbon rod with organic solvent. EXAMPLE - Diethyl phosphite (690 mg) and dioxane (200 ml) were added to flask and lithium hydride (40 mg) was added and heat-stirred at 80 degrees C. Mixed fullerene containing C60 (77%), C70 (22%) and high fullerene (1%) was added and heat-stirred at 80 degrees C for 4 days. Solvent was removed and residue was extracted. Solid content was separated and filtrate was dried. Water was added to obtained phosphonic acid esterified mixed fullerene and hydrolyzed. Trimethylsilyl bromide (1) was added to phosphonic acid esterified mixed fullerene and transesterified at room temperature. Phosphonated mixed fullerene was obtained at yield of 35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hollow tube is constructed from a metallic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The drive member is a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of carbodiimide compound is 7000 or more. The film has less than 5 pieces of fisheye having diameter of 10 mu m or more per 1 cm2. Preferred Composition: The content of functional group of the carbodiimide compound is 0.5-20 equivalent, when the terminal carboxyl group of polybutylene terephthalate resin is set to 1. The masterbatch resin of carbodiimide compound is polybutylene terephthalate. EXAMPLE - Polybutylene terephthalate resin (in weight parts) (96.7) having intrinsic viscosity 1.1 dL/g and terminal carboxyl group content of 8 meq/kg, and Stabaxol KE9193 (RTM: polybutylene-terephthalate master batch of aromatic carbodiimide compound) (3.3) were mixed to obtain polybutylene terephthalate resin mixture. The film formed using polybutylene terephthalate resin mixture had excellent hydrolysis resistance, durability, and reduced fisheye and deterioration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon short fiber is polyacrylonitrile-type carbon fiber. Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin composition contains a resol-type phenol resin and a novolak-type phenol resin. Preferred Properties: The hot press temperature is 100-125 degrees C. The porous electrode base material has volume density of 0.14-0.16 g/cm3 and air permeability along thickness direction of 1900-2100 mL/cm2/hour/Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The removal apparatus has transition metal oxide arranged in upstream, activated carbon arranged in mid-stream, and adsorption agent for adsorbing sulfide, thiophene and/or cyclohexene in downstream by flow direction of fuel gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The transition metal oxide is manganese dioxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide or their mixture. The adsorption agent is silver-supported zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Mercaptan in fuel gas is tertiary butyl mercaptan. The odorization agent consists of mercaptan, sulfide, thiophene and/or cyclohexene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide film is selected from titanium oxide film, tin oxide film, tungsten oxide film, niobium oxide film, aluminum oxide film, zirconium oxide film, calcium oxide film or silica film. The porosity inorganic film is zinc oxide water film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal particle is made of gold, silver, platinum, lead, zinc, ruthenium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The conductor complies with GB/T3956 specifications, and the external sheath layer or insulating layer conforms to TICW1-2009 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imidazole-type ion liquid is methyl-3-ethyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium fluoroborate, 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium terafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate and/or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. Preferred Condition: The vacuum drying is performed at 60-80 degrees C for 24-48 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The macromolecule polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride, blend of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyhexafluoropropylene, polyoxyethylene, polypyrrole and/or methyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first metal component is applied from the vapor phase to the non-metallic support substrate. The first metal component is applied by a physical vacuum deposition method, chemical vapor deposition method or by sputtering on the non-metallic support substrate. The redox reaction, in which the first metal component is replaced by the metal to be applied to the non-metallic support substrate, is carried out in a solvent. In the method, an ionomer is applied during and/or after replacing the first metal component by the metal to be applied to the support substrate. An additive is mixed to the first metal component. Preferred Components: The first metal component is a metal of the 3-5 main groups or a metal of the subgroup elements of the first period of the periodic table of elements. The first metal component is aluminum, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc. The metal to be applied to the support substrate is catalytically active. The metal to be applied to the support substrate is platinum, palladium, ruthenium or gold. The non-metallic support substrate is: carbon, a polymer or a ceramic; or a gas distribution layer or a membrane, which is used in fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is an ionic liquid, preferably ethyl-methyl-imidazolium-chloride. The additive is a complexing agent. The complexing agent is an ionic ligand or a non-ionic ligand. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: An insulation strengthening paper is coated on each flexible packaged lithium iron phosphate battery, and upper and lower ends are fixed in each cell in aluminum shell via silicon rubber. The currents on anodes and cathodes of lithium iron phosphate batteries are collected by copper blocks, and output is provided by connecting pillars. Peripheral insulation materials of connecting pillars are fixed at the upper surface of an upper shell of the aluminum. The internal nuts which are convenient for battery units to-be-connected in parallel and series are equipped on peripheral section of connecting pillar. The flexible packaged lithium iron phosphate battery is formed of parallel connected ten lithium iron phosphate batteries to assemble battery units with 3.2 V and 200 AH of current. The voltage and current on ten lithium iron phosphate batteries is 3.2 V and 20 AH, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material film has thickness of 1-10 mu m. Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is conductive glass, stainless steel metal sheet or insulating material coated with conducting metal film. The carbon material is single-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, graphite powder or intermediate phase carbon microsphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The polythiophene film has thickness of 1-5 mu m. Preferred Components: The polythiophene derivative is poly(3-(1-12C)alkyl thiophene), poly(3-phenylthiophene), poly(3-ethanol group thiophene), poly(3,4-ethylene group dioxy thiophene) or poly(3,4-dimethyl thiophene). The thiophene derivative is 3-(1-12C) alkyl thiophene, 3-phenylthiophene, 3-ethanol group thiophene, 3,4-ethylene group dioxy thiophene or 3,4-dimethyl thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The optical component comprises e.g. semi-transparent glass, glass, cast glass, series of bundled optical fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optical component comprises e.g. polycarbonate, acrylic, semi-transparent plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The module further comprises an impact spreading layer above the thin glass layer, where the impact spreading layer comprises of an opaque polymer material removably adhered to the thin glass layer. The support layer comprises a mechanically stable glass cloth epoxy resin, laminated under high pressure, and epoxy laminate. Preferred Components: The thin glass layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 0.40, less than or equal to 0.30, less than or equal to 0.25, less than or equal to 0.17, or less than or equal to 0.15 mm, and the support layer comprises a fiber reinforced plastic, epoxy based woven fiber material. The support layer has a thickness that provides a bending radius less than a breaking radius for a reverse static load of 2400 pa, has a thickness of 700-1000, or 600-1100, or 750 mu , and has a Flexural Modulus of Elasticity (PSI) of 2650000-2750000, or 2690000-2710000, or 2650000-2750000 with a thickness of 700-1100 mu , or 2700000 with a thickness of 700-1000 mu .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting layers comprise a layer of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Composition: The solution is deposited by spin coating or printing. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Polymers (I) are disclosed e.g. poly(3-hexylbenzo(b)thiophene-2,6-diyl), poly(3-nonylbenzo(b)thiophene-2,6-diyl) of formula (Ia), poly(3-(2-cyclopentylethyl)benzo(b)thiophene-2, 6-diyl), poly(3-(3-cyclopentylpropyl)benzo(b)thiophene-2,6-diyl) and poly(3-(4-phenylbutyl)benzo(b)thiophene-2,6-diyl).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of N-bromosuccinimide (16.66 g, 93.6 mmole), 6-bromo-3-nonylbenzo(b)thiophene (26.47 g, 78 mmole), dichloromethane (75 ml), and acetic acid (1 ml) was stirred for overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was worked up to give 2,6-dibromo-3-nonylbenzo(b)thiophene (A). To a slurry of active zinc (6 g, 91.8 mmole) in tetrahydrofuran (60 ml) was added (A) (25.09 g, 60 mmole) in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml), and the mixture was refluxed for 3 hours, tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was added into the reaction mixture and worked up to give 6-bromo-3-nonyl-2-benzo(b)thienyl zinc bromide (B). To (B) (0.5 M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 120 ml, 60 mmole) was added Ni(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)chloride (94.2 mg, 0.18 mmol), and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 24 hours. The mixture was worked up to give poly(3-nonylbenzo(b)thiophene-2,6-diyl) (89%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of additive is 0.03-2 mass% in metal conversion with respect to total content of inorganic oxide containing lattice oxygen, cobalt and additive. The additive contains iron, chromium and/or manganese. The inorganic oxide containing lattice oxygen is perovskite type oxide or cerium containing oxide. The perovskite type oxide is strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution contains metal oxide fine particles which are silicon alkoxide compound. Preferred Parameters: The linear thermal expansion coefficient in 50-300 degrees C of metal oxide fine particles is less than or equal to 50 ppm/ degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The solution is coated on the surface after impregnating. A polymer is obtained by curing the porous PTFE and metal alkoxide compound. The gaps in the porous PTFE film are filled with the polymer. Preferred Components: The polymer contains a boron and a halogen element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heater is made of stainless steel or alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The locating pieces are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The receiver element and light transmission sheets comprise a material selected from group consisting of plastic, glass, and ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealed gas space is maintained in a sealed state by a sealing material comprising a material that is selected from a group consisting of epoxy materials, acrylate materials, butyl materials, polyurethane materials, polysulfide materials, acrylic materials and silicone materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic materials are selected from a group of monomers, oligomers, prepolymers of duroplasts, epoxy resins, phenol resins, (meth)acrylate resins and polyurethane resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic microparticle consists of silica. The porous base material contains carbon and has arithmetic mean deviation of surface roughness (Ra) of 5-20 mu m at surface. The amount of inorganic microparticle on the surface is 0.01-10 atomic% by silicon conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 4-10C olefin is 1-butene, 1-hexene and/or 1-octene. The silanes are vinyl trimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl-tris (2-methoxy-ethoxy)silane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane vinyldimethylethoxysilane and/or vinylmethyldibutoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The planar glass/glass-, glass/plastic- or plastic/plastic-laminate is flexible. The polyolefin is semi-crystalline. The polyolefin is a homopolymer, copolymer and/or terpolymer comprising 0-25 wt.% of ethylene, 0-95 wt.% of propene and/or 5-100 wt.% of 4-10C olefin. The melting viscosity of the crosslinked polyolefin is 1000-150000 mPas, which is determined by oscillating rheometry at 1 Hz, a deformation of up to 1% and at 190 degrees C. The softening point of the crosslinked polyolefin is 80-170 degrees C, as measured by ring and ball method. The thickness of the glass and/or plastic body is maximum 8 mm. The thickness of the intermediate layer made of one or more silane modified polyolefins is maximum 6.5 mm. The laminate comprises several layers. Preferred Process: The intermediate layer is applied in the form of solution or melt, by spraying, knife coating, spin coating, rolling and/or printing techniques. At least one of the modified polyolefins in the form of a polymer film is used for the production of the laminate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is authentic silicon. The semiconductor layer contains silicon and carbon. The gas containing nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, argon and/or helium, silicon and/or carbon, silane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6) or halogenated silane, ejected from a gas ejection opening is sprayed on the surface of substrate. The oxidant gas used in the manufacture of solar cell contains nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide and water, and nitridation gas contains ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent amorphous substrate is glass, resin or plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The number average molecular weight of vinyl polymer (B) is 1000-40000. The intrinsic viscosity of polyester is 0.6-1 dl/g. The terminal carboxy group concentration of polyester is 10-30 eq/T. The partial discharge inception voltage after 50 time passage of polyester film is 1000 eV or more at 121 degrees C and relative humidity of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer has oxazolane group and aromatic group in side chain. Preferred Property: The partial discharge inception voltage after 50 time passage of polyester film is 1000 eV or more at 121 degrees C and relative humidity of 100%. Preferred Composition: The polyester (A) has 80 mol% or more of ethylene terephthalate unit of all repeating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Modifier: The modifier is oxazoline compound of formula (A) or carbodiimide compound of formula (B).R1-R8=H or monovalent organic group;X=divalent organic group;n=0 or 1;R=H or 1-5C alkyl;andm=3-150. EXAMPLE - Transesterification of 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate, 6,6'-(ethylene dioxy)di-2-naphthoic acid and ethylene glycol was carried out in presence of titanium tetra-butoxide. Polycondensation was further carried out, and aromatic polyester was produced. The obtained polyester (100 mass parts) and 2,2'-bis(2-oxazoline) (1 mass parts) were mixed, extruded and heated to produce uniaxially stretched film. The film was laterally stretched and cooled to produce biaxially stretched film. The film had favorable hydrolysis resistance and temperature coefficient of expansion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The co-polyester resin composition contains 0.5-10 mass% of benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber having hindered phenol group of formula (A) with respect to co-polyester resin composition.R1=optionally branched 1-18C alkyl optionally having alicylic group or aromatic ring group in terminal or side chain;R2=H or methyl;andR3=branched 3-4C alkyl. EXAMPLE - 6,6'-(Ethylene dioxy)-di-2-naphthoic acid (in kg) (30), 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate (7.8) and ethylene glycol (25) were mixed, heated at 150 degrees C, reacted with trimellitic acid titanium (2.3 g) at 250 degrees C, to obtain transparent liquid. Then, trimethyl phosphate and ethylene glycol were added to the obtained liquid, polycondensed by heating at 250 degrees C and cooled, to obtain pellet of co-polyester. The obtained co-polyester, 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate and 2-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(8-heptylpentadecan-8-yl)-6-((2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(4-propylheptan-4-yl)phenyl)methyl)phenol were mixed, to obtain co-polyester resin composition. The biaxial oriented film formed using co-polyester resin composition had excellent light resistance, elasticity, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability with respect to temperature and humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber is cyclic imino ester compound of formula (A).Ra=p-phenylene, 4,4'-diphenylene or 2,2'-(2,6-naphtylene). EXAMPLE - 6,6'-(Ethylene dioxy)-di-2-naphthoic acid (in kg) (30), 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate (7.8) and ethylene glycol (25) were mixed, heated at 150 degrees C, reacted with trimellitic acid titanium (2.3 g) at 250 degrees C, to obtain transparent liquid. Then, trimethyl phosphate and ethylene glycol were added to the obtained liquid, polycondensed by heating at 250 degrees C and cooled, to obtain pellet of co-polyester. The obtained co-polyester, 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate and 2-(4-(4-oxo-2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one were mixed, to obtain co-polyester resin composition. The biaxial oriented film formed using co-polyester resin composition had excellent light resistance, elasticity, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability with respect to temperature and humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The memory records the still picture in accordance with JPEG standard, video in accordance with MPEG-4 standard, and audio in accordance with AMR standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfide type solid electrolyte consists of phosphorus sulfide, sulfuration silicon and germanium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector sheet consists of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti) and SUS.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lithium ion conductive binder consists of polyethyleneglycol or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film comprises polyolefin resin, polyvinyl chloride or these composite materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The anode comprises electrocatalyst selected from palladium, ruthenium, molybdenum and platinum. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises fuel in the liquid phase selected from formate salts, formic acid, methanol, borohydride salts, hydrazine, hydroxylamine salts, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methyl formate, and dimethyl ether. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises oxidant in the gas phase selected from oxygen, air, nitrous oxide, and chlorine. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises fuel in the gas phase selected from hydrogen, ammonia, methanol vapor, ethanol vapor, formic acid vapor and dimethyl ether. The multiphase reactant fluid comprises oxidant in the liquid phase selected from hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides, peroxides, peroxysalts, dioxiranes, nitric acid, nitromethane, ferric salts, ceric salts, vanadium salts, and permanganate salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The electrodes are formed using evaporation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition, low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), direct laser writing (DLW), sputtering, radio frequency magnetron sputtering, microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), nanoimprint, ion implantation, laser ablation, spray deposition, spray pyrolysis, spray coating, or plasma spraying. A non liquid electrolyte for an electrochemical cell using the electrode element is added. The non-liquid electrolyte is made using physical vapor deposition, laser deposition, centrifuge, spinning, microwave, thermal gradient, sintering, spray deposition, and chemical vapor deposition. Preferred Properties: The characteristics include intensive property including mass density, energy density, power density, composition, concentration, thermal/electronic/ionic conductivities, thermal/ionic diffusivities, maximum strain, ultimate strength, moduli, ductility, and plasticity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The first nanocomposite material is transition metal, oxide of metal, or Groups IA, IVA, VIA, and IIB. The second nanocomposite material is transition metal, oxide of metal, or Groups IA, VIII, IVA, VIA, In, IVB and VIIB.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte is ceramic, semiconductor, polymeric material, or any material in aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric based composite layer is made of material such as butyl benzene rubber, butyronitrile rubber, carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, carboxyl chioroprene rubber, epoxide, polysiloxane, chloro-ammine ester gum, urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive, phenolic-resin adhesive, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic resin and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The finishing tapes are made of polyethylene, polyphenylene ether, polyimide, polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, providing a fuel cell component including carbon and a surface with reactive groups on it involves providing a substrate having a coating containing carbon on it and exposing the component to atmospheric plasma to produce the active groups on the surface of the coating. The fuel cell component comprises a fuel cell bipolar plate having a coating on it, with provided that no low contact resistant metal is provided on the bipolar plate, and no gold is provided over the bipolar plate. The fuel cell component is a carbon composite bipolar plate. The fuel cell component comprises a diffusion media layer and where providing the fuel cell component (C1), exposing the diffusion media layer to an open-air plasma to create the active groups on a surface of the diffusion media layer. The fuel cell component comprises a bipolar plate having a reactant gas flow field defined in a face of it by several of lands and channels, and a coating deposited in the channels leaving the lands substantially uncoated, and where the carbon is part of the coating. The ionic polymer or a polymer including polar groups grafted to a surface of the diffusion media layer make the surface of the fuel diffusion media layer hydrophilic. Preferred Components: The coating comprises graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic groups comprise amine group and hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyethylenimine and polyvinyl alcohol. The coating comprises at least one of epoxies, silicones with graphite particles, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluro-elastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics or urethanes polymers (preferably epoxy). The coating further comprises polymer (preferably polyethylenimine) and electrically conductive filler particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The particulate is ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The particulate is a metallic powder, bead or ball (preferably ball bearing).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The particulate is a plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cells are coupled to the surface via an electrically non-conductive, thermally conductive adhesive comprising a thermally conductive epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crystalline flake graphite is 0.5-3 wt.% of the anode and cathode materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate relates to a copper foil or an aluminum foil having a thickness of 9-20 mu m. The film is 50-150 mu m thick in the coating process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode material comprises (wt.%) at least one of lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium iron phosphate and lithium manganite (90-95); conducting graphite (1-5); crystalline flake graphite (0.5-3); and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)(2-5). The cathode material comprises (wt.%) at least one of composite graphite, artificial graphite, natural graphite and modified natural graphite (90-95); conducting graphite (1-5); crystalline flake graphite (0.5-3); and PVDF (2-5), or mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (1-2) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) (1.5-3). Preferred Method: Before rolling, the single-sided film substrate is folded, or two layers of single-sided film substrates are overlapped on each other and then are rolled together. While being overlapped, the non-coated surfaces are opposite to each other, and the corresponding films should be aligned to each other at the same time. A roll squeezer is used in the rolling process, where a pressure is 10-100 Torr, a temperature is 5-40 degrees C and a rotation speed is 0.5-5 rpm. The method further includes cutting and forming processes after the rolling process. Preferred Parameters: The rolling technological parameters include a rolling speed of 4-6 m/minute, a compact density of 2-3.6 g/cm3 for the single-sided film pole piece of the anode, and a compact density is 1.2-1.5 g/cm3 for the single-sided film pole piece of the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total vanadium concentration in the vanadium ion flow battery electrolyte is 1-2.5 moles/L. The sulfuric acid concentration is 2-5 moles/L. The additive concentration is 1-7% of the total vanadium concentration. The metal salt is 1-7% of the total vanadium concentration. The soluble metal salt is a metal salt capable of improving hydrogen potential and/or oxygen evolution potential. The soluble metal salt is dihydrogen hexachloroiridate (Cl6Ir.2H), indium nitrate hydrate (In(NO3)3.4.5H2O), bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3.5H2O), cadmium sulfate octahydrate (3CdSO4.8H2O), cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd(NO3)2.4H2O), lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), stannous sulfate (SnSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), tantalum chloride (TaCl5), or antimony sulfate (Sb2(SO4)3). The hydrogen potential improving metal salt is one or more of salts of iridium (Ir), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), antimony (Sb), indium (In) and bismuth (Bi), soluble to the sulfuric acid line. The metal salt improving the oxygen evolution potential improving metal salt is one or more of salts of Pb, Sn, tantalum (Ta), Bi and cadmium (Cd), soluble to the sulfuric acid line. The mole ratio of vanadium trioxide and vanadium pentoxide is 3:1. The sulfuric acid concentration in the dense sulfuric acid is 6-8 moles/L. The alkali hydroxide is calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)). Preferred Parameters: The heating and stirring temperature is 80-90 degrees C. The pH value of adjusting the vanadium-containing solution is (- 0.6)-(- 1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is one or more of sodium sulfate, ethanol, glycerol, nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium fluosilicate, urea, and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A silicon inophragma is made from one of silicon, silicon dioxide and silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer film is one of polyethylene glycol terephthalate film, polyimide film and polycarbonate membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flexible sticking material is transparent ethylene-acetic acid vinyl ester material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible sticking material is polyvinyl butyral. The insulating plate is epoxy resin plate, and cover board is polyethylene glycol terephthalate or transparent polyvinyl fluoride composite film. The back plate is polyvinyl fluoride composite film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic material contains perfluoroalkoxy copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoromethylvinylether, fluoroethylene propylene, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrapolymer made of monomers of hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylfluoride and/or melt-processible tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass percent of carbon nanotube in nanometer lithium titanate composite is 0.1-10%.Preferred Properties: The particle size of nanometer lithium titanate composite is 30-500 nm; specific surface area is 1-50 m2/g; and tap density is 0.7-2.5 g/cm3.Preferred Components: The lithium compound is lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium acetate, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium nitrite, lithium oxalate, lithium chloride, lithium molybdate or lithium vanadate.The titanium compound is titanium dioxide, n-titanic acid, metatitanic acid, titanium trichloride, titanium tetrachloride, tetrabutyl titanate, titanic acid n-propyl ester, tetraisopropyl titanate, diacetone titanium oxide or titanic acid coupler.The doping element compound is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, manganese, zirconium, niobium, chromium, tin and tungsten, or rare earth element compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complexing agent is citric acid, malic acid, dihydroxysuccinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, glycin, EDTA, sucrose or glucose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adjuvant is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, Triton S-100 (RTM: polyethylene glycol tert octylphenyl ether), polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, octadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive base or substrate is made of conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conductive base or substrate is made of stainless steel metal sheet or insulating material coated with conductive metal thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aprotic organic solvent is methyl cyanide, acetone, carbonic ether, imidazole ionic liquid or ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is polypyrrole, poly(1-1-7C alkyl pyrrole), poly(3-1-8C8 alkyl pyrrole), polythiophene, poly(3-1-12C alkyl thiophene), poly(3-phenyl thiophene), poly(3-ethanol thiophene), poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene) or poly(3,4-dimethoxy thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass component comprises (mol%) silicon oxide (5-60), bismuth oxide (8-80), aluminum oxide (5-10), boron oxide (3-10), alkali metal oxide (2-20), alkaline earth metal oxide (2-8), quadrivalent element oxide from titanium or zirconium (1-3), and pentavalent oxide from phosphorus or niobium (1-7); silicon oxide (5-80), bismuth oxide (10-65), barium oxide (1-25), zinc oxide (2-12), boron oxide (1-15), vanadium oxide (2-10) and alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal oxide (1-8); or silicon oxide (5-70), bismuth oxide (10-60), boron oxide (1-15), vanadium oxide (2-15), and alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal oxide (1-6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises (wt.%) organic resin (1-10) from rosin, phenolic resin, alkyd resin, ethylene cellulose or nitrocellulose; organic solvent (10-85) from pine oil, terpineol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetic ester, pimelin ketone, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether or ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; and organic additive (1-20) from thixotropic agent, penetrant, surface active agent, flatting agent, flatting agent or anti-settling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Generator: In the movable solar energy high temperature methane generator, the high strength PVC radiating pipe is in external connection with the solar energy heat collector; the hot water generated by the solar energy heat collector can radiate heat to the methane generator by the radiating pipe; so the temperature in the methane generator keeps at 54 degrees C; so the methane can be used in all the year round; there is rated fermentation material entering the methane generator from the feeding port in each day; when the methane in the methane generator displayed by the gas pressure meter is 1,500pa; so it can be pumped by the vacuum pump connected with the outer side; the reserves of the methane generator are provided with the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor at the heights of 83.3% and 85.9%; when the height of the methane liquid is 85.9%, the first sensor will send out the signal; the slurry-pumping pump mounted at the bottom of the methane generator rotates so as to drain the methane dregs; as the drainage of the methane dregs, the height of the liquid surface in the methane generator reduces continuously; when it reduces to 83.3%, the second sensor sends out the signal; the slurry-pumping pump stops working; the quality and the volume in the liquid of the current methane generator are steady; so the methane generator can generate the gas steadily.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The latter conductive material is made from aluminum, silver, gold, copper, zinc, nickel and chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The triazine-type ultraviolet absorber is of formula (A). The benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber is of formula (B).R1=linear or branched 1-17C alkyl optionally having alicyclic group in the terminal;R2,R'2,R3,R'3=H or methyl;andn=2-8. EXAMPLE - 6,6'-(Ethylene dioxy)-di-2-naphthoic acid (in kg) (30), 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate (7.8) and ethylene glycol (25) were mixed, heated at 150 degrees C, reacted with trimellitic acid titanium (2.3 g) at 250 degrees C, to obtain transparent liquid. Then, trimethyl phosphate and ethylene glycol were added to the obtained liquid, polycondensed by heating at 250 degrees C and cooled, to obtain pellet of copolyester. The obtained copolyester, 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate and 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-(hexyloxy)phenol were mixed, to obtain copolyester resin composition. The biaxial oriented film formed using copolyester resin composition had excellent light resistance, elasticity, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability with respect to temperature and humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid substance is phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paste composition further contains carbon fiber. Preferred Component: The non-polymer type fluorine material is fluorinated pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy further contains titanium (0.001-0.05), zinc (0.0001-0.01) and/or gallium (0.0001-0.01). Preferred Properties: The thickness of the aluminum foil layer is 7-120 mu m. The primary synthetic resin film layer contains polyethylene-terephthalate film having thickness of 50-300 mu m. The secondary synthetic resin film layer contains polyethylene-terephthalate film and/or ethylene trifluoro ethylene film having thickness of 20-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate has a base layer (2) having thickness of 10-50 nm and containing hexagonal group compound. The base layer is non-electroconductive zinc oxide film. The crystallinity improvement process is orientation processing. The average value of corrugation of channel shape of surface of substrate formed by orientation processing is 5-30 nm. Preferred Film: The transparent conductive film and base layer comprise aluminum, gallium, indium, titanium, nickel, silicon, zirconium and/or vanadium. The base layer consists of alignment film. The alignment film consists of polyimide and metal nanoparticle, preferably zinc oxide nanoparticle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer comprises aluminum, titanium, chromium, and their alloy, preferably aluminum. The carbon-containing layer contains a carbon material and a binder. The catalyst layer contains a conductive polymer or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The composite strip material has a thickness of 0.05-0.5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfaces of composite strip material is coated with an insulator (7). The insulator is polyethylene terephthalate or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte contains phosphorus, silicon and boron, and lithium and sulfur. The positive electrode compound material contains polymer coated solid electrolyte and positive electrode active material. The negative electrode compound material contains polymer coated solid electrolyte and negative electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each solar cell string includes Group IB-IIIA-VIA thin film solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The support material is a transparent polymeric material. The first and second protective sheets include moisture barrier flexible polymeric film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support material is a transparent polymeric material. Preferred Component: The protective sheets include one of a moisture barrier flexible polymeric film and glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The p-type and n-type side electrode insulating members are made of polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An electron-absorbing ability of p-type silicon and electron-donor capability of n-type silicon are utilized in same manner as design of silicon diode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The prepreg further comprises liner sheet covering each of the opposed major surfaces of prepreg (8,10), where the surface of the liner sheet contacting the resin layer is outwardly embossed and forms an array of channels (24) when the embossed surface is pressed into the resin surface. The fully impregnated prepreg comprises a matrix resin material as sole resin material, or sandwich structure of two or more resin layers, in which at least two outermost layers of resin (a) forms the surface of resin material and central layer of resin (b) having a viscosity lower than the layer of resin (a). Preferred Properties: The surface(s) of the resin material has a storage modulus of 3x 105-1x 108 Pa, preferably 1x 106-1x 107 Pa, more preferably 2x 106-4x 106 Pa, loss modulus of 2x 106-1x 108 Pa, preferably 5x 106-1x 107 Pa, more preferably 7x 106-9x 106 Pa, complex viscosity of 5x 105 -1x 107 Pa.second, preferably 7.5x 105-1x 108 Pa.second, more preferably 1x 106-2x 106 Pa.second and viscosity of 5-30 Pa.second, preferably 10-25 Pa.second at 80 degrees C. The surface(s) of the resin material has a phase angle ( delta ) between complex modulus and storage modulus, where the value of phase angle ( delta ) increases by at least 25 degrees , preferably 25-70 degrees , more preferably 35-65 degrees , over a temperature range of 10-25 degrees C, or value of not more than 70 degrees at at least one temperature within the range 12.5-25 degrees C. The resin (b) has a storage modulus of 1x 103 to less than 3x 105 Pa and/or loss modulus of 1x 104 to less than 2x 106 Pa, and complex viscosity of 1x 103 to less than 5x 105 Pa.second. The resin (b) has phase angle ( delta ) which is more than 70 degrees at 10-25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar module has an absorbing layer consisting of crystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon. An emitter layer consists of hydrogen limited amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon. A buffer layer is made of intrinsic amorphous silicon. An insulation layer is made silicon oxide. A conductive layer is made of transparent conductive oxide or molybdenum. Reflection and anti-reflection layers are made of silicon nitride. The contact systems are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The shell is made from stainless steel materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat conducting films (6) are high-temperature Teflon (RTM: PTFE) films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum or silver. The transparent cover layer consists of inorganic materials of titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover layer consists of organic materials of N,N,N',N' tetrakis (4-methoxyphenyl)-benzidine or tris (8-hydroxy-quinolinato)-aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymers are poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) and/or the transparent conductive oxides are aluminum doped zinc oxides, tin doped indium oxide or, fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radiation absorbs are also made of inorganic material including titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The cover plate is made of glass, doped with cerium, particularly glasses, borosilicate glasses or soda lime glasses. The secondary optics has an internal coating made of TiOx, SnOx or ZnOx-layers on a carrier layer or a carrier substrate made of silver or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radiation absorbs are made of an organic material or inorganic material, where the organic material is selected from oxanilides, benzotriazoles, benzophenones, hydroxyphenyltriazine, sterically hindered amines or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A connecting layer, particularly lamination or adhesive layer is arranged between the cover plate and the primary optics. The connecting layer is made of ethylene, polyvinyl butyral, acrylate-based adhesive layer or hot-melt adhesives such as polyamides, polyethylene, amorphous polyalphaolefin, polyester elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, copolyamide elastomers, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl acetate copolymers or polyester, polyurethane, epoxy, silicone or vinyl ester resins. The secondary optics is made of a transparent material, particularly inorganic glass, organic glass or a transparent polymer. A coating for optical coupling is arranged between the secondary optics and the solar cell, where the coating is made of silicone or a transparent polymer, particularly organic-inorganic hybrid polymers. The primary optics is made of micro-replicated Fresnel lenses or optical based lenses on Fresnel principle element of thermoplastics, thermosets, thermoplastic elastomers and elastomers, particularly silicone resins, polymethyl methacrylate, acrylic lacquers, polyurethane paints or varnishes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber and organic peroxide is 90:10-10:90. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H or chlorine;and    R2,R3=1-20C alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol of formula (I) and/or 2-(5-chloro-2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol are specifically claimed as the benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of the lithium compound, iron salt, phosphate, carbon precursor and dopant is 1:x:1-x:1, where x is 0.9-1. The addition amount of the carbon precursor is calculated using 5-20 g of carbon with respect to 1 mol of ferric source. The lithium compound is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxalate or lithium acetate. The iron salt is iron sesquioxide and/or iron phosphate. The phosphate salt is triammonium phosphate or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. The dopant is magnesium, manganese, cobalt or nickel oxide. Preferred Process: The ball milling is performed for 2-10 hours at a speed of 200-800 rpm. The heating is performed at 400-750 degrees C for 2-10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The surfactant is polyethylene glycol, Tween (RTM: surfactant) or ethoxylate surfactant (AEO). The carbon precursor is sucrose, glucose, carbon black, starch or gelatin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The impregnating latex is dried at 50-200 degrees C. The flow field board is put into an impregnating tank vacuumized to 0.001-0.05 MPa and the latex is fed into the tank through a feeding valve and a pipe until the latex is higher than the flow board. The feeding valve is closed and the vacuum in the tank is maintained. The material storage tank is pressurized to 0.2-1 MPa for 0.1-4 hours using an air compressor after the impregnation process. The impregnated board is heated to 150-200 degrees C in 1 hour, insulated for 0.1-5 hours and continuously heated to 300-400 degrees C in the muffle and insulated for 0.1-2 hours. The air compressor is connected to the impregnating tank through an air inlet valve. Preferred Composition: The latex contains 60 mass% of PTFE polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The top covering board and the metal housing are made from magnesium-aluminum alloy. The air film is made from fluorothene material. The wiring box main body and the box body covering board are made from polyester polyphenylene oxide (PPO) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The method for preparing the two-phase polymer electrolyte film for lithium ion battery comprises: (a) adding water to the polyvinyl alcohol; heating the reactor and churning until it is dissolved completely; (b) setting the temperature of the reactor at 30-90 degrees C; adding the polar monomer to the reactor; adding the initiator to carry out the polymerization to obtain the polymer colloidal emulsion; (c) coating the prepared polymer colloidal emulsion on the base band; peeling off after drying to obtain the two-phase polymer film; and (d) vacuum drying the two-phase polymer film obtained in (c) at 60-120 degrees C; dipping in the electrolyte to activate; obtaining the two-phase polymer electrolyte film. Preferred Composition: The materials of the polymerization comprise 100 pts.wt. of polyvinyl alcohol, 50-300 pts.wt. of main polar monomer, and 0.1-5 pts.wt. of initiator. The polymerization system is added with the assistant polar monomers that are less than 50 pts.wt. of the total composition. Preferred Parameters: The degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol is 1700-2400. The hydrolyzing degree is 50-99. Preferred Components: The main polar monomer is the monomers with formula of CH2=CR1R2. The assistant polar monomers are compounds with formula of CH2=CR1R3. The initiator is redox initiation system comprising ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, hydogen peroxide, or azo(isobutylamidine).R1=H or CH3;R2=-COO-(CH2-CH2-O)m-CH2; andR3=-CN, -COOCH2CH2-, -COOCOOCH2CH2CH2CH3, -COOLi, -CH2COOLi, -COO(CH2)6SO3Li, or -CONH-C(CH3)2-CH2-SO3Li; where m=1-23.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The macromolecular binder is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regeneration cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and sulfonation-EPDM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bismuth tungsten oxide-nanometer fiber cloth is obtained by preparing titanium oxide precursor sol by stirring and mixing titanium oxide precursor sol containing 2-10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 11-22% acetic acid, 5-45% tetrabutyl titanate and remainder of ethane, mixing obtained precursor sol into static electricity spinning device such that precursor is injected outside of injecting device in form of titanium oxide nanometer line at normal temperature, obtaining fiber cloth containing titanium oxide precursor nanometer line using receiving device, roasting at 500 degrees C for 2 hours, preparing bismuth tungsten oxide precursor containing bismuth ion salt and tungsten ion salt by ethane thermal synthesis method, mixing bismuth tungsten oxide precursor and titanium oxide nanometer fiber cloth in mass ratio of 2000:1-40:1, performing ethane thermal reaction at 100-200 degrees C such that bismuth tungsten oxide nanometer particles form nanometer sheets growing at tungsten oxide precursor fiber cloth to form multi-stage heterostructure. The ethane thermal reaction is carried out for 5-24 hours. Preferred Property: The nanometer sheet has side length of 50-200 nm and thickness of 10-40 nm. The intercrossed titanium oxide fiber cloth or zinc oxide fiber cloth is 100-500 nm. The bismuth tungsten oxide nanometer particles having grain size of 10-40 nm. Preferred Compounds: The bismuth ion salt is nitrate, oxalate or citrate. The tungsten ion salt is sodium salt or ammonium salt. The polyol is ethane, glycol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flame-retardant agent is magnesium hydroxide. The surface modifying agent is silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base resin is ethylene-methacrylate copolymer or ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer, both having a fusion index of 1-7 g/10 minutes. The copolymer contains (mass%) butyl acrylate (14-33), and methacrylate (14-33). The functional polyolefin resin is ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer grafted by maleic anhydride, polyolefin elastomer grafted by maleic anhydride, or high-density polyethylene grafted by maleic anhydride. The antioxidant is pentaerythritol-tetra-(3-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate). The crosslinking sensitizer is triallyl isocyanurate, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, or an organosilicon resin. The lubricant is calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, or polyethylene wax. Preferred Method: The acidification treatment of the silane coupling agent includes adding 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (8-10 g) and anhydrous alcohol (50-200 g) into the silane coupling agent (100 kg), and then placing for acidification treatment. The double-screw extruding and pelletizing machine has four temperature sections which are a feeding section temperature of 130 degrees C, an extruding section temperature of 150 degrees C, an extruding and pelletizing section temperature of 160 degrees C, and a head part temperature of 165 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery locking apparatus is made of elastomer, and includes a coil spring which is used for opening the battery case at a touch of the button.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate consists of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, acrylic, stainless steel and aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Distilled water is used to prepare the hydrogel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The sheet of material further comprises metallic layer, where metal of metallic layer is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogel is a lightly crosslinked, partially neutralized polyacrylic acid; a superabsorbent polymer; acrylic or acrylic derivative polymer crosslinked by polyamine crosslinking agent; or polyacrylate of sodium or potassium. The container is fabricated of a sheet of material comprising a heat-bondable polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stretchable membrane is made of fiber reinforced polymer selected from glass fiber reinforced polymer or carbon fiber reinforced polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The Ionomer contains groups of carbonic acids, which are partly neutralized with metal ions selected from a group of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermally interlaced ionomere is selected from a group of ionomere copolymers from ethylene and an alpha-beta-unsaturated carbonic acid or a carbonic acid anhydride of carbonic acid polymer e.g. ethyl Methacrylic acid polymer. The female mold consists of a fluoro-polymer or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin particle (90 weight% or more) eliminates heat within one hour when heated to 100-350 degrees C. The polyoxyalkylene resin contains polyoxypropylene (5 weight% or more). The heat resistant resin is polyamide or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The container (a) is in cylindrical shape, and the container (b) is in ring shape surrounding the side of the container (a). The sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet has a portion which is surrounded by desulfurization catalyst, and is extended from the outside of the container (a) to the sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet. The nature inlet tube of burning material has a portion which is surrounded by combustion catalyst, and is extended from the outside of the container (b) to the nature inlet tube of burning material. The sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet and de-sulfurized liquid fuel discharge port are formed in upper surface of container (a). The fuel cell electric power generation system further has a pressurization feed pump which pressurizes and discharges sulfur-containing liquid fuel to the sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet, a pressure control valve provided downstream more than the de-sulfurized liquid fuel discharge port, a de-sulfurized liquid fuel tank in which de-sulfurized liquid fuel discharged from the desulfurizer is stored, and a gaseous-phase exit piping extended in container (b) from the gaseous-phase portion of the de-sulfurized liquid fuel tank. Preferred Process: The container (a) is detachably attached to the container (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The flexographic printing plate has a relief image formed using laser engraving technique.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains inorganic type microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The module has a positioning clamping plate and a protective clamping plate made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The content of upper anti-sticking agent layer is preferably 5-10 mass%. The content of middle layer is 75-90 mass%. The content of lower anti-sticking agent layer is 5-15 mass%. Preferred Process: The transverse stretching procedure is performed in hot forming air duct using wind field with average air pressure and average temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium dioxide nanoparticles have diameter of 2-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene is 60C or 70C fullerene. The photocatalyst is provided as an aqueous suspension. Preferred Process: The method further involves spraying the suspension on the surface. The irradiation comprises exposure of the photocatalyst to sunlight, or visible or ultraviolet lamp.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyhydroxyfullerene has carbon cage comprising 60C, 70C or 80C. The conjugated polymer is polythiophene, substituted polythiophene, polyvinylenephenylene substituted polyvinylenephenylene, polybenzothiadiazole, substituted polybenzothiadiazole, polypyrrole, substituted polypyrrole and their regular or random copolymers. The organic semiconductor further comprises p-channel conducting polymers. Preferred Properties: The weight loss on heating the dry polyhydroxyfullerene of the photocatalyst to a temperature of 10000 degrees C is less than 60 weight%. The weight ratio of polyhydroxyfullerene and titanium dioxide nanoparticles is 0.001-0.003.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The matrix resin material is epoxy resin of polyester resin. The fiber laying layer is glass fiber laying layer or carbon fiber laying layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A diameter of titanium dioxide line is 0.2-5 mu m. The zinc oxide nano crystal grain has shape of nano rod with diameter of 100-300 nm and length of 1-5 mu m, or nano plate with thickness of 100-300 nm and diameter of 1-3 mu m. The thickness of composite film material is 20-100 mu m. The titanium halide is titanium tetrachloride. The water-soluble zinc salt is zinc acetate, zinc nitrate or zinc chloride. A thickness of electrospun film is 10-80 mu m. Preferred Process: The heating step is carried out at 50-200 degrees C for 2-24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: A spinning operating distance of electrostatic spinning equipment is 3-10 cm, and operating voltage is 5-25 kV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanate is tetrabutyl titanate, tetraethyl titanate or tetraisopropyl titanate. The citrate is sodium citrate, potassium citrate or ammonium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The framework is made of fiber reinforced polymer such as glass fiber reinforced polymer and Kevlar (RTM: Para-aramid synthetic fiber) and carbon reinforced polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a glass substrate. The substrate comprises soda lime glass. The coated article comprises at least two layers of differing refractive indices, where the coating forms one of the at least two layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of mixing the photomonomer with the titanium alkoxide further includes mixing a silane. The step of mixing the photomonomer with the titanium alkoxide further includes mixing at least one solvent. The method further involves the step of forming a high-index layer, a low-index layer, or a medium-index layer between the layer and the substrate. The method further involves the step of curing and/or firing the layer at 550-700 degrees C for 1-10 minutes. Preferred Components: The titanium alkoxide comprises titanium tetra n-butoxide. The silica comprises 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The at least one solvent comprises n-propanol and methyl ethyl ketone. The mixture comprises titanium alkoxide (10 wt.%). EXAMPLE - Radur 401 UV (RTM: UV-curable monomer mixture) (6 g) was mixed with titanium tetra n-butoxide (0.6 m), n-propanol (2 g), and methyl ethyl ketone (1 g) to form a stable titania precursor formulation. Concentration expressed in terms of titanium dioxide for this formulation was 1.47 wt.%. The resulting formulation was moderately viscous and particularly suitable for spin-coating and spray-coating processes to produce coatings. This spin-coating formulation was applied within minutes after it was prepared to soda lime glass substrates by spin coating method at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds. Coating was cured at room temperature by exposure to UV radiation, then fired at 625 degrees C for 4 minutes to form a titania coating. The refractive index of the titania coating was measured to be 2.01 at 550 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The powder eluted by hydrolysis is alkaline compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron-accepting inorganic substance is zinc oxide pigment. The electron-donating organic material is phthalocyanine-type pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The region other than intermediate layer in the base material contains short circuit prevention material. The electronic conductor is a water-retention material. The hydrogen oxidizing catalyst and proton reduction catalyst is chosen from palladium, platinum, iridium, copper, silver, gold, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, silicon, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, hafnium, tantalum, niobium, cerium and/or their alloy supported by electroconductive support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-precious metal is selected from manganese, chromium, cerium, molybdenum, iron, niobium, silicon, titanium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The tube of the heat exchange tank is made of aluminum, copper, gold, iron, lead, silver, titanium, magnesium, zinc, their alloys, preferably copper or alloys of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid includes oils, fuels, gases and/or preferably water of all grades and types. The water is tap water, hard water, soft water, mineral water, dematerialized water, filtered water, steam-distilled water, salt water, fresh water, and/or distilled water which have antifreeze added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support element is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rear wall is made of simply processed and robust plastic from mass production such as polypropylene, PVC, polyurethane, and polyethylene, and high temperature resistant mass plastic such as polycarbonate or polyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide or a fiber-reinforced plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound is metal alkoxide. The concentration of metallic compound is 0.01-20% in metallic element conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solute stabilizer is glycol ether. The organic solvent contains ethyl cellulose and/or terpineol. The weight ratio of ethyl cellulose and terpineol in the organic solvent is 0.1/99.9-20/80. The concentration of solute stabilizer is 0.01-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The platinum compound is hexachloro platinum (IV) acid hexahydrate. The concentration of platinum compound in the composition is 0.01-10% by platinum conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent contains two types of ethylcellulose and terpineol in a weight ratio of 0.1/99.9-20/80.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adherence improving agent has one or more sulfo groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anion component of adherence improving agent is dopant of conductive polymer. The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline and its derivative(s), polythiophene and its derivative(s) and polypyrrole and its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is of formula: (R1)m-M1-(OR2)4-m or Al-(OR3)3.R1-R3=1-8C organic group, M1=silicon, zirconium or titanium, m=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The macromolecule material is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin, propylene resin, polyethylene resin or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The semiconductor silicon film layer has thickness of 235-450 nm. The gap between the semiconductor silicon film layers is 150-650 micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The package material is colored transparent polyvinyl butyral film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shell, the rotatable column and the reflecting plate are made of material resistant to natural corrosion such as aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The swing beam has rectangular hollow cross section and reinforcing structures placed in the two opposite walls of rectangular hollow cross section. Each reinforcing structure is placed between the internal layer and the external layer of the swing beam. The internal layer is defined to face the interface of the hollow portion of the hollow cross section. The external layer defines the external surface of the swing beam. The swing beam is made from glass fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: At least one resin layer contains thermosetting resin. The prefabricated component comprises at least 20 fiber layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fiber: At least portion of fibers are carbon fibers. The fiber is provided in the form of fiber strand. The fibers are basically distributed in parallel in each fiber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anti-static double-layer air cushion film comprises pentaerythritol film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The environment-friendly organic solvent is butyl acetate, methoxyl butyl acetate or ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate. The delustering agent is silicon dioxide with treated surface. The drying agent is dibutyltin dilaurate and/or zinc naphthenate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The wear resistant and dirt resistant auxiliary agent is polysiloxane compound and modified polyethylene wax. The UV stabilizer is compound of aniline ethane diacid UV absorbent and hindered amine light stabilizer. The dispersant is compound of polyamino acid and alkanolamine. The flatting agent is obtained by mixing polyurethane modified polyether with modified polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high molecular material is polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic modules are formed of amorphous silicon on a polymer substrate; or formed of a copper indium gallium selenide thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The membrane comprises a fabric (i.e., polyester vinyl), where a shape of the membrane is compensated for stretching based on stretching characteristics of the fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device has an outer metal mesh made of steel, and an inner metal mesh made of aluminum and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of organic medium is 8-24 wt.% of the total composition. The organic solvent comprises diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate (carbitol acetate), dibasic ester and/or 11C ketone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polyester is sputtered with indium tin oxide or tin oxide. Preferred Components: The amount of phenoxy resin is 2.2-5.9 wt.% of the total composition. The ratio of silver to phenoxy resin is 13:1-35:1. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of (in wt.%): flaked silver (81.55); organic medium (comprising phenoxy resin (23)/solvent (77)) (15.53); and carbitol acetate solvent (2.92).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell has intermediate layer having several proton conductive pores between catalyst layers. The intermediate layer contains mixture of hydrophilic material. The hydrophilic material is inorganic material chosen from fine powder of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and aluminosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst portion comprises platinum, carbon, and/or conductive polymer. The metal particles comprise titanium particles, tungsten particles, and/or nickel particles. The metal particles are joined through an electroconductive joining material comprising tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: Water-absorptive layer (I) consists of silicon-oxide films.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent is phosphoric acid or phosphoric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water-absorptive layers are formed using a solution obtained by dissolving a non-ion type polymer water-absorbing resin in an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melt flow rate and density of resin composition for sealing material of solar cell element are measured according to JISK7210 and JISK7112 standards, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conjugate contains semiconducting polymer and acceptor material. The acceptor material is 61C fullerene derivative or 71C fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The dibromo group-containing thiophene compound of formula (a) and benzo-thiophene compound of formula (b) are reacted with N,N-dimethylformamide and toluene in presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, to obtain semiconducting polymer of formula (c). Preferred Polymer: The semiconducting polymer is of formula (4).R=polyfluoroalkyl, polychloroalkyl or ester, preferably CpF2p+1 or -COOCqH2q+1;p,x,n=1-12;q=1-30;R1=alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy, preferably CnH2n+1;andm=integer. Preferred Definitions:    W'=F or H;    X1,X2=CH2 or O;    Y1,Y2=S;    Z=CnF2n+1 or CnH2n+1, preferably -COOR";    R"=alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, or CmF2m+1, preferably C8H17, or group of formula (2 or 3), more preferably group of formula (3);    R1,R2=C7H15 or group of formula (3);    m=1-30;and    n=1-12.    EXAMPLE - 2'-Methyltetradecyl-4,6-dibromothieno(3,4-b)thiophene-2-carboxylate (in mg) (276) was added into a round-bottom flask, 2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene (331) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (25) were added under argon atmosphere, reacted, anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (2 ml) and anhydrous toluene (8 ml) were added, and polymerization reaction was carried out at 120 degrees C for 24 hours. The resulting raw product was collected by precipitating in methanol, the precipitate was dissolved in chloroform, and the metal catalyst was removed, to obtain semiconducting polymer of formula (A). The obtained polymer was precipitated in hexane and dried under vacuum condition for 12 hours, to obtain purified polymer.    n=1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent body is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst used for the multilayer membrane electrode manufacturing is cathode catalyst, which is selected from platinum-rubidium or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used for the multilayer membrane electrode manufacturing is selected from water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol or glycerol propanetriol. The rich hollow carbon powder used for the multilayer membrane electrode manufacturing is acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic agent used for the multilayer membrane electrode manufacturing is polytetrafluoroethylene. The proton exchange membrane used for the multilayer membrane electrode manufacturing is Nafion (RTM: perfluorinated sulfonate resin film) membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fan is provided with a blade that is made of glass fiber reinforced plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The granularity of the powder is 0.5-5 microns. Preferred Component: The inorganic binder is a low-melting point metal powder e.g. tin powder. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of magnesium-aluminum alloy powder to aluminum powder is 1:1-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, dibutyl phthalate and/or lecithin. Preferred Composition: The organic binder is a transparent glue solution containing (in weight%) ethyl cellulose (1-6), terpineol (20-50) and additives (40-60), such that the total amount is 100 weight%. The grinding aid used for forming aluminum paste is zinc stearate (0.1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell sheet is adhered by ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) glue film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: (Claimed) Compound (1) is prepared by homopolymerizing compound of formula (2) in presence of tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or toluene as solvent and azobisisobutyronitrile and benzoyl peroxide as initiators, and controlling reaction temperature to 60-90 degrees C and reaction time to 6-20 hours; or copolymerizing compound of formula (2) and comonomer which may be styrene or methacrylate such as methyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate in presence of tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or toluene as solvent and azobisisobutyronitrile and benzoyl peroxide as initiators, and controlling reaction temperature to 60-90 degrees C and reaction time to 6-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is selected from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon-based polymer is selected from polyether ether ketone, polyacetal, polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, poly aryl ether ketone or polyarylsulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode is indium tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, carbon nanotubes or high conductivity polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The enclosures as well as the pipes and couplers of the reservoirs of the solar shower are preferably formed of polymer e.g. polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, or of other materials such as plastic, composite, metal, alloy, or combinations thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copolymerizable compound comprises a binding moiety capable of reacting with the biomass or activated biomass to be incorporated in the structure of the hydrothermal hybrid material, where the binding moiety is an amino group, a carbonyl group, a phenolic hydroxyl group or a carbon-carbon double bond. The copolymerizable compound further comprises at least one functional moiety including carboxyl, anhydride, phosphonate, sulfonic acid, sulfonate, imide, cyano, hydroxyl, guanidino, heterocyclic groups, amido, 8-24C alkyl and 8-24C alkylene groups, mono- to pentaethyleneglycol groups, or aromatic groups. The copolymerizable compound is a petrochemical compound. The copolymerizable compound is (meth)acrylic acid, maleic anhydride, maleic imide derivatives, acrylamidoalkyl sulfonic acid or its salt, vinylphosphonate, glycine, taurine, phenols, acrylonitrile, dicyanamide and its salts, histidine, arginine, cationic peptides, vinylimidazole, vinylpyridine, alkanolamine, dialkanolamine, unsaturated fatty acids and fats, 8-24C aldehydes, 8-24C ketones and 8-24C amines, or H2N(C2H4O)xH, H(OH4C2)xNH(C2H4O)yH.x, y=1-5.Preferred Method: The method further comprises separating the hydrothermal hybrid material from the obtained mixture. EXAMPLE - Glucose (6 g) was dissolved in water (24 g). Acrylic acid (0.3 g) (i.e. 5 wt.% acrylic acid in terms of glucose) was added to obtain a reaction mixture. An autoclave was charged with the reaction mixture and heated to 200 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction was terminated by quenching. Coal-like hybrid material (3 g) was obtained. The material contained 63 wt.% carbon. It was hydrophilic and had a strong ion-binding ability. An analysis of the water phase separated from the product did not show any amount of acrylic add. Consequently, the acrylic acid had been incorporated completely in the structure of the coal-like hybrid material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: The material is in form of a powder comprising crystals with diameter of 2-200 (preferably 5-100) mu m. Preferred Cell: In the solar cell, the semiconductor material is coated with a thin film of CdS. The cell additionally comprises conductive front contact and conductive rear contact. The conductive front contact comprises organic or inorganic materials, in particular from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate), nanotubes, indium-tin-oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide; and the rear contact comprises graphite, molybdenum, gold, silver, copper or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The semiconductor material (I) is obtained by a method in which the semiconductor material is created in a melt, or isothermal re-crystallization from the melt. Preferred Process: The process involves mixing CuSe(S), ZnSe(S), CdSe(S) and SnSe(S) precursor compounds with each other in a first process step; milling the obtained mixture; degassing the resultant mixture; and heating the mixture in an enclosed unit at 400-900 (preferably 450-850, especially 500-800) degrees C. The stoichiometric ratio of the precursor compounds in the mixing step is selected in such a way that penternary or hexanary material of formula Cu2Zn1-xCdxSn(Se1-ySy)4 is obtained. The heating step is performed over a period of 10 seconds to 100 hours (preferably 10 minutes to 10 hours, especially 10 minutes to 2 hours). The semiconductor material is manufactured in the presence of an inert gas. Preferred Definitions:    M1=metals of group 11 in the periodic table of the elements;    M2 and M3=elements of the 12th group of the periodic table of the elements;    C1 and C2=chalcogenides;    M4=metal from the 4th main group of the periodic table of the elements, preferably Sn.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic additives comprise carbonyl compounds, including aldehydes, ethers, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, acid anhydride, enones, hydroperoxides, carbonate esters, and metal carbonyls. The organic additives further comprise liquids and solids including formic acid, formate ions, or metal formates, carbonate or bicarbonate ions, metal carbonates, formaldehyde, oxalic acid, oxalate and acid oxalate ions, metal oxalates, acetic acid, acetates, alcohols, and carboxyl compounds. The organic additives are solutions of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen carbide, and carbon monoxide in water or sulfuric acid. They further comprise lead, sulfur, oxygen, and/or hydrogen, and other organic groups and radicals. The additives are preferably furfuryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The additives are resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dissimilar material comprises 2 or more synthetic resin nonwoven fabrics containing different material, synthetic resin film containing dissimilar material, or metal film containing dissimilar material. The vapor of autoclave or high-pressure-steam kettle is water vapor, or vapor of organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of number of recess portion on the surface of to-be-treated material which has nominal diameter of 200-1000 nm with respect to total number of recess portion is 60% or more. The surface of to-be-treated material which is corrugated is light incidence surface of optical device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of projection area of organic dye particles projected on to-be-treated material from the etching direction with respect to the surface area of to-be-treated material is 5-60%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The binder resin has glass transition temperature of 50 degrees C or less. The polymer film mask is supported is by support on one surface with adhesive force of 5 N/10 mm or less at 25 degrees C. Preferred Composition: A thermoplastic resin is present below 15 mu m in thickness between poly film mask and support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modifier molecule is a cation having 2 or more ammonium groups connected with the group (a). The ammonium group is primary or secondary ammonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The group (a) is 2-4C hydrocarbon group. The amino group is primary or secondary group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The perfluorocarbon electrolyte polymer and the cation are connected, when one or more ammonium groups on the cation have an ionic bond. Preferred Property: The anionically conductive electrolyte resin has ion-exchange capacity of 0.5 meq/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flexible composite foil has electrically conductive layer foil chosen from titanium foil, tin foil and zinc foil, preferably titanium foil. The support material layer foil is chosen from iron foil, iron alloy foil, steel foil, aluminium foil, copper alloy foil, brass foil, copper-nickel foil, nickel foil, silver foil, nickel silver foil and iron-nickel foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate, preferably polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The source of the activated carbon includes member selected from wood, cotton linters, peat, coal, coconut, lignite, carbohydrates, petroleum pitch, petroleum coke, coal tar pitch, fruit pits, nut shells, nut pits, sawdust, wood flour, carbon black, graphite, acetylene-based materials, synthetic polymer, and/or natural polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer is applied by painting, spraying or wiping a composition comprising the catalyst onto one facial surface of the first PO layer. The catalyst layer is a film comprising a catalyst homogeneously distributed within the film. The first and second PO layers comprise a polyolefin grafted with an alkoxysilane group, and the film of the catalyst layer comprises the same polyolefin as that in the first and second PO layers except without the alkoxysilane groups. The first and second PO layers comprise a silane copolymer. The first and second PO layers comprise a polyolefin grafted with an alkoxysilane group, and each comprises an ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer that has, before grafting, a density of less than 0.91 g/cm3 and a melt index less than 75 g/10 minutes. The catalyst layer also comprises an ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer that has, before grafting, a density of less than 0.91 g/cm3 and a melt index of less than 75 g/10 minutes. The catalyst layer comprises a Lewis or Bronsted acid or base. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer comprises a metal or a metal alloy comprising copper, silver, gold, tin, cobalt, rhenium, nickel, zinc, lead, palladium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium nitride, titanium tungsten, tantalum nitride, and nickel vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron conductor layer comprises titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bifunctional ligand layer includes a cephalosporin-based antibiotic. It comprises compounds of formulae (1)-(3).R1, R2=one or more of 31 groups, e.g. formulae (a)-(e).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hole conductor comprises a conductive polymer that includes compounds of formulae (A) and (B) as repeating units.R=absent or alkyl; andm=6-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell consists of a hole conductor, an electron conductor including a group III nitride based material, and a quantum dot comprising copper oxide, formed between the hole conductor and electron conductor. The group III nitride based material is aluminum gallium nitride or indium gallium nitride. The primary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising aluminum gallium nitride, and copper oxide-based quantum dots. The secondary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising aluminum gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride, and gallium nitride, titanium oxide or zinc oxide, and quantum dots which are compositionally or dimensionally different from the quantum dots of primary quantum dot solar cell. The tertiary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising indium gallium nitride, and quantum dots. The quantum dots of secondary quantum dot solar cell and tertiary quantum dot solar cell are formed using indium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide, copper oxide, copper indium selenide and/or copper indium gallium selenide. The aluminum content of the secondary quantum dot solar cell is different than the aluminum content of the primary quantum dot solar cell and the indium content of the secondary quantum dot solar cell is different than the indium content of the tertiary quantum dot solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hole conductor comprises poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(3-dodecylthiophene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-co-N-(4-(3-methyl propyl)-diphenylamine), poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-2-methoxy-5,2-ethylhexyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The volatilization unit is connected to a condensation unit used for condensing steam of water vapor and water, which are volatilized. The manufacturing apparatus further has a liquid squeezing unit for pressurizing mixed material before processing in volatilization unit. The ground material is obtained by pulverizing biomass in water medium. The ground material and organic solvent are mixed and supplied in form of suspension to injection unit. The volatilization unit has a throttle valve (25) for adjusting atmosphere to high pressure rather than saturated vapor pressure, and a suction pressure unit for setting atmosphere to low pressure rather than atmospheric pressure. The mixing unit has a cylinder provided in upstream of injection unit and downstream of extraction unit, and a screw carrying out axial rotation inside the cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves using two or more types of poor solvent respectively and separately. Preferred Solvent: One of poor solvent is water. Preferred Properties: The electrolyte polymer has high solubility with respect to poor solvent other than water. The quantity of poor solvent other than water is 0.2-1.5 times the good solvent of electrolyte polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electride contains host having 2a group element, 3a group element and oxygen. The electroconductive substance is n-type semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The p-type semiconductor is organic semiconductor, preferably polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive ink further contains a hydrophobic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Anti-diffusion layers made of metal or transition metal like titanium, palladium or chromium, are also provided in the photoactive component. The photoactive component is provided on a substrate through a base contact, where the substrate is made of glass, aluminum foil or steel. The base contact is made of metal for example aluminum or silver, and a conductive polymer for example polyethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDT-PSS) or a transparent conductive oxide such as aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or combinations of metal, conductive polymer or transparent conductive oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photoactive component includes a material in form of hole transport layer (HTL) for conducting positive charge, electron transport layer (ETL) for conducting electrons, active layer for absorbing photons or exciton blocking layer (EBL) for preventing exciton. The photoactive component is provided on a substrate through a basic contact, where the substrate is also made of textile material or plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is a mixture of epoxy propane-butyl ether and glycol ether. The thixotroic agent is organic bentonite, coupling agent is gamma -glycidyl propyl trimethoxysilane or gamma -amino propyl triethoxysilance, the separating agent is deuchem 923S, and the foam killer is deuchem 6800. Preparation (Claimed): The non-solvent antiseptic coating is prepared by preparing former component through mixing epoxy resin (E51) and epoxy resin (E44) in epoxy propane-butyl ether, glycol ether solvent, gamma -glycidyl propyl trimethoxysilane or gamma -amino propyl triethoxysilance, deuchem 923S, and foam killer in a separation kettle. The resultant is stirred and 1.0-1.6 wt.% of organic bentonite, talcum powder, sericite powder, titanium powder and carbon black are also added in the kettle. The latter component is prepared by mixing uniformly firming agent 1085 and 810. The both components are mixed uniformly to prepare the desired non-solvent antiseptic coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive bottom layer is a conductive glass having a surface, which is provided with fluorine-doped stannic oxide film or fluorine-doped indium tin oxide film. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of conductive bottom layer is 0.5-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The particle diameter of metal oxide particle is 1-100, preferably 1-50 nm. The particle diameter of semiconductor particle is 20-50, preferably 20-30 nm. The ratio of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particle to metal oxide particle is 1:50-3:10. The thickness of semiconductor layer is 6-20 mu m. Preferred Component: The semiconductor particles are TiO2 particles, silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) particles, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) particles, hafnium oxide (HfO2) particles, strontium oxide (SrO) particles, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) particles, chromium (Cr2O3) particles, MoO3 particles, magnesium oxide particles, scandium oxide (Sc2O3) particles, samarium oxide (Sm2O3) particles, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) particles, SrTiO3 particles, zinc sulfide particles, lead sulfide particles, and/or cadmium sulfide particles. Preferred Method: The step of forming a semiconductor layer comprises contacting semiconductor particles with metal oxide particles at 300-800 degrees C for 0.2-5 hours, in the presence of dispersants, to obtain precursor solution; coating precursor solution on the conductive bottom layer; and sintering to obtain semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dye layer includes photosensitization dyes selected from ruthenium polypyridine coordination compound, porphyrin coordination compound, phthalocyanine coordination compound, and/or non-metal organic dyes. The dispersant is selected from polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acetylacetone, OP emulsifying agent, and/or dodecyl sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal gate electrode is made of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, peptide, zinc, tin, iron and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder is formed by mixing (mass %) glass powder (20-40) with an average grain size of 0.8-3 um, and glass powder (60-80) with an average grain size of 3-10 um. The glass powder is formed by mixing (mass %) glass powder (20-40) with an average grain size of 0.8-2 um, glass powder (40-75) with an average grain size of 2-5 um, and glass powder (5-20) with an average grain size of 5-10 um. Preferred Component: The glass powder comprises bismuth oxide (B2O3)-silicon dioxide (SiO2)-lead oxide series glass, lead-free B2O3-SiO2-zinc oxide (ZnO)-B2O3 series glass, and oxide additives. The oxide additive is magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, and/or ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises an organic solvent including alpha -terpineol, carbitol, tributyl citrate, lecithin, and/or diethylene glycol diethylether. The additive comprises surfactant, thixotropic agent, sintering aids, sticking preventing agent, dispersant, and defoamer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises a polymer including ethylene cellulose, acrylic resin, nitrocellulose, or phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic mantle is of cellular polyurethane with an isocyanate base. The elastic granules are of Vulkollan (RTM) polyurethane elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface float of the generator can be formed of Hypalon (RTM: chlorosulfonated polyethylene synthetic rubber).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane of the reservoir of the energy storage system can be made from polymer material e.g. high density polyethylene, of type known for swimming pools.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst component comprises the compound containing platinum, palladium, or other transition metal, which can catalyze hydrosilylation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer is trimethyl chlorosilane, dimethyl dichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, vinyl dimethylchloridesitane, methyl vinyldichloridesitane, divinyl methyl chlorosilane, triethylene chloro-silicane, ethyl vinyl dichloro-silane, or vinyl trichloro silane. The hydrogen-containing silane and chloro-silicane are trimethyl chlorosilane, dimethyl dichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, dimethyl chlorosilane, methyl dichloresilane, ethyl dichloresilane, propyl dichloresilane, or trichlorosilane. The organic siloxane ring is hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane, octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, octophenyl cyclotetrasiloxane, tetramethyl tetraphenyl cyclotetrasiloxane, or decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane. The solvent is benzene, methylbenzene, or dimethylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The trapping agent is alkaline earth metal oxide or metal sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin layer contains resin containing polyethylene type polymer, polypropylene polymer and/or copolymer of aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid, aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic ester and/or ethylene and vinyl acetate. Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet contains multilayered structures and has resin layer at main surface. Preferred Process: The trapping agent is dispersed in resin. The trapping agent is coated on main surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic cells are bonded directly to the backing sheet. The photovoltaic cells are encased in an encapsulant that is not pigmented.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second outer layer comprises: perfluorinated polyethers; and at least one white opacifying agent. (I) further comprises fluorescent whitening material. The second outer layer comprises white pigmented EVA. The EVA has a vinyl acetate content of 2-8 wt.%. EXAMPLE - An adhesive formulation (comprised of polyester adhesive blend (600 parts by weight), methylethyl ketone (100 parts by weight) and toluene (100 parts by weight)) was applied to the first outer layer of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) using a comma coater. The adhesive was controlled to 9 grams per square meter dry. The coated first outer layer was then dried to remove the solvent. A layer of polyethylene terephthalate having a thickness of 2 mils was then laminated to the PVF. The resulting intermediate laminate was then reprocessed according to the above process and laminated to a second outer layer of ethylene vinyl acetate (comprised of 5.5 wt.% of titanium dioxide pigment, and was substantially opaque to UV light) having a vinyl acetate content of thickness of 4 mils to obtain a laminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Laminate: The laminate (L1) comprises a metal oxide layer between the PP, PA or PET film and the melam layer, where the adhesion is at least 2.5 N/inch after retort. In the laminate (L2), the plastic film further comprises a metal or metal oxide layer; and a coating layer with a high modulus or low expansion coefficient subjected to 85% relative humidity (RH). Preferred Layer: The melam layer has a thickness of 10-200 nm and the layer contains melam and melamine in a ratio (wt./wt.) melam/melamine of greater than or equal to 3 to less than or equal to 20. Preferred Process: The processes involve the use of a unit to preclude decomposition of the melam. The melam is heated to 310-390 degrees C and the melam to melamine ratio (wt./wt.) is less than or equal to 50:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light-emitting coloring layer contains barium sulfate. Preferred Film: The light-shielding coloring layer is white film or black film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The crosslinked material (a) of polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol is obtained by crosslinking polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol using an isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The acrylic-type copolymer with ultraviolet-ray stability group, ultraviolet-ray absorptive group and/or cycloalkyl group is obtained by reacting acrylic-type copolymer having hydroxyl group with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. Preferred Compound: The modified polyvinyl alcohol is polyvinyl butyral and/or polyvinyl acetal. Preferred Group: The ultraviolet-ray stability group and ultraviolet-ray absorptive group is chosen from hindered amine group, benzotriazole group and/or benzophenone group. Preferred Properties: The light-emitting coloring layer has light transmittance at wavelength of 350 nm of 1% or less. The weather-resistance polyester-type resin layer has strength retention at 85 degrees C, relative humidity of 85% and after 3000 hours of 50% or more. Preferred Composition: The gas barrier property layer contains polyester-type resin or polyethylene naphthalate resin. Preferred Component: The solar cell back-sheet has 2 or more gas barrier property layers, and an easy bonding layer containing polyolefin-type resin. The solar cell back-sheet comprises other film at interlayer of light-emitting coloring layer, gas barrier property layer and/or weather-resistance polyester-type resin layer. The solar cell back-sheet has light-emitting coloring layer, gas barrier property layer, weather-resistance polyester-type resin layer and an inorganic thin film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol are cross-linked using isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The modified polyvinyl alcohol is polyvinyl butyral and/or polyvinyl acetal. The acrylic copolymer preferably contains amine group, benzotriazole group and/or benzophenone group. The acrylic copolymer is obtained by reacting hydroxyl group with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The light-shielding polyolefin-type a resin coloring layer is white film or black film having light transmittance of 1% or less at wavelength of 350 nm and containing transparent polyolefin-type resin layer containing pigment chosen from titanium oxide, barium sulfate and carbon black. The gas barrier layer contains polyester-type resin or polyethylene naphthalate resin. The weather-resistant coating layer has strength retention of 50% or more at 85 degrees C and relative humidity of 85% for 3000 hours. The solar cell back sheet further contains polyester-type resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon powder is carbon black, activated carbon and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound is red phosphorus, phosphate ester, condensed-phosphoric-acid ester and/or polyphosphate. The flame retardant is processed by surface treating agent. The surface treating agent is higher fatty acid, titanate-coupling agent, silane-coupling agent, aluminate-coupling agent and/or alcohol phosphate ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silicone is silicone resin, silicone grease and/or silicone rubber. The synthetic resin is polystyrene-type resin or polyamide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The area of pn junction of the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor is preferably 1 mu m3 to 300 mu m2 or less. Preferred Composition: The active layer contains polymer compound and fullerene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of niobium phosphate further comprises washing a compound obtained by second step with water, and drying a resulting product (S4). Preferred Component: The compound obtained in first step, in manufacture of niobium phosphate, is niobium oxide having a volume averaged particle size as measured by dynamic light scattering method of 0.9-12 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chelating agent is 3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione. The niobium compound is niobium ethoxide. The solvent is methanol and/or ethanol. EXAMPLE - A methanol (200 ml) was charged into a beaker, and niobium ethoxide (2510 mu l), in nitrogen atmosphere, was introduced into the beaker. A resulting mass was agitated for 30 minutes, and 3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione (4650 mu l) was introduced into the beaker. After lapse of three hours as from the start of agitation, 1 M nitric acid (3000 mu l) was introduced into the beaker. After lapse of 15 hours as from the start of agitation, the agitation was discontinued and methanol in beaker was dried at 80 degrees C on a hot plate. After the end of drying, a niobium phosphate precursor left in beaker was recovered and had 2.1 nm particle size.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An i-type semiconductor layer is provided between p-type semiconductor layer and n-type semiconductor layer. The p-type dopant is magnesium or zinc, and n-type dopant is compound containing silicon or silicon. The indium-nitride-gallium is of formula: InxGa1-xN, where x is more than 0.2 to less than 1, preferably more than 0.6 to less than 1. The substrate is an insulating substrate or conductive substrate with electroconductive layer provided on the surface. The conductive substrate and electroconductive layer contains aluminum, iron, nickel, tin, copper, silver, platinum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, chromium and/or tungsten. The insulating substrate contains resin, plastics, glass, and/or ceramics. The light-permeable electrode contains indium-tin oxide, indium oxide zinc, oxidized aluminum zinc and/or gallium oxide zinc. The manufacture method of solar cell involves using indium-gallium composite salt particles which contains composite salt chosen from hydroxide, oxide, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, phosphate, citrate and/or sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin contains ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro alkoxy alkane and/or perfluoroethylene-propene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The surface layer polyester film is a laminate of 2 sheets of polyester film . Preferred Properties: The particle size of cerium oxide is 0.5-10 mu m. The thickness of backsheet is 150-400 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of ink is 1-20 mass%. The polyethylene film of backlayer has ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The diaphragm is polyimide thin-film or compound thin-film composed of the laminated polyimide film and polyolefin film layer. The polyolefin film is polyethylene and/or polypropylene film(s). The electrolyte is mixed solution of electrolyte lithium salt and organic solvent. The electrolyte lithium salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium halogenate, lithium chloroaluminate, lithium fluoroalkyl and lithium fluorosulfonate. The organic solvent is chosen from methyl-carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone and sultone. The conductive agent is chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, carbon fiber, conductive graphite and furnace black. Preferred Composition: The anode material further comprises conductive agent (1-15 weight parts, with respect to 100 weight part lithium iron phosphate). Preferred Properties: The thickness ratio of polyimide film and polyolefin film is 1:0.6-1.3. The diaphragm has porosity of 10-60 volume%, average aperture of 60-120 nm and thickness of 15-25 microns. The wetting angle of diaphragm with respect to electrolyte is 2-12 degrees . The diameter (d50) of the lithium iron phosphate grain is 2-12 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cells are made of high-efficiency monocrystal and polycrystal silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The encapsulating layer is made of thermoplastic resin. The layer made of flexible plastic material is a layer of polycarbonate. A reinforcing layer made of flexible plastic material is a layer of polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The stack further comprises a metal pad interposed between the polymer film and conductive adhesive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal pad is made of a material comprising gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive adhesive layer comprises an adhesive epoxy, and metal powder and/or metal wire. The polymer film is made of a flexible material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The adhesive comprises synthetic resin and electrically conductive component. The synthetic resin comprises epoxy resin that is activated by light and a 2K-epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves reaction of 2-phenylhydroquinone (PHQ) with 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN) in presence of toluene to give a poly(arylene ether) compound of formula (II); sulfonification of the compound (II) in presence of chlorosulfonic acid and methylene chloride to give (I) (where X is benzonitrile-2,6-diyl). Preferred Polymers: In the polymer (I), the -SO3H group is in para position for monomer units in which m is 1. The polymer (I) has number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1000-1000000 (preferably 5000-500000). Preferred Definitions:    R=H.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum precursor is hexahydrate of hexachloroplatinic acid, ammonia salt of tetrachloroplatinous acid, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate or platinum acetylacetonate. The electroconductive carrier is metallic ore.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The spinnable polymer material is polyvinylpyrrolidone. Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of spinnable polymer material and platinum in precursor in the matrix is 1:1-3:1. The nanofiber has diameter of 10-600 nm and length of 30-900 mu m. The platinum nanofibers in the nanofiber structure has specific surface of 1 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The transducer has the functional layer and an organic layer containing an electron donor or an electron-accepting compound. The functional layer further contains an electron-accepting compound or an electron donor, and fullerene derivative. The ratio of fullerene derivative in functional layer is 10-100 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer contains fluorene-containing repeating unit of formula (3a or 3b). Preferred Definitions:    R=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The energy plant has vertical frame-like/plate-like elements and cross-beams made of plastic such as fiber-reinforced plastic and glass-fiber reinforced plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The contact angle of water on the surface of micro-pattern is 110 degrees or more. Preferred Component: The fluororesin is tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene-type copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether)-type copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/ethylene-type copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride or polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The storage room base and the upper cover are made of glass, or ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The storage room base and the upper cover are made of silicon. The solid hydride fuel comprises sodium tetrahydroboride, lithium borohydride, or other boron hydrides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The storage room base and the upper cover are made of tetrafluoroethylene, or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic strips are connected through one or more conductors in a predefined manner, which is a series and/or parallel arrangement. The optical vees comprise a molded polymeric material. The reflective layer comprises a layer of solid blocks of a reflective material. The reflective surface comprises a polished sheet of a reflective material. The reflective layer comprises a sandwiched foil comprising a foil of a reflective material between two sheets. The optical vees comprise a reflection-enhancing layer to enhance the reflectivity of the optical vees. The transparent member is sealed with the base substrate along a peripheral region of the base substrate, and coated with an anti-reflective coating to reduce loss of incident solar energy incident on the apparatus. The optical vees are hollow, solid and made of a material consisting of glass, a plastic, ethyl vinyl acetate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyvinyl butyral, a silicone, an acrylic, a polycarbonate, a metal, a metallic alloy, a metal compound or a ceramic. The concentrating means comprises a molded polymeric material. The system further comprises: a dicer for dicing a semiconductor wafer to form the photovoltaic strips; a molder for molding a polymeric material to form the optical vees; a depositor for depositing a reflective material over the optical vees to form the reflective layer; a tool for machining solid blocks of a reflective material to form the optical vees; and a polisher for polishing the solid blocks to form the reflective surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating layer is silica glass formed by sol gel process. The fluorescent material is europium complex. Preferred Properties: When the wavelength conversion film is arranged on the light-receiving surface of the photovoltaic cell, the refractive index of the coating layer and the refractive index of the dispersion medium resin are 1.5-2.1. The refractive index of nth transparent layer from the light-incidence side is less than or equal to the refractive index of n+1 transparent layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic thixotrophic agent is bentonite or silica. The conductive metal material is silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diluent is chosen from ( alpha )-terpinol, texanol, dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, cyclohexane, hexane, toluene, benzylalcohol, dioxane, diethyleneglycol, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, and diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive paste composition comprises (in weight%) binder resin (1-10), diluent (5-25), conductive metal material (60-90), glass frit (1-10), and inorganic thixotrophic agent (0.1-5), and further comprises dispersant (0.1-5), and additive. The binder resin is cellulose-based compound or acrylic resin-based compound. The additive is chosen from photosensitizer, polymerization initiator, defoaming agent, leveling agent and organic thixotrophic agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst has electroconductive carrier where metal complex is carried. The electroconductive carrier is carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar comonomer units are selected from vinyl carboxylate esters, acrylates and alkylacrylates, olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids, acrylic acid and alkylacrylic acid derivatives, and vinyl ethers. The polar comonomer units are selected from 1-6C-alkyl acrylates, 1-6C-alkyl methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl acetate. The polar comonomer units comprise methyl acrylate and/or methyl alkyl acrylate. The silanol condensation catalyst is sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The olefin copolymer is ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion device has protective layers (P1,P2) containing aramid resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin, polyether sulfone resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, or polyimide resin. At least one of the surfaces of the sealing layers (A,B) is provided with a conductive layer. An inorganic insulating layer is provided at least one of between the photoelectric conversion element group and structure components (a,b). The sealing layers (A,B) have symmetrical layer structures with respect to the photoelectric conversion element group. The organic resins (164,174) contain thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin. The fibrous materials (162,172) are poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber, polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, polyethylene fiber, aramid fiber, polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole fiber, glass fiber, or carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal salt comprises lithium triflate, lithium perchlorate or tetra alkyl ammonium salt. The reflective layer comprises one of silver and aluminum thin film coatings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathodic electrochromic material consists of methyl viologen, ethyl viologen, benzyl viologen, heptyl viologen and/or propyl viologen. The anodic electrochromic material consists of dimethylphenazine, N,N',N,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and/or phenylene diamine. The solvent comprises propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrochromic solution comprises polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and/or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material is selected from glass, metal, metallic alloy, metal compound and ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material is selected from ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material is plastic, thermoplastic poly-urethane (TPU), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), silicone, acrylic or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reflective layer or surface comprises a reflective material, particularly a polished sheet of reflective material; or a sandwiched foil comprising a foil of a reflective material between two sheets.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The optical vees and concentrating element comprise a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inert gas is air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and/or chlorodifluoro methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer is mixed by mixing heated polymer with a blowing agent consisting of azodicarbonamide, 1,1'-azobisformamide, oxy-bis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide) and/or methylal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foamed polymer is chosen from poly( alpha )olefin, polyurethane, modified silicone polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, polyethylene, polypropylene, blends of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber and polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate and butyl, preferably poly( alpha )olefin and polyurethane. The poly( alpha )olefin is terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and 1-butene or copolymer of propylene and 1-butene. The poly( alpha )olefin is silane grafted or maleic anhydride grafted. The foamed polymer contains pigment, filler, catalyst, plasticizer, biocide, flame retardant, antioxidant, surfactant and/or adhesion promoter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of electron accepting compound in the functional layer is 10-1000 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the polymer. Alternately, the transducer contains functional layer and organic layer provided between a pair of electrodes. The organic layer contains the electron accepting compound and the functional layer contains the polymer. The electron accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has repeating unit of formula (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The solid electrolyte has a film thickness of 50 nm to 5 mu m, an ionic conductivity of 1x 10-6 S/cm or more, and a BET specific surface area of 10 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polyalkyleneglycol is polyethyleneglycol and/or polypropyleneglycol. The lithium salt is lithium acetate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide, and/or lithium pentafluoroethanesulfonimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The metal oxide polymer block consists of a repeating unit of formula: -R1bM-O-.R1=1-5C alkyl or alkenyl;andb=0-2.The content of metal atom coupled with the monovalent organic group (R1) among the metal atoms contained in the copolymer is 5-90%. The copolymer contains silicon. The weight ratio of metal oxide polymer block and organic polymer block is 90:10-20:80. Preferred Property: The mean molecular weight of the organic polymer block is 100-2000. Preferred Method: The copolymer is obtained by reacting polyalkyleneglycol with the product produced by polycondensation of metal oxide(s) of formula: R1bM(OR2)c(OH)a-b-c.R2=1-8C lower alkyl;a=valence of M;c=0 or more;andc=0-(a-b).The metal oxide polymer is obtained by polycondensation of metal oxide(s) produced by hydrolysis of metal alkoxide(s) of formula: R1bM(OR2)a-b.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inert gas is air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and/or chlorodifluoromethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The foamed polymer further contains pigment, filler, catalyst, plasticizer, biocide, flame retardant, antioxidant, surfactant and/or adhesion promoter. The blowing agent is azodicarbonamide, 1,1'-azobisformamide, oxybisbenzene sulfonyl hydrazide and/or methylal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The foamed polymer is chosen from poly- alpha -olefin, polyurethane, modified silicone polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, polyethylene, polypropylene, blend of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, ethyl vinyl acetate and/or butyl, preferably poly- alpha -olefin, terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and 1-butene, or polyurethane. The poly- alpha -olefin is copolymer of propylene and 1-butene and is silane grafted or maleic anhydride grafted. The polymer is foamed by mixing a heated polymer with a blowing agent or inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises separating the first oil from the cellulosic portion before catalytically cracking cellulose in the cellulosic portion; and hydrocracking the first oil and the second oil, to produce hydrocracked product. It further comprises catalytically cracking cellulose in the cellulosic residue, together with the first bio-oil and an acidic or basic catalyst, to produce second bio-oil comprising aromatics. The method further comprises providing a system for separating the first oil from the cellulosic portion and for providing the first oil for mild hydrocracking or isomerization; and catalytically cracking protein, nucleic acid, lignin or other non-cellulosic carbohydrate, and/or non-triglyceride lipid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
EXAMPLE - A 5,5'-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzo-2,2'-dithiophene (103.17 mg) was added (mg) with 4,4'-dihexadecyl-5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-dithiophene (154.58), tri-o-tolylphosphine (5) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (4), mixed, added with anhydrous dichlorobenzene (2 ml), and mixed to obtain poly(55'-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)-benzo(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophene).
