TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: mixing powders of bismuth oxide, bismuth, copper and tellurium and then sintering; or mixing bismuth oxide, bismuth, copper, tellurium and at least one element comprising barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, potassium, sodium, cadmium, mercury, tin, lead, europium, samarium, manganese, gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic or antimony or their oxides and sintering; or mixing bismuth oxide, bismuth, copper and tellurium with at least one element comprising sulfur, selenium, arsenic or antimony or their oxides, selectively further mixing with at least one element comprising barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, potassium, sodium, cadmium, mercury, tin, lead, europium, samarium, manganese, gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic or antimony or their oxides and sintering. Preferred Process: The sintering process is executed at 400-570 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    M = Sr, Cd, Pb or Tl; and    Q1,Q2 = Se or Sb.    Provided that x is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 0.15, w is 0.8-1, a is 1, y is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 0.2, b is 1, and z is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 0.5; x is greater than 0 and less than 0.15, w is 1, a is 1, y is 0 and z is 0; or x is 0, w is 1, a is 1, y is 0, b is 1, and z is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. bismuth copper tellurium oxide compound of formula (BiCuOTe) (Ia).    EXAMPLE - Bismuth oxide (1.1198 g), bismuth (0.5022 g), copper (0.4581 g), and tellurium (0.9199 g) were mixed by using an agate mortar, and then heated in an evacuated silica tube at 510 degrees C for 15 hours, to obtain bismuth copper tellurium oxide (BiCuOTe) powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etchant used in dry etching contains 0.5-10 weight% of hydrofluoric acid and 30-60 weight% of nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The texturing region is made wet using mixture of sulfuric acid and other two acids having lower concentration and lower viscosity than that of sulfuric acid, preferably nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. A material having high surface tension than that of wafer is applied to the wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitride base crystal and epitaxial layer include layer of aluminum-indium-gallium nitride (a) (AlxInyGa1-x-yN, where x, y and x+y are 0-1). The release layer comprises aluminum-indium-gallium-nitride (a) and impurity such as cobalt species, or cobalt-doped aluminum-indium-gallium-nitride (a). The release layer further contains silicon, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rare earth element, hafnium, tantalum and/or tungsten, nitrogen, preferably nitrogen and chromium, gallium and indium containing species. The cobalt is obtained by decomposition of precursor chosen from cyclopentadienylcobaltdicarbonyl, cobalt acetylacetonate, cobalt tricarbonylnitrosyl, dicobalt octacarbonyl and/or tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl. The method of processing nitride crystal involves performing etching of release layer using hydrogen peroxide, alkali hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ammonium salt of rare-earth nitrate, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and/or hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second electrodes comprise graphite and silicon carbide. The insulating walls comprise silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A ceramic layer of general formula (II) is developed on a substrate, where the ceramic layer is used as hydrogen diffusion source for bulk passivation of the silicon, and is applied on n-type silicon or p-type silicon. SiuNvHwOx Cy (II)u=1;v=1.3-0;w=3-0;x=1.3-0; andy=1.5-0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molar ratio of copper and selenium is 2:0.95-1.05. The molar ratio of element (M) and selenium is 2:2.8-3.2. Preferred Component: The hot-press furnace is hot isostatic pressing furnace or hot-press sintering furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive adhesive composition further comprises a glass powder. A content of metal powder is 20-70 weight% in the composition. Preferred Properties: 50 weight% of the metal powder has a particle-diameter of 1-20 mu m. 50 weight% of the glass powder has a particle-diameter of 0.2-0.4 mu m. The glass powder has a maximum particle diameter of less than 30 mu m, and a softening temperature of 350-700 degrees C with respect to 0.5-20 weight% of the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of aspherical particles in resin layer (20) is 0.1-35 wt.%. The amount of spherical particles in resin layer (21) is 0.1-35 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The phthalocyanine precursor (1a and 1b) is obtained using thermally stable dicyano bicyclo compound as raw material compound. Preferred Definitions:    Q1-Q4=syn compound (2).    