EXAMPLE - A solution of 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (1 g), bis(pinacolato)diboron (2 g), palladium chloride (500 mg), and potassium acetate (2 g) in degassed 1,4-dioxane (10 ml) was stirred at 80 degrees C for overnight, added with water for quenching, and washed with ethyl acetate (30 ml) for 3 times to obtain organic layer. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuum to yield a dark red solid. The solid was purified with silica gel chromatography by 3% ethyl acetate in hexane to give the desired compound as a pink solid, and recrystallized for four times from ethanol to obtain 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) colorless crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective layer is oxides, nitrides, or oxynitrides of elements comprising silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, bismuth and tantalum. The physicochemical characteristic varies depending on the thickness including density, stoichiometry, crystallization rate, nature of crystalline phase, impurity or by doping. The physicochemical characteristic varies with the thickness in a continuous way. The protective layer is obtained by plasma chemical vapor deposition. The thickness of the protective layer is 50 nm to 5 micrometer. The substrate is plane or curved glass, metal or rigid plastic material. The thickness of the silver layer is 5-500 nm. The protective layer is last layer stack. Preferred Process: The process comprises deposition of at least one protective layer by modified plasma chemical vapor deposition during the deposition of the pressure inside the deposit and/or power and/or nature of the precursors. The process comprises deposition of at least one protective layer by cathodic spraying, preferably assisted by a magnetic field by varying the deposition during one or more of magnitudes i.e. pressure inside the deposit and power. EXAMPLE - Glass substrate was introduced in a deposition chamber. The glass substrate was coated with a layer of silver deposited by a conventionally silvering technique for reducing chemically silver salts in solution. The thickness of the layer was 80 nm. Protective layer was a nitride of hydrogen silicone. The precursors were mixed with the protective layer diluted in a mixture nitrogen/hydrogen. The deposition was carried out in four stages at a layer temperature of ambient temperature and worked up to obtain the material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte region is obtained by sulfonating an aromatic portion of formula (a). The polymeric principal chain is obtained by polymerizing aromatic portions of formulae (2,3). The aromatic portion of formula (2) is obtained by reacting aromatic-ring-containing portion of formula: -Y'-(-Ar(-B'-G)-Y'-)s- and aromatic portion of formula (4). The aromatic-ring-containing portion of formula: -Y'-(-Ar(-B'-G)-Y'-)s- is obtained by reacting aromatic-ring-containing portion of formula: -Y'-(-Ar(-B')-Y'-)s- and aromatic portion (a). Aromatic portion (a) is preferably of formula (a1), more preferably of formula (a2). The sulfonic acid group is introduced into aromatic portion (a2), and the ion-exchange capacity is 4-5 meq/g. The principal is an aromatic polymer including a polyethersulfone structure.A=coupling group chosen from -O-, -S-, and -NH-;R5,R6=H, 6-30C aryl, substituted aryl, or aryloxy;o=1-4;l=1-50;a',b',d'=1-5;andr=1-3.Preferred Method: The polyelectrolyte is obtained by reacting aromatic portion (a), or aromatic portion (a) and Ar', with aromatic portion of formula (5), and then sulfonating. Aromatic portion (5) is obtained by polymerizing aromatic portion (4) and aromatic-ring-containing portion of formula: -(-Ar(-OR)-Y'-)s-, and then reacting with Ar'after deprotection.B"=hydroxyl, -O-Ar'-, -CO-Ar'-, or -SO2-Ar';andR=hydroxy protective group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal used for metal deposition layer includes aluminum and a metal selected among silver and chrome.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Urethane is used in the protective film for coating the metal deposition layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery module box is made of acrylonitrile butadiene and styrene engineering plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass powder includes diboron trioxide-silicon oxide-lead oxide (B2O3-SiO3-PbO) series glass, lead-free bismuth oxide-silicon dioxide-zinc oxide-diboron trioxide (Bi2O3-SiO2-ZnO-B2O3) series glass and oxide additive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum powder has average grain size of 2-10 mu m. Preferred Components: The oxide additive is magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), vanadium oxide (V2O5) or ZnO. The functional additive is surfactant, thixotropic agent, sintering promoter, sticking preventing agent, dispersant or defoaming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier comprises polymer and organic solvent. The organic solvent is terpineol, carbitol, tributyl citrate, lecithin, tributyl citrate or diethylene glycol diethylether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is ethylcellulose, acrylic resin, nitrocellulose, or phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive thin-film is made of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or aluminum doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first medium of photovoltaic module is plastic, glass, acrylic, or transparent polymeric material, where second medium is air and vacuum. The polymeric material is ethyl vinyl acetate, poly vinyl butyrate, silicone, thermoplastic poly-urethane, acrylic, polycarbonate, or synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filler comprises silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and/or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heat-curable silicone resin is of formula R1Si(OR2)b(OH)cO(4-a-b-c)/2.R1=1-20C organic groups;R2=1-4C organic groups;a=0.8-1.5;b=0-0.3;andc=0.001-1.0.Provided that a+b+c=0.8-2. Preferred Ratio: The ratio of triazine derivative epoxy resin and acid anhydride is such that a molar ratio of epoxy groups within triazine derivative epoxy resin divided by acid anhydride groups within acid anhydride is 0.6-2.0. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver is sodium nitrate or sodium chloride. The adhesive is clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite coal (pts. wt.): plant waste (40-60), household garbage combustible (20-30), coal gangue (10-20), combustion improver (5-10) and adhesive (5-10). Preferred Components: The plant waste comprises straws of crops, chaff, leaves and branches trimmed from trees. The city household garbage combustible comprises waste plastic blocks, waste cloth blocks, rubber blocks, wastepaper and leaves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Calcium carbonate is also added in the base material for solidifying case of polystyrene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A mixture of epoxy resin and calcium carbonate is added in the base material for solidifying case of polystyrene. The base layer is made of a heat insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The bonding agent is removed under vacuum or protection by inert gases during preparation of the silicon ingot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Silicon powder or small silicon ingots are dissolved in ethanol during preparation of the silicon ingot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: A bonding agent chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral and polyethylene glycol is used in preparation of the silicon ingot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the method; first of all a first layer of adhesive is applied to the reinforcement before applying the photovoltaic cells to it, which are then covered with a second layer of adhesive and a protective layer; for the first and second layers of adhesive, a film of ethylene vinyl acetate (4) is used; and for the protective layer, a polytetrafluoroethylene film is used. The photovoltaic cells are applied in the form of films. The photovoltaic cells are applied by lamination on the reinforcement, where the lamination is carried out at 120-180 degrees C for 10-20 minutes under vacuum. The photovoltaic cells are adhesively bonded to the reinforcement. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heat insulating layer is made of Teflon (RTM: Polytetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The face film is a three layer film having the outer layers made of polyolefin and the inner layer made of styrene-containing polymer, where all the layers comprise a styrene-containing polymer. The styrene-containing polymer is polystyrene or a copolymer of styrene. The thickness of the face film is less than 70 mu m. The face film shrinks less than 1% at a temperature lower than 71 degrees C and shrinks more than 50% at 200-400 degrees C in at least one direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye-sensitized solar cell preparation kit further contains sealing material of electrolyte solution and a tape-shaped metal terminal. The electrolyte solution contains aliphatic quaternary ammonium ion (0.05-5 M) of formula: R14-N+(-R11)(-R13)-R12, imidazolium-ion (0.05-5 M) of formula (I) and iodide ion (0.1-10 M) which are dissolved in an organic solvent. The electrolyte solution contains triiodide ion (less than 1 mol%) with respect to iodide ion.R11-R14,R21,R22=1-20C aliphatic.Preferred Arrangement: The semiconductor fine particle layer is provided in the center region of surface of conductive substrate of photo electrode material, and the electroconductive oxidation reduction catalyst layer is provided in the center region of surface of conductive substrate of counter electrode material. The edge except the center region of the surface of the substrate provided with the semiconductor fine particle layer, and the edge except the center region of the surface of substrate provided with the electroconductive oxidation reduction catalyst layer are adhered on tape which seals the dripped electrolyte solution while bonding the photo-electrode material and counter electrode member material together. The tape (7) which has adhesiveness on both surface seals the electric charge carrier layer which consists of electrolysis solution. An elongate metal terminal is connected to the transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat storage unit has the thermal medium made of ethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition further contains aluminum oxide, cadmium sulfide, zirconium oxide, calcium phosphate, titanium dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide and/or preferably silicon dioxide as nano particles with particle diameter of 1-50 nm. The redox electric pairs are bromide/bromine (Br-/Br2), thiocyanate/thiocyanogen (SCN-/(SCN)2), selenocyanate/selenocyanogen (SeCN-/(SeCN)2) or preferably tri-iodide/iodide (I3-/I-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyether polymer is polyether polyurethane of formulae R-(NH-COO-((CH2)n-O)m-H)k or (I1), and polyether containing phosphorus of formula O=P-(O-((CH2)i-O)j-H)3. The molar ratio of hydroxy compounds to isocyanate compounds is 0.8:4. The polyoxyethylene/polyether polymer weight ratio (a/b) is 0.2:1-3:1 (preferably 0.5:1-2:1).R=6-14C aryl group or 3-6C naphthenic base (both are optionally substituted);n,k,i=2-4; andm,j=6-100.Preferred Process: The polyether polyurethane is obtained by polymerizing hydroxy compounds with isocyanate compounds. Preferred Definitions:    m,j=6-50; and    n=2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano particles are inorganic oxides chosen from zinc oxide, titania, zirconia, silica, alumina and barium-titanium oxide. The matrix is inorganic chosen from metal alkoxides or metal chlorides. The nanocomposite is formed as sol gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent matrix is organic and comprises a material chosen from polymer (x), polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, cyclo-olefin copolymers containing ethylene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene and norbornene. The polymer (x) is obtained by polymerizing and copolymerizing monomers chosen from mono-functional acrylic monomers (a) including methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, butylacrylate, n-butylacrylate, iso-butylacrylate, tert-butylacrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, iso-butylmethacrylate, tert-butylmethacrylate, laurylacrylate, diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), bifunctional acrylic monomers (b) including diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, butane diol diacrylate, hexane diol diacrylate, decamethylene diol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trifunctional acrylic monomers (c) such as trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate and tetrafunctional acrylic monomers (d) including pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid back member comprises a rigid back member made of thermoplastic material selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate, ethylenemythylene-acrylate, neoprene and polychlorosulfonated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises semiconductor, insulator, conductor, polymer or compound. The type II band alignment nanostructure layer comprises gallium arsenide/gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium arsenide (InAs)/gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb), InAs/indium gallium arsenide antimonide (InGaAsSb), InAs/aluminum antimonide, indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)/GaAsSb, InGaAs/InGaAsSb, InGaAsSb/GaSb, indium phosphide (InP)/indium aluminum arsenide, InP/aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide, gallium nitride arsenide/indium gallium nitride, zinc telluride (ZnTe)/cadmium selenide and zinc sulfide/ZnTe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molecular sieve material is aluminosilicate mineral, clay, porous glass, microporous charcoal, zeolite, and/or activated carbon. The filter further includes a binder in which the molecular sieve material is disposed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is an ionomer substrate or a diffusion medium substrate. The barrier film is formed from polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyolefin, PTFE, polyaryl ether, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyimide, epoxy, polyurethane, nitrile, butyl, and/or thermoplastic elastomer polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photocatalyst comprises titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, zinc oxide, cadmium selenide or cadmium sulfide. The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide or indium zinc oxide. The second bipolar plate is made of graphite, carbon composite or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal is platinum, gold, ruthenium group metal or ruthenium group alloy. The cathode comprises a second catalyst layer made of platinum group metal or platinum group alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first bipolar plate comprises a plastic substrate and transparent conductive film formed on plastic substrate. The plastic substrate is made of polymethyl methacrylate. The first end plate comprises polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate or diallyl glycol carbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal storage medium comprises one of the slats such as potassium and sodium nitrates, graphite, carbon, molten carbonate and silicone sand. The Stirling engines extending through the holes in the side surfaces of the thermal storage device comprise thermal medium comprising hydrogen or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The frame units and arms are formed of polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first frame unit is formed of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layers are made of aluminum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator and resin layers consist of resin selected from mixture of polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-perfluoro-ethylene, polyamide-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefin-type resin and cellulose resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment is titanium oxide or composite particles. The composite particles has coating layer (x) containing cerium oxide which covers the particles containing titanium oxide and coating layer (y) containing silicon oxide which covers the coating layer (x).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cross-linkable group of cross-linkable group-containing monomer (b) is hydroxyl group. The hardening agent is water-dispersible isocyanate-type hardening agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit derived from alkyl group-containing monomer (c) is 10-50 mol% with respect to total repeating units in the fluorine-containing polymer (A). The coating material further contains water to which fluorine-containing polymer (A) is dispersed, ultraviolet absorber and pigment, and is an aqueous dispersion coating material. Preferred Property: The hydroxyl value of fluorine-containing polymer (A) is 30-200 mg potassium hydroxide/g. Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing polymer (A) further has carboxyl group, and group in which total or portion of carboxyl group forms salt with alkali, and has side chain having hydroxyl group as crosslinkable group at terminal and polyoxyethylene structure. Preferred Material: The back-sheet further has a layer containing polymer material different from the cured coating film provided on the outer surface of side which touches photovoltaic cell (1) of back-sheet. A solar cell module is formed by laminating a surface sheet, sealing material layer (2) which seals the photovoltaic cell using resin and the back-sheet. Preferred Process: Acid modification of total or portion of hydroxyl group is carried out using acid anhydride and neutralizing the fluorine-containing polymer (A) using alkali are performed during manufacturing process of back-sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive substance consists of M2B type boride group metal inclusion, preferably chromium-containing boride. The non-metallic electroconductive substance contains graphite carbon having a face distance of 3.39 Angstrom or more. The conductive layer is formed using a coating composition containing graphite carbon, boride group metal inclusion, and a binder (2 mass% or less).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder contains polyvinylidenefluoride and/or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The base is made of metal or stainless steel which conforms to AISI type 308, AISI type 316, AISI type 330 and AISI type 329. The cover pate is tested according to EN-1096-2, ISO9211-4, ASTM D1044, ISO9022-2 and ISO9022-4 standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic functional layer is made of material chosen from group consisting of cadmium-telluride, amorphous silicon, germanium, copper indium diselenide and copper indium gallium selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - An electrically conductive structure formed on major surface of cover plate, is made of material chosen from group consisting of silver, copper and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The luminescent molecules may be inorganic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent cover plate is the layer that contains the organic luminescent molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The layer comprising the array of defined and repeating geometrical optical structures is made of a polymer or a mixture of more than one polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) contains amine (10-80 wt.%); water (10-90 wt.%) and degradation inhibitor compound (5 ppm to 5 wt.%). The degradation inhibitor compound is 2,2-(ethylenedithio)diacetic acid or its salt, ((3-((carboxymethyl) thio)propyl)thio)acetic acid or its salt, 1,4-butane-bis-(thioglycolic)acid or its salt, methylenebis-(thioglycolic) acid or its salt, or bis(ethylthio)ethyl acetate, preferably 2,2-(ethylenedithio)diacetic acid or its salts or sodium 2,2-(ethylenedithio)diacetate. The amine is N,N,N',N',N"-pentamethylethylenetriamine, piperazine, monoethanolamine (preferred), diethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, diglycolamine, a salt of glycine or a salt of taurine. Preferred Process: The process comprises adding at least one degradation inhibitor compound to the aqueous solution for limiting the degradation of aqueous monoethanolamine solution that is implemented for capturing the carbon dioxide in the combustion fumes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises: the bifunctional ligand disposed between the quantum dot and the electron conductor, where the bifunctional ligand comprises a sulfur-based amino acid, and a hole conductor in contact with the quantum dot, where the hole conductor comprises a pendant group that is chemically similar to the sulfur-based amino acid; or the hole conductor having a pendant group comprising a sulfur-based amino acid, and the bifunctional ligand, where the bifunctional ligand is chemically similar to the sulfur-based amino acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bifunctional ligand layer and monomer pendant groups comprise cysteine, isocysteine or homocysteine. In the solar cell, at least some of the bifunctional ligand layer moieties are distinct from but structurally identical to at least some of the monomer pendant groups. The bifunctional ligand and the hole conductor group comprise 2-amino-3-mercapto-propionic acid, 2-amino-4-mercapto-butyric acid, or 3-amino-2-mercapto-propionic acid. The polymeric hole conductor layer comprises 2-amino-3-mercapto-propionic acid 6-(2,5-dimethyl-thiophen-3-yl)-hexyl ester, 2-amino-4-mercapto-butyric acid 6-(2,5-dimethyl-thiophen-3-yl)-hexyl ester, or 3-amino-2-mercapto-propionic acid 6-(2,5-dimethyl-thiophen-3-yl)-hexyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polythiophene derivative (I) is chosen from 23 derivatives e.g. derivative of formula (II), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI). Preferred Properties: The polythiophene derivative (I) has energy band gap of 2.5 eV or less, and highest-occupied-molecular-orbital energy level of -4.8 eV or less. Preferred Process: The semiconductor channel layer is formed by spin coating method, bar coating method, printing method or deep coating method. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=group of formula (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv);    R11,R12=H, linear or branched 1-40C alkyl, or 3-40C cycloalkyl;    X,Y'=N or CR13;    c=1-6;and    R13=H, linear or branched 1-40C alkyl, 3-40C cycloalkyl, linear or branched 1-40C alkylthio or 3-40C cycloalkylthio.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Carbazole compounds are specifically claimed i.e. N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine of formula (Ia), 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-N,N-bis(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)aniline, 9-(4-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole and 9-(4-(3-(2,6-diphenylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer includes electron injection layer, electron-transport layer, light emitting layer (3), hole implant layer or hole-transport layer containing the compound (I). An electron-transport layer containing thermosetting property compound or compound having photocurable functional group is introduced into the organic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is preferably of formula (II) or (III). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R7=H, carbazolyl, D, methyl, ethyl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, stilbene, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrene, pyrenyl, perylenyl, fluorene, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, triazole, pyridyl, pyridazine, quinolinyl, acridinyl, methoxy, or ethoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 82 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 12-(4-(9,10-di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracen-2-yl)-phenyl)-indolo(2,1-a)isoquinoline of formula (A), 12-(4'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-indolo(2,1-a)isoquinoline, 12-(4'-triphenylsilanyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-indolo(2,1-a)isoquinoline, 12-(4'-(2-phenyl-indol-1-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-indolo(2,1-a)isoquinoline and 12-(4'-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-indolo(2,1-a)isoquinoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Bromine-containing aromatic compound of formula (II) and hydroxyl group-containing aromatic compound of formula (II) are reacted in presence of palladium catalyst, to obtain aromatic compound (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 130 specific compunds of formula (I) are claimed, e.g. formulae (1)-(5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electronic device has organic layer provided between pair of electrodes. The organic layer has light-emitting layer, hole injection/transport layer, and electron injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 Aromatic ring compounds are specifically claimed e.g. 7,14-diphenyl-6a,7b,13a,14b-tetraaza-tetracyclopenta(a,c,h,j)anthracene of formula (Ia), 7,14-di-naphthalen-1-yl-6a,7b,13a,14b-tetraaza-tetracyclopenta(a,c,h,j)anthracene, 7,14-di-naphthalen-2-yl-6a,7b,13a,14b-tetraaza-tetracyclopenta(a,c,h,j)anthracene, 7,14-di-anthracen-2-yl-6a,7b,13a,14b-tetraaza-tetracyclopenta(a,c,h,j)anthracene and 7,14-di-phenanthren-9-yl-6a,7b,13a,14b-tetraaza-tetracyclopenta(a,c,h,j)anthracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anthracene compound (I) is chosen from formula (II)-(X).R3 = R1. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = phenyl optionally substituted by heterocyclic group, naphthyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, tetracenyl, pentacenyl, terphenyl, tetralinyl, stilbenyl, carbazolylene, perylenyl, pyrenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, chrysenyl, pyridyl, carbazole, thiophenyl, quinolinyl, or optionally substituted 5-20C isoquinolinyl;    L = group of formulae (i)-(vi);    R = not defined;and    HAr = group chosen from 41 groups e.g. group of formulae (viii)-(xii).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 108 Anthracene compounds are disclosed e.g. 3-(5-(6,11-di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthra(1,2-b)thiophen-2-yl)-pyridin-2-yl)-quinoline of formula (Ia), 6-(6,11-di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthra(1,2-b)furan-2-yl)-(2,4')bipyridinyl, 2-(4-(6,11-di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthra(1,2-b)furan-2-yl)-phenyl)-1H-indole, 2-(4-(6,11-di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthra(1,2-b)furan-2-yl)-phenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazole and 3-(5-(6,11-bis-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-anthra(1,2-b)furan-2-yl)-pyridin-2-yl)-quinoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Fluorine-containing copolyimides of formulae (I and II) are prepared by dissolving a fluorine-containing aromatic diamine or mixture of fluorine-containing aromatic diamines in the aprotic polar solvent in weight ratio of 1:0.95-1.05 to obtain a mixture. The obtained mixture is treated in presence of nitrogen at 0-25 degrees C for 15-25 hours to obtain viscous polyamide solution. The viscous polyamide solution is coated on clean and smooth glass plate in presence of nitrogen at gradient temperature to obtain fluorine-containing copolyimide thin film. Preferred Components: The aprotic polar solvent is selected from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethyl sulfoxide. The alicyclic dianhydride is selected from dianhydrides of formula (XXVI-XXXII or XXXIII), preferably 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. Fluorine-containing aromatic diamine is selected from diamines of formula (XXXIV-XLVII or XLVIII), preferably 1,4-bis(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy) benzene, 4,4'-bis(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy) diphenyl ether or 2,2-bis(4-(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy) phenyl) hexafluoropropane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The conjugated polymer (I) is prepared by co-polymerizing 4,5-ethylene-2,7-carbazole based monomer with Ar-group containing monomer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=multiple combinations of vinylene radical, ethynylene radical, aromatic ring containing carbon hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, silicon and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen atoms or aromatic heterocycle of carbon, silicon, sulfur and hydrogen atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. EXAMPLE - An amine compound of formula (II) (400 mg) was mixed with methanol (in ml) (30) and methacrylate (1.4), and stirred at 45 degrees C. Then, solvent was distilled from obtained reaction mixture to obtain reaction product (A). The obtained reaction product (A) was mixed with ethylenediamine (7.77) and methanol (30), and stirred at room temperature to obtain reaction product (B). The obtained reaction product (B) was mixed with methanol (30) and methacrylate (2.20), stirred at 45 degrees C, and solvent was distilled from obtained reaction mixture, to obtain methylester dendrimer of formula (Ia) (273 mg) in yield of 52%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc salt is zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, or zinc acetate. The concentration of the zinc salt solution is 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The mole ratio of the sodium citrate to zinc salt is 1:1.5-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of the noble metal platinum is 0.5-1% of the total weight of the catalyst. The content of the auxiliary catalyst A and the auxiliary catalyst B is 0.1-7% and 2-3% of the total weight of the catalyst, respectively. The carrier gamma -aluminum oxide particle is spherical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polycrystalline silicon ingot has silicon content of 99-9-99.9999 wt.% and nitrogen type impurity of 0.000083-0.00113 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Polyvinyl alcohol is also added to water and tributyl borate containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The molar ratio of tetraethoxysilane to carbon black particle is 1:0.2-5. The molar ratio of tetraethoxysilane to isopropanol to water is 1:4:4. The concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is 1-5 mol/l. The degree of vacuumization is 102-104 Pa. The argon is pumped under pressure of 1-5x 104 Pa. The pressure in the furnace in the preparation process is lower than 2 MPa. The hierarchical structure SiC nanowire is monocrystalline beta -SiC nanowire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Witting-Christian Horner reaction, Suzuki coupling reaction or Sonogashira coupling reaction of intermediate is carried out using a reagent, mono-boric acid or acetylide of tertiary aromatic amine derivative. One terminal of derivative (I) is substituted by tertiary aromatic amine derivative and other end has aldehyde group. Then, Knoevenagel reaction of reaction product is carried out with acetic acid to obtain derivative (I). Preferred Definitions:    R1=hexyl;    R2=H or methoxy;and    A=double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Carboxyl group is located in isoindole ring that is substituted in 1 or 2 positions of benzene ring. Tert.-butyl group is located in three isoindole rings that are substituted indiscriminately in two central positions of each one of the corresponding benzene rings of the isoindole rings of carboxy-substituted phthalocyanine. Carboxy-substituted phthalocyanine is prepared by performing oxidation of substituted tri-tert.-butyl phthalocyanine (I) in presence of sodium chlorite, sulfamic acid or potassium permanganate. Preferred Components: Carboxy-substituted phthalocyanine also has a mixture of regioisomers 9(10),16(17),23(24)-tri-tert.-butyl-2-carboxy-5,28:14,19-diirnino-7,12:21,26-dinitrilo-tetra-benzo(c,h,m,r)(l,6,11,16)tetraazacycloeicosinato-(2')-N29, N30, N31, N32 zinc (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer, oligomer or copolymer is selected from polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) or a polythiophene. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Carboxy-substituted phthalocyanine (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 9,16,23-tri-tert.-butyl-2-carboxy-5,28:14,19-diimino-7,12:21,26-dinitrilo-tetrabenzo(c,h,m,r)(l,6,11,16)tetraazacycloeicosinato-(2')-N29, N30, N31, N32 zinc (II) of chemical formula (II), 9,16,24-tri-tert.-butyl-2-carboxy-5,28:14,19-diimino-7,12:21,26-dinitrilo-tetrabenzo(c,h,m,r)(l,6,11,16)tetraazacycloeicosinato-(2')-N29, N30, N31, N32 zinc (II), 9,17,23-tri-tert.-butyl-2-carboxy-5,28:14,19-diimino-7,12:21,26-dinitrilo-tetrabenzo(c,h,m,r)(l,6,11,16)tetraazacycloeicosinato-(2')-N29, N30, N31, N32 zinc (II), 9,17,24-tri-tert.-butyl-2-carboxy-5,28:14,19-diimino-7,12:21,26-dinitrilo-tetrabenzo(c,h,m,r)(l,6,11,16)tetraazacycloeicosinato-(2')-N29, N30, N31, N32 zinc (II) and 10,16,23-tri-tert.-butyl-2-carboxy-5,28:14,19-diimino-7,12:21,26-dinitrilo-tetrabenzo(c,h,m,r)(l,6,11,16)tetraazacycloeicosinato-(2')-N29, N30, N31, N32 zinc (II).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    R1 + R2 = ring;    X = -NR7; and    R7 = R5.    When n is more than 2, R3 + R3 or R4 + R4 forms a ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 52 Arylamino compounds are claimed e.g. N-benzo(b)thiophen-5-yl-N,N',N'-triphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine of formula (Ia), N-naphthalen-1-yl-N,N'-diphenyl-N'-(3-phenyl-benzo(b)thiophen-5-yl)-benzene-1,4-diamine, N-biphenyl-4-yl-N'-(2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo(b)cyclopenta(d)thiophen-7-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine, N,N,N'-triphenyl-N'-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-dibenzothiophen-2-yl)-benzene-1,4-diamine and N,N,N'-triphenyl-N'-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-dibenzofuran-2-yl)-benzene-1,4-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The compound (I) is prepared by reacting 2,7-di(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxoboron-2-methylene)-9-alkyl-9H-carbazole and 4,7-di(5-bromo-thiophene-2-methylene)-5,6-di(alkoxy)-1,2,5-diazosulfide at mole ratio of 1:0.99-1.05 (preferably 1:1) under the action of tetra(triphenyl phosphine)palladium (0.8-1.2 mol%) at 100-120 degrees C for 24-48 hours. The reaction is carried out in organic solvent. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation of the high-strength lightweight building base board, comprising plant straw powder, coal ash, concrete, sand, talcum powder, magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride non-toxic bond and modifier, comprises (in parts by weight): pouring plant straw powder (10-20), coal ash (10-20), concrete (7-11), sand (5-9), talcum powder (10-25), magnesium oxide (20-35), magnesium chloride (3-8), non-toxic bond (5-15) and modifier (0.001-1) into a stirrer for mixing, uniformly pouring into a mold, coating with carbon fiber mesh, rolling by vibration, adding core tubes, cover boards and materials, mixing uniformly, pouring the mixture into the mold, flattening by secondary rolling and transporting to a natural solidification chamber and maintaining for 4-24 hours and de-molding. Preferred Components: The modifier comprises (in wt%): trisodium orthophosphate (38-42), benzoic acid (32-36) and phosphoric acid (28-30).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent resin comprises: phthalic anhydride (310 kg), maleic anhydride (118 kg), glycol (62 kg), propylene glycol (91 kg), diethylene glycol (127 kg), styrene (364 kg), antioxidant B900 (0.8 g), hydroquinone (20 g) and paraffin (0.235 g).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-toxic bond comprises (in wt%): polyvinyl alcohol (18-20), white emulsoid (20-25), methylcellulose (16-20), isinglass (10-20) and starch (12-19).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The top layer tin oxide thin film is mixed with fluorine, and having a thickness of greater than or equal to 360 nm. The mixed gas of inert carrier gas further includes organic metal alkoxide, water vapor, Lewis acid, and/or mixed gas formed by phosphorous acid. The gaseous precursor of fluorine comprises gaseous trifluoroacetic acid, hydrofluoric acid and/or ammonium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine plastic layer is fluorine plastic material containing vinylidene fluoride block and a plastic alloy obtained by fluorine plastic material containing vinylidene fluoride block and pigment, inorganic filler and other plastic material. The total content of the vinylidene fluoride in the fluorine plastic layer is more than 20%. The bonding layer is a film layer formed by copolymerization of vinyl and polar resin. The transition layer is a polyacrylate plastic layer or a layer of fluorine plastic material containing vinylidene fluoride and polyacrylate plastic layer. The polyester layer is a film layer formed either by polyethylene glycol terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate or polytrimethylene terephthalate or plastic alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is formed by 0.5-3% of hydrofluoric acid in dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.25-0.5% of ammonium fluoride in alcohol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process comprises: either(i) reacting N,N-dibenzylaniline with ferric chloride hexahydrate in presence of toluene in the ratio 1:2.5:5 at 85 degrees C, continuing to agitate for 2 hours; and(ii) quenching with aqueous ammonia to obtain light yellow fin-shaped solid N,N,N',N'-tetra-benzyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, where the volume ratio of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether is at 1:80; or(i) reacting N,N-dimethylaniline with ferric chloride hexahydrate in presence of toluene in the ratio 1:2.5:5 at 85 degrees C, continuing to agitate for 2 hours; and(ii) quenching with saturated potassium carbonate solution to obtain yellow needle-like solid product N,N,N',N'-tetra-methyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, where the volume ratio of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether is at 1:70; or(i) reacting N,N-diethylaniline with ferric chloride hexahydrate in presence of toluene in the ratio 1:2.5:5 at 85 degrees C, continuing to agitate for 2 hours; and(ii) quenching with saturated potassium carbonate solution to obtain white solid product N,N,N',N'-tetra-ethyl-4-4'-diaminobiphenyl, where the volume ratio of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether is at 1:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resist polymer comprises polymethylmethacrylate. INORGNAIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal consists of gold, silver, rhodium, copper, chrome, nickel, brass, iridium and their alloys. The nano-crystalline structure is coated with a metal oxide or nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 2-ethyl caproate tertiary butyl peroxide is 0.5-1 part weight, preferably 0.6-0.8 part weight. The peroxide coupling agent further comprises 1,1-di(t-butyl peroxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-t-butyl peroxide-2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(benzoylperoxide)hexane, dicumyl peroxide, di(2-isopropylbenzene), t-butyl cumene peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, benzylhydroperoxide t-amyl ester, O,O-t-butyl-O-isopropyl-mono-peroxydicarbonate, O,O-t-butyl-O-(2-ethylhexyl)-mono-peroxydicarbonate or O,O-t-amyl ester-O-(2-ethylhexyl)-mono-peroxydicarbonate. The antioxidant comprises 1,3,5-tris(4-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-triketone, 2,2'-methyl-di-(4-methyl-6-t-butyl phenol), beta -(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butyl phenyl)n-octadecyl propionate, dialkypentaerythitoldiphosphite, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite ester. The hindered-amine light stabilizer is bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-tetramethyl)salicylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen peroxide decomposition catalyst is chosen from metal oxide containing cerium oxide, manganese oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, bismuth oxide, zirconium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, vanadium oxide, yttrium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and/or lanthanum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is chosen from sulfonated or phosphonated hydrocarbon polymers such as polyether sulfone (e.g. Udel (RTM: Polyarylene sulfone)), Victrex (RTM: Polyarylene ether sulfone) and polyether ketones (e.g. Victrex (RTM: Polyarylene ether ether ketone), Hostatec (RTM: Polyarylene ether ether ketone ketone), Ultrapec (RTM: Polyarylene ether ketone ether ketone ketone) and polybenzazole polymers such as aryl or alkyl substituted polybenzimidazole (e.g. polybenzimidazole-N-benzylsulfonate), polybenzoxazole and polybenzothiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The electron acceptor compound (I) is obtained by reacting aldehyde, hydrazide-hydrazone and heterocyclic compound containing nitrogen obtained by reacting carbene compound and polycyclic aromatic compound. Preferred Compound: The electron acceptor compound (I) is preferably of formulae (II)-(VI).R11-R19=halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;Ar=H, halo, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, fluoroaryl, heteroaryl, vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate or butadienyl oxy;o,p,q=1-10;r=0-2;s=0-3;andt=0-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silicon is dipped in the mixed solution of oxidant and hydrofluoric acid. The density of oxidant is 0.01-0.5, preferably 0.01-10 mol/liter, and the density of hydrofluoric acid is 1-15, preferably 10-25 mol/liter. The oxidant is mixture of chromium trioxide and chromium-potassium oxide. The nitrate is sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate or ammonium nitrate. The nitrite is sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite or ammonium nitrite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquefied dimethyl diphenyl siloxane is obtained using co-hydrolysis and rearrangement reaction of dimethyl dichlorosilane and diphenyl dichlorosilane. Preferred Composition: The liquefied dimethyl diphenyl siloxane is of formula (I). The liquefied dimethyl-diphenyl siloxane comprises mixed components of siloxane of formulae (II)-(IV). The dimethyl cyclosiloxane is octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane or hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane, or mixture of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane and dodecamethyl cyclohexasiloxane. The amount of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane is 75% or more.x+y=4;andx,y=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reduced atmosphere comprises hydrogen, carbon, carbon monoxide or mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum, palladium or ruthenium. The non-noble metal component is iron, cobalt or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell is made of elastomeric resin such as polydimethylsiloxane, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The epoxy composite comprises (in parts weight): epoxy resin (40-60), carboxyl butadiene resin (20-30), carboxyl ester resin (10-20), glycidyl functional acrylic monomer (20-50), hydroxyl bifunctional acrylate monomer (20-40) and amino functional acrylic monomer (5-60). The acrylic monomer compound further comprises silane coated silica powder (40-100). The diameter of the silica powder is 1-10 mu m. The hardener comprises triethylenetetramine (20-50), diethyltriamine (10-30), carboxyl functional acrylic resin (20-40), synthetic resin powder (5-20), benzoyl peroxide (0.2-1), amine (20-30), mercapto carboxylic acid (30-50) and oxide mixture (5-20). The synthetic resin powder is chosen from neoprene rubber, polybutadiene rubber, polystyrene rubber, polyacrylonitrile rubber and polyurethane. The amine is triethyltetramine or diethylenetriamine. The oxide mixture is polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide. The hardener further comprises silica powder (40-100) and surface treated amino silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The self-cleaning material is made of one among titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide and zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment is carbon black or rutile titanium white.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent (a) is propylene glycol methyl ether acetate. The anti-settling agent is BYK104S (RTM: anti-settling agent). The wet dispersing agent is BYK170 (RTM: wet dispersing agent). The solvent (b) is butyl acetate. The auxiliary agent is BYK358 (RTM: auxiliary agent). The polishing powder is polishing powder (ED30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multi-walled carbon nanotubes have diameter of 10-20 nm and length of 30 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine compound is chosen from N-amino ethylethanolamine, diglycolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, diethanolamine, N-butyldiethanolamine, 4-aminomethylpyridine, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, 2,2'-methyliminodiethanol, 3-morpholino propylamine, 2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine, 2-pyridine carbaldehyde, ( gamma )-valerolactone, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, N,N-diethyl ethanolamine, triethylenetetramine, 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol, tripropylene glycol, 2-dimethylamino ethanol, triisopropanolamine, 3-ethoxy propylamine, ethylenediamine, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, pentylamine, isopropanolamine, diethylmethylamine, triethylamine, N- methyl piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, diethylamino ethanol, triethanolamine, dimethylamino propanol, monoethanolamine, 2-(methylamino)ethanol, n-propanolamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, diethylamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoisopropanol, 3-diethylamino-1-propanol, 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 4-dimethylamino-1-butanol, aminocyclohexane or 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propanol, preferably N-amino ethylethanolamine, diglycolamine, N- methyldiethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol, 2-dimethylamino ethanol, isopropanolamine or 3-morpholino propylamine. The hydrophilic group is carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid content of metal colloid liquid is 0.2-60 %mass of amine compound. The metal-absorbing group is sulfur atom-containing group. The metal colloid liquid is colloidal gold liquid. The coated base material is baked at 200 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide cluster is mixed-valence polyoxomethylate, and comprises metallic element chosen from molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium or iron, preferably molybdenum (Mo132, Mo142, Mo146, Mo154, Mo176, Mo248 or Mo368).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive hole injection layer and/or positive hole transport layer contain aromatic amine compound, thiophene compound and/or aniline compound as metal oxide cluster, and hole injection-and-transport-property material. The aromatic-amine compound is N,N-bis-(4'-(hydroxy)(1,1-biphenyl)-4-yl)-N-phenylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ( alpha )-olefin is propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, norbornene, norbornadiene, ethylidene-norbornene, phenyl norbornene, vinylnorbornene, dicyclopentadiene, 1,4-butadiene, 1,5-pentadiene, 1,6-hexadiene, styrene, ( alpha )-methylstyrene, divinylbenzene and/or 3-chloromethylstyrene. The silane compound is vinylethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltripropoxysilane, vinyltriisopropoxysilane, vinyltributoxysilane, vinyltriethylenedioxysilane, vinyltriphenoxysilane, vinyltribenzyloxysilane, vinyltrimethylenedioxysilane, vinyltriethylenedioxysilane, vinylpropionyloxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltricarboxysilane, vinyl tris-( beta )-methoxyethoxysilane, ( gamma )-glycidoxypropyltripropyl trimethoxysilane, ( gamma )-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, ( gamma )-aminoethylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane, ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl methyldimethoxysilane, ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane and/or ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl methyldiethoxysilane. The content of silane compound is 0.5-5 weight%. The encapsulating sheet has thickness of 0.2-0 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from butyl Carbitol (RTM: Organic solvent), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethyleneglycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether acetate, petroleum ether, turpentine oil, terpineol and dioctyl phthalate. The dispersant is chosen from BYK-111 (RTM: Dispersing agent), BYK-110 (RTM: Dispersing agent) and BYK-180 (RTM: Dispersing agent). The thixotropic agent is hydrogenated castor oil. Preferred Method: The heating temperature of the oil-bath reaction kettle is 80-120 degrees C and the stirring speed is 50-100 revolutions/minute. The holding time is 0.5-2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is light-emitting layer in which host material is doped using phosphor dopant. Preferred Definitions:    X=phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, or terphenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 36 Cyclic aromatic carbazole compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 2,7,9-triphenyl-9H-carbazole of formula (Ia), 9-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2,7-diphenyl-9H-carbazole, 9-(1,8a-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2,7-diphenyl-9H-carbazole, 2,7-diphenyl-9-(4-phenylphenyl)-9H-carbazole, and 2,7-diphenyl-9-(4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of solvent is 30-70 volume%. The solvent is chosen from carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, 1,4-dioxin, 1,2-dichloroethane and dimethylformamide, preferably chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer is chosen from tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: The blue luminescent pyridine-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (II), more preferably of formula (III), most preferably of formulae (IV)-(X).R5,R6=R3. Preferred Definitions:    L=groups of formulae (i)-(vii);    Ra,Rb=(un)substituted 1-10C alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl;and    Rc-N,Rd-N=3-10C nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is hole-transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron-transport layer and electron injection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine compound (I) is preferably of formula (II) or (III). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 26 Amine compounds are claimed e.g. tris-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-amine of formula (Ia), N,N-bis(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-2-amine, 6-(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N-bis(6-(naphthalen-1-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-amine, 6-(naphthalen-2-yl)-N,N-bis(6-(naphthalen-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-amine and 9-phenyl-N,N-bis(9-phenyl-6-(4-phenylphenyl)-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-6-(4-phenylcyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)-9H-carbazol-2-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The alkali metal salt of silicon compounds of formulae: (R4)3-a-bX1-bX2aSi-SiX1nX2m(R2)3-n-m (II), M1O-A1-OR1 (III) and M2O-A2-OR3 (IV) are reacted to obtain silicon aminoalkoxide compound.X1,X2=chloro, bromo or iodo;andM1,M2=lithium, sodium or potassium.Preferred Composition: The silicon aminoalkoxide compound is preferably of formula: (R4)3-n(R3O-(CH2)yR8R7C-O)aSi-Si(O-CR5R6(CH2)x-OR1)n(R2)3-n.R5-R8=R1;a,n=1 or 2;andx,y=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The manganese oxide precursor is manganese acetate (tetrahydrate or dihydrate), manganese acetylacetonate, and/or manganese chloride. The solvent is a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and N,N-dimethylacetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fibrous polymer is polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyurethane, PVC, polyacrylic acid, and/or polylactic acid derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic precursor comprises alkoxide, chloride, acetate, nitrate and/or oxalate of magnesium, zirconium, vanadium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, antimony, bismuth, zinc and/or nickel. The functional group of organic compound is hydroxyl group, amine group, carboxylate group, cyano group, isocyanate group, and/or thiol group. The solvent used in manufacture of composite is N,N-dimethylformamide, or mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of lactic acid to the water is 1-10:100, preferably 1-5:100, and the weight ratio of vitamin to water is 1-3:100, preferably 0.1-0.5:100. The vitamin is vitamin C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive comprises (in wt.%) urea (0.1-5, preferably 0.5-2), sorbierite (0.1-3, preferably 1-2) and water (0.1-3, preferably 1-2). The content of sodium hydroxide and isopropanol in etching solution is 1.1 wt.% and 6 wt.%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quinoxaline derivative is chosen from compounds of formulae (II)-(IV).R21-R30 = group chosen formulae (i)-(x). Preferred Definitions:    X1-X4 = CH; and    R1+R2, R2+R3, R3+R4, R4+R5, R5+R6 = ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofurane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexane or acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Aromatic diamine compound of formula: H2N-R2-NH2 or H2N-R3-NH2 is reacted with dianhydride compound of formula: X1-C(=O)-R4-C(=O)-X2 or of formula (III) in organic solvent, to obtain imide group-containing block or random copolymer (I) or (II).R1=group of formula (a)-(f);R2,R3=group of formula (g)-(k);Y1,Y2=O, -CO-, -S-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -CONH-, -(CH2)n1, -O(CH2)n2O-, -COO(CH2)n3OCO- or C(CF3)2-;n1,n2,n3=1-5;X1,X2=Cl, OH or OCH3;andR4=group of formula (g), (h) or (k).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid is 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antimicrobial material containing silver or silver ion is inorganic type antibacterial agent. The content of silver in layer containing antimicrobial material and silicon type compound is 1-100 ppm of weight base. Preferred Process: The layer is obtained by injecting ion by plasma ion implantation in layer containing antimicrobial material and silicon type compound. The injection process of ion involves injecting ion into layer containing antibacterial agent and silicon type compound and conveying elongate film which has layer containing antibacterial agent and silicon type compound in surface part in fixed direction. Preferred Parameter: The water vapor permeation rate of gas-barrier film in 90% of relative humidity atmosphere and 40 degrees C is not greater than 1 g/m2/day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode consists of indium-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The basic material is chosen from dicarboxylic acid derivative, dihydroxy benzene, diol derivative and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-5-methyl-benzene, N-bromosuccinimide, benzoyl peroxide and carbon tetrachloride are reacted to obtain 1-bromomethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-benzene. Then, the obtained 1-bromomethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-benzene, hexamethylene tetramine and water/ethanol are reacted to obtain 3,5-di-tert-butyl-benzaldehyde. Then, the obtained 3,5-di-tert-butyl-benzaldehyde, pyrrole, trifluoroacetic acid, copper chloride, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, stannous chloride dihydrate, calcium chloride dihydrate, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and ethylene are reacted, to obtain porphyrin conjugated polymer (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is chosen from polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate and polyethylene oxide. The polyacrylonitrile has molecular weight of 7000-150000 g/mol. The content of polymer (10) with respect to organic solvent is 30-100 wt.%. The nano-sized crystalline titanium powder is anatase type or rutile type. The electrospinning apparatus has voltage of 12-18 Kv and discharge velocity of 0.02 ml. The radiation is chosen from electronic beam, gamma -ray, ion beam and UV ray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The alkali metal salt of silicon compounds of formulae: (R6)3-a-bX1-bX2aSi-SiX1nX2m(R3)3-n-m (II), M1O-A1-ONR1R2 (III) and M2O-A2-ONR4R5 (IV) are reacted to obtain silicon amino alkoxide compound.X1,X2=chloro, bromo or iodo;andM1,M2=lithium, sodium, or potassium.Preferred Composition: The silicon aminoalkoxide compound is preferably of formula: (R6)3-d(R5R4N-(CH2)yR10R9C-O)aSi-Si(O-CR7R8(CH2)x-NR1R2)n(R3)3-n.R7-R10=R1;d,n=1 or 2;andx,y=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polar solvent is chosen from water, acetonitrile and N-methylpyrrolidone. The dopant is chosen from tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate and tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membranous polymer material is selected from one of polyvinylacetate, polyurethane copolymer, cellulose derivative, poly acrylic copolymer, polyvinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyper furyl alcohol (PPFA), polyethylene copolymer, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene oxide copolymer, polypropylene oxide (PPO), polypropylene oxide copolymer, polycarbonate (PC), PVC, poIycaprolactone, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The fullerene derivative (I) is prepared by reacting thiophene compounds of formulae (II) and (III) and amine compound of formula: R 1-NH-C(=O)-OH in presence of solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is chosen from 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexane and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Diamine compound is dissolved in organic solvent. The obtained mixture is mixed with dianhydride of formula (III) and water, to obtain prepolymer (A). An aromatic diamine compound of formula: H2N-R'3-NH2 (III) is dissolved in polymerization solvent. The obtained mixture is then mixed with dicarbonyl compound of formula: X1-C(=O)-R'4-C(=O)-X2 (IV) or amine compound, to obtain prepolymer (B). The prepared prepolymers (A) and (B) are mixed with chain extender, diamine compound of formula: H2N-R'2-NH2 (V) and isocyanate compound, to obtain block copolymer (I) or random copolymer (II) having imide and amide groups.R'1=group chosen from groups of formulae: (a)-(f);R'2,R'3=group chosen from groups of formulae: (b)-(d) or (g);R'4=group of formula (a), (b), or (h) (all optionally substituted by CF3 or OH);Y1,Y2= O-, -CO-, -S-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -CONH, -(CH2)n1-, -O(CH2)n2-O-, or -COO(CH2)n3-OCO-;X1,X2=Cl, OH, or OCH3;andn1,n2,n3=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The poly(3-hexylthiophene) region of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-60C functions as a region which generates an electron-hole pair by absorbing light and providing electronics. The fullerene derivative region functions as a region which accepts electronics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material is selected from molybdenum, tungsten, titanium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The phenoxy resin has hydroxyl-containing structural unit of formula (I). The glass transition temperature of phenoxy resin is 60-160 degrees C.n=1-500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The algae are chosen from chlorella, spiral seaweed, diatom, dinoflagellate, Chrysophyceae, euglena, stonewort, Ulva, kelp, and Undaria pinnatifida.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The surface of the cathode is carried with Pt/C catalyst (0.1-0.35 mg/cm3). The material of the diaphragm is anode ion exchanging membrane, cathode ion exchanging membrane, super filtering membrane, micro filtering membrane, perfluorinated sulfonic resin membrane, glass fiber membrane and polycarbonate membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The organic electronic device has an electrode (e1), organic layer, a hole injection/transmission layer, an electron injection layer, a light-emitting layer and an electrode (e2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polycyclic aromatic compound (I) or (II) is preferably chosen from formulae (III)-(XII). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 50 Polycyclic aromatic compounds are claimed e.g. 10,16-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17(22),18,20-undecaene of formula (IA), 10,16-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-11,15-diphenylpentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17(22),18,20-undecaene, 10,16-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-11,15-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17(22),18,20-undecaene, 10,16-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-11,15-bis(4-phenylphenyl)pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17(22),18,20-undecaene and 10,16-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-11,15-bis(4-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17(22),18,20-undecaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A sulfonate group monomer of formula (II) is obtained by reacting a halogenated ((hydroxyphenyl)-diphenylvinyl)phenol compound of formula (III) obtained using a halogenated (hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)methanone compound of formula (IV), with a sulfonate group compound.A20=halo;andB'=1-20C alkylene or 6-20C alkylarylene (sic).Preferred Compounds: The sulfonate group compound is 1,3-propane sultone, sodium 2-bromo-1-ethanesulfonate, sodium 4-bromo-1-butanesulfonate, sodium 7-chloro-1-heptanesulfonate, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate, and/or sodium 3-bromo-propanesulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The enchant or etching paste contains ethylene glycol, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, ethylene diamine, chlorinated fluoride, monomethyl, hydrogen fluoride, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, diethyl sulfoxide, hexamethyl phosphoric triamide, dimethyl acetamide, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and/or catechol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impacting step comprises fixing substrates on a microwave quartz boat, warming the substrates gradually and uniformly with a microwave vacuum furnace device which has an energy below 45 kw, then placing the substrates in a vacuum polysilicon deposition chamber, and keeping a temperature at 300-800 degrees C; at the same time, filling the vacuum polysilicon deposition chamber with 6N high purity silane gas and pure argon buffer gas at less than 1.5 atmospheric pressure; and scanning the surface of the substrate back and forth with a source on a top of the vacuum polysilicon deposition chamber, so as to heat and melt a part of crystal lattice instantaneously to form a uniform polysilicon diaphragm. A microwave field outside a microwave shielding working area is evenly annealed, so as to improve crystallization quality of the diaphragm, reduce cracks on crystal plane, and control pinholes and other defects. The method further comprises extending an annealing time and reducing a temperature gradient, so as to reduce stress and deformation between crystal lattices when amorphous molecules or microcrystalline molecules convert to a polycrystalline structure. Preferred Components: The substrate is preferably made by covering a pure silicon nitride membrane material on a surface of a conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is silver or aluminum. The silicon mother substrate is p-type multi-crystalline silicon. The metal layer comprises a double layer of silver or aluminum metal paste. Preferred Method: The silicon mother substrate and the metal layer are annealed at above 700 degrees C for a few seconds. The method further comprises repeating the steps of screen printing, annealing, and cooling. It further comprises temporarily bonding the metal layer to a stretchable carrier substrate. The method further comprises bending or elastically deforming the silicon mother substrate to assist in release of the thin layer of silicon. It further comprises cleaning the thin layer of silicon in a mixture of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); cleaning the thin layer of silicon in a mixture of H2O2 and sulfuric acid and dipping the thin layer of silicon in hydrogen fluoride to remove oxide formed in the cleaning previous steps. The method further comprises depositing a bottom layer of material atop the silicon mother substrate before screen printing the metal layer, and removing the metal layer from the thin layer of silicon to yield the thin layer of silicon atop the bottom layer, where the bottom layer is an electrical contact or a support layer for the thin layer of silicon after the metal layer is removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The housing is made of a UV-resistant polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises cross-linking agent chosen from organic peroxide and photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is chosen from silicon substrate, phosphorus substrate, silicon-oxide substrate and quartz substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas including carbon is chosen from acetylene, ethylene and methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon support is chosen from carbon nano powder, carbon nanotube, and their mixture. The platinum metal precursor is chosen from potassium platinum chloride (K2PtCl4,K2PtCl6), chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6,H2PtCl4), tetraammine platinum chloride (Pt(NH3)4Cl2), and their mixture. The reducing agent is chosen from sodium borohydride, ethylene glycol, methanal, and their mixture. The amount of reducing agent with respect to 1 part weight of platinum metal precursor is 150-200 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The technical gas is made of silicon compound, mixed with hydrogen and nitrogen or the mixture. The doped element is made of the metal selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium. The doped matter is made of nitrogen, phosphorus, tellurium or combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (a) is 0.01-20 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of transparent film-forming polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nucleating agent is 0.01-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of transparent film-forming polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nanofiber layer further contains nucleating agent. The nanofiber layer is formed on transparent polymer base material which is formed using polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate and/or polyurethane. The transparent fiber-forming polymer is polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose polymer, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polymethylmethacrylate, nylon-type polymer, polysulfone, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and/or polyvinylidene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The dimethylsiloxane polymer has viscosity of 100-1000 cps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal compound is dihalo alkyl germanium compound, dihalo alkenyl germanium compound, trihalo alkyl germanium compound, trihalo alkenyl germanium, dialkoxy alkyl germanium compound, dialkoxy alkenyl germanium compound, trialkoxy alkyl germanium compound and/or trialkoxy alkenyl germanium compound. The silicon compound is of formula: X12-Si-(R10)(-R11)-X13 (VI), X14-Si-(R12)(-X15)-X16 (VII) or X17-Si-(X18)(-X20)-X19 (VII).R10-R12=R1;andX12-X20=X1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 0.1-100 ppm of hydrosilylation catalyst and 30-99 weight% of polyorganosiloxane compound. The content of polymetallosiloxane is 1-70 weight%. The polymetallosiloxane is of formula: (R1R2R3MO1/2)m1(R4R5MO2/2)d1(R6MO3/2)t1(MO4/2)q1(R7R8R9SiO1/2)m2(R10R11SiO2/2)d2(R12SiO3/2)t2(SiO4/2)q2. The polyorganosiloxane compound is of formula: (R13R14R15SiO1/2)m3(R16R17SiO2/2)d3(R18SiO3/2)t3(SiO4/2)q3.m1,m2,d1,d2,t1,t2,q1,q2,m3,d3,t3,q3=0 to less than 1;m1+m2+d1+d2+t1+t2+q1+q2=1;andm3+d3+t3+q3=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is hole implant layer, hole transport layer, electron transport layer and electron injection layer. The hole transport layer contains arylamine compound, carbazole compound or their mixture. The electron transport layer contains organometallic complex, spirofluorene compound, oxadiazole compound, phenanthroline compound, triazine compound, or triazole compound. The organic light emitting layer contains phosphorescent dopant chosen from bis(thienyl pyridine)iridium acetylacetonate, bis(benzothienyl pyridine)iridium acetylacetonate, bis(2-phenylbenzothiazole)iridium acetylacetonate, bis(1-phenylisoquinoline)iridium acetylacetonate, tris(1-phenylisoquinoline)iridium, tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium, and their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The organic layer includes an organic light emitting layer, an organic light active layer, an organic memory active layer, and an organic transistor active layer. The ferroelectric organic material is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-vinyl fluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene cyanide, vinylidene cyanide-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, aromatic polyamide, polyurea, polyurethane, nylon 7 and nylon 11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerizable phosphonic acid includes substituted vinyl phosphonic acid compounds of formulae ((R1)(R2)C=C(R3)PO3R4R5) (I) or ((R6)(R7)C=C(PO3R4R5)2) (II) or chlorides, fluorides or amides derived from the acids. The co-monomer is vinyl halide, vinylidene halide, vinyl ester, vinyllactam, (meth)acrylic acid or their halo derivatives, esters, amides or nitriles of (meth)acrylic acids or their halo derivatives. The non-grafted polymer ion-exchange ion-conductive materials contains 1.2-28 wt.% of phosphorus. The non-grafted polymer ion-exchange ion-conductive materials bind phosphoric acid by physical sorption.R1 = H, F, Cl or Br;R2, R6, R7 = H or F;R3 = H, halo, COOR8, COCl or CONR8R8; andR4, R5, R8 = alkyl, aryl (both optionally substituted) or H. EXAMPLE - A polymerization mixture consisting of vinylphosphonic acid (12.04 g) of purity 84.9 %, acrylonitrile (18.07 g), the initiator 2,2'-azobis(2- methylpropanenitrile) (0.2015 g) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (70 g) was prepared. The polymerization mixture was freed of oxygen by bubbling with an inert gas for 10 minutes, air-tightly closed and polymerized at 70 degrees C for 5 hours. Then the mixture was diluted with DMSO (50 g) and the polymer was precipitated under stirring into ethanol (2 l). The polymer was filtered off and washed four times with ethanol (0.5 l) for 4 x 30 minutes under constant stirring. The polymer was dried at 25 degrees C under atmospheric pressure to constant weight to give the polymer ion-exchange ion-conductive materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorption layer is formed of a material selected from amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon germanium or cadmium telluride (CdTe). The front electrode layer is formed of transparent conducting oxide selected from tin oxide, indium oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide or zinc oxide. The substrate is selected from glass, quartz, transparent plastics, transparent polymer or flexible substrate. The glass substrate is a transparent glass substrate selected from soda lime glass (SLG), low iron glass and alkali free glass. The back electrode layer is formed of metal which is selected from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), silver (Ag), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti) or palladium (Pd).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The encapsulation layer is formed of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powder mixture comprises (wt.%) permeated master metal (5-50), activator (1-15) and filler powder (10-85). The powder mixture further comprises a refractory element at 5-25 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The refractory element is molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and/or their alloys. The permeated master metal is chromium, Ni, and/or their alloys. Preferred Method: The heat-treatment is performed at 400-800 degrees C. The combination in second step is to perform the substrate processing on the metal substrate and then to form the Ni-based alloy layer on the metal substrate.
EXAMPLE - (In g) L-serine (3.15) dissolved in ion exchange water (20 ml) was added to chromatographic column filled with SA10AOH (RTM: ion exchange resin) (10.3). 1-(4-Vinyl benzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium chloride (2.51) dissolved in ion exchange water was added to the chromatographic column, and the filled aqueous solutions deployed and concentrated to obtain 1-(4-vinyl benzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium L-serine (2.98) with yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic fine particles are silica particles whose surface is processed with hydrolyzable silane compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) has two vinyl groups in one molecule. The compound (A) is obtained by reacting triisocyanate obtained by cyclic trimerizing diisocyanate, and active hydrogen-containing compound. The anti-soiling composition contains a component containing perfluoropolyether (D) having active hydrogen, and monomer having active hydrogen and carbon-carbon double bond. The perfluoropolyether (D) is of formula: X-CF(-Y')(CF2)a-(OCF2CF2CF2)b-O(CF2CF2)c-(OCF(-CF3)CF2)d-(OCF2)e-(OCF2CF2)f(OCF2CF2CF2)g-OCF(-Z)(CF2)hCH2OH (I). The monomer is chosen from 2-hydroxy ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxy propyl (meth)acrylate and 2-hydroxy butyl (meth)acrylate. The compound (A) is of formula (II).X'=perfluoropolyether group;X=fluoro;Y',Z=fluoro or trifluoromethyl;a=1-16;c=0-5;b,d,e,f,g=0-200;andh=0-16.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by mixing sodium hydride, carbon disulfide, and alkyl cyanoacetate of formula CNCH2COOR2, benzyl cyanide or 4-bromo benzyl cyanide at a mole ratio of 1:2-3:1-1.5 at 0-5 degrees C for 0.5-1 hours or at room temperature for 2-4 hours; adding 2,3,6,7-tetrabromo naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide; reacting at room temperature for 0.5-2 hours; adding 1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiol sodium salt and organic solvent; stirring at room temperature for 0.5-1 hour; adding hydrogen peroxide, organic acid, and 1,4-dithiocyclohexadiene-2,3-dinitrile fused naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivative; and heating the mixture at 100-120 degrees C for 0.5-1.5 hours. Preferred Components: The mole ratio of substituted 2,3,6,7-tetrabromo naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide and carbon sulfide is 1:5-10. The mole ratio of 1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiol sodium salt and organic solvent is 1:2-3.5. The mole ratio of 1,4-dithiocyclohexadiene-2,3-dinitrile fused naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide and hydrogen peroxide is 1:50-80. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or N,N-dimethyl formamide. The organic acid is acetic acid or propionic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The macromolecular solution contains polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polycaprolactone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method for filling slurry between cathode of fuel battery and current collecting unit is coating, silk screen printing or curtain coating. Preferred Components: The nanoscale conductive oxide is perovskite structure oxide. The perovskite structure oxide is strontium-doped lanthanum manganate, strontium-doped lanthanum cobaltate, strontium and iron-doped lanthanum cobaltate, strontium and copper-doped lanthanum cobaltate, or iron-doped lanthanum nickel acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is ethanol, acetone or butanone. The wt. ratio of nanoscale conductive oxide, polyvinylbutyral and organic solvent is 12-20:2-20:100. The wt. ratio of nanoscale conductive oxide to dispersant is 12-20:1-4. Preferred Composition: The composite further comprises dispersant including triethanolamine, fish oil or acrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises subjecting prepared silicon oxide anti-reflective film solution to an ultrasonic vibrator for 5-15 minutes to uniformly disperse the solution, plating the silicon anti-reflective film solution on the surface of the glass by vertical lifting method at a speed of 300-700 mm/minutes, and drying the plated glass at 50-80 degrees C. The steeling is done at 500-800 degrees C for 150-200 seconds in the presence of enhanced air pressure of 70-95%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicate ester is tetraethoxysilane and/or tetraethyl orthosilicate. The diluting agent is ethanol, methanol or isopropanol. The hydrolysis catalyst is hydrochloric acid and/or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The precursors are alkoxides, chlorides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, nitrates, carbonates, acetates and/or oxalates. Preferably, the nickel precursor is nickel nitrate, hexahydrate, the yttrium precursor is yttrium acetate hydrate, and the zirconium precursor is zirconium nitrate hexahydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and/or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of soda ash, glass, stainless steel, titanium, copper and polymer resin. The semiconductor compound is chosen from copper indium selenide, copper gallium selenide, copper aluminum selenide, copper indium selenide, copper indium-gallium selenide, copper sulfide, and copper-indium telluride. Preferred Layer: The electrodeposition layer is formed using solution containing (in wt.%) dispersion solvent (60-95), chalcogenide-based compound (0.1-30), water (0.01-10) and metal salt (0.001-10). The metal salt is chosen from metal acetate, metal carbonate, metal nitrate, metal sulfate, metal oxalate, metal alkoxide and metal halide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The dispersion solvent is alcohol or ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quinoxaline derivative is 2,3-bis(4-hexylphenyl)-5,8-dibromoquinoxaline. The thiophene is 2,5-bis(trimethylstannyl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is silicon, sapphire, gallium nitride, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, zinc oxide or indium tin oxide. The zinc oxide buffer layer is formed using dimethyl zinc, diethyl zinc, zinc acetate, zinc acetate anhydride or zinc acetyl acetonate. The fabrication is carried out in the presence of oxygen, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, steam or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Modified polyorganosiloxane compound is obtained by reacting compound ( alpha ) which has an alkenyl group and triazinane trione derivative of formula (X1)-(X3), phenolic hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, with a cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane ( beta ) of formula (I) which has a silicon hydride (SiH) group, by hydrosilylation reaction. Component (B) is a thiol group containing polysiloxane compound. An alkenyl-group containing compound (D) is included as an essential component.R2, R3=1-10C organic group;n=1-10;m=0-10; andm+n= greater than or equal to 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass powder has grain diameter of less than 5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-photoreceptive organic material comprises (mass%) organic resin A (3-15) and solvent A (85-97); or organic resin B (5-10), solvent B (89-94), and sensitizer (0.25-1). The solvent is pine oil alcohol, glycol, diglycol, butyl acetate carbitol, diethanolamine or triethanolamine. The sensitizer is 5-nitroacenaphtene. The solvent B is cyclohexanone and/or acetophenone. The glass powder composite comprises (wt.%) glass powder (55-70) and non-photoreceptive organic material (30-45).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic resin A is Ethocel (RTM: water-insoluble polymer), isoamylpropionate, tributyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, and/or tri-n-butyl borate. The organic resin B is vinyl cinnamate and/or poly-cinnamate malonic acid ethanol ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plasticizer is dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and/or dioctyl adipate. The dispersing agent is polyethylene wax, zinc stearate and/or microcrystalline wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p layer and n layer are made of microcrystalline silicon-germanium alloy, amorphous silicon-germanium alloy, microcrystalline silicon carbide, amorphous silicon carbide, microcrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon semiconductor material. The reducing reflection film is a porous silicon dioxide film or nano fiber silicon dioxide film or a silicon dioxide/titanium dioxide composite film. The transparent conductive oxide film is made of silver or aluminum, gallium, doped zinc oxide and indium tin oxide transparent conductive oxide film material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material for preparing the bionic anti-reflection basic film is made of dimethyl silicone polymer film, polymethylacrylic acid formic ester film, polystyrene film and PVC polrvinyl chloride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The preparation doped with boron mother alloy comprises (pts.wt.) polycrystalline silicon (100), boron mother alloy (0.22-0.24), raw silicon (30-40 mass%) and circulation material (60-70 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrochemical deposition step comprises dipping the substrate in a metal salt solution to deposit the metal grid electrochemically. The metal salt solution is platinum, gold, silver, or nickel metal ion salt solution which is used as electrode material. The thermal treatment is performed in a regular sintering furnace or a vacuum sintering furnace under protection of nitrogen or argon. Preferred Component: The semiconductor substrate is substrate made of Group IV compound, III-V compound, II-VI compound, copper indium sulfide, or copper-indium-tin semiconductor material. The preselected solution is acid solution or alkali solution. The metal grid has size of 10-900 nm. The acid solution is hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid dilute solution. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide dilute solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoresist is water-based o-quinone diazide and is suitable for deep UV etching. The preselected solution can be organic solution. The organic solution is acetone solution.
Preferred Definitions:    Rf=XCnF2n-, X(CF2CF2)nOCF2CF2-, (CF3)2CF(CF2)(n-1)-, X(CF2CF2)OCF2CF2SO2- or XCnF2nC(O)-;    n=1-10;and    x=H, F or Cl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating film is formed by mixing titanium propoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium butoxide with acid selected from nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuring acid and acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic layer is made of 5-2'-ethyl-hexyloxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV): poly(2-methoxy-poly-3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT): phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent electro-conductive oxide layer is made of tin oxide doped with fluorine. The inner amorphous silicon semiconductor layers are formed by a P-amorphous silicon film, an I-amorphous silicon film or an N-amorphous silicon film. The buffer layer is a transparent electro-conductive film made of zinc oxide doped with gold or gold film. The mesoporous zinc oxide layer is assembled with cadmium and selenium or cadmium and tellurium quantum dots. The catalyst layer is made of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Contents: The thickness of the silicon chip is polished by alkali solution at 5-15 mu m decreased. The silicon chip is mono-crystalline silicon chip with specific resistance of 0.5-5 omega .cm. The weight percentage content of sodium hydroxide water solution is 0.5-1.5%. The organic solvent is isopropyl alcohol or ethanol with volume percentage content of 1-10%. The refractive factor of the silicon nitride after face PECVD deposit is 1.5-2.5, and the thickness of the film is 70-90 nm. Preferred Processes: The step of processing fiber at the front surface comprises arranging two silicon chips in parallel, locating into sodium hydroxide comprising organic solvent to etch front surface, and rinsing etched silicon chip by acid and deionized water. The phosphor dispersing process comprises using phosphorus oxychloride liquid source, controlling temperature of constant temperature area at 800-900 degrees C, and dispersing for 30-50 minutes, with resistance of square block of the dispersed silicon chip of 40-60 omega /square.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali solution is organic alkali solution; organic alkali solution is water solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (10-40 wt.%), or tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide or ethylenediamine (10-30 wt.%); and the temperature of the alkali solution is 50-90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: In the material, the inorganic oxide particles are selected from titanium dioxide particles, zirconium dioxide particles, magnesium oxide particles, silicon oxide particles, aluminum oxide particles or a mixture of two or more particles. The adding amount of inorganic oxide particles is 0.01-0.3% according to the weight of ethylene copolymer substrate. The adding amount of inorganic oxide particles is 0.015-0.2% according to the weight of ethylene copolymer substrate. The adding amount of inorganic oxide particles is 0.02-0.1% according to the weight of ethylene copolymer substrate. The adding amount of inorganic oxide particles is 0.025-0.05% according to the weight of ethylene copolymer substrate. The grain diameter of inorganic oxide particles is less than 2 microns. The grain diameter of inorganic oxide particles is less than 300 nanometers. The grain diameter of inorganic oxide particle is less than 50 nanometers. The inorganic oxide particle is carried out surface treatment through silane coupling agent or titanate coupling agent. The ethylene copolymer is selected from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylic ester copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylic acid copolymer or ion copolymer. The content of ethylene monomer unit of ethylene copolymer is 55-90wt%. The content of ethylene monomer unit of ethylene copolymer is 60-88wt%. The content of ethylene monomer unit of ethylene copolymer is 65-85wt%. It comprises additive selected from ultraviolet light stabilizer, ultraviolet light absorber, antioxidant, plasticizer, crosslinking agent or crosslinking auxiliary agent. Preferred Battery: In the battery, at least one of the front plate and the back plate is made of glass. The front plate and the back plate are glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The light directing assembly includes a light reflecting panel attached to the light collecting panel for reflecting the light back to the light collecting panel. An energy reservoir is electrically coupled to the energy converting layer for receiving and storing the electric energy. The energy reservoir is selected from lead-acid battery, Ni-Mh battery, Ni-Cd battery, LiFePO4 battery, and Li/MnO2 battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light reflecting panel is made of polymer materials selected from a polyethylene terephtalate (PET), a modified polyethylene terephtalate (PETG), and an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer or oligomer has a repeating unit having hole transportability and repeating unit having aromatic amine or carbazole. The polymerizable substituent in the polymer or oligomer is oxetane group, epoxy group, vinyl group, acrylate group, and/or methacrylate group. The substrate is a resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from methane, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene or o-dichlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear electrode is made of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Each of the acceptor and donor segments comprises porphyrinic macrocycle(s). The copolymer is an alternating copolymer. The acceptor segment comprising porphyrinic macrocycle is one or more of 13 segments, e.g. segments of formulae (I)-(V), where porphyrinic macrocycle(s) comprising porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin is represented by P'. The copolymer further comprises additional segment(s) of formulae (VI) and/or (VII). Preferred Method: Forming the copolymer comprises organometallic-mediated coupling reaction(s). It comprises using a catalyst comprising nickel or palladium. The first comonomer comprises greater than or equal to 2 groups comprising iodine, fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or triflate. The second comonomer comprises greater than or equal to 2 groups comprising Sn(R)3, ZnX2, MgX2, B(OR)2, X, or silyl.R=alkyl;andX=comprises I, F, Br, Cl, or triflate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal sheet is made of polycarbonate, polyethylene napthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and acryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The cobalt nitride compound is prepared by sintering cobalt acetate with average granularity of 300-500 nm at high temperature and in nitrogen source atmosphere to obtain the cobalt nitride compound. Preferred Method: Sintering is conducted at 450-800 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The cobalt acetate and the carrier for loading the cobalt nitride compound are processed by ultrasonic vibration after ball grinding. Preferred Component: The gas of the nitrogen source atmosphere is ammonia gas or gas resolved by ammonium bicarbonate after heating. The cobalt nitride compound has average granularity of 50-200 nm. The carrier is carbon black. The average granularity of the catalyst is 100-200 nm. The cobalt nitride compound in the catalyst is present at 30-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electric conductive glass, indium tin oxide (ITO) electric conductive glass or ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gas is pure oxygen or air. The inert gas is argon, nitrogen or their mixture. The acidic liquid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is acetone, chloroform or ethanol. The acidic liquid is acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is polyethylene, polystyrene or non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The functional layer is positive hole injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Two 1,3,5-tris(diarylamino)benzene compounds are specifically claimed, i.e. N,N',N"-triphenyl-N,N',N"-tris(para-hydroxyphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine of formula (Ia) and N,N',N"-tris(4'-hydroxybiphenyl)-N,N',N"-tris(4-methylphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine.    EXAMPLE - (4-(Tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl)-phenylamine (in g) (6), 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (3.19), sodium tert-butoxide (5.82) and xylene (80 ml) were added into a flask, stirred and heated at 120 degrees C. Then, palladium acetate (0.02) and tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.04) were added to the resultant reaction mixture and heated at 120 degrees C for 6 hours. The obtained reaction product was extracted with toluene, purified by performing silica gel chromatography, and the purified material was recrystallized using toluene and ethanol in a ratio of 1/5, to obtain N,N',N"-tris-(4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl)-N,N',N"-triphenyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine (3.34). The obtained N,N',N"-tris-(4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl)-N,N',N"-triphenyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride were reacted in presence of tetrahydrofuran, to obtain N,N',N"-triphenyl-N,N',N"-tris(para-hydroxyphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine (2.2) (Ia). The obtained compound (Ia) had melting point of 125 degrees C and molecular weight of 628.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor contained in the semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The imidazole-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (III). The pyrrole-type compound (II) is preferably of formula (IV).R20-R29=H, halo, hydroxy, thiol, cyano, (un)substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino or heterocyclyl;or adjacent R20-R29=ring;k1,k2,k4,k5=0-10;andY1,Y2,Y4-Y6=sulfur, oxygen, or selenium, preferably sulfur. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R5,R8,R11,R14=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The heat dissipation material powder comprises copper, brass, steel sheet, stainless steel, carbon nanotube, iron and/or silver. The amount of heat dissipation material powder with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-vinyl alcohol resin is 10-20 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The nanoparticles are aluminum oxide nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hygroscopic material is the combination of the macromolecule and the cotton material; where the macromolecule comprises polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide, starch graft copolymer, or rubber polymer blend. The alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, or their mixture. The solid state hydrogen fuel comprises solid hydride, solid catalyst, and hydrophobic and elastic macromolecule; where the solid hydride comprises metal borohydride, metal hydride, boron nitrogen hydride, or their mixture; the metal borohydride comprises sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4)2), magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2), potassium borohydride (KBH4), or aluminum borohydride (Al(BH4)3); the metal hydride comprises lithium hydride (LiH), sodium hydride (NaH), or calcium hydride (CaH2); the boron nitrogen hydride comprises borane ammonia complex, diborane, diamide diborane, polyamino borane, borazine, borane-morpholine complex, or borane-tetrahydrofuran; the solid catalyst comprises ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), or iron (Fe); and the hydrophobic and elastic macromolecule comprises silica gel, rubber, or silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for the preparation of the compound (C1) is given. Preferred Compound: The compound (C1) is selected from 83 compounds as given in the specification e.g. compound of formula (I').R 3=alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. Preferred Definitions:    X 1=N;    R 2=H.    The metal M is Ir.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 85 Compounds are specifically claimed as compound (C1) e.g. tris-(1-(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2-azaborine-2-yl)iridium of formula (Ia), tris-(2-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2-azaborine-6-yl)iridium, tris-(1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)-1,4-azaborine-4-yl)iridium, tris-(2-(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2-azoborine-1-yl)iridium, and tris-(2-(pyridine-6-yl)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1,2-azaborine-3-yl)iridium.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: In the solar condensing power generation system with forced cooling function, the power generation units (8) are arranged on the lower side of the condenser lens (6) and composed of the power generation chip (30) and a condensing radiator (27) that is arranged on the power generation chip (30) and provided with a medium cavity (24); the power generation chip (30) is adhered to the radiating tube (7) through the insulating conductive adhesive (31); the condensing radiator (27) is provided with radiating fins (26) and vertically provided with two vertical and intersected cross baffles (25); the medium cavity (24) is filled with low or high boiling point alcohol, alkyl, ester medium or mixture; a high reflectance material is arranged on the four walls of a light port (24) of the condensing radiator (27); and a lens light guide (29) is arranged between the bottom of the condensing radiator (27) and the power generation chip (30). The air discharging tube (32) is arranged on the upper part of the medium cavity (24) of the condensing radiator (27), while a liquid return tube (35) is arranged on the lower part; and the air discharging tube (35) and the liquid return tube (35) are connected to upper and lower ports of a radiating coil (34) in a thermal exchange box (33) on one side of the condensing radiator (27) respectively to form an independent thermal exchange system. The bearing (17) is arranged in the connection of the carriage (16) and the support rod (2). The air inlet (5) and the air outlet (1) are internally provided with a filter screen or a filter film. The medium connection pipe (19) is arranged on the medium inlet (20) and the medium inlet (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Contents: The mol ratio of monomer o-dialkoxybenzene to ferric chloride is 1:255. The hydrochloric acid-ethanol solution comprises 2-5% hydrochloric acid. Preferred Components: The solvent is methanol or ethanol. The monomer o-dialkoxybenzene comprises 1-18C alkyl. Preferred Process: The time for grinding at room temperature is 20-40 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer contains silica, silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon carbide and amorphous silicon. The etchant contains hydrofluoric acid, potassium hydroxide, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid and acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The seed layer contains nickel, nickel-phosphorus alloy, nickel-boron alloy, nickel-gold alloy, copper, palladium, aluminum, silver and/or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Nitro-containing compound of formula (II), acetate-containing compound of formula (III) and naphthalene-type compound of formula (IV) are reacted to obtain 1,4-di(2'-naphthyl)benzene compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is chosen from 37 compounds e.g. compounds of formulae (I-1) to (I-5).
Preferred Definitions:    X1-X4=group chosen from 19 functional groups e.g. groups of formulae (i)-(v);    R1,R2=H, 1-6C alkyl or 1-6C alkoxy;and    L1,L2=-NCS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The enhancing step comprises: applying thermal energy to the multi junction solar cell sufficient to modify the voltage and current properties of the dilute nitride layer. The annealing step is sufficient to modify voltage and current properties of the dilute nitride layer. Preferred Components: The n+ and p+ layer is an III-V-based compound. The rare earth group V interlayer is an erbium-based compound or lanthanide and a group V element. The n+ and p+ layer: is a dilute nitride, which is gallium indium nitride arsenide, gallium indium nitride arsenide antimonide, gallium indium nitride arsenide bismuth or gallium indium nitride arsenide antimonide bismuth; and comprises gallium arsenide, aluminum indium gallium phosphide, indium gallium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, or aluminum gallium indium arsenide phosphide. The rare earth group V interlayer is erbium arsenide or erbium phosphide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is steel material, plastic plate, waterproof sheet, siding of tile or concrete. Preferred Property: The tearing-off adhesive force of flexible solar cell with respect to base material is 15N/10 mm at 90 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each anode and cathode comprises a catalyst. The fuel is hydrogen, borohydride or vanadium. The oxidizer is oxygen, nitric acid, peroxide, permanganate or vanadium oxide. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid, organic buffer or hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is methanol, ethanol or carboxyl acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass frit comprises (wt.%) zinc oxide (35-42), potassium pentoxide (1-2), and silica (8-25). The glass frit further comprises (wt.%) silica (8-25), zinc oxide (35-42), phosphorus pentoxide (1-2), alumina (0.1-4), lead oxide (8-40), zirconium oxide (0.5-4), and lead fluoride (8-35).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrically conductive material comprises aluminum, copper, gold, silver, and/or palladium. The composition comprises 70-90 wt.% electrically conductive material, and 3-7 wt.% glass frit. The composition further comprises additive(s) comprising a metal including zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, or chromium; a metal oxide of zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, or chromium; and/or compounds that can generate the metal oxides upon firing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactive surface portion comprises a catalyst immobilized on the reactive surface portion. The reactive surface portion comprises a second reactant immobilized on the reactive surface portion. A binding partner is immobilized on the reactive surface portion. The reactant is bound with the binding partner. The reactant comprises a protein, a fuel, a hydrocarbon, methanol, or an oxidant. Preferred Method: Chemically or biologically reacting comprises decomposing a reactant into one or more products from a first reactant and a second reactant using a catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon-containing compound comprises a compound from silane, disilane, and/or tetrafluorosilane. The mixture of precursors further comprises hydrogen gas. The mixture of precursors further comprises a dopant which is phosphine. Preferred Method: The heating step is performed at 750-1200 degrees C for 5 seconds to 30 minutes by heating a surface of the substrate opposite the surface having the amorphous silicon film. The method further comprises oxidizing all of the crystalline grain structure formed from the amorphous silicon film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective layer contains 0.1-50 parts weight of organic fine powder and/or inorganic fine powder with average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m with respect to 100 parts weight of ionizing radiation-hardenable resin. The protection sheet further has a primer layer (3) laminated between protective layer and base material, and water vapor-barrier layer or metal oxide vapor deposition layer containing aluminum foil in single surface of base material. The base material has a resin layer chosen from high-density polyethylene resin layer, polypropylene resin layer, cyclic polyolefin-type resin layer and a polyester-type resin layer or layer(s) containing white pigment. The protective layer and/or primer layer contain white pigment or black pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made of polyimide or polyaramide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Component (A) is an organic compound having an alkenyl group of formula (I). Component (B) is a hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound ( alpha 1) having an alkenyl and triazinane trione derivative of formula (X1)-(X3), phenolic hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, and cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane compound ( beta ) having greater than or equal to 2 SiH groups. Cyclic polyorganosiloxane compound ( beta ) having greater than or equal to 2 SiH groups is of formula (II). Component (D) is a hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound having alkenyl group and triazinane trione derivative of formula (X1)-(X3), phenolic hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, and cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane compound which has greater than or equal to 2 SiH groups. Component (E) is the hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound ( alpha 2) with alkenyl group, and cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane compound which has greater than or equal to 3 SiH groups. Component (C) is beta -diketone platinum complex.R1=H or 1-50C monovalent organic group provided that greater than or equal to 1 R1 has a C=C which is reactive with SiH group;R2, R3=1-10C organic group;n=1-10;m=0-10; andm+n= greater than or equal to 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The clay particles kaolinite, dickite, halloysite, crysotile, lizardite, amesite, pyrophyllite, talc, montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, stevensite, saponite, hectorite, sauconite, octahedron-type vermiculite, muscovite, paragonite, illite, sericite, phlogopite, biotite, lepidolite and/or layered titanic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance is organic substance or foaming agent. The organic substance is chosen from ( epsilon )-caprolactam and organic onium ion. The organic onium ion is ammonium ion, phosphonium ion, pyridinium ion and/or imidazolium ion. The foaming agent is organic-type foaming agent or inorganic-type foaming agent. Preferred Property: The sealing material has low sodium dissolubility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluorescent polymer comprises 20-1000 pyrene-containing repeating units (I). The fluorescent polymer is a non-aggregating, blue-emitting polypyrene compound of formula (II).R=1-12C alkyl, preferably tert-butyl;andn=20-1000, preferably 20-500. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-12C alkyl;    R2-R8=1-3C alkyl;    Ar1,Ar2=benzyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, diphenylanthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenyl, acenaphthyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl, carbazolyl, thiophenyl, multi-fused thiophenyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrenyl or triphenylamine (all optionally substituted), perylenediimide, perylenemonoimide or higher rylene homologs;and    n1,n2=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is of formula (I), (II), (III) or (IV).R1,R2,R4,R5=H or halo, or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, aryl alkoxy, or aryl alkylthio (all optionally substituted by fluoro);m=0-10;R3=H or halo, alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio (all optionally substituted by fluoro);Ar1,Ar2=arylene or bivalent nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group;n1=2-10;n2,n3=1-3;andp1,p2=0-5.Preferred Composition: The content of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is 0.1-10000 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of conjugated polymer compound. The sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is 2,2'-bithiophene. The organic layer further contains electron-accepting compound and electron donor. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conjugated polymer compound is regioregular poly 3-substituted thiophene. Preferred Property: The conjugated polymer compound has weight average molecular weight of 500-10000000 based on polystyrene conversion. Preferred Composition: The conjugated polymer compound has thiophene repeating unit of formula (a) and fluorene repeating unit of formula (b).R6-R15=H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, aryl alkoxy, or aryl alkylthio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The film has oxygen gas permeability of less than 4.0x 10-15 cm2/second.cm mercury-1. The thickness of the clay film is 0.003-0.1 mm. The deformation of the film after immersing in 150 degrees C water for 1 hour, is not observed. The 5 wt.% decrease temperature of the modified clay film measured by thermogravimetric measurement is 300-760 degrees C. The clay paste obtained after adding a polar solvent has viscosity of 1-30 Pa.second. Preferred Composition: The modified clay uses natural clay or synthetic clay chosen from mica, vermiculite, montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite, magadite, ilerite, kanemite, illite and sericite. The modified clay is obtained by reacting silylating agent with clay. The content of the clay is less than 30 wt.% with respect to the silylating agent. 90 Mol% or more of the convertability ion of the modified clay is lithium ion. The solvent for pregel is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The polar solvent is ethanol or dimethyl acetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The additive is polyamide or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layers stacked at light absorbing layer are formed by sputtering process using aluminum doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of titania in the surface-modifying solution is 16.7-50 mu mol/g of phosphorus, preferably 20-33.3 mu mol/g of phosphorus. The concentration of phosphorus in the surface-modifying solution is 30-60 mu mol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A metal element (0.5-1.5 weight%) is further dissolved in surface-modifying solution. The metal element is chosen from silver, palladium, rhodium, nickel, rubidium and platinum, preferably platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acrylic structure-containing polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate-type compound is of formula (I).R1=H or methyl;andR2=1-5C alkylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The cured resin layer has thickness of 1-50 mu m. The laminate has thickness of 30-300 mu m, retardation of 1 nm or less and light transmittance of 90% or more. The thickness of glass is 5-50 times of thickness of cured resin layer. The pencil hardness of surface side of cured resin layer is more than H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic solvent is 1.5-5 weight times the content of polyfunctional isocyanate compound. The water-soluble polypeptide is gelatin having jelly strength of 10-250 based on JISK6503-2001. The imidazole compound solution further contains tertiary amine compound. The tertiary amine compound is 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol. The imidazole compound solution comprises two types of imidazole compounds. The imidazole compounds are 2-methylimidazole having melting point of 137-145 degrees C, and another imidazole compound having melting point less than the 2-methylimidazole, or 2-methylimidazole having melting point of 137-145 degrees C, and 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole having melting point of 41 degrees C or 2-phenylimidazole having melting point of 137-147 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin is thermosetting epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The biodegradable plastic film is polylactic acid-type compound film. The layer (L) is obtained by plasma ion implantation method. The gas-barrier film has water-vapor permeation rate of less than 1 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and relative humidity of 90%. The ion is injected into surface portion of layer containing silicon-type compound, and elongate laminate having layer containing silicon-type compound in surface portion is conveyed in fixed direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkene portion in diarylethene group-containing compound is substituted by 2-5C alkyl, aromatic ring, cyano group or fluoro group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles (a) are chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium fluoride and iron oxide. The inorganic particles (b) are chosen from zinc oxide, copper oxide, antimony oxide, cryolite, fluorite, apatite, calcite, gypsum and talc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 0.01-10 wt.% of siloxane compound having structural units of formulae: -C(-R11)(-A)-CH2- (I), -C(-R12)(-B')-CH2- (II), -C(-R13)(-C')-CH2- (III) and -C(-R14)(-X3)-CH2- (IV).R11-R14=H or methyl;A=group having fluorine-containing silasesquioxane of formula (V);B'=group having silicone component of formula (VI);C'=group derived from polymeric monomers;X3=group having (meth)acryloyl structure;R1-R7=3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro hexyl, tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydro octyl, heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydro decyl, pentacosafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydro tetradecyl, propyl (3-heptafluoro isopropoxy), pentafluoro phenylpropyl, pentafluorophenyl or alpha , alpha , alpha -trifluoro methylphenyl;R16,R17=methyl, phenyl or 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl;R18,R19=methyl or phenyl;R15=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl or phenyl;ands=1-1000.The molar fraction of structural units (I)-(IV) is each of more than 0% and less than 100%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyurethane, diacetyl cellulose, triacetyl cellulose, polyimide and polyether sulfone. Preferred Properties: The hard coat layer and base material have thickness of 0.1-5 mu m and 0.1-1 mm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metal sheet substrate contains polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acryl resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: In the solar cell and radiator combined component, the square grid of the grid for fixing the solar cell plate matches the solar cell plate in size; each solar cell plate is put in the grid which will not move during the laminating process; and the grid is provided with a solar cell welding wire outlet. The radiator is an aluminum alloy radiator, whose surface is oxidized to form the aluminum oxide insulating layer. The surface of the radiator is coated with a Teflon insulation layer to form the insulation layer. The radiator is the extrusion formed aluminum alloy fin radiator, whose one surface facing the solar cell is provided with a wiring trough. The radiator is a radiator with a fluid hole channel. The surface of the grid for fixing the solar cell plate facing the transparent cover plate is a sunlight reflection layer. The composition material of the grid for fixing the solar cell plate is aluminum alloy metal material. The composition material of grid for fixing the solar cell plate is the glass fiber reinforced plastic. The transparent cover plate material is ultra clear glass, high transmission plastic or silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layers are made of one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, cadmium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and tin fluorine oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor stack layer is doped with germanium alloy material or carbon element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is nickel precursor or yttrium-stabilized zirconia, and comprises main catalyst comprising nickel precursor and metal oxide chosen from oxide of cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium and holmium, or cocatalyst comprising metal chosen from iron, copper, molybdenum, vanadium, potassium, calcium and/or magnesium. The nickel precursor is chosen from nickel oxide, nickel chloride, nickel bromide and nickel(II) hydroxide. The anode comprises lanthanum strontium manganate, nickel-ytterbium-stabilized zirconia, nickel-lanthanum-molybdenum oxide, copper-cerium oxide and/or lanthanum strontium titanate. The cathode comprises lanthanum strontium manganate and/or lanthanum nickel oxide. The metal oxide is bismuth-copper oxide (BiCuvOx).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte film comprises Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer), phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, ethyl sulfonate and/or trifluoromethyl sulfonate, or phosphorus pentaoxide, cesium hydrogen sulfate, heteropolytungstic acid and/or heteropolymolybdic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is chosen from compounds of formulae (II)-(IV). Preferred Definitions:    L1=group chosen from 16 groups e.g. groups of formulae (a)-(e);    R1=H or 1-20C alkyl;and    L2=group chosen from groups of formulae (f)-(j).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The purification of the carbon nano tube comprises dipping the carbon nano tube in concentrated hydrochloric acid (30-40%), filtering and washing till the filtrate is neutral and drying for 2-6 hours at 80-100 degrees C to obtain the purified carbon nano tube carrier. The functional processing of the carbon nano tube comprises placing the purified carbon nano tube in an acid solution, where the volume ratio of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid is 1-5:1, heating and refluxing for 1-5 hours at 60-100 degrees C, filtering the washing until the filtrate is neutral and drying for 2-6 hours at 80-100 degrees C to obtain the carbon nano tube. The mass volume ratio of ammonium molybdate to concentrated sulfuric acid is 1 g:5-20 ml and the mass concentration of concentrated hydrochloric acid is 30-40%. The concentration of sodium borohydride is 0.01-0.3 mol/l and the volume mass ratio of sodium borohydride to ammonium molybdate is 5-20 ml:1 g. The mass ratio of carbon nanotube to ammonium molybdate in step (iii) is 1:(0.1-1). The concentration of hexachloroplatinic acid ethanediol solution is 1.93-19.3 mmol/l and the concentration of sodium hydroxide ethanediol solution is 0.1-1 mol/l in step (iv). The volume ratio of hexachloroplatinic acid to sodium hydroxide is 1:(1-5) and the mass volume ratio of (II)/carbon nanotubes to hexachloroplatinic acid is 1 g:10-50 ml. The washing step comprises washing with absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water for many times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticles are chosen from copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, zinc, titanium, chromium, silver, platinum, aluminum and their alloys, and have diameter of 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal-polymer composite nanoparticles further include hydrophilic solvent, amphiphilic solvent, water and alcohol. The hydrophobic solvent is chosen from hexane, benzene and chloroform. The amphiphilic solvent is tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic light-emitting polymer nanoparticles are chosen from poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene), poly-N-vinylcarbazole, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, polythiophene, poly(3-methylthiophene), polyphenylene vinylene and their derivatives, and have diameter of 50-250 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is titanium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixed layer contains ( pi )-conjugated polymer, amorphous silicon and organic compound which has ( pi )-conjugation structure and molecular weight of 2000 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of methyl tetraglyme is 8-80 %mass, preferably 20-55 %mass with respect to the total mass of the glyme mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The back-surface protection sheet is obtained by laminating weather-resistant resin sheet and a damp-proof membrane. The surface of the weather-resistant resin sheet is subjected to corona treatment or atmospheric pressure plasma processing. Preferred Membrane: The damp-proof membrane is metal aluminum sheet, or resin sheet having inorganic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyol component has two or more (meth)acryloyl group in a molecule. Preferred Process: The polyol component is obtained by adding methacrylic acid compound to epoxy group of compound having two or more epoxy groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The urethane resin has glass transition temperature of -60 degrees C to -10 degrees C, (meth)acryloyl-group equivalent of 500-40000 and number average molecular weight of 5000-150000. The epoxy resin in the active-energy-ray-curable adhesive agent has number average molecular weight of 500-5000. The active-energy-ray-hardenable adhesive layer has glass transition temperature of -20 degrees C to 20 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of epoxy resin is 5-40 parts weight with respect to urethane resin (100 parts weight) in the active-energy-ray-curable adhesive agent. Preferred Layer: The sheet-like material is metal foil, or plastic film having vapor deposition layer in which metal oxide or nonmetallic inorganic oxide is vapor-deposited to at least one surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of silica, bismuth oxide, boric oxide, zinc oxide and titania is 4-19 mol%, 12-37 mol%, 15-43 mol%, 12-55 mol% and 2-9 mol%, respectively. The glass frit does not contain alkali-metal oxide, alkaline-earth metal oxide, iron oxide and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of glass frit and organic vehicle is 1-8 parts mass and 10-25 parts mass, respectively with respect to 100 parts mass of electroconductive silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentric layer is composed of in-situ formed cadmium zinc sulfide. The alloy of CdS and ZnS and the dopant of Mn have a composition consisting of ZnS:Mn, zinc (Zn)(0.75) cadmium (Cd)(0.25) sulfur (S):Mn, Zn(0.50)Cd(0.50)S:Mn, Zn(0.25)Cd(0.75)S:Mn, and CdS:Mn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The outlet temperature of steam generation unit is controlled at 200 degrees C. The steam generation unit is operated at 145-200 degrees C. The carbon monoxide transfer unit is operated at 180-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type or p-type dopant is lanthanum boride, aluminum powder, bismuth powder and/or bismuth oxide. The inorganic binder is glass frit, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide and/or aluminum oxide. The etching paste further contains compound comprising fluorine or phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching paste contains (in wt.%) n-type or p-type dopant (0.1-98), binder (0.1-10) and solvent (1.9-99.8). The binder is organic binder and/or inorganic binder. The organic binder is cellulose-based resin, (meth)acrylic resin and/or polyvinyl acetyl resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cerium type even density mixed oxide is prepared by impregnating solid reaction method of cerium compound and transition-metal containing element compound, coprecipitation method, depositing method, chemical solution mixing method. The method involves coating slurry obtained by mixing and wet-grinding activated alumina and cerium type even density mixed oxide to honey-comb carrier. The method involves preparing slurry by adding aqueous solution of platinum group metal element in wet-grinding process, and coating slurry to honey-comb carrier. The method involves fixing platinum group metal element in activated alumina and/or cerium type even density mixed oxide before wet-grinding. Preferred Composition: The content rate of cerium is 30-98 mol%. The content of platinum group metal is 0.2-20 g/L per unit volume of honey-comb carrier. Preferred Components: The catalyst composition contains platinum group metal element. The honey-comb carrier is metal honey-comb carrier. Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of metal honey-comb carrier is 0.5-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The amine compound (I) is of formula (III), (IV), (V) or (VI).Ar2-Ar4=Ar1;R6-R19=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aromatic hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylamino, imino, cyano or heterocyclic group;R3-R19=Ar1;R20,R21=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aromatic hydrocarbyl, amino, imino, cyano or heterocyclic group;R3-R7,R9-R21,Ar4=cyclic structure bonded through direct bond or joint atom;andm=n.The carbon-carbon double bond in compounds (V) and (VI) exists in cis-isomer or trans-isomer form. Preferred Definitions:    Y'=carboxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The urethane resin contains castor-oil-type polyol, preferably hexamethylene diisocyanate. The urethane resin contains castor-oil-type polyol in a structure that does not include double bond by hydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive layer: includes a combination of metal and at least one of oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and/or tellurium (Te); is a conductive metal oxide; includes a combination of metal and at least one non-metal from a group 15 element and/or group 16 element; and include at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or tin dioxide (SnO2). The n-type, (i) type and p-type semiconductor layers: include at least one semiconductor material of silicon, copper indium gallium selenide and/or cadmium telluride; are formed of same or different semiconductor materials. The (i)-type semiconductor layer directly contacts the n-type semiconductor layer, the p-type semiconductor layer directly contacts the (i)-type semiconductor layer, and the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer directly contact the respective transparent conductive layer. The transparent conductive layer contacting the n-type semiconductor layer is a first transparent conductive layer, where the n-type semiconductor layer is on the first transparent conductive layer, and the transparent conductive layer contacting the p-type semiconductor layer is a second transparent conductive layer on the p-type semiconductor layer. The second transparent conductive layer: includes a material having a greater amount of oxidation than the first transparent conductive layer; and includes a material having a different amount of oxygen than the first transparent conductive layer. The second transparent conductive layer is formed of zinc oxide and the first transparent conductive layer is formed of zinc trioxide. The first and second transparent conductive layer includes: a combination of metal and at least one of O, N, S, Se and/or Te; and ITO, ZnO and/or SnO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polymerizable substituent is oxetane group, epoxy group, vinyl group, acrylate group or methacrylate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is flexible substrate or resin film. Preferred Properties: The polymer or oligomer has number average molecular weight of 1000-1000000 and polydispersion degree of 1 or more. Preferred Composition: The organic electronic material further contains thermal-polymerization initiator as dopant. The polymerization initiator is ionic compound. The polymer or oligomer contains 10 branched aromatic structures chosen from formulae (1)-(5). The polymer or oligomer further contains charge transport group(s), 3 or more polymerizable substituents at its terminal and aromatic partial structures of formulae: -L2-A1(-L1-)-(Xm)n-A2(-L3-)-L4- and -L6-A3(-L5-)(-L7-)-(Xm)n-A4(-L8-)(-L10-)-L9-.Ar=bivalent coupling group, 2-30C arylene or heteroarylene;W'=trivalent coupling group or optionally substituted group obtained by removing hydrogen from arylene or heteroarylene;Y'=group chosen from 12 bivalent coupling groups e.g. -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=O)- and -O-C(=O)-;R=H, or linear, cyclic or branched 1-22C alkyl, 2-30C aryl or heteroaryl (all optionally substituted);Z=carbon, silicon or phosphorus;A1,A2=trivalent coupling group;A3,A4=tetravalent coupling group;L1-L10,Xm=bivalent coupling group;andn,m=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ruthenium complex is of formula (I').R1,R2=4-8C alkoxy.Preferred Process: The ruthenium complex (I) is obtained by reacting bipyridine compound of formula (II), 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, and thiocyanate with dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium dimer. The ruthenium complex (I') is obtained by reacting bipyridine compound of formula (II'), 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, and thiocyanate with dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium dimer. Preferred Composition: The usage amount of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide is 0.9-1.1 mol with respect to 1 mol of ruthenium complex (I) or (I'). The alcohol solution is methanol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound (a1) is chosen from triaryl isocyanurate, trimethallyl isocyanurate, diallyl isocyanurate, diallyl mono-glycidyl isocyanurate, diallyl monomethyl isocyanurate, diallyl monophenyl isocyanurate and tris(2-acryloyloxyethyl)isocyanurate, preferably diallyl isocyanurate, diallyl mono-glycidyl isocyanurate, diallyl monomethyl isocyanurate or diallyl monophenyl isocyanurate. The silicon compound (a2) is of formula (I). The organic compound (b1) is chosen from triaryl isocyanurate, diallyl isocyanurate, diallyl mono-glycidyl isocyanurate, 1,2,4-trivinyl cyclohexane, divinylbenzene, divinyl biphenyl, trimethylol propane diallyl ether, bisphenol A diallyl ether, bisphenol S diallyl ether, norbornene, norbornadiene and monoallyl diglycidyl isocyanurate. The silicon compound (b2) is 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl tetracyclosiloxane.R0=1-6C organic group;andn=3-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The maleimide group contained in component (A) is of formula (I). The component (A) is of formula (II). The component (C) is (meth)acrylate. The active energy ray hardening-type composition further contains photoinitiator (D), and compound (E) which sensitizes photodimerization reaction of component (A). The component (B) containing ethylenically unsaturated group is compound having (meth)acryloyl group, compound having substituent containing unsaturated double bond and maleimide group, or compound having substituent containing maleimide group, (meth)acryloyl group and unsaturated double bond.R1,R2=H, halo, alkyl, aryl, hydrocarbyl, in which at least one of R1 and R2 is hydrocarbyl;or R1+R2=5-membered or 6-membered ring;R3=alkylene;R4=H or methyl group;andn=1-6.Preferred Properties: The cured material of composition has storage elastic modulus of 1x 104-1x 107 Pa at 25 degrees C and storage elastic modulus of 2x 106 Pa or more at 85 degrees C, after active energy ray irradiation. Preferred Process: Alternately, the active energy ray hardening-type adhesive film or sheet is formed by coating the composition on base material in which release process is carried out, irradiating active energy ray, semi-hardening, and forming adhesive cured film. The optical film laminate is obtained by stripping base material in which release process of one-side of the adhesive film or sheet is carried out, adhering the stripped surface and optical film or sheet, exposing, stripping the base material in which release process of another side is carried out, adhering the stripped surface and other optical film or sheet, exposing and irradiating. Preferred Condition: The adhesive cured film is formed by irradiating active energy ray except wavelength below 365 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogenated petroleum resin is copolymer resin of dicyclopentadiene and aromatic monomer. The aromatic monomer is styrene-based monomer. The bromine number measured by JIS K 2605 of the hydrogenated petroleum resin is 3 g/100 g or less. The total light transmittance measured by JIS K 7361-1 is 90.5% or more. The water vapor transmission rate measured according to the conditions B of JIS Z 0208 is 20 g/m2. The yellowness measured by JIS K 7105 after heating at 110 degrees C for 500 hours is 1 or less. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting a dihalogenide compound of formula (X10-A-X10) with an equimolar amount of an organo tin compound of formula (X11a-(COM1)-X11a) to give the polymer.X11a = group of formula (SnR207R208R209);R207, R208, R209 = H or 1-6C alkyl; andX10 = halo, preferably Br. EXAMPLE - In a three neck-flask, potassium phosphate (0.71 g) dissolved in water (2.1 ml) (previously degassed with argon) was added to a degassed solution of 3,6-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis-(2-hexyl-decyl)-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione (1 g), 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid bis(1,3-propanediol)ester (0.63 g), tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (16 mg) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) (26 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 50 degrees C for 13 hours. Subsequently, bromo-thiophene (18 mg) and 20 minutes later, thiophene-boronic acid pinacol ester (23 mg) were added to stop the polymerization reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and precipitated in methanol. The residue was purified and the polymer was then extracted with cyclohexane to give polymer of formula (0.96 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl ether. The clouding point of surfactant is 0-130 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer (B1) further contains buffering agent and/or resin containing ethylene-2,6-naphthalate. The layer (A) contains oxazoline compound as cationic electroconductive compound having acryl skeleton as an electroconductive material, compound having acrylic-type as water-insoluble resin, crosslinking agent and optical stabilizer (0.1-50 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The conductive film is metal film comprising gold, copper and silver; or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene benzene sulfonic acid, and polyaniline organic conductive polymer film. The electron donor layer material is thiophene type material, poly(p-phenylene) and its derivative, aromatic amine type material, condensed ring aromatic compound, and phthalocyanine dye. The thiophene type material comprises 5-vinyl-2-tetramerization thiophene; 5-vinyl-pentamer thiophene; alpha , alpha -di(2,2-dicyanoethylene)-pentamer thiophene; (2,6-(4,4-di-(2-ethyl hexane)-4H-cyclopentene(2,1-b;3,4-b')-di-thiophene)-alternating-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiophene diazole))copolymer; (5,5-dioctyl-(2,2',5',2",5",2) tetramerization thiophene)-alternating-(2,7-fluorine-9-ketone) copolymer; poly-(3-alkyl thiophene); and 3-hexyl replacing poly-thiophene. The poly phenoxy phenylene vinylene (PPV) derivative comprises poly-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy group)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), or poly-(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyl-octyl oxidant)-p-phenylene vinylene). The PPV derivative comprises (oxa-1,4-p-phenylene-1,2-(1-cyan)-ethenylene-2,5-dioctyl-1,4-p-phenylene-1,2-(2-cyan)-ethenylene-1,4-p-phenylene)polymer, or poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)- alpha -cyano-p-phenylene vinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The target workpiece is selected from a group consisting of chromium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, gold, silver, aluminum, nickel-chromium, nickel-chromium-molybdenum, chromium-aluminum, titanium-aluminum, copper, indium, gallium, copper-indium, copper-gallium and copper-indium-gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front and back contact electrodes are made of metal material selected from a group consisting of nickel, silver and aluminum. The plating layers are formed of material selected from a group consisting of tin, silver, titanium and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lower layer is made of one of samarium or europium doped calcium sulfide, samarium or iron doped strontium sulfide, and samarium or cerium doped magnesium sulfide. The upper layer is made of one of magnesium fluoride, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nanofiber layer is selected from a group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, poly acrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylacetate, and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive powder contains silver, copper, titanium, tungsten, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, platinum, lead, palladium or alloy. The glass frit is selected from a group of lead oxide-silicon dioxide, lead oxide-silicon dioxide-boron oxide, zinc oxide-silicon dioxide, zinc oxide-boron oxide-silicon dioxide or bismuth trioxide-boron oxide-zinc oxide-silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 4-fluorinated polyol is tetrafluoroethylene, or copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. The isocyanate is chosen from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), HDI trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene bis(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate), and methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H12MDI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive nanoparticles are metal or semiconductor nanoparticles. The conductive nanoparticles contain silver, copper, gold, chromium, aluminum, tungsten, zinc, nickel, iron, platinum, palladium, lead, manganese, cobalt, silicon, tin, antimony, cadmium, or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ligand comprises hydrophilic head unit, hydrophobic tail and a junction which connects and separates the hydrophilic head unit and the hydrophobic tail using a chemical reaction. The ligand is chosen from hexadecyl dithiocarbamate, dodecyl dithiocarbamate, octyl dithiocarbamate, hexadecyl xanthate, dodecyl xanthate, octyl xanthate, hexadecyl trithiocarbonate, dodecyl trithiocarbonate and octyl trithiocarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The silver powder comprises flake-type powders with 1-10 micron size and flat-type powder with particle size of 100-500 nm. The composite further contains conductive material chosen from tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, zirconium oxide, silver oxide, nickel oxide and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The diluent is chosen from terpineol, N-methyl pyrrolidone, butyl cellosolve, ethylene glycol monobutylether acetate, ethyl carbitol, ethyl carbitol acetate, butyl carbitol, ethoxyethylacetate, ethyl cellosolve, butylacetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder resin comprises 5-20 wt.% of resin solid and 5-35 wt.% of diluent based on 100 wt.%. The composite contains additive (0.01-3 wt.%) chosen from stearic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, dimethylpolysiloxane, methyl ethyl polysiloxane, silicon diacrylate, and silicon leveling agent. The molecular weight of binder is 10000-50000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles include inorganic oxide and/or metal, and have average particle diameter of 30-200 nm. The metal is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. The inorganic oxide is chosen from ferric oxide, cobalt oxide, silicon oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, cadmium oxide, cerium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and cupric oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin is thermosetting resin and/or photo-crosslinkable resin. The polymer is chosen from polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyurethane, polyolefin, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polysiloxane, polycarbonate, polynorbornene and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode layers are made of metals such cesium, magnesium, calcium, scandium, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, aluminum, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The magnesium-containing additive is magnesium oxide. The magnesium compounds capable of forming magnesium oxide on firing are magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium resinates and magnesium carboxylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic vehicle further comprises organic polymer(s) and/or organic additive (s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sacrificial layer is obtained by providing n-type amorphous silicon layer on wafer and depositing indium-tin oxide on n-type amorphous silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching is carried out using hydrofluoric acid-nitric acid-acetic acid (HNA) solution or potassium hydroxide, and solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal paste is aluminum based.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The top surface comprises ruthenium, osmium, and/or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal-nitride includes tungsten-nitride. The metal includes molybdenum, tungsten, titanium and tantalum. The Group IB material is copper, and the Group IIIA material includes indium and gallium. The Group VIA material includes selenium. The transparent layer comprises cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide. The ohmic contact layer is made of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (m1) involves performing deposition step with deposition parameters comprises plasma pressure, very high frequency power and high frequency power. No direct current power is applied to the target. The selected pressure is 6-140 (preferably 40-70) mTorr. The first frequency is 60 MHz and the first power is 4 kW. The second power is 0-600 watts. The second frequency is 2 MHz or 13.56 MHz. The second frequency is effective to cause ions within the plasma to move perpendicularly toward the substrate. A third power at third frequency is applied to the target. The third frequency (400 kHz-14 MHz) increases the sputter rate from the target. The third power is 500 watts-2 kilowatts. The method (M1) further involves adjusting at least one of selected pressure and the first frequency to change number of ions hitting the substrate; adjusting the second power to change the energy of the sputtered ions; controlling the temperature of the substrate. The pressure is reduced and the high frequency power is reduced to form an amorphous film. At least one of high frequency power and the pressure are increased to increase sputtered ion flux or ion energy to form a crystalline film. The percentage of hydrogen is controlled to reduce silicon dangling bonds in the film. The process gas mixture is effective to reduce dangling silicon bonds in the film. Preferred Components: The target is selected from silicon, doped silicon, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, transparent conductive oxide, metals and/or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) (preferably silicon). The process gas comprises (%) argon and/or hydrogen (30, preferably 2-10, more preferably 2.8). The film comprises CIGS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first photoactive solar cell layer comprises copper indium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode comprises a fluorinated tin oxide coated flexible substrate. The nanostructure array is formed of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. The absorbing material comprises at least one of lead and cadmium chalcogenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The encapsulant comprises a clay. The first conductive layer comprises at least one gold anode. Preferred Method: The first conductive layer comprises a first patterning to form many first electrodes. The first patterning comprises separation of the first electrodes azimuthally or axially. The second conductive layer comprises a second patterning to form many second electrodes. The second patterning comprises separation of the second electrodes azimuthally.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The cell is arranged to extend around the central axis more than 360 degrees such that the cell overlaps itself. (I) further comprises a central support. The semiconductive layer comprises many semi-conductor regions each containing a different semi-conductor from the others semi-conductor regions, where the regions vary axially. The first conductive layer is disposed over a substrate. In (I), an encapsulant is disposed over the second conductive layer. Preferred Method: The forming further comprises disposing the first conductive layer over a substrate. The forming further comprises disposing an encapsulant layer over the second conductive layer. The forming further comprises providing the optoelectronic cell with a patterned conducting layer comprising many electrodes, where the method further comprises testing the circuit of each of the electrodes to detect defects and electrically isolating the defects.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a transparent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic bonding layer comprises copper (preferred), chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, titanium, vanadium, aluminum, molybdenum, zirconium, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, aluminum, tin, or an alloy of these metals or stainless steel. The silver-containing reflector layer comprises silver or silver-containing alloy, preferably pure silver. The transparent, conductive barrier layer comprises a transparent conductive oxide, tin (II) oxide, indium tin oxide or zinc oxide. It is doped with zinc oxide, preferably doped with aluminum or gallium or boron and tin (II) oxide and/or indium tin oxide preferably doped with fluorine. A noble gas or a noble gas mixture is used as sputtering gas. Preferred Method: The coating processes are physical vapor deposition process, preferably magnetron sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The modified silicone is polyether-modified silicone, amino-modified silicone, carboxyl-modified silicone or epoxy-modified silicone. The modified silicone is of formula: R1pR2qR3rSiO(4-p-q-r)/2. The aqueous cutting fluid further contains water (B) (1-20 %mass) and hydrophilic polyhydric alcohol and/or its derivative(s) (A) (60-98 %mass).R1=(CR42)nX;R4=H, optionally substituted 1-20C monovalent hydrocarbyl which does not have aliphatic unsaturated bond or hydroxy;n=1-20;X=amino, carboxy or epoxy;R2=optionally substituted 1-20C monovalent hydrocarbyl which does not have aliphatic unsaturated bond;R3=organic group of formula: -CfH2fO(CgH2gO)hR5;R5=H, optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl which does not have aliphatic unsaturated bond, or acetyl;f=2-12;g=2-4;h=1-200;p=0-2.5;q=0.01-2.5;r=0-2.5;andp+q+r=0.05-3.Preferred Property: The hydrophilic polyhydric alcohol and/or its derivative(s) (C) has solubility of 5 %mass or more with respect to water at 20 degrees C and vapor pressure of 0.01 mm mercury (Hg) or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composite Panel: The upper sheet comprises spaced-apart projections and the solar collector module is mounted to the projections. The solar collector module is bonded to the projections. The composite panel comprises a mounting means to which the solar collector is mounted and the mounting means is mounted to the projections. The mounting means comprises a mounting clip. The mounting clip extends substantially along the length of the solar collector module. The mounting means comprises a pair of edge clips, where the edge clips are longitudinally spaced-apart. The mounting clip comprises mounting holes for receiving fixings for fixing the clip to a panel projection. The solar collector module comprises mounting means for mounting the solar collector module to the panel projections, where the mounting means comprises mounting holes in the solar collector module for receiving fixing means for fixing the solar collector module to the panel projections. The outer sheet comprises longitudinally extending raised projections, where the raised projections comprise raised crowns. The raised projections are of generally trapezoidal form and extend longitudinally along the length of the panel. The raised projections comprise a side underlap projection and a side overlap projection for jointing adjacent like panels. The insulating body comprises a foam, where the foam comprises a polyisocyanurate foam material or a phenolic foam material. The panel comprises a roof panel. Preferred Roof Assembly: The solar collector modules are mounted to the panels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition (C1) further comprises crosslinking agent and water ( less than or equal to 30 mass%). Preferred Properties: The solvent has solubility parameter value of 18-28 (19-27) MPa1/2    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metal nanowires have average minor axis length of less than or equal to 200 nm and average major axis length of greater than or equal to 1. The metal nanowires have minor axis length variation coefficient of less than or equal to 40%. The metal nanowires have round corners as seen in cross-section. Preferred Components: The metal amount of metal nanowires which are less than or equal to 50 nm in minor axis length and greater than or equal to 5 mu m in major axis length occupies greater than or equal to 50 mass% of metal amount of all metal particles contained in conductive composition. The metal nanowires comprises silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate, isopropyl acetate , or 1-methoxy-2-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinking agent is epoxy resin or oxetane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive glass is indium-doped tin oxide conductive glass or fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The passivating solution is formed by adding water into 40 passivating solutions to dilute at 4-5 pts.wt., and adjusting pH to 6-7 with sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tungstate catalyst is sodium tungstate or potassium tunstate. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by treating an amine compound of formula (II) with an alkyl halide of formula RZ, in the presence of a base, and with an alkyl halide of formula R'Z. Preferred Method: The method is carried out n the presence of acetonitrile as solvent. EXAMPLE - 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole (0.39 g) was dissolved in toluene (7 ml) and 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-tridecafluoro-8-iodooctane (1.31 g) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 12 hours, cooled and evaporated under vacuum (35 degrees C/18 mbar). The resultant residue was resuspended with a 1:1 vol/vol. solution of acetonitrile/chloroform (5 ml) and purified on a silica gel column. A solid 1-methyl-3-(8,8,8,7,7,6,6,5,5,4,4,3,3-tridecafluorooctan-1-yl)-1H-imidazolium iodide was obtained by evaporation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acceptor and donor segment comprise at least one or more dyes. (II) further comprises at least one solvent and at least one n-type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer and polymer is an alternating copolymer. The molecular weight of the polymer is at least 25000. The polymer is soluble. The first comonomer comprises at least two groups comprising iodine, fluorine, bromine, chlorine or triflate. The second comonomer comprises at least two groups comprising Sn(R1a)3, ZnX2, MgX2, B(OR1a)2, X or silyl group. The acceptor segment has a structure of formulae (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n) and (o). The copolymer further comprises at least one additional segment having a structure of formula (p) and (q).R1a = alkyl;X = I, F, Br, Cl, or triflate;G = at least one or more dyes of formulae (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene; andR, R1 = 2-50C alkyl or 2-50C branched alkyl.Preferred Method: (I) is prepared by providing at least a first comonomer comprising the acceptor segment, providing at least a second comonomer comprising the donor segment and forming the copolymer comprising the acceptor segment and donor segment. The polymer is prepared by polymerization of at least one monomer comprising the dye, at least one monomer comprising the donor, and at least one monomer comprising the acceptor, where the monomer comprising the donor is adapted to react with the monomer comprising the dye, and the monomer comprising the acceptor is adapted to react with the monomer comprising the donor. The formation of the copolymer is carried out by at least one organometallic-mediated coupling reaction using a catalyst comprising nickel or palladium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alumina powder is replaced with hydrated aluminum powder. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first precursor compound includes cadmium and/or selenium, preferably cadmium nitrilotriacetic acid, cadmium nitrate and/or sodium selenosulfate. The multi-bandgap quantum dot layer includes quantum dots including cadmium, selenium and/or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises alloying the multi-bandgap quantum dot layer which includes an ion exchange with zinc ion (Zn2+).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method of fabricating a solar cell, the lower substrate (30) is removed after the flexible film structure (20, 22, 24, 26) has been deformed. The film structure (20, 22, 24, 26) comprises a plastic substrate (24); the reflecting conducting lower electrode (22); the optical absorbing layer (26); and a top electrode (20). The top electrode (20) is transparent, and the bottom electrode (22) is made from a metal, where the top electrode (20) comprises indium tin oxide (ITO) and/or the bottom electrode (22) comprises aluminum. The top electrode (20) has a thickness t, where t is equal to an odd integer multiple of the value lambda /4n, where n is the refractive index of the material of the top electrode and lambda is an optical wavelength close to the peak of the sun's emission spectrum. The lambda is equal to 550 nm. The optical absorbing layer (26) comprises amorphous silicon, where the optical absorbing layer (26) is made using an EPLaR process, and the plastic substrate comprises polyimide (24). The film structure (20, 22, 24, 26) has a thickness of less than 20 mu m. The non-flat surfaces have a symmetric sawtooth profile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The orienting comprises magnetically orienting the article. The process (I) further comprises: providing relative rotation between the article and a magnetic field; and partially stabilizing the article before orienting and stabilizing occurs after orienting. In the process (I), the size of the particles comprises not greater than 20 mesh on an average. The process (II) further comprises: carbonizing the article and orienting the article during the carbonizing; and providing relative rotation between the article and a magnetic field. The process (IV) further comprises stabilizing the impregnated body. In the process (IV) the orienting starts before the stabilizing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main electric-insulation layer is a fire-retardant polyester film containing phosphorus compound and inorganic hydroxide. The water vapor-barrier layer contains aluminum or inorganic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cross-linking agent is polyfunctional isocyanate compound and/or polycarbodiimide compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weather-proof layer contains fluororesin and/or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The top electrode comprises an element from gold, nickel, and/or silver. The semi-transparent electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide and a multilayer dielectric mirror. The transparent oxide is selected from ITO, ZnO, and/or SnO2:F. The dielectric is selected from titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zinc sulfide, and/or magnesium fluoride. The bottom electrode comprises a material having a lower work function than the material of the top electrode. The low work function element is selected from aluminum, titanium and/or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorescence compounds comprise one of Coumarin 30 (C21H21N3O2), Coumarin 334 (C17H17NO3), Rhodamine 101 (C32H31N2O3Cl), and/or Rhodamine B (C29H31ClN2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface (a) of distribution channel portion opposite to surface (b) which contacts with silicon-melt solution, is covered with heat-insulating material. The distribution channel portion is made of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite (15). Preferred Properties: The total thermal capacity of portion which exists in heat insulating material at less than 30 mm from distribution channel portion, and distribution channel portion is less than 13000 J/K. The cross section of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite is in form of V-shape, U-shape, circular arc, elliptical arc, circle, ellipse or polygon. Preferred Process: The distribution channel portion is obtained by laminating a component in perpendicular direction with respect to conveyance direction of silicon-melt solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The average particle diameter of the polymer is 80-140 nm. The polymer comprises acrylic acid (0.1-9 %mass) with respect to monomer mixture. The monomer mixture comprises monomer mixture (m1) containing monomer having two or more radical polymerizable groups and mixture (m2) which does not contain monomer. The polymer polymerizes the mixture (m2) after polymerizing the monomer mixture (m1). The glass transition temperature of the polymer comprised in the mixture (m2) and monomer mixture (m1) is 20 degrees C or more and 60 degrees C or less, respectively. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decrease of mass is 0.14 mg/cm2 or less, preferably 0.1 mg/cm2 or less when the glass is immersed in a 25 degrees C iodine electrolyte solution for two weeks. The thermal expansion coefficient of glass is 65-120x 10-7/ degrees C. The softening point of dye-sensitized solar cell material is 550 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminated polyester film has an easily adhesive resin layer formed using polyolefin-type resin, on at least one surface of primary layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive material consists of copper, aluminum, silver or gold. The electrically conductive material consists of highly purified tough pitch copper, anoxia copper, phosphorus deoxidation copper or copper having purity more than 99.9999%. The solder hot dipping layer consists of tin type solder alloy containing 0.1% or more of elements selected from lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel and copper as secondary component and tin as main component. The solder hot dipping layer comprises oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic photoelectric conversion element has electron carrying layer (18) between bulk heterojunction layer and transparent electrode or counter electrode. The compound (a) exists in bulk heterojunction layer (14) containing p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material. The cyclophane structure is (2,2)-para cyclophane structure. The cyclophane structure is of formula (I). The compound (a) is of formula (II).A1-A4=alkenyl or alkynyl, or aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted), preferably group of formula (i);R1-R4=alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkyloxy, aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted);R5=alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkyloxy, aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted), preferably optionally substituted phenyl;B1=nitrogen-containing heteroaryl;p=1-3;q=1 or 2;r=1-3;X1-X8=carbon atom or nitrogen atom (both optionally substituted), where at least one of X1-X8 is nitrogen atom;L=single bond or bivalent coupling group;andA=group of formula (ii).Preferred Process: The bulk heterojunction layer is produced by solution coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chromaticity of polyamidoimide film is 10 or less. The polyamidoimide film comprises cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid system residue as main structural component. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of cyclohexyl ring component with respect to aromatic ring component (Nc divide by Na) in polyamidoimide film is 25 divide by 75-90 divide by 10, preferably 0.333-9, where Nc is number of moles of cyclohexanol ring and Na is number of moles of aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of co-catalyst layer with respect to main catalyst layer is 0.1 mM/m2-1 mol/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: In Shewanella, the Gram-negative thalli is rod-shaped; the thalli is straight and two ends are round; the diameter is 0.3-1.0 micron, the length is 2.5-6.0 microns, it exists independently or arranged in pairs or short chain; and the thalli has the single flagellum for moving. The gene sequence of Shewanella 16S rRNA comprises fully defined 1537 bp (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification. Generating electricity in the microbiological fuel cell comprises: (a) taking the lactic acid as the electron donor for directly generating the electricity in the microbiological fuel cell; or (b) using the cold and dry colony for preparing the resting cell for generating the electricity; or (c) using the waste water or the nutrient component in the silt for generating the electricity; or (d) taking the immobilized cell of the thalli absorbed or embedded in the electrode carrier as the anode catalyst of the microbiological fuel cell. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - Specifically claimed is gene sequence of Shewanella 16S rRNA comprising fully defined 1537 bp (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phases (A) contain particles containing 40-60 wt.% of gallium. The volume of particles with respect to total volume of copper-gallium alloy is 90% or more. Phases (A) further contain ( gamma )3-phase and ( epsilon )phase comprising alloy of copper and gallium. The total volume of ( gamma )3-phase and ( epsilon )phase with respect to total volume of copper-gallium alloy is 99% or more. The volume of ( gamma )3-phase with respect to total volume of copper-gallium alloy is 90% or more. Preferred Properties: Particles have diameter of 0.1-30 mu m. The ( gamma )3 phase comprises particles having diameter of 0.1-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles are silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, cadmium sulfide, zirconium oxide, calcium phosphate, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, preferably silicon oxide and/or titanium dioxide having particle diameter of 1-50 nm. The redox pair is I3-/I-, Br-/Br2, SCN-/(SCN)2, or SeCN-/(SeCN)2, preferably I3-/I-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition further comprises nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyether polymer consists of polyether urethane of formula R-(NH-COO-((CH2)n-O)m-H)k or compound of formula (I); or phosphorus containing polyether of formula P(O)-(O((CH2)i-O)j-H)3. The weight ratio of polyethylene oxide and polyether polymer is 0.2-3:1 (preferably 0.5-2:1).R=aryl or 3-6C cycloalkyl;m, j=6-100 (preferably 6-50);k=2-4 (preferably 2);andi, n=2-4. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coloring agent is titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of (meth)acrylate compound is 0.1-1 part mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The crosslinking agent is organic peroxide    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the voltage of the fuel cell is the difference between an anode potential and a cathode potential, and the threshold voltage is 0.48-0.55 V. The voltage of the fuel cell is a cathode potential, and the threshold voltage is 0.55 V. The hydrogen-based fuel is substantially pure hydrogen, reformed hydrogen from a reformate-based fuel, byproduct hydrogen, or their combinations. The first oxidant is air. Performing at least one oxidant starvation comprises interrupting the supply of the first oxidant to the cathode, where performing at least one oxidant starvation comprises closing an oxidant supply valve to stop the flow of the first oxidant upstream of the fuel cell, and then opening the oxidant supply valve to allow the supply of the first oxidant to the cathode. Performing at least one oxidant starvation comprises reducing the amount of the first oxidant supplied to the cathode. Shutting down the fuel cell further comprises drawing an auxiliary load to substantially consume all the hydrogen in the anode, after removing the primary load and prior to bringing the anode to a high potential. Bringing the anode to a high potential comprises substantially displacing the hydrogen-based fuel in the anode with a second oxidant in less than 1.0 second; where the hydrogen-based fuel in the anode is displaced with the second oxidant in less than 0.2 seconds. The first oxidant is air. The second oxidant is air. Restarting the fuel cell comprises resupplying the hydrogen-based fuel to the anode; resupplying the first oxidant to the cathode; and drawing the primary load from the fuel cell stack while or after resupplying the hydrogen-based fuel to the anode and the first oxidant to the cathode are initiated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The oligomer or polymer further has oxygen-containing structural unit of formula (VII). The cation polymerizable resin composition further contains a compound having a functional group, and does not have vinyl ether group and vinyl polymer chain in a molecule, and functional group is epoxy group or oxetanyl group.R4=optionally substituted 4C or more hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of free silane in the ethylenically unsaturated silane compound is 5-40 weight% with respect to total content of silane in the ethylene resin composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene resin composition further contains modified component (B) obtained by modifying ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer having density of 850-895 kg/m3 or less with ethylenically unsaturated silane compound, and additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and heat-resistant stabilizer. The ethylene polymer is in the form of powder or pellet. The content of modified component (B) is 90 parts weight or less with respect to 100 parts weight of modified component (A). Preferred Process: The modified component (A) is obtained by carrying out extrusion-melting of mixture of ethylene polymer, ethylenically unsaturated silane compound and organic peroxide. The modified component (B) is obtained by carrying out extrusion-melting of mixture of ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer, ethylenically unsaturated silane compound and organic peroxide. Preferred Property: The solar cell sealing material has storage elastic modulus of 2.5x 105-1.5x 108 Pa at 80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The resin film contains resin component containing a group reactive with the processing gas, and is chosen from fluororesin film, polymethyl methacrylate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalate film, polybutylene terephthalate film, polycyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate film, polycarbonate film, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film, polyolefin-type film, polyvinyl butyral film and polyimide film, preferably ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film. Preferred Process: The resin films are bonded together using or without using adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester in crystalline polyester resin (B) has 85 mol% or more of cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate unit with respect to total content of repeating units. The polyester film contains 0.5-30 wt.% of particles. Preferred Properties: The average number of components in the dispersed phase of polyester film is 0.1-5/ mu m length in film thickness direction. The elongation retention of polyester film is 30% or more, after processing at 125 degrees C for 48 hours in relative humidity of 100%. The elongation retention of polyester film is 20% or more, after irradiating with light having wavelength of 295-450 nm, peak wavelength of 365 nm and intensity of 100 mW/cm2 from metal halide lamp at 60 degrees C for 48 hours in relative humidity of 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal layers have one multiple metals, such silver, aluminum, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, tin, titanium and zinc. The transparent conductive oxide layer has a tin oxide, indium tin oxide or a zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is doted with aluminum, gallium or boron, and tin oxide or indium tin oxide is doted with fluorine. An unordered network is made of metallic nano-wires, which is embedded in an inorganic substrate, such as silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metallic nano-wire is embedded in an organic substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polymethylmethacrylate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether or poly-ethylenedioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive device contains anti-diffusion layers of metals or transition metals such as titanium, palladium, chromium, aluminum, silver, gold, ytterbium, chromium, nickel, magnesium or iron. The outer layers consist of inorganic materials such as titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide. The substrate is selected from glass, aluminum foil or steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is also selected from textile material or plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal in metal soap, metal complex or metal oxide is aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, silver, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, indium or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic silver solution contains silver salt of lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid, neodecanoic acid, neopentanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, ethyl butanoic acid and monomethyl succinic acid. The non-polymer-binder is chosen from metal soap, metal complex, metal alkoxide, halosilane, 2-alkoxy ethanol, ( beta )-diketone and alkyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film composition contains polymer-type binder or non-polymer-type binder, and/or silane coupling agent, aluminum coupling agent or titanium coupling agent. The polymer-type binder is chosen from acrylic resin, polycarbonate, polyester, alkyd resin, polyurethane, acryl urethane, polystyrene, polyacetal, polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose and siloxane polymer. The polymer-type binder contains metal complex, hydrolyzed metal alkoxide or metal soap of aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, silver, copper, zinc, molybdenum or tin. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive film has thickness of 0.03-0.5 mu m. The electroconductive reflecting film has thickness of 0.05-2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Films: The electroconductive film comprises nickel, copper or gold as main material. The content of electroconductive particles in the joining film is 1-50 %mass. The base materials (21) and (22) are insulated substrates, respectively. The conductive portions (A) and (B) are electroconductive films (A) and (B), respectively. The joining film has thickness of 100 nm to 100 mu m. Preferred Process: The joining of base materials (21) and (22) is performed by irradiating energy beam of ultraviolet-ray with wavelength of 126-300 nm to the joining film, heating to 25-100 degrees C and compressing under pressure of 0.2-10 MPa in atmospheric condition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electroconductive particles have resilience property and average particle diameter of 0.5-100 mu m and comprise resin material-containing base particles whose surface covered with metal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester base film contains resin composition containing polyester with concentration of terminal carboxyl group of less than 15 g equivalent/106 g. The polyester resin composition contains polyester having terminal carboxyl group, epoxy compound and/or carbodiimide compound. The base film is polyethylene terephthalate film or vinyl fluoride resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion elements contain quartz, alumina, mullite, titania, or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyolefin resin composition film further comprises (in parts weight) crosslinking adjuvant (0.1-5) and silane coupling agent (0.1-5). The polyolefin resin is polyethylene and/or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The transparent conductive film is formed by heat processing at 120-140 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of polyvinyl alcohol with respect to 100 parts weight of polyethylene dioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate is 40-60 parts weight. The film has thickness of 150-200 nm. The polyvinyl alcohol is of formula: -(CH2-CH(OCOCH3))x-(CH2-CH(OH))y-(CH2-CH(R))z-, and has saponification value (y/(x+y)x 100) of 97.5-99%.R=H or methyl;andx,y,z=not defined.N.B. x, y and z are not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyvinyl alcohol has saponification degree of 92-99%. Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive organic compound and polyvinyl alcohol is 60-90 parts weight and 10-40 parts weight, respectively. The electroconductive organic compound is complex of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (23)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (24).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate layer is made of one of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The refractive index of anti-reflection film layer i.e. titanium oxide film layer, is less than a refractive index of a super-white glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflection film layer is a titanium oxide film layer and a silicon oxide film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The double layer glass is a float glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive organic compound is polyethylene dioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonate. The dialkoxysilane having epoxy group is 3-glycidoxy propylmethyl diethoxysilane. The trialkoxysilane having epoxy group is 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The content of electroconductive organic compound and crosslinking agent is 100 parts weight and 30-100 parts weight, respectively. The weight ratio of trialkoxysilane having epoxy group, and dialkoxysilane having epoxy group in the crosslinking agent is 1/4-3/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of the polymer (P1) involves: subjecting at least one monomer of formula R7-A-R8 (IV) and optionally at least one monomer of formula R7-B1-R8 (V) to an aryl-aryl coupling reaction.A=unit of formula (I) or (II) or its subformula;R7 and R8=halo, -CH2Cl, CHO, -CH=CH2, -SiR'bR'cR'd, -SnR'bR'cR'd, BR'bR'c, -B(OR'bR'c), -B(OH)2, or a leaving group;R'b-R'd=T or halo;orR'b+R'c together with the hetero atom to which the are attached=ring;B1=unit of formula (II) or its subformula.Preferred Compounds: The polymer (P1) does not contain a repeating unit which contains an amine or imine group. Preferred Definitions:    a=0;    Y1=0 or 1;    R2=4-(tert-butyl)-phenyl;    R3=n-octyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye compound further comprises a dye regenerating compound of formula (I). The dye compound further comprises a solubilizing compound having 1-20C tert-alkyl group or 1-20C tert-alkyl ether group, where the alkyl group is bonded to phthalonitrile, and the alkyl ether group is bonded to phthalonitrile. The aromatic carboxylic acid is benzoic acid. The alkyl ester is a methyl ester. The dye compound is unsymmetrical. The dye compound hosts a metal including copper, aluminum, silicon, tin, ruthenium, nickel, or preferably zinc.X=H, or halo; andY'=Ti, Ni, Co, or preferably Fe.Preferred Method: The dye compound is reacted with a metal containing compound. The esterified first linker compound and/or the second linker compound are subjected to a hydrolysis treatment. EXAMPLE - 4-(Cyanomethyl)-benzoate (5 g) and iodine (7.3 g) in anhydrous diethyl ether were placed in a reaction vessel, and cooled to - 78 degrees C using a dry ice/acetone mixture. Sodium methoxide (3.2 g) in 18 mL anhydrous methanol was added dropwise under inert conditions, and the contents of the reaction vessel were allowed to warm to 0-5 degrees C. This temperature was maintained for approximately 4 hours. About 3-6% hydrochloric acid was added below 10 degrees C, and the contents of the reaction vessel were filtered to isolate di-(4-methylbenzoate)-fumaronitrile as a solid product. The product was washed with a methanol-water solution, and dried over phosphorus oxide to yield an off white solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains zinc, aluminum, chromium or boron. The crystal phase of alumina is boehmite-type crystal phase, ( psi )-type crystal phase, (kappa)-type crystal phase, ( rho )-type crystal phase, ( eta )-type crystal phase, ( nu )-type crystal phase, pseudo ( nu )-type crystal phase, ( delta )-type phase, ( theta )-type crystal phase or ( alpha )-type crystal phase. The content of sodium in catalyst is 0.5 weight% or less in conversion of disodium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: The anthracene derivative is host material. The light emitting layer further contains dopant material. The dopant material contains arylamine compound and condensed polycyclic amine derivative chosen from formulae (II)-(VI). The arylamine compound is styrylamine compound.Y'=optionally substituted condensed 10-50C aryl;Ar101,Ar102,Ar201-Ar218=6-50C aryl or 5-50C heterocyclyl;n=1-4;Re,Rf,Rg=1-20C alkyl, 2-50C alkenyl, 2-50C alkynyl, 1-20C aralkyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryloxy, 6-50C aryl, silyl, 1-50C alkyl germanium group or 6-50C aryl germanium group (all optionally substituted), or H;m,t=1-10;andu=1-8. Preferred Definitions:    Z=group chosen from formulae (d)-(i);    at least one of R101-R110, R111-R120, R121-R130, R201-R210, R211-R220, R221-R230=single bond, and remaining is H or substituent;    b=1;and    a=1 or 2.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 337 Anthracene derivatives are disclosed e.g. 4-(10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-1,2-divinyl-3,10-dioxa-cyclopenta(a)fluorene of formula (Ia), 6-(10-naphthalen-1-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-7,12-dioxa-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene, 6-(10-phenanthren-9-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-7,12-dioxa-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene, 6-(10-phenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-7,12-dioxa-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene and 6-(10-biphenyl-3-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-7,12-dioxa-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene.    EXAMPLE - 10-(2-Naphthyl)anthracene-9-boronic acid (in g) (3.83), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.231), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (40 ml) and 2M sodium carbonate aqueous solution (20 ml) were mixed, refluxed, stirred for 8 hours, cooled to room temperature, filtered, washed using water and methanol, and recrystallized using toluene, to form 4-(10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-1,2-divinyl-3,10-dioxa-cyclopenta(a)fluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The segment (A2) has alcoholic hydroxyl group. The composition further contains polyisocyanate. The base material is sheet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The triallyl isocyanurate contains 100 ppm or less of chlorinated aromatic compound of formula (I) and 500 ppm or less of 1-(3-chloroprop-2-en-1-yl)-3,5-bis(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione. The silane coupling agent is gamma -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane whose content is 5-30 wt.