EXAMPLE - Lithium (in g) (26) was added into a reaction container in presence of argon, dry butanol was added, heated, refluxed, the lithium was dissolved, cooled to room temperature, cyano compound (0.2308) of formula (II) was added, heated at 110 degrees C for 1 day, solution (20 ml) of methanol and water was added, mixed, extracted using trichloromethane, washed using water and saturated salt solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and purified, to obtain phthalocyanine precursor of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide (I and II) are zinc oxide. The metal in metal ion (II) is same as metal in metal oxide (I). The metal is zinc. The rod-shaped crystal is rod form or tube shape. The substrate is porous substrate. Preferred Property: The seed crystal has average particle diameter of 40 nm or less. Preferred Process: The manufacture of metal oxide structure further involves forming hole toward substrate after growth process from front end surface of rod-shaped crystal by drilling process. Preferred Condition: The drilling process is performed at 40-90 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous substrate contains fibrous polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal salt is a water soluble salt of silver or water soluble salt of gold. The salt of silver is silver nitrate (AgNO3), silver nitrite (AgNO2), or silver trifluoroacetate (AgOOCCF3). The salt of gold is gold (I) chloride (AuCl), gold (III) chloride (AuCl3) or gold iodide (AuI). The reducing agent is hydroquinone or sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The metal nanomaterials is metal selected from gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), and tungsten (W) (preferably gold (Au) or silver (Ag)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The pH of hydrophilic composition is preferably 3-7. The hydrophilic composition contains 1-8 mass% of solid content, and hydrophilic polymers (I and II). The mass ratio of hydrophilic polymers (I and II), is 50/50-5/95. Preferred Definitions:    X=reactive group (1.2-11.9 mass% or 6.8-11.9 mass% with respect to total solid content), preferably silane-coupling group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A front plastic layer made of polyethylene vinyl acetate sheet is arranged between the front substrate and the solar cells. The rear substrate has a black sheet made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chord consists of one of hollow aluminum tubes, carbon fiber, steel, fiberglass, impregnated materials, laminated fibrous materials, plasticized materials, impregnated wood, straw, and recycled materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer has inorganic layer made of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer has polymer layer made ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl fluoride and acrylate. An adhesive made of silicone is formed between a support structure and the protective layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic materials comprise titanium oxide and/or zinc oxide, and cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, copper oxide, copper indium diselenide and/or copper indium gallium diselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic materials comprise poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene) and/or poly(3-hexylthiophene), and cyano-ether-polyphenylenevinylene and/or (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises combining the gaseous mixture with a reactant gas prior to deposition. Preferred Component: The nitrogen-containing gas is ammonia or nitrogen gas. The reactant gas is oxygen gas, ozone, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gaseous mono-silicon organosilanes are methylsilane, dimethylsilane, trimethylsilane or tetramethylsilane. The gaseous mixture comprises (wt.%) methylsilane (20-45), dimethylsilane (35-65), trimethylsilane (5-15), and optionally further gaseous carbosilane species (10), based on weight of silicon-containing species in the mixture. The gaseous mono-silicon organosilanes are obtained from pyrolysis of solid organosilane source including polydimethylsilane, polycarbomethylsilane, triphenylsilane or nonamethyltrisilazane. The solid organosilane source comprises a synthetic ratio of isotopes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Separating the carrier comprises removing separation layer by sonicating zinc oxide (ZnO) in subacidic environment. Forming the dye-absorption layer comprises coating nano-crystal oxide and annealing nano-crystal oxide. Preferred Component: The carrier is glass, metal or silicone. The separation layer comprises ZnO. The nano-crystal oxide comprises titanium dioxide, ZnO, niobium pentoxide, tungsten trioxide, tin dioxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cathode polymer layer is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimides, polymeric hydrocarbons, celluloses, plastic, polycarbonate and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a polyethylene terephthalate substrate, or a macromolecular alloy material substrate formed by blending polyethylene terephthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate through thermal melting. The substrate is formed by adding one inorganic oxide chosen from silica, titanium dioxide, alumina and zirconia into polyethylene terephthalate. The fluorine-based film is a tetrafluoroethylene-based film, a trifluorochloroethylene-based film, or a film formed using ternary copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer applied to the solar thermal absorber is made of titanium dioxide. The layer having the trenches is made of a noble metal such as palladium and platinum. The system has a third layer made of titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical composition comprises silicon dioxide (60-75 wt.%), aluminum trioxide (0-10 wt.%), boron trioxide (0 wt.%), calcium oxide (5-15 wt.%), magnesium oxide (0-10 wt.%), sodium oxide (5-20 wt.%), potassium oxide (0-10 wt.%), barium oxide (0 wt.%), sulfur trioxide (0.2-0.4 wt.%), iron trioxide (0-0.015 wt.