% with respect to the content of triallyl isocyanurate.R1,R2=Cl or allyloxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode material is platinum, silver/silver chloride, or indium tin oxide. The hydrogen ions produced from optical acid molecules in water are only allowed to transmit through membrane, while the optical acid molecules and the anions produced upon optical irradiation are not allowed to transmit through the membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane contains acidic active groups in membrane structure. The acidic active group is -SO3H, -OPO3H2, -PO3H2, -COOH, or phenylhydroxy. The optical acid molecules are subjected to photodegradation in aqueous solution under illumination, and decomposed into hydrogen ions and anions. Under light-shielding condition, the hydrogen ions and anions produced upon photodegradation reform optical acid molecules. The optical acid molecule is naphthol derivative of formulae (I)-(IV), or pyrene derivative of formula (V)-(VII).X=K or Na; andn=1-7 (in formula II-IV); and 1-9 (in formulae V-VII).Preferred Properties: The concentration of aqueous solution of optical acid molecule is 1 mu M to concentration of saturated solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The membrane is made of sulfonated, phosphorylated, carboxylated, or phenol-hydroxylated polystyrene or perfluoropolystyrene, polyethylene or perfluoropolyethylene, polypropylene or perfluoropolypropylene, or polyvinyl chloride or perfluoropolyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The primary I-type semiconductor layer is made of amorphous silicon material, and a secondary I-type semiconductor layer is made of germanium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The backsheet further comprises filler (white or black filler) or UV absorber. Preferred Component: The heat spreader is inorganic oxide filler, hydroxide filler, nitride filler, metal filler, carbon and graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester base material layer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) film. The PCM is paraffin PCM. The paraffin PCM is PCM which has paraffin wax to the core, and crosslinked polymer to the shell. The paraffin wax is tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and nonadecane. The axial direction heat sheet layer is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer or fluoric resin layer in which PCM and heat spreader are dispersed. The fluoric resin layer comprises polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy copolymer resin, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), expanded polyethylene, copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The visible light transmission rate is 92% or more. The refractive index of the light-diffusing agent is 1.1-1.8. The average particle diameter of the light-diffusing agent is 0.1-50 mu m. The adhesive sheet composition comprises 0.2-2 parts weight of organic peroxide with respect to ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, and ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor of gallium and indium is hydroxide, chloride, oxide, and salt of gallium and/or indium. Selenium precursor is selenium, sodium selenide, sodium selenium oxide (Na2SeO3), sodium selenium oxide (Na2SeO3.5H2O), selenium chloride, and/or selenium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The salt is nitrate, sulfate, acetate, acetylacetonato, and/or alkyl formate. The organic solvent is 3-20C alkane, alkene, and/or aromatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Different layers of laminated film contain polyvinyl fluoride film, polyethylene vinyl acetate film, aluminum film and polyvinyl fluoride, polypropylene glycol terephalate or superposed film of polymer layer and polypropylene glycol terephthalate. The polymer layer contains polyethylene glycol terephalate, polypropylene glycol terephalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl fluoride. The fluorine-containing polymer is selected from vinyl polyfluoride, polyvinyl ethylene-polyvinyl propylene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl tetrafluoride, vinyl tetrafluoride-propylene hexafluoride-vinylidene chloride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-trifluorochloroethylene copolymer, polytrifluorochloroethylene or their mixture. The middle layer contains 2,6-naphthalate and 1,3-propylene glycol. The middle layer comprises polypropylene glycol, naphthalate and doping copolymer, which contains polypropylene glycol naphthalate. The doping copolymer is selected from polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polypropylene glycol terephthalate, polybutylene glycol terephthalate, polyethylene glycol naphthalate, polypropylene glycol naphthalate or their mixture. The upper two layers of the laminated film contain a stabilizer, which is selected from antioxidant, ultraviolet stabilizer, anti-corrosive agent or a heat stabilizer. The polypropylene glycol naphthalate layer contains poly(2,6-naphthalate 1,3-propylene glycol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The FEP resin is composed of high molecular weight constituent FEP resin and low molecular weight constituent FEP resin, where the content of the high molecular weight constituent FEP resin is 30-50% and the content of the low molecular weight constituent FEP resin is 70-50%. The thickness of the substrate is 0.01-0.3 mm or 0.07- 0.15 mm. The thickness of fluorosilicone forming membrane layer or silicon-titanium forming membrane layer is 0.01-5 mu or 0.1-2 mu . The fluorosilicone forming membrane layer is formed on the surface of the fluorine substrate by a plasma fluorosilicone process and the silicon-titanium forming membrane layer is formed on the surface of the fluorine substrate by a plasma silicon-titanium process. Preferred Method: The heating temperature in step (iv) is 80-150 degrees C for 10-60 seconds and the solid content of the fluorosilicone in the fluorosilicone compound is 1-90 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The content of high molecular weight fluorinated ethylene propylene resin is 30-50% and the content of low molecular weight fluorinated ethylene propylene resin is 70-50%. The thickness of the base layer is 0.02-0.35 mm, preferably 0.15-0.3 mm. The thickness of the grafting layer is 0.01-5 mm, preferably 0.1-2 mm. The modifier is at least one siloxane, fluorosilicone or fluorine-containing acrylic ester. Preferred Method: The fluorinated ethylene propylene resin is formed by mixing the high molecular weight fluorinated ethylene propylene resin and low molecular weight fluorinated ethylene propylene resin. The grafting layer is prepared by activating the modifier with radiation. The heating temperature in the step (iv) is 40-50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ternary thin film is made of copper-indium selenide or copper-indium-gallium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The transparent high-molecular film has thickness of 10-1000 nm, and light transmission rate of 75-92%. The conducting polymer has thickness of 0.01-5 micron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic anode contains aluminum, magnesium, lithium, calcium, copper, silver, platinum or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer is poly(9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole-co-3-methyl-3-(4-vinyl-benzyloxymethyl)-oxetane). The transparent substrate contains glass, quartz, polyethylene terephthalate or polyether sulfone. The transparent electrode contains indium-tin oxide, dioxythiophene, polyaniline or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron donor contains polythiophene derivative. The electron acceptor contains fullerene derivative. The amount of initiator is 0.001-0.5 parts weight. The organic thin film device further has titanium oxide layer between organic thin film layer and electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable compound contains (meth)acrylic monomer (0.001-1 parts weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound having oxidation-reduction property is chosen from sodium iodide, potassium iodide, lithium bromide, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, quaternary ammonium salt, imidazolium salt and pyridinium salt. The ceramic nanofiller is chosen from titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide and zirconium oxide. Preferred Layer: The transparent conductive oxide layer contains fluorine-doped indium tin oxide or indium tin oxide. The nano-oxide layer contains titanium dioxide, tin oxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye is chosen from ruthenium complex dye, xanthene-type dye, cyanine-type dye, basic dye, porphyrin-type dye, azo dye, phthalocyanine dye, anthraquinone dye and polycyclic quinone-type dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gel-type polymer electrolyte contains (in weight%) ceramic nanofiller (2-10), membranous polymer component (5-40) and liquid electrolyte (55-90) containing compound having oxidation-reduction property and organic solvent. The polymer component is chosen from polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene oxide and polyurethane. The organic solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The front electrode contains silver. The rear electrode contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from water, ethanol, and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic single crystal or polycrystalline material comprises silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, sapphire, or gallium nitride. The source substrate comprises titanium/tungsten, titanium, chromium, and/or nickel. The metal layer comprises nickel, chromium, and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first type of doping atom is boron. The second type of doping atom is phosphate. The oxygen containing gas consists of oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone or water. The back metal consists of aluminum, silver, tin, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, tungsten, titanium and/or tantalum and nickel vanadium. The anti-reflection coating layer comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The functional agents are semiconducting nanoparticles comprising zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, and/or aluminum gallium arsenide. The mesostructured material comprises silica or organosilica framework.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The processing steps provide first and second functional agents which are optically responsive organic species comprising dyes, porphyrins, or conjugated polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A network that is removed to yield a mesoporous material is formed with a material comprising surfactant, polymer, block copolymer, epoxy, resorcinol, phenol, organometallic compound, and dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first process source material is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second process source material is diethyl zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first cell and the second cell include at least one of amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon or single crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In (I), each of the first cell and the second cell includes at least a photoelectric conversion layer interposed between a first conductive film and a second conductive film. The photoelectric conversion layer includes: a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer; or p-type semiconductor layer, an intrinsic (i)-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer. Preferred Method: In the method: a first conductive film, photoelectric conversion layer, and second conductive film is formed as each of the first cell and the second cell; a first conductive film, p-type semiconductor layer, n-type semiconductor layer, and a second conductive film are formed as each of the first cell and the second cell; and a first conductive film, p-type semiconductor layer, i-type semiconductor layer, n-type semiconductor layer, and a second conductive film are formed as each of the first cell and the second cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fibrous body is impregnated with the resin, where the resin is an organic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye carrier layer comprises titanium dioxide, tin dioxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises a solid electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte. The surface of the photo-electrode is a nano-structured surface comprising surfaces of nano-particles, surfaces of nano-tubes and/or surfaces of nano-rods. The electrolyte includes: a matrix comprising volatile solvents, ionic liquids, gels or solid organic hole conductors; a conductive species comprising iodide/triiodide ions, organic redox couples or holes in solid-state hole conductor electrolytes. The photo-electrode includes an electrode layer (104) adjacent to a dye carrier layer (108), which is in contact with the electrolyte, and provides the surface at which the sensitizing dye is disposed. The electrode layer is transparent, where the electrode layer includes a metallic foil. The solar cell further comprising a back electrode, where the: electrolyte is disposed between the photo-electrode and the back electrode; and the back electrode (102) is in contact with the electrolyte. The sensitizing dye has a peak molar extinction coefficient of greater than or equal to 25000 M-1 cm-1. The energy relay dye has a radiative lifetime of less than or equal to 10 ns. The energy relay dye has a photoluminescent quantum efficiency of: greater than or equal to 10% in isolation; and greater than or equal to 3%, when disposed in the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic device further comprises an anti-reflective layer, disposed on the low reflective conductive layer. The low reflective conductive is disposed on a surface of the second electrode layer. The first semiconductor layer is a p-type semiconductor layer, and the second semiconductor layer is an n-type semiconductor layer, or the first semiconductor layer is an n-type semiconductor layer, and the second semiconductor layer is a p-type semiconductor layer. The low reflective conductive film is a metal film, a metal oxide film, or a conductive nano-material film. The material of the metal film is the same as the material of the second electrode layer. The metal film is an aluminum film or an silver film. The metal oxide film is an indium tin oxide (ITO) film. The conductive nano-material film is a carbon nano-tube film. The second electrode layer is in an interdigitated form. The thickness of the low reflective conductive film is 10 Angstrom to 10 mu m. The resistivity of the low reflective conductive film is 10-3-10-8 Omega cm. The reflectivity of the low reflective conductive film is less than 10%. Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming an anti-reflective layer on the low reflective conductive film. The low reflective conductive film further forms on a surface of the second electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The colloidal electrolyte comprises an oxidation-reduction pair; and greater than or equal to 3 wt.% additive comprising a filler with a specific surface area of greater than or equal to 30 (preferably 30-160) m2/g, and/or a polymer with a molecular weight of 1000-5000000 (preferably 500000-5000000). The filler is titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium selenide, gallium phosphide, cadmium telluride, molybdenum selenide, tungsten selenide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, potassium tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium titanate, and/or silicon dioxide. The oxidation-reduction pair is I3-/I-, Br-/Br2, SeCN-/(SeCN)2, SCN-/(SCN)2. The conductive material is gold, platinum, an alloy of gold and platinum, silver, aluminum, carbon and its compounds, a transparent conductive oxide, and/or a conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is polyether, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic, polypyridine, polyphenylamine, polypyrrole, polystyrene, poly(p-benzene), polythiophene, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylbietherthiophene), 3-sec-butyl-4-oxo-tricosanoic acid benzyl ester, polyvinylpyridine, sulfolane, poly(amidoamine) dendritic derivatives, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinylidene fluoride), and/or polyether urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: In the solar battery module, in the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is stepwise reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased. In the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is continuously reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased. The glass substrate has strength so that the glass substrate is not broken with application of a pressure of 2400 Pa. The resin includes at least one of a phenol resin, an epoxy resin, a melanin resin, a thermosetting polyimide, polyurethane, unsaturated polyester, an alkyd resin, a urea resin, and an olefin resin. The buffer material comprises silicon oxide. In the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin in a region contacting the glass substrate is greater than or equal to 640. The buffer material has a shape of an approximate sphere. Preferred Method: Alternatively, forming a solar battery module comprises: covering a glass substrate over a surface of which a photoelectric conversion film is formed, by a mixture material of a resin and a buffer material having a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the resin, and heating in a manner so that a temperature becomes higher as a distance from the glass substrate is increased, to cure the resin; and forming a resin structure so that a mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In manufacturing a solar cell, the first and second steps are performed using a silicon-containing gas and a hydrogen gas, and a flow rate of the silicon-containing gas and the hydrogen gas used in the step of forming the amorphous silicon buffer layer included in the first step is lower than that used in the second step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphor comprises an electron-withdrawing substituent. The electron-withdrawing group is at least one electron-withdrawing group selected from cyano groups, nitro groups, halogens, hydroxyl groups, and sulfo groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent resin comprises a repeating unit having a carbonyl group. The transparent resin is polymethylmethacrylate or their substitution product. The concentration of the phosphor to the transparent resin is in a range of 0.7-2 wt.%. The transparent resin has a light transmittance of greater than or equal to 90%; and a haze value of less than or equal to 1%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is ITO layer, IZO (indium zinc oxide) layer, AZO (aluminum doped zinc oxide) layer, GZO (gallium doped Zinc oxide) layer, or zinc oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer is made of poly(3-hexyl thiophene):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM); or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (MDMO-PPV:PCBM). The hole-transporting layer is made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bonding layer is made of chromium, titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first material comprises a transition metal, which is molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, titanium, niobium, zirconium or their alloys, and an alkali metal, which is lithium, sodium or potassium, preferably sodium (0.5-10 wt.%), oxygen (0-50 wt.%) and balance molybdenum. The second material is any one of the transition metals, their alloys or nitrides. The backing structure comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The support structure comprises a barrier layer comprising the second material formed on a backing structure of a third material that is different from the second material. The backing structure comprises a planar support plate or a hollow support tube. The barrier layer comprises a foil or a deposited layer, and is formed between the sputtering layer and the backing structure. The barrier layer comprises: a first barrier layer comprising chromium in contact with the backing structure and a second barrier layer comprising molybdenum formed between the first barrier layer and the sputtering layer; or the first barrier layer, a second barrier layer comprising molybdenum and a third barrier layer comprising niobium, where the second barrier layer is formed between the first and the third barrier layers, and where the third barrier layer is formed between the second barrier layer and the sputtering layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass frit comprises SiO2 (11-25 wt.%). It has a softening point of 500-600 degrees C. The alkali metal oxides are selected from sodium oxide (Na2O) and/or lithium oxide (Li2O). The composition (C1) further comprises additive(s) selected from metal, which is selected from zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), gadolinium (Gd), cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), or chromium (Cr); metal oxide of Zn, Pb, Bi, Gd, Ce, Zr, Ti, Mn, Sn, Ru, Co, Fe, Cu, and/or Cr; and/or any compounds that can generate the metal oxides upon firing. At least one of the additives comprises ZnO or a compound that forms ZnO upon firing. The glass frit is 1-6 wt.% of the total composition (C1). ZnO is 2-10 wt.% of the total composition (C1). Preferred Method: The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride (SiN), SiNx:hydrogen, silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The conductive material comprises silver, which is 90-99 wt.% of the solids in the composition (C1). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor (a) contains carbon-silicon-germanium-tin alloy (CxSiyGezSn1-x-y-z), where x is 0 to less than 1, y and z are 0-1, and x+y+z is more than 0 to 1. The semiconductor (b) contains aluminum-indium-gallium-arsenic-phosphorus-nitrogen alloy (AlaInbGa1-a-bAscPdN1-c-d), where a, b, c, d, a+b and c+d are 0-1. The semiconductor (c) contains aluminum-indium-gallium-arsenic-phosphorus alloy (AlaInbGa1-a-bAscP1-c).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The bond length of the transition metal as measured by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) corresponds to the bond length of the transition metal in an oxidic state. In the catalyst, the molar ratio of platinum to transition metal is 1-5. The catalyst further comprises a support. The crystallites in the alloy have an average size of less than 5 nm. The transition metal is nickel and the measurements are performed at 0.54 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) electrolyte. The bond length of the nickel is 1.5-1.8 Angstrom . Preferred process: The oxygen reduction reaction is performed in a fuel cell. The oxygen reduction reaction is performed in the presence of concentrated H3PO4 as electrolyte. Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from nickel, chromium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese and/or their alloys. The support is a carbon support. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon particles are p-type silicon particles or n-type silicon particles. Preferred Process: The polysilicon thin film is formed on the substrate through high melting point metal film (12) or silica membrane. The silicon fine particles are covered by organic membrane containing reactive functional groups covalent bonded with the particle surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic material is p-type semiconductor compound or n-type semiconductor compound, preferably n-type semiconductor compound. The n-type semiconductor compound is fullerene or fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hole buffer layer further contains 5 ppm or less of sulfur oxide (SOx, where x is not defined) as impurity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hole buffer layer is formed using polyethylenedioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell sealing film comprises humidity control agent made of silica gel, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell sealing film is made up of ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer, silane modification resin, alkoxy silyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Each of the precursor layers is selected from indium, gallium, selenium, copper, sulfur, and/or sodium. Each of the precursor layers is composed of a form selected from chemical element, a binary compound, a ternary compound, and/or multinary compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silver salt is selected from a group including lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid, neodecanoic acid, neopentanoate, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, ethyl butyl acid and monomethyl succinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The transparent composite sheet has total light transmittance of 80% or more. The spherical nanoparticles have average primary particle diameter of 15-500 nm. The content of nanoparticles is 0.1-70 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The size of corrugation of surface having large-sized corrugation is 1.2 times or more of size of corrugation of surface having small-sized corrugation. The size of corrugation of surface having large-sized corrugation is 100-350 mu m. Preferred Process: The silicon sheet is formed by contacting a to-be-contacted material with a silicon melt solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal alloy is aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy, stainless steel and/or steel material, preferably ( alpha )-( beta )-titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin composition contains unsaturated polyester resin or epoxy resin as a main component, styrene monomer (10-20 %mass), bisphenol-A epoxy resin (10-20 %mass) and wet bulk molding compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon sheet has unevenness at one or both of the main surfaces. The thickness of the silicon sheet is 100 mu m or more, preferably 100 mu m-1 mm. The magnitude of the unevenness is 200 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dihydroxy compound (I) is 10,10-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthrone. The dihydroxy compound (II) is 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)fluorene. Preferred Properties: The polycarbonate copolymer has refractive index of 1.633-1.65, and glass transition temperature of 230-300 degrees C. The specific viscosity of solution containing polycarbonate resin including polycarbonate copolymer (0.7 g) dissolved in methylene chloride (100 ml) is 0.12-0.55 at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The optical sheet is obtained by laminating an organic coating layer having thickness of 1-30 mu m on a surface of the sheet (a). Preferred Composition: The organic coating layer contains crosslinked resin comprising bifunctional or more acrylate resin as structural component. The bifunctional or more acrylate resin is acrylate having isocyanurate structure, acrylate having cyclic ether structure and/or acrylate having alicyclic structure. The organic coating layer further contains cured resin comprising bifunctional or more epoxy resin as structural component. The acrylate having isocyanurate structure is 1,3,5-tris-(2-allyloxy-ethyl)-(1,3,5)triazinane-2,4,6-trione. The acrylate having cyclic ether structure is (2-(2-(acryloyloxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl)-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methyl acrylate. The bifunctional or more epoxy resin is epoxy resin having triglycidyl isocyanurate or alicyclic structure, preferably 7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)hept-3-ylmethyl-7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane-3-carboxylate, 3,3'-bis(7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane) or oxygen-containing compound of formula (I).X=oxygen, sulfur, or bivalent group chosen from -SO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -CH(CH3)- or -C(CH3)2-.Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of resin in the organic coating layer is 150 degrees C or more. The optical sheet has mean coefficient of linear expansion at 30-150 degrees C of 40 ppm or less, thickness of 50-2000 mu m and parallel-ray transmittance at wavelength of 550 nm of 80% or more. Preferred Layer: The optical sheet further has a gas barrier layer containing inorganic oxide and a conductive layer comprising indium oxide as an outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode active material of the battery is made of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin composition further comprises polymerization compounds of unsaturated ethylene double-bonds including groups formed by mono-functional (meth)acrylic ester, two-functional (meth)acrylic ester and more than three-functional (meth)acrylic ester; and polymerization initiator of sense radiation including o-acyl compound and/or acetophenone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The middle group is selected from a group consisting of linear alkyl, linear fluorinated alkyl, polyethylene glycol and polyethylenediamine.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The purifier is further equipped with an inspection mechanism (11) which inspects the structural component ratio of the dust-collected powder, and structure (10) for supplying flux (I) to the crucible. A classifier is provided for dividing the dust-collected powder recovered by the dust collection mechanism into waste material and recycled portion by classification. Flux preparation mechanism (II) is used together with flux preparation mechanism (I). Mechanism (II) adds flux component(s) to the recycling portion to obtain flux (II). Structure (II) is provided for supplying flux (II) to the crucible.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The flux contains silicon dioxide, alkali-metal oxide, alkali-metal carbonate, alkali-metal hydrogencarbonate, and/or alkali-metal silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fullerene derivative (1) is manufactured by mixing organic solvents, other fullerene derivative and strong bases, synthesizing metal containing fullerene derivative by adding liquid mixture of dicobaltoctacarbonyl and iodine, and compounding fullerene derivative (1) by arranging other fullerene derivative in obtained metal containing fullerene derivative under high temperature so that leaving groups may react in organic solvents. Preferred Parameter: The sum totals of double bond between carbon included in A with sulfur or selenium are 1-6. The sum totals of triple bond between carbon included in A with sulfur or selenium are 2-12. Preferred Composition: The ring contained in A is planar monocyclic ring which has 1-4 double bonds between carbon or 3-16 cyclic condensed rings. The monocyclic ring is heterocyclic ring which contains sulfur or selenium. Preferred Definitions:    F=fullerene C60 which may have a substituent or fullerene C60 derivative added with 2-10 hydrocarbon groups;    M=Co;    A=planar condensed ring which may have a substituent, 5-9 heteroatoms or electron donating group of one or more of 3 compounds, e.g. group of formulae (A1)-(A3);    Y=S or Se;    R-B=1-30C hydrocarbon which may have a substituent; and    n=0-2.    EXAMPLE - The dark green fullerene derivative was synthesized by heating para-xylene (2 mL) which dissolved metal containing fullerene derivative (10 mg) and bis(carbonyl dithio)tetrathiafulvalene (5.1 mg) at 140 degrees C for 4 hours, diluting obtained yellow reaction liquid with toluene (5 mL) and filtering by silica pad, reprecipitating filtrate by methanol and obtaining yellow-green solid substance, purifying solid substance by HPLC, and obtaining 6.3 mg of dark green fullerene derivative with yield of 59%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The carrier contains zinc oxide. Preferred Definitions:    n1,n2=2;    R4=rhodanine, thiohydantoin, hydantoin, indole, indolizine, indoline, phenylamine, coumarin or quinoline group;and    R8=quinoline group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cholesteric liquid crystal layer is formed using cholesteric liquid crystal composition containing azo group-containing compound of formula (I).R1 = H, F, Cl, Br, or 1-10C alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, -OR3, -OC(=O)R3 or -C(=O)-OR3 (Disclosed); andR3 = H or 1-10C alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or n-butyl (Disclosed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imidazolidinone compound (I) is preferably of formula (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A part of wall or tube of reactor body as well as inner part of top (5) and bottom head (3) are produced from silicon, preferably of metallurgical quality or purer. The device for heating reactor comprises heating light sources (7-9) (preferably source of infrared light).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zeolite powder has average particle diameter of 50 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The content of artificial mineral is 0.1-30 parts weight with respect to mixed powder (100 parts weight). The mixed powder further comprises vegetable fine activated carbon (0.1-10 weight parts) as nanohole carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the organic solar cell at least one of (I) and (II) are used in combination with at least one further different semiconductor material. The further semiconductor material comprises at least one fullerene and/or fullerene derivatives. The further semiconductor material is C60 or (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The further semiconductor material comprises at least one rylene, preferably 1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboximide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic solar cell is in the form of a single cell, tandem cell or a multifunction solar cell. The organic solar cell has at least one donor-acceptor junction in the form of a flat junction or a bulk hetero-junction. Preferred Definitions:    M = Zn(II), Cu(II), Al(III)F, Al(III)Cl, In(III)F or In(III)Cl;    A = fused benzene ring;    R1 = phenyl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, naphthyl, naphthyloxy, naphthylthio, anthracenyl, anthracenyloxy, anthracenylthio or oligothiophenyl (all optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents of R1a), sulfur containing heteroaryl comprising 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-5-yl, (1,3,4)thiadiazol-2-yl or benzo(b)thiophen-2-yl;    R2 = F; and    m = 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor fine particles are chosen from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, niobium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid ammonium halide is ammonium chloride. The hydride is a metal hydride comprising lithium (Li), boron (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), potassium (K), or calcium (Ca). The hydride is lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, and/or sodium borohydride. The material system further comprises a catalyst comprising a transition metal, an alloy of transition metals, a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride, and/or a metal halide. The solid ammonium halide and reactant is present as particles having a maximum diameter of 5000 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The imide is a metal imide comprising Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, or Ca. The amide is a metal amide comprising Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, or Ca.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): An ionic compound of formula: A+PF6- is reacted with a phosphazene salt of formula (II) in an organic solvent to obtain ionic liquid (I). The reaction mixture is centrifuged to remove the chloride salt of formula: A+Cl-. The obtained filtrate is centrifuged and the supernatant liquid is extracted. Activated carbon is added to the supernatant liquid and the reaction by-product is removed. Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is halogenated hydrocarbon, preferably chloroform. The concentration of the ionic compound in the organic solvent is 1-5 mol/l and the concentration of the salt in the organic solvent is 1.5-7.5 mol/l. EXAMPLE - Cyclic phosphazene (1.5 ml) and tri-n-propylamine (1.1 ml) were dissolved in spin-dried diethyl ether (30 ml) and stirred at 20 degrees C for 1 hour. Diethyl ether was distilled and the obtained ionic compound was reacted with potassium hexafluorophosphate (0.3 g) to obtain 2,4,4,6,6-pentafluoro-N,N,N-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphinin-2-aminium hexafluorophosphate (0.85 g) with yield of 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Nitrophenyl benzothiophene intermediate compound (A) is obtained from bromo nitrobenzene by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Stille coupling, Ullmann coupling or Negishi coupling reaction using an organometallic catalyst. Benzothieno indole derivative (B) is obtained from compound (A) using reducing agent by Cadogan reaction. Indole derivative (I) is obtained from derivative (B) by Ullmann coupling reaction. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=group of formula (i);and    R11=H or 1-40C linear alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 Indole derivatives (I) are disclosed e.g. diphenyl-(10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indol-6-yl)amine of formula (Ia), 8-chloro-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole, 7-bromo-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole, 7-chloro-9-methyl-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole and 7-chloro-3-methoxy-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole.    EXAMPLE - 2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-1-benzothiophene (in g) (6.9) was added to flask and substituted with argon. Triethylphosphate (140 mL) was added, heated and refluxed for 22 hours. Triethylphosphate was distilled and residue was purified, to obtain 10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole (3.3) at yield of 5.5%. The obtained compound (1), copper iodide (I) (0.26) and tribasic potassium phosphate were added to flask and argon substitution was performed. 1,4-Dioxane (50 mL), iodobenzene (0.9 mL), and trans-1,2-diamino cyclohexane (0.55 mL) were added and reaction solution was heated and refluxed for 10 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained crude product was purified and 10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole (1) was obtained in the form of white powder at yield of 72%. The obtained powder (1) was subjected to sublimation purification at 160 degrees C to obtain white amorphous solid at purity of 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nitrogen-containing compound (I) is preferably of formula (II) which is preferably of formula (III). The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound (I)-(III) is coupled with sulfur-containing compound of formula (IV).X1-X6=optionally substituted carbon or nitrogen, where X1,X5,X6 are preferably nitrogen;Y1,Y2=optionally substituted nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or silicon, preferably sulfur;R1-R5=optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy or amino;andY3=optionally substituted nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, or silicon, preferably silicon.At least one of X1-X3 and at least one of X4-X6 are nitrogen atoms. Preferred Process: The photoelectric conversion layer is obtained by solution coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preparation of triallyl isocyanurate compound involves preparing triallyl cyanurate by reacting cyanuric chloride and allyl alcohol at 30-80 degrees C, adding 0.5-10 wt.% of strong base aqueous solution to product and then subjecting product to transfer reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical storage device includes polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based capacitor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The catalyst is prepared by mixing water-soluble compound(s) of metals with catalyst support material in water to form aqueous mixture; adding reducing agent, particularly hydrazine, sodium borohydride, formic acid, or formaldehyde to the aqueous mixture; evaporating liquid in aqueous mixture to obtain solid material; and calcining solid material in inert atmosphere at 600-1000 degrees C for 0.5-5 hours. Preferred Components: The metals comprises platinum, rhodium, and titanium, manganese, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, nickel, copper, zirconium, zinc, iron, ruthenium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, and/or gold. The catalyst contains rhodium (1-10, preferably 1-3 mol%). The catalyst comprises catalyst particles having size of 30-90 Angstrom (20-60 wt.%) provided on catalyst support material. EXAMPLE - A catalyst comprising (mol%) platinum (52.2), cobalt (40) and rhodium (7.8) was prepared. The catalyst had average particle size of 32 Angstrom and electrochemically active surface area (ECA) of 96.2 m2/g, as compared to average particle size of 51 Angstrom and ECA of 25.7 m2/g for platinum-cobalt catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multiple metal elements comprise platinum, iridium and an element X' selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mn, Co, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zr, Zn, and Fe. The molar percentage of X' based on the total amount of metal in the alloy catalyst is 30-50 (preferably 35-50) mol.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the alloy catalyst having multiple elements involving: mixing at least one of water soluble compound of the multiple metal element with a catalyst support material in water to form an aqueous mixture; adding a reducing agent selected from hydrazine, sodium borohydride, formic acid, and formaldehyde to the aqueous mixture; evaporating the liquid in the aqueous mixture to obtain a solid material; and calcining the solid material in an inert atmosphere at 600-1000 degrees C for 0.5-5 hours. Preferred Catalyst: The alloy catalyst comprises particles provided on a catalyst support material. The alloy catalyst has a particle size of 30-90 Angstrom . The alloy catalyst is present in an amount of 20-60 wt.% based on a total weight of the alloy catalyst and the support material. Preferred Definitions:    k=35-50;    j=5-10;    i=40-50;    X=Co.    The values of the i, j and k are in mol.%.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The immobilized organic pigment catalyst consists of pyranthrenedione, indanthrene gold orange, ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, indanthrene black, dimethoxy violanthrone, 1,4-diketopyrrolo-3,4C pyrrole, quinacridone, indanthrene yellow, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, isoviolanthrone and perylenetetracarboxylic diimide in the form of a solid, loose powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layers: The buffer layer (120) in the organic electronic device contains electroconductive polymer(s) and fluorinated acid polymer(s). The active layer in the organic electronic device is photoactive layer (140) containing host material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No suitable preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4 = H;    a-j = 0 or more;    R5, R6 = o-phenyl, m-phenyl or m-carbazolyl;and    R7 = 1-10C alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 28 Chrysene compounds are disclosed e.g. 6-N,12-N-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-N,12-N-bis(2-methyl-4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)chrysene-6,12-diamine of formula (Ia), 3-tert-butyl-6-N,12-N-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-6-N,12-N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)chrysene-6,12-diamine, 6-N,12-N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-6-N,12-N-bis(4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl)chrysene-6,12-diamine, 6-N,12-N-bis(2-methyl-4-phenylphenyl)-6-N,12-N-bis(4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)chrysene-6,12-diamine and 6-N,12-N-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-N-(4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)-12-N-(4-(4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)phenyl)chrysene-6,12-diamine.    EXAMPLE - Dibromochrysene (in g) (0.39), secondary-amine (0.75), tertiary-sodium butoxide (0.22) and toluene (10 mL) were mixed, and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.15) and tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.06) were added to obtained mixture, heated at 110 degrees C for 1 hour, cooled and purified, to obtain 6-N,12-N-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-N,12-N-bis(2-methyl-4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)chrysene-6,12-diamine (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide further comprises metal selected from vanadium, molybdenum, ruthenium, tin, iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, and/or cobalt. The metal nitride further comprises molybdenum. Preferred Properties: The length of longest axis of nanoparticles is 20-200 nm. The nanoparticles have a rutile structure. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles is of formula Ti1-x'MxyO2, Ti1-x'-yMxM'yO2 including preferably Ti1-xMoxN, Ti1-xWxN, Nb1-xWxN, or Ti1-x-yMxA'yO2.M, M'=W, V, Nb, Ta, Sn or Ru;x=0.01-0.5;x'=0.01-0.6;y=0.01-0.5; andA'=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni.Provided that:(1) if A' is Cr, x is greater than or equal to y and x-y is less than 0.4; and(2) if A' is Mn, Fe, Co or Ni, x is greater than or equal to 2y and x/y is less than 2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The content of vinyl acetate repeating unit with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 parts mass. Preferred Property: The film has arithmetic average surface roughness of 1.7-2.2 mu m and average distance between fine recesses and projections of 600-1200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The first electrode is an anode. The anode is a metal oxide anode. The second electrode is a cathode. The cathode is a metal or metal alloy cathode. The second material is an electron acceptor material. The second material is a fullerene. The second material is an electron donor material. The active material comprises a mixture of the compound (I) and the second material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (II) involves reacting the amine of the formula R'1R'2NH- with compound of formula (III) to obtain tributylstannyl thiophene derivative of the amine of formula (IV); reacting (IV) with iodo-thiophene-carbaldehyde of formula (V) to obtain a formyl precursor of (VI); and reacting (VI) with the EWG' to obtain (II).X=Br or Cl. Preferred Definitions:    R'3 and R'4=H or alkyl;    R'5=H;    R'1 and R'2=-phenyl (optionally substituted by at least one alkyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, alkoxy or aryl), or -fluorenyl (optionally substituted by at least one alkyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, alkoxy or aryl);    n'=2-6.    Provided that: one of R'3 and R'4 is H, and the other of R'3 and R'4 is alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds i.e. 5"-dicyanovinylidene-5-(N,N-di-p-tolylamino)-2,2':5'2"-terthiophene of formula (Ia), 5-(5''-(di-p-tolyl-amino)-(2,2';5',2'')terthiophen-5-ylmethylene)-1,3-diethyl-2-thioxo-dihydro-pyrimidine-4,6-dione, 5"-cyanophenylcarboxyvinylidene-5-(N,N-di-p-tolylamino)-2,2':5'2"-terthiophene, and 1-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-5-(5''-(m-tolyl-p-tolyl-amino)-(2,2';5',2'')terthiophen-5-ylmethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile are disclosed as compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The substituted imidazolium ion is 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion. The ionic liquid has thiocyanate anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A layer comprising least one of the pyrrole compound (I) or pyrrole-metal complex (II) or (III) is a light absorber layer or charge carrier transport layer. The organic semiconducting component is photo-active. Preferred Definitions:    M = element from group 9-13, preferably Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, B or Al;    Xi = -C(R1)=C(R2)-C(R3)=C(R4)-, -N=C(R2)-C(R3)=N-, -C(R1)=N-N=C(R4)-, -C(R5)=C(R5)-Q-, -N=C(R6)-Q-, -C(R5)=N-Q-, -N=N-Q-, -Q-C(R6)=C(R7)-, -Q=C(R6)=N-, -Q-N=C(R7)-, -Q-N=N-; either    R1-R7 = H, halo, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C heteroalkyl, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C-heteroaryl, optionally saturated carbocycle or heterocycle; or    R1-R-6 = two adjacent groups forming a part of further carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;    Q = divalent atomic group comprising C, N, O or S; and    L1, L2 = halo, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, aroyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, where L1 or L2 is each attached to R.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A layer comprising least one of the pyrrole compound (I) or pyrrole-metal complex (II) or (III) is a light absorber layer or charge carrier transport layer. The organic semiconducting component is photo-active. Preferred Definitions:    M = element from group 9-13, preferably Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, B or Al;    Xi = -C(R1)=C(R2)-C(R3)=C(R4)-, -N=C(R2)-C(R3)=N-, -C(R1)=N-N=C(R4)-, -C(R5)=C(R5)-Q-, -N=C(R6)-Q-, -C(R5)=N-Q-, -N=N-Q-, -Q-C(R6)=C(R7)-, -Q=C(R6)=N-, -Q-N=C(R7)-, -Q-N=N-; either    R1-R7 = H, halo, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C heteroalkyl, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C-heteroaryl, optionally saturated carbocycle or heterocycle; or    R1-R-6 = two adjacent groups forming a part of further carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;    Q = divalent atomic group comprising C, N, O or S; and    L1, L2 = halo, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, aroyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, where L1 or L2 is each attached to R.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The abundance ratio of porphyrin derivative (II) is 80-98 mol% with respect to porphyrin derivatives (I)-(III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparations (Claimed): The silyl containing thiazolium iodide or silyl containing oxazolium is prepared by making thiazole compound or oxazole compound react with silyl containing alkylating agent. Preferred Definitions:    R'=1-4C alkoxy group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 of 71 Compounds are specifically disclosed e.g. 3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)thiazolium iodide, 3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-4-methyl-thiazolium iodide, 3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-2-methyl-thiazolium iodide, 3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-2,4-dimethyl thiazolium iodide and 3-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)-4-methylthiazolium iodide.    EXAMPLE - The 3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-4-methylthiazolium iodide was synthesized by preparing 4-methyl-thiazole (5 g), toluene (50 g) and 3-iodopropyl trimethoxysilane (15.4 g) 50 ml flask, heating at 100 degrees C for 28 hours, removing toluene layer in decantation, repeating operation removing toluene layer in decantation for 3 times after newly adding 10 g of toluene to oil layer and stirring at room temperature, drying for 4 hours on 60 degrees C and 1 kPa conditions obtaining yellowish brown oil (10.2 g), and solidifying oil by allowing to stand at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material is carbon nanotube, carbon nano sphere and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Silyl group-containing ammonium salt (I) is obtained by reacting amine compound of formula: N(-R)3 (II) and silyl alkylating agent of formula: X-Q-Si(-R')3 (III). Preferred Definitions:    R=2-8C alkenyl;    X-=iodo;and    R'=1-4C alkoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Silyl group-containing ammonium salts (I) i.e. tris(prop-2-en-1-yl)(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonium iodide of formula (IA) and tris(prop-2-en-1-yl)(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonium iodide are claimed.    EXAMPLE - Triarylamine (5 g), toluene (30 g), and 3-iodo propyl trimethoxysilane (11.1) were heated at 100 degrees C for 18 hours. The toluene layer and oil layer were separated, cooled and toluene layer was removed. Toluene (10 g) was added to the obtained oil layer, stirred at room temperature, and dried at 60 degrees C for 4 hours under pressure of 1 kPa to obtain tris(prop-2-en-1-yl)(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is selected from 2 compounds as given in specification, e.g. compound of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    n=4, 5, or 6;and    Z'=Li, Na or K.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Compounds are disclosed as compound (I) e.g. (2-cyano-3-(7-(6-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-4,4-dioctyl-4H-cyclopenta-(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-acrylic acid) (Ia); (2-cyano-3-(5'-(6-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-4,4-dioctyl-4H-cyclopenta-(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-(2,2')bithiophenyl-5-yl)-acrylic acid); compound of formula (Ib), (Ic) or (Id).    EXAMPLE - F-Cl-Aldehyde(7-(6-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-4,4-dioctyl-4H-cyclopenta-(2-,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-2-carbaldehyde) (1 g), ammonium acetate (0.14 g), and cyano acetic acid (0.16 g) were added into a reaction bottle and dissolved in acetic acid (50 ml). The mixture was refluxed for 6 hours under argon. After work-up to form (2-cyano-3-(7-(6-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-4,4-dioctyl-4H-cyclopenta-(2,1--b;3,4-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-acrylic acid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor layer is a porous semiconductor layer. The porosity of the porous semiconductor layer is not more than 10 vol.%. The thickness of the semiconductor layer is 0.5-30 mu m. The semiconductor is titanium oxide. The content of the dye in the semiconductor layer is 0.01-100 mmol per 1 m2 of semiconductor layer. The conductive support is substantially transparent. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = phenyl or stilbenzyl;    R3, R4 = H;    Z = S (preferred) or rhodanine or thiohydantoin ring;    Y1 = methylene; and    X = carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic compound is preferably of formulae (II)-(VII). Preferred Layer: The organic layer is hole injection layer (103), hole transport layer (104), light-emitting layer (105), electron transport layer (106) and electron injection layer (107). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 132 Heterocyclic compounds e.g. 9-phenyl-20-thia-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene of formula (A), 9-(naphthalen-2-yl)-20-thia-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene, 9-(4-phenylphenyl)-20-thia-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene, 9-(3-phenylphenyl)-20-thia-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene and 9-(3,5-diphenylphenyl)-20-thia-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The organic thin film layer further contains a dopant. The fluorene derivative (I) is of formula (II) or (III). The fluorene derivative has glass transition temperature of 110 degrees C or more and thermal decomposition temperature of 400 degrees C or more.R3,R4=H, 1-10C lower alkyl or 6-18C aryl;anda,b=1 or more. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X3=N;    Ar1,Ar2=arylene, phenylene, naphthylene and/or anthryl;    Ar3-Ar6=phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, tetracenyl, pyrenyl and/or fluorenyl, preferably group of formula (i)-(iii), more preferably Ar5 and Ar6=furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazol, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl and/or isoquinolinyl;and    R',R"=H, 1-10C lower alkyl or 6-18C aryl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 55 Fluorene derivatives (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 4-(9-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline of formula (Ia), 4-(9-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline, 4-(9-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)-N,N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)aniline, N-(4-(9-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylnaphthalen-2-amine and N-(4-(9-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first or second composition comprises a material consisting of polycaprolactone, poly-1-lactic acid, poly-d-lactic acid, polydioxanone, trimethylene carbonate, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, poly(fatty acid dimer-sebacic acid), poly(1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy, propane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)), poly(fumaric-co-sebacic anhydride), poly(erucic acid dimer-sebacic anhydride), poly glycolide and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The activated charcoal is pre-processed using steam, hydrochloride and/or ammonia at 400-800 degrees C for 1-10 hours. Silicon (1-10 wt.%) and chlorine (0.5-5 wt.%) are added to the pre-processed activated charcoal. Preferred Component: The activated charcoal further comprises nickel, cobalt, copper, calcium, strontium and/or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material is chosen from indium-tin oxide, transparent conductive oxide, gold, platinum and diamond. The inorganic material comprised in semiconductor substrate is chosen from silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium antimonide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, glass, transparent conductive oxide and quartz. The inorganic material comprised in inorganic material structure is chosen from silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, aluminum antimonide, indium phosphide, indium selenide, indium telluride, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, bismuth sulfide, copper sulfide, molybdenum selenide, tungsten selenide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide, gallium nitride and zinc oxide. The band gap of inorganic material is more than band gap of organic compound. The nanotemplate of solar cell is anodic aluminum oxide nanotemplate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic compound comprised in organic compound structure is chosen from polyethylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene, polyacetylene, poly p-phenylenevinylene and poly-N-vinylcarbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The size of the silicon metal is 1 micron. Preferred Method: The method involves using boric acid (250 kg) as additive for stabilizing the generation of heat during the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): An alkali metal salt of formula: MOCR2R3(CH2)nOR1 and silicon compound of formula: Si(R1)nX4-n are reacted to manufacture silicon complex compound.X=chloro, iodo or bromo;andM=lithium, sodium or potassium.Preferred Method: The silicon complex compound is produced using solvent chosen from pentane, hexane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and toluene. The silicon thin film is formed by chemical vapor deposition. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=CH3, C2H5 or CH(CH3)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkoxyalkyl group-containing amide compound is chosen from N-methoxyethyl methylcarbamate, N-methoxyethyl-N-methyl methylcarbamate, N-methoxymethyl-N-methyl methylcarbamate, N-methyl-N-methoxyethyl carbamate, N-methyl-N-methoxyethyl methoxy methylcarbamate, N-methoxyethyl caprolactam and N-methoxyethyl oxazolidone. The molar ratio of alkoxyalkyl group-containing amide compound and lithium salt is 8:1. The ester compound is chosen from methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, propyl butyrate, butyl butyrate and t-butyl propionate. The electrolyte further contains carbonate-type compound chosen from polypropylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethyl methyl carbonate and ( gamma )-butyrolactone, and has viscosity of 200 cP or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The synthesis of CPS comprises placing glucose aqueous solution (0.4-1.2 g/ml) into a high reaction pot with polytetrafluoroethylene lining, heating at 160-180 degrees C, centrifuging, separating, washing and drying. The carbonization of the CPS comprises placing carbon in a tubular furnace, injecting argon as protective gas, heating at 800-1200 degrees C for 0.5-2 hours and cooling to room temperature naturally. Preferred Components: The weight and volume ratio of the ammonium molybdate and the concentrated hydrochloric acid is 1 g:(5-20) ml, where the quality concentration of the concentrated hydrochloric acid is 30-40%. The concentration of the sodium borohydrate solution is 0.01-0.3 mol/l and the weight and volume ratio of the sodium borohydrate solution and the ammonium molybdate is (5-20) ml:1 g. The weight ratio of the carbon ball and the ammonium molybdate is 1: (0.1-1). The concentration of the ethylene glycol solution of hexachloroplatinic acid is 1.93-19.3 mmol/l and of sodium hydroxide is 0.1-1mol/l. The volume ratio of the hexachloroplatinic acid and sodium hydroxide is 1:(1-5) and the quality volume ratio of the molybdenum oxide alloy/CPS and the hexachloroplatinic acid is 1 g:(10-50) ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chlorinated solvent is methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform, 1,L,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and monochlorobenzene. The hydrophobicizing agent is organosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is light-emitting layer, hole layer, or electron layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The freezing point depressant tank contains an alcohol, which diffuses at a slower rate through a proton exchange membrane than methanol. The alcohol is a normal, branched aliphatic or cyclic structural isomer of ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, and/or octanol. The freezing point depressant tank contains a liquid glycol with carbon content of greater than 2 carbon atoms in the molecule. Glycol is a normal, branched aliphatic or cyclic structural isomer of ethanediol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, heptanediol, and/or octanediol. The freezing point depressant tank contains an anti-freeze mixture that has a water/alcohol ratio, or water/glycol ratio that ensures that the mixture remains liquid at + 80 to - 40 degrees C; and prevents freezing of the solution at 0 to - 50 degrees C. The inert gas storage tank contains inert gas selected from nitrogen or carbon dioxide produced by the fuel cell chemical reaction. It contains carbon dioxide separated as a by-product from liquid fuel of the fuel cell during operation of the fuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrode is formed of palladium, and the adhesive electrode is formed of palladium-indium (PdIn3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor element consists of silicon and/or germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole blocking material consists of fullerene and its derivative and/or bathocuproine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode main portion consists of material containing platinum, tungsten or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The method involves performing cleaning process using hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution or aqua regia, and drying process. The germanium raw material of germanium melt solution is washed and etched using liquid mixture containing hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, such that germanium oxide on the surface of germanium raw material is removed. The crystal is made to grow in argon atmosphere with oxygen concentration of less than 0.1 ppm. The boron oxide melt solution covers 20-80% of the surface of germanium melt solution. The residual moisture content of boron oxide raw material of boron oxide melt solution is less than 100 ppm. The germanium melt solution contains impurity chosen from boron, gallium or indium. The inner-wall surface of crucible is formed using material comprising quartz glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The photosensitive semiconductor layer is applied on the back cover and adhered with the transparent front cover using the film or the photosensitive semiconductor layer is applied on the front cover and adhered with the back cover using the film. The photosensitive semiconductor layer is embedded between the two polyvinyl acetal based films, and adhered with the front and back covers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antiblocking agent comprises 0.001-5 wt.% of one or more mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-pentaerythritol ester compound of formula (I).R1-R4 = -CO-10-14C-alkyl, preferably -C(=O)-C17H35, or H.Where R1-R4 are not simultaneously H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plasticized, polyvinyl acetal based film exhibits a haze value of 0.1-20. Polyvinyl acetal exhibits a specific resistance of at least 1E 13 Ohmx cm, in an ambient humidity of 85% and at 23 degrees C. The amount of polyvinyl alcohol in polyvinyl acetal is less than 22 wt.%. The film contains: metal salts of 1-15C-carboxylic acid, as a base compound; and 0.001-5 wt.% of silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal component of the metal carboxylates is antimony, indium, cerium, yttrium, tin or zirconium, preferably antimony or tin. The weight ratio of tin/antimony based on a metal is 80:20-99.5:0.5. The solution contains (in wt.%): dibutyltin diacetate and antimony(III) acetate (70-97); and acetic acid anhydride (3-30). The lambda , which is a molar ratio of available oxygen in the oxygen-containing gas/oxygen required for the combustion of the fuel gas and oxidation of the solution, is 2-5. The particle size distribution (d50), determined by dynamic light scattering, amounts to less than 150 nm. The content of the antimony-tin mixed oxide powder in the dispersion is 15-40 wt.%. The pH of the dispersion is 8.5-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution additionally contains at least one 1-5C carboxylic acid. EXAMPLE - Solution (900 g) containing (in wt.%) dibutyltin diacetate (76.2), antimony(III) acetate (2.77), acetic acid anhydride (16.03) and acetic acid (5), was atomized with an atomizing air (4 Nm3/hour) by a two-component nozzle. The resulting droplets with the particle size spectrum of 5-15 mu m were burnt in a reaction chamber in a flame formed of hydrogen (2.5 Nm3/hour) and air (24 Nm3/hour), corresponding to a lambda of 4.1, where the temperature was maintained at 680 degrees C below the flame (0.5 m). Then the hot gases and the solid products were cooled in a cooling line, and the resulting solid was deposited on a filter to obtain an antimony-tin mixed oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the polymer is by Suzuki-, Yamamoto-, Stille- or Hartwig-Buchwald-polymerization process. Preferred Components: (I) is a 9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluorene compound of formula (Ia)-(Va). The polymer is a partially conjugated polymer, where the conjugation is interrupted by (I). The polymer further comprises a structural unit, which is a triplet-emitter unit. The low molecular substance is a triplet-emitter. The further structural unit is: either triarylamine, benzidine, tetraaryl-p-phenylenediamine, triarylphosphine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, dihydrophenazine, thianthrene, dibenzo-p-dioxin, phenoxathiin, carbazole, azulene, thiophene, pyrrole, furan derivative or further oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen containing heterocycle with a highest occupied molecular orbital in the polymer of greater than -5.8 eV; or pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, anthracene, benzanthracene, pyrene, perylene, benzimidazole, triazine, ketone, phosphine oxide or phenazine derivative, triarylborane or further oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen containing heterocycle with a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of less than -1.9 eV; or 4,5-dihydropyrene, 4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene, fluorene, 9,9'-spirobifluorene, phenanthrene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 5,7-dihydrodibenzooxepine, cis or trans-indenofluorene or its derivatives, where the further structure unit forms a part of the backbone of the polymer. Preferred Definitions:    L1, L2 = a covalent bond;    W1 = C, Si or Ge; and    U1, V1 = a covalent bond or CR1R2.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The vinyl acetate repeating unit content of copolymer is 20-35 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive film further contains a monomer and/or an oligomer as binder component (4). Particles (2-b) are coupled with particles (2-a) more firmly through the binder component. The chemical bonding is graft polymerization, preferably radiation graft polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reactive ion etching pre-process is carried out in presence of gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide gas. The inorganic compound layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide. The metal in metal alkoxide contained in gas-barrier coating layer is silicon, aluminum, titanium and/or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primer layer contains composite of silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate containing functional group reactive with hydroxyl group of polyol and isocyanate group of isocyanate compound. The composite contains metal alkoxide of formula: M(OR)n, or hydrolyzate of metal alkoxide.M=metallic element;R=CH3 or C2H5;andn=oxidation number of metallic element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier coating layer contains water-soluble high-molecular compound, metal alkoxide or its hydrolyzate, and/or polymer. The water-soluble high-molecular compound is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, cellulose and starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer containing the compound having heterocyclic group-containing partial structure (I) is formed between the bulk heterojunction layer and cathode. Preferred Compound: The compound having heterocyclic group-containing partial structure (I) is of formula (II), and is a low-molecular-weight compound formed by solution coating method.X2-X6=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom, where at least one of X2-X6 is nitrogen atom;andX1=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom, preferably nitrogen atom. Preferred Definitions:    Z2=nitrogen-containing 6-membered aromatic ring;and    Q=carbon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing sheet further contains black coloring agent other than activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The colored hydrolysis-resistant resin film is polyethylene terephthalate film, and has a hue chosen from white, black and blue. The polyethylene terephthalate film has oligomer content of less than 0.8 weight%. The water-vapor barrier film is a thin film layer provided with polyethylene terephthalate resin film containing metal oxide, and/or aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The various resin layers comprise polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The emitter compound is a singlet-emitter, a triplet-emitter or a singlet-exciton forming group, preferably green, blue or red emitting triplet emitter; or a metal complex comprising a metal out from transition metals, rare earth elements, lanthanides or actinides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the optoelectronic device, the composition is exists as a layer, and arranged between the cathode and anode. The optoelectronic device further comprises a layer, which is hole transport-, hole injection-, emitter-, electron transport-, electron injection-, charge blocking-, charge transporting- and/or inter-layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises one or more solvents. Preferred Components: The polymer further comprises a structural unit of formula (-((FG1)m-(A1)o)p-) (Ia). The structural units (I) and (Ia) are different. The weight ratio of the polymer to emitter compound is 99.1:0.01-98:2.A1 = A;FG1 = FG; eitherm, o = 0-2, where m is preferably 0 or 1; orm+o = greater than or equal to 1; andp = greater than or equal to 1. Preferred Definitions:    FG = phenyl, naphthyl, pyridine, anthracene, binaphthyl anthracene, phenanthrene, dihydrophenanthrene, indenofluorene, fluorene, spirobifluorene, pyrene, phosphine, phosphine oxide, furan, imidazole, thiophene, triazine, pyrazine, ketone, amine, carbazole or heteroatoms; and    A = alkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylsilylene, silylene, arylsilylene, alkylalkoxyalkylene, arylalkoxyalkylene, alkylthioalkylene, sulfone, alkylene sulfone, sulfone oxide or alkylene sulfone oxide, where the alkylene group contains 1-12 carbon atoms and one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F (preferred), Cl, Br, I, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl or (hetero)aryl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The contact layer includes a material having copper as a primary component. The semiconductor layer has a compound including copper, indium, gallium and selenium, where the contact layer is formed by heat treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching substance contains potassium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The wetting agent contains 0.1 wt.% of polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises the compound (E) in an amount of 20-85 (preferably 30-75) wt.%. Preferred Components: The compound (E) is a compound of formula (T1)n-J-Rf-J'-(T2)m. The compound (E) is selected from 8 compounds as given in the specification; e.g. acrylate compound of formula (H2C=C(R'h)-C(O)O)n-A-(CH2CF2O)-Rf-(CF2CH2O)-A'-(OC(O)-C(R1h)=CH2)m (Ia); or a compound of formula H2C=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2NHCOOCH2CF2O(CF2CF2O)p1(CF2O)q1CF2CH2OCONHCH2CH2OCOC(CH3)=CH2 (Ib). The compound (M) comprises at least one (meth)acryloyl function. The crosslinking initiator is a photoinitiator selected from: alpha-hydroxyketones; phenylglyoxylates; benzyldimethyl-ketals; alpha-aminoketones; and bis-acyl-phosphines.Rf=(per)fluoropolyoxyalkylene chain (preferably -(CF2O)p(CF2CF2O)q(CFY1O)r(CF2CFY1O)s-(CF2(CF2)zCF2O)t)-);J and J'=bond or a divalent or polyvalent bonding group;n and m=1-3;T1 and T2=-OCO-C(R'h)=CH2, -OCO-NH-CO-C(R'h)=CH2 or -OCO-R'a-C(R'h)=CH2;R'h=H or 1-6C alkyl;R'a=-NH-R'b-OCO- or -NH-R'b-NHCOO-R'c-OCO-;R'b and R'c=divalent or polyvalent bonding group selected from 1-20C aliphatic group, 5-40 cycloaliphatic group, 6-50C (hetero)aromatic, or alkylaromatic group;Y1=1-5C perfluoro(oxy)alkyl;p-t=integer greater than 0 (selected such that the molecular weight of the chain Rf is more than 500 and less than 4000);z=1 or 2;A and A'=bond or a di-, tri- or tetra-valent bonding group;R'h and R1h=H or 1-6C alkyl;p1 and q1=integers selected so that the molecular weight of chain Rf is more than 500 and less than 4000 (preferably 1200-3000, more preferably 1500-2500). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A layer of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material is deposited prior to the formation of at least one electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: A layer of frontside metal wires is placed between the frontside electrode grid and the polymer layer, and the frontside metal wires are soldered to the frontside electrode grid during the lamination process. The backside electrode comprises silver or aluminum finger grid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A layer of adhesive polymer is placed between the frontside glass cover and the frontside electrode grid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The clamping ring is made of pressure stiffener material such as pressure stiffener thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sedimentation recovery is carried out using organic solvent. The dispersion liquid is obtained by dispersing metal nanoparticles into an organic medium. Preferred Component: The primary amine (a) is oleyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of manganese in the steel board is 2 wt.% or less, and the content of iron component is 98 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative gas molecules are carbon dioxide, or oxygen, ozone, halogen, fluorine compound, chloride compound, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide or their ions. The positive-charge substance is cation, dielectric material or conductor having positive charge, and/or composite of semiconductor or dielectric material, and conductor having positive charge. The negative-charge substance is anion, dielectric material or conductor having negative charge, composite of semiconductor or dielectric material, and conductor having negative charge, and/or substance having photocatalytic property. Preferred Property: At least one portion of the base has light transmitting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon atom-containing compound layer contains polysilsesquioxane containing (meth)acryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric material positioned on solar cell substrate is silicon nitride, undoped silica, silica doped with phosphorus, boron, germanium, gallium or arsenic, alumina, undoped amorphous silicon, or amorphous silicon doped with phosphorus, boron, germanium, gallium or arsenic. The shadow mask positioned proximate to the solar cell substrate is quartz shadow mask, silicon carbide-coated shadow mask, alumina shadow mask, or ceramic glass shadow mask. The sacrificial layer comprises porous silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent conductive glass substrate is tin oxide transparent conductive glass substrate doped with fluorine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dye is black dye or ruthenium(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)2(isothiocyanate)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The flexible transparent conductive substrate is conductive polyethylene terephthalate substrate with a conductive layer of indium oxide doped with tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor quantum dot is a semiconductor nanoparticle which absorbs UV-near infrared ray at 200-1100 nm and has a bandgap of 1.1-6 eV. The semiconductor quantum dot is a IV-group element, an alloy of II and VI-group elements, an alloy of III and V-group elements, an alloy of I, III, and/or VI-group elements. The semiconductor quantum dot has a core/shell structure of (II and VI-group elements)/(II and VI-group elements) alloys. It comprises aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, zinc oxide, indium phosphide, silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, copper indium disulfide, copper indium diselenide, cadmium sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide, and/or cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The p-type organic polymer is poly(N-vinylcarbazole), poly(1-methoxy-4-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy-2,5-phenylenevinylene)), poly(phenylenevinylene), and/or poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) whose ends are capped with dimethylphenyl. The n-type organic compound is 1,3,5-tris-(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene, N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)- 1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and/or 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The p-type organic polymer, the n-type organic compound, and the semiconductor quantum dot are each used in an amount of 0.1-10 pts.wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moist material contains a pasty, solvent-containing substance that contains metals like aluminum, silver, copper, chromium, vanadium, palladium, titanium, molybdenum, glasses that contain metal oxides, semimetals, boron, phosphorus, ceramics such as silicon dioxide, boron oxide, aluminum oxide (AlxOy), silicon carbide, silicon nitride (Si3Nx) and carbon of various morphology such as soot, graphite, nanotubes and fullerine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The support having the coating film is wound up into the second film roll by using a lay-on roller. Preferred Components: The thickness of the inorganic film formed is greater than or equal to 10 nm. The coating film is formed of a material comprising a radiation-curable monomer or oligomer. EXAMPLE - An acrylic monomer and a photopolymerization initiator were dissolved in an organic solvent to form a coating solution. The obtained coating solution was applied to a support B (polyethylene terephthalate base of 1000 mm in width and 100 mu m in thickness) by a die coater, dried and then cured by ultraviolet curing to form a coating film with a thickness of 1 mu m, which was then winded using lay-on roller. Then an alumina film was formed by reactive sputtering using aluminum as a target to obtain the functional film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane comprises a glycidoxy silane or an amino silane. Preferred Method: The coating is formed by applying a coating composition onto the polyester film before the film has been completely stretched.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second polymer blocks comprise polyethylene glycol blocks, urethane blocks, vinyl blocks, or polyethylene blocks. The polyester film is at least uniaxially or biaxially stretched. The coating contains 40-99.9 (preferably 70-99) wt.% of the block copolymer and 0.1-60 wt.% of silane. The bonding layer contains 40-99 wt.% of block copolymer and 0.1-60 wt.% of silane. The coating or bonding layer is present on the first side of the polyester film at an amount of 1x 10-3-8x 10-3 pounds/1000 square foot. The polymeric layer contains functional groups and the silane contained in the bonding layer is chemically reacted with the second polymer blocks located on the block copolymer and with the functional groups contained in the polymeric layer. The bond strength between the first side of the polyester film and the polymeric layer has an initial strength of at least 50 N/15 mm. The bond strength between the first side of the polyester film and the polymeric layer is at least 50% of the initial bond strength after exposure to an atmosphere at 85% relative humidity and at 85 degrees C for 1000 hours. The polymeric layer contains an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, a polyolefin, an ionomer or an elastomer. Preferred Method: The polyester blocks contained in the block copolymer are attached to the first side of the polyester film and the silane reacts with the second blocks of the block copolymer and with the polymeric layer. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate consists of polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, acryl, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The radically polymerizable initiator is photoinitiator or thermally polymerizable initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition further contains urethane oligomer or urethane resin containing polycarbonate structure as radically polymerizable compound having unsaturated group(s). The base material is a film which consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyolefin, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The optical anode includes conductor film. The conductor film is selected from titanium dioxide film, tin oxide film or zinc oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-glycidyl epoxy compound is a cycloaliphatic epoxy compound including 3',4'-epoxycyclohexyl-methyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyloxirane, 2-(3',4'-epoxycyclohexyl)-5,1''-spiro-3'',4''-epoxycyclohexane-1,3-dioxane, vinyl cyclohexene monoxide, 3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester or bis(3,4-epoxy cyclohexylmethyl) adipate. The weight ratio of (I) to non-glycidyl epoxy compound is 50:50. The viscosity of the liquid resin system is less than 500 cps at room temperature. The monohydric phenol compound is phenol, preferably meta- or para-cresol, meta- or para-ethylphenol, meta- or para-isopropylphenol, meta- or para-methoxyphenol, meta- or para-ethoxyphenol, meta- or para-isopropyloxyphenol, meta- or para-chlorophenol, 1-naphthol and/or 2-naphthol. The primary mine is an amine of formula (RNH2). The reaction is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent including toluene, xylene, dioxane, methyl-isobutylketone, isopropanol, secondary-butanol or amyl alcohol. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. 3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo(e)(1,3)oxazine of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - Liquid monobenzoxazine was prepared by reacting phenol, formaldehyde and aniline. The obtained liquid monobenzoxazine was mixed with a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin at a weight ratio of 45:55-55:45 to give the resin system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is compound containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogen, or organic compound of formula (I).R1=1-50C monovalent organic group;R2=1-6C organic group; andn=3-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves heat-processing to not less than 200 degrees C for 1-60 minutes after heat-processing curable composition at 60-90 degrees C for 0.5-10 hours and heat-processing at 100-140 degrees C for 0.5-10 hours. The silicon compound containing greater than or equal to 2 pieces of silicon hydride group in 1 molecule is obtained by carrying out hydrosilylation reaction of organic compound ( alpha ) which has carbon-carbon double bond(s) with reactivity with silicon hydride group in 1 molecule and polyorganosiloxane ( beta ) of chain shape and/or cyclic form which has greater than or equal to 2 pieces of silicon hydride group in 1 molecule. Preferred Composition: The ( beta ) component is cyclic polyorganosiloxane of formula (II) which has 3 pieces of silicon hydride group in 1 molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic monocarboxylic acid ester is benzoic-acid isodecyl. The polymerization degree of polyvinyl acetal resin is 400-3500. The degree of acetalization of polyvinyl acetal resin is 70-90%. The thickness of sheet is 0.1-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of unsaturated carboxylate (I) is 0.1-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of total amount of components (a)-(c). The amount of unsaturated carboxylate (a), aromatic vinyl compound (b) and unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride (c) is 10-90 parts mass, 1-89 parts mass and 1-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of total amount of components (a)-(c), respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymerization is block polymerization or cast polymerization carried out at 50-160 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The light-receiving portion contains single crystal silicon, polycrystal silicon or amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulating composition contains solvent having concentration of 0.1-10 M, and silicon nitride or titanium dioxide. The solvent is ethanol, dimethylformamide, toluene or water. The template has release layer and heteromaterial layer on surface of polymer sheet. The electrical material layer contains (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetra-hydrodecyl)trichlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The template is made of polycarbonate, polydimethyl acrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polymethylmethacrylate, polymethacrylate, polystyrene, nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene, polyamide, polyimide, polyethersulfone, polyvinyl acetal, polyether ketone, polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane and h-polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flux is mixed among the oxides of silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, calcium fluoride, alumina and magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate of solar cell is glass substrate containing indium-tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide/alumina, tin oxide, and/or zinc oxide. The semiconductor particles of the solar cell contain silicon, titania, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tungstic oxide, niobium pentoxide, and/or titanium-strontium oxide. The electrode of solar cell comprises platinum, gold, nickel, copper, silver, indium, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, carbon, and/or conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate of solar cell is plastic substrate chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide, and cellulose triacetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid salt is chosen from carboxylate, sulfonate, and phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating material is made from silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The copolymer has molecular weight of 10000-30000 and molecular weight distribution of 1.5-5. Preferred Composition: The electron donor and/or electron receptor further contains 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 84C fullerene or their derivatives, (6,6)-phenyl-61C-methyl butyrate, and poly(3-hexylthiophene), polythiophene, poly(para-phenylenevinylene), polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or their derivative. Preferred Component: The solar cell further has hole-transport layer containing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(3-hexylthiophene), polythiophene, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The glycol ether compound is of formula: C6H5-CH2O-(CH2CH2O)m(CH2CHCH3O)n-H (I) and/or R-O-(CH2CH2)m(CH2CHCH3O)n-H (II).m,n=0-20;andR=1-16C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The glycol ether compound is chosen from monoethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, diethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monopropyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether and/or tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The alcohol compound is chosen from ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol and polyethylene glycol. The mixture of organic acid and inorganic acid is citric acid, gluconic acid, hypophosphorous acid, sulfamic acid and/or tartaric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer is metal foil (preferably aluminum foil and/or copper foil).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the organic optoelectronic device (10, 20), the metal dopant is selected from transition elements, lanthanides, actinides, aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), titanium (Ti), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn). The transition metal oxide is a high work function metal oxide. The electrical conductivity of the metal doped transition metal oxide is larger than 10-5 S/cm. The thickness of the buffer layer (13, 27) is in the range of 2-500 nm, 20-300 nm or 30-150 nm. The optical transparency of the buffer layer (13, 27) is higher than 80% in a wavelength range of 300-1200 nm. The organic optoelectronic device (10, 20) further comprises an electrical contact layer (12) at a second side of the buffer layer (13) opposite to the first side; and a second organic semiconductor layer (26) at a second side of the buffer layer (27) opposite to the first side. The thickness of the buffer layer (13, 27) is selected for optimizing a light intensity profile in the device. The device is a photovoltaic cell or a photodetector or a light emitting device. Preferred Method: In fabricating the organic optoelectronic device, the buffer layer (13, 27) is provided by thermal co-evaporation of a metal and a transition metal oxide. The method further comprises forming an electrical contact layer (11) at a second side of the buffer layer (13) opposite the first side; and forming a second organic semiconductor layer (26) at a second side of the buffer layer (27) opposite to the first side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The arithmetic mean deviation of the rubber-made press roll surface is measured in accordance with JIS-B0601 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkali metal (compound) is potassium or its compound. Addition amount of alkali metal (compound) is 2-10 moles. Transition metal (compound) is added to the mixture at 0.1-1 mole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains a cyclic sulfone. In the mixed solvent of linear sulfone and cyclic sulfone, the content of cyclic sulfone is 0-90 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen element with respect to metallic element in the metal oxide layer is 0.5-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste material contains aluminum powder having particle size of 10 mu m or less, silicon powder having particle size of 10 mu m or less, organic solvent and organic binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass powder comprises (wt.%) bismuth oxide (20-75), diboron trioxide (10-50), silicon dioxide (2-10), calcium oxide (2-8), alumina (0.5-4.5), zinc oxide (0-5), magnesia (0-2), zirconia (0-3), and strontia (0-2). It has a median diameter of 0.05-6 mu m. An initial melting point of the glass powder is 630-730 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area of the second-order powder is 5-100 m2/g. The median diameter of the first-order powder is 3.5-7 mu m. The slurry comprises (wt.%) first aluminum powder (15-50), second aluminum powder (0.5-40), glass powder (0.2-15), and organic carrier (10-35).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises (wt.%) ethyl cellulose (3-15), solvent (80-97), and a modified phenolic or epoxy resin (0-8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A conductive layer of patterned film stack arranged on back side of the substrate is selected from group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti) or tantalum (Ta).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture of zinc oxide-type sintered compact involves mixing zinc oxide (ZnO) powder and boric acid (H3BO3) powder, calcining the powder mixture at 100-500 degrees C, and then sintering the calcined mixture at 900-1150 degrees C in oxygen atmosphere, nitrogen atmosphere, or argon atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The content of powder mixture is 0.8-45 %mass, which is calculated by formula: H3BO3/(ZnO+H3BO3)x 100. Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide-type sintered compact has relative density of 95% or more and volume resistivity of 5x 10-3 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic components (84-99%) have a d50 of 1.5-10 mu m. The conductive material(s) comprise silver. The submicron particles comprise silver. The submicron particles have a d50 of 0.1-1 (preferably 0.1-0.6) mu m. The inorganic components have a bimodal size distribution. The additive is a metal and/or metal oxide selected from zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium. The inorganic additives comprise zinc oxide. The submicron particles further comprise zinc oxide and an inorganic binder. The device further comprises a semiconductor substrate and an insulating film selected from titanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon containing compound of formula SiNx:H, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The inorganic binders comprise glass frit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating film comprises component(s) from titanium oxide, silicon nitride (SiN), SiNx: hydrogen, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. The conductive materials or submicron particles comprise silver. The thick film composition further comprises additive(s) from (a) metal including zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium; (b) a metal oxide of the above specified metals; and/or (c) compounds that can generate the metal oxides of (b) upon firing. The inorganic additives comprise zinc oxide. The submicron particles further comprise zinc oxide and an inorganic binder. The inorganic components are present at 70-95 wt.%.
Preferred Definitions:    Y'=nitroxide radical or bipyridinyl or galvinoxyl radical (both optionally substituted);    X=group of formula (i), (ii) or (iii);    R=H, carboxyl, sulfonyl, phenyl, carboxyphenyl, sulfophenyl or pyridinium group (all optionally substituted by Y');    M=metal atom;and    X1,X2=alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pigment paste comprises the pigment functionalized by aminosilane (30-90%), a binder (7-70%) and additives e.g. rheological additives (0-10%). The binder further comprises coated metal flakes. The coating on copper or aluminum is done by solar energy exploitation. The coating on copper or aluminum is by a spectral selectivity of greater than or equal to 0.90 solar absorptance and thermal emittance of less than or equal to 0.20, preferably less than or equal to 0.40. The coil-coating is performed as an application of paint or a lacquer by rollers or by one or more slot dies. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in g): 45% pigment paste made of aminosilane functionalized pigment and silicone-polyester binder (comprising Silikoftal non-stick 60 (RTM: Silicone polyester resins) (170); inorganic pigment (450); Bentone SD-2 (RTM: Rheological additives) (10); (3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (25); xylene (230); and n-butyl acetate (115)); 24-3060 PK pigment (890); and Silikoftal non-stick 60 (RTM: Silicone polyester resin) (110).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the adhesive layer involves forming a molybdenum (Mo) layer; forming a molybdenum (Mo) layer under a pressure of 6-12 mtorr; forming a metal layer comprising titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), or their alloy. The adhesive layer is formed with thickness of 50-600 nm. The selenization process is performed under 450 degrees C for 10-100 minutes. The CuGa alloy layers and the CuIn alloy layer in the precursor stacked layer over the metal electrode layer are formed by a sputtering process, an evaporation process and/or an electroplating process. The selenization process is performed by reacting ionized selenium atoms with the CuInGa alloy layer to form the CuInGaSe compound thin film. The ionized selenium atoms are selenium atoms decomposed by plasma. The selenization process is performed under 450-600 degrees C. The selenization process is performed under a pressure of 1asterisk10-6 ton to 10 mtorr. The annealing process is performed under 150-400 degrees C for 10-80 minutes. The substrate is a substrate processed by wet cleaning. The adhesive layer and the metal electrode layer are formed of a composite thickness of not greater than 1200 nm. The CuGa alloy layer in the precursor stacked layer is formed with compound of formula CuyGa1-y. The CuIn alloy layer in the precursor stacked layer is formed with compound of formula CuxIn1-x. Preferred Components: The metal electrode layer comprises molybdenum. The CuInGa alloy layer contains copper content (0.6-1.3 atomic.%); and gallium (0.1-0.5 atomic.%).x=0.04-0.5;y=0.22-0.9. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic functional group is ammonia, and the anionic functional group is sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each molecule is a compound of formula (I).R1=aromatic functional group having the anionic functional group bonded to that;andn=1-40.The benzyl group, phenyl group or naphthalene group is incorporated in the aromatic functional group R1 in compound (I), and the anionic functional group bonded to the aromatic functional group is a sulfonic acid group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Compounds are disclosed as compound (I) e.g. group of formulae (Ia)-(Ie).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thin film comprises polytetrafluoroethylene and/or polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In obtaining nitrogen-doped nanocrystalline TiO2, the substrate of step (a) is at a temperature of 500 degrees C. The pulsed laser deposition is performed at an energy of 200 to 600 mJ and a frequency of between 1 and 20 Hz. The pulsed laser deposition is performed at an energy of 400 mJ and a frequency of 10 Hz. X+Y is 10 Pa. The ratio of partial pressures is selected from 4:6, 3:7 or 2:8. The partial pressure ratio is 2:8. Preferred Device: In the device, the conductive polymer is selected from poly(3-hexylthiophene) P3HT, Phenyl-C61-Butyric-Acid-Methyl-Ester (PCBM), Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) or mixtures. The conducting polymer is MEH-PPV. The metal counter electrode is selected from Ag, Au, Pt, Ca or Al. The metal is Ag counter electrode. The solar cell is selected from a solar cell or hybrid organic solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first chemical composition comprises copper (Cu), indium (In), gallium (Ga) and selenium (Se), or cadmium (Cd) and tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer composition further comprises a blend of two different sulfonated polyelectrolytes comprising 5-95 weight% of the blend. Preferred Components: The copolymer further comprises additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with monomers A and B. The matrix polymer is fluorinated. The matrix polymer comprises polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer or copolymer. The matrix copolymer is poly(vinylidene fluoricle-co-hexafluoropropylene). Preferred Definitions:    M+=ammonium, alkyl ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, imidazolium, triazolinium, tetraazolinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, piperidinium or morpholinium;    R3=alcohol, amine, unsaturated aliphatic, isocyanate, epoxide, or alkyl halide, where R3 is preferably alcohol in monomer B;    R2=only bonds, where two of the groups of R2 are alkyl, fluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkyl;and    R1=two sulfonate groups, where the monomer A is either disodium 1-vinylphenyl-2,4-disulfonate or disodium 1-vinyl phenyl-3,5-disulfonate.    EXAMPLE - Typical copolymer composition is comprised of (in g): poly(sodium decane sulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyl alochol) solution (14.2), poly(vinylbenzyl sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyl alochol) solution (21.4), KYNAR 2801 (RTM: Polyvinylidene fluoride resin)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution (34.8), TRIXENE BI 7982 (RTM: Blocked isocyanate in solvent based on hexamethylene diisocyanate) solution (2.6) and Fascat 4202 (RTM: dibutyltin dilaurate)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution (0.84).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains vinyl monomer of formula: H2C=C(R)C(O)O-R2 (II), vinyl monomer of formula: H2C=C(R)C(O)O-R3 (III) and photoinitiator.R2=3-8C hydroxyalkyl;andR3=8-22C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of electroconductive metal powder in metal pastes (a and b) is 50-92 wt.%. The electroconductive metal powder in metal pastes (a,b) is silver powder. The metal paste (b) contains no glass frit and no other inorganic additives. The arc layer contains titanium oxide (TiOx), silicon oxide (SiOx), titanium oxide (TiOx)/silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (Si3N4 or SiNx).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (I) are typically prepared by (4 + 2) cycloaddition of unsaturated compounds (e.g. alkynes or alkenes) onto dienes, followed by thermal or oxidative aromatization (to give fluoranthenes) and cyclodehydrogenation. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 4 compounds (I) is disclosed, i.e. 2,3,10,11-tetraethyl-1,4,9,12-tetraphenyl-diindeno-(cd:lm)-perylene, 2,3,10,11-tetrabutyl-1,4,9,12-tetraphenyl-diindeno-(cd:lm)-perylene and 1,4,9,12-tetraphenyl-diindeno-(cd:lm)-perylene.    EXAMPLE - An organic solar cell was produced by covering a glass sample successively with:    (a) a transparent base electrode of tin-doped indium oxide; a 1 nm layer of NDP9 (RTM: p-dopant and acceptor material) (II); and a 25 nm layer of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis-(4'-N,N-bis-(naphth-1-yl)-amino)-biphenyl)-4-yl)-benzidine doped with 5% (II);    (b) light absorbing layers consisting of 6 nm dibenzoperiflanthene (Ia), 30 nm mixture of (Ia) and fullerene C60 (ratio 2:3) and 35 nm C60;    (c) 6 nm 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as exciton blocker later; and    (d) 10 nm aluminum as back contact.    The cell, of simple construction, had:    (i) a high photocurrent of 8.08 mA/cm 2(in the absence of the conventional absorber zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)), showing that the C60 and (Ia) potentiated each other's absorption and together removed no photons,    (ii) a filling factor of 43.1%, showing that that energy level was not optimally adjusted,    (iii) a high load-free voltage of 0.905 V (almost twice that of a conventional C60-ZnPc system), demonstrating a favorable distribution of energy levels between the two absorber materials and    (iv) an efficiency of 3.15% (compared with 2-2.5% for C60-ZnPc systems), this value being attained without absorption at ca. 650 nm so that higher values are possible on inclusion of a red absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydride complex contains mixture of lithium-aluminum amide compound (LiAl(NH2)4) and lithium-aluminum hydride (yLiAlH4, where y is 1-2), or mixture of lithium-aluminum amide compound (LiAlH(NH2)3) and lithium-aluminum hydride (xLiAlH4, where x is 0.5-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-doped silicon uses phosphorus chloride oxide and an n-doped silicon uses boron bromide as a source for the doped atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cobalt compound is hexamminecobalt chloride, pentaammine cobalt chloride, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate or cobalt sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is produced using surfactant, water, organic solvent, cobalt compound and silicon alkoxide of formula: R1O-Si(-OR2)(-OR4)-OR3 (I).R1-R4=1-4C alkyl.The surfactant is nonionic surfactant or ionic surfactant. The organic solvent is chosen from hydrocarbon-based solvent and alcohol solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high crystalline mesoporous oxide is obtained by heat processing the modified mesoporous oxide after solvent washing. The high crystalline mesoporous oxide is treated with acid and/or alkali after heat processing. The mesoporous oxide contains transition metal chosen from platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, tin, copper, nickel, iron, tungsten, cobalt and/or their oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition further contains 0.001-10 parts mass of polyfunctional (meth)acrylate and 0.001-50 parts mass of filler with respect to 100 parts mass of monofunctional (meth)acrylate. The monofunctional (meth)acrylate contains 70-100 %mass of isostearyl acrylate with respect to total amount of monofunctional (meth)acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The saturated thermoplastic elastomer is chosen from ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber and hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is chosen from lithium hydride, sodium hydride and potassium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solar-cell sealing film contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfonating solution includes sulfuric acid. The heteropoly acid is selected from phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid or silicotungstic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is selected from air, nitrogen or mixed gas. Titanium salt, metal oxide, titanium precursor, solution, rutile and anatase are used for preparing titanium dioxide anode membrane. The titanium salt is titanium tetrachloride or titanium sulfate. The metal oxide is selected from zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, nickel oxide or chromium sesquioxide. The solution is titanium solution or titanium-alcohol solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium precursor is tetrabutyl titanate or tetraisopropyl titanate. The solution is organic solution. The organic solvent is isopropanol, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, pentane, hexane, octane, ether, epoxypropane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetone, methyl butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetonitrile, pyridine, phenol, benzene, toluene or dimethylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor used for forming semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing compound (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(V).Z=oxygen atom, sulfur atom or selenium atom, preferably sulfur atom;R7,R8=H, hydroxy, thiol, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino or heterocyclyl;R7+R8=cyclic structure;q=0 or more;R9,R10=halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, seleno alkoxy, aryl, amino or heterocyclyl;andn9,n10=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat generation element pattern consists of nickel, chrome alloy, platinum, copper, graphite, aluminum, tin alloy and kanthal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating elements consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell of compound (A) is chosen from copper, indium, gallium, and selenium and the compound (B) is chosen from copper, indium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The softener is selected in the group consisting of sodium phosphate, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front electrode is plated with copper/tin or copper/silver. The front electrode is etched with metal paste made of nickel, silver, chrome or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst (c2) is copper bromide or silver bromide. Preferred Process: The fullerene derivative (I) is manufactured with inert gas chosen from nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by adding fullerene, a reactant (r1), catalyst (c1), and catalyst (c2) to an organic solvent and reacting mixture at 50-70 degrees C under inactive atmosphere to obtain an intermediate product, refining intermediate product and extracting product with alcohol. Preferred Group: The functional group of fullerene derivative (I) is carboxyl group. Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative (I) is of formula (II). The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene and/or o-dichlorobenzene. The fullerene is 60C or 70C fullerene. The reactant (r1) is 1-bromohexanoic acid. The catalyst (c1) is 2,2'-bipyridine, triethylamine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-aminopyrimidine, aminopyrazine, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine, quinolylamine or N,N'-dimethyl dipropylene triamine. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The glycol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol and/or butylene glycol. The diamine is ethylenediamine, propyl diamine, butyl diamine, pentyl diamine and/or hexyl diamine. The acid chloride is benzyl chloride, cinnamoyl chloride, 2-methylphenylacetyl chloride, 4- methylphenylacetyl chloride and/or 1-naphthyl acetyl chloride.B'=-O- or -NH-;n=2 or more;andC'=1-20C alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl or decanyl. Preferred Definitions:    A=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl or decanyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second layer is a polymer with additional energy levels relative to the first polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shaft is made of plastic such as polyamide and PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron-donating compound is selected from a phenyl amine compound, triphenyl methane compound, carbazole compound, phenol compound or a tetrathiafulvalene compound. The electron-accepting compound is selected from a quinine compound, fluorenone compound, chloranil compound, bromanil compound or a tetracyanoquinodimethane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The process further comprises radiation curing (I) and firing (I). The depositing the pattern is ink jet printing and screen printing. The radiation curing is UV exposure, electron-beam exposure, and/or thermal treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is silicon wafer, solar cell, and photovoltaic module. The phase change binder of (I) is crosslinked.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder comprises at least one monomer or oligomer of acrylate, alkene, allylic ether, vinyl ether, alkyl epoxide, aryl epoxide, or optionally at least one wax comprising natural wax, modified wax, or synthetic wax. The binder is cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate, and/or tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate. The crosslinkable, phase change binder comprises monomers and/or oligomers, liquid at 50-240 degrees C and solid at 25 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Difunctional cycloaliphatic acrylate (CD406) (24.118 g), Irgacure 379 (RTM: Alpha hydroxy ketone) (1.317 g), Irgacure 2959 (RTM: 1-(4-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propane-1-one) (0.263 g), Darocur (RTM: Isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX)) (0.527 g), and Irgastab UV10 (RTM: Bis(1-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate) (0.105 g) were added into a glass bottle (118 ml). The mixture were placed on a 90-100 degrees C heating bath and mixed well after melting. Silver (Ag) powder (21.919 g), zinc oxide (0.997 g) and lead borosilicate glass frit (0.741 g) were added in the bottle. The resulting mixtures were dispersed with a 6.3 mm ultrasound probe for 25 minutes, during which time the mixture was manually stirred with a spatula at 3-5 minute intervals. The resulting dispersion was filtered and worked up to obtain the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide is tungsten trioxide, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, nickel oxide, tin oxide, ferric oxide , cobalt oxide, iridium oxide, rhodium oxide and manganese oxide. The transition metal is a metal, alloy, hydride, chalcogenide or telluride formed from manganese, magnesium, cobalt, copper, nickel, zinc, vanadium, chromium, iron, bismuth, antimony, gold, platinum, silver, titanium, niobium, tellurium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The junctions are formed in pores formed on a substrate. The junctions are arranged approximately 99% of surface exposed to radiation and within a diffusion length from interface of the junction. The junctions are formed on a single underlying layer of material. The layer of material is silicon. The junctions are thin film junctions. The pores are filled with an electrical conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarbosilane compound contains silicon-containing repeating unit of formula: -(Si(-R1)(-R2)-R3)-.R1,R2=H, hydroxy, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, or monovalent heterocyclyl;andR3=alkylene, arylene, or bivalent heterocyclyl.Preferred Process: The ion is injected into the layer containing polycarbosilane compound by plasma ion-implantation method. Preferred Property: The molded product has water-vapor-permeation rate of less than 0.3 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The silicon-manufacturing apparatus has inert-gas supply pipe (14) having inert-gas supply port which supplies inert gas to the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volume change of volume of unit cell in lithium-iron-phosphorus-silicon complex oxide of formula: LixFe1-xMxP1-ySiyO4 (II) with respect to volume of unit cell in complex (I) is 5% or less, preferably 4% or less. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode comprises positive electrode active material, electroconductive material, and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ions of gas chosen from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, silicon compound, and hydrocarbon are injected into the layer. Preferred Property: The molded article has water-vapor permeability of less than 0.5 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The region (A) is formed in the surface layer portion of the layer containing polysilane compound, and an ion is injected into the layer by plasma ion-implantation. The polysilane compound is compound having repeating unit of formula: -(Si(-R1)(-R2))- (I).R1,R2=H, amino, optionally substituted silyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, OH, alkoxy, cycloalkyl oxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy or halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass frit contained in metal paste (B1) consists of lead-containing glass frits containing PbO, SiO2, Al2O3 and B2O3; lead-free glass frits containing SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3 and optionally Bi2O3. The ARC layer consists of TiOx, SiOx, TiOx/SiOx, SiNx or Si3N4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass frit contained in metal paste (C1) consists of lead-containing glass frits PbO, SiO2, Al2O3 and B2O3; lead-free glass frits containing SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3 and optionally Bi2O3. The ARC layer consists of TiOx, SiOx, TiOx/SiOx, SiNx or Si3N4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon nitride film consists of silicon oxynitride and/or silicon nitride (Si3N4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pipes are made of polypropylene, and the thermal insulation material consists of a polystyrene foam material. (124)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The non-oxide ceramic material which forms the infrared absorption film layer is titanium diboride, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, zirconium carbide, and/or their composites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material which consists of metal material having high thermal conductivity consists of copper, silver, nickel, aluminum, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Weather-resistant layer material is fluorine-containing plastic alloy. Aluminum foil layer is a metal aluminum foil or polyethylene glycol terephthalate thin film coated with aluminum layer. Adhesion layers are polyurethane, acrylate or epoxy adhesive layers. Structure enhancing layer is polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The anti-weathering layer with thickness of 4-40 mu m is made of fluorine-containing plastic alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transitional layer with thickness of 1-50 mu m is made of adhesive resin. The structure enhancing layer with thickness of 40-400 mu m is polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. Preferred Parameter: The polyolefin alloy layer has thickness of 50-400 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The amorphous silicon layers comprises silicon, germanium and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: In the process for manufacturing a light-transmission thin film solar module, the light-transmission area is linear open grooves which are parallel to each other and have equal intervals therebetween or the light-transmission area is open grooves arrayed in the shape of matrix. After the light-transmission area is formed, further comprises providing separating lines along the outer side of the light-transmission area. Separating lines are formed by using a laser etching process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate includes glass, indium tin oxide glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide glass, Al-doped zinc oxide glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nano-pillar array includes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate). The active layer includes an interconnected network of poly-3-hexylthiophen and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The substrate includes polyethylene terephthalate, indium tin oxide covered polyethylene terephthalate, fluorinedoped tin oxide covered polyethylene terephthalate, Al-doped zinc oxide covered polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, indium tin oxide covered polyimide, fluorine-doped tin oxide covered polyimide, or Al-doped zinc oxide covered polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment has non-electric conductivity, and light-shielding property or light reflection property, and is chosen from carbon black, iron black, and titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide layer (b) is obtained using acid component containing 70-100 mol% of 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and diamine component containing 70-100 mol% of p-phenylenediamine. The polyimide layer (a) is obtained using acid component containing 70-100 mol% of component chosen from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,3,3',4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and diamine component containing 70-100 mol% of component chosen from p-phenylenediamine, diamino diphenylether, bis(amino phenoxy)benzene and bis(amino phenoxyphenyl)alkyl. Preferred Property: The light transmittance of multilayer polyimide film is 10% or less. Preferred Layer: The multilayer polyimide film further has a self-supportive film formed using pigment-containing polyimide precursor solution and polyimide precursor solution which does not contain pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizing liquid is liquid containing sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and/or nitric acid. Preferred Process: The method further involves removing silicon-oxide film formed in the surface of silicon microparticles using solution containing hydrofluoric acid or mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, after pulverizing the silicon lump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The removal agent contains copper which is attached by surface of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid electrolytic capacitor has a preliminary conductive layer (3) containing manganese dioxide layer, formed by chemical polymerization, and electroconductive polymeric layer (4) formed using the liquid on the polymeric layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The supporting electrolyte is aromatic sulfonic acid or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer is pyrrole. The solvent is water. The liquid contains aromatic compound(s) of formulae (I)-(III) as additive in dispersed state.R=H, nitro, hydroxy, 1-6C linear or branched alkyl or phenyl, at least one is nitro or hydroxy.Preferred Method: A preliminary conductive layer (3) containing manganese dioxide layer is formed by chemical polymerization, and electroconductive polymeric layer is formed on preliminary conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal catalyst is a metal oxide different from that used for coating the electrode and is preferably selected from manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, barium oxide, or cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol. An adhesion agent comprises e.g. polyvinyl alcohol. A flocculating agent comprises polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride powder is selected from sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, magnesium aluminum hydride, calcium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, beryllium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, calcium borohydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, magnesium hydride or calcium hydride. The hydrogen releasing catalyst powder includes ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In manufacturing solar cell, printing of the mask comprises printing the mask after applying a mask liquid on a mold on which the pattern is formed. Printing of the mask comprises: applying mask liquid on a surface of the surface; and allowing the mold on which the pattern is formed to contact the substrate. The mask is printed in a matrix pattern. The mask is printed in a pattern having circular shapes spaced apart from each other by predetermined distances. The mask has diameter line widths of 0.05-2 mu m. The mask is formed of a photoresist. The mask is formed of an electron-beam resist. The mold is one of a flat-type mold or a roller-type mold. The substrate is formed of crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises copolymerizing the monomer (a) having conjugated thiophene side chains with hexamethyl distannate compounds of formula (Sn(CH3)3-Ar1-Sn(CH3)3) and dibromo aryl compounds of formula (Br-Ar2-Br) (all optionally substituted) to give (I). Preferred Components: (I): is of formula (II)-(X); has a molecular weight of 1000-100000; and is a random polymer or an alternative polymer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = sulfur-containing hetero aryl (preferably thiophene, dithiophene or benzothiadiazole).    EXAMPLE - Substituted dibromo-3H-1lambda-sexithiophene compounds of formula (XI) (0.49 g), 2,5-bis-trimethylstannanyl-thiophene (0.6 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (11 g) and tri(ortho-tolyl)phosphine (29.2 mg) were dissolved in chlorobenzene (10 ml) and heated by microwave for 30 minutes. The resulted solution was poured to methanol (1 l) to form black precipitate. The black precipitate was washed by Soxhlet extractor with methanol, acetone and hexane, and the extraction was furthered extracted by chloroform. The chloroform solution was concentrated and reprecipitated by methanol to give substituted 4-(4-(3H-1lambda-thiophen-2-yl)-cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl)quaterthiophene compounds of formula (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) comprises at least an inner layer and an outer layer and the phase change material is incorporated into the inner layer. The inner layer is a polymer layer and the phase change material is incorporated in the polymer matrix. (I) further comprises thermally conductive fillers incorporated into the outer layer. (I) is a laminate comprising a first outer layer of weatherable film, at least one mid-layer and an inner layer, where the phase change material is incorporated into the inner layer or applied to the surface of the inner layer. The inner layer comprises of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) (26) with a vinyl acetate content of the EVA of 2-33 wt.%. The first outer layer and/or mid-layer comprise thermally conductive fillers. The first outer layer has a thermally conductive coating and/or a heat rejecting coating. Preferred Method: The method further comprises incorporating thermally conductive fillers in (I) or the encapsulant of the photovoltaic module. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Solar Cell: In the solar cell, the surface with the waved shape of the substrate comprises a set of concavities. The concavities are V-shaped grooves or inverted conoid. The concavities are inverted pyramid-shaped. The substrate is a glass substrate, the conductive layer is a molybdenum (Mo) film, and the transparent conductive layer is an indium tin oxide (ITO) film. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the solar cell, the surface-roughening method is a destructive forming method. The destructive forming method is a forming method of a sandblasting method in combination with a mask having a set of through holes arranged in a pattern. The destructive forming method is a laser processing method. The substrate is a glass substrate, and the shaping method is to remove sharp parts of the uneven surface of the glass substrate by utilizing hydrofluoric acid, so that the active surface with the smoothly waved shape is formed. The conductive layer is formed on the active surface by a sputtering method in combination with molybdenum. The CIGS compound layer is formed on a top surface of the conductive layer by an evaporation method, where the CIGS compound layer is formed on a top surface of the conductive layer by an evaporation method. The transparent conductive layer is formed on the CIGS compound layer by performing a sputtering method in combination with indium tin oxide. The transparent conductive layer is formed on the CIGS compound layer by performing a sputtering method in combination with indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The treatment is a heat treatment. The method comprises: pattern-forming the transparent conductive layer via a pattern forming treatment; and conducting a washing treatment for the transparent conductive layer. Preferred Components: The coating solution and the crosslinking agent comprise a polymer comprising a group capable of conducting reaction with the crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent is soluble in a solvent for the coating solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An amorphous film is further provided on the ceramic substrate. Preferred Composition: The titanium-type compound film is chosen from titanium-silicon compound film, titanium nitride oxide, titanium carbide film, titanium boride film and titanium carbonitride (TiCxNy) film, where x and y are not defined. Preferred Properties: The sheet resistance of titanium-silicon compound film is less than 0.5 Omega /cm2. The thickness of the ceramic substrate is 0.1-1 mm. The thickness of the titanium film is 500-5000 Angstrom . The ratio of thickness of amorphous silicon film and titanium film is 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon black is surface treated carbon black comprising silicon oxide and/or metal oxide adhered on the surface. The metal oxide is titanium oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid contains quaternary ammonium cation of formula (I) or cation of formula: R5-Q+(-R4)(-R6)-R7 (II) and iodine as anion.R1=hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by 1-20C heteroatom or optionally substituted 1-20C heteroatom;R2,R3=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom;Q=N, O, P or S;andR4-R7=H or 1-8C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom.(i) When the nitrogen atom in cation (I) contains double bond, R3 does not exist; and (ii) when Q is O or S, R7 does not exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive agent further contains hardening agent chosen from block polyisocyanate compound, epoxy resin and oxazoline group-containing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip is polycrystalline-silicon solar chip, single crystal silicon solar chip, III-V group solar chip or copper indium gallium di-selenide (CIGS) solar chip.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light guide and diffusion layers are made of acryl material, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyimide or silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester film further contains phosphorus ( less than or equal to 100 ppm) and carboxy powder odd amount of less than or equal to 20 eq/tons (preferably less than or equal to 10 eq/tons). The polyester film is formed by adding reactive terminal blocking agent in polyester. Preferred Parameters: The size of powder is less than or equal to 100 mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ester compound is epoxidized fatty acid butyl ester and/or epoxidized hexahydrophthalic acid di-2-ethylhexyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The polymerization degrees of polyvinyl acetal resin are 400-3500. The degree of acetalization of polyvinyl acetal resin is 70-90%. The thickness of sheet is 0.1-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles are metal nanowires. The metal microparticles-removal liquid contains bleach-fixing solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous polymer resin having reactive group is water-soluble resin. The adhesive layer further contains hydrophobic polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of the cation exchange resin is smaller than that of the anion exchange resin. The difference of average particle diameter of the anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin is greater than or equal to 2 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The lining is glass, resin or flexible base board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The body structure unit of super-molecule material of generating layer is thiofuran, phenylacetylene, biphenyl, balmy amine, condensed ring balmy compound or phthalocyanine; the given body structure unit is fullerene, perylene or nanotube; the connecting radical group is saturated fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acid chain, alkoxyl chain or silicane chain; the assembly radial group is hydrogen bond, dewatering effect or distribution; and super-molecule material generating layer is 10-200 nm thick. The hollow transmission layer comprises thiofuran, phenylacetylene, biphenyl, balmy amine, condensed ring balmy compound and phthalocyanine; or fullerene, perylene and nanotube. The anode is indium tin oxide (ITO) or evaporating plating gold, nickel or nickel hydroxide on the ITO; and cathode is aluminum, silver or magnesium-silver alloy. The high-molecule water proof layer comprises optical hardening material, heat hardening metal or self hardening material; and forming at least one water proof high-molecule layer comprising dissolving high-molecule material in solvent, coating solution of high-molecule material on organic solar battery element, and forming water proof high-molecule layer after removing solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic layers are prepared by depositing organic film e.g. vacuum evaporating, spraying and printing; and forming each metal layer by sputtering method, evaporating plating method or electric gun spraying method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The radical photopolymerization initiator is oxime ester-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable resin composition further contains (in %mass) fluorosurfactant (0.1-3) and carboxy benzotriazole or its derivative (0.1-5). The layer comprising photopolymerizable resin composition has thickness of 1-4 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polymerization catalyst further comprises phosphine compound. The cyclic olefin compound is of formula (II). The molecular weight modifier is 2,3-dihydrofuran.A1-A4=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted with oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, silicon atom and/or halo atom;at least two of A1-A4=ring;andm=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Fibrous carbon is manufactured in the upper stage of a two-stage reactor, and complexing process is carried out in the lower stage. The manufacturing temperature of fibrous carbon is 600-1000 degrees C. The supply rate of hydrocarbon during manufacture of fibrous carbon is 5-100 m/minute. The diameter of fibrous carbon is 200 nm or less. The spherical carbon particles are acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive carrier is vertically-aligned material. The substrate is cooled to a temperature lower than or equal to critical point of the supercritical fluid. The vertically-aligned material is vertically-aligned carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is supercritical fluid of trifluoromethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method uses at least one desulfurization adsorber and/or desulfurization catalyst including one or more metals of group VIIIA, IB, or IIB of periodic table, preferably 20-70 (preferably 50-59) wt.% of nickel. The method is carried out at 0-300 degrees C, at a pressure of 1-100 bar, and at a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.01-50 liquid/hour/liquid, preferably at 100-300 degrees C, at a pressure of 1-20 bar and at a LHSV of 0.05-5 liquid/hour/liquid. The hydrogen donor is added as an additive component in the production of liquid hydrocarbons in the refinery or during the transport to end users. The hydrogen donor is added from a reservoir to the hydrocarbon mixture in a fuel cell system by a dosing unit prior to the adsorptive desulfurization. Preferred Components: The hydrogen donor is not an alkanol and water. The hydrogen donor is a cyclic, partially aromatic or aromatic hydrocarbon (which is optionally substituted), preferably cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, decalin, 1,2-dihydrophenanthrene or 9,10-dihydroanthracene. The amount of hydrogen donor in the fuel is 0.01-50 (preferably 1-5) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adhesion-enhancing layer comprises molybdenum. The reflective layer comprises silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor film is made of silicon, hydrogenation amorphous silicon and nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor film is made of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, nickel and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The n-type material is n-type amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The p-type semiconductor layer contains 0.1-10 atomic% of lithium on the basis of whole p-type semiconductor layer. The n-type oxide semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert gas atmosphere contains water vapor. The relative humidity of inert gas atmosphere is 2-15%. The composition (A-C) is spray-coated on surface of heated substrate. The zinc oxide film has volume resistivity of less than 1x 10-3 Omega .cm. The inert gas atmosphere is formed by supplying water vapor to substrate surface vicinity under atmospheric pressure. The heating temperature of substrate is 400 degrees C or less, preferably 300 degrees C or less. The water vapor of predetermined amount is supplied such that molar ratio of water with respect to zinc in the composition is 0.1-5. The organozinc compound is diethyl zinc. The III group element compound is trimethyl indium, tris acetylacetonato aluminum, tris acetylacetonato gallium, tris acetylacetonato indium, aluminum chloride, gallium chloride or indium chloride. The total amount of organozinc compound and compound (II) is 15 %mass or less. The composition is spray-coated at 40 degrees C or less by discharging as droplets with size of 1-30 mu m from spray nozzle (3). The zinc oxide film has surface resistance of 1x 105 ohm/square or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The electron-donating organic solvent has boiling point of 230 degrees C or less, and is 1,2-diethoxyethane. The mixed organic solvent is mixed solvent of 1,2-diethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Definitions:    M=boron, aluminum, gallium or indium;    R1=ethyl;and    R20,R30,R40=ethyl or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide or metal phosphate core comprises titanium dioxide, titanium phosphate, tantalum oxide, or tantalum phosphate. The hexaboride coating comprises lanthanum hexaboride, cerium hexaboride, and/or calcium hexaboride. The hexaboride coating comprises compounds having a work function below 5 eV. Preferred Method: The formation of the hexaboride coating on the metal oxide or metal phosphate core comprises ball milling and forming a hexaboride coating that is 1-10 atomic layers thick. The step of spontaneously depositing the catalyst on the catalyst support structure comprises forming a catalyst precursor solution and depositing a catalyst layer (40) that is 1-5 atomic layers thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is gold, iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and/or their alloys. The catalyst is a thin film that is 1-5 atomic layers thick, or catalyst nanoparticles dispersed on the hexaboride coating. EXAMPLE - A catalyst structure comprising a titanium oxide core, a lanthanum hexaboride layer on the titanium oxide core and a thin film of platinum catalyst on the lanthanum hexaboride layer (Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C) was prepared. A second catalyst structure was also prepared which comprised a carbon core having platinum catalyst particles (Pt/KB TKK). The catalyst structures were tested in an electrode cell with potential cycling. The electrochemical surface area (ECA) of platinum of both catalyst structures during potential cycle tests were determined. The ECA for Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C decreased more gradually than that for Pt/KB TKK. Further after 15000 cycles, Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C had a normalized ECA of 65 while Pt/KB TKK had a normalized ECA of 20. The higher ECA of Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C after 15000 cycles and the more gradual decrease of ECA demonstrated the enhanced catalytic activity and stability of the Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C catalyst structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The glass raw materials are mixed so that an alkali component is Na2O (0.007-0.2 mass%), Li2O (0-0.05 mass%), and potassium oxide (K2O) (0-0.05 mass%). A beta -OH value of the resultant glass is greater than or equal to 0.20/mm. A zirconia (ZrO2) content of the resultant glass is not less than 0.01% to less than 0.4 (preferably 0.01-0.3) mass%. The raw materials are mixed so that the glass contains (mass%): silica (SiO)2 (50-70), alumina (Al2O3) (10-25), boric oxide (B2O3) (8.4-20), MgO (0-10), CaO (6-15), BaO (0-10), SrO (0-10), ZnO (0-10), titanium dioxide (TiO2) (0-5), and phosphorus pentaoxide (P2O5) (0-5). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Isopropyl alcohol is also used in the preparation of monocrystalline silicon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal gate electrode consists of metal. The metal is copper, aluminum, gold, sliver, iron, nickel, titanium or tin. The substrate is metal substrate or macromolecular substrate. The conductive material of conductive film is tin oxide, indium oxide, tin indium oxide, tin antimony oxide, graphite, carbon nanotube, fluorine-doped tin indium oxide or fluorine-doped tin antimony oxide. The electrolyte is organic solvent, ionic liquid, melting slat or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: The substrate is glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode material includes an alloy formed from two pure solid-phase elements consisting of lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and lithium, and a material consisting of hydride graphite, intercalation compound of lithium, lithium-silicon alloy, lithium-tin alloy, and an intercalation compound or alloy of sodium. The anode and cathode comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second transparent conductive layer is doped with aluminum, gallium, boron, fluorine and/or lithium. The electrode layer comprises molybdenum. Preferred Method: The first transparent conductive layer is formed by a chemical spraying process or an atmosphere chemical synthesizing process, and the second transparent conductive layer is formed by sputtering, chemical gelling, spraying or evaporation. In the method, formation of the photovoltaic element over the second transparent conductive layer comprises: forming p-type amorphous silicon layer over the second transparent conductive layer; forming an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer over the p-type amorphous silicon layer; and forming an n-type amorphous silicon layer over the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The p-type amorphous silicon layer, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and the n-type amorphous silicon layers are formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The first transparent conductive layer has a grain size greater than that of the second transparent conductive layer. The photovoltaic element comprises a p-type amorphous silicon layer, an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, and a b-type amorphous silicon layer. The first and second transparent conductive layers are formed with a thickness of 10-3000 nm. The composite transparent conductive layer has a: sheet resistance of not greater than 30 ohm/square; and visible-light transmittance of not less than 60%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate is a: glass substrate; polymer thin film; or flexible substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented polyester film has haze value of 0-50%, average refractive index of 1.6-1.85 along longitudinal direction and width direction, surface roughness of 0.5-20 nm, ten-point average surface roughness of 50-300 nm, and temperature coefficient of expansion of -5 to 8 ppm/ degrees C. The ratio of length and breadth of island portion is 1-20. The island portion has diameter of 30-200 nm, and contains noncrystalline polymer having glass transition temperature of 210-400 degrees C. Preferred Compound: Polyester is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate or their modified products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The vinyl polymer segment has number average molecular weight of 1000-50000. Preferred Composition: The content of the polysiloxane segment and polyisocyanate is respectively 10-65 weight% and 5-50 weight%, with respect to total solid content of the active energy-ray curable resin layer. The active energy-ray curable resin layer further contains polyisocyanate. The vinyl polymer segment has alcoholic hydroxyl group. The photocatalyst layer contains curable resin (a) including silanol group and/or hydrolyzable silyl group, curable resin (b) including group which has polymerizable double bond, and silanol group and/or hydrolyzable silyl group, or curable resin (c) including group which has polymerizable double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I) comprises metal compound of formulae ((EtCp)3M) (a) (0.01-0.5M), ((iPrCp)3M) (b) (0.01-0.5M), and ((tBuCp)3M) (c) (0.01-0.5M), dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is an alkane, alkene, alkyne, amide, acetate, ether, ester, and/or a hydrocarbon, preferably n-octane. The solvent is: oxygen-free; and a linear, branched or cyclic alkane having 2-20C. The film is gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), or lanthanum oxide (La2O3). The second precursor containing oxygen containing compound is oxygen, ozone, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, carbon oxygen, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, an alcohol, an acid, or an oxidant. The second precursor comprising the nitrogen containing compound is ammonia, hydrazine or an amine. The reducing compound is hydrogen or hydrogen atoms. In formula (a):M = lanthanide or group III element, preferably Gd.In formula (b):M = lanthanide (preferred) or group III element.In formula (c):M = lanthanide or group III element.Preferred Method: The delivering of the vaporized first precursor comprises delivering the first precursor in an ideal square wave form. The introducing of the second precursor comprises delivering the second precursor in an ideal square wave form. The vaporizer temperature is 140-180 degrees C, preferably 150-160 degrees C, and the deposition temperature is 150-200 degrees C, preferably 150 degrees C. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ethylene copolymers (A) and (B) have melt flow rate of 0.1-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under a load of 2160 g, measured based on JIS K7210-1999. Preferred Composition: The sealing material sheet further contains copolymer (C) obtained by copolymerizing alpha -olefin and ethylenically unsaturated silane compound, and/or silane coupling agent (D). The copolymer (C) further contains structural unit derived from vinyl acetate and/or acrylic ester. The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer of component (A) is ethylene-propylene copolymer ethylene-1-butene copolymer, ethylene-4-methyl-1-pentene copolymer, or ethylene-1-hexene copolymer. The alpha -olefin contained in component (C) is ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptane, 1-octene, 1-nonene and/or 1-decene. The ethylenically unsaturated silane compound is chosen from vinyl silane, vinyl trimethoxysilane and gamma -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is hydrogen or hydrogen atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The compound is of formula ((R1R2R3R4R5Cp)2MR6R7). The solvent is 11-octane. The precursor solution has a concentration of 0.05-0.15 M, preferably 0.1 M.R1-R7 = H or hydrocarbon of formula (CnHm);n = 1-10;m = 1-2n+1;Cp = cyclopentadienyl; andM = group IV element.Preferred Method: (I) is dissolved in a solvent to form a precursor solution. In the method: delivering the vaporized first precursor comprises delivering the first precursor in an ideal square wave form; and introducing the second precursor comprises delivering the second precursor in an ideal square wave form. The vaporizer temperature is 150-250 (preferably 190) degrees C and the deposition temperature is 180-280 (preferably 200-240) degrees C. The second precursor is water vapor, oxygen, ozone, dinitrogen oxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, alcohol, acid, oxidant, ammonia, hydrazine or an amine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. bis( eta 5-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wavelength selective reflecting film consists of resin multilayer laminated film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The III-V group compound in the n-type semiconductor layer is gallium arsenide. Preferred Properties: The thickness of nickel layer, germanium layer, silver layer, palladium layer and platinum layer is 1-20 nm, 1-50 nm, 5-200 nm, 20-200 nm and 10-200 nm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The noble metal catalyst supporting method is carried out by preparing mixture containing precursor containing precious metal element, precursor containing base metal element and carrier having microwave absorptivity, supporting the carrier in the state at which the noble metal precursor and base metal element precursor are reduction-processed, and dispersing nanoparticles of base metal and alloyed noble metal. The mixture further contains solvent or dispersion medium, such that evaporation of solvent or dispersion medium is carried out between mixture preparation process and supporting process. When the carrier has non-reduction property, the heat-processing temperature is more than thermal decomposition temperature of noble metal precursor. When the carrier has reduction property, the heat-processing temperature is less than thermal decomposition temperature of noble metal precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electron donor is high-molecular compound. EXAMPLE - 60C Fullerene (in mg) (150), (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetate (55), 5-(4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazol-7-yl)thiophene-2-carboaldehyde (217) and chlorobenzene (50 mL) were mixed, heated and refluxed for 3 hours. The solvent was removed from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was washed with methanol, dried and purified to obtain N-methoxyethoxyethyl-2-(4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazole)fulleropyrrolidine (56).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor of the semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (I) is preferably of formula (II or III).R8-R10=H, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, selenoalkoxy, aryl, or heterocyclyl;n8,n9=1-5;R6,R7=H, halo, hydroxy, thio, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, or heterocyclyl;R6+R7=cyclic structure;n=0 or more;andn10=1-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor capable of forming semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imidazole-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (II), more preferably of formula (III) or (IV). The imidazole-type compound (IV) is preferably triphenylamine-type compounds of formulae (V) and (VI).R6,R7=H, halo, hydroxy, thiol, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino or heterocyclyl;R6+R7=optionally ring;n=0 or more;Y'=S, O or Se;R8-R10=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, seleno alkoxy, aryl, or heterocyclyl;n8,n9=1-5;andn10,n11=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The water-repellent film layer has contact angle more than 100 times with respect to the dispersion medium. Preferred Composition: The water-repellent film contains fluororesin or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A heat-ray blocking layer of the surface-protection film is made of silver or silver alloy. The laminated structure formed by the adhesion of barrier layer with heat-ray blocking layer is made of nitro-oxide, nitride containing zinc, titanium, tin, indium, niobium, silicon and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The phthalimide-type compound (I) is obtained by reacting metal-containing naphthalene compound of formula (A) with halogenated compound of formula: Y'-L-Y'Y'=halo or pseudo-halogen atoms;andM=metal reagent.Preferred Compound: The phthalimide-type compound (I) is of formula (II), (III) or (IV).L=group chosen from 12 groups e.g. group of formula (i)-(v);R11-R15=halo, cyano, or 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 6-20C aryl, 3-20C heteroaryl, 1-20C alkyloxy, 6-20C aryloxy 6-20C arylamino or 1-20C alkylamino (all optionally substituted);a=0-4;b=0-3;andc-e=0-2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 33 Phthalimide-type compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 2-methyl-5-(3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione of formula (Ia), 2-methyl-5-(6-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione, 3-methyl-10-(3-(3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaen-8-yl)phenyl)-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaene-2,4-dione, 3-methyl-10-(6-(3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaen-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaene-2,4-dione and 3-methyl-8-(4-(3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(12),5(13),6,8,10-pentaen-8-yl)phenyl)-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaene-2,4-dione.    EXAMPLE - 2-Methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-diol (In g) (1), 1,3-dibromobenzene (0.41), cesium fluoride (0.79), tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine) palladium (0) 0.1 and 2-dimethoxyethane (17 ml) were mixed, stirred at 80 degrees C for 6 hours, and water was added to obtained mixture, filtered and separated, to obtain 2-methyl-5-(3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coated fluorescent material is dispersed or mixed in the ratio of 0.01-10 %mass in a dispersion medium. The fluorescent material is europium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solar subcell is composed of indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGa(Al)P) emitter region and an InGa(Al)P base region. The second solar subcell is composed of gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide phosphide, indium gallium phosphide. The third solar subcell is composed of germanium-silicon-tin, indium gallium phosphide, or gallium arsenide. The fourth solar subcell is composed of germanium, germanium-silicon-tin, or gallium arsenide. The fifth solar subcell is composed of germanium or germanium-silicon-tin. The group IV/III-V hybrid alloy is germanium-silicon-tin. The first substrate is gallium arsenide and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group IV/III-V hybrid alloy is germanium-silicon-tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solar subcell is composed of germanium silicon tin. The second solar subcell is composed of gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide phosphide, or indium gallium phosphide. The third solar subcell is composed of gallium indium phosphide. The substrate is composed of silicon or germanium. The tunnel diode is comprised of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The strong acid is nitric acid, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid and/or organic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer-grafted carbon nanotubes by acyl chlorination-amidization reaction are prepared by reacting carbon nanotubes with strong acid under refluxing to form acidified carbon nanotubes, reacting the acidified carbon nanotubes with thionyl chloride to obtain acyl-chlorination carbon nanotubes having carbonyl chloride, conducting amidization reaction between the acyl-chlorination carbon nanotubes and terminal-amine-containing oligomer resulting from a ring-opening reaction between polyether amine and epoxy resin. Preferred Components: The epoxy resin has two terminal epoxide groups. The epoxy resin is chosen from diglycidyl ether type epoxy resin, diglycidyl ester type epoxy resin and polyol type epoxy resin, preferably tetraglycidyl ether of diamino diphenyl methane and novolac type epoxy resin. The polyether diamine is chosen from poly(propylene glycol)-bis-(2-aminopropyl ether), poly(butylene glycol)-bis-(2-aminobutyl ether) and poly(oxypropylene)-backboned diamine, preferably polyether triamine having three terminal amino groups or dentrimer amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is at least one selected from isopropanol, n-propanol, ethanol, methanol, water and n-butyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ion conductive polymer is a Nafion ionomer. The support film is at least one polymer film selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyimide, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate. The electrolyte membrane is at least one selected from perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymers, hydrocarbon polymers, polyimides, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylene naphthalate, polyester, doped polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polysulfone, and acids and its bases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the titanium-based compound film is used as a seed layer for poly-silicon films. The titanium-based compound film is made of a material selected from titanium disilicide (TiSi2), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbide (TiC), titanium diboride (TiB2) and TiCxNy. The thickness of the ceramic substrate is 0.1-1.0 mm. The thickness of the titanium-based compound film is 500-5000 angstroms. The thickness of the p type poly-silicon back surface field is not larger than 1 mu m. The thickness of the p type poly-silicon light-soaking film is 1-15 mu m, where the size of the grains of the p type poly-silicon light-soaking film is larger than 10 mu m. The thickness of the n type poly-silicon emitter is 1000 angstroms. Passivating is executed at the room temperature to 400 degrees C. Passivating is executed for 1 to 30 minutes. Passivating comprises providing silane, nitrous oxide and methane as gradients of the SiCNO:Ar plasma; and providing argon as a carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion element comprises semiconductor layer and electric charge transport layer provided between counter electrodes. The semiconductor layer contains nitrogen containing compound (1-3). The semiconductor which forms semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen containing compound (1) is compound of formula (2) or compound of formula (3). The nitrogen containing compound (1-3) has carboxyl group. The nitrogen containing compound (1-3) has cyano group.Q17,Q18=H, aromatic hydrocarbon which may be substituted, or heterocyclic group;R1-R4=H, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, carboxyl, thiol, alkyl which may be substituted, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, amino, aromatic hydrocarbon, or heterocyclic; andn1,n2=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-conductive oxide is chosen from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, samarium oxide, yttrium oxide, cesium oxide, cupric oxide, stannic oxide, antimony oxide and tantalum oxide. The electroinsulative oxide is chosen from silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. The electroinsulative oxide nanoparticles have particle size of 50 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive polymer is chosen from polythiophene, poly(selenophene), poly(tellurophene), polypyrrole, polyaniline, polycyclic aromatic polymer, polyaniline, polymeric-fused polycyclic heteroaromatic compound and their copolymers, preferably unsubstituted polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), unsubstituted polypyrrole, poly(4-aminoindole), poly(7-aminoindole), poly(thieno(2,3-b)thiophene), poly(thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) and poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene). The highly-fluorinated acid copolymer is at least 90% fluorinated acid copolymer, and chosen from sulfonic acid, sulfonimide, perfluoroolefin having perfluoro-ether-sulfonic acid side chain, copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene and 2-(1,1-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, copolymer of ethylene and 2-(2-(1,2,2-trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid) and copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3-oxa-4-pentenesulfonic acid). The acid equivalent ratio of highly-fluorinated acid polymer and non-fluorinated polymeric acid is 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organometallic compound is of formula: M2R12uQ1v-u. The content of organometallic compound is 5-100 mmol with respect to 1 g of solid catalyst compound.M2=group I-III or group XIII;R12=R3;Q1=OR13, OSiR14R15R16, NR17R18, SR19 or halo;R13-R19=H or hydrocarbyl;v=valency of M2;andu=more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The photoelectric conversion element has the photoelectric conversion layer provided into electrode interlayers. The element has a bulk heterojunction formed by removing solvent from mixed solution of conductive polymer and electron acceptor during formation of photoelectric conversion layer. The conductive polymer functions as a hole receptor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron acceptor further contains fullerene derivatives other than the fulleropyrrolidine derivative. Preferred Definitions:    fullerene = 60C fullerene;    R2 = group of formula (i);    R3-R7 = -R14-C(=O)-O-R23, -R15-O-C(=O)-R24, -C(=O)-O-R25, -O-C(=O)-R26, -R16-C(=O)-NH-R27, -R17-NH-C(=O)-R28, -C(=O)-NH-R29, -NH-C(=O)-R30, -R18-N(-R31)-R32, -N(-R33)-R34, -(-R19-O-)m'-(-R20-O-)n'-R35, or -(-R21-S-)a'-(-R22-S-)b'-R36;    R14-R18 = R8;    R19-R22 = R11;    R23-R36 = R9;    m', a' = 1-3;and    n', b' = 0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material layer is made of metal consisting of palladium, gold, silver, platinum, copper, rhodium, aluminum and chromium and a metal oxide semiconductor consisting of indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, titanium oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide and indium zinc oxide, and is indium oxide containing tin oxide as a dopant and/or tin oxide containing antimony or fluorine as a dopant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical active layer is made of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), copper indium diselenide (CIS), copper gallium diselenide (CGS), copper gallium ditelluride (CGT), and copper indium aluminum diselenide (CIAS). The material of the inhibition layer comprises zinc oxide (ZnO), a material of the conductive layer comprises aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), and a material of the anti-reflection layer comprises magnesium fluoride (MgF2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of the P-type conductive layer comprises molybdenum (Mo), and a material of the N-type conductive layer comprises nickel/aluminum (Ni/Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide material is oxide selected from the group consisting of indium-tin-oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), and tin oxide (SnO2). The photovoltaic layers are selected from the group of photovoltaic layers consisting of amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanoarray layer is made of a metal selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, chromium, silver alloy, gold alloy, copper alloy, aluminum alloy, nickel alloy, titanium alloy, chromium alloy, and a combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic n-dopant has a HOMO of - 3.5 eV. The n-dopant is 2,2'-diisopropyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6',7,7'-dodecahydro-2,2'-bibenzo(d)imidazole (NDR- 1); 4,4',5,5'-tetracyclohexyl-1,1',2,2',3,3'-hexamethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-biimidazole (NDR-2); 2,2'-diisopropyl-4,4',5,5'-tetrakis(2-methoxyphenyl)- 1,1 `,3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole (NDR-3); 2,2'-diisopropyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H, 1'H-2,2'-bibenzo(d)imidazole (NDR-4); 2,2'-diisopropyl-4,4',5,5'-tetrakis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole (NDR-5); 2-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxa-1,3-diaza-cyclopenta(b)naphthene; bis-(1,3-dimethyl-2-isopropyl-1,2-dihydro-benzimidazolyl-(2)); or 2,2'-diisopropyl-4,5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4',5'-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-biimidazole. The organic p-type layer is a p-type doped layer including an aromatic tertiary amine as a host and a p-type dopant with a LUMO of - 4.5 eV. The p-type dopant is hexaazatriphenylene compounds, fluorinated derivatives of tetracyanobenzoquinonedimethane, or radialenes. The intermediate layer includes a metal phthalocyanine. The n-type doped layer comprises metal oxinoids, anthracenes, rubrenes, fluoranthenes, or phenanthrolines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molten crystalline material comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper salt is a salt of copper(II). The counter ion of the copper in the copper salt is mono- or poly-valent anion of carboxylic acid, an amide or an acetyl analog of the carboxylic acid. The halide is iodide, chloride or bromide, preferably an alkali halide. The amount of halide in the film is 15-600 ppm. The molar ratio of the halide to copper is 0.5-3.5. The film further comprises a reducing agent. The molar ratio of the reducing agent to the copper(II) is 0.5-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film contains an epoxidized fatty acid derivative as hydrolysis stabilizers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film contains one or more chain extender, which is a phenyl polymer compound of formula (I). The amount of the chain extender is less than 2 wt.% to at least 0.05 wt.%.R1-R5 = H or 1-12C-alkyl;R6 = 1-12C-alkyl; eitherx, y = 0-100; orx+y = greater than 0; andz = 2-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation of N-type crystal silicon-aluminum back emitter solar battery further includes:(A) performing surface texturing operation in sodium hydroxide deionized water (0.5-5 wt.%) at 75-90 degrees C to N-type polycrystalline silicon sheet, and in mixed solution of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and deionized water at volume ratio of 1-2: 0.5-1: 1 at 5-15 degrees C;(B) performing tubular double-side diffusing operation through phosphorus oxychloride liquid source to process silicon sheet for forming front surface field, removing phosphor silicon glass, dipping silicon sheet in hydrofluoric acid (5-20 vol.%), depositing passivation film, polishing in hot alkali liquid at 45-90 degrees C for 2-20 minutes to remove N+ layer, and contacting acid liquid at 10-20 degrees C to remove N+ layer;(C) depositing passivation film on the back, opening hole or groove with laser or silk printing penetrating slurry, penetrating the passivation film, and silk printing aluminum or silver aluminum layer; and(D) sintering at 700-900 degrees C.Preferred Components: The sodium hydroxide solution comprises organic solvent. The passivation film is silicon nitride double-layer or stacking film of silicon oxide. The alkali liquid is inorganic or organic alkali liquid. The inorganic alkali liquid is deionized solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (10-40 wt.%). The organic alkali liquid is tetramethylammonium hydroxide or ethylene diamine solution (10-30 wt.%). The acid liquid is nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and/or deionized water at volume ratio of 4-5: 1-2: 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is alcohol or isopropyl alcohol (5-10 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali solution is inorganic alkali solution such as 10-40% sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali solution is organic alkali solution such as 10-30% tetramethylammonium hydroxide or ethanediamine solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The island-like structure or microparticles contain dielectric material, ceramic, oxide, or nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vapor deposition film comprises inorganic oxide, inorganic nitride or inorganic oxynitride, preferably aluminum oxide or carbon-containing silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vapor deposition film comprises inorganic oxide, inorganic nitride or inorganic oxynitride, preferably aluminum oxide or carbon-containing silicon oxide, and is formed by physical or chemical vapor deposition method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkoxide comprises alkoxysilane, hydrolyzate of alkoxide or hydrolysis condensate of alkoxide. The tertiary amine is N,N-dimethylbenzylamine. The content of water is 0.1-100 mol with respect to 1 mol of alkoxide, during polycondensation.R1,R2=1-8C organic group;M=metal atom chosen from silicon, zirconium, titanium and aluminum;m=1 or more;andn+m=valency of M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The plastic film is a resin film formed by biaxial stretching process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The gas-barrier coating film is formed by coating a gas-barrier composition and heat-processing at temperature less then melting point (20-200 degrees C) of plastic film for 10 seconds to 10 minutes. The gas-barrier composition is obtained by polycondensing alkoxide of formula: R1nM(OR2)m and polyvinyl alcohol-type resin and/or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer using water by sol gel process in presence of sol-gel-process catalyst which is a soluble tertiary amine insoluble in organic solvent. The gas-barrier composition further contains silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Machine: The extrusion machine is a twin-screw extruder having gear pump (4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of organic peroxide is 0.1-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of resin. The resin is extruded at 140 degrees C or less, preferably 120 degrees C or less with organic peroxide having half-life (1 hour) temperature of 140 degrees C or less, preferably 120 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The desulfurized raw material gathering in lower part may be picked out from desulfurizer when raw material is desulfurized by contacting desulfurizing agent carried by carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: Refractive index of silica porous body is less than or equal to 1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening accelerator is boron trifluoride-amine complex of formula: BF3:HNR1R2.R1,R2=H or alkyl, aryl or aralkyl (all optionally substituted), and are not hydrogen simultaneously;andor R1+R2=5- or 6-membered aliphatic ring containing nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The epoxy resin is 2-(4-(2-(4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)phenoxymethyl)oxirane, 2-(((5-(cyclopropylmethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)oxy)methyl)oxirane, or epoxy resin of formula (II) or (III).m=3-10;andn=0-2.Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin composition further contains hardening accelerator. Preferred Definitions:    X=-CH2-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mean diameter of intermetallic compound in to-be-processed-surface is 0.5-3 mu m. The aspect ratio of pores of stamper is one or more. Preferred Composition: The content of silicon, iron and copper in aluminum base material is 0.4 %mass or less, 1 %mass or less and 0.2 %mass or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: Electroconductive fine particles are aluminum powder, and have average particle diameter of 0.5-20 mu m. Electroconductive fine particles have spherical shape. The content of aluminum powder is 60-85 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The viscosity of organic solvent is 50 cps or more at normal temperature. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive fine particle dispersion paste further contains anionic dispersing agent and glass frit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The brazing material is made of gold, silver, tin, copper, indium, nickel, lithium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The intrinsic viscosity of polyethylene terephthalate is 0.50-0.58. The delamination strength after aging the film at 85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity (RH) atmosphere for 1000 hours is 4 N/15 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The peroxide sheet layer is provided adjacent to crosslinking adjuvant sheet layer. A sheet layer (A) does not containing organic peroxide and crosslinking adjuvant is interposed between peroxide sheet layer and adjuvant sheet layer. The outermost sheet layer of both sides of adhesive sheet is adjuvant sheet layer or sheet layer (A). Preferred Properties: The peroxide sheet layer and adjuvant sheet layer have thickness of each of 300 mu m or less. The sheet layer (A) has thickness of 50 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The peroxide sheet layer contains thermoplastic resin chosen from polyethylene-type resin and ethylene-propylene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains a cyclic sulfone. The volume of linear sulfone is 0-90 vol.% with respect to the sum total volume of linear sulfone and cyclic sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The number of branches (N) of comonomer of component (A) satisfy the relations: N greater than or equal to -0.67x E+53, or -0.67x E+80 greater than or equal to N greater than or equal to -0.67x E+53, where N is number of branches per carbon atom of the total 1000 pieces of principal chain and side chain, measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and E is the tensile elasticity modulus of sheet, measured based on ISO1184-1983. The ratio of melt flow rate of component (A) measured at load of 10 kg at 190 degrees C and melt flow rate measured at load of 2.16 kg at 190 degrees C is less than 7, preferably 5-6.2. Preferred Composition: The amount of component (B) is 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of components (A) and (C). The amount of component (C) is 0.2-5 wt.% with respect to total amount of components (A) and (C). The amount of component (D) is 0.01-5 parts weight with respect to total amount of components (A) and (C). The component (A) is copolymer of ethylene and 1-butene, or copolymer of ethylene and 1-hexene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The donor portion is made of either poly (3-hexylthiophene) or pentacene. The acceptor portion is made of (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester molecule, zinc oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the apparatus: a reinforcement material is attached to the outside of the zinc evaporator; the seal pot is attached to the solid trapping pipe; a cut groove is formed at the upper opening end of the seal pot; and an inert gas introduction pipe is connected to the solid trap ping pipe and the main vertical cylinder part. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
EXAMPLE - A SrBi2Ta2O9 film was deposited at 240 degrees C by mixing ((3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde (dmb))2Bi-O-Bi(dmb)2)2-H2O, Ta(OEt)5-H2O cycles and Sr(iso-PrCp)3 or Sr(tert-BuCp)3-H2O cycles with ratios of approximately 1:1:1 to 2:1:1 (Bi:Sr:Ta). A SrBi2Ta2O9 ferroelectric phase, was observed after annealing as-deposited films in air at 600-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photonic structures are made of silicon carbide or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The luminescence material is selected from a polymer e.g. polymethacrylate, polycarbonate and silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process takes place as a fluidized bed process in a fluidized bed furnace and the grain size of the granules lies in a range of several hundred micrometers, and the conversion process takes place at 350 degrees C. The process takes place in a shaft furnace, and the grain size of the granules lies in a range of a few millimeters to several centimeters, and the conversion process takes place at 650 degrees C. The solid silicon-containing sawing waste is compacted into a solid dry composition and processed into granules with the desired size, which are added to the conversion process. An inorganic binder is added to the solid dry composition to obtain stable granules. Reaction gases of trichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride originating in the reaction vessel are separated in subsequent distillation steps, and the silicon production process is again fed. Ferric chloride originating in the reaction vessel is dissolved in a condensation vessel from the reaction gases. The silicon carbide as solid residue is collected at the bottom of the reaction vessel, and is supplied depending on the grain size of different applications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Glass: The sealing glass consists of tin phosphate glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low expansion filler is silica, alumina, zirconia, zirconium silicate, cordierite, zirconium phosphate, soda-lime glass and borosilicate glass. The content of filler is 1-50 volume%. The electromagnetic wave absorption material contains iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and copper. The content of electromagnetic wave absorption material is 0.1-10 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal hydride is sodium hydride, lithium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride or potassium aluminum hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains cyclic ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane and/or butyl ether, or toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane and/or heptane. The silicon halide is of formula: SiXnY'4-n or HnSiX4-n.X,Y'=F, Cl or Br;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is acrylic emulsion polymer, methyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, starch and/or dextrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The process gas further contains helium, neon and/or argon. The molten flux contains oxide of silicon, calcium and/or aluminum, and/or oxide, fluoride, carbonate, chloride and hydroxide of alkali metals e.g. aluminum and titanium, and alkaline-earth metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process gas contains fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, helium, neon, argon and/or hydrogen. The flux contains oxide of silicon, calcium and/or aluminum, and/or oxide, fluoride, carbonate, chloride and hydroxide of alkali metals e.g. aluminum and titanium and alkaline-earth metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of calculating a crop line further involves calculating the crop line based on a threshold impurity concentration; calculating the crop line based on a threshold boron concentration; calculating the crop line based on a threshold phosphorus concentration; calculating the crop line based on a threshold aluminum concentration; and calculating the crop line based on the P/N changeover of the silicon ingot. The step of performing a directional solidification uses a dual directional solidification furnace that concentrates impurities on the top and one side of the silicon ingot. The step of mapping the resistivity profile further comprises mapping the resistivity profile as a 3-D solidification interface. The step of dividing the silicon ingot into several bricks further comprise dividing the silicon ingot into several bricks smaller than 18 kilograms. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of tin layer is 0.75-1.25 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat radiation component is coated with an oil having a density of 0.76 g/cc at 15 degrees C, a flash temperature of 52 degrees C, and a kinematic viscosity of 1.26 mm2/second at 40 degrees C, or an oil having a density of 0.77 g/cc at 15 degrees C, a flash temperature of 61 degrees C, and a kinematic viscosity of 1.41 mm2/second at 40 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The urethane resin layer has a thickness of 0.01 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer of n-type cadmium sulfide (CdS), layer of p-type cadmium tellurium (CdTe) and p-type copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) are formed to form semiconductor structure.
EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in vol.%): methyltrichlorosilane (50); and isopropanol (50).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat reversible-type covalent bond is a bonding of Diels-Alder-type, nitroso dimer-type, azlactone hydroxyaryl-type and/or carboxyl alkenyloxy-type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The liquid-absorbable resin is formed by crosslinking polymer (A) by heat reversible-type covalent bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silica-type filler has BrunauerEmmettTeller specific surface area of 30 m2/g or more. Preferred Process: The surface of the silica-type filler is hydrophobized.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing organosilicon compound is monovalent component having perfluoro group, monovalent perfluoro oxy group or bivalent perfluoro oxy group in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The perfluoropolyether structure has fluorocarbon-containing repeating unit of formula: -(CaF2aO)q-. The linear perfluoropolyether compound is of formula: CH2=CH-(X)p-C(-CF3)F-(O-CF2-C(-CF3)F)m-O-(CF2)r-O-(C(-CF3)F-CF2-O)n-C(-CF3)F-(X')p-CH=CH2 (II). The thermoplastic fluororesin contains copolymerization unit derived from monomer of formula: CF2=CX"R5.q=20-600;X=-CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2- or -Y'-NR1-CO-;Y'=-CH2 or group of formula (i);R1,R2=H, methyl, phenyl or allyl;X'=-CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2- or -CO-NR2-Y"-;Y"=-CH2- or group of formula (ii);p=0 or 1;r=2-6;m,n=0-600;m+n=20-600;X"=H or halo;andR5=halo, or 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C cycloalkyl or 1-10C aryl (all optionally substituted by halo and optionally containing heteroatom).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion element has semiconductor layer containing triphenylamine compound and titanium, and electric charge transport layer between counter electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The triphenylamine compound is a carboxyl group-containing compound of formula (II).R31,R32=H;andR1-R13+T1+R31-R32=cyclic structure. Preferred Definitions:    T1,R7=group of formula (III);    R14-R16=H, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, aryl, or heterocyclic group;    R17,R18=H, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, or heterocyclic group;and    n=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred : The hydrolyzable silane is tetrafunctional silane compound when a in hydrolyzable silane (I) is 0, or silane compound when a in hydrolyzable silane (I) is 1-3. The polymeric group is an organic group chosen from acryloyloxy group, methacryloyl oxy group, vinyl group and allyl group. The pattern of film has moth-eye structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acid-modified polyolefin resin contains 0.1-25 %mass of (meth)acrylate component. The aqueous dispersion does not contain non-volatile aqueous-based adjuvant. The aqueous dispersion contains 0.05-30 parts mass of oxazoline-type crosslinking agent. Preferred Property: The acid-modified polyolefin resin has melting point of 70 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier has several supports. The content of platinum group element is 0.05-20 weight% with respect to total weight of catalyst. The platinum group element is chosen from rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum. The content of nickel is 2-60 weight% with respect to total weight of catalyst. The crystal phase of alumina is ( psi )-type crystal phase, (kappa)-type crystal phase, ( rho )-type crystal phase, ( eta )-type crystal phase, ( gamma )-type crystal phase, pseudo( gamma )-type crystal phase, ( Delta )-type crystal phase, ( theta )-type crystal phase and/or ( alpha )-type crystal phase. The carrier contains 0.5 weight% or less of sodium. Preferred Properties: The carrier has maximum pore radius of 0.001 mu m or more, accumulation pore volume of 0.10 mL/g or more and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 1 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent resin is selected from the group comprising polyether sulfone, polyphenyl sulfone, polysulphone, polyethylene naphthalate, cyclic olefin copolymer, cycloolefin copolymer, and polymethyl pentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The dye-sensitized-type photoelectric conversion element has semiconductor layer (4) to which the phthalocyanine compound (c) is adsorbed directly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The phthalocyanine compound (b) and phthalocyanine compound (c) have maximum absorption in wavelength of 750-1100 nm. Preferred Component: The dye (a) is ruthenium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic semiconducting material is doped by an organic n-dopant consisting of 2,2'-diisopropyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6',7,7'-dodecahydro-1H, 1'H-2,2-bibenzo(d)imidazole, 4,4',5,5'-tetracyclohexyl-1,1',2,2',3,3'-hexamethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H, 1'H-2,2'-bisimidazole, 2,2'-diisopropyl-4,4',5,5'-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H,1'H-2,2'-bisimidazole, 2-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-5,8-dioxa-1,3-diaza-cyclopenta(b)-naphthene, bis-(1,3-dimethyl-2-isopropyl-1,2-dihydro-benzimidazolyl-(2)), tetrakis(1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido(1,2-a)pyrimidinato)ditungsten (II), 2,2'-diisopropyl-4,5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4',5'-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H,1'H-2,2'- bisimidazole, and 2,2'-diisopropyl-4,5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4',5'-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-1H,1'H-2,2'-bisimidazole. The compounds (I-VII) are utilized as an optionally doped electron transport layer, an interlayer, a hole blocking layer, an optionally doped buffer layer, an emitter matrix, a semiconducting channel layer, an optionally doped injection layer, an optionally doped pn-transition for combining stacked organic electronic devices, a charge generation layer or a recombination layer. Preferred Property: The organic semiconducting material is doped by an organic n-dopant that has highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of more positive than -3.3 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, modified metal complex is obtained by modifying mixture containing metal complex, polycyclic organic compound and carbon material until the ratio of weight loss between before and after modification reaches 1-90 wt.%. The modification process is heat processing performed at 200-1200 degrees C.Preferred Composition: The metal complex contains transition metal belonging to 4-6 period, preferably cobalt complex. The carbon material is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polycyclic organic compound is of formula (I), preferably benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzthiazole, 4-azabenzimidazole, 5-azabenzimidazole, phthalazine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, pteridin, cinnoline, benzotriazole, benzothiadiazole, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, preferably optionally substituted benzimidazole.Z1-Z5 = group of formula (a);Z6 = -N(-R')-, -S- or -O-;andR', R" = H or substituent.Or, at least one of Z1-Z5 is N and other is group of formula (a).The metal complex has organic ligand chosen from 22 compounds e.g. 2-pyridin-2-yl-phenol, benzo(h)quinolin-10-ol, 2-(2,2')bipyridinyl-6-yl-phenol, 2,6-di-pyridin-2-yl-phenol and 2-((E)-pyridin-2-yliminomethyl)-phenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The diamond-like carbon film has thickness of 3-50 mu m, residual stress value of 1 GPa or less, hardness of 700-3000 Hv and surface roughness of 0.1 mu m or less. The base material contains metal or its alloy, synthetic resin, glass, quartz, sintering carbon, ceramics and/or metal carbide. The base material has surface roughness of 0.1-0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The n-type semiconductor material layer is metal oxide film containing titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide or molybdenum oxide. The stack organic solar cell further has a primary charge transport layer (12) between primary electrode and primary organic photoactive layer, a secondary charge transport layer (16) between the secondary organic photoactive layer and the secondary electrode, a hole transport layer between primary electrode and photoactive layer, and electron transport layer comprising titanium oxide layer. Preferred Property: The secondary electrode has work function less than that of primary electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The conjugated polymer electrolyte layer contains poly(9,9-bis(6"-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-co-phenylene), poly((2-cyclooctatetraenylethyl)-trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate), poly-(tetramethylammonium-2-cyclooctatetraenylethanesulfonate), poly((2-methoxy-5-(3-sulfonatopropoxy)-1,4-phenylene)-1,2-ethenediyl), poly((2-methoxy-5-propyloxysulfonate-1,4-phenylene vinylene)-alt-(1,4-phenylene vinylene)), sulfonated poly(p-phenylene), sulfonated poly(phenylene ethynylene), poly(carboxylated phenylene ethynylene), poly(N-(4-sulfonatobutyloxyphenyl)-4,4'-diphenylamine-alt-1,4-phenylene), poly(N-4,4'-diphenylamine-alt-N-(p-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-4,4'-diphenylamine), poly((9,9-bis(6'-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(2,5-bis(phenylene)-1,3,4-oxadiazole)) and poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide)hexyl)fluorene-co-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)), preferably (poly(9,9'-bis(4-sulfonatobutyl)fluorene-alt-co-1,4-phenylene)). The conjugated polymer electrolyte layer contains fluorene compound of formula (I).n=10-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflector is made of light metal alloy e.g. aluminum, magnesium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The colloidal carbon spheres have diameter of 400-1000 nm. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of titanium dioxide hollow spheres and titanium dioxide nanoparticles is 1:10-1:30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The saccharine is saccharose or glucose. The organic solvent is absolute ethyl alcohol or methylbenzene. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte used for preparation of dye-sensitized nanocrystal solar cell contains lithium iodide, iodine and 4-butylpyridine. The solvent used for preparation of dye-sensitized nanocrystal solar cell is acetonitrile and propylene carbonate. The volume ratio of acetonitrile and propylene carbonate is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon nanotubes are acidified using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid in a ratio of 1:3. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes have a length of 0.2-5 mu m. The content of carbon nanotubes in deionized water is 0.1-1 mg/mL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The hydrogen source contains hydrogen-rich gas under pressure. The purification system has an air source (18) for introducing air into hydrogen-rich gas before supplying into catalytic converter. The catalytic converter has an oxidation catalyst which enables removal of at least one contaminant from hydrogen-rich gas. The contaminant is carbon monoxide removed by catalytic oxidation of hydrogen. The hydrogen treating and using apparatus is electrical power generator. The fuel cell has anode obtained using platinum, platinum-ruthenium, platinum-molybdenum, platinum/carbon, platinum-ruthenium/carbon or platinum-molybdenum/carbon. The system has an anodic humidifier (22) between catalytic converter and the hydrogen treating apparatus, or between hydrogen source and catalytic converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is gold-metal oxide composite containing gold bound to a metal oxide support. The metal oxide support is chosen from titania, iron oxide, ceria, alumina, zinc oxide, silica, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide (MnO2, Mn3O4), magnesium oxide, tin oxide and ilmentite. The composite is in nano powder form or granular form. The amount of gold is 0-20 wt.%, preferably 3-5 wt.%. The composite is obtained by impregnation method, co-precipitation method and deposition-precipitation method. The composite contains particles having size of 500-710 mu m. The nano powder form composite is wash-coated on a ceramic or metal monolith, or packed in a retaining bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive water-proof layer comprises a waterproof conductive metal or water-proof alloy preferably aluminum. Preferred Properties: The conductive water-proof layer has moisture vapor transmission rate of no larger than 0.5 g/m2 day and resistivity of no larger than 1x108 ohms-m; and is 0.1-200, preferably 5-50 mu m thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bottom plastic layer has structure of ethylene vinyl acetate or structure tending to adhere to ethylene-vinyl acetate. The bottom plastic layer has structure of polyethylene or polypropylene. The bottom plastic layer comprises vinyl acetate (2-33 wt.%); and plastic material consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based plastic and acrylic-based plastic. The first insulating layer comprises PET; and material whose dielectric voltage is greater than or equal to 1 kV/mm. The second insulating layer comprises PET and fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer is polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, and chlorotrifluoroethylene. The weather-resistant layer comprises fluoropolymer. Preferred Properties: The bottom plastic layer is 0.1-500, preferably 25-200 mu m thick. The first insulating layer is 0.1-500, preferably 25-330 mu m thick. The second insulating layer comprises material whose dielectric voltage is greater than or equal to 1 kV/mm; and is 1-500, preferably 25-330 mu m. The second insulating layer is 1-500, preferably 25-330 mu m thick. The weather-resistant layer is 1-500, preferably 5-38 mu m thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer materials are selected from the group that consists of germanium, silicon, silicon-germanium, gallium-arsenide, gallium antimony, gallium indium phosphate, aluminum gallium-arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide titanium, gallium indium nitride arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium pentanitride, gallium indium arsenide pentanitride, aluminum gallium indium phosphate, aluminum gallium indium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide antimony, aluminum gallium indium phosphate, gallium arsenide antimony, aluminum gallium antimony, indium nitride, gallium arsenide phosphate and/or aluminum gallium indium nitride arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic layer is silicon thin film, a III-V compound semiconductor thin film (preferably gallium arsenide, indium gallium phosphate), II-VI compound semiconductor thin film (preferably copper selenium cadmium, copper gallium selenium cadmium, cadmium tellurium), or organic compound semiconductor thin film (preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and PCBM mixture).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of second passivation layer is an insulating material. The material of the adhesion layer comprises EVA, PVB, Poly Olefin, or PU.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer contains molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum and/or stainless steel. The light adsorption layer contains compound of group IB, IIIA and/or VIA which is chalcopyrites. The element of group IB is copper. The element of group IIIA is indium and/or gallium. The element of group VIA is selenium and/or sulfur. The buffer layer contains cadmium sulfide, indium sulfide, indium selenide, zinc sulfide and/or zinc-magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The module further comprises a front glass cover disposed on the encapsulant material on the front side of the solar cell(s). The additive comprise color additive(s) or pigment(s) comprising (wt.%) titanium oxide ( not greater than 10) to make the backskin material white or reflective; carbon black ( not greater than 5) to make the backskin material black; or aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, boron nitride, magnesium oxide and/or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The module further comprises a layer of aluminum between the backskin and a solar thermal unit. The backskin layer includes additive(s) comprising nanopartcles mineral fillers selected from dolomite, conventional kaolin clays, silica, talc, wollastonite, calcium carbonate, mica and/or glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The backskin layer includes additives or fillers for reducing the thermal coefficient of expansion of the HDPE sheet to be closer to that of the front glass cover. The additive comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer ( not greater than 0.5 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinked mixture comprises acid copolymer (10-80 wt.%). The acid copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid or ethylene and methacrylic acid. The backskin layer is formed by irradiating a sheet of an HDPE acid copolymer mixture with an electron beam to cross-link the HDPE; or by adding vinyl silanes to the mixture of HDPE and acid copolymer and moisture curing the resulting mixture to cross-link the HDPE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thermal expansion coefficient of main component of substrate protective layer is nearly identical as thermal expansion coefficient of alumina. Preferred Composition: The substrate protective layer is an insulating film containing soda lime glass, silica, titania, titanium nitride and/or alumina, or a metal film containing titanium tantalum, molybdenum and/or their alloy. The photoelectric conversion layer of photoelectric conversion element contains compound semiconductor chosen from chalcopyrite structure, group Ib element, group IIIb element and group VIb element. The group Ib element is chosen from copper and silver. The group IIIb element is chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium. The group VIb element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of zirconia is 0.1 %mass or more. The content of alumina is 0.1 %mass or more. The mass of the glass composition is decreased to 0.1 mg/cm2 or less when immersed in an iodine electrolytic solution at 25 degrees C for two weeks. The glass does not contain zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The glass has thermal expansion coefficient of 91x 10-7/ degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The dye-sensitized solar cell material has softening point of 575 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The several dot (A1) is embedded in an organic layer. The several dot (A1) is in contact with at least one organic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ligand is selected from simple small molecules, carbon chain molecules, single functional group molecules, multiple functional group molecules and polymers. The ligand is conductive or non-conductive. The ligand is volatile. The ligand is a polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The insulator microparticles contain metal oxide chosen from aluminium oxide, silicon oxide and zirconium oxide, preferably aluminium oxide. Preferred Pigment: The dye is ruthenium metal complex dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of fluorine atom with respect to carbon atom of the fluorine-containing acrylic-type compound is 0.15-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell is equipped with crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lower film is formed of aluminum nitride or aluminum oxide. The upper film is formed of zirconium oxide or silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One plate of bimetal structure is transparent plate containing polycarbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second semiconductor material particles and the inorganic particulates consist of titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front contact layer is made of indium tin oxide or zinc oxide. The hydrogenised silicon layer is made of amorphous or microcrystalline or nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer consists of a component of two elements such as silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, zirconium and carbon. The electrically conductive layer consists of indium-tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated cyclic carbonate (I) is 4,5-difluoro-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one. The fluorinated linear carbonate is difluoromethyl carbonate, 1-fluoroethyl fluoromethyl carbonate, and/or bis(1-fluoroethyl)carbonate. The molar ratio of fluorinated cyclic carbonate with respect to fluorinated linear carbonate is 3:7-7:3. The total content of fluorinated cyclic carbonate with respect to fluorinated linear carbonate is 70-100 mol%. Preferred Definitions:    n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The vapor-phase-epitaxy carbon material has closed-pore ratio of 2% or more, residual hydrogen content of 0.2-5%, and intensity ratio (R) at I1360-I1580 peak is less than 0.2, which is measured by Raman spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: In the material, the substance which is anodized being an intermetallic compound that includes one of Al and magnesium (Mg). The metallic silicon (Si) is substantially not included as precipitous particles within the Al base material. Preferred Element: In the element, the semiconductor is a photoelectric converting element that has a photoelectric converting function, in which electric currents are generated by the semiconductor layer absorbing light. The main component of the semiconductor layer being a compound semiconductor having at least one type of chalcopyrite structure. The main component of the semiconductor being at least one type of compound semiconductor comprising Ib group elements, IIIb elements, and VIb elements. The main component of the semiconductor being at least one type of compound semiconductor, comprising: at least one Ib group element selected from a group consisting of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag); at least one IIIb group element selected from a group consisting of Al, gallium (Ga), and indium (In); and at least one VIb group element selected from a group consisting of sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive adhesive has epoxy having conductive particle selected from silver, gold, copper, nickel, carbon and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface material comprises amide linkages, a protein or a gelatin. The surface material disrupting agent comprises a peroxide and/or an anhydride, preferably hydrogen peroxide and/or succinic anhydride. The crosslinking agent is divinyl compound, a trivinyl compound, a diacrylic compound and/or a triacrylic compound. The crosslinking agent is an optionally derivatized di-vinyl and/or tri-vinyl crosslinking agent. The optionally derivatized divinyl crosslinking agent is divinylbenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymeric material is treated for not greater than 24 hours with the surface material disrupting agent. Preferred Components: The polymeric material is prepared by suspension polymerization comprising using an erodible stabilizing agent in the suspension medium; or by polymerization of a high internal phase emulsion. The polymeric material is a microbead. The polymerized porous material is prepared using an optionally derivatized alkenyl and/or alkynyl monomer, an optionally derivatized vinyl monomer in the presence of crosslinking agent(s). The optionally derivatized vinyl monomer is from vinyl, vinyl chloride, styrene, optionally derivatized acrylic acid, an acrylic acid ester, vinyl alcohol, a vinyl alcohol ester, styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl pivalate or vinyl propionate. The particle is modified so that the particle is functionalized and/or carbonized; and/or have a metal and/or catalyst, a gel and/or pre-gel, and/or chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and/or formulation deposited within the particle cavities, preferably the particle is functionalized and having a degree of functionalization of greater than 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous material comprises fugitive particles comprising polymer, ceramic particles, particles containing silica, alumina, silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide, metal particles, and particles containing iron, nickel, silver, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and/or tungsten. The film contains silicon nitride, silicon oxide and/or silicon carbide, phosphorus-containing silicon oxide, boron-containing silicon oxide and/or aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or indium-tin oxide, dielectric, metal and/or semiconductor, silver, aluminum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, titanium-tungsten alloy, molybdenum, chromium, tin, tin-silver-copper alloy, copper, indium, gallium and/or selenium, and silicon, doped silicon, gallium arsenide, amorphous silicon, amorphous germanium, amorphous carbon, doped amorphous silicon, doped amorphous germanium and/or doped amorphous carbon, copper-indium diselenide, copper-indium alloy, copper-indium-gallium diselenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide and/or cadmium telluride. The surface of photovoltaic device comprises silicon wafer, silicon thin film, compound semiconductor, metal, glass, plastic and/or dielectric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon sludge is further washed with ultrapure water containing hydrogen, water and dissolved ozone solution, and silicon oxide film is formed in the surface layer of silicon powder. The ozone contained in the silicon sludge is further oxidized and removed by supplying hydrogen peroxide solution into the container. The silicon oxide film is further washed using hydrofluoric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The low-vacuum degree and high-vacuum degree of vacuum chamber is 40-100 torr and 5x 10-2 torr, respectively. Preferred Component: The apparatus further has molten-metal holding container, inert gas supply apparatus and unidirectional solidification apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Target: The target comprises a mixture of copper, indium, and aluminum, so that the atomic ratio of copper to indium and aluminum is less than one. Alternatively, the target comprises a mixture of copper, indium, and gallium, so that the atomic ratio of copper to indium and gallium is less than one. The target is disposed on a planar or cylindrical rotary magnetron. The target further comprises sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The unradiated portion in the formed pattern is decompose-removed after irradiating the ultraviolet ray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal alloy contains gallium. The metal is gallium. The metal alloy is alloy of gallium and indium. Preferred Composition: The number of indium atoms is less than or equal to 80 with respect to sum total of number of atoms in alloy of 100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The polyester layer has intrinsic viscosity of 0.65 or more. The number of hydroxyl groups in structural component (a) is 3 or more. The number of carboxylic acid groups in structural component (a) is 3 or more. The polyester layer contains buffering agent (0.1-5 mol/ton) with respect to total amount. The amount of alkali metal element in polyester is 2.5-125 ppm. The ratio of alkali metal element and phosphorus element is 0.01-1. The polyester film has surface specific resistance of 106-1014 ohm/square on one surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive agent contains graphite and carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin is epoxy resin or phenol resin. The weight ratio of isocyanate-type crosslinking agent is 0.5-6.5 times with respect to content of thermosetting resin. The total content of thermosetting resin and isocyanate-type crosslinking agent is 40-80 weight% with respect to total content of thermosetting resin, isocyanate-type crosslinking agent and electroconductive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The stoichiometric ratio of isothiocyanates with respect to 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid is greater than or equal to 8 times. The isothiocyanate is ammonium isothiocyanate, sodium isothiocyanate or potassium isothiocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature of solution in reaction container is cooled to room temperature. The first thermal reaction and second thermal reaction are performed at 105-120 degrees C and 105-160 degrees C, respectively. The second thermal reaction is performed in liquid mixture obtained by mixing polar organic solvent and water so that boiling point may become 105-160 degrees C. The method further involves obtaining cis-di(isothiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium(II) complex from solution in reaction container by purification process with chromatography. Preferred Composition: The polar organic solvent is dimethyl formamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution (S1) contains water, such that molar ratio of water with respect to organozinc compound is 0.6-0.9.The composition contains a solution obtained by dissolving product (a) separated from organic solvent (b1) in solvent (b2) different from organic solvent (b1).The concentration of product (a) is 3-12 %mass or 1-30 %mass.The electron-donating organic solvent (b1) is tetrahydrofuran or 1,2-diethoxy ethane.The solvent (b2) is 1,4-dioxane.When 3A group element is contained in solution (S1), the content of 3A group element with respect to organozinc compound in solution (S1) is 0.005-0.3 mol.The product (a) contains hydrolyzate of 3A group element compound.The content of water with respect to total content of organozinc compound and 3A group element compound in solution (S2) is 0.4-0.9.The content of organozinc compound in the composition is 0.5 weight% or less.The electron-donating organic solvent (b1) is electron-donating organic solvent having boiling point of 110 degrees C or more, or mixed organic solvent containing organic solvent (b1) as main component. The total concentration of organozinc compound and 3A group element compound in solution (S2) is 4-12 %mass.The content of water with respect to organozinc compound is 0.4-0.8 mol.The organozinc compound is diethylzinc.The 3A group element compound is trimethyl indium, or tris(acetylacetonato)aluminum, tris( acetylacetonato)gallium and/or tris(acetylacetonato)indium, or chosen from aluminum chloride, gallium chloride and indium chloride.The mixed organic solvent is mixed solvent of 1,2-diethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran.Preferred Property: The organic solvent (b1) has boiling point of preferably 230 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles further contain glass powder. Preferred Property: 50 weight% average particle diameter (D50) of the glass powder is 0.2-5 mu m, and the maximum particle diameter (Dmax) of the glass powder is 30 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The phenol type radical trapping agent is hindered phenol type radical trapping agent and p-methoxyphenol and/or p-hydroxystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: Device further comprises means to produce steam reformed gas by catalysed modification of methane, optionally with Gp.5A metal on the surface of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Films: The transparent conductive film is fluorine-doped tin oxide thin film. The amorphous silicon upper window layer is p-type doped hydrogenated silicon carbide or p-type doped hydrogenated silicon thin film. The amorphous silicon upper intrinsic layer is i-type hydrogenated ( alpha )-silicon thin film. The amorphous silicon upper n-type layer is n-type hydrogenated ( alpha )-silicon thin film. The microcrystalline silicon lower p-type layer is p-type hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon thin film. The microcrystalline silicon lower intrinsic layer is i-type hydrogenated doped microcrystalline thin film. The microcrystalline silicon lower n-type layer is n-type hydrogenated microcrystalline thin film. The back reflecting layer is zinc oxide thin film, and the back electrode layer is aluminum electrode layer. The content of aluminum in aluminum-doped zinc oxide ceramic target is 2-3 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass plate has thermal contraction rate of 20 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates independently comprise: an optionally doped group IV element, or optionally doped IV-IV or optionally doped IV-IV-IV multi-element semiconductor; a polymorphic phase, oxide, nitride, oxynitride, carbide, oxycarbide, oxynitrocarbide, hydride of an optionally doped group IV element or an optionally doped IV-IV or an optionally doped IV-IV-IV multi-element semiconductor, aluminum, aluminum trioxide, titanium and titanium dioxide, or oxide, nitride, oxynitride, carbide, oxycarbide and oxynitrocarbide of titanium, titanium tungsten, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, erbium and/or lanthanum; a perovskite compound used in refractory metal oxide semiconductor gates; silicon, germanium, SixGe1-x, gallium arsenide, Si1-x-yGexCy, Si3(1-x)Ge3xN(4(1- delta )), Ga1-xAlxAs, SixGe(1-x)OyN1-y, Si1-x-yGexCy(OxN1-x)n, (Si1-x-yGexCy)3N4-x-y, silicon dioxide, germanium oxide, SixGe1-xO2, Si1-x-yGexCyO2, GexC1-xO2, silicon nitride or Si3(1-x)Ge3xN(4(1- delta )); and silicon, silicon oxide, silicon germanium, silicon germanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum and aluminum trioxide. The bonding layer consists of silicon, oxygen and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The amine has iodine number of 83 or less. Preferred Compound: The amine is oleyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, i.e. compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Id).    EXAMPLE - Compound (1) was synthesized from Wittig reagents containing a triphenylamine or a diphenylamino-2-fluorene moiety. Reactions of these Wittig reagents with 2-furaldehyde provided intermediates (A), which underwent formylation to form (B). The desired product (compound 1) was obtained from the subsequent Knoevenagel condensation of (B) with cyanoacetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas-permeable membrane is made of microporous PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The water-permeable sheet is formed on a sealing agent layer (2). A cured film which does not contain a hardenable functional group, fluorine-containing polymer sheet, polyester sheet, or polyester resin coating is formed on other surface of the water-impermeable sheet. Preferred Composition: The water-impermeable sheet is a silicon vapor-deposited polyester sheet, a silica vapor-deposited polyester sheet, or a metal sheet. The sealing agent layer contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transmitted visible light amount-increasing agent further contains metal-doped titanium oxide, preferably titanium peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The agent further contains saccharide or sugar alcohol as thermally decomposable organic compound. The saccharide is monosaccharide or disaccharide. The organic compound is water-soluble organic polymer. The agent contains positive charge substance chosen from cation, conductor or dielectric material having positive charge, or conductor having positive charge and dielectric material, and negative charge substance chosen from anion and conductor or dielectric material having negative charge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The photoelectrode (4) in the photoelectric conversion element comprises photosensitized pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises layered clay mineral having alkylsilyl group. The organic-salt compound is of formula (I) or R5-Q+(-R4)(-R6)-R7.R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom, or 1-20C substituent optionally containing heteroatom;R2,R3=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom;Q=nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or sulfur;andR4-R7=1-8C hydrocarbyl optionally containing heteroatom.(i) When nitrogen atom includes double bond, R3 does not exist; (ii) When Q is oxygen or sulfur, R7 does not exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor electrode is manufactured using phenol resin as carbon source and ethyl silicate as silicon source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous insulating layer is made of zirconium oxide, silicon oxide or aluminum oxide. The conductive layer is made of metal oxide material such as tin oxide, zinc oxide (Zno), indium oxide or indium tin complex oxide (ITO), and metal material such as titanium, nickel, or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive interface layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises silicon or silicon wafer. The first material comprises germanium and the second material comprises germanium silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composite: The core comprises steel. The anodized film is a porous anodized film with a thickness of 1-50 mu m. The anodized film is further sealed in an aqueous boric acid solution. Preferred Cell: The light-absorbing layer is formed on the metal composite substrate via a backside electrode layer and contains a compound selected from CdS/CdTe, CIS and CIGS. EXAMPLE - Metallic material, SUS304 (RTM: stainless steel) and steels) with a thickness of 100 mu m were used for the core and the core was entirely coated with an aluminum alloy (aluminum purity: 99.9%) to a thickness of 70 mu m by hot dipping, thus forming composite material (test) with a thickness of 240 mu m. For comparison, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, heat resisting steel and mild steel which are not composite materials were used. When tested for flatness after heating, the test material showed flatness of up to 1 mm and also showed excellent insulating properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves removing surfactant after baking application layer. Preferred Parameter: The volume ratio of surfactant with respect to water with volume of 100 is 0.1-30. The volume ratio of thickener with respect to water with volume of 100 is 0.1-30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particle is 10-160 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The melted impure silicon is contacted with a flux before blowing in the gas. The impurity is boron, aluminum and titanium. The gas contain helium, neon and argon. The flux contains silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, and/or alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, titanium, their oxide, chloride, fluoride, carbonate and hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acid terpolymer comprises (wt.%) an alpha -olefin (balance), copolymerized units of alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (18-23) and copolymerized units of alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester (15-40). The alpha -olefin is ethylene. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acids and/or methacrylic acids. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester is methyl acrylates or butyl acrylates. The solar cell pre-lamination assembly further comprises an incident layer positioned next to the front encapsulant layer and a backing layer positioned next to the back encapsulant layer. The incident layer is glass sheets; polymeric sheets formed of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and/or fluoropolymers; and/or polymeric films formed of polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides), and/or fluoropolymers. The backing layer comprises glass sheet; polymeric sheet; polymeric film; metal sheet; and/or ceramic plate. The polymeric sheet is formed of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and/or fluoropolymers. The polymeric film comprises polymeric material selected from polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides) and/or fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal semiconductor is a colloid of titanium oxide. The carbon powder is graphite. Preferred Process: The colloid of titanium oxide is obtained by stirring nitric acid, titanium isopropoxide and isopropanol, and heating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high boiling point solvent is ( alpha )-terpineol. The low boiling point solvent is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The variation of germanium concentration in one-step change is 10 atomic% or more. The concentration of germanium in interface portion of i-layer and p-layer is 30-50 atomic%. The concentration of germanium in interface portion of i-layer and n-layer is 1-20 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is copolymer formed by polymerizing ( alpha )-olefin and ethylenic unsaturated silane compound. The inorganic particles contain metal oxide having refractive index of 1.45-1.59.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive fiber is metal nanowire, preferably silver nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The p-type organic-semiconductor material consists of ultraviolet curable type, heat crosslinking-type and/or heat conversion-type material. The p-type organic-semiconductor material is poly-3-hexylthiophene or porphyrin derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive paste further contains manganese oxide particles. The content of vanadium oxide particles and manganese oxide particles with respect to 100 parts weight of electroconductive paste is 0.013-0.3 part weight and 0.01-0.5 part weight, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric is selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanopores have a size of 1-30 nm, which help to immobilize the gold. The nanoparticles comprise titania. The gold comprises clusters having a size of 0.5-50 nm. The catalyst system comprises gold (0.005-1.5 wt.%) based upon the total weight of the gold, the nanoparticles and the host. Preferred Method: The method further comprises a step of thermally treating the catalyst system after the gold is deposited. The first portion of the thermal treatment occurs in an oxidizing atmosphere and a second portion occurs in a reducing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The clusters have a size of 0.2-3 microns. The host comprises many host particles. Preferred Method: The thermal treatment occurs at 200-600 degrees C for 30 seconds to 15 hours (preferably 3 minutes to 15 hours).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are present as nanoporous clusters of aggregated nanoparticles. The support further comprises nanopores and a host upon which the nanoparticles are supported. Preferred Method: The method further comprises supporting the nanoparticles onto a host. The thermal treatment comprises thermally treating the nanoparticles in an oxidizing and a reducing atmosphere. The thermal treatment occurs before or after the nanoparticles incorporated into the support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive electrode substrate layer contains a transparent insulating layer and a transparent conductive layer. The counter electrode layer contains a conductive layer and an insulating layer. The porous film is made of oxide semiconductor fine particles, and a working electrode is made of titanium dioxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, niobium pentoxide, ferric oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, bismuth sulfide, cadmium selenide and/or cadmium telluride. The dye sensitized solar cell further contains a blocking layer that is formed on the surface of the transparent conductive electrode substrate layer or on the surface of the working electrode layer or on both.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte layer further comprises solvent and/or ionic liquid, and additive. The solvent is acetonitrile, methoxy acetonitrile, methoxy propionitrile, propionitrile, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone and/or water. The ionic liquid is quaternary imidazolium salt, quaternary pyridinium salt and/or quarternary ammonium salt. The additive is lithium salt, guanidinium thiocyanate, pyridine, imidazole, benzimidazole and/or quinoline. The photo-sensitizing dye layer contains dye consisting porphyrin, cyanide, phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, metal complex dye, and organic dye consisting of indoline, coumarin, cyanine, merocyanine, hemicyanine, methine, azo, quinone, quinonimine, diketo-pyrrolo-pyrrole, quinacridone, squaraine, triphenylmethane, perylene, indigo, xanthene, eosin and rhodamine. Preferred Definitions:    X+X1=(=O);    A-=anion of HPF6, HClO4, HBF4, HN(C2F5SO2)2, HSbF6, HAsF6, HBr, HCl, HI or CF3COOH;    R1,R2=1-10C alkyl;and    R3=phenyl optionally substituted by O-1-4C alkyl, or 1-10C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent has a boiling point of greater than 120 degrees C at atmosphere pressure. The solvent is present at 1-30 wt.%. The solvent comprises ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide and/or N-methylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive polymer comprises polythiophenes, polypyrroles (both preferred), poly(selenophenes), poly(tellurophenes), polyanilines, polycyclic aromatic polymers, copolymers and/or polymeric fused polycyclic heteroaromatic. The electrically conductive polymer comprises unsubstituted polyanilines, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), unsubstituted polypyrrole, poly(4-aminoindole), poly(7-aminoindole), poly(thieno(2,3-b)thiophene), poly(thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) or poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene). The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is: at least 90% fluorinated; sulfonic acid, and sulfonimide; a perfluoroolefin having perfluoro-ether-sulfonic acid side chains; a copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene, 2-(1,1-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, ethylene, 2-(2-(1,2,2-trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid), tetrafluoroethylene, and perfluoro(3-oxa-4-pentenesulfonic acid). The acid equivalent ratio of the highly-fluorinated acid polymer to the non-fluorinated polymeric acid is no greater than 1. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-poly(styrenesulfonic acid (PSSA))/p-(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid (TFE-PSEPVE)) (5.3584 g); silica (0.7737 g); and ethylene glycol (9.94%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connection layer is made of nickel, palladium, titanium, silver, gold, aluminum, tin, antimony, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, cadmium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The electronic device further has semiconductor layer containing organic semiconductor material and insulation layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The reaction rate of dehydration-cyclization of polyamic acid is 50-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lubricant composition further comprises 0.1-50, preferably 10-40 wt.% of a thickener. Preferred Components: The base oil is perfluoropolyether oil. The amount of (I) is 0.1-99, preferably 1-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylic-type polymer (B) has number average molecular weight of 1000-200000. The ratio of weight average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography and number average molecular weight of (meth)acrylic-type polymer (B) is 1.8 or less. The principal chain of (meth)acrylic-type polymer (B) is comprised from acrylic ester. The terminal reactive functional group of polymer (B) is chosen from reactive silicon group, alkenyl group, polymerizable double bond group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, epoxy group and amino group. The (meth)acrylic-type block copolymer (A) is (meth)acrylic-type polymer block-acrylic polymer block-(meth)acrylic-type polymer block triblock copolymer or (meth)acrylic-type polymer block-acrylic polymer block diblock copolymer. The (meth)acrylic-type block copolymer (A) has number average molecular weight of 10000-500000. The ratio of weight average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography and number average molecular weight of (meth)acrylic-type block copolymer (A) is 1.8 or less. The (meth)acrylic-type block copolymer (A) is a block copolymer comprising (meth)acrylic-type polymer block (a) (5-90 weight%) and acrylic polymer block (b) (95-10 weight%). The monomer unit (50 weight% or more) of (meth)acrylic-type polymer block (a) or acrylic polymer blocks (b) in copolymer (A) and (meth)acrylic-type polymer (B) is same. The blend ratio of (meth)acrylic-type block copolymer (A) is 1-500 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of (meth)acrylic-type polymers (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polyimide comprising a repeating unit obtained from aromatic diamine including at least one ortho-positioned hydroxyl functional group and/or poly (ethylene imine). The organosilsesquioxane segment is ethylsilsesquioxane, propylsilsesquioxane and/or hexylsilsesquioxane. The covalent bond is ether bond and/or urethane bond. The catalyst is acetic acid, lactic acid, or hydrochloric acid. The cross-linking agent is 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxy silane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane and/or 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane. EXAMPLE - The cellulose acetate polymer (5 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane solvent (119.5 g). 3-Isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (1.29 g) was added to cellulose acetate solution. The solution was heated at 60 degrees C for 48 hours to give cross-linkable cellulose acetate-urethanepropyltriethoxysilane organic-inorganic membrane material(5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of branched polyaryl ether copolymers comprise: reacting building blocks (A2) and (B) with sulfuric acid. Preferred Components: The building blocks (A1) and (A2) are each present at 5-95 mol%, based on 100 mol% of total sum of the proportions of the building blocks (A1) and (A2) and (B). Preferred Definitions:    Q, T1, Y1 = -O- or -SO2-; and    A2 = hydroquinone, resorcinol, dihydroxynaphthalene or 4,4,-bisphenol.    EXAMPLE - Bis(chlorophenyl) sulfone (1 mol), bis (hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (0.935 mol), hydroquinone (0.05 mol) and 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (0.01 mol) were reacted in the presence of potassium carbonate (143.76 g) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (1000 ml). The reaction mixture was kept at 195 degrees C for 6 hours and cooled to 120 degrees C. Then methyl chloride was passed into the reaction solution for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted by addition of NMP (1000 ml) and filtered, and the polymer was isolated by precipitation in NMP:water (1:9). The obtained solid was washed, dried at 120 degrees C under reduced pressure for 12 hours to obtain the copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive fibers are silver nanowires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin is acrylic resin and/or urethane type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The main material has hole whose surface is coated with temperature-responsive polymer gel. 60-90% Of the area of the hole is coated with temperature-responsive polymer gel. The temperature-responsive polymer gel contains poly(N-substituted(meth)acrylamide). The main material contains thermoplastic resin and thermosetting resin. The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyethylene and polypropylene. The thermosetting resin is chosen from polyimide and aramid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte salt further contains anthraquinone compound (B) of formula (II) different from anthraquinone compound (I). The molar ratio of anthraquinone compounds (A,B) is 99:1-70:30. The polymerization liquid further contains nitro compounds of formulae (III)-(V) as additive.R9-R16=R1;andR17-R32=H, 1-6C linear or branched alkyl or phenyl.Preferred Monomer: The conductive polymer monomer is pyrrole and/or pyrrole derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electroconductive polymer layer has laminated structure, and is formed by chemical polymerization of conductive polymer monomer. The polymer layer is formed by drying the solution containing conductive polymer, which is soluble in solvent, after adhesion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic clay is natural silicate/aluminum oxide clay, exfoliated clay, synthetic mica, or synthetic nanoclay, preferably nano silicate platelet or sodium-montmorillonite. The wt. ratio of inorganic clay to organic surfactant is 1/1-30/1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic surfactant is cetyl (16C) trimethyl ammonium compound, dodecyl (12C) trimethyl ammonium compound, octadecyl ammonium chloride, tallow (12-18C) quaternary ammonium chloride, alkyl (32C) trimethyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkyl (C12:C14:C16=63:30:7) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, or dehydrated tallow (12-18C) dimethyl ammonium chloride. The anionic surfactant comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonionic surfactant comprises octylphenol polyethoxylate dissolved in methoxy-propyl-cyanonitrile (0.5-2 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: In the metal paste, the total content of the at least one electrically conductive metal powder is 50 to 92% weight. The at least one electrically conductive metal powder is silver powder. The total content of the at least one p-type silicon alloy powder is 0.5 to 10% weight. The p-type silicon alloy is selected from binary alloys of silicon with boron, binary alloys of silicon with aluminum and ternary alloys of silicon with aluminum and boron. The p-type silicon alloy is eutectic aluminum/silicon alloy (A1Si12). It contains 58-95% weight of inorganic components and 5-42% weight of organic vehicle. It comprises 0.5 to 10% weight of glass frit. Preferred Method: In producing electrode, the printing in step (a) is screen printing. The silicon semiconductor having at least one p-type silicon surface region is an n-type silicon wafer with at least one p-type emitter. The printing in step (b) is screen printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quartz furnace door and insulation packet are integrally connected via high-temperature welding mode, bonding mode or clamping connection mode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporter is made of polydimethylsiloxanic or silicone rubber polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide nanoparticles contain titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide and/or strontium titanium oxide. The conductive substrate is made of indium-tin-oxide, fluorine tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide (ZnO-Ga2O3), zinc oxide-aluminum oxide (ZnO-Al2O3) and/or tin oxide-antimony oxide (SnO2-Sb2O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer solution contains polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylacetate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, chitosan, chitin, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, ethylcellulose, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, cellulose, polysaccharide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and/or polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solar cell further contains a protective layer made of titanium oxide (TiOx) provided between the photoactive layer and the electrode (50).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solar cell is made of poly(9,9-bis(6"-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorine-alt-co-phenylene)bromide, poly ((2- cyclooctatetraenylethyl)-trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate), poly-(tetramethylammonium 2-cyclooctatetraenylethanesulfonate), poly((2-methoxy-5-(3-sulfonatopropoxy)-1, 4-phenylene)-1,2- ethenediyl), poly((2-methoxy-5-propyloxysulfonate-1,4-phenylenevinylene)-alt- (1,4-phenylenevinylene)), hydrogen, sodium, tetradecyltrimethylammonium sulfonated poly(p-phenylene), poly(N-(4-sulfonatobutyloxyphenyl)-4,4'-diphenylamine-alt-1,4-phenylene) sodium salt, poly(N-4,4'-diphenylamine-alt-N-(p-trifluoromethyl) phenyl-4,4'-diphenylamine) sodium salt, poly((9,9-bis(6'-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(2,5-bis(p-phenylene)-1,3,4-oxadiazole)), (sodium poly(9,9'-bis(4-sulfonatobutyl)fluorene-alt-co-1,4-phenylene)), (poly(3-hexylthiophene)), (poly-(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)), (poly(2-methoxy-5-3(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)), (poly((2,7-(9,9-dioctyl)-fluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole))), (poly(N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole))) and/or (poly(N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole))). The electron acceptor utilized in the organic solar cell is fullerene, polybenzimidazole, (3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic-bisbenzimidazole) and/or ((6,6)-phenyl-71C butyric acid methyl ester). The electron donor utilized in the organic solar cell is poly(N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic titanium salt in titanium (IV) sulfide, titanyl sulfate, titanium tetranitrate or titanium chloride. The conductive substrate contains tin oxide conductive glass doped with fluorine, or conductive glass comprising tin indium oxide. Preferred Process: The peptizing process is carried out by dispersing solid in nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide in ratio of 1 g:1-10 ml. The spin-coating process is carried out by dripping titania sol on conductive substrate fixed on a spin coater. Preferred Properties: The nanocrystalline anatase-phase titania compact layer has thickness of 0.1-5 microns. The porous titania film has thickness of 5-20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photoelectrode is made of a material selected from polymer, isoprene, butadiene group rubber, polyurethanes, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, chitosan, chitin, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, cellulose, ethylcellulose, polyhydroxylethyl methacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, polysaccharide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst metal precursor is chloride, nitride or oxide of platinum, preferably tetrachloroplatinic acid, hexachloro platinic acid, potassium tetrachloroplatinic acid, potassium hexachloro platinic acid, dinitrodiamino platinum or dichloro tetraamino platinum. The precursor solution further contains chloride, nitride and/or oxide of cerium, ruthenium, tin, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, iron, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, nickel, palladium, rhodium or iridium, preferably diammonium ruthenium hexachloride, diammonium pentachloro ruthenium hydrate, trichloro ruthenium trihydrate, cobalt diacetate tetrahydrate, dichloro cobalt hexahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, cobalt difluoride or cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The ionic liquid contains anion chosen from halide, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkyl sulfonyl, phosphoryl, imide or nitrate of elements of group VIII, IB, IIB, IIIA or VA, preferably hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoro sulfonyl)imide, trifluoromethane sulfonate, acetate or nitrate. A carbon support is further added to the precursor solution. The carbon support is activated charcoal, carbon black, ketchen black, acetylene black, active carbon powder, carbon molecular sieve, carbon nanotube, microporous and/or mesoporous carbon. The reducing agent is alcohol, hydrazine, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride or sodium thiosulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid contains cation chosen from 17 cationic groups e.g. (R)4N+, (R)4P+ and from formulae (a), (b) and (c).R,R',R"=1-12C optionally substituted alkyl.The cation is preferably chosen from 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-propyl-imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-pentyl-imidazolium and 1-heptyl-3-methyl-imidazolium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amorphous dielectric layer contains or consists of metal oxide, metal nitride or metal oxynitride, where the metal contained in the metal oxide, metal nitride or metal oxynitride consists of aluminum, gallium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, lanthanum and zinc. The amorphous dielectric layer consists of aluminum oxide. The anode comprises indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass film has thickness of 0.0001-0.2 mm, thermal expansion coefficient of 45x 10-7/ degrees C or less and spectral transmission factor of 75% or less. The spectral transmission factor of the glass film having thickness of 0.1 mm is 70% or more at 400-700 nm. Preferred Composition: The glass film contains (in %mass) silica (50-70), alumina (5-23), boron oxide (0-20), magnesium oxide (0-10), calcium oxide (0-20), strontium oxide (0-20), barium oxide (0-20), tin oxide (0.001-0.5), iron oxide (0.001-0.05), and 0.01 %mass of cerium oxide, vanadium trioxide, tungsten oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or titanium dioxide. The content of the sum of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide is 1-30 %mass. The content of the sum of cerium oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, lanthanum oxide and titanium dioxide is 0.01-15 %mass. The glass film does not contain alkali-metal oxide. Through-holes having diameter of 5-1000 mu m, preferably 5-90 mu m is formed on the glass film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The buffer solution contains titanium dioxide or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains (in mol%) calcium oxide (1-35) and copper oxide (0.1-20). The content of the sum of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide in the glass composition is 5-35 mol%. The content of the sum of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide in the glass composition is 1-30 mol%. The content of glass powder in electrode-forming material is 0.2-10 %mass. The metal powder comprises silver, aluminum, gold, copper, palladium, platinum and/or their alloy, preferably aluminum. Preferred Properties: The glass composition has thermal expansion coefficient of 100x 10-7/ degrees C or less. The glass powder has an average particle diameter (D50) of less than 5 mu m. The glass powder has softening point of 650 degrees C or less and crystallization temperature of 650 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanowire array includes zinc oxide. The sheath includes titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole conductor comprises conductive polymer comprising repeating unit of formula (A). The active region includes thin-film photovoltaic layer, photosensitive dye, quantum dot, polymer, and poly-3-hexylthiophene.R=absent or alkyl; andm=6-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline solution is potassium hydroxide. The space is partitioned by a film (5) formed by ion-exchange membrane or water-repellent carbon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The porphyrin is coproporphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst material (III) is of formula (PtzCo(z/2.2)Au(1-z-z/2.2)), (Pt(1-t-u)CotZru) or (PtpCo(p/3.9)Ir(1-p-p/3.9)). The catalyst material (IV) is of formula (Pt0.5(TirC(1-r))0.5), (Pts(TiC)((1-s)/2)) or (Pt0.4(TivB(1-v))0.6).z = 0.53-0.58;2u + t = greater than 0.35;4u + t = less than 1;t = less than 0.7;p = 0.63-0.76 (preferably 0.65-0.69);r = 0.3-0.82 (preferably 0.4-0.7);s = 0.4-0.7; andv = 0.1-0.88 (preferably 0.52-0.82). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flake-shaped metal particles are flake-shaped nickel particles. The surface electrode is formed using aluminum. Preferred Property: The aspect ratio of flake-shaped metal particles is 3-50, excluding 50, or 50-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic element is titanium, zinc, indium or tin. Preferred Composition: The number-of-moles of ammonia with respect to the number-of-moles of zinc is 7.34 or more. Preferred Process: The method further involves supplying ozone on main surface of the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound (I) is methylphosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, isopropylphosphonic acid, butylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, tolylphosphonic acid, xylylphosphonic acid or benzylphosphonic acid. The phosphorus compound (II) is methylphosphinic acid, ethylphosphinic acid, propylphosphinic acid, isopropylphosphinic acid, butylphosphinic acid, phenylphosphinic acid, tolylphosphinic acid, xylylphosphinic acid or benzylphosphinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Panel: The solar cell has a light-receiving surface at a second side. The solar cells are provided with electrical wire connections, the wire connections being embedded in the transparent material. A number of the solar ceils are positioned with their light-receiving surface parallel to one another. An intermediate distance between solar cells positioned next to one another is equal to or greater than two times a thickness (D) of the plate-shaped body (5). The solar panel further comprises a further optical element, and the further optical element is embedded in the transparent material. The further optical element is selected from a mirror or reflector, a grating, a light diffuser and a prism. The transparent material has the property that a liquid precursor is available that can change to a form which is solid and transparent to sunlight. The transparent material is selected from a group of materials comprising: polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyurethane, epoxy, or sol-gel material. Also, a fluorescent material and/or a diffusing material and/or a refractive index-increasing material is accommodated in the transparent material. Preferred Method: Manufacturing the solar panel further comprises attaching at least two electrical conductors to the solar cell, where electrical outputs extend outside the plate-shaped body. The placing of the solar cell comprises bringing the solar cell into a desired position with respect to the plate-shaped body (5) to be formed. The plate-shaped body is constructed in a set of steps by alternately in each case further filling the mold with the liquid precursor of the transparent material and having the viscosity of the precursor increase over a period of time in the in each case further filled mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber is 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-t-octylphenyl)benzotriazole or 2,2'-methylene bis(4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)phenol). The mold-release agent is glycerol monostearate or glycerol monolaurate. The hindered phenolic antioxidant is pentaerythrityl tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy element is aluminum. The silicon alloy molten metal has silicon concentration of 15-80 wt.%. The silicon raw material is silicon waste material generated during processing of silicon material. Preferred Condition: The drawing rate of ingot during coagulation is 0.2-6 mm/minute. Preferred Process: The silicon alloy molten metal is cooled and solidified from upper direction during coagulation process to obtain silicon ingot which is oriented upwards, and drawn out. The silicon alloy molten metal is processed to molten state in batch feeder, and is supplied to region (14B) of crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anti-reflection layer contains indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide (SnOx, where x is 0.1-2), titanium oxide (TiOx), silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx) or silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy, where y is 0.1-2). The cladding layer is formed using titanium, silver, gold, platinum, molybdenum, copper, palladium, iron, nickel, tin, tungsten, vanadium, indium-tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide or photoresist.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching buffer contains alkaline solution and water and alcohol. The alkaline solution contains sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, cerium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, ethylenediamine and hydrazine. The acidic solution is mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen fluoride, or amine compound containing ethanolamine, gallic acid, water, hydrogen peroxide and surfactant. The alcohol is ethanol or isopropanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nano-sized balls contain silicon oxides, ceramics, polymethylmethacrylate, titanium oxides or polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide of porous layer comprises alumina, silica, zirconia and titania. The metal alkoxide of porous layer comprises aluminum alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, titanium alkoxide and alkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal alkoxide of porous layer comprises C1-C4 alkoxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of hydrocarbon fuel composition is 0.001-10 mass ppm. The hydrocarbon fuel composition has density of 0.785-0.800 g/cm3 at 15 degrees C and 95 volume% distillation temperature at 240-265 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanic acid particles have Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 150 m2/g or more. Preferred Process: The titanic acid particles are obtained by adding surfactant to a plate-shaped titanic acid dispersion liquid obtained by hydrolyzing titanium alkoxide in presence of amine, to obtain a titanic acid complex containing surfactant, and removing surfactant from the obtained complex. Preferred Component: The titanium alkoxide is titanium tetraisopropoxide or titanium tetraethoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amine is quaternary ammonium hydroxide or primary amine, secondary amine or tertiary amine containing organic group chosen from 1-5C alkyl, alkenyl and hydroxyalkyl. The surfactant is quaternary ammonium-type surfactant of formula: (R2R3R4R5N)+X-.one or two of R2-R5=6-18C alkyl, 8-18C alkenyl, R6COO(CH2)n- or R7CONH(CH2)n-, and remainder being 1-4C alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or benzyl;R6,R7=6-18C alkyl or 6-18C alkenyl;n=2-4;andX=monovalent anion.Two or more of R2-R5 are not benzyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Component (B) contains an elastomer and a flame retardant. Component (A) is 50-99.5 mass% and component (B) is 0.5-50 mass%. Component (A) is poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). Elastomer is hydrogenated polymer of the block copolymer of aromatic vinyl compound and conjugated diene compound. Flame retardant is phosphate ester. Gas barrier layer and light resistant layer are laminated on the film for solar cell back sheets. Preferred Parameters: Electrical breakdown strength based on JIS-C2151 is greater than or equal to 100 kV/mm. Heat shrinkage rate of the extrusion direction (MD) and width direction (TD) after a 10 minute process at 150 degrees C based on JIS-C2318 are both less than or equal to 0.5 %. Partial discharge voltage based on IEC 60664-1 is greater than or equal to 1000 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The flow ratio of fluorine-type reactive gas and inert gas is 2:5-2:8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The white pigment (B) is at least one of titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide and alumina with an average particle diameter of 0.05-10 mu m and is contained in a content of 1-50% by mass, and the total % by mass of white pigment (B) and inorganic filler (C) is 70-93% by mass. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by mass): organopolysiloxane (70); titanium dioxide as white pigment (160); spherical fused silica as inorganic filler (540); zinc benzoate as condensation catalyst (1); triglycidyl isocyanurate (5); organopolysiloxane (15); linear diorganopolysiloxane (15); KBM 803 (RTM: Mercaptosilane (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane)) as silane coupling agent (0.5); and calcium stearate (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon component in soft-magnetic powder is 1-6.8 wt.% or 0-1 wt.%. The content of inorganic insulation powder is 0.05-0.5 wt.% or 0.25-1 wt.%. The inorganic insulation powder is alumina or magnesium oxide powder. Preferred Properties: The inorganic insulation powder has average particle diameter of 7-640 nm, preferably 7-400 nm, and specific surface area of 34-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The water vapor barrier layer consists of a vapor deposition film in which film containing metal and/or metal oxide is formed on the surface. The thickness of laminated sheet is 30-600 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: At least one of resin layers (11,12) is white-colored resin layer. The dimensional change rate of laminated sheet when maintained at 135 degrees C for 30 minutes is plus minus 1% or less. The aromatic vinyl-type resin is rubber-reinforced aromatic vinyl-type resin obtained by polymerizing monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in the presence of a rubbery polymer, and/or (co)polymer of vinylic monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound. The amount of structural unit derived from maleimide-type compound in thermoplastic resin (A) with respect to total amount of structural unit derived from maleimide-type compound and structural unit derived from aromatic vinyl compound is 10-50 %mass. The thermoplastic resin (C) is saturated polyester resin. Preferred Sheet: The laminated sheet has a water vapor barrier layer between resin layers (11,l2) and/or resin layers (12,13).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains iodine salts, which is 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gelator further comprises a compound including itaconic acid, sodium allyl sulfonate, sodium methallyl sulfonate, sodium 4-(2-methylprop-2-enoylamino) benzene sulfonate or 2-isopropenylpyridine. The liquid electrolytic solvent: lithium iodide, iodine, an ionic liquid, 4-tert-butylpyridine and/or 3-methoxypropionitrile; and contains cations, where the cation is lithium ion. The reactive compound has strong reactivity with polar or non-polar solvents, which includes ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, hexafluoropropylene, trichloroethylene, methyl methacrylate, vinylpyrrolidone, ethylene, ethylene oxide, propylene, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose or carboxymethyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The combination of at least one type monomeric unit is vinyl acetate (VA), allyl acetate, styrene, acrylamide or at least one reactive compound. EXAMPLE - Gelator containing poly-(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer with molecular weight 250 KDa, comprised acrylonitrile (92 wt.%) and vinyl acetate (8 wt.%). Gelator was adjusted to 7 wt.% with a liquid-electrolytic solvent 3-methoxypropionitrile that contained iodide ions as redox couples at 25 degrees C to form a mixture. The mixture was stirred and heated at 130-140 degrees C for 5-10 minutes as required to dissolve its components into each other and cooled to form a gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: 1,3-Dichloro-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene is obtained by reacting 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane and base. EXAMPLE - 1,3-Dichloro-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (in g) (5), trioctyl methylammonium chloride (0.2) and sodium oxychloride aqueous solution (40.7) were mixed, stirred, reacted at 60 degrees C for 6 hours, maintained the solution undisturbed for 1 hour and separated, to obtain 1,3-dichloro-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains compound having two or more alkenyl groups reactive with respect to silane group, in a molecule. The basic compound is quaternary amine. The photoacid generator is aromatic iodonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The modified polyorganosiloxane compound has structure of formula: -(-RHSiO-)n-, R2HSiO-, group containing heterocyclic ring structure chosen from formulae (a)-(d), phenolic hydroxyl group and carboxyl group in a molecule.R=1-50C monovalent organic group;andn=1-10.The modified polyorganosiloxane compound is obtained by hydrosilylating the compound having alkenyl group(s) reactive with respect to silane group. EXAMPLE - (In g) toluene (602) and 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (626) were stirred at 105 degrees C. Mixture of xylene solution (0.0570) of platinum vinyl siloxane complex, triaryl isocyanurate (90) and toluene (90) was added, and reacted to obtain transparent liquid reaction material. Methyl isobutyl ketone (50 parts weight), toluene solution of bicyclodiaza undecene (50 parts weight), reaction material (100 parts weight) and RHODORSIL PI2074 (RTM: photoacid generator) (8 parts weight) were mixed to obtain a curable resin composition. The cured film of resin composition had excellent heat resistance and transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy Material: A part of the sulfur and the titanium forms a compound or an aggregate of TiO, TiO2, TiS or Ti-O-S, and another part of the sulfur and the titanium forms a solid solution. The TiO, TiO2, TiS, and Ti-O-S distributed in a crystal grain of the dilute copper alloy material are not more than 200 nm, not more than 1000 nm, not more than 200 nm, and not more than 300 nm, respectively, in particle size, and not less than 90% of particles distributed in a crystal grain of the dilute copper alloy material are not more than 500 nm or less in particle size. Preferred Alloy Wire: The dilute copper alloy wire further comprises a plating layer formed on a surface of the dilute copper alloy wire. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the dilute copper alloy wire, hot-rolling is conducted so that temperature is not more than 880 degrees C at an initial roll and not less than 550 degrees C at a final roll. Copper as a base of the dilute copper alloy material is molten in a shaft furnace, and is subsequently cast and rolled under a reducing system comprising a reductive gas atmosphere shield while controlling concentrations of sulfur, titanium and oxygen in the dilute copper alloy material. In manufacturing the dilute copper alloy member, the copper as a base of the dilute copper alloy member is molten in a shaft furnace, and is subsequently cast and rolled under a reducing system comprising a gutter in a reduced-state and a reductive gas atmosphere shield while controlling concentrations of sulfur, titanium and oxygen in the dilute copper alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coupling step comprises dispersing carbon nanotubes in a solvent and depositing the carbon nanotubes on a substrate by using the dispersion solution. The depositing method comprises one of spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical deposition, electrophoretic deposition, spray coating, dip-coating, vacuum filtration, airbrushing, stamping and doctor blade. The method further comprises preprocessing the carbon nanotubes by at least one of a cutting step and a chemical reaction step with an acid. The method comprises step (a), forming net-shaped conductive frames on a substrate by electro-spinning the mixed solution and coupling carbon nanotubes to the conductive frames such that the carbon nanotubes fill gaps between strips of the conductive frames. Preferred Components: The metallic precursor is formed of at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, iron, cadmium, rubidium, tin and indium. The carbon nanotubes are formed of at least one of single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The substrate is formed of at least one of glass, quartz and synthetic resin. The conductive frames comprise at least one of conductive polymers and metal wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises at least one of dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl alcohol, water and chlorobenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is formed of at least one of polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dry binder is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, and non-fibrillizable fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass material contains (in mol%) silicon oxide (20-80), sodium oxide or magnesium oxide (0-50), and boric acid or boron oxide (10-50). The reducing agent is substance (S1) which is structural component of glass which vaporizes by oxidization.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tin dioxide in the raw material is 1-20 mol%. The substance (S1) is silicon, aluminum and/or zinc. The reducing agent comprises carbon or carbohydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water soluble conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(styrenesulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hardening agent is acid anhydride or amine. The polymerization initiator is cationic polymerization initiator or radical polymerization initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - preferred Polymer: The silsesquioxane polymer has weight average molecular weight of 3000-4000000. The refractive index of glass fiber is 1.45-1.6. Preferred Method: The molded product is obtained by mixing epoxy resin or oxetane resin to composition containing hardening agent, hydrosilylation catalyst, polymerization initiator and silsesquioxane compound (I)-(III), or composition containing silsesquioxane polymer and solvent, impregnating glass fiber with obtained mixture, and carrying out hard reaction. The molded product is obtained by impregnating glass fiber with composition containing silsesquioxane compound (I)-(III) and polymerization initiator, or composition containing silsesquioxane polymer and solvent, and carrying out photocuring reaction. Preferred Definitions:    X=oxiranyl, oxiranylene, 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl, oxetanyl, oxetanylene, acryl or (meth)acryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode catalyst is platinum carbon catalyst or platinum-ruthenium-carbon catalyst. The oxidant is selected from oxygen, air or potassium permanganate. The fuel is hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode catalyst is platinum carbon catalyst, glucose oxidase enzyme or bilirubin enzyme. The fuel is selected from methanol or glucose solution. The cathode catalyst is laccase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton exchanging film is made of Nafion (RTM: A sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) or dow solution. The high molecular polyethylene solution is selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar cell further comprises: a reflective metal layer to maximize reflections in the photovoltaic material structure; and a dielectric back coating positioned between the photovoltaic material structure and reflective metal layer. The dielectric front coatings comprise two dielectric layers. The dielectric back coating comprises a low-loss planar layer. The photovoltaic material structure comprises: crystalline silicon (c-Si), where the first dielectric front coating comprises thickness of 40-84 nm and indices of 1.74-2.42 and the second dielectric front coating comprises thickness of 17-51 nm and indices of 2.83-3.92; cadmium telluride (CdTe), where the first dielectric front coating comprises thickness of 51-80 nm and indices of 1.9-2.32 and the second dielectric front coating comprises thickness of 79-137 nm and indices of 2.58-3.41; copper gallium indium diselenide (CIGS), where the first dielectric front coating comprises thickness of not greater than 397 nm and indices of 1.6-2.21 and the second dielectric front coating comprises thickness of not greater than 400 nm and indices of 2.15-2.99; and amorphous silicon (a-Si), where the first dielectric front coating comprises thickness of 51-80 nm and indices of 1.81-2.26 and the second dielectric front coating comprises thickness of 23-37 nm and indices of 3.18-3.85. Preferred Method: The method further comprises positioning: the reflective metal layer; and dielectric back coating between the photovoltaic material structure and reflective metal layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises subjecting oligocondensed perylene bisimides, comprising two outer moieties of formula (IVa), or one outer moiety (IVa) and one outer moiety (Ib) to a reaction with an amine compound of formula (R1-NH2) or (H2N-X-NH2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst comprising at least one phosphorus-containing ligand. Preferred Definitions:    R1a, R1b = phenyl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl or (1,3,5)triazin-2-yl (all optionally substituted); either    R1 = phenyl (optionally substituted), porphyrin group of formula (a) or amino substituted phenyl; or    R1R1 = 9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl;    M = divalent metal, divalent metal atom containing group or divalent metalloid group; and    R2, R3 = H or Cl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 196 Compounds (A) are disclosed e.g. perylene bisimide compounds of formulae (Aa)-(Ae).    EXAMPLE - Aniline (372 mg) was added to a mixture of a N,N',N",N'"-tetra(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-tetrachloro-diperylene bisimide (1553 mg), palladium(II) acetate (88.9 mg), tricyclohexyl phosphine (224 mg), and potassium tert-butoxide (894 mg) in toluene (2 ml) under argon. The mixture was refluxed for 4 hours, and then cooled. After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude product was washed with hydrochloric acid and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layers were separated, washed with brine, dried and purified to give perylene bisimide compound (Aa) (61%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer is formed by solution process. The organic electronic device consists of electrode (102), the organic layer, and electrode (108). The organic layer consists of hole-transport layer (104) or hole-injection layer (103) containing compound (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: Compound (I) is preferably of formula (II, III or IV).R=R1;andX,Y"=carbon or nitrogen. EXAMPLE - (In g) N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-3-yl)-N-phenylamine (0.48), 4-bromobiphenyl (0.4), palladium catalyst (0.078), t-butyl phosphine (0.34), and sodium t-butoxide (0.36), and toluene were reacted, and the obtained intermediate was reacted with biphenyl-4-yl boronic acid, to obtain 2,6,9-tris-biphenyl-4-yl-12,12-dimethyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene of formula (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent mixture comprises isopropanol, cyclohexane and Triton X-100 (RTM: A nonionic surfactant) in volume ratio of 6:5:2, n-heptane and Triton X-100 volume ratio of 4:1 or cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and n-heptane in weight ratio of 1:114.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mask is made of magnesium fluoride film, titanium oxide film, aluminum oxide film, tantalum pentoxide film, fluoride film, zinc sulfide film, aluminum fluoride film, halfnium oxide film and zirconium oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the solution system of electro-deposited metal Ga and Ga alloy, the metal salt is Ga metal salt or metal salt of Ga and In or Cu, where the metal salt is chloride, sulfate or nitrate; the conductive salt is mixture of at least two selected from sodium salt and potassium salt with optional ratio; the complexing agent is citric acid, citrate, tartaric acid, tartrate, glucose, gluconate, thiourea, thiosemicarbazides, triethanolamine, sulfosalicylic acid, glycin, sulfamic acid, or amido propanesulfonic acid; the organic acid is methylsulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, propanesulfonic acid, 2-butyl-sulfonic acid, amyl-sulfuric acid, hexyl sulfuric acid, capric sulfuric acid, amido propanesulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, glycin, oxalic acid, or lactic acid; the organic additive is glucose, sodium gluconate, triethanolamine, glycinate, cysteamine, cysteine, malonic acid, propylene glycol, sulfanilic acid, polyalcohol, thioglycollicacid, thiourea, mercapto heterogeneous ring compound, dithiocar-bamate, thiocyanate, pyridine carboxylic acid, or ethyleneamine, where the organic additive is applied to improve brightness of plate layer and improve wetting property and dispersing property of solution system; and the saturated alkaline solution is saturated solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or lithium hydroxide (LiOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The transition metal group catalyst contains palladium, lead, copper, nickel, titanium, strontium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor is titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - A titanium oxide paste (anatase type dispersed in polyethylene glycol) was coated onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive glass substrate (FTO) by a screen printing method. The coating and drying (at 120 degrees C for 3 minutes) each were made three times. Then, the paste was heated at 200 degrees C for 10 minutes and subsequently at 500 degrees C for 15 minutes to obtain a titanium oxide thin film having a thickness of 15 mu m. Further, on this thin film was coated another titanium oxide paste (anatase type dispersed in polyethylene glycol) in the same manner as described above to obtain a titanium oxide thin film having a thickness of 5 mu m. Dye 1 was dissolved in a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and t-butyl alcohol (1:1) to prepare 5x 10-4 mol/L of dye solution. The FTO glass substrate on which titanium oxide paste was coated and heated was immersed in this solution at room temperature for 3 hours to conduct an adsorption treatment of the dye to prepare an oxide semiconductor electrode. As a charge transfer layer (an electrolytic solution), an acetonitrile solution containing 0.6 mol/L of 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium iodide, 0.1 mol/L of guanidine thiocyanate, 0.05 mol/L of iodine and 0.5 mol/L of 4-(t-butyl)pyridine was used. By using the glass on which were provided with the previously prepared oxide semiconductor electrode, and vapor deposited platinum and chrome as an opposite electrode, Photoelectric conversion element 1 was prepared as a clamp cell (a cell using a clamp as a fixing mechanism) so that the thickness of the charge transfer layer became 20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The material comprises a transparent insulating binary ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material comprises a metal-nitride or metal-carbide composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition comprises (mol.%) SrO (28-30, preferably 30 or 28), La2O3 (5), Al2O3 (5), SiO2 (50-60, preferably 50, 55, 60, 53, or 58), B2O3 (0-10, preferably 10, 5, or 3), and nickel (0-2, preferably 2). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (I), at least one glass frit comprises 21 wt.% of silicon dioxide, 5.2 wt.% of zirconium oxide, 3.7 wt.% of boron oxide, 2.3 wt.% of lithium oxide, and 2.3 wt.% of sodium oxide, where the bismuth is bismuth oxide (65.5 wt.%). Preferred Components: The bismuth is bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) (64-67 wt.% of (I)). The conductive material comprises silver. The silver is 90-99 wt.% of the solids in (I). EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): silicon dioxide (8.56); zirconium oxide (5.23); boron oxide (3.7); bismuth oxide (65.43); lithium oxide (2.31); sodium oxide (2.32); and elemental bismuth (58.69).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), at least one of the external shapes are perforated or at least one of the internal shapes are perforated; at least two internal shapes are separated from each other by inserting a thermal resistant deformable material (preferably graphite felt, graphite wool or graphite bar). In the method (M1), the cavity is coated with a slurry prior to providing the cavity; a foil is applied between at least one external shape and the slurry prior to coating with the slurry or a foil is applied between at least one internal shape and the slurry prior to coating with the slurry; a temperature resistant perforated foil is applied prior to coating with the slurry, where the slurry comprises a powder containing silicon nitride of particle size greater than or equal to 100 mu . At least one external and at least one internal shape comprise a graphite containing material. Preferred Apparatus: In the apparatus, at least the internal shape possess a thermal expansion coefficient which is higher than the thermal expansion coefficient of a reaction bounded ceramic shaped part, and at least the external shape possess a thermal expansion coefficient lower than of the reaction bounded ceramic shaped part. At least a thermal resistant deformable material separate at least two internal shapes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Si-containing powder composition is selected from: silicon, silicon carbide and silicon nitride. The reactive gas atmosphere contains at least nitrogen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanometer porous semiconductor film of the dye sensitization nanometer porous semiconductor film is made of titanium dioxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide or tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polythiophene or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A cyclohexene carboxylic acid derivative of formula (1) is reacted with norbornane diol to obtain the diolefin compound.X=OH, 1-10C alkoxy or halo.Preferred Process: The oxidation is performed using hydrogen peroxide or peroxy acid. EXAMPLE - (In parts weight) toluene (150), norbornane diol (73), 3-cyclohexene carboxylic acid (126) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (2) were reacted. The reaction mixture was washed with water and liquid separated after adding 10 wt.% sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution. The organic layer was separated to obtain diolefin compound (180) with purity of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the peak height corresponding to 2240 cm-1 vicinity derived from nitrile group with respect to peak height corresponding to 1730 cm-1 vicinity derived from carboxyl group of the high-molecular component is 0.006 or less, which is measured by infrared spectrum. The phenol resin has softening point of 60-150 degrees C and hydroxyl value of 220 g/equivalent or less. 20 %mass of cyclohexanone solution of high-molecular component and 20 %mass of cyclohexanone solution of epoxy resin have Hasen unit color number of 200 or less, respectively. The phenol resin maintains compatibility and phase-separated, or optionally forms sea-island structure and remains in co-continuous structure even when phase-separated. The size of island phase is 200 nm or less. Preferred Composition: The phenol resin is phenol aralkyl resin. The transparent adhesive composition further contains 0.5 %mass or less of imidazole compound. The high-molecular component further contains 0.5-10 %mass of glycidyl acrylate or glycidylmethacrylate as copolymerizable component. The epoxy resin is bisphenol-A epoxy resin, bisphenol-F epoxy resin and/or epoxy resin having cyclohexyl group and/or 2 or more hydroxycyclohexyl group in a molecule. Preferred Process: The transparent adhesive composition is obtained by dissolving epoxy resin, phenol resin and high-molecular component in an organic solvent, mixing uniformly, heating at 5-40 degrees C and hardening.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The granular material is chosen from mica, silica, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, red ocher, yellow iron oxide, black iron oxide, carmine, carthamin, Gardenia jasminoides, titanium oxide-coated synthetic mica, titanium oxide-coated silica, potato starch, wheat flour, saffron, powdered green tea and tea leaf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive fibers are metal nanowires or carbon nanotubes, preferably silver nanowires. The metal oxide is nickel oxide and/or copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw fuel comprises sulfur containing molecules. The fuel filter unit removes hydrogen sulfide molecule, mercaptans and/or thiophenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The catalyst optionally comprises at least one metal ion M. The platinum(II) precursor is bipyridinoplatinum chloride ((Bipy)PtCl2) or tetraaminoplatinum chloride (Pt(NH3)4Cl2) (both preferred) or platinum chloride (PtCl2). The metal ion precursor is a precursor of silver ion. The electronically conductive material is a carbon felt, carbon tissue or titanium metal sponge (all preferred), solid glassy carbon, tissue of glassy carbon or glassy carbon felt. The heteropolyanion HPA is phospho-potassium tungstic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used in step (a) and (c) is isopropanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersing agent is contained in an amount of 10-35 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the titanium dioxide. The dispersing agent has molecular weight of 1000-2000, acid value of 80-90 and degree of unsaturation of 24-27, measured according to JIS K0070. An adhesive layer containing heat bondable resin is further laminated on the other surface of the base material sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The solar cell module protection sheet further has a fluorine resin layer. Preferred Compound: The polyorganosiloxane-type compound is polydimethylsiloxane.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=halo;and    R2=optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate and their copolymer. The polyimide is polyether imide. The amount of polyether imide with respect to total amount of base layer is 1-50 wt.%. The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. The surface layer contains polyether imide (1-30 wt.%) with respect to total amount of surface layer. The thickness of surface layer with respect to total thickness of multilayer film is 10-60%. The breaking elongation of multilayer film in longitudinal direction and width direction is 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred layer: An adhesive layer is laminated on other surface of base material sheet using heat bondable resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Structure: A hole extraction layer (14) is further provided between the electrode (12) and the layer (16). The electrode (20) is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas containing oxygen is dry air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron donating material is polythiophene which has non-modified terminal, and the electron accepting material is fullerene derivative which has non-modified terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of oxyalkylene polymer and silane coupling agent is 100:3-10, preferably 100:4-8. The amino group-containing silane coupling agent is N,N-bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-amine or bis-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compatibilizing agent has functional group chosen from glycidyl group, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group. The acid component of polybutylene naphthalate-type resin comprises 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component (80-100 mol%) and terephthalic acid component and/or isophthalic acid component (0-20 mol%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polybutylene naphthalate-type resin comprises tetramethylene-glycol component as main glycol component and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component as main acid component. The polybutylene naphthalate-type resin has terminal carboxyl group concentration of 12-30 equivalent/ton. The polyamide-type resin is soft-type polyamide-type resin containing polyamide formed by ring-opening polycondensation of undecane lactam, or polyamide formed by ring-opening polycondensation of lauryl lactam, or hard-type polyamide-type resin comprising polyamide formed by ring-opening polycondensation of caprolactam or polyamide having hexamethylenediamine as structural component. Preferred Properties: The polybutylene naphthalate-type resin has viscosity of 0.6-1.5 dl/g. The thermoplastic resin material has bending elastic modulus of 1500 MPa or less, when the polyamide-type resin is soft-type polyamide-type resin. The thermoplastic resin material has bending elastic modulus of 2000 MPa or more, when the polyamide-type resin is hard-type polyamide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented polyester film has breaking elongation retention of 10-100% in at least one direction, measured at 125 degrees C for 72 hours in relative humidity of 100%. The biaxially-oriented polyester film has thermal decomposition weight reduction amount of 0-0.2 weight% and isocyanate-type group generation amount of 0-0.05 weight%, both measured at 300 degrees C for 30 minutes, and plane-orientation coefficient of 0.155-0.3. Preferred Composition: The biaxially-oriented polyester film comprises 0.1-5 weight% of terminal blocker. The terminal blocker is carbodiimide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anion is chloride ion, bromide ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, nitrate ion, acetate ion, dicyanamide ion, alkyl sulfate ion, thiocyanate ion, or trifluoromethylsulfonyl ion. The cation in the imidazolium ionic liquid is imidazolinium cation. The rust-preventive agent is borate, silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, molybdate, aliphatic monobasic acid, aliphatic dibasic acid, aromatic monobasic acid, aromatic dibasic acid, triazole, and/or thiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylic-type resin composition contains (meth)acrylic-type resin (C) and thermoplastic resin (D), or (meth)acrylic-type resin (F) and thermoplastic resin (G). The (meth)acrylic-type resin (C) is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture (A) containing (in weight%) linear alkyl (meth)acrylate (80-99) and tert-butyl methacrylate (1-20) in presence of alkyl acrylate-type crosslinked elastic particles (B) which are obtained by mixing polyfunctional monomers (0.5-5 parts weight) having 2 or more non-conjugated double bond per molecule with respect to monomer mixtures (100 parts weight) containing alkyl acrylate monomer (50-100) and alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer (50-0) and polymerizing. The (meth)acrylic-type resin (F) is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture (E) containing unsaturated carboxylic acid or its derivative(s) (10-35), alkyl methacrylate (50-90) and alkyl acrylate (0-40) in presence of alkyl acrylate-type crosslinked elastic particles (B). The content of elastic particles (B) in (meth)acrylic-type resin (F) is 30-60 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The electroconductive powder contains metal powder chosen from silver powder, copper powder, aluminum powder, platinum powder, palladium powder and nickel powder. The paste composition further contains low-melting glass powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paste composition has viscosity of 10-1000 Pa.second at 20-80 degrees C and shear rate of 0.1/second. The paste composition contains polyurethane resin (0.5-20 wt.%), solvent (4.5-69.5 wt.%) and electroconductive powder (30-95 wt.%). The number average molecular weight of polyoxyalkylene glycol is 2000 or more. Preferred Compound: The polyoxyalkylene glycol is obtained by reacting comb-shaped diol of formula (I) and/or (II), and diisocyanate.R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted with halo, or nitrogen-containing hydrocarbyl;R2,R3,R5,R6=4-21C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted with halo;Y1-Y5=H, methyl or CH2Cl;Z1-Z4=oxygen atom, sulfur atom or CH2;n1-n4,k=0-15;R4=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by halo;andR7=2-4C alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles in the outermost layer are inorganic particles containing calcium phosphate, titanium oxide, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate and/or barium sulfate, preferably porous silica. The content of particles in the outermost layer is 0.01-0.2 %mass. Preferred Property: The particles in the outermost layer have average particle diameter of 0.1-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The laminated polyester film further has coating layer containing polyester-type resin, acrylic resin and/or polyurethane-type resin on at least one surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The organic thin-film solar cell has p-layer containing material comprising benzofluoranthene compound between a pair of electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The ring closure of phenanthrene derivative of formula (IV) is carried out to obtain benzofluoranthene compound (I).X=iodo, bromo, chloro, or trifluoromethane sulfonyloxy. Preferred Definitions:    R2 or R3,R13=optionally substituted 6-40C diarylamino.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 19 Benzofluoranthene compounds are disclosed e.g. benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-diphenylamine of formula (Ia), benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-5-yl-diphenylamine, benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-phenanthren-9-yl-phenylamine, benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-phenyl-pyren-1-yl-amine and N,N,21-triphenylhexacyclo(14.7.1.02,7.08,24.09,14.017,22)tetracosa-1(23),2(7),3,5,8(24),10,12,15,17(22),18,20-undecaen-4-amine.    EXAMPLE - Diphenylamine (in g) (4.1), 9-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)phenanthrene (7.2), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.2), sodium t-butoxide (3) and tri-t-butylphosphine/toluene solution (66 wt.%) were mixed, filtered, concentrated and purified to obtain (4-chloro-3-phenanthren-9-yl-phenyl)-diphenylamine (6.4). (4-Chloro-3-phenanthren-9-yl-phenyl)-diphenylamine (6.4), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.32), 8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-7-undecene (3), anhydrous dimethylformamide (35 ml) and tri-t-butylphosphine/toluene solution (66 wt.%) were mixed at 140 degrees C for 10 hours, washed, dried, distilled and purified to obtain benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-diphenylamine (4.7) having melting point of 157 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate comprises polyimide (P1), polycarbonate (PC), polyethersulfone (PES), polynorbornene (PNB), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The selected ions are hydrogen ions or helium ions. In (I): the mass analyzer has a maximum magnetic rigidity corresponding to selecting a singly-charged ion of mass less than 5 (preferably less than 2) Daltons and energy not greater than 100 keV; the voltage drop is at least 300 (preferably at least 400) kV; and the current is at least 40 mA. In (II): the voltage drop is at least 250 (preferably at least 400) kV; the maximum extraction value is )\150 kV; the current is greater than 20 (preferably greater than 40) mA; and the mass analyzer has a resolving power less than 10 and is the only mass analyzer in the ion implanter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: When light with a wavelength of 400-700 nm is radiated to the surface of 1st resin layer, the absorption factor with respect to the light is greater than or equal to 60%, and if the light has a wavelength of 800-1400 nm, the reflectance with respect to light is greater than or equal to 50%. Dimensional change rate after letting stand for 30 minutes at 135 degrees C is below plus minus 1%. Thickness of laminated sheet is 30-600 mu m. Preferred Components: Aromatic vinyl resin is a (co)polymer of vinylic monomer with rubber reinforced aromatic vinyl resin obtained by polymerizing a monomer which contains an aromatic vinyl compound in the presence of a rubbery polymer, and/or an aromatic vinyl compound. The 2nd thermoplastic resin and 3rd thermoplastic resin are saturated polyester resins. Laminated sheet has water vapor barrier layer between the 1st resin layer and 2nd resin layer and/or between the 2nd resin layer and 3rd resin layer. Water vapor barrier layer has a vapor deposition film in which a film with metal and/or metal oxide is formed on the surface. The (co)polymer has a structural unit derived from aromatic vinyl compound (s1) and structural units derived from maleimide compound (s2) which is contained at a total of 10-50 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of total1st thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The sheet further has fluorine resin layer (C) obtained by coating the composition for fluorine resin layer formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of acyl compound and imino forming compound is 1:0.96-1:0.995. The imino forming compound (I) is chosen from benzidine, 2,2'-dimethyl benzidine, 3,3'-dimethyl benzidine, 2,2'-dimethoxy benzidine, 2,2'-dichlorobenzidine, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxy benzidine, 3,3'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, ( alpha ),( alpha )'-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-diisopropyl benzene, ( alpha ),( alpha )'-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-diisopropyl benzene, and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene-bis(p-phenylene))bis-aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyurethane-foam sealing material is attached to surface(s) of electronic device through adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ion implantation is plasma ion implantation method. Preferred Composition: Helium, argon, nitrogen, krypton, neon and/or oxygen are ion implanted. An inorganic thin film layer (26) is further laminated on the ion implanted surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor forms the semiconductor layer comprises titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is selected from 5 compounds e.g. compound of formula (II).R6 and R7=H, halo, hydroxyl, thiol, cyano, or optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl or heterocyclic group;orR6+R7=cyclic structure;andn= greater than or equal to 0 (preferably greater than or equal to 2). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is platinum. The metal precursor is platinic compound. The paste composition further contains binder (0.1-100 parts weight) with respect to solvent (100 parts weight). Preferred Method: The dispersing agent and paste composition are mixed and sonication is carried out to obtain counter electrode. The paste composition is obtained by ball milling method, grinding method or roll milling method. The paste composition is coated on substrate by screen printing, spraying, spin coating, painting and dipping method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paste composition contains dispersing agent containing copolymer of formula (I). The amount of dispersing agent with respect to 100 parts weight of carbon nanotube is 0-100 parts weight. The copolymer has average molecular weight of 1000-150000 g/mol and polydispersion index of 1 or more.R1=polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbyl or substituted alkyl, preferably pyrene;R2,R3=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl, preferably optionally substituted phenylene;m=1-50, preferably 1-30;n=0-50, preferably 1-20;p=1-500, preferably 5-100;andq=10-750, preferably 20-400.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The SCF have a diameter of approximately 1 (preferably approximately 10) mu m, and a length of approximately 400 to approximately 500 (preferably approximately 200) mu m. Each of the TCF has a predominantly curly configuration with a diameter of approximately 0.2 to approximately 1 mu m, and a length of approximately 10 to approximately 20 mu m. Each of the SCF has pores along the surface which provides increased surface areas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises reaction of (II) with iridium trichloride and silver trifluoroacetate. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises at least one of solvent, processing aid, charge transporting material, and charge blocking material. EXAMPLE - 2-(2,4-Difluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyridine (0.52 g) was mixed with iridium chloride (0.38 g) in 2-ethoxyethanol (10 ml) and water (1 ml). This mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 30 minutes. The mixture was cooled, and to the cooled mixture, di-tert-butylacetylacetone (2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptanedione) (0.2 g) and sodium carbonate (300 mg) were added. Refluxing was continued for at least 30 minutes. This was then cooled, evaporated to dryness in a nitrogen stream, extracted into methylene chloride, and filtered. The methylene chloride solution was then evaporated to dryness and chromatographed on silica to isolate the blue luminescent fraction. This fraction was then recrystallized from methylene chloride/methanol to give iridium complex (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of metallic material such as aluminum, stainless steel or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protection sheet further has a fluorine resin layer (23) containing titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of binder with respect to 100 parts weight of total amount of binder and electroconductive oxide fine particles is 2-10 parts weight. The fine particles contain indium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide, preferably indium-tin oxide microparticles. The inorganic binder contains silica sol as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The rough surface of sealing sheet has surface roughness of 1-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Arrangement: The one side of the surface of syndiotactic polystyrene-type resin sheet is laminated with fluororesin layer (21) and the other side of the syndiotactic polystyrene-type resin sheet surface is laminated with support sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment is inorganic pigment or carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The protective sheet further has gas barrier layer. Preferred Process: The gas barrier layer is obtained by ion-implanting on polyorganosiloxane layer using gas chosen from hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, argon, krypton and xenon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material sheet contains pigment, and does not contain halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silane compound layer consists of silane compound chosen from organic polysilazane, inorganic polysilazane, polycarbosilane, polysilane and polyorganosiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of titanium dioxide and cerium dioxide is 90:10-50:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface of resin sheet is implanted with ions selected from the group comprising helium (He) ions, argon (Ar) ions, and krypton (Kr) ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating film further contains inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of vinyl acetate unit in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 50 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl compound is vinyl cyclohexane. The crystalline polymer (b) is chosen from ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, propylene-ethylene copolymer and propylene-1-butene copolymer. The sealing material further contains silane coupling agent (0.1-10 parts weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary and secondary elements are selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum, gallium, mixtures of boron, aluminum and gallium, other Group III elements, phosphorus, or other Group V elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic photovoltaic device consists of a substrate (110), electrode (120), a buffer layer (130), a photoelectric conversion layer (140), and electrode (150). The photoelectric conversion material further contains 60C fullerene derivative or 70C fullerene derivative as electron receptor in a weight ratio of 1:0.5-1:4 with respect to electron donor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomers: The donor monomers are chosen from 9 compounds e.g. thiophene compound of formula (II), thieno-cyclopenta-thiophene compound of formula (III), bisthieno-pyrrole compound of formula (IV), and dibenzosilole compound of formula (V). The acceptor monomer is benzothiadiazole compound of formula (VI), dithienyl-benzothiadiazole compound of formula (VII), naphtho-thiadiazole compound of formula (VIII), thieno-pyrazine compound of formula (IX), thiazolo-thiazole of formula (X), and/or bithiazole compound of formula (XI). The photoelectric conversion material further contains solvent (1-3 wt.%) chosen from chlorobenzene, 1,2-o-dichlorobenzene, and chloroform.R2-R5=1-20C alkyl, 1-20C heterocycloalkyl, or (hetero)aryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    n/(l+m+n)=0.05 or less.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 2,7-bis(4',4',5',5'-tetramethyl-1',3',2'-dioxaborolan-2'-yl)-9,9-didecylfluorene (0.3), 4,7-di-2'-(5'-bromo)-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (0.177), and N-dodecyl-2,7-dibromo carbazole (0.0212) were polymerized for 1 hour, to obtain a conductive polymer (200 mg) having a weight average molecular weight of 6796 g/mol and a polydispersity index of 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The inorganic particles have an average particle diameter of 0.001-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonwoven fabric base comprises polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, and/or polyethylene naphthalate. The average particle diameter of thermoplastic fine powders is 0.1-10 mu m, and the melting point is 80-150 degrees C, preferably 100-150 degrees C. The thickness of nonwoven fabric base is 9-30 mu m. The thermoplastic fine powders contain polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, and/or polystyrene. The melting point of binder polymer is 200 degrees C or more. The binder polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, and/or carboxymethyl cellulose. The porous coating layer contains binder polymer and inorganic particles in a weight ratio of 50:50-99:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass frit comprises one or more materials among lead oxide-silicon dioxide, lead oxide-silicon dioxide-boron oxide, zinc oxide-silicon dioxide-boron oxide, zinc oxide-boron oxide-silicon dioxide, bismuth oxide-boron oxide-silicon dioxide, and corresponding combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic vehicle comprises a polymer including one selected from a group of acrylate, ethyl cellulose, nitro cellulose, polymer of ethyl cellulose and phenolic resin, rosin, and polymethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell consists of single crystal thin film of silicon germanium, silicon tin or silicon germanium tin formed on glass substrate, microcrystal thin film of silicon or silicon-germanium formed on glass substrate, amorphous thin film of silicon or silicon carbide formed on glass substrate, single crystal thin film of gallium arsenide, gallium-arsenide aluminum, indium phosphide gallium, and single crystal thin film of indium-nitride gallium formed on sapphire substrate, chalcopyrite thin film formed on soda-lime glass substrate and organic thin film formed on transparent plastic substrate. The transparent conductive film consists of metal oxide selected from group consisting of indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, magnesium oxide or cadmium oxide. The transparent substrate is selected from glass substrate, resin substrate, polycrystal substrate or monocrystal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic substrate includes ceramic aluminum. Helium is also used in the preparation of heat dissipation substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier includes (in wt.%): ethyl cellulose (5-10), triethanolamine or lecithin (5-10) and pine oil ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylketopyrrolidine, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol and ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The perfluorosulfonic acid resin has sulfonic acid group or fluorosulfonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor thin film is nanocrystalline film containing nanocrystalline titanium oxide and zinc oxide. The transparent conductive substrate is chosen from tin oxide conductive glass and silicon dioxide conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of squaraine dye solution is 1:100000-1:1000 mol/L. The organic solvent is methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol and/or chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Cell: The fuel or reformer cell (100) comprises an electrical isolator (160) arranged between the boundary area (130b) of the first flow-field plate (130b) and the boundary area (150a) of the second flow-field plate (130a). The electrical isolator (160) is a plastics film. The electrical isolator (160) is based on polyimide. The fuel or reformer cell also comprises at least one line of sealant (180a - 180d) arranged between the boundary areas (150a, 150b) of the first and second flow-field plates (130a, 130b); a first and a second line (180b, 180d) of sealant, the first line attached (180d) to the boundary area of the first flow-field plate (130b) and the second line (180b) attached to the boundary area of the second flow-field plate (130a), where the lines of sealant are arranged misaligned, the two attaching lines thus forming an interleaved sealing, where the flow-field plates (130a, 130b) serve as anode and cathode; and an isolating frame (190, 191) encompassed at least partially by the crimped or spun-over boundary area (150b), where the isolating frame exhibits a recess for at least partially taking the boundary area (150a) of the second flow-field plate (130a). The isolating frame (190, 191) exhibits a recess (190b) for taking a line of sealant. The fuel or reformer cell (100) as well comprises a first and a second isolating frame (190, 191), where the second isolating frame (191) exhibits a recess (191 c) for taking the first isolating frame (190).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moving part is crucible which collects melted semiconductor material, single crystal holding part which can pull up semiconductor single crystal by Czochralski method, polycrystal holding part in floating zone method or heating part which heats polycrystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mol ratio of the first composition ratio of IB group to IIIA group to VIA group elements in the original mixed powder is 1:1:2. The mol ratio of the second composition ratio of IB group to IIIA group to VIA group elements in the final mixed powder is 1:1:X, where X is 2-4. The spherical nanoparticle powder is greater than or equal to 70% of the mixed powder. The IB group element is copper. The IIIA group element is indium, and/or gallium. The VIA group element is selenium and/or sulfur. The paste of the solar absorption layer is copper-indium-gallium-selenium paste or copper-indium-gallium-selenium-sulfur paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lower refractive layers are made of aluminum oxide or silicon oxide, and the higher refractive layers are made of titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The fuel cell catalyst comprises: at least two of the first layers and at least two of the second layers; or at least three of the first layers. The first layers have a planar equivalent thickness of 5-2000 (preferably 10-100) Angstrom and the second layers have a planar equivalent thickness of 5-2000 (preferably 10-300) Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst material is platinum or an alloy of platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vacuum sublimable organic molecular solids are aromatic organic pigments (preferably phthalocyanine or perylene red). EXAMPLE - Sample substrates were passed alternately in front of platinum sputtering source or the sublimation source for the pigments (including perylene red or copper- and metal-free phthalocyanine) during web coating, where the number of alternating layers varied from 1 to maximum of 37, the individual platinum layer thickness was 30-2000 Angstrom and the organic pigment layer thickness was 6-200 Angstrom , and the loading of platinum was 0.21 mg/cm2. The sample was further worked up to give multilayered catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide precursors consist of precursors of: silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, niobium dioxide, molybdenum oxide, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide and aluminum oxide, and one of the precursor is titanium tetraisopropanoxide. The weak acid consists of acetic acid. The sol gel mixture is accomplished by: mixing a predetermined amount of acetic acid and N-(triethoxysilypropyl)urea in methanol for generating a solution; and adding a predetermined amount of titanium tetraisopropanoxide to the solution for forming a titanium dioxide-silicon dioxide sol gel mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic functional group consists of amides, acrylics, epoxides and/or alkylureas. The organic functional group of the other of the metal oxide precursors is N-(triethoxysilypropyl) urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: providing metal oxides and/or metal carbonates of barium, titanium, cerium, A1, A2 and M in the appropriate stoichiometric proportions; grinding metal oxides and/or metal carbonates in the presence of a solvent and air for several hours; and evaporating the solvent, pelletizing and calcining the obtained powder at above 1000 degrees C for several hours in air. Preferred Definitions:    A1 = La (preferred), Ce, Pr or Y;    A2 = Sr and/or Ca; and    x1, y1 = 0.2-0.5.    EXAMPLE - Dry powders of barium carbonate (18.7469 g), lanthanum oxide (0.8145 g), cerium oxide (0.8606 g), titanium dioxide (7.1879 g) and manganese carbonate (0.5747 g) were grinded in a crucible. The resulting powder was transferred in a jar (250 ml) equipped with yttrium containing zirconia (180 g) and hexane (50 ml) as a solvent for milling. The grinding was done using a planetary mill with rotation at 500 revolutions per minute for 10 hours reversal of direction of rotation every 30 seconds. The solvent was then evaporated in air. The dried powder was then pelletized at 1 t/cm2 before being burned first and then a second time at 1200-1300 degrees C for 12 hours to give metal compound ((Ba(0.95)La(0.05))(Ti(0.9)Mn(0.05)Ce(0.05))O3) (23.43 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The polysilicon seeds have size of 500-4000 microns, preferably 1000-2000 microns, or 100-600 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide includes one of tin oxide (SnO:X) and zinc oxide (ZnO:X) where x is a metallic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In fabricating a thin film interface, in step (b), the chemical method is plasma etching. In step (d), the CVD is atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD). In step (d), the epitaxy is processed at a temperature between 1100 degrees C and 1200 degrees C. The SiGe metal compound thin film interface layer is an internal reflection layer to improve photoelectrical conversion efficiency. The impurities aggregated area has complex network dislocation defects to trap metal impurities from within the UMG-Si substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder contains 20-70 mol% of bismuth oxide and 0.1-60 mol% of zinc oxide. The glass powder further contains 5 mol% or less of ferric oxide, titanium oxide, silica, alumina, zirconium oxide and/or nickel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline-earth metal oxide is chosen from magnesium oxide, barium oxide, calcium oxide and strontium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the Solar cell (100), the protection layer (17) includes a first region forming the first surface and a second region forming the second surface, where the first region functions as an anti-reflection film that prevents the light incident though the second surface and reflected from the first surface from passing out through the second surface. The silicon content rate of the second region is higher than that of the first region. The silicon content rate of the second region gradually becomes higher farther away from an interface with the first region. The elements of the second region are the same as that of the first region. The second region is formed from silicon nitride. The thickness of the second region is 20 nm or larger. The etching rate of the second surface is smaller than that of the first surface. The second region has a higher acid-resistance than that of the first region. The refractive index of the first region is smaller than that of the semiconductor substrate. The refractive index of the first region is larger than that of the second region. The thickness of the second region is smaller than that of the first region. The passivation layer is formed between the semiconductor substrate and the protection layer (17). Preferred Method: In manufacturing Solar cell (100), the step of forming the n-type semiconductor region on the back surface further includes: forming a masking layer on the n-type semiconductor region using the same elements as used for the first region on the light-receiving-surface side, the second region, and an alkali-resistant film; and removing the masking layer and the alkali-resistant film by an acidic etchant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The group IIIA element is chosen from yttrium, gadolinium and ytterbium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide raw material further contains organometallic complex of dipivaloylmethanato or acetylacetonato. A fine portion such as hole or crack on the surface of base material is filled with the oxide film. The surface of base material provided with the oxide film is not etched even when exposed to plasma by corrosive gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder further contains 0-5 mol% or less of ferric oxide, titanium oxide, silica, alumina, zirconium oxide and/or nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The biaxially oriented polyester film consists of laminate comprising three layers. The intermediate layer in the laminate contains ultraviolet absorber. A coating layer is provided on the surface of the biaxially stretched film. The coating layer contains copolyester type resin, acrylic resin and/or polyurethane type resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base contains glass, resin and/or semiconductor material. The total content of dissimilar-metal element in the nitride film is 1-10 atomic%. The transparent conductive material is manufactured by further carrying out anodic oxidation in aqueous solution containing an acid or its salt, hydrogen peroxide and antifreezing agent. The anodized nitride film is amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive film comprises a film substrate and a conductive layer. The conductive layer comprises a binder and conductive fibers. The conductive fibers are carbon nanotubes and/or metal nanowires. The metal nanowires are silver nanowires.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The channel layer if formed by making indium-tungsten-zinc-oxide film into film. The tin doped indium oxide (ITO) sintered compact is targeted on the channel layer of the TFT.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic substance film of the bipolar TFT contains tetra-9, 9-dioctylfluorene co-bithiophene (F8T2), poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), pentacene and benzoporphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mirror surface is reflective coated using silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mirror surface is reflective coated using hafnium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of each of silane compounds (I) and (II) is 5-40 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylate compound (a) is (meth)acrylate compound having three ethylenically unsaturated groups and does not have ring structure. The (meth)acrylate compound (b) is a compound of formula (III) or (IV).R6-R11=H or methyl;X=6-30C organic group having aromatic ring;ande-h=0-3.Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of each of (meth)acrylate compounds (a,b,c) is 80 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains (meth)acrylate compound (c) having ethylenically unsaturated group, and alicyclic structure and/or aromatic ring structure. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of the curable composition is 30-10000 mPa.second at 25 degrees C. The Abbe's number of the cured material is 50 or less.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 106 Tetrahydro indole pigments (I) or (II) are disclosed e.g. (2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-phenyl-5H,5aH,10H,10aH-indeno(1,2-b)indol-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5H,5aH,10H,10aH-indeno(1,2-b)indol-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-5H,5aH,10H,10aH-indeno(1,2-b)indol-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-3-(5-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-5H,5aH,10H,10aH-indeno(1,2-b)indol-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid and 2-((5Z)-5-((5-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-5H,5aH,10H,10aH-indeno(1,2-b)indol-2-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The titanium-based film is made of a material selected from TiSi2, TiN, TiC, TiB2 and TiCxNy (where x and y not defined).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The aerobic microbial culture is freshwater biofilm or planktonic cyano bacteria. The planktonic cyano bacteria are Synechocystic PCC 6803. The microbes are positioned on the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The anode and cathode are separated by a distance of 1-5 cm. The electromagnetic energy source is sunlight and is supplied for 10-14 days.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode has a conductive carbon layer. The vessel contains fresh water or salt water. The aqueous solution does not contain exogenous electron mediator or buffer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode is further coated with electroconductive polymer. The electroconductive polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The reactive molecules are supplied on substrate by moving molecular region. A region (3) in which gas is supplied is arranged between molecular regions. The reactive molecule is carried by carrier gas and supplied on substrate. The substrate has at least one molecule having group capable of reacting with reactive molecule in a portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio by weight of graphite to graphene sheets is 50:50-90:10 (preferably 60:40-85:15). The graphite is natural graphite or synthetic graphite. The graphene sheets have a surface area of at least 300 (preferably at least 500) m2/g. The graphene sheets have a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of at least 25:1 (preferably 75:1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises: a liquid dispersant comprising one or more citrus terpenes and/or one or more alcohols; at least one multi-chain lipid, which is lecithin; and an alkylol ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer binder comprises a polyamide or a polyamide copolymer having a melting point of below 300 degrees C. Preferred Composition: (I) is in the form of a liquid dispersion; a molding or extrusion resin; a fiber or filament; a coating; an ink; or a molded article. The substrate is poly(ethylene terephthalate), indium tin oxide coated poly(ethylene terephthalate), silicone, paper, cardboard, metal, polytetrafluoroethylene or poly(lactic acid). EXAMPLE - Graphene sheets and natural graphite (93 wt.%) were ground in 10 wt.% loading with the carrier in a vertical ball mill for six hours using 3/16 inches stainless steel balls, to form a dispersion. The resulting dispersion was combined with Joncryl 682 (RTM: Styrene/acrylic resin) (7 wt.%) and isopropanol and blended in a high shear mixer to form the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inert gas is argon or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: M in carrier supported Pt-M binary alloy catalyst, carrier supported Pt-M complex alloy catalyst, carrier supported core shell PtM catalyst, or carrier supported core shell PtM catalyst is iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, tungsten, ruthenium, tin, lead, gold, silver, iridium, osmium, molybdenum, or vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises mixing 75% Pt catalyst and 25% carbon source, and adding the mixed solution of water and organic solvent to obtain a mixture; ultrasonically dispersing the mixture for 1.5 hours to obtain a mixed sizing liquid; putting the mixed sizing liquid in hot water reaction kettle to react for 2-20 hours at 100-300, preferably 200 degrees C and 0.5-1.5, preferably 1 MPa; and drying the product in vacuum drying case. Pt catalyst (85%) is mixed with carbon source (15%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): 2,7-Fluorene monomer and narrow band-gap monomer having nitrogen and sulfur, are copolymerized by Suzuki coupling reaction or Yamamoto polymerization method. Preferred Property: The absorbing wavelength of the polyfluorene conjugated polymer is more than 600 nm. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=group derived from thiophene, bithiophene, benzothiadiazole, selenole or triphenylamine;and    Ar3=group derived from thiophene, bithiophene, benzothiadiazole, benzobithiadiazole or alkyl quinoxaline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sol-gel layer contains plate-shaped inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The back surface protection sheet further contains vapor deposition film and base film, and sealing layer on surface of sol-gel layer. The sealing layer contains 100 parts weight of modified polyolefin-type resin and 0.001-20 parts weight of silane compound of formula: R2Si(OR3)3R2=R1;andR3=1-5C alkyl.The modified polyolefin-type resin contains ethylene-propylene random copolymer including 1-10 wt.% of ethylene component and propylene-butene-ethylene ternary polymer. The back surface protection sheet further contains heat buffer layer including polyolefin-type resin between sealing layer and sol-gel layer or composite substrate. The back surface protection sheet contains polyvinyl fluoride film layer or fluorine-type coating layer as outermost layer. Preferred Properties: The modified polyolefin-type resin has melting point of 120-170 degrees C based on JIS K7121. The polyolefin-type resin has melting point of 160 degrees C or more based on JIS K7121 and bending elastic modulus of 500-1500 MPa. Preferred Process: The modified polyolefin-type resin is graft modified using unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride (0.01-20 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is aliphatic glycidyl ester type epoxy resin, aliphatic glycidyl ether type epoxy resin and/or alicyclic type epoxy resin. The solar module further comprises another substrate. The substrates are bonded with adhesive made of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral or thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer comprises cadmium telluride, and the window layer comprises cadmium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The gallium alloy contains indium, zinc, silver, tin, mercury, bismuth, aluminum and/or magnesium. The microparticles of gallium or its alloy are microparticles of oxide, nitride, arsenide or phosphide of gallium or its alloy. Preferred Process: The low-melting-point metal powder is obtained by dispersing slurry of microparticles of gallium or its alloy in dispersion medium chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flakes have 5-0.1 wt.% of oxygen. The dense film is formed from a precursor layer of the nanoflakes and a layer of a sodium containing material in contact with the precursor layer and/or nanoflakes containing materials of copper-sodium, indium-sodium, gallium-sodium, copper-indium-sodium, copper-gallium-sodium, indium-gallium-sodium, sodium-selenium, copper-selenium-sodium, indium-selenium-sodium, gallium-selenium-sodium, copper-indium-selenium-sodium, copper-gallium-selenium-sodium, indium-gallium-selenium-sodium, copper-indium-gallium-selenium-sodium, sodium-sulfur, copper-sulfur-sodium, indium-sulfur-sodium, gallium-sulfur-sodium, copper-indium-sulfur-sodium, copper-gallium-sulfur-sodium, indium-gallium-sulfur-sodium or copper-indium-gallium-sulfur-sodium, and/or ink containing nanoflakes and a sodium compound with an organic counter-ion or a sodium compound with an inorganic counter-ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The secondary electrode is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zinc-gallium-aluminum oxide-type transparent electrode layer has volume resistivity of 2.76x 10-4-4.91x 10-4 Omega .cm, when the film thickness is 120 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (M1) further involves: adding at least one uniformly dispersed powdered material to the metal salt solution to form a composite dispersion, where the powdered material is selected from a carbide, nitride, boride and a metal; adding a base to the gel; and sintering the composite material to form a nanoceramic material. Preferred Components: The metal salt comprises several metal salts comprising at least two particle sizes. At least one uniformly dispersed powdered material has a particle size different from the particle size of the at least one metal salt. The gel comprises particle dimensions of 1-1000 nm; and at least one uniformly dispersed powdered material comprises particle dimensions of 0.1-100 mu m. The carbide is selected from: B4C, SiC, TiC, VC, CrC, ZrC, HfC, TaC, WC, NbC, YC, SmC and UC; the nitride is selected from: BN, AlN, Si3N4, TiN, VN, CrN, YN, ZrN, NbN, MoN, HfN, TaN, SmN and UN; the boride is selected from (Be)x(B)y, AlBx, SiBx, TiB2, VBx, YB, ZrB, NbB, MAB, HfB, TaB, WBx, SmB and UBx; and the metal is selected from Be, B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Pt, Ce, Sm, Th and U.x and y=not defined. EXAMPLE - AlCl6.6H2O (10 g) was dissolved in a mixture of EtOH (10 g) and H2O (1 g). While stirring, B4C powder (23 vol.% B4C/(Al2O3+B4C)) (having a density 2.52 g/cc, and particle size 0.1-2 mu m) (0.456 g) was added, followed by the addition of propylene oxide (proton scavenger) (9.6 g), under stirring to obtain a gel. The gel was set up in about 10 minutes and was dried overnight. It was then washed with NH4OH (1%) and air dried overnight to obtain a xerogel of Al2O3/B4C (3.969 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent in dopant ink consists of 4C or less alcohol. The solvent in mask ink consists of 6-10C alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor liquid contains the reaction product obtained by reacting a titanium compound with hydrogen peroxide, and a reaction product obtained by reacting a tantalum compound or a niobium compound with hydrogen peroxide. Niobium or tantalum is doped in the film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises intrinsic IV group semiconductor, IV group semiconductor alloy or doped IV group semiconductor, preferably silicon or germanium. The nucleation layer comprises III-P material or its alloy, or III-As material or its alloy. The III group component of III-P material and III-As material is aluminum or gallium. The buffer layer comprises III-Sb material or its alloy. The III group element of III-Sb material is aluminum, gallium and/or indium. The dopant layer comprises material chosen from III-P material, its alloy, III-As material and its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Thin Film Solar Cell Module: The busbars (2, 3) are disposed on the backside layer (63). The busbars (82) are disposed on the layer (72) of TCO. The busbars (82) are disposed adjacent to a bridge element (88), where the layer (72) of TCO connects the bridge element (88) with the busbar (82), and the distance (A) between the busbar (82) and the bridge element (88) is less than the width (b) of the busbar (82). The busbars (82) are in contact with a bridge element (88). The busbars (103) are disposed on the glass substrate (92). The busbars (103) are at least partially encased by the layer (93) of TCO. The busbars (103) are disposed adjacent to a bridge element (106), where the layer (93) of TOO connects the bridge element (106) with the busbar (103), and the distance (A) between the busbar (103) and the bridge element (106) is less than the width (b) of the busbar (103). The busbars (103) are in contact with a bridge element (106). The busbars (2, 3; 85; 103) are disposed at oppositely located margin regions (32, 33) of the thin film solar cell module (1, 71, 91). The backside layer (63, 85, 104) comprises a three layer system comprising the layers of zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum (Al) and nickel vanadium (NiV). The two ribbon cables (64, 65) are disposed on an insulating tape (66) disposed between the ribbon cables (64, 65) and the backside layer (63). One ribbon cable (64, 65) each is in contact with one of the busbars (2, 3). The printing method is an inkjet printing method, a screen printing method, and a thermal transfer printing method. The backside layer (63, 85, 104) comprises a three layer system comprising the layers of ZnO and Ag and NiV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In the method of cleaning a glass substrate, the organic acid comprises citric acid, acetic acid, or oxalic acid. The cleaning solution comprises 0.5-5% organic acid. The cleaning solution comprises 1-2% citric acid. The exposure time ranges from 10 seconds to 5 minutes. The exposure comprises immersion in the cleaning solution. In the method of removing metal ion contaminates from a glass substrate having a TCO layer, the exposure time is 30 seconds to 2 minutes. The method further comprises rinsing the glass substrate with de-ionized water after being exposed to the cleaning solution. The exposure comprises immersion in the cleaning solution and the cleaning solution is agitated or stirred. In the method of making a solar cell, cleaning the glass substrate by exposing the glass substrate to a cleaning solution comprises exposing the glass substrate to an organic acid comprising citric acid, acetic acid, or oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A photonic layer (1) is arranged on the plastic molded body or over a dielectric interference filter, where the interference filter is formed as an edge filter, band-pass filter or an inverse opal. The photonic layer is formed of photonic crystals. A flat reflector (3) is arranged under the plastic molded body. The reflector comprises a mirror, a white foil or a plate. The photonic layer is arranged on the plastic molded body and the reflector is arranged under the plastic molded body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plastic molded body is dyed with: at least an organic fluorescent dye, based on of rylene, perylene, terylene and/or quaterylene; or at least one dye, based on complex lanthanide compounds; or at least one dye, based on nanoscopic semiconductor (quantum dots).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic molded body is built of several individual plastic molded bodies, which are individually bonded and dyed with at least one fluorescent dye. Preferred Method: The plastic molded body is prepared by injection molding or injection compression molding. The multilayered plastic molded body is prepared by sandwich injection molding, sandwich injection-compression molding, multi-component composite injection molding or multi-component composite injection-compression molding. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.5-7 watts/(m.kelvin) at 22 degrees C and 50% relative humidity. The fillers have a thermal conductivity of 10 watts/(m.kelvin) at 25 degrees C and 50 relative humidity. The heat-conductive fillers are oxide, carbide, silicide, boride and nitride and graphite. The parts by weight of thermally conductive filler is preferably greater than the parts by weight of copolymer in the composition. The solar module comprises at least one layer containing inorganic and/or organic glass, at least one layer containing the composition, at least one unit containing at least one photosensitive layer and optionally at least one additional layer from organic polymers or organosilicon polymer and optionally at least one additional layer from organic polymers, organosilicon polymer, metallic materials, mineral materials and wood contained in the form of laminate. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises (c) stabilizers, (d) organic solvent, (e) plasticizer, (f) adhesion agent, (g) release agent, (h) anti-caking agent, (i) radiation reflective fillers and (j) additive. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal boron hydride comprises NaBH4, LiBH4, Ca(BH4)2, MgBH4, KBH4 or Al(BH4)3. The metal hydride comprises LiH, NaH or CaH2. The boron nitrogen hydride comprises ammonia borane, diborane, diamino diborane, H2B(NH3)2BH4, poly(amino borane), borazine, borane-morpholine complex, or borane-tetrahydrofuran complex. The solid catalyst comprises ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol comprises methanol and/or ethanol. The solid hydrogen fuel comprises solid hydride, solid catalyst, and hydrophobic elastomer polymer. The solid hydride comprises alkali/alkaline metal boron hydride, metal hydride and/or boron nitrogen hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The super water absorbent material is a polymer containing polyacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, poly(ethylene oxide), starch graft copolymer or rubber blend. The super water absorbent material is a combination of the polymer and a cotton material. The hydrophobic elastomer polymer comprises silicone, rubber, or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite is obtained by producing metal oxide using surfactant as casting mold. The porous metal oxide is porous titanium oxide or porous silicon oxide. The surfactant is cationic surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The film-forming process is carried out on substrate at 100-200 degrees C.
Preferred Definitions:    R13=cyano.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The curl value of width direction is less than or equal to 5 mm after heat processing for 100 degrees C to 10 minutes. The shrinkage percentage measured by 45 degrees unit in time of 100 degrees C to 30 minute heat processing is less than or equal to 0.6% and the difference of in-plane thermal contraction rate is less than or equal to 0.3%. The ten three-dimensional average surface roughness is greater than or equal to 1.5 mu m. The A-layer side is used as reflective surface. Preferred Components: The A and B layers contain rutile titanium dioxide on C layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon fiber is carbon fiber derived from coal tar pitch and/or petroleum tar pitch and formed into a sheet in the form of long fiber or continuous draw aligned in one direction, woven fabric, short fiber oriented in a specific direction or short fiber distributed at random.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The epoxy resin has epoxy equivalent of 100-600 g/equivalent, and viscosity of 1000 Pa.second or less at 25 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin is polyfunctional epoxy resin. The polyfunctional epoxy resin is glycidyl ether compound of polyphenol compound. The insulating resin composition further contains alkoxysilane compound (IV) of formula: (R1)n-Si-(OR2)4-n, where n is 0. The mixing ratio of alkoxysilane compound ((R1)n-Si-(OR2)4-n, where n is 2), alkoxysilane compound ((R1)n-Si-(OR2)4-n, where n is 0), and alkoxysilane compound ((R1)n-Si-(OR2)4-n, where n is 2) is 0.01-1.4. The mixing ratio of epoxy resin and alkoxysilane compound ((R1)n-Si-(OR2)4-n, where n is 0-2) is 0.02-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is amorphous substrate or glass substrate. Preferred Process: The seed layer is formed by pulsed laser deposition or sputtering method. Preferred Composition: The seed layer contains niobium and/or tantalum-doped anatase titania, and titania, niobium oxide and/or magnesium fluoride as substance having rutile structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silane compound is high-molecular silane compound of formula: SixX2x or SiyX2y-2, and has viscosity of 0.0005-1000 Pa.second.X=H or halo;x=3-8;andy=4-14.Preferred Process: The method further involves forming film of silane compound on substrate, and pressurizing pattern-shaped mold. The heat treatment or ultraviolet-irradiation treatment is carried out in inert atmosphere or reducing atmosphere, preferably oxygen-containing atmosphere to form pattern containing silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The total content of glass frits is 0.25-8 wt.%. The ratio of content of lead-containing glass frit(s) and lead-free glass frit(s) is more than 0 to infinity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal paste further contains (in wt.%) inorganic components (58-95) and lead-free glass frits containing silica (11-33), alumina (0-7), bismuth trioxide (40-73), and boron trioxide (2-10), and has softening point of 550-611 degrees C. The electroconductive metal powder is silver. The content of electroconductive metal powder is 2-50 wt.%. The anti-reflective coating is made of titanium oxide (TiOx), silicon oxide (SiOx), titanium oxide/silicon oxide (TiOx/SiOx), or silicon nitride (SiNx), where x is not defined.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic vehicle is 5-42 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer formed between heavy doped crystalline-Si layer and dielectric layer formed of silicon dioxide is made of silicon oxy-nitride. The dielectric layer used as antireflective layer is made of hydrogen-rich silicon-nitride, zinc sulfide, and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front electrodes are formed using screen-printing and firing of silver paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer comprises semiconductor material consisting of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and amorphous silicon (a-Si).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first transition metal layer is 59 at.% of molybdenum, 5-40 at.% of oxygen and 0.01-1.5 at.% of sodium. The second transition metal layer comprises 95 at.% of molybdenum, and 1-5 at.% of oxygen. The alkali element or alkali compound is lithium, sodium and potassium. The lattice distortion element or the lattice distortion compound is oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, oxide, nitride, sulfide, selenide or organometallic compound, molybdenum dioxide and molybdenum trioxide. The p-type semiconductor absorber layer comprises 0.005-1.5 at.% of sodium diffused from the first transition metal layer. The alkali diffusion barrier layer comprises a molybdenum layer that is free of oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The manganese oxide film contains layer of manganese oxide, a mixed layer of manganese oxide and silicon oxide, a mixed layer of manganese hydroxide and manganese oxide, and/or a layer of manganese hydroxide. The oxide is silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conductor of semiconductor device contains aluminum, copper and/or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The gas containing manganese is gas of organic compound containing manganese, preferably (bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)manganese), manganocene, bis(2-methylcyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl)manganese, bis(isopropylcyclopentadienyl)manganese, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, bis(t-butylcyclopentadienyl)manganese, methylmanganese pentacarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese dimethylpentadiol, bis(dipivaloylmethanato)manganese, manganese (II) acetylacetonate, manganese (III) acetylacetonate, manganese (II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, and/or bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silver particles, titanium or titanium hydride particles and metal particles in the conductive powder is 30-98 wt.%, 1-70 wt.% and 1-10 wt.%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains additives chosen from oxides of zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and/or chromium, preferably zinc oxide. The content of glass frit is 1-6 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor has a front-side electrode (501) which comprises zinc-silicate, willemite and/or bismuth silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine is in the form of sodium fluoride, lithium fluoride, bismuth trifluoride and/or potassium fluoride. The bismuth is in the form of bismuth trioxide and/or bismuth trifluoride. The total content of bismuth trioxide and bismuth trifluoride is 55-85 wt.%. The conductive material contains 90-99 wt.% of silver. The content of zinc oxide is 2-10 wt.% of total content of composition. The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride, hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H, where x is not defined), silicon oxide and/or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode comprising titania nanotubes having diameter of 30-200 nm and length of 10-100 nm is arranged on metallic substrate containing titanium. The titania nanotubes have anatase phase. The dye-sensitized solar cell has transparent conductive oxide layer on glass material. The cathode is platinum foil, platinum-coated titanium metal or carbon-black electrode. The substrate has three-dimensional nanostructure comprising titanium wire array, straight titanium woven mesh, titanium sheet, vertically-aligned straight titanium sheet, vertically-aligned straight titanium wire (304), zig-zag vent titanium sheet and slanted or accordion-shaped near-vertical titanium sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive dye contains organic dye or dye mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The inorganic layer contains silicon oxycarbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide or silicon oxynitride. Preferred Arrangement: The laminated structure of gas barrier film is sequential laminated structure of inorganic layer, organic layer and inorganic layer, or laminated structure comprising two or more organic layers and 2 or more inorganic layers which are laminated alternately. The device is sealed using the gas barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of thiol group-containing compound in the organic layer is 12 %mass or more. The compound having thiol group in a molecule is secondary thiol group-containing compound of formula: Z-(O-C(=CH2)-CH2-CH(-SH)-)n.n=2-6;andZ=n-valent coupling group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is made of silicon oxide. The semiconductor layer made of silicon comprises an oxide semiconductor made of zinc oxide (ZnO) and indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film is made of epoxy resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and from one or more resins selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, polyphenylene-ether resin, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is sulfuric acid or sulfonic acid. The compound which generates acid contains nitrate or nitrite. The fibrous conductor is a carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: The electroconductive film removal agent is coated such that the thickness is set to 0.1-200 mu m after drying. The method further involves removing overcoat layer and electroconductive film from the base material with the electroconductive film having overcoat layer on the electroconductive film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is cationic resin containing primary quaternary amino group in a portion of structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precious metal ions are gold ions, silver ions, palladium ions or platinum ions. The precious metal nanoparticles are attached to the soluble polymer. The precious metal nanoparticles are precious metal atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (d) comprises: providing and purifying many carbon nanotubes; functionalizing the carbon nanotubes; dispersing the functionalized carbon nanotubes in water to form a solution of carbon nanotubes; and adding the solution of carbon nanotubes in the first mixture. In the method, a molar concentration ratio of the precious metal ions to the soluble polymer in the first mixture is 1:100-1:3. The radiation is UV light, laser, or gamma -ray. Preferred Components: The carbon nanotubes are chemically functionalized with many functional groups including hydrophilic group comprising carboxyl, aldehyde group, amidogen and/or hydroxyl. The molar concentration ratio of the precious metal ions to the water soluble polymer with carbonyl or hydroxyl in the fourth mixture is 1:100-1:3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The soluble polymer has a carbonyl group or a hydroxyl group. The soluble polymer is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and/or polyethyleneimine. The soluble polymer and the precious metal ions are bound with each other to form a complex, which is entangled on a surface of each of the carbon nanotubes. The soluble polymer with carbonyl or hydroxyl is entangled on a surface of each of the carbon nanotubes. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (B) has benzoxazole-type structure (II) and vinyl structure (III) in same molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Two methods for preparation of the compound (I) involves:(1) process A: subjecting two outer moieties of formula (IVa) or one outer moiety (IVa) and one outer moiety (Ib) to a reaction with an amine of formula R 1-NH 2in the presence of a palladium catalyst comprising at least one phosphorus-containing ligand; and(2) process B: subjecting two outer moieties (IVa) or one outer moiety (IVa) and one outer moiety (Ib) to a reaction with an amine of formula H 2N-X-NH 2in the presence of a palladium catalyst comprising at least one phosphorus-containing ligand. Preferred Definitions:    R 1=phenyl (substituted by R 4), phenyl (substituted at 4 position by N(R 5) 2), or metal(M) complex of 4-((5Z,10Z,14Z,19Z)-10,15,20-Triphenyl-porphyrin-5-yl)-phenyl;    M=divalent metal, divalent metal atom containing group or divalent metalloid group;    R 4=H, 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C alkoxy, COOH, COO(1-4C alkyl), aryl or polycyclyl;    R 5and R 6=alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl (all optionally substituted, where the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl groups each can also be part of a condensed ring system), or H;    X=9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl;    R 2and R 3=H or chloro.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 Compounds are disclosed as the compound (I) e.g. oligocondensed perylene bisimide derivative of formulae (I1)-(I5).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of palladium (II) acetate (Pd(OAc) 2) (22.4 mg), tricyclohexyl phosphine (PCy 3) (28 mg), potassium tert-butoxide (560 mg), dichloro diperylene bisimide of formula (II) (370.7 mg) and 2,7-diamino-9,9-di(n-hexyl)fluorene (36.5 mg) in dry toluene (30.0 ml) was stirred for 5 hours at 110 degrees C under argon atmosphere. Ethyl acetate (50 ml) and water (50 ml) were added to the reaction mixture at ambient temperature. After work-up the oligocondensed perylene bisimide derivative (I1) (176 mg, 55.2%) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is provided with a siliconized coating, where the siliconized coating is used as an application aid in the manufacturing process of fuel cell or fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pressure-sensitive adhesive mass comprises a solvent-based, solvent-free or water-based system. The pressure-sensitive adhesive mass contains 0.5-30 (preferably 5-15) wt.% of fillers, 0.01-5 (preferably 0.15-1.8)% of a reactive crosslinking agent. (I) is a single- or double-sided, carrier-based or carrier-free adhesive tape. (I) contains, as carrier-based, double-sided adhesive tape, a diffusion-stable foil as a substrate, preferably polyester compound or aluminum-composite system. (I) contains, as carrier-based, single-sided adhesive tape, a latex- or fluoroelastomer-based carrier material. Preferred Method: (I) is produced by actinic radiation, preferably UV radiation. (I) is applied as a stamped part.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) comprises, as pressure-sensitive adhesive mass, (meth)acrylates, synthetic rubber and silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive. EXAMPLE - Ethyl acetate (180 parts by weight) was added in a three-necked flask and heated with stirring. After reaching the boiling point, 50% of a monomer mixture comprising acrylic acid (30 parts by weight) and ethylhexyl acrylate (70 parts by weight) were added. After that, the remaining 50% of the monomer mixture and azobisisobutyronitrile (0.1 parts by weight) in ethyl acetate (20 parts by weight) were added for 60 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 120 minutes, cooled, and filtered to give corresponding pressure-sensitive adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Metal nano granules are element (E1) chosen from at least one of iridium and ruthenium, or element (E2) chosen from at least one of platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, gold, rhenium, chromium, nickel cobalt, manganese, copper, titanium, tin, vanadium, iron, gallium, molybdenum, selenium, tantalum and zirconium. The mass ratio of element (E1) with respect to element (E2) is 0.5-10:1. The metal solubility precursor salt is iridium chloride acid, ruthenium chloride, hexachloroplatinic acid, palladium chloride, rhodium chloride, osmium chloride, chloroauric acid, rhenium chloride, chromium(III) nitrate, nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, manganese chloride, copper chloride, titanium chloride, tin chloride, vanadium chloride, ferric chloride, gallium nitride, molybdenum chloride, sodium selenite, tantalum chloride and/or zirconium nitrate. The base is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and/or urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is methyl alcohol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, butanediol or glycerin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is perfluorinated sulfonic resin, sulfonated polysulfone resin, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide resin, sulfonated polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polyphosphazene, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polystyrene resin, and/or sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant in lightly doped silicon epitaxial layer is diborane, phosphorus chloride oxide, or phosphine, and the phosphorus is doped in silicon region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The window layer is surface-treated with a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, copper, boron, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, gallium, nickel and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV resistant agent comprises one or more of carbon black, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or zinc barium light screener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic phosphate flame retardant comprises one or more of resorcinol-diphosphonate diphenyl, liquid tetraphenyl bisphenol A diphosphonate, solid tetraphenyl bisphenol A diphosphonate, tricresyl phosphate or tritolyl phosphate. The hindered phenol antioxidant can be 4(methyl- beta -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) pentaerythritol (antioxidant 1010) or beta -(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butyl) propionic n-octadecanol ester (antioxidant 1076). The phosphite ester antioxidant can be triphenyl phosphite (TPP) or phosphite (2,4-ditertiary butyl phenyl) ester (antioxidant 168). The sulfo-ester antioxidant can be dilauryl thiodipropionate (antioxidant DLTP) or distearyl thiodipropionate (antioxidant DSTP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyphenyl ether composition comprises 65-75 pts.wt. polyphenyl ether resin, 25-35 pts.wt. high-impact polystyrene resin, 2-4 pts.wt. polyolefin resin, 7-11 pts.wt. phosphorus flame retardant, 0.6-0.8 pts.wt. antioxidant and 0.1-0.3 pts.wt. UV resistant agent. The characteristic viscosity coefficient of the polyphenyl ether resin in chloroform at 25 degrees C is 0.3-0.5 dL/g. The melt flow rate of the high-impact polystyrene resin at 200 degrees C with load of 5 kg is 2-10 g/10 minutes. The polyolefin resin comprises one or more of low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene or ethylene-propylene copolymer. The flame retardant is organic phosphate flame retardant. The antioxidant comprises one or more of hindered phenol antioxidant, phosphite ester antioxidant or sulfo-ester antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pretreatment of stainless steel substrate is carried out by ultrasonically cleaning stainless steel substrate with acetone to remove grease on surface, ultrasonically cleaning substrate with deionized water to remove impurities on substrate surface, providing dried substrate to a pre-treating chamber and cleaning stainless steel substrate with plasma. The buffer layer having thickness of 5 nm is grown by chemical vapor method by introducing high-purity methane and hydrogen on stainless steel substrate provided in a deposition chamber. The cadmium telluride thin film is grown on stainless steel substrate by providing stainless steel substrate to a sample table in a near-space sublimation furnace, vacuumizing the sublimation furnace, introducing argon gas to furnace and sublimating substrate with high-purity cadmium telluride powder as sublimation source. The cadmium telluride thin film is annealed by providing substrate to sample table in a magnetron sputtering instrument, introducing argon gas to chamber, sputtering cadmium telluride thin film with high-purity cadmium chloride as sputtering target material and annealing the cadmium telluride thin film at 450 degrees C for 15 minutes. The cadmium sulfide thin film is grown by providing substrate to sample table in near-space sublimation furnace, vacuumizing the sublimation furnace, introducing argon gas (50%) and oxygen gas (50%) to furnace, and sublimating substrate with high-purity cadmium sulfide powder as sublimation source. The fluorine-doped indium oxide transparent conductive thin film is formed on substrate by providing substrate to sample table in magnetron sputtering instrument, vacuumizing sputtering chamber, introducing argon gas and trifluoromethane (5%) to chamber and sputtering thin film with high-purity indium oxide as sputtering target material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cerium ion has valency of +3 or +4, and is derived from ceric salt chosen from cerous nitrate, cerous sulfate, cerous carbonate, cerous acetate, cerous sulfate, ceric diammonium nitrate and ceric diammonium sulfate. The manganese ion has valency of +3 or +4, and is derived from manganese salt chosen from manganese nitrate, manganese chloride, manganese acetate, manganese sulfate and manganese carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, ethanol, propyl alcohol and/or isopropanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of tetrafluoroethylene in the fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is 40-59.5 mol%. The content of ethylene in the fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is 50-40 mol%. The content of alkene monomer (I) in the fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is 0.5-5 mol%. The fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is fluorine-containing sulfonic acid resin having sulfo group and ion exchange capacity of 0.5-1.6 mmol/g. Preferred Process: A portion of sulfo group of fluorine-containing sulfonic acid resin ion-exchanges with cerium and/or manganese ion to obtain fluorine-containing sulfonic acid cerium resin having cerium ion content of 1-16 mol% or fluorine-containing sulfonic acid manganese resin having manganese ion content of 5-20 mol%. Preferred Definitions:    n=0 or 1;    a+b=1-4;    Rf,R'=-F or -CF3;and    A=-SO2F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method is carried out at a power level of less than or equal to 100 W/in2. Preferred Components: The source material comprises selenium, where the large and small molecule processing gases of selenium comprise selenium clusters having at least 5 and at most 4 selenium atoms respectively. The film deposited on the substrate surface comprises copper, indium and gallium. The semiconductor film is of formula (Cu-Inx-Ga(1-x)-Se2). The plasma is helium, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen.x = 0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The linear gas distribution showerhead: further comprises passages of varying cross-sectional perimeter; and is arranged vertically within the chamber, where the substrate positioner holds a substrate in a vertical processing position. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The tin oxide thin film has thickness of 5-100 nm and refractive index of 2.03 or less measured at wavelength of 550 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zinc in polycrystalline silicon is 0.1-100 mass ppm. The volume ratio of argon gas with respect to water vapor in the argon gas containing water vapor is 99:1-90:10. Preferred Condition: The cooling process is carried out at rate of 0.1-2 mm/minute of solidification interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Thin-Film Solar Cell Module: The busbars (2, 3) are disposed on the backside layer (63). The busbars (82) are disposed on the layer (72) of TCO. The busbars (82) are disposed adjacent to a bridge element (88), where the layer (72) of TCO connects the bridge element (88) with the busbar (82), and the distance (A) between the busbar (82) and the bridge element (88) is less than the width (b) of the busbar (82). The busbars (82) are in contact with a bridge element (88). The busbars (103) are disposed on the glass substrate (92). The busbars (103) are at least partially encased by the layer (93) of TCO. The busbars (103) are disposed adjacent to a bridge element (106), where the layer (93) of TCO connects the bridge element (106) with the busbar (103), and the distance (A) between the busbar (103) and the bridge element (106) is less than the width (b) of the busbar (103). The busbars (103) are in contact with a bridge element (106). The busbars (2, 3; 85; 103) are disposed at oppositely located margin regions (32, 33) of the thin-film solar cell module (1, 71, 91). The backside layer (63, 85, 104) comprises a three layer system comprising the layers of zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum (Al) and nickel vanadium (NiV). The two ribbon cables (64, 65) are disposed on an insulating tape (66) disposed between the ribbon cables (64, 65) and the backside layer (63). One ribbon cable (64, 65) each is in contact with one of the busbars (2, 3). The printing method is an inkjet printing method, a screen printing method, or a thermal transfer printing method. The backside layer (63, 85, 104) comprises a three layer system comprising the layers of ZnO and silver (Ag) and NiV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The carboxyl terminal radical weight of polyester is 8 equivalent/ton or less. Preferred Process: The polyester is mixed with less than 20 equivalent/ton of carboxyl-end-group blocking agent, and then molded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer has cycloolefin polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor containing copper, and sulfur or selenium is selenium-containing compound (Cu(CH3CN)2SeC6H5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having pi -electron conjugated molecule skeleton is of formula: D'-((Ar)p-(V')q)r-A (I), preferably chosen from compounds of formulae (II)-(VII).D'=electron-donating substituent, preferably hydroxy or amino (both optionally substituted);A=electron-accepting substituent, preferably nitro, cyano or group of formula: -C(=X)-R;X=O or NR2;R2=1-6C alkyl or 6-20C aryl (both optionally substituted), or H;R=R2, 1-6C alkoxy, 6-20C aryloxy, 1-6C alkylamino or 6-20C arylamino (all optionally substituted);R1-R7=R2;n=0-2;or R3+R4, R5+R6=ring;Ar=arylene or heteroarylene (both optionally substituted), preferably phenylene, naphthalenyl or anthracenylene;V'=vinylene or azomethine (both optionally substituted);or D', A, Ar, V'=ring structure;p-r=0-3;A'=carbonyl or dicyano ethylene;D1=amino or hydroxy (both optionally substituted), or H;D2=NR2;t,u=0-3;andD3-D10=1-6C alkyl, 6-20C aryl or amino (all optionally substituted), or H, at least one being diarylamino.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound gas contains alcohol, carboxylic acid of formula: R3-COOH or aldehyde of formula: R1-CHO or OHC-R2-CHO.R1,R3=H, 1-20C linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl;andR2=1-20C optionally branched, optionally saturated hydrocarbyl.The alcohol is primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, polyhydroxy alcohol, cyclic alcohol or aromatic alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer containing zinc oxide material is formed on n-type amorphous silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weather-resistant layer contains cycloolefin type-resin and/or fluororesin. The protection sheet further contains aluminum layer between adhesive layer (a) and adhesive layer (b) (24).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further comprises 0.05-4 mol/L of halogen-containing redox pair comprising halide ion and polyhalogenide ion with respect to total content of electrolytic composition. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=butyl;    R4=methyl;and    X1-=iodide ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic semiconductor device contains mixture of diphenyl benzo thieno benzothiophene (I) and acceptor-type organic semiconductor material as semiconductor material. The acceptor-type organic semiconductor material is chosen from tetracyano quinodimethane derivative, phthalocyanine derivative or fullerene derivative. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=optionally substituted phenyl.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R24=alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio (all optionally substituted), or H;and    M=H, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, platinum, gold, tin, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, aluminum chloride, gallium chloride, tin chloride, silicon chloride, Si(OH)2 or Si(OSi(C6H13)3)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal-containing particles are pure metal particles having metallic element, alloy particles containing several metallic elements, or metallic compound particles containing metallic element and non-metallic element. The metal-containing particles contain metallic element chosen from copper, nickel, titanium, chromium, platinum and gold, preferably copper, titanium and chromium. The metallic compound particles and metallic compound contain metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, metal sulfate, metal phosphate and metallic phosphorus compound. The metallic compound contains metal oxide. The ion trapping particles contain nickel phosphide. The metallic compound is nitride of IIId or IVd group transition element, preferably titanium nitride, chromium nitride or zirconium nitride. The ion blocking layer has thickness of 50-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer contains polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Region: The titanium complex oxide layer region has compositional formula: TiO2.nTiOR.n=positive number;andR=organic group or metal atom.The surface of titanium dioxide crystal grain is coated with titanium complex oxide. The titanium complex oxide layer region has thickness of 0.5-500 nm. A pigment is supported on the coating layer. The electrode substrate is metal substrate. The titanium compound is alkoxide or chloride of titanium. The amount of titanium compound is 0.01-50 wt.% with respect to titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chosen from 4C or less lower alcohol, ethyl cellulose and terpineol. The coating composition contains dispersing component and compatible component for carrying out solute stabilization of titanium compound. The dispersing component is chosen from glycol ether, acetic acid, trimethyl acetate, beta -diketone and water, preferably glycol ether. The compatible component is glycol ether chosen from butyl cellosolve or propyl cellosolve. The amount of dispersing component with respect to titanium oxide is 0.01-50 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reaction product gas is cooled by spraying cooling liquid, which is a liquid mixture of tetrachlorosilane and trichlorosilane. Hexachlorodisilane is recovered from the cooling condensate by performing distillation at 60-200 degrees C under atmospheric pressure of -0.3 MPa. The uncondensed gas obtained during cooling of reaction product gas is recycled to the source gas. Tetrachlorosilane is recovered from low-boiling substance obtained during recovery process of hexachlorodisilane from cooling condensate, and is supplied to the source gas. The high-boiling substance is recovered during vaporization of tetrachlorosilane, and contains hexachlorodisilane derived from the unevaporated portion. Preferred Composition: The content of tetrachlorosilane in cooling liquid is 85-95 mol%. Preferred Components: The hexachlorodisilane recovery plant further has a spraying unit capable of cooling reaction product gas, a unit capable of supplying tetrachlorosilane recovered from cooling the uncondensed gas to source gas, a unit capable of supplying recovered tetrachlorosilane from low-boiling substance to source gas, and a unit capable of vaporizing tetrachlorosilane and supplying unevaporated portion to concentrating column.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The characteristic value is current measured from fuel cell, voltage measured from fuel cell, and/or power measured from fuel cell. The method further comprises registering the time variation of a specific characteristic value measured from the fuel cell when the fuel cell is operating with the fuel supply under the fixed control amount of fuel; and evaluating the variation trend of the specific characteristic value at the time when a time integral relating to a curve profiling the time variation is equal to the fixed control amount to be used as a reference for determining whether to inject fuel into the fuel cell or not.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is a hydrogen-rich fuel. The hydrogen-rich fuel is methanol, ethanol, boron hydride, or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The spraying unit cools reaction product gas containing trichlorosilane from 500-600 degrees C by spraying cooling fluid whose diameter of average liquid drop particle is 2000 mu m or less. The trichlorosilane cooling tower has a secondary-cooling unit for spraying cooling fluid further on reaction product gas after cooling, and cooling to 30-60 degrees C. The secondary-cooling unit sprays cooling fluid whose diameter of average liquid drop particle is 2000 micrometer or less. The hydrogen chloride gas is separated from reaction product gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-sealing sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The amount of vinyl acetate in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20 %mass or less. The base material sheet is resin sheet. Preferred Layer: The protective sheet further has fluorine-containing resin layer (25) laminated on the surface opposite to the surface of the heat-sealing sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The acrylic urethane resin layer is formed on the opposite surface of the base material sheet to which a sealing material is contacted. Preferred Process: The acrylic urethane resin layer consists of a resin obtained by mixing and reacting acrylic polyol and polyisocyanate. The protective sheet is formed by laminating acrylic urethane resin layer on surface of the base material sheet, and an aluminum layer on other surface of the base material sheet through adhesive layer (23). Preferred Components: The acrylic polyol is polyester-modified acrylic polyol. The acrylic polyol has ultraviolet ray stable group or ultraviolet-ray absorptive group in a molecule. The polyisocyanate is chosen from hexamethylene diisocyanate-type polyisocyanate, biuret-type polyisocyanate, adduct-type polyisocyanate, bifunctional prepolymer-type polyisocyanate and block-type polyisocyanate. The adhesive layer consists of ionomer resin which is formed by crosslinking metal ion between the molecules of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and/or ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer. Preferred Properties: The acrylic polyol has weight average molecular weight of 5000-300000, glass transition temperature of 30-80 degrees C and hydroxyl value of 25-150 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The molar ratio of isocyanate group of polyisocyanate component and hydroxyl group of acrylic polyol component is 0.5-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of thermally expansible particles contained in the thermoplastic resin sheet is 0.1-30 %mass. Preferred Properties: The diameter of the particles before thermal expansion is 5-50 mu m. The thermal expansion temperature of the thermally expansible particles is 85-150 degrees C which is more than the softening point of the thermoplastic resin contained in the thermoplastic resin sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing material contains polyolefin-type resin. The thermoplastic resin is polyolefin-type resin. The protection sheet further contains metal sheet and vapor deposition layer containing inorganic oxides laminated on surface (b) of base film which is opposite to surface (a), and fluororesin layer provided in outermost layer(s). The fluororesin layer is the coating film formed using coating material containing fluorine-containing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of addition amount of inorganic pigment (B) with respect to the addition amount of inorganic pigment (A) is 2.0-15.0. The inorganic pigments (A,B) are titanium dioxide, surface-treated titanium dioxide, silica, and surface-treated silica. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of inorganic pigment (A) is 1500-12000 nm. The average particle diameter of inorganic pigment (B) is 10-800 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises one or more additives comprising: (a) a metal (zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium); (b) a metal oxide of one or more (a); and/or (c) any compounds that can generate the metal oxides of (b) upon firing. Preferred Components: The bismuth is bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and bismuth trifluoride (BiF3), where the sum of Bi2O3 and BiF3 is 55-85 wt.% of (I). The fluorine is sodium fluoride, lithium fluoride, BiF3 or potassium fluoride. The additives comprise zinc oxide, or a compound that forms zinc oxide upon firing. The glass frit is present at 1-6 wt.% of (I). The conductive material comprises silver. The silver is 90-99 wt.% of the solids in (I). The zinc oxide is 2-10 wt.% of (I). The insulating film comprises one or more components comprising titanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride: hydrogen (SiNx:H), silicon oxide, and silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: silicon dioxide (8.56); alumina (5.43); zirconium oxide (0.79); sodium oxide (Na2O) (4.12); bismuth oxide (58.87); phosphorus pentoxide (11.79); sodium fluoride (1.88); potassium oxide (K2O) (1.56); bismuth trifluoride (6.35); and potassium fluoride (0.65).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises additive(s). Preferred Component: The glass frit is added at 1-6 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismuth is from bismuth oxide and bismuth fluoride having a total of 55-85 wt.%. The fluorine is from sodium fluoride, lithium fluoride, bismuth fluoride or potassium fluoride. The additive is a metal selected from zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and/or chromium; a metal oxide of zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and/or chromium; and/or compounds that can generate the metal oxides upon firing. The additive (2-10 wt.%) is zinc oxide or compound that forms zinc oxide upon firing. The conductive material comprises silver (90-99 wt.% of the solids in the composition). The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride, hydrated silicon nitride of formula SiNx:H, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. The electrode comprises zinc-silicate, willemite or bismuth silicates. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anodized film comprises metals other than alkali metal which are not doped. The alkali metal is sodium. The anodic oxidation substrate is manufactured using an alkaline aqueous solution containing sodium. The semiconductor compound consists of group Ib element, group IIIb element and/or group VIb element. The group Ib element is copper or silver. The group IIIb element is aluminum, gallium or indium. The group VIb element is sulfur, selenium or tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline aqueous solution further contains compound chosen from sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium oxalate, sodium acetate and sodium formate, preferably sodium hydroxide. The photoelectric converting layer contains semiconductor compound of chalcopyrite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound and/or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound and/or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin sealing sheet consists of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate-ester copolymer and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surface layer contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer and polyolefin-type resin. The inner layer contains thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin does not contain crosslinking agent. The resin sealing sheet contains 2-65 %mass of gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor fine particle layer is formed using composition containing crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles having average particle diameter of 20-80 nm, binder, and mixture of 3-5C alcohol and water. The content of crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles and binder is 10-35 %mass and 0.2-5 %mass (preferably, 0.2-2 %mass), respectively. The moisture content of the composition is 20-60 %mass. The polymethine pigment (I) or (II) has carboxyl group. The viscosity of the composition is 2.5 Pa.second or more, preferably 3.5-10 Pa.second at 25 degrees C. The crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles contain titanium oxide. The alcohol is isopropyl alcohol or butyl alcohol. Preferred Definitions:    A11=benzothiazoline, thiazolidine, thienothiazoline, benzoxazoline, oxazolidine, indolenine, naphthothiazoline, benzoimidazoline, imidazoline, imidazolidine or benzoindolenine;    Ar12=rhodanine;and    A21,A22=benzoxazole, oxazole, benzimidazole, imidazole, benzothiazoline, thiazolidine, thienothiazoline, benzoxazoline, oxazolidine, indolenine, naphthothiazoline, benzimidazoline, imidazoline, imidazolidine or benzoindolenine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The radical trapping agent is chosen from phenol-type trapping agent, phosphorus-type trapping agent, sulfur-type trapping agent and bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate (HALS)-type trapping agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The low-crosslinked resin sealing sheet has gel fraction of 1-65 %mass, and contains organic peroxide (0.2-1 %mass) and radical trapping agent (1-3 %mass). The resin contained in resin sealing sheet is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer and polyolefin-type resin. Preferred Property: The resin has gel fraction of 1-90 %mass after crosslinking process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The resin sealing sheet has gel fraction of 1-60 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin sealing sheet does not contain organic peroxide, and is crosslinked by ionizing radiation exposure. The resin contained in the sealing sheet is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate copolymer and polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The light transmissive portion has haze value of 30% or less and width of 3-30 mm. The minimum thickness of light transmissive portion is 90% or less of thickness of convex portion of embossing portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar cell is selected from multi-crystalline solar cells, thin film solar cells, compound semiconductor solar cells, and/or amorphous silicon solar cells. The assembly further comprises an incident layer positioned next to the front encapsulant layer and a backing layer positioned to the back encapsulant layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The incident layer and backing layer are selected from (i) glass sheets, (ii) polymeric sheets formed of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters, and/or fluoropolymers, and (iii) polymeric films formed of polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides), and/or fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer comprises copper-indium-gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the activator is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfide, potassium phosphate, sodium nitrate, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrogen, oxygen, and/or hydroperoxide. The material of the first semiconductor stack layer or the second semiconductor stack layer including at least one element comprising gallium, aluminum, indium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, selenium, antimony, cadmium, tellurium, mercury, sulfur, hydrogen, magnesium, tin, boron, lead, carbon, and silicon. The cavities containing the gas comprising oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, argon, xenon, carbon dioxide, methane, silane, nitrous oxide, and/or ammonia. The transparent adhesion layer on the supporting substrate includes at least one material comprising an electrically conductive material, an organic adhesive material, or an electrically insulative material. The electrically conductive material comprising indium tin oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, cadmium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, zinc tin oxide, gallium arsenide, or gallium arsenide phosphide. The electrically insulative material comprising the dielectric material, photoresist SUB, benzocyclobutene, perfluorocyclobutane, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, cycloolefin copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonate, poly(etherimide), fluorocarbon polymer, silicone, glass, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon nitride, Silicon-On-Glass, or tetraethyl orthosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The metal complex is prepared by putting 50 mg of naphthalene derivative as ligand and 25 mg of nickelacetate tetrahydrate in flask, adding 10 ml of chloroform/ethanol (1:1), stirring mixture at 90 degrees C for 2 hours, obtaining yellow powder precipitate, filtrating, drying, and obtaining metal complex.Preferred Composition: The substituent is oxygen atom, sulfur atom, nitrogen atom and/or phosphorus atom as ligand atom. Preferred Definitions:    X1, X2 = -O-; and    M = vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or its ion.    EXAMPLE - The 250 mg of 1,2-diamino benzene, 585 mg of salicyl aldehyde, and 575 mg of cobaltous-acetate tetrahydrate were put into 50 mL round bottom flask in nitrogen atmosphere, and 40 mL ethanol was added. The mixture was stirred at 90 degrees C for 2 hours, and dark brown crystal precipitated. The crystal was filtrated and dried. The metal complex was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The organic acid has acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 5 or less. The raw material cellulose has pH of 5 or less. Preferred Process: The disentangled cellulose is molded into sheet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by solution coating method. Preferred Compound: The benzimidazole compound (I) having partial structure is of formula (II). The benzimidazole compound (I) is low-molecular weight compound further having partial structure of formula (III).X'1=optionally substituted carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or selenium, preferably sulfur;R1,R2=H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or ether;X2=optionally substituted carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur or selenium, preferably optionally substituted nitrogen;andZ2,Z3=hydrocarbyl aromatic ring or 5 or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, preferably nitrogen-containing 6-membered heteroaromatic ring. Preferred Definitions:    X1=5-membered heteroaromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The average particle diameter of metal microparticles is 100 nm or less. The metal microparticles consist of gold, silver, copper, platinum and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The laminate has thermal contraction rate of 0.1-1%, after heat-processing the laminate. Preferred Component: The polyester of biaxially-oriented polyester film is polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of guest material in optical light conversion layer is 10 wt.% or less. The guest material contains pyrromethene derivative. The photoelectric conversion layer contains an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material. The electron-donating organic material contains a compound having benzothiadiazole structure or quinoxaline structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate is provided with a transparent conductive layer containing the conductive fiber, the conductive polymer and the water soluble binder resin. The transparent conductive layer comprises a first transparent conductive layer provided on the transparent substrate and second transparent conductive layer provided on the first transparent conductive layer, where the first transparent conductive layer contains the conductive fiber, and the second transparent conductive layer contains the conductive polymer and the water soluble binder resin. The conductive fiber is a silver nanowire. Preferred Method: The applying step is done by coating with an aqueous dispersion containing water; the conductive fiber; the conductive polymer; and the water soluble binder resin. The applying step involves: the flowing steps of coating a first solution containing the conductive fiber on the transparent substrate to form a first transparent conductive layer; and coating a second solution containing the conductive polymer and the water soluble binder resin on the first transparent conductive layer to form a second transparent conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water soluble binder resin (5-50 wt.%), is a cross linking resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Contacting is done in the presence of agitation including sonication, and/or high shear mixing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The multiblock polymers are of formula (R2)a-((R1)y-(R2)x)z-(R1)b.R1=benzylmethacrylate;R2=methacrylic acid or its salt;x=1-15;y=1-25;z=1-13;a=0-15; andb=0 or y.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The particle size of microparticles (12) is 10 nm to 5 mm. The ratio of particle size of microparticles (13) and microparticles (12) is 1/100-1/5. The critical surface energy of the glass is 1-3 mN/m. Preferred Composition: The microparticles (12) and (13) consist of material chosen from glass, silica, alumina and zirconia. The microparticles (12) are fixed to the surface of the glass board material through binder. The thin film is monolayer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The film is formed on the glass board material using reaction liquid containing compound (15) having reactive group and fluorocarbon group, in presence of condensation catalyst, in which reactive group and surface functional group of the glass board material are reacted. Preferred Composition: The binder contains binder precursors (a) and (b) which are metal sol precursor which forms transparent metal oxide by sol-gel method. The reactive group is alkoxy silyl group. The condensation catalyst is chosen from metal carboxylate, carboxylate-ester metal salt, carboxylic-acid-metallic-salt polymer, carboxylic-acid-metallic-salt chelate, titanate, titanic-acid ester chelate, ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound, and aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass powder has spherical shape having a particle size D50 of 0.2-5 mu m; and further comprises a lead borosilicate glass having particle size of less than or equal to 10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components : The tungsten, molybdenum and/or gold powder is added at 5-40 wt.%. The aluminum powder has spherical shape having particle diameter D50 of 1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal powder has spherical shape having a particle size D50 of 0.2-5 mu m. The metal powder further comprises silver powder, a copper powder and/or a zinc powder (0.2-8 wt.%) having spherical shape having particle diameter D50 of 0.5-10 mu m; and silicon powder (0.1-5 wt.%) having particle diameter D50 of 0.2-8 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive pulp comprises a glass powder (5-35), an organic carrier (5-30), and a metal powder (40-75); and further comprises amino polyamide resin (2-8 of organic carrier quantity). The polyethylene polyamine comprises diethylene triamine and/or triethylene tetramine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The amino polyamide resin is formed by polymerizing dimeric acid or trimeric acid and polyethylene polyamine. The dimeric acid or trimeric acid comprises dipolymer or tripolymer of soybean fatty acid, dipolymer or tripolymer of acidic oil acid, or dipolymer or tripolymer of eleostearic acid. The organic carrier comprises resin selected from phenolic resin, novolac epoxy resin, acrylic resin and/or cellulose base polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first semiconductor material is doped material selected from ZnS, CdS, ZnO or Y2O3. The second semiconductor material is selected from CulnGaSe2, CuInSe2, GaAs, CdTe, indium gallium nitride and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The sealing glass contains tin phosphate glass or bismuth group glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The low expansion filler is silica, alumina, zirconia, cordierite, zirconium phosphate compound, soda lime glass and/or borosilicate glass. Preferred Component: The laser absorber contains compound having iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and/or copper. Preferred Properties: The groove has depth of 5-60 mu m and width of 3 mm or less. The surface roughness of bottom face of groove is 0.3-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Target: The metallic target is tin/tantalum metallic target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The refractory metal is tantalum, zirconium or titanium. The hydrochlorofluoroalkene is applied together with gas(es) from nitrogen, xenon, helium, and/or argon. Preferred Method: Tantalum nitride, zirconium nitride or titanium nitride layers are partially etched.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Sulfide is copper-zinc-tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The constituent of pressurizing element is silicone resin material or fluorine compound resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant element is silicon, germanium, silicon, magnesium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The non-imprintable portion includes glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The step of forming an imprinted surface involves hot embossing, soft lithography, micro-contact imprinting, and ultraviolet lithographical imprinting. The method further involves disposing a filler layer on the thin-film photovoltaic layers. Preferred Components: The filler layer is transparent to a wavelength of interest. The thin-film photovoltaic layers include a hole conductor layer (28), an active layer (26) and an electron conductor layer (24). In the cell (c1), the substrate includes a glass layer with an imprintable polyimide layer disposed on the glass layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate includes a non-imprintable portion and an imprintable portion. The imprintable portion includes polyimide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Semiconductor Device: The Al substrate is short-circuited with a site of the semiconductor circuit having a highest potential when the semiconductor circuit is driven. The semiconductor circuit comprises a semiconductor, the semiconductor being a photoelectric conversion semiconductor which generates an electric charge when absorbing light, and where the semiconductor device is a photoelectric conversion device. A main component of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor is at least one compound semiconductor having a chalcopyrite structure. The main component of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor is at least one compound semiconductor comprising a group Ib element, a group IIIB element and a group VIB element. The main component of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor is at least one compound semiconductor comprising: at least one group IB element selected from copper (Cu) and silver (Ag); at least one group IIIB element selected from Al, gallium (Ga) and indium (In); and at least one group VIB element selected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Thermosetting resin is epoxy resin. Porosity is less than or equal to 5%. Preferred Process: Hardening is performed under pressure. The reaction liquid is supplied to the hydrogen producing agent through a water absorption body which contacts a part of the hydrogen producing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin sealing sheet contains resin chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic-acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate-ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl-acetate-acrylic acid ester copolymer saponified compound and polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet has 1-60 %mass of gel fraction. The resin contained in the resin sealing sheet is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, saponified compound of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, saponified compound of ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer and/or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The melting point of polyolefin-type resin is 70-100 degrees C. The thickness of surface layer is 135 mu m or less which is 30% or less of the thickness of resin sealing sheet. Preferred Composition: The surface layer further contains resin chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate-ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl-acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound and ethylene-glycidylmethacrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the composition, the compound (I) is present in an amount of 0.01-10%, based on the weight of the organic material. The composition further comprises additives. Preferred Components: The additives are phenolic antioxidants, light-stabilizers and/or processing stabilizers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material is a natural, semisynthetic or synthetic polymer (preferably synthetic polymer, especially fiber or nonwoven). Preferred Definitions:    G1=H, 1-18C alkyl, -CO-R5, -CO-N(R6)-R7 or -CH2-CO-N(R6)-R7;    G2=1-8C alkylene, -CO-R8-CO-, -CO-N(R6)-R9-N(R6)-CO- or -CH(R10)-CO-N(R6)-R9-N(R6)-CO-CH(R10)-;    R2-R4=H, 1-8C alkyl, -CH(R11)-S(O)p-R12, or group (i) or (ii);    R5=phenyl (optionally substituted by 1-4C alkyl), 1-18C alkyl, or benzyl;    R6=H;    R7=phenyl (optionally substituted by 1-4C alkyl), H, or 1-8C alkyl;    R8=phenylene or 1-18C alkylene;    R9=2-18C alkylene;    R10=1-4C alkyl;    R12=-CH2CH2(CF2)5CF3;    R13=H or -CO-R5;    R14=H or 1-8C alkyl;    R15=1-4C alkyl or -CH(R11)-S(O )p-R12;    R16=methylene;    p=0.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 42 Compounds are disclosed as the compound (I) e.g. 2-methyl-4,6-bis-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octylsulfanylmethyl)-phenol (I'), 2-tert-butyl-4,6-bis-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octylsulfanylmethyl)-phenol, 2,4,6-tris-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octylsulfanylmethyl)-phenol, acetic acid 2,4,6-tris-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octylsulfanylmethyl)-phenyl ester, and 4-tert-butyl-2-methyl-6-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octylsulfanylmethyl)-phenol.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic heterocyclic group-containing repeating unit (I) of aromatic compound is of formula (IV). The aromatic group-containing repeating unit (II) of aromatic compound is of formula: -(Ar5)- (V). The nitrogen-containing repeating unit (III) of aromatic compound is of formula (VI). The aromatic compound has weight average molecular weight of 3x 103-1x 108. The total number of moles of repeating units (I)-(III) in aromatic compound is 60% or more of total number of moles of all repeating units in aromatic compound. The repeating units (I)-(III) are included in principal chain of aromatic compound.R'=hydroxy, aldehyde, amino, cyano, nitro, halo, hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, hydrocarbyl carbonyl, hydrocarbyl oxycarbonyl, hydrocarbyl carbonyloxy, sulfo (all optionally substituted), monovalent heterocyclic group optionally having optionally substituted hydrocarbyl azo, amino substituted by 1 or 2 optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, amide substituted by 1 or 2 optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or substituent;groups of R'=ring;k=0-4;M'=M;Ar5=bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl or bivalent aromatic heterocyclic group (both optionally substituted);Ar6=Ar4;andR",R'"=R. Preferred Definitions:    M=metal atom, metal ion, ammonium ion optionally substituted by 1-4 hydrocarbyl, or boryl substituted by two hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent;and    Ar1=10-14 membered aromatic heterocyclic group having valency of 2+n and optionally having imine nitrogen atom and substituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The convex portion accommodates electroconductive porous material such as porous carbon so as to cover gas supply ports.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The membrane separation unit has nano membrane filter for removing multicharged ion having valency of more than 2, monovalent alkali metal ion, and hydroxide ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The ink is applied on a substrate (22) using an inkjet printer, and transparent conductive film is formed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The transparent conductive particles are electroconductive metal oxide particles consisting of indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and/or cadmium oxide. The electroconductive metal oxide particles further contain element chosen from tin, antimony, aluminum and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent consists of comb-shaped copolymer having a basic functional group and an acidic functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder composition further contains unbridged compound (D) chosen from unbridged oxazoline group-containing compound, unbridged epoxy group-containing compound, unbridged amide group-containing compound and unbridged hydroxyl group-containing compound. The component (C) is monomer (m) having ethylenically unsaturated group and 8-18C alkyl and/or monomer (n) having ethylenically unsaturated group and cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric conversion circuit has a photoelectric conversion layer consisting of cadmium tellurium (CdTe) compound semiconductor as major component, a lower electrode formed from molybdenum (Mo) and an upper electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wall surface of the processing vessel is made of silicon, silica, alumina, diamond-like carbon or fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The number (N) of branches produced by comonomer in copolymer satisfies following relation: 0.67x E+53 plus minus 0.67x E+80. The ratio of melt-flow rate (r1) measured at 190 degrees C under load of 10 kg and melt-flow rate (r2) measured at 190 degrees C under load of 2.16 kg, is less than 7, preferably 5-6.2. The ratio of melt viscosity (V1/V2) is 4.5 or less. Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains hindered amine-type light stabilizer. The content of organic peroxide, silane coupling agent and hindered amine-type light stabilizer, is 0.2-5 parts weight, 0.01-5 parts weight and 0.01-2.5 parts weight, respectively with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst material contains platinum, gold or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate consists of titanium, aluminum, iron, nickel, iron-nickel alloy, copper or copper-nickel alloy. The metal substrate has thickness of 10-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer comprises copper indium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyrrole oxide is maleimide, succinimide, and/or dihydropyrrole. The metals coordinated to metal coordination polypyrrole are scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, zinc, iridium, platinum, and/or gold. The conductor microparticles are carbon. Preferred Process: The metal coordination polypyrrole is applied in electric potential to which irreversible oxidation of metal coordination polypyrrole occurs. The method applies low electric potential and high electric potential by turns. The method involves producing maleimide, succinimide, and/or dihydropyrrole. The method involves polymerizing metal coordination polypyrrole whose metals coordinated are scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, zinc, iridium, platinum and/or gold to conductor microparticles. The method involves polymerizing metal coordination polypyrrole to carbon. The method involves adding pyrrole oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The composite film further has an adhesive layer which is formed using resin layer containing epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The base film is a polymer film containing polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene vinyl alcohol. The plastic base film and heat-sealing layer are laminated through an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains (in %mass) zirconium (0.1 or less), lanthanum (0.1 or less), yttrium (0.1 or less), rare-earth metal (0.1 or less), boron (0.005 or less), magnesium (0.005 or less) and calcium (0.005 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate electroconductive layer is made up of niobium-doped titanium dioxide, tin-doped indium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony sulfide-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, aluminum-doped oxide and doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Thin-film photoelectric converter is made of amorphous layer which is made of i-type amorphous silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper electroconductive layer is made of platinum group element, alloy of platinum group elements, aluminum, silver, carbon and conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive polymer is made of thiophene derivative, carbazole derivative and aniline derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive filler is metal powder, metal oxide, metal carbide, metal boride, metal silicide and/or metal nitride, preferably titanium nitride. The secondary coating material contains an electroconductive metal material chosen from titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium and tantalum. The transparent conductive coating layer contains tin oxide-type conductive coating material. The conductive filler contains inorganic electroconducting material in the form of powders, fiber, flakes and whiskers. The secondary coating material contains electroconducting material chosen from tin oxide, magneli-oxide, spinel oxide and perovskite oxide. The binder contains alumina and/or silica, or inorganic binder material(s) containing glass. The porous film containing titania is baked on electroconductive coating. The electroconductive metallic wire contains titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium and/or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation of compound (I) is given in the specification. Preferred Compounds: In compound (I), R1 can be bonded to any of the nitrogen atoms on benzotriazole. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound i.e. 2-dodecyl-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo(d)(1,2,3)triazole of formula (I') is disclosed as compound (I).    EXAMPLE - 4,7-Dibromo-2-dodecylbenzotriazole (100 mg), and tributyl(thiophen-2-yl) stannane were dissolved in anhydrous THF (100 ml) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) (50 mg) was added at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 12 hours under argon atmosphere. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain 2-dodecyl-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo(d)(1,2,3)triazole (75 mg, 74%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The thickness of electronic block layer of organic electronic element is 0.5-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The compound (I) has highest occupied molecular orbital energy of 6.4 eV or more, and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy of 3 eV or less. Preferred Compound: The group (B) of compound (I) which is of formula (II) or (III) is carboline, diaza carbazole, aza triphenylene, naphthalene diimido-dicarboxylic acid, perylene diimido-dicarboxylic acid, triarylamine, carbazole, or dibenzofuran.R2-R9=optionally substituted 2C or more alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, or halocycloalkyl, preferably haloalkyl;L2-L9=single bond, sulfur atom, nitrogen atom, silicon atom, germanium atom, arylene, heteroarylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene (all optionally substituted);Z1=atomic group which forms aromatic ring;andZ2=atomic group which forms nitrogen-containing 6-membered ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum in the insulating aluminum-zinc oxide layer is 100-2000 ppm, preferably 500-1200 ppm. The copper-indium-selenide-based alloy material contains copper-indium diselenide, copper-indium-gallium diselenide, or copper-indium-aluminum diselenide. Preferred Properties: The insulating aluminum-zinc oxide layer has thickness of 30-200 nm, and resistance of 100-106 Omega /square, preferably 100-104 Omega /square. Preferred Process: The insulating aluminum-zinc oxide is deposited by pulsed or non-pulsed direct current sputtering or alternating current sputtering the aluminum-doped zinc oxide target having aluminum content of 100-2000 ppm in a sputter atmosphere containing oxygen-containing gas (1-50 vol.%, preferably 5-10 vol.%). The oxygen-containing gas is oxygen or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound anion of the salt of the oxidant of the compound (I) is of formula: R5COO-.R5=substituent. Preferred Definitions:    X1-X4=S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thickness of upper silicon layer is 1-100 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lining agent used in the step (i) is R face blue diamond. The thickness of the grown non-polar A face zinc oxide buffering layer in the step (ii) is 10-100 nm. The growing temperature of the MOCVD method for growing A face indium nitride thin film in the step (iii) is 500-580 degrees C and the growth pressure is 760 Torr. The carrier gas for growing A face indium nitride thin film in the step (iii) is nitrogen, where the nitrogen gas used in the step (iii) and (iv) is ammonia gas. Preferred Method: The growing method of the non-polar A face zinc oxide buffering layer by the MOCVD method in the step (ii) comprises inletting nitrogen at 600 degrees C and roasting blue diamond lining agent for 10 minutes, adding diethyl zinc and oxygen as reaction source and nitrogen as carrier gas, growing the non-polar A face zinc oxide buffering layer at 600 degrees C, maintaining the reaction chamber in the growing process at 76 Torr, then cooling and obtaining the non-polar A face zinc oxide buffering layer along furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin sealing sheet layer is crosslinked by ionizing radiation. The resin sealing sheet layer contains resin chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic- acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate-ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic acid ester copolymer saponified compound, ethyleneglycidylmethacrylate copolymer and polyolefin-type resin. The dry laminate of resin sealing sheet layer and back sheet layer is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate glass consists of less than 1 wt.% barium oxide and less than 3 wt.% of calcium oxide, strontium oxide and zinc oxide, and/or has a molar ratio of the substrate glass component (sodium oxide + potassium oxide)/(magnesium oxide + calcium oxide + strontium oxide + barium oxide) of greater than 0.95, and/or a molar ratio of the substrate glass component of silicon dioxide/aluminum oxide of less than 8.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer is made of amorphous silicon, copper-iridium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide, gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective film is made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PVC, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, fluoro- propylene-ethylene or fluoro-ethylene-propylene. Melt adhesive film for the laminate is made of ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral or thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer contains an inorganic compound chosen from metal, silicon, graphite, inorganic oxide, inorganic nitride and inorganic acid-processed nitride, preferably silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxynitride, indium oxide and tin-doped indium oxide. Preferred Gas: The dynamic ion mixing method is carried out using plasma generated using gas chosen from helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon or mixed gas containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and fluorocarbon. High negative voltage of -50 kV to -1 kV is applied to base material in pulse form. Preferred Property: The thickness of inorganic layer is 10-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The layer containing polyorganosiloxane-type compound has thickness of 0.01-100 mu m. Preferred Compound: The polyorganosiloxane-type compound is polydimethylsiloxane. The content of polyorganosiloxane-type compound is 50 wt.% or more. Preferred Layer: A layer containing fluorine-containing resin is provided in surface opposite to surface at which layer containing polyorganosiloxane-type compound is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The photoelectric conversion unit has amorphous silicon layer and/or microcrystal silicon layer. The reinforcing film composition contains metal oxide fine particles or flat particles chosen from colloidal silica, fumed silica particles, silica particles, mica particles and smectite particles. The metal oxide fine particles or flat particles and barrier film composition contain gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, nickel, copper, tin, indium, zinc, iron, chromium, manganese, aluminum and/or their metal oxide (70 %mass or more). The thickness of transparent conductive film and back surface electrode layer is 0.03-5 mu m and 0.05-2 mu m, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: A barrier film is formed using composition containing organic polymer binder, inorganic-type binder and/or non-polymer type inorganic-type binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler consists of a material having corrosion resistance with respect to fluorine gas and hydrogen fluoride. The filler is made of stainless steel, carbon steel, iron, nickel, aluminum, copper and/or Monel (RTM: nickel alloy). The filler has thin film shape or pleat-shape structure, and thickness of 0.05-1 mm. The filler is arranged along parallel direction with respect to flow of gas. The filler is several thin films having interval of 1 mm or more. The volume of reactor is 0.15-50 L, preferably 2-40 L. The flow volume of fluorine gas is 0.45-150 NL/minute. The differential pressure of reactor is less than 50 Pa. The specific surface area (S) (m2) of filler is derived from relation: S=nx V/Fx exponent of (-0.03Cx 3), where V is volume (L) of rector, F is flow volume (NL/minute) of fluorine gas, C is concentration of hydrogen fluoride (ppmv) contained in fluorine gas, and n is coefficient of 0.01-6. The flow volume of fluorine gas is less than 3 times of volume of reactor. The concentration of hydrogen fluoride contained in purified fluorine gas is 1000 ppmv or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorinating agent is chosen from fluorine, nitrogen trifluoride, sulfur tetrafluoride, chlorine fluoride, chlorine trifluoride, bromine trifluoride and iodine pentafluoride, preferably fluorine. The contact process is carried out at 0-200 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The to-be-processed fluoropolymer has unstable terminal group chosen from -CF2COF, -CF2COOH, -CF2CH2OH, -CF2COOCH3 and -COOCO-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The base material layer has aggregation strength of 8 N/15 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition does not contain isocyanate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is hydroxyl-containing acrylic resin, hydroxyl-containing fluororesin or hydroxyl-containing polyester resin. The mass ratio of the resin and the hydrolyzable group-containing silicate is 30/1-3/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 1,1,3-trichloro-2,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene is obtained by contacting 1,3,3-trichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-propane with a base. EXAMPLE - (In g) 1,3,3-trichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro propane (500) in 30% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and trioctylmethylammonium chloride (TMOAC) (0.5) were reacted at 70 degrees C for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was liquid separated to obtain 1,1,3-trichloro-2,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (420). The obtained compound (50), 15% sodium hypochlorite solution (370) and TMOAC (0.5) were stirred at 60 degrees C for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was liquid separated and the lower layer was separated to obtain 1,3-trichloro-2,3,3-trifluoropropylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate consists of titanium, aluminum, iron, nickel, iron-nickel alloy, copper or copper-nickel alloy. The metal substrate has thickness of 10-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon target includes a type element consisting of aluminum, gallium and boron, where a total amount of the aluminum, gallium and boron in the target is 10-20 at.%, and includes simple sodium or sodium compound consisting of sodium fluoride, sodium carbonate, and sodium molybdate. The group Ib element is a type of element consisting of copper and silver. The group IIIb element is a type of element consisting of aluminum, gallium and indium. The group VIb element is a type of element consisting of sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Sodium is mixed in the form of sodium selenide. The particles have a diameter of 100 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first layer includes silicon nitride. The first component includes an acidic nitride derivative or carbon particles. The second component includes water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first layer includes an organo-metallic compound comprising tetramethylsilane. The second component includes an alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first substance comprises layers of elements consisting of copper, indium, gallium, molybdenum, thallium and/or zinc. The second substance is sulfur, selenium, tellurium, gallium, indium, thallium, thallium selenide, selenium sulfide, and/or diselenium hexasulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The predetermined gas comprises carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and an organic gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The contact metal layer has layers including titanium/gold/silver/gold in order. The upper subcell comprises indium gallium (aluminum) phosphide. The intermediate subcell has emitter region comprising gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide, or gallium indium arsenic nitride, and base region comprising gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide, or gallium indium arsenic nitride. The lower solar subcell has indium gallium arsenide base and emitter layer, or indium gallium arsenide base layer and indium gallium phosphide emitter layer. The graded interlayer comprises indium gallium aluminum arsenide. The graded interlayer comprises arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen or antimony-based III-V compound semiconductor. The transition material has compositional formula: (InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs, where x and y are band gap of transition material remaining constant at a band gap more than that of primary subcell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasma comprises plasma gas produced by introducing a gas between opposing electrodes under applied voltage between the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The silicone material- and conductive particle-containing liquid material includes a silicone material having a branched main backbone of polydimethylsiloxane, a silicone material including silanol, or a silicone material that is a polyester-modified silicone material obtained by a dehydrocondensation reaction with polyester resin. The polyester resin is the product of esterification reaction between saturated polybasic acid and polyalcohol. At least one methyl of the polydimethylsiloxane in the silicone material is substituted with phenyl. The conductive particles include base particles, and a conductive film that covers a surface of the base particles. The conductive particles have an average particle diameter of 0.3-100 mu m. The bonding film has an average thickness of 0.5-500 mu m. Preferred Method: The liquid coating is formed by supplying the liquid material in droplets using a droplet discharge method. The droplet discharge method is an inkjet method by which the liquid material is discharged in droplets through a nozzle hole of an inkjet head using vibration of a piezoelectric element. Energy is imparted to the bonding film by contacting plasma with the bonding film under atmospheric pressure. The first terminal and the second terminal are subjected in advance to a surface treatment that improves adhesion for the bonding film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Method: Doping silicon powder further comprises plasma spraying silicon using a silicon powder feed comprising the first batch; pulverizing lesser-doped silicon particles of lesser doping than the doped silicon particles to create a second batch of silicon; and mixing predetermined amounts of the first and second batches of silicon of which the silicon powder feed is comprised. The liquid dopant comprises boric acid and phosphorus oxychloride. The exposing step comprises spraying a predetermined amount the liquid dopant on the silicon particles. The pulverizing comprises roller milling the silicon particles between two counter-rotating rollers having cylindrical surface portions consisting essentially of elemental silicon. In pulverizing silicon, the size range is 20-80 microns. The predetermined size range extends entirely over sizes less than the gap between the rollers. The method further comprises jet milling the sieved product. Preferred Mill: In the roller mill, the gap has a controlled variable size. The mill further comprises end plates having surface portion comprising elemental silicon biased against axial ends of the rollers. The corners of the rollers adjacent the end plates are chamfered. Preferred System: The system further comprises a feed system reciprocating parallel to the axes of and above the rollers for feeding feedstock to the rollers, where the feed system includes a linear funnel with a linear outlet. The linear outlet is positioned above one of the rollers and laterally away from a gap between the rollers. The linear funnel is composed of elemental silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conducting oxide is selected from indium-tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide or aluminum oxide, and tin-antimony trioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from a group containing aluminum, copper, silver, nickel or calcium/aluminum alloy, magnesium/alloy, and aluminum/lithium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron donor is made of phthalo- cyanine, platinum - octa reel porphyrin lean i.e. platinum-octaethylporphyrin, poly 3- hexylthiophene, polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polies (1- methoxy-4-(0-disperse red 1)-2,5- phenylene - vinylene), polyindole, polycarbazole, poly pipe diazine, poly iso thianaphthalen, polyphenylenesulfide, polyvinyl pyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, and polypyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanocrystals contain aluminum, copper, silver, nickel or its alloy, calcium/aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and/or aluminum/lithium alloy. The solar cell further has hole transport layer provided between electrode (20) and photoactive layer, and blocking layer provided between photoactive layer and electrode (40).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron receptor is fullerene or its derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photoactive layer contains electron donor and electron receptor. The electron donor is chosen from poly(3-hexylthiophene), polysiloxane, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinyl pyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or its derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The radiation-sensitive liquid composition has viscosity of 50-300 cps. Preferred Process: The method further involves adhering double-sided tape on edge portion of base substrate and spacer. Preferred Composition: The double-sided tape contains acrylic foam. The adhesive resin contains 3-10C cycloalkyl carbonyl compound and hydrogen donor, and benzyl dimethyl ketal as photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method comprises co-depositing selenium with copper, indium, and gallium to form functional absorbing layer of photovoltaic device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: 50 Weight% of flake-shaped silica has average particle diameter of 2-20 mu m and thickness of 1.5 mu m or less. 50 Weight% of glass powder has average particle diameter of 0.2-4 mu m. The glass powder has softening point of 350-700 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of flake-shaped silica with respect to total content of inorganic particles is 0.5-40 weight%. The flake-shaped silica contains metal oxide chosen from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide and antimony oxide. The content of glass powder with respect to total content of inorganic particles is 0.5-80 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The copolymer of thiona biphthene, phenylphthalimide and composite film is 2-ethylhexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The free radical initiator is dicumyl peroxide and/or dibenzoyl peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polysiloxane comprises a dimethylsiloxane/methylvinylsiloxane copolymer.
Preferred Definitions:    L1=bidentate ligand containing quinoline of formula (i), (ii) or (iii);    L2=ligand chosen from group of formula (a)-(g);    R1,R2=COOH, H, 1-30C alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy or amino;    R21-R32=H, 1-30C alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkoxy, OH, halo, amino, cyano or nitro;    Y'=O, S or NR13;    R13=1-30C alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;    R33-R35=H, 1-30C alkyl, 2-30C alkoxyalkyl, 1-30C perfluoroalkyl, 6-30C aryl or 7-30C aralkyl;and    R36=H, cyano, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C perfluoroalkyl or 6-15C aryl.    (i) When L2 is other than ligand of formulae (a) and (g) and n is 2, L1 is bidentate ligand of formula (h) or (j); and (ii) When L2 is of formula (a) or (g) and n is 1, X is halo, CN, NCS, SCN, NCO or NCN2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticle dispersion further contains metallic compound chosen from gold, silver, copper, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium compound, and reducing agent for reducing metallic compound. Preferred Property: The metal nanoparticle dispersion has particle diameter of 1-100 nm. Preferred Process: The metal nanoparticle dispersion is obtained by mixing aqueous solution of protective agent and metallic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The high molecular compound has group chosen from amino group, carboxy group, imidazole group, phosphoric acid group, sulfonic acid group or its salt, and hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound has a polyethyleneglycol chain. The high molecular compound has sulfur-containing structure (I) at terminal of a principal chain. The high molecular compound is formed by reaction with thiol compound, and further has a sulfur-containing structure of formula: -S-C- (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid. The pH of the suspension is maintained by inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid. The pH of the suspension is also maintained by inorganic alkali such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is selected from acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, salicylic acid or oxalic acid. The pH of the suspension is maintained by organic acid such as acetic acid. The surfactant is selected from diacetone, Triton (RTM: nonionic surfactant) or organosilane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The surfactant is selected from cellulose, polyethylene oxide or polyvinylpyrrolidone, where cellulose is methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizer is chosen from ammonium persulfate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric perchlorate, potassium permanganate, potassium peroxide, potassium dichromate, iron (III)-toluene sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The succinic acid-containing dopant is chosen from 2-20C dialkyl sulfosuccinic acid, 2-20C dialkyl sulfate, 1-10C aromatic sulfonic acid and aromatic sulfonate. The 2-20C dialkyl sulfosuccinic acid is di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinic acid. The salt of 2-20C dialkyl sulfosuccinic acid is sodium salt of di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinic acid. The solvent is water and/or organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The steric stabilizer is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(styrene)sulfonate, hydroxyethyl cellulose and cellulose derivative. The addition amount of steric stabilizer is 0.01-10 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polymerization solvent. Preferred Condition: The polymerization reaction is carried out at -30 degrees C to 120 degrees C for 20 minutes to 80 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ultraviolet absorber is triazine-type ultraviolet absorber and/or benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of boron is 0.01-1.5 mol%, based on oxide conversion. Boron source is zinc borate (Zn4B6O13). Preferred property: The average grain size of zinc oxide particles which is comprised in the zinc oxide sintered compact is 2-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type organic semiconductor layer contains carbon nanotube fullerene, fullerene derivative, carbon nanotube, or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The p- type organic semiconductor layer contains polyphenylene vinylene, its derivative, polythiophene, phthalocyanine, its derivative, porphyrin, pentacene, or rubrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive tape comprises (meth)acrylate as adhesive mass. The adhesive mass is a synthetic rubber or a solvent based, a solvent-free or a water based system. The adhesive mass comprises 0.5-30, preferably 5-15 wt.% of fillers; and 0.01-5, preferably 0.15-1.8% of a reactive crosslinker portion. The adhesive tape is a single- or double-sided, carrier based or strapless adhesive tape. The carrier based, double sided adhesive tape comprises a diffusion stable film, preferably polyester compound or an aluminum composite system. The carrier based, single-sided adhesive tape comprises a closed cell polyethylene foam, as a carrier material. Preferred Method: The adhesive tape is obtained using an actinic radiation, preferably UV radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antireflection layers are made of silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Metal Paste: The lead-free glass frit contains 40-73 wt.% of Bi2O3. The total content of the electrically conductive metal powder is 50-92 wt.%. The electrically conductive metal powder is silver powder. The total content of the lead-free glass frit is 0.25-8 wt.%. The metal paste comprises 58-95 wt.% of inorganic components and 5-42 wt.% of organic vehicle. Preferred Process: In producing a front-side grid electrode, the ARC layer is selected from TiOx, SiOx, TiOx/SiOx, SiNx, or silicon nitride (Si3N4) ARC layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The emission intensities (A-D) are measured and at least one of plasma excitation power, pressure control unit and each amount of supplied materials is feedback-controlled based on measured value. The gas barrier layer is formed on an elongated substrate in a longitudinal direction. The gas barrier layer is formed in a state in which at least one of the ratios is not satisfied for at least 1 consecutive second. The region is marked at which gas barrier layer is formed in state in which at least one of the ratios is not satisfied for at least 1 consecutive second. The marking is made to put visible marks on region or made outside a region for use as a product. The gas barrier layer is formed on a substrate made of an organic material or a substrate having an organic base material. The gas barrier layer is formed on substrate at 120 degrees C or less. At least a portion of a surface of substrate is formed with an organic material. Another gas barrier layer is deposited on a substrate having the gas barrier layer. The gas barrier layer is formed as AC or DC bias power is applied to substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel collection device further comprises volatile organic compound removal filter removing volatile organic compound in fuel discharged from the fuel flow path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrode layer is formed using aluminum and/or gallium-doped zinc oxide. The main component of photoelectric conversion layer is at least one type of compound semiconductor comprising group (IB) element, group (IIIB) element and/or group (VIB) element. The group (IB) element is chosen from copper and silver. The group (IIIB) element is chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium. The group (VIB) element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic insulating protection film is formed using vinyl copolymer with ethylene as comonomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: When the emissive layer in third sub-pixel does not contain third emitting material, the first sub-pixel emits light having peak wavelength of 400-470 or 600-700 nm, the second sub-pixel emits light having peak wavelength of 500-600 nm, the third sub-pixel emits light having 1931 CIE coordinate of (x=0.10-0.20, y=0.15-0.45) or (x=0.40-0.63, y=0.36-0.55), and the fourth sub-pixel emits light having peak wavelength of 600-700 or 400-500 nm. When the emissive layer in third sub-pixel contains third emitting material, the first sub-pixel emits light having peak wavelength of 400-500 nm, the second sub-pixel emits light having peak wavelength of 500-600 nm, the third sub-pixel emits light having 1931 CIE coordinate of (x=0.26-0.37, y=0.27-0.38), and the fourth sub-pixel emits light having peak wavelength of 600-700 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a fourth sub-pixel having an emissive layer containing third emitting material. The emissive layer in third sub-pixel may contain third emitting material. The first, second and third emitting materials are phosphorescent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The synthetic smectite is synthetic hectorite, synthetic saponite and/or synthetic stevensite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quaternary ammonium salt is lauryl trimethyl ammonium salt, stearyl trimethyl ammonium salt, trioctyl methyl ammonium salt, distearyl dimethyl ammonium salt, dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium salt, distearyl dibenzyl ammonium salt and/or N-polyoxyethylene-N-lauryl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium salt. Preferred Process: At least one portion of hydroxyl group which exits in the surface of the synthetic smectite is processed by surface modifying agent chosen from silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent, glycidyl compound, isocyanate compound, carboxylic acid and/or alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The urethane (meth)acrylate is synthesized using polyol having polycarbonate structure, caprolactone modified polyol or caprolactone modified (meth)acrylate, or synthesized from polyol and/or hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylate having carbonyl group-containing repeating unit of formula: -(C(=O)-(CH2)n-O)m-, or synthesized using hexamethylene diisocyanate and polyisocyanate chosen from hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and tris(6-isocyanate hexyl)isocyanurate.m=positive integer;andn=3-7.Preferred Composition: The resin component further contains reactive component (1-70 %mass) having ethylenically unsaturated group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The synthetic smectite is hectorite, saponite, and/or stevensite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Portion of hydroxyl group which exists in the surface of the synthetic smectite is processed by surface-modifying agent. Preferred Components: The quaternary ammonium salt is lauryl trimethylammonium salt, stearyl trimethylammonium salt, trioctyl methylammonium salt, distearyl dimethylammonium salt, distearyl dibenzylammonium salt and/or N-polyoxyethylene-N-lauryl-N,N-dimethylammonium salt. The surface-modifying agent is silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent, glycidyl compound, isocyanate compound, carboxylic acid and/or alcohol. The acid anhydride is phthalic anhydride, maleic acid anhydride, succinic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl phthalic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride and/or octenyl phthalic anhydride. The lactone-modified (meth)acrylate has carbonyl group-containing structure of formula: -(C(=O)-(CH2)n-O-)m- in the side chain.m=positive integer;andn=3-7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 1-70 %mass of reactive compound which has ethylenically unsaturated group. The epoxy resin is aromatic epoxy resin or epoxy resin having alicyclic structure, preferably bisphenol-A epoxy resin or hydrogenated bisphenol-A epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high energy light-mass species is proton or helium. The semiconductor template such as monocrystalline silicon template and polycrystalline silicon template is selected from the group consisting of gallium, arsenide or germanium. The solution used for etching semiconductor template contains potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or tetramethyl-ammonium-hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat conductive filler has electric insulation property and is chosen from magnesium oxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride or their composite. The filler contains particles with uniform particle size or particles with different particle size. The package comprises thermal conductive material containing 1-180 wt.% of binder resin and 350-2000 wt.% of heat conductive filler with particle size of 0.1-100 mu m dispersed uniformly in 100 wt.% of thermosetting resin binder. The thermal conductive material has thermal conductivity of 3.5 W/m.K and viscosity of 0.2-100 Pa.second. The thermosetting resin binder further contains hardener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin binder is epoxy resin with viscosity of 0.01-1 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive glass phase contains vanadium and phosphorus as main components, and satisfies the relation: 2x ((V2O5)/(P2O5)) greater than or equal to ((Sb2O3)+(Fe2O3)+(MnO2)+(Bi2O3)) greater than or equal to 0. The metal particles contain silver, copper and/or aluminum. The electrode wiring comprises metal particles (90-99.7 vol.%) and electroconductive glass phase (0.3-10 vol.%). The metal particles comprise sphere-shaped particles and plate-shaped particles containing particle group (I) having volume fraction of 95% or less and particle size of 0.5-1.5 mu m, and particle group (II) having volume fraction of 95% or less and particle size of 1.5-8 mu m. The electroconductive glass particles in the electroconductive paste contain barium. Preferred Property: The electroconductive glass phase has glass transition temperature of 400-520 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The variable property layer further contains ultraviolet absorber. The heat-shielding layer and/or variable property layer is formed using coating composition, and contains fluororesin. The heat-shielding/heat-absorbing laminate further has short wavelength light-blocking layer containing fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer comprises semiconductor compound having a chalcopyrite structure. The semiconductor compound comprises element chosen from group Ib, group IIIb and group VIb elements. The group Ib element is copper or silver. The group IIIb element is aluminum, gallium or indium. The group VIb element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitride semiconductor is gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic conductor is polythiophene-type conductor, polyaniline-type conductor, polyacetylene-type conductor, polyphenylene-type conductor or polypyrrole-type conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Ions of hydrocarbon compound are implanted into the layer containing polyorganosiloxane compound by plasma ion-implantation method. The elongated molded product is conveyed in fixed direction. Preferred Property: The molded product has water vapor permeation rate of 1.5 g/m2/day or less, measured in 90% relative humidity atmosphere at 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer comprises semiconductor compound having a chalcopyrite structure. The semiconductor compound comprises element chosen from group Ib, group IIIb and group VIb elements. The group Ib element is copper or silver. The group IIIb element is aluminum, gallium or indium. The group VIb element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is a redox-type electrolyte. The redox-type electrolyte is a halogen compound having halogen ion as a counter ion, preferably iodine compound having iodine ion. The iodine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen production apparatus produces hydrogen by reacting water with hydrogen-producing substance such as metal hydride or metal selected from aluminum, silicon, zinc or magnesium.
Preferred Definitions:    M=nickel;and    R1-R20=halo, or alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio (all optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The purification process is performed by soaking Vulcan XC-72 in concentrated hydrochloric acid with a mass concentration of 30-40% for 12-48 hours, where the solution is filtered, washed and dried at 80-100 degrees C for 1-2 hours to obtain the purified Vulcan XC-72 carrier. The activation process is performed by adding Vulcan XC-72 into a container with 1-5 mmol/liter of sodium hydroxide at 60-100 degrees C, and centrifugal separation is performed. The centrifuged liquid is filtered and then dried at 80-100 degrees C for 1-2 hours, where the liquid is placed in a mixed acid solution of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid with a volume ratio of 3:1. The liquid is heated at 60-100 degrees C for 1-5 hours and then centrifugal separation is performed. The centrifuged liquid is filtered and then dried at 80-100 degrees C for 1-2 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The ink composition is coated to the electrode (e1) by slit coat method, capillary coat method, gravure coat method, micro gravure coat method, bar coat method, knife coat method, nozzle coat method, inkjet coat method or spin coat method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thiazole-containing structural unit (I) is of formula (II)-(VII). The compound (b) is electron-accepting compound having work function of 3 eV or more, or electron donor. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene or its derivative. The solvent is optionally substituted aromatic compound, optionally substituted linear alkane, optionally substituted branched alkane, optionally substituted cycloalkane, linear alcohol, branched alcohol and/or alicyclic alcohol.X=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, -N(R10)- or -CR11=CR12-;R10-R12,R,R1,R20-R24=H or substituent;or R1+R1=cyclic structure;Y'=nitrogen or =CH-;Z=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, -N(R20)-, -Si(R21R22)-or -C(R23R24)-;andor R21+R22 or R23+R24=cyclic structure.Preferred Property: The solvent has surface tension of 15-100 mN/m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound (a) further has a structural unit which is different from the thiazole-containing structural unit (I). The compound (a) is high-molecular compound having weight average molecular weight of 10000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the solid state dye sensitized solar cell (C1), the ionic liquid comprises phosphonium based ionic liquid. The ionic liquid provides electrolyte for operation of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The microfluidic device (M1) comprises at least one channel through which a fluid travel, passage through the channel is operably controlled by a microvalve (M1). The photo responsive ionogel is disposed within the channel. Preferred System: The system (S1) provided as a transdermal patch. The fluid delivery system (S2) is configured such that selective actuation of individual ones of the microvalves provides for a control of the flow of liquid within the system. The microvalve comprises an ionogel coated on a capillary. The fluid delivery system (S2) is configured such that controlled actuation of individual ones of the microvalves provided a peristaltic fluid flow through the system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Ionogel: The ionogel (P1) comprises phosphonium based ionic liquid. The poly(N-isopropylacrlamide) (pNIPAAM) is polymerized with N,N-methylene-bis(acrylamide) and acrylated benzospiropyran. The three polymer components are polymerized in presence of the ionic liquid using photo-initiator DMPA. The ionogel (P1) is fabricated from photoresponsive polymer which operably on exposure to light undergoes dehydration so as to effect a shrinking of the physical dimensions of the ionogel. Preferred Components: The ionic liquid matrix comprises (P(6,6,6,14))(dca). The polymer comprises poly(N-isopropylacrlamide) (pNIPAAM). The photo-responsive polymer comprises first, second and third polymer components of formula (I), (where X:Y:Z=1:99:5). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ( pi )-conjugated amine compound is of formula: N(-Ar4)(-Ar5)-(Ar1)l-(L1)m-(Ar2)n-(L2)o-(Ar3)p-N(-Ar6)(-Ar7), preferably of formula (II).Ar1-Ar3=6-30C bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl;Ar4-Ar7=6-30C aromatic hydrocarbyl;L1-L2=ethylene or acetylene;andl-p=0-6, where any one of l, n and p is not 0.Ar4 and Ar5 optionally bonds together with nitrogen through direct bond or a substituent, to form condensed heterocyclic ring. Ar6 and Ar7 optionally bonds together with nitrogen through a direct bond or a substituent, to form condensed heterocyclic ring. Preferred Property: The temperature of the substrate is controlled in range of (0 degrees C) to (Tg-30 degrees C). Preferred Process: The temperature of the substrate is controlled, such that the molecular orientation of ( pi )-conjugated turns into a horizontal direction with respect to the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-electroconductive paste further contains polyfunctional epoxy compound having functionality of 3 or more. The polyfunctional epoxy compound is of formula (II).R2=R1.The hardening agent is 10C or more acid anhydride, preferably succinic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The IIIA group element is gallium. The VIIA group element is fluorine or chlorine, preferably chlorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-watertight adhesive layer containing catalyst is formed by thermally pressing the gauze coated with mixture of manganese powder, active carbon and polyurethane adhesive. The fixing lead screw is made of hard plastic material, nylon, bakelite, resin material and laminated fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanogranules are titania, magnetite, zinc oxide, alumina, zirconium oxide or phosphorus pentoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of metallic oxide nanogranules and carboxylic acid is 1:1-15. The volume ratio of ethanol and water in the mixed solvent of ethanol and water is 1:3-4. The carboxylic acid modifier is fatty acid or aromatic acid, preferably para-bromobenzoic acid, dodecanoic acid, n-butyric acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid, n-octadecanoic acid, 4-(4- phenylalanine)butyric acid or 4(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)butyric acid. The metallic-oxide nanogranules are titania nanogranules containing hydroxyl groups on the surface, titania or zinc oxide nanogranules which do not contain hydroxyl group on the surface. The molar ratio of the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the metallic oxide nanogranules and carboxyl group of the carboxylic acid is 1:0.5-30. Preferred Process: The rough product is dried at 50-80 degrees C under vacuum for 10-24 hours. The thermal treatment is performed for 30-60 minutes. The pH of the reaction system is adjusted to 2-12 using acid or alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cell is made of silicon, gallium, germanium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, nickel, titanium, cobalt, copper, platinum, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, gold, silver, zinc, iridium, tantalum, hafnium, potassium, lithium and cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Particles: The ceramic nanoparticles contain titania, zinc oxide, tin oxide, niobium trioxide, indium oxide, cupric oxide, and/or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is deionized water, ethanol and/or acetone. The binder is Triton X-100 (RTM: nonionic surfactant), polyethylene glycol, and/or ethyl cellulose. The dispersant is acetylacetone, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, and/or sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. The dye solution is titanium tetrachloride solution with a concentration of 0.1-1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate material is transparent conductive glass, metal substrate, carbon material substrate, polyethylene, polystyrene, or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor junction is a positive-intrinsic-negative (p-i-n) junction in which an amorphous silicon layer of other conductivity type is on a surface of a single crystalline silicon substrate of one conductivity type with an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer interposed in between. The suppression layer is an amorphous silicon layer of one conductivity type on an opposite surface of the single crystalline silicon substrate of one conductivity type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer is a molybdenum layer. The buffer layer comprises molybdenum/copper/aluminum/silver alloy layer. The sulfur-contained buffer layer comprises cuprous sulfide. The composites comprise cuprous selenide, indium selenide, and gallium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heavy zinc-doped material is used to form disordered layer of DOH. The optoelectronic device is fabricated using compound semiconductor alloy. The DOH is an interface between epitaxial layers containing gallium-indium phosphide of formula: GaxIn1-xP (I), where x is more than 0.5. The semiconductor alloy is gallium-indium phosphide (I), aluminum-indium phosphide of formula: AlxIn1-xP, gallium-arsenic phosphide of formula: GaxAs1-x, gallium-arsenic antimonide of formula: GaxAs1-xSb, indium-gallium arsenide of formula: InxGa1-xAs or aluminum-gallium-indium phosphide of formula: (Al1-xGax)yIn1-yP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition contains (in %mass) vanadium pentoxide (25-60), iron trioxide (5-15), manganese dioxide (0-15), phosphorus pentoxide (12-30), tungsten trioxide (0-40), barium oxide (0-30), zinc oxide (0-20) and barium oxide (0-30). The electroconductive paste composition contains powder, metal particles, and vehicle. The metal particles consist of silver, copper, aluminum, or their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar cell material is silicon. The highly reflective metallic layer comprises silver, silver-alloy and/or aluminum. One of the electrically conductive textured layer is zinc oxide or indium oxide or their alloys. The protective alloy coating comprises nickel, nickel-boron, nickel-phosphorus, nickel-zinc, nickel-cobalt, nickel-zinc-cobalt, nickel-cobalt-boron, nickel-poly-aniline, nickel-poly-acryl-amide, and/or nickel-poly-pyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The core component is formed using transparent resin or optical glass. The configuration component has a porous semiconductor layer (14) containing pigment, an electrolyte solution layer (18) and electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic oxide particles contain silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A vapor deposition layer consisting of inorganic oxide is provided on at least one surface of base film. The photovoltaic cell has flexible substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of (meth)acrylate unit having glycidyl group is 6-20 %mass. The olefin polymer further contains alkyl (meth)acrylate unit (5-40 %mass). The olefin polymer is ternary polymer having an ethylene unit, (meth)acrylate unit having glycidyl group, and an alkyl (meth)acrylate unit. The sealing material contains polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pigment is chosen from titanium dioxide, surface-treated titanium dioxide, silica and surface-treated silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The back surface protection sheet has fluororesin layer formed in one surface of base material sheet and adhesive layer formed in the other surface of base material sheet. The undried coating film is dried at temperature less than the boiling point of solvent contained in coating liquid. The fluororesin layer has arithmetic mean deviation (Ra) of 1 mu m or more measured based on JIS B0601-1994.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of glass film, support sheet and protection sheet is 300 mu m or less, 3-250 mu m, and 3-250 mu m. The support sheet has adhesion force of 0.002-2 N/25 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester film has plane orientation coefficient of 0.165 or more, thermal contraction rate of less than 0.6% measured at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes along machine direction and transverse direction, average reflectance of 80% or more at wavelength of 400-700 nm, intrinsic viscosity of 0.6-1.2 dl/g, phosphorus atom content of 200 ppm or more measured by fluorescence X-ray measurement, carboxyl end group concentration of preferably 12 equivalent/ton or less, and fine endothermic peak temperature of preferably 205 degrees C or less. The polyester film has average elongation retention of 50% or more measured after maintaining at 125 degrees C and 100% humidity for 48 hours, and average elongation retention of 10% or more measured after maintaining at 125 degrees C and 100% humidity for 72 hours. The fine endothermic peak temperature (T) and plane orientation coefficient (B) satisfy relation given by: B greater than or equal to 0.000886x T-0.00286.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer(s) contains compound having carbazole structure or azacarbazole structure, and molecular weight of 3000 or less. The crystallinity degree of organic layer is improved, when heat-processing, optical processing or chemical processing is performed on the organic layer. The chemical processing is carried out by exposing the organic layer to poor solvent. The organic layer is photoelectric conversion layer (14), or electron carrying layer (18) provided adjacent to photoelectric conversion layer, and formed by solution-coating method. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=nitrogen-containing 6-membered aromatic ring of formula (i), preferably group of formula (ii) or (iii);    R11-R18,R20-R30=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or alkylsilyl;    X1-X8=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom;and    R1,R2=optionally substituted phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles have: a fraction of (112) crystal faces to total surface area of less than 50%, preferably 20-40%; a fraction of (111) crystal faces to total surface area of less than 20%, preferably 5-15%; and a fraction of (100) crystal faces to total surface area of 5-30%, preferably 5-20%. Then anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a mean diameter of 20-80 nm, preferably 30-60 nm. The anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles are provided in a thin film. The anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles are selectively carboxyl terminated at (111), a (112), and a (100) crystal face. The titanium-containing alkoxide precursors comprises a titanium(IV)alkoxide including ligands of methoxo, ethoxo, propoxo, butoxo, pentoxo and hexoxo ligands, and preferably titanium tetrabutoxide titanium tetra-n-butoxide. The solvent comprises isopropanol, preferably hexane, pentane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene or xylene. Preferred Method: The precursor solution is rapidly and dropwise added to de-ionized water in a stream of an inert gas flow under vigorous stirring of the deionized water. The step of hydrothermally treating (214) is performed in an autoclave so that the liquid takes up 20-80% of the volume and using a temperature of 160-300 degrees C, preferably 200-240 degrees C. The step of hydrothermally treating (214) is performed for 2-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The texturing formulation comprises a hydroxyl carboxylic acid having 1-3 hydroxyl groups and comprising glycolic acid, citric acid having a concentration of 10mM-1M, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, malic acid or tartaric acid. The second texturing formulation comprises a mixture of a strong acid consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and a carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The azacrown ether is 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecane or 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of azacrown ether is 0.01-2 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The persistence (R, in %) of aromatic ring of hydrogenated rosin ester which is calculated by the following relation: (H-peak area of aromatic ring/total H-peak area of aromatic ring)x 100, is less than 10%, preferably less than 1%, where H-peak area is total H-peak area of aromatic ring obtained by carrying out proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectral measurement of hydrogenated rosin ester in heavy chloroform of 6-8 ppm, and total H-peak is total of H-peak area originating in hydrogen group. Preferred Composition: The sealing-material sheet contains (in parts weight) hydrogenated rosin ester (1-200) with respect to ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin (100). The hydrogenated rosin ester has softening point of 60-150 degrees C and weight average molecular weight of 600-3000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel sheet further contains (in %mass) antimony (0.001-0.1), tin (0.001-0.1), nickel (0.1-5), chromium (0.2-5) and cobalt (0.1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains polymer of methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate or cyclohexyl maleimide, and pigment or filler. The resin layer is polyester type resin layer. The back sheet further contains ethylene-vinyl acetate layer as insulating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ions are obtained by ionizing hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon, xenon and/or krypton. The ions are injected into the surface portion of the polysilazane compound-containing layer by plasma ion implantation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polysilazane compound is perhydropolysilazane. Preferred Property: The molded product has water-vapor permeation rate of less than 0.5 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, barium peroxide, ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium persulfate, sodium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium chlorate, sodium chlorate, ammonium chlorate, calcium perphosphate, potassium perphosphate, sodium periodate, potassium periodate, magnesium periodate, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, dibutyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, butyl hydroperoxide, peroxocarbonate, sodium peracetate, potassium peracetate, metachloroperbenzoic acid, tert-butyl perbenzoate, and/or percarboxylic acid. The content of water-soluble oxidizing agent is 0.1-30 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of solid content of resin particles. The hydrophilic inorganic fine particles are oxides and nitrides of silicon, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, cerium, tin, zinc, germanium, indium, and/or antimony. Preferred Process: The drying of to-be-coated component is carried out by heating process. Preferred Property: Inorganic fine particles have average particle diameter of 15 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Resin particles are fluorine resin particles having average particle diameter of 50-500 nm. The mass ratio of inorganic fine particles with respect to resin particles is 20:80-95:5. The hydrophobic resin particles are vinyl acetate, acrylic resin, phenol resin, silicone-modified acrylic resin, vinylidene chloride resin, vinyl chloride resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, acryl urethane resin, silicone resin, fluororesin, polyester resin, and/or polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound further has a bivalent aromatic group-containing structure different from the repeating unit (I). The bivalent aromatic group-containing structure is formed by removing two hydrogen groups from aromatic condensed ring formed by condensing two or more aromatic rings chosen from aromatic 7-membered ring, aromatic 6-membered ring and aromatic 5-membered ring. The number of atoms in aromatic condensed ring existing between two bonded atoms in short distance is 3 or 4 including bonded atom. The bivalent aromatic group-containing structure is of formulae (II)-(IV). The high molecular compound has weight average molecular weight of 10000 or more.X1-X4=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, -N(R10)- or -CR11=CR12-;R10-R12,R1-R6=H or substituent;R1+R2,R3+R4=cyclic structure;andY1-Y4=nitrogen atom or =CH-.Preferred Method: The coating method is slit coat method, capillary coat method, gravure coat method, micro gravure coat method, bar coat method, knife coat method, nozzle coat method, inkjet coat method or spin coat method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The terminal vinyl group number/1000 carbon atoms of polyethylene resin is 3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is obtained by using metal oxide or iron. The metal is selected from aluminum, titanium or copper. The metal oxide is selected from aluminum oxide, titanium oxide or copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The RFID is covered by a room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide-doped cerium oxide is of formula: MxCe1-xO2.x=0-1;andM=lanthanum, manganese, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium, zinc, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, tantalum, rhenium, or platinum, preferably lanthanum, manganese or neodymium.Preferred Process: The surface of inorganic compound metallic oxide particles is modified using thermoplastic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is chosen from dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl formamide, N,N-methyl pyrrolidone, methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, preferably ethanol, propanol and isopropanol. The surfactant is chosen from cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyethylene glycol, Pluronic P123 (RTM: ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer), Pluronic F127 (RTM: triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)) or Triton X-100 (RTM: polyoxyethylene tert-octyl phenyl ether).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polysulfone resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, polybenzimidazole resin, polyimide resin, polystyrene resin, polyether ketone resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin or perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin. The fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin having sulfonic group and ion exchange capacity of 0.5-1.6 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-incident side electrode layer is made of a material selected from aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant material layer consists of phosphorus chloride oxide. The reflective layer and passivation layer consists of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide or carbon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conducting inorganic material or anode structures comprise a material selected from indium-tin-oxide, indium-zinc-oxide, aluminum-tin-oxide, aluminum-zinc-oxide, and zirconium-tin-oxide. The substrate is a TFT substrate having an inorganic surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves: reacting halogenated thiophene of formula (II) with Mg powders in a solvent of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain Grignard reagent (alkyl halogenated magnesium) of formula (III); reacting halogenated thiophene of formula (IV) with Mg powders in a solvent of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain Grignard reagent (alkyl halogenated magnesium) of formula (V); and then reacting the Grignard reagent (III) and (V) with a halogenated aliphatic or halogenated aromatic of formula Br-(X)b-Br in presence of NiCl2 (1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (dppe) and a solvent of ethyl ether to obtain compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    X=benzene-1,4-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, 2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-diyl, or thiophene-2,5-diyl;    R1-R4=H or CH3;    b=1;or    R1 and R2+the carbon atoms, or R3 and R4+the carbon atoms=(1,2)dioxetane, (1,3)dioxolane or (1,4)dioxane.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Compounds i.e. 1,4-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzene of formula (Ia), 9,10-di(thiophen-2-yl)anthracenes, 1,4-bis(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzene, 5,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine, and 2,5-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)thiophene are disclosed as compound (I).    EXAMPLE - 1,4-Di(thiophen-2-yl)benzene was prepared by reacting 2 mole of thiophen-2-ylmagnesium bromide with 1,4-dibromo-benzene in presence of NiCl2 (1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (dppe) and a solvent of ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The laminated sheet has a water vapor barrier layer between the resin layers. The water vapor barrier layer consists of vapor deposition film containing metal and/or metal oxide on the surface. The laminated sheet has thickness of 30-600 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The absorption rate of resin layer (11) with respect to light is 60% or more, when light having wavelength of 400-700 nm is emitted to surface of resin layer (11). The reflectance rate of resin layer (11) with respect to light is 50% or more, when light having wavelength of 800-1400 nm is emitted to surface of resin layer (11). The dimensional change rate of laminated sheet when maintained at 135 degrees C for 30 minutes is plus minus 1% or less. Preferred Resin: The aromatic vinyl-type resin consists of (co)polymer of vinylic monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound, and/or rubber-reinforced aromatic vinyl-type resin obtained by polymerizing monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in the presence of rubbery polymer. The thermoplastic resin of resin layer (11) contains structural unit derived from aromatic vinyl compound and structural unit derived from maleimide-type compound. The amount of structural unit derived from maleimide-type compound with respect to total of 100 %mass of structural units is 10-50 %mass. The thermoplastic resin of resin layer (12) is saturated polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains (in %mass) aluminum oxide (20-99.9) and sulfur (0.1-3). The desulfurizing agent has specific surface area of 150 m2/g or more and pore volume of 0.5 ml/g or more. The aluminum oxide is alpha -alumina. The adsorbent is chosen from zeolite, ferrierite, ZSM-5, mordenite, L type zeolite, beta -zeolite, and faujasite type zeolite. The cation of adsorbent is chosen from sodium ion, potassium ion and calcium ion. The hydrocarbon oil has sulfur content of 0.1-10 mass ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The amount of carbonic acid in the slurry is controlled such that the pH is plus minus 1.5 in the isoelectric point of the titanium oxide powder. The crude titanium oxide powder is obtained by neutralizing titanium tetrachloride with ammonia. The titanium oxide powder in the slurry is separated by filtration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The optoelectronic device includes an organic LED element. The optoelectronic device consists of several layers, where at least two adjacent layers are bonded together with the entire surface of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: up to 25 wt.% of (I) and (II); up to 50 wt.% of epoxides; an initiator for cationic polymerization, preferably triarylsulfonium salts; up to 45 wt.% of a difluoro- and/or trifluoro-vinylethers; up to 40 wt.% of maleimides. The composition is cured by polymerization. Preferred Components: The total content of vinyl ethers and fluorovinylethers are at least 70 wt.%. Preferred Method: The curing step (iii) is carried out by irradiating the composition through the transparent cover layer and/or thermal treatment of the device. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: 4-(vinyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethylbenzoate (88); (1R,4R)-4-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-4'-propylbi(cyclohexane) (10); 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanoldivinylether (2); and triarylsulfonium-hexafluoroantimonate (0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The materials of the absorbing layers one of monocrystal line silicon, polysilicon, noncrystalline silicon, germanium, III-V compound, II-VI compound, metallic oxide, metallic sulfide and microcrystalline germanium-silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal nanowire is made of nickel, cobalt, silver, chromium, iron, copper, aluminum, tin, zinc, titanium or lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front surface electrode is made of aluminum doped zinc oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide. The photovoltaic layer of the structure is made of cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide or copper indium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pulverization process is carried out using high velocity revolution grinder or jet mill. Preferred Composition: The material powder is obtained by carrying out vapor phase oxidation of titanium halide. The titanium halide is titanium tetrachloride. Preferred Properties: The fine particle powder has BET specific surface area of 10-200 m2/g, preferably 20-200 m2/g and tap density of 0.4 g/cm3 or more, preferably 0.5 g/cm3 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The stirrer (1) is provided with screw (8) which auto rotates and revolves the pulverized powder within the cone container (2) which narrows towards the bottom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate is formed from a material selected from a group including polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether imide (PEI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyether sulfone (PES).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass composition band is made of bismuth, borosilicate, vanadium phosphate and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The absorber layer comprises cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, cadmium sulfur oxide, cadmium manganese telluride, or cadmium magnesium telluride. The front contact layer comprises cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide, and/or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfur oxide, or copper oxide. The back contact layer comprises mercury telluride, zinc telluride, cadmium mercury telluride, arsenic telluride, antimony telluride, or copper telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer comprises cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, tellurium-rich cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfur telluride, cadmium manganese telluride, or cadmium magnesium telluride. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfur oxide, and or copper oxide. The back contact layer comprises zinc telluride, mercury telluride, cadmium mercury telluride, arsenic telluride, antimony telluride, and copper telluride. The active dopant comprises a material selected from aluminum, gallium, indium, iodine, chlorine, and bromine; or a material selected from copper, gold, silver, sodium, bismuth, sulfur, arsenic, phosphorus, and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The base layer comprises ceramic material and glass ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: First part(s) of the base layer is designed to form a first portion(s) of silicide coating (220); and second part(s) of the base layer is designed to form a second portion(s) of the silicide coating. The silicide coating is designed to withstand a chemical corrosion above 300 degrees C. The base layer comprises aluminum, carbon, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, molybdenum, silicon, niobium, nickel, platinum, titanium, and/or tungsten. A composition of the silicide coating depends on a temperature at which the base layer is exposed to the silicon source gas. The silicon source comprises at least one of HxSiyClz.x-z=0-6.The blocking layer is formed by exposing the silicide coating layer to oxygen enriched gas(es); reacting oxygen with metal element(s) in the silicide coating layer; and forming the blocking layer. It comprises alumina, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride (Si3N4), and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filler material includes surface treated silica and/or surface treated alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ultrahigh molecular weight polyolefin is ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, which is combined with crosslinkable polyethylene, high density polyethylene, or other polyethylene of lower molecular weight than that of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid contains nitrogen-containing organic cation. The ionic liquid has electrode protective film formation property with respect to positive electrode material surface and negative electrode material surface, when used as electrolyte material of lithium secondary battery. Preferred Property: The ionic liquid has ionic conductivity of 0.0001 mS/cm or more at 30 degrees C. Preferred Process: The process further involves fluorinating the product obtained by cyanation reaction. Preferred Definitions:    X=fluoro;and    n=3-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The non-conducting anode substrate is made of glass, polymer or ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conducting cathode substrate is made of carbon, titanium, nickel, steel alloy, platinum, gold, iron, cobalt or palladium. The conducting core in cable is made of titanium, aluminum, tungsten, silicon, zirconium, niobium, tantalum or hafnium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide-alumina type transparent electrode layer has volume resistivity of 3-5x 10-4 Omega .cm and thickness of 100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic ingredient is aluminum. The inorganic hydride is sodium borohydride. The alkali metal-based compound is sodium hydroxide. The transition metal compounds are cobalt chloride and iron chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fluorine resin layer contains titanium dioxide. Preferred Process: The gas barrier layer laminated on base-material sheet is formed into a film by reactive sputtering method in the presence of inert gas atmosphere containing nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material of first electrode layer contains aluminum, silver, gold, copper, platinum, cobalt, chromium, titanium, platinum silicate, nickel silicide, cobalt silicide, molybdenum silicide, titanium silicide, tantalum silicide, tungsten silicide, zirconium silicide, palladium silicide or hafnium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Material (I) forms an amorphous silicon layer or a polycrystalline silicon layer. Material (II) is germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supporting electrolyte salt is present at 5-40 wt.%. It comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium iodide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, or lithium thiocyanate. The porous particle comprises a mesoporous inorganic particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supporting electrolyte salt comprises lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium triflate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), sodium triflate, or potassium triflate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or the metal alloy is silver or silver alloy, zinc or zinc alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy, tin or tin alloy, or copper or copper alloy. The copper alloy is copper-gallium alloy, copper-indium alloy or copper-gallium-indium-alloy. The quantity of the copper alloy is 82-98 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of glass film is 300 mu m or less. The thickness of support glass is 300 mu m or less. The difference of thermal expansion coefficient of glass film and support glass at 30-380 degrees C is less than 5/asterisk10-7/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of gallium is not less than 2x 1014- not greater than 3x 1018 atoms/cm3, and concentration of germanium is not greater than 1x 1015- not greater than 2x 1020 atoms/cm3. Preferred Component: The silicon crystal contains boron. Preferred Process: The method involves performing casting method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive may be lithium iodide or ammonium iodide. The redox couple may be iodine ions (I-/I3-) or bromine ions (Br2/Br-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox couple is thiocyanogen ion ((SCN)2-) or thiocyanate ion ((SCN)-). The choline halide is alkylacyl choline halide or alkylacyl choline ammonium halide, preferably butyrylcholine halide. The alcohol is glycerol. The ionic liquid comprises butyrylcholine halide and glycerol at molar ratio of 2.5-3.5:1. The composition further comprises imidazole ionic liquid, preferably iodinated 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazole iodonium; and additive, preferably tetrabutylammonium iodide, N-methylbenzimidazole, or iodinated 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazole iodonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dye is polycarboxylate ruthenium pyridine, polyphosphate ruthenium pyridine, or multinuclear ruthenium bipyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal of electrode layer (101) is chosen from aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper and titanium. Preferred Property: The distance between adjoining opening portions is 10-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The alkali-free glass composition preferably comprises silica (50-70), alumina (11-23, more preferably 11-16), boron trioxide (11.5-20, more preferably 13-19), arsenic trioxide (less than 0.05), antimony trioxide (less than 0.05), and alkali metal oxide (less than 0.1). The alkali-free glass composition further contains magnesium oxide (0-8, preferably 0-6), calcium oxide (1-10, preferably 1-9), strontium oxide (0-2, preferably 0-1), barium oxide (0-2, preferably 0-1), mixture of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide (5-12, preferably 7-10), tin oxide (0.001-1, preferably 0.01-0.5) and fluorine (less than 0.1), chlorine (less than 0.1). Preferred Properties: The alkali-free glass has thickness of 0.6 mm or less, alpha -ray emitting amount of 5000x 10-4 C/cm2/hour or less, and spectral transmission factor at 300-800 nm of 85% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-storing alloy is of formula MgaRbNicCodAle.R=Zr, Ca, rare earth, or mixed rare earth;a=0-16;b=0-2;c=0-5;d=0-1; ande=0-0.5.Provided that a, b=not simultaneously 0. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-storing alloy is treated by hot alkali or acid to enhance its catalytic activity. The treatment of hot alkali comprises dipping the hydrogen-storing alloy with boronized surface in potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution for 0.5-5 hours at 50-90 degrees C; filtering; washing with deionized water; and drying in vacuum at 70-90 degrees C for 6-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing plate comprises greater than or equal to 95% of zirconia, alumina and calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The continuous and dense carbon film is formed on a metal substrate e.g. iron substrate, copper substrate, aluminum substrate, nickel substrate, titanium substrate, alloys substrate, stainless steel substrate, plain carbon steel substrate, low-alloy steel substrate, copper alloy substrate, aluminum alloy substrate, nickel alloy substrate and titanium alloy substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The ceria and alumina are dispersed on nm scale. Preferred Components: The content rate of aluminum in preparation ratio of cerium and aluminum is plus minus 20%. The content of ceria is complex oxide is 50-99 mass%. The complex oxide contains zirconia. The content rate of zirconium in preparation ratio of zirconium is plus minus 20%. The gas containing ammonia contains oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The base layer and intermediate layer are formed by plasma chemical-vapor deposition method using gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, ozone, tetraethyl siloxane, hexamethyl disiloxane, tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, triethyl silane, trimethylsilane, monosilane and/or disilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The laminated sheet has a water vapor barrier layer between the resin layers. The water vapor barrier layer consists of vapor deposition film containing metal and/or metal oxide on the surface. The laminated sheet has thickness of 30-600 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: At least one resin layer (11,12) is white-colored resin layer. The dimensional change rate of laminated sheet when maintained at 135 degrees C for 30 minutes is plus minus 1% or less. Preferred Resin: The aromatic vinyl-type resin consists of (co)polymer of vinylic monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound, and/or rubber-reinforced aromatic vinyl-type resin obtained by polymerizing monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in the presence of rubbery polymer. The thermoplastic resin of resin layer (11) contains structural unit derived from aromatic vinyl compound and structural unit derived from maleimide-type compound. The amount of structural unit derived from maleimide-type compound with respect to total of 100 %mass of structural units is 10-50 %mass. The thermoplastic resin of resin layer (12) is saturated polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material melt further contains single piece of alkali metal, single piece of alkaline-earth metal, alkali metal compound and/or alkaline-earth metal compound, preferably mixture of magnesium and magnesium chloride, or mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride, preferably sodium chloride. The acid is chosen from hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Preferred Process: The surface of the treated solid silicon is processed by washing solid silicon with acid and/or water. The surface-treated solid silicon is subjected to demetallation process, de-boron process, oxidizing-refining, dephosphorylation process, vacuum refining, and solidifying segregation process. An alloy layer containing alkali metal, silicon and/or alkaline-earth metal is formed on surface of solid silicon, and then the alloy layer is removed from surface of solid silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of titanium dioxide particles is 10-60 wt.%. Preferred Property: The titanium dioxide particles have particle size of 100 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of titanium organic compound is 1-10 wt.%. The titanium organic compound is titanium alkoxide, titanium glycolate, or titanium chelate. The alcohol contains linear primary 1-30C alkyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic resin is polyvinyl acetal resin, or ethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The chemical conversion treatment layer and sealant layer are laminated through adhesive layer by sandwich lamination method, or adhesive layer and sealant layer are laminated by co-extrusion lamination method to chemical conversion treatment layer which is laminated with barrier layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic or organic-inorganic mixed layer has structure chosen from acryl structure, urethane structure, ester structure and silica matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stabilization component is hindered amine light stabilizer as optical stabilizer and/or benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent soft resin is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene- alpha , beta -unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, or ethylene- alpha , beta -unsaturated carboxylic acid-alkyl-ester copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilization component is optical stabilizer and/or ultraviolet absorber. The optical stabilizer is hindered amine light stabilizer. The ultraviolet absorber is benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The heat-ray shielding filler is metal oxide-coated synthetic silica and/or metal oxide electroconductive fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alpha -olefin is chosen from ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene and 1-decene. The ethylenic unsaturated silane compound is alkoxysilane having vinyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves heat processing the film at temperature less than boiling point of organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base-material sheet is resin sheet. The protective sheet further has heat bondable sheet laminated to the other surface of the base material. Preferred Properties: The maximum value of dynamic friction coefficient of the near surface of fluorine-containing resin coating layer, and surface of other side is 6 or less. The difference of maximum value and minimum value of dynamic friction coefficient is 0.8 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is isocyanate compound. The ratio of number of isocyanate groups with respect to number of hydroxyl groups of coating material is 0.5-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing resin contains hydroxyl group. The ratio of insoluble resin component with respect to good solvent of crosslinked material of fluorine-containing resin coating layer is 97% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton type zeolite is Y type or beta type zeolite. The fuel gas is town gas or liquified petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The polyimide film has central line average surface roughness (Ra) of 2-10 nm, linear expansion coefficient of film plane direction of - 5-10 ppm/ degrees C and tensile strength at break of longitudinal direction and width direction of greater than or equal to 300 MPa. Preferred Composition: The polyimide film is polyimide film which has pyromellitic acid residue as residue of aromatic tetracarboxylic acids and/or aromatic diamine residue with benzoxazole structure as residue of aromatic diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound is chosen from gold, silver, copper and platinum group element chosen from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent is hydroxylamine-type compound, hydrazine-type compound, phenol, hydroxyketone and/or enediol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metal-colloid protective agent (a) and the metal-colloid protective agent (b) are organic polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The composite tungsten oxide is complex oxide hexagonal crystal of formula: M'aWbO3, where M' is alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or element of group 3B, and a/b is 0.25-0.5. Preferred Process: The aerosol deposition of the raw material powder is carried out in inert gas atmosphere containing nitrogen, argon or helium. The transparent conductive film is heat-processed in the reducing-gas atmosphere containing hydrogen or ammonia, after deposition process. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive film has visible light transmittance of 10% or more and specific resistance is 5.0x 10-3 ohm-cm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent base material is chosen from inorganic glass, resin film or resin board and/or laminated component. The resin film or resin board contains polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polystyrene resin, polypropylene resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyester resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, fluororesin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metallurgical silicon is crushed under water. In the chemical treatment, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and/or nitric acid is/are used. The particles are dried after the etching process at elevated temperatures under protective gas. The silicon particles are melted using an electron beam. The silicon melt is subjected to vacuum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device for crushing silicon has a means for generating high voltage electric field. The device with the tool for melting silicon has: a means for generating an electron beam; a tool for producing high vacuum; and a flat tub in which a silicon melt is suspended to high vacuum. The device, in which molten silicon can be subjected to a directional solidification, has an interior with a movable, preferably a retractable bottom. The tool for melting silicon and the means by which molten silicon can be subjected to directional solidification are integrated in a device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer film comprises a polythiophene containing a sulfonic acid, where a doping ratio of the sulfonic acid with respect to thiophene rings in the conductive polymer film is 0.55- 0.72. The absorption coefficient of the conductive polymer film for light having a wavelength of 800 nm comprises 38000 cm-1 or less. EXAMPLE - 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene as a monomer for a conductive polymer, a solution of ferric p-toluenesulfonate (40 wt.%) as an oxidant in butanol, and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate as an additive that was a salt formed of a dopant and a basic substance were mixed to afford a polymerization liquid. Then preferred polymerization liquid was applied onto a glass substrate by a spin coating method to form a film. After the formation of the film from the polymerization liquid, the film was left to stand at 50 degrees C for 1 hour and worked up to give conductive polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound (I) is a triazine derivative of formula (III) or pyrazine derivative of formula (II).R2=1-10C alkyl group, 1-10C alkoxy group, 6-10C aryl group, 6-10C aryloxy group (all optionally substituted), or H (preferably straight-chain alkyl group, or straight-chain alkoxy group, especially 1-4C alkoxy group). Preferred Definitions:    R1=straight-chain alkyl group (preferably 1-12C alkyl group), or 3- or 4-positions of the benzene ring, relative to the thiophene ring which is in 1-position.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 44 Compounds are disclosed as compound (I) e.g. 2,6-bis-(5-(4-butyl-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-pyrazine (Ia); 2,6-bis-(5-(4-butyl-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-pyrazine; 2,6-bis-(5-phenyl-thiophen-2-yl)-pyrazine; 2-methoxy-4,6-bis-(5-phenyl-thiophen-2-yl)-(1,3,5)triazine; 2-methoxy-4,6-bis-(5-m-tolyl-thiophen-2-yl)-(1,3,5)triazine.    EXAMPLE - A solution including 2,6-bis(5'-bromo-2'-thienyl)pyrazine (0.52 g), 4-n-butylbenzeneboronic acid (0.51 g), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.017 g) in 25 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone was prepared, and a solution including sodium carbonate (0.80 g) in water (5 ml) was added to that. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 degrees C for 6 hours. After allowed to cool, the mixture was poured into water (400 ml), and the resulting precipitate was separated by filtration and washed with water. The precipitate was dried under reduced pressure and then dissolved in toluene. The dissolved precipitate was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) to form 2,6-bis-(5-(4-butyl-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-pyrazine (0.45 g, 69%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains (in %mass) titanium (0.4 or less) and/or aluminum (0.3 or less), and copper, cobalt, vanadium and/or tungsten. The total amount of copper, cobalt, vanadium and tungsten is 4 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The probe molecule is an aromatic compound having 4 or more aromatic rings, and preferably perylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a polymer having sulfone group as acidic radical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The tropism rate difference of base film and hardened layer is less than plus minus 0.05. The base film with fine groove structure on its surface has external haze of 3-20% which is haze of base film before roughening the haze surface of base film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel further contains titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, tungsten or zirconium (0.05-0.5). The steel preferably contains carbon (0.04 or less) and manganese (0.8-2.5), and sum of rare-earth elements, yttrium and calcium of 0.005-0.1 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide porous component has mesopore structure, pore structure and cubic phase structure. Preferred Properties: The mesopore of metal oxide porous component has average pore diameter of 5-30 nm. The metal oxide porous component has porosity of 1-80 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal in the metal oxide precursor is chosen from silicon, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, cobalt, lithium, iron, manganese and barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The terminal-branched polyolefin copolymer is of formula (I) or (II).R4,R5=R1;R6-R11=H or methyl, where at least one of R6-R11 is H;l+m1=2-450;n=20-300;andl+m1+o=3-450. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=(-E-X3);    E=oxygen or sulfur;    X3=polyalkylene glycol or -R3-(G)m;    R3=hydrocarbyl having valency of m+1;    G=-OX4, -NX5X6 or -N(-X8)(-X7);    X4-X6=polyalkylene glycol;    m=1-10;and    X7,X8=X3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluoride microparticles are cryolite microparticles or sodium fluoride microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The siloxane compound is hydrolysis condensate of organoalkoxysilane and tetraalkoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Group: The fluorine-containing group (I) is of formula (II). The side chain portion is cyclopentadiene-containing group (III). The core portion is ethylene-containing group of formula (IV), benzene-containing group of formula (V) or nitrogen-containing group of formula (VI)-(VIII).R,R1-R4,R9-R12=H or monovalent group;or R1+R2=ring;or R9+R10=ring;j=1 to number of substitutable portions of R bonded with ring;Z1=-C(-R1)=C(-R2)-, -S-, -O-, -C(-R3)=N-, -N(-R4)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, -Se- or -Te-, preferably -S-;m, n, o=0-10;m+o=1 or more;Ar1=bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl or bivalent heterocyclic group (both optionally substituted by fluoro);R5-R8=H, alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl or monovalent heterocyclic group (both optionally substituted by fluoro);Z2,Z3=-C(-R9)=C(-R10)-, -S-, -O-, -C(-R11)=N-, -N(-R12)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, -Se- or -Te-, preferably -S-;andR13=H, alkyl, aryl or cyano. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Branched compound is disclosed i.e. 2-(4-(5-(3,5-bis(5-(5-(5,5-difluoro-4,6-dioxo-4H,5H,6H-cyclopenta(b)thiophen-2-yl)-4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-5,5-difluoro-4H,5H,6H-cyclopenta(b)thiophene-4,6-dione of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - 2-(5-Bromo-3-hexylthien-2-yl)-5,5-difluoro-4H-cyclopenta(b)thiophene-4,6(5H)-dione (in mg) (40), 2-(3,5-dithien-2-ylphenyl)thiophene (28), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (3) and toluene (1 mL) were mixed at 120 degrees C for 12 hours, cooled, distilled and purified to obtain 2-(4-(5-(3,5-bis(5-(5-(5,5-difluoro-4,6-dioxo-4H,5H,6H-cyclopenta(b)thiophen-2-yl)-4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-5,5-difluoro-4H,5H,6H-cyclopenta(b)thiophene-4,6-dione (9), with yield of 31%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting an amine containing compound (e.g. indole) with a corresponding acid to give imine (or aza functionality), which is followed by a metal insertion reaction to give (I). Preferred Definitions:    R2-R5 = 4 H, provided that M is not Zn, Cu or Pd;    M = Zn2+, Cu2+, Pd2+ or Pt2+;    Y1, Y2 = N;    R1 = H, phenyl or bromophenyl; and    R6 = phenyl or bromophenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 11 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 15,20-diphenyl-5,10-diaza-tetrabenzoporphyrin zinc(II) complex of formula (Ia), 5,15-diaza-tetrabenzoporphyrin zinc(II) complex, 5,10-diaza-tetrabenzoporphyrin copper(II) complex, 5,10,15-triaza-tetrabenzoporphyrin zinc(II) complex and 5-aza-tetrabenzoporphyrin copper(II) complex.    EXAMPLE - Mixture of phthalimide (6 g), phenyl acetic acid (5 g) and zinc oxide (3.2 g) was kept at 250 degrees C for 1 hour, after which the melt was cooled, ground and boiled in 10% hydrochloric acid (100 ml) for 5 minutes. The precipitate was filtered off and washed with hot water (200 ml). The dried solid was purified and the main red band was collected to produce intermediate. This intermediate was treated with p-toluene sulfuric acid and hexamethyldisilazane (2 equivalents) for 10 hours under 110 degrees C. Then 1,3-diiminoisoindoline (4 equivalents), zinc oxide (2 equivalents) were added into reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated to 280 degrees C and kept for 10 hours. The solid was cooled, ground, washed and purified to obtain 15,20-diphenyl-5,10-diaza-tetrabenzoporphyrin zinc(II) complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal nanowire is silver nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is curable resin crosslinked using crosslinking agent chosen from aldehyde-type crosslinking agent, melamine-type crosslinking agent and epoxy-type crosslinking agent. The nonelectroconductive polymer is water-soluble polymer or macromolecular latex. The metal nanowire removal liquid contains water-soluble polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The organic photoelectric conversion element has a structure in which 3 layers (14i, 14n and 14p) are laminated. The layer (14p) contains p-type organic-semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The n-type organic-semiconductor material is fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative(s) is polymerizable fullerene derivative, and forms three-dimensional network structure, and is a compound obtained by polymerizing fullerene monomer of formula (I).R1,R2=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or silyl (all optionally substituted);L1,L2=alkylene, alkene diyl, alkyne diyl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, silylene, ether, thioether, carbonyl, carboxy, amino or amide;andG1,G2=polymerizable group used as joint chain of three-dimensional network structure.Preferred Process: The photoelectric converting layer is formed using a solution process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The p-type organic-semiconductor material is porphyrin derivative, and has high carrier mobility. The mass ratio of p-type organic-semiconductor material and n-type organic-semiconductor material in the layer (14i) is 2-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is ruthenium or iron. Preferred Property: The transition metal is in the form of microparticles with particle size of 1 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The carbon-based film composite layer on metal titanium intermediate layer is mixture of carbon, titanium carbonate and metal titanium. The carbon atoms comprises 50-95% and titanium atoms comprises 5-50% in carbon-based film composite layer on the metal titanium intermediate layer. Preferred Processes: The deposition of carbon-based film composite layer on metal titanium intermediate layer is carried out by simultaneously performing titanium target and carbon target reaction magnetron sputtering on metal titanium intermediate layer of metal bipolar plate in deposition vacuum chamber. The reaction of carbon and titanium is accompanied when carbon-based film composite layer is deposited on metal titanium intermediate layer to produce titanium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrodeposition comprises introducing the substrate in first reaction solution, controlling electric potential and deposition time, and washing electrodes with blank solution; introducing into second reaction solution, controlling electric potential and deposition time; and washing electrodes with blank solution; and depositing reaction solutions repeatedly. Organic solvent is added to regulate and determine inadequate electric potential. The solution containing metal doped element (preferably platinum, cobalt, vanadium or nickel) and/or non-metal doped element (preferably carbon, nitrogen or boron) is added into the reaction solution. Preferred Material: The compound with coaxial heterogeneous structure is cadmium sulfide, bismuth sulfide. cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, tin oxide or ferric oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The active layer in the organic solar cell further contains 60C fullerene, 60C fullerene derivative of (6,6)-phenyl-61C-methyl butyrate, 70C fullerene, 70C fullerene derivative of (6,6)-phenyl-61C-methyl butyrate, 60C fullerene derivative of (6,6)-phenyl-61C-cholesteryl butyrate, 70C fullerene derivative of (6,6)-phenyl-61C-cholesteryl butyrate, perylene, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bis(benzimidazole) and perylene benzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The glass pulp is obtained by mixing glass powder and ethyl cellulose, adding the mixture into terpineol, stirring at 50-100 degrees C and ball-milling for 3-5 hours. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of glass powder and terpineol is 2:1. The content of ethyl cellulose is 3-5 %mass with respect to total mass of glass powder and terpineol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid is phosphoric acid solution or phosphoric acid condensed product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal alkoxide is tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethoxysilane, titanium n-butoxide, pure titanium tetrapropoxide, tetrapropoxy zirconium, tributoxy aluminum, pentabutoxy niobium, tin tetrabutoxide, methyl trimethoxysilane or diethyl diethoxysilane. The additive is Brij 56 (RTM: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether), Pluronic F127 (RTM: nonionic surfactant) and acetylacetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive polymer is polymer capable of dissociating or accepting proton with/without water. Preferred Groups: The polymer has sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, imidazole group, thiazole group, thiophene group, pyridine group, amino group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group or oxygen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate. The weather-resistant layer is made of polyvinylidene fluoride. The bonding layers are polyurethane glue bonding layers. The adhesive layer is a hot-melt adhesive layer. Preferred Property: The thickness of substrate, weather-resistant layer, electrical insulation layer and adhesive layer is 10-20 microns, 10-30 microns, 50-300 microns, and 50-100 microns, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multi-wall nanotube is doped with nanocrystalline oxide film. The first conducting glass electrode is printed with semiconductor nano oxide paste. The semiconductor nano oxide paste comprises titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide or niobium oxide particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crucible material comprises silicon nitride and silicon dioxide at a weight ratio of 1:10-1:1 and with a grain size of 1-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The color pigment is a black pigment. The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer, epoxy-type plasticizer, and/or phthalate ester plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resins: The resin is an acrylic polyol type-resin. The resin layer contains aliphatic type polyisocyanate resin, alicyclic type polyisocyanate resin, and/or aromatic-aliphatic type polyisocyanate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermal expansion buffer layer contains cuprous sulfide or cuprous selenide. Preferred Properties: The thermal expansion buffer layer has thermal expansion coefficient of 5x 10-6-10.5x 10-6 cm/ degrees C, and thickness of 0.2-0.5 mu m. The alloy thin film layer has thermal expansion coefficient of 5x 10-6-9.3x 10-6 cm/ degrees C, and thickness of 0.1-0.25 mu m. The copper/indium/gallium/selenium thin film layer has thermal expansion of 5x 10-6-9.3x 10-6 cm/ degrees C, and thickness of 0.2-0.5 mu m. Preferred Process: Argon or nitrogen is provided for rapidly cooling the substrate having molybdenum thin film layer, alloy thin film layer, thermal expansion buffer layer, and copper/indium/gallium/selenium thin film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass substrate or flexible metal substrate. Preferred Layer: The alloy thin film layer is molybdenum-aluminum alloy layer, molybdenum-copper alloy layer, molybdenum-copper-aluminum alloy layer or molybdenum-copper-aluminum-silver alloy layer. Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of molybdenum and aluminum in the molybdenum-aluminum alloy layer is 6-9:1-2. The ratio of content of molybdenum, copper and aluminum in molybdenum-copper-aluminum alloy layer is 5-7:3-5:1-2. The ratio of content of molybdenum and copper in the molybdenum-copper alloy layer is 5-8:1-4. The content of molybdenum, copper, aluminum and silver in the molybdenum-copper-aluminum-silver alloy layer is 5-7:3-4:1-1.5:2-2.5. Preferred Process: The sputtering is carried out using a target containing molybdenum, copper, aluminum or silver. Preferred Properties: The molybdenum-aluminum alloy layer has thickness of 0.1-0.25 mu m and electroconductivity of 20x 106-25x 106/m Omega . The molybdenum-copper-aluminum alloy layer and molybdenum-copper alloy layer have thickness of 0.1-0.25 mu m and electroconductivity of 30x 106-35x 106/m Omega . The molybdenum-copper-aluminum-silver alloy layer has thickness of 0.1-0.25 mu m and electroconductivity of 35x 106-40x 106/m Omega .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Product: The substrate comprises a re-constructable hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterned surface comprising several molecular chains, where each chain contains a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic segment and a photo-reversible cross-linked portion. The product comprises a fuel cell bipolar plate comprising the substrate comprising the patterned surface comprising hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The chains in the hydrophilic region are stretched so that the hydrophilic group is furthest from the substrate to provide a surface of the hydrophilic groups, or the chains in the hydrophilic group in the hydrophilic region are bent so that the hydrophilic group is attached to the substrate and a surface of the hydrophobic segment is provided. The bipolar plate optionally includes a reactant flow field defined by lands and channels between them, where the reactant gas flow field is defined by at least two lands and a channel between them. The channel is defined at least in part by a floor surface and the patterned surface is on the floor surface. The virtual microgroove over the surface comprises molecular chains each comprising a hydrophilic group and a cross-linked portion. The cross-linked portion is reversibly cross-linked. The region has a width of less than 50 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanomaterial is added to water. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial solution is applied in the form of slurry on the substrate. The carbon nanomaterial and other particles are mixed together in the aqueous solution. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial solution is added on a non-absorbent substrate, or on absorbent and/or porous substrate, which extracts water from the carbon nanomaterial solution. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial solution is added on a planar formed substrate. The aqueous carbon nanomaterial is applied by film casting method on the substrate. The carbon nanomaterial network is prepared in the form of 3D body, plate or flexible paper. Preferred Components: The carbon nanomaterial network, preferably carbon nanomaterial 3D networks or carbon nanomaterial non-wovens, exhibit a porosity of above 50%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Paste: In the conductive paste, the lead compound comprises lead oxide and lead fluoride, where the lead fluoride is selected from wt.% lead fluoride (PbF), PbF2, PbF4 and a mixture. The glass frit comprises 9.45-24.79 wt.% of PbF2 based on the weight of the glass frit. The glass frit further comprises 0.5-5 wt.% of boron oxide (B2O3), and 0.1-5 wt.% of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) based on the weight of the glass frit. The glass frit has softening point in a range of 300-450 degrees C. The electrically conductive powder is 40-90 wt.% of the conductive paste. The glass frit is 0.5-8 wt.% of the conductive paste. Alternatively, the conductive paste comprises: electrically conductive powder; glass frit which comprises, based on weight percent (wt.%) of the glass frit: 8-26 wt.% of SiO2, 0.1-5 wt.% of Al2O3, and 1 to 5 elemental wt.% fluorine; and organic medium. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the solar cell electrode, the conductive paste is fired at a temperature of less than 930 degrees C. The conductive paste is fired for 2-5 minutes. Preferred Solar Cell: Alternatively, the solar cell comprises the solar cell electrode, where, prior to firing, the electrode comprises the conductive paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermally conductive filler has single material or composite material containing 2 or more of magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum nitride and/or boron nitride. The thermally conductive filler has electric insulation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin binder contains epoxy resin having viscosity of 0.01-1 Pa.second and/or silicone resin binder. The resin binder having one component or more than two-component containing main ingredient and hardening agent is included in the thermosetting resin binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesive is mono-titanate and composite titanate containing compound selected from butyl titanate, isobutyl titanate, propyl titanate or isopropyl titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The roof tile is formed from copper, copper alloy, iron, iron alloy, steel, stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The roof tile is formed from plastic, Makrolon (RTM: polycarbonate) or neoprene (RTM: Synthetic rubber based on polychloroprene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflection film is porous silicon dioxide film, nanometer fiber silicon dioxide film or silicon dioxide/titanium dioxide composite film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of epoxy ethane and PAN is 1:5 to 1:0.2. In the mixed solution of acetonitrile and DMF, the volume ratio of acetonitrile and DMF is 6:1 to 2:1. In the mixture the iodine and the potassium iodide, the mole ratio of the iodine and the potassium iodide is 1:8-1:12; the concentration of the iodine in the polymer system is 0.04-0.06 mol/L; and the concentration the potassium iodide in the polymer system is 0.3-0.7 mol/L. Preferred Parameters: The radiation energy density of the electronic radiation is 1020 to 1021 eV/cm2. The ion conduction ratio is 0.01-0.1 s/cm. Preferred Process: The process for using the electronic radiation modified polymer electrolyte in the dye-sensitized nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) solar cell comprises coating the polymer electrolyte modified by electronic radiation on the manufactured nc-Si electrode surface; pressing the counter electrode; and encapsulating it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multi-hole parent metal is carbon paper, carbon cloth, or multi-hole metal net. The fluorine polymer latex is polyfluortetraethylene latex, polyvinylidene fluoride latex, or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon latex. The carbon soot is multi-hole conducting carbon soot, acetylene black powder, carbon nanotube, or active carbon micro powder. The solvent with 80-140 degrees C boiling point is methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropanol, propyl alcohol, toluene, or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The porous microparticles have porosity of 50-90% and average particle diameter of 30 nm to 5 mu m. Preferred Components: The porous microparticles are oxide porous microparticles containing the element(s) chosen from silicon or zirconium, yttrium, vanadium and aluminum. The wavelength conversion substance is semiconductor fine particles or rare-earth ion. The semiconductor fine particles are silicon semiconductor microparticles or zinc oxide semiconductor fine particles. The rare-earth ion is chosen from bivalent europium ion, trivalent europium ion, erbium ion, dysprosium ion, cerium ion, bismuth ion and neodymium ion. Preferred Composition: The wavelength conversion layer has corrugated structure having elevation difference of 300 nm to 100 mu m and in-plane period of 300 nm to 50 mu m provided on inner surface of photovoltaic device. Preferred Process: The wavelength conversion layer is formed by inkjet system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The laminated thin films are formed into one film by vacuum depositing or sputtering of material selected from oxide, nitride, and fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyimide precursor has weight average molecular weight of 15000-200000. The polyimide resin film has thickness of 1-20 mu m, glass transition temperature of 300 degrees C or more and thermal expansion coefficient of 100-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer is a porous titania layer. The dye is ruthenium metal complex dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte layer comprises liquid or solid electrolyte. The liquid electrolyte contains ambient temperature molten salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The cyclic nitroxyl radical compound (I) is a nitroxyl radical-containing polymer of formula (III) or nitroxyl radical-containing copolymer of formula (IV).R5,R11=oxygen or carbonyloxy;R6,R12=R1;andn=10-10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester of resin composition is polyethylene terephthalate. The acid increase amount of composition before and after performing wet-heat treatment for 4 hours at 155 degrees C under saturated steam, is less than 90 equivalent/ton. The composition contains alkali metal (1.3-6 mol/ton), phosphorus (1.8-7.5 mol/ton), nitrogen element (less than 100 ppm), and acid terminal group (less than 20 equivalent/ton). The polyester resin composition contains metallic compound which includes element chosen from sodium, lithium, or potassium, metallic compound which includes element chosen from magnesium, calcium, manganese or cobalt, or metallic compound which includes element chosen from antimony, titanium or germanium. The content of metallic element with respect to total content of polyester resin composition is 30-500 ppm. The content of phosphorus compound with respect to total content of resin composition is 30-150 ppm. The polyester resin composition contains 0.01-1 mol% of polyvalent carboxylic acid component having functionality of 3 or more, polyhydric alcohol component having functionality of 3 or more, or polyvalent hydroxycarboxylic acid component having functionality of 3 or more, with respect to total acid component. The phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid alkali metal salt are added as alkylene glycol mixed solution whose pH is 2-6. The alkali metal of phosphoric acid alkali metal salt is sodium or potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer further has a bivalent aromatic hydrocarbon-containing repeating unit of formula: -Ar1- (II).Ar1=6C or more bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl or 4C or more bivalent heterocyclic group, preferably group of formula (III);R3-R8=R1;or R3+R4,R5+R6=ring;andZ1=-C(-R5)=C(-R6)-, -S-, -O-, -C(-R7)=N-, -N(-R8)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)(=O)-, -Se- or -Te-, preferably -O-.Where the group -C(-R7)=N- is optionally right/left-inverting. EXAMPLE - 1-(5-Bromo-2-(5-bromo-4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-3-yl)-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorohexan-1-one (in mg) (90), bis(tributyl)tin (71), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (14) and toluene (1 ml) were added and refluxed for 7 days. Then, methanol was added to the reaction liquid and centrifuged, and the solid product was separated. The solid product was purified using methanol and chloroform, to obtain a fluoropolymer (30) having number average molecular weight of 500, based on polystyrene conversion, reduction potential of 1.71V and oxidation potential of 0.91V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The vapor deposition film or base film is laminated and integrated on composite base material through an adhesive agent (2). The adhesive agent contains plate-shaped inorganic particles. A sealing layer is laminated and integrated on the surface of protection sheet. The sealing layer contains (in parts weight) modified polyolefin-type resin (100) and silane compound (0.001-20) of formula: R1Si(OR2)3.R1=non-hydrolyzable and polymerizable functional group;andR2=1-5C alkyl.The modified polyolefin-type resin is obtained by graft modification using unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride, and has melting point of 120-170 degrees C measured according to JIS K7121. The modified polyolefin-type resin is modified polypropylene-type resin. The modified polyolefin-type resin is obtained by graft modifying ethylene-propylene random copolymer having ethylene content of 1-10 wt.% with unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride (0.01-20 wt.%) or graft modifying propylene-butene-ethylene ternary polymer with unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride. A heat buffer layer consisting of polyolefin-type resin having melting point of 160 degrees C or more and bending elastic modulus of 500-1500 MPa is interposed between the protection sheet and sealing layer. The protection sheet further has a polyvinyl fluoride film layer or fluorine-type coating layer as outer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Carboxy indolenine is reacted with alkyl halide to produce alkylated carboxy indolenine salt. The obtained salt is reacted with squaric acid, and squarylium pigment is produced. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=5-18C optionally substituted alkyl, preferably 8-12C optionally substituted alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 14 Squarylium pigments e.g. 2-(((1Z)-3-(((2E)-5-carboxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)methyl)-2-hydroxy-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-1,l4-indole-5-carboxylic acid of formula (A), 2-(((1Z)-3-(((2E)-5-carboxy-1-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)methyl)-2-hydroxy-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-1-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-3H-1,l4-indole-5-carboxylic acid, 1-butyl-2-(((1Z)-3-(((2E)-1-butyl-5-carboxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)methyl)-2-hydroxy-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-1,l4-indole-5-carboxylic acid, (2E)-1-butyl-2-((2-hydroxy-3,4-dioxocyclobutyl)methylidene)-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid and (2E)-1-ethyl-2-((2-hydroxy-3,4-dioxocyclobutyl)methylidene)-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 1-Octyl-2,3,3-trimethyl-5-carboxy-indolenium iodide (0.7 mmol) and squaric acid (3 mmol) were dissolved in solvent containing benzene and butanol in volume ratio of 1:4. The mixture was refluxed and reacted for 15 hours. The reaction product was cooled to room temperature, and filtered. The solid content was washed with diethyl ether, and squarylium pigment was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic material includes aluminum. The igniter includes thermite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The matrix includes nitrocellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The platinum precursor is platinum chloride, potassium tetrachloroplatinate or tetraamine platinum chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The N layer in the semiconductor layer contains cadmium sulfide, and the P layer contains cadmium indium diselenide or cadmium indium gallium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic layer comprises a metal oxide or a metal nitride. The metal oxide or the metal nitride is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide or silicon aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device: comprises as a substrate, a gas barrier film comprising the barrier laminate; and is sealed with the barrier laminate, or a gas barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) has at least two (preferably three) polymerizable groups. (I) has a molecular weight of 600-1400. The polymerizable composition further comprises an acidic monomer. The acidic monomer has a (meth)acrylate having a phosphate group. At least two organic layers and at least two inorganic layers are alternately laminated. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = polymerizable group or at least one CR2, -CO-, -O-, phenylene or OH, where R1 has molecular weight of 10-250 (preferably 70-150); and    R2 = H or a substituent.    Provided that at least two of R1 have the same structure to each other.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 19 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 3,3',3'',3'''-(4,4',4'',4'''-(ethane-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis(benzene-4,1-diyl))tetrakis(oxy)tetrakis(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) tetraacrylate of formula (Ia), 3,3',3''-(4,4',4''-(2-(4-(2,3-bis(acryloyloxy)propoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,1,2-triyl)tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy)tris(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) triacrylate, 3,3',3''-(4,4',4''-(2-(4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,1,2-triyl)tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy)tris(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) triacrylate, 3,3'-(4,4'-(1,2-bis(4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)bis(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) diacrylate and 3,3'-(4,4'-(1,2-bis(4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)bis(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) diacrylate.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The foam sheet is ethylene propylene diene copolymer rubber foam sheet, polyurethane-type resin foam sheet or polyethylene-type resin foam sheet. Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer contains butyl rubber adhesive or acrylic adhesive. The adhesive layer contains base material. The adhesive layer is segmented into primary adhesive layer portion and secondary adhesive layer portion. The base material is interposed between primary adhesive layer portion and secondary adhesive layer portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The methacrylate compound or acrylate compound is 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, and/or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing coating layer contains a low-refractive-index thin-film composition containing a fluorine-containing polymer obtained by dispersing or dissolving methacrylate compound and/or acrylate compound having 1-10C fluoroalkyl group, and acrylic acid derivative or methacrylic acid derivative having 1-5 acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups which does not contain fluorine in an organic solvent, and a photoinitiator, or fluorine-containing coating layer contains low-refractive-index thin-film composition comprising fluorine-containing polymer obtained by dispersing or dissolving acrylic acid derivative and/or methacrylic acid derivative having 1-5 acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups which do not contain fluorine in organic solvent, and photoinitiator, or fluorine-containing coating layer contains low-refractive-index thin-film composition containing methacrylate compound or acrylate compound having 1-10C fluoroalkyl group, acrylic acid derivative or methacrylic acid derivative having 1-5 acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups which do not contain fluorine, and photoinitiator. The fluorine-containing coating layer further contains fumed silica. Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing polymer is copolymer of fluorine-containing polymer having cyclic structure of formula (I), (II) or (III), and tetrafluoroethylene (in mole parts) (10-50), hexafluoropropylene (0-50), vinylidene fluoride (90-10) and vinyl fluoride (10-100), or fluorine-containing polymer is polymer comprising methacrylate compound and/or acrylate compound having 1-10C fluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains 0.02-25 %mass of metal nanoparticles (B) containing alloy composition including gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, nickel, copper, tin, indium, zinc, iron, chromium and/or manganese. The base material used during formation of electrode is substrate including silicone, glass, transparent electroconductive ceramic material, polymeric material or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of thickness of layer (A) and layer (B) is 9/1-1/9. The ( alpha )-olefin-type copolymer contains 10 mol% or more of structural unit derived from 3-20C ( alpha )-olefin. The layer (A) and layer (B) further contains crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and/or antioxidant. Preferred Properties: The melt-flow rate of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and ( alpha )-olefin-type copolymer is 0.1-150 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under load of 2160 g based on JIS K7210-1999. The gel fraction of layer (A) and layer (B) is 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid is phosphoric acid solution or phosphoric acid condensed product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal silanol compound is methyl orthosilicate, ethyl orthosilicate, methyl trimethoxysilane, or diethyl diethoxysilane. The additive is Brij 56 (RTM: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether), Pluronic F127 (RTM: nonionic surfactant) and acetylacetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lead-free aluminum paste of a solar cell comprises (in wt.%) aluminum powder (71-75, preferably 72-75), organic binder (21-28, preferably 23-25), inorganic glass powder (1-4, preferably 1.5-3.5) and first additive (0.5-1.8, preferably 1-1.5). The first additive includes vanadium or vanadium oxide with the grain size of less than or equal to 10 microns. The second additive includes ethylene glycol phenyl ether, butyl carbitol and/or carbitol acetate. The aluminum powder has the purity of greater than or equal to 98% and the micro-ball aluminum powder covered with an aluminum nitride layer has the average grain size of 1-5 microns. The inorganic glass powder having the grain size of less than or equal to 10 microns accounts for about 0.1-5% of the paste. The inorganic glass powder includes (in wt.%) silicon dioxide (20-50, preferably 25-35), bismuth oxide powder (30-60, preferably 35-50), titanium dioxide (3-10, preferably 3-8), boron trioxide (1-4, preferably 2-4), zinc oxide (0-3, preferably 0-2) and magnesium oxide (0-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The grain size of quantum dot is 1-50 nm, preferably 1-10 nm. Preferred Method: The ternary alloy quantum dot is prepared by aqueous solution or organic solvent chemical sol method, molecular beam epitaxy or chemical vapor deposition self-assembly method and photolithography method. Preferred Definitions:    A=zinc or cadmium;    B=zinc, cadmium, sulfur or selenium;    P'=sulfur or tellurium;    x,y=0.01-1;    z=0.75-1;and    x+y,y+z=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: In preparing the polyvinylidene fluoride grafted and blended poly 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid proton exchange film, the film is soaked in deionized water for 6-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The building base material is formed using ceramic material, glass material or steel material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The back membrane comprises substrate and polyester membrane materials or fluorine materials formed on two sides of the base layer. The solar building material further has a bonding layer (III). The bonding layers (I-III) comprise ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor of copper is water-soluble copper salt and pure copper plate. The copper salt is copper sulfate, copper acetate, copper nitrate or copper chloride. The copper plate has purity of more than 99%. The cupric salt solution has concentration of 0.0005-0.005 M, preferably 0.001 M. The dilute acid is dilute sulfuric acid, dilute acetic acid or dilute hydrochloric acid, and has concentration of 0.001-1.5 M, preferably 0.5 M. The content of aqueous ammonia is 0.1-5 %mass, preferably 2 %mass. The cuprous oxide film is n-type conductor, when the pH is 3-5 and the cuprous oxide film is p-type conductor, when the pH is 7-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antidiffusion layer(s) is formed of one or more oxides having linear thermal expansion coefficient which is approximately identical to linear thermal expansion coefficient of aluminum oxide at 300K. The antidiffusion layer(s) contains silicon dioxide and titanium oxide as one or more main components. The alkali supply layer(s) containing sodium is formed of silicate glass containing sodium compound by sputtering. Preferred Properties: The antidiffusion layer(s) has average thickness of 10-200, preferably 10-100 nm. The alkali supply layer(s) has average thickness of 50-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The at least one Group IB element is copper and/or silver. The least one Group IIIB element is aluminum, gallium, and/or indium. The at least one Group VIB element is at least one of sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium. The lower electrode contains molybdenum as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide, indium sulfide, indium selenide, zinc sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, oxygenated cadmium sulfide, copper oxide, amorphous or micro-crystalline silicon, zinc hydride and/or zinc oxide. The insulating layer comprises silicon, titanium, tin, lead or germanium. The insulating layer contains silicon-containing compound of formula: SiOxCyHz, where x, y and z are 0.001-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric conversion layer comprises amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon-carbon and amorphous silicon-germanium. The substrate is made of silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The light-incident side electrode layer is made of aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper or titanium. The counter electrode layer is made of aluminum, silver, gold and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made of polyamide, polyamide imide, liquid crystal polymer, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, polystyrene and poly-carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particle has a composite structure. The metal compound is at least one of a metal oxide, metal silicide, metal nitride, metal carbide or metal sulfide. EXAMPLE - Alloy containing indium (In), tin (Sn), gallium (Ga), and bismuth (Bi) was used as a starting material. The alloy was fed to an electric oven, and molten. The molten alloy passed through a nozzle to be fed to the granulation chamber. In the granulation chamber, the molten alloy was fed onto a dish-shaped rotary disk and then atomized into droplets by the centrifugal force created by the high-speed rotation of the dish-shaped rotary disk. The droplets were quenched. Thus, the spherical particles were obtained. In this step, argon was used and the pressure in the granulation chamber was 0.3 MPa. The dish-shaped rotary disk had a diameter of 35 mm and a depth of 5 mm. The intermediate product had an averaged particle size of 15 mu m. The intermediate product was treated in an apparatus, where argon was used as a gas. The final product included spherical particles having a size of 100-200 nm, having a sphericity of -1% to 1%. The particles were made of an alloy including In, Sn, Ga, and Bi. The content of In in the alloy, that of Sn, that of Ga, and that of Bi were 6.17%, 67.72%, 0.78%, and 25.33%, respectively, on the weight basis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises germanium. The nucleation layer comprises indium gallium phosphide. The n-type dopants include phosphorus and arsenic. The third solar subcell includes indium gallium phosphide. The second solar subcell includes a layer of gallium arsenide or indium gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic dicarboxylic acid is phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. The alkylene diol is 1,3-propylene glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,10-decylene glycol, or 1,6-cyclohexane dimethanol. The cross-linking agent is isocyanate compound or carbodiimide compound. Preferred Parameters: Preferably, the gelatinization ratio of the adhesive material is more than 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electronic component contains hole implant layer comprising triphenylamine, triphenyldiamine or trifluorovinyl ether and Aedotron C (RTM: conductive polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the monolithic integrated miniature solar cell array, the substrate is insulated GaAs substrate; the material of the doped material is n-type GaAs with thickness of 2-3 mu m and doped concentration of more than 5x 1014; the material of the solar cell functional layer is n-type GaAs or p-type GaAs with thickness of 1-1.5 mu m; where the side surface of the solar cell functional layer is passivated; the materials of the lower insulated filling layer and the upper insulated filling layer are silicon dioxide (SiO2) or polyimide; and the metal electrode is gold/titanium (Au/Ti) double-layer structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The n-type semiconductor layer has thickness of 50-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first layer includes silver and the second layer includes aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The asymmetric waveguide layer is made of a dielectric material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, transparent conducting oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, and indium tin oxide. The apertures are filled with a semiconducting material selected from a group consisting of amorphous silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, single crystalline silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, and cadmium telluride. The apertures are filled with a transparent conducting oxide selected from the group consisting of tin oxide, zinc oxide, and indium tin oxide. The PV layer of integrated solar cell structure is made of semiconducting material selected from a group consisting of amorphous silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, single crystalline silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, and cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal film is made of a metal selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, copper, aluminum, nickel, silver alloy, gold alloy, copper alloy, aluminum alloy or nickel alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photovoltaic (PV) layers of integrated solar cell structure comprises an organic PV material selected from a group consisting of conjugated polymers phthalocyanine, and perylene derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of N-type and P-type electrodes are selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The growth substrate is made of gallium arsenide (GaAs).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The temporary adhesive comprises spin on polymer. The flexible film comprises polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of thin film-forming material in the solution (1) is 10 weight% or less. The thin film-forming material is silicon compound or low-molecular-weight organic material having molecular weight of 10000 or less, preferably organic semiconductor material. The solution (1) and solution (4) further contain dopant material which is phosphorus compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material sheet is resin sheet. Preferred Process: The ion implantation is carried out using helium, argon, krypton, nitrogen and/or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The electrically insulating plate is electrically insulating ceramic or diamond plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The collection tank is provided with a refrigeration unit (110) for cooling collected liquid. Preferred Conditions: The collected liquid contains tetrachlorosilane and trichlorosilane. The collected liquid is cooled to temperature same as the liquid component of gas-liquid mixture, or to temperature less than that of liquid component of gas-liquid mixture. The collected liquid is cooled to -60 degrees C to -70 degrees C. The tetrachlorosilane concentration of collected liquid is adjusted to be higher by 10% or more, preferably 20-50%, with respect to tetrachlorosilane concentration of liquid component of gas-liquid mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium metal film is formed by physical vapor-deposition method, chemical vapor-deposition method, sol gel process and/or synthesis method from a solution. The method further involves providing metal film (b) having patterns on titanium metal film, anodizing at 0 degrees C or less and forming insulating oxide film. The anodic oxidation is performed in aqueous solution containing an acid or its salt, hydrogen peroxide and an antifreezing agent at temperature of -30 degrees C to -3 degrees C for 400 minutes and voltage of 0.75-1.25 V. Preferred Conditions: The anodic oxidation is stopped when the current density is 1 mu A/cm2 or less at which the applied voltage reaches the regular anodic oxidation voltage. The current density until the applied voltage reaches regular anodic oxidation voltage, is 0.1-1000 mA/cm2. Preferred Composition: The content of element (a) is 2-15 atomic%. Preferred Properties: The titanium metal film has thickness of 20-200 nm. The conductive oxide film is transparent and amorphous, and has thickness of 20-250 nm, resistivity of 10-2-10-4 (ohm)cm, and light transmittance of 50% or more at wavelength of 360 nm to 2.4 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises material chosen from glass, resin and semiconductor material. The substrate is flat plate, sheet or film.