%) and redox (0.2-0.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The covered section is made of oxide of one among titanium, tungsten, nickel, platinum and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The isolated endohedral fullerene (1) is of formula: MA.C60 (2) or MA.C70 (3).MA=lithium.Preferred Property: The peak intensity of other fullerene with respect to peak intensity of isolated endohedral fullerene (1, 2 or 3) is 0.5% or less, or 50% or less (preferably 20% or less), measured by laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum. Preferred Component: The salt is represented by (M.C2n)power(m+).m(SbCl6)- or (MA.C60)power(k+)(MA.C70)power(i+).(k+i)(SbCl6)-.m,k,i=valance of cation. Preferred Definitions:    M=group (I-IV) metal, preferably alkali metal, more preferably lithium, sodium or potassium, most preferably lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The sintered compact has bulk resistor of less than 5 m( Omega )cm. The oxide semiconductor thin film has carrier density of less than 1018/cm3. Preferred Composition: The oxide semiconductor thin film contains indium, zinc and trivalent lanthanoid excluding praseodymium and promethium. The atomic ratio of lanthanum with respect to total content of indium, zinc and lanthanum is more than 0.2 and less than 0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The active layer contains conjugated polymer compound and fullerene derivative. Preferred Layer: The organic photoelectric transducer further has functional layer formed using a solution having pH value of 5-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The trimellitic acid ester is trialkyl trimellitate having 1-12C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The copolymer composition is molded to a film form by calendar molding at 55-90 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of crosslinking agent is 1-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in mass parts) (100) containing vinyl acetate (28), tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (3), triaryl isocyanurate (2), ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl trimethylsilane (0.5) and tri-n-octyl trimellitate (0.01) were mixed to obtain ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer composition. The composition had excellent film-forming property and reduced roll-sticking property, and provided a film having excellent adhesion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pressure reduction atmosphere is maintained at 0.1-200 Pa. The concentration of oxidizing gas is 1-40 volume%. Preferred Method: The plasma flame is emitted from a hollow cathode type plasma source. The oxidizing gas is mixed with plasma gas, and purification is carried out. Preferred Gas: The oxidizing gas is oxygen, ozone, water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, carbon tetrachloride or bromine. The impurity is boron and/or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The particle further comprises second metal disposed on the particle and different from the first metal. Preferred Method: The method further involves extracting the particle from the dispersion; adding metal salt to the dispersion; and disposing second metal on the particle that is different from the metal. The metal is disposed on the particle via a reduction reaction with the Si-H of the compound, is agglomerated into nanoparticles, and forms a film disposed on the particle. Preferred Components: The metal is noble metal selected from copper, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and/or gold, and is derived from salt. The dispersion is emulsion and further comprises liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is elastomer, resin, monomer selected from silane and/or siloxane, or mixture of monomer and polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R=silicon monomer (selected from organosilane and/or organosiloxane) or organic monomer (selected from alkylene, styrene, acrylate, urethane, ester, amide and/or imide), or R'xSiOy/2;    R'=halo, aromatic, amine, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde or ester;x=0.1-2.2;and    y=1.8-3.9.    Where the R group is free of silicon and carbon.    EXAMPLE - A dispersion (10 g) was loaded into a cup, and aluminum trichloride solution (2 wt.%) (0.42 g) was added. The cup was placed into a mixer and spun at maximum speed for 12 seconds. Thirty minutes later, the dispersion changes in color to crimson. The water of the dispersion was then evaporated to form a pale crimson cake, and pulverized into a powder to obtain particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester in the biaxially-oriented polyester film is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate. The adhesive agent has adhesive layer including epoxy resin, polyimide resin and/or polyamide resin. Preferred Properties: The thickness of biaxially-oriented polyester film is 6-150 mu m. The ratio of the thickness of heat-resistant insulating paper and biaxially-oriented polyester film is 0.25-4. Preferred Process: The biaxially-oriented polyester films are successively laminated both surfaces of heat-resistant insulating paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The heat-resistant insulating paper is aramid paper. Preferred Property: The thickness of the heat-resistant insulating paper is 20-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is preferably butyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dibasic acid is itaconic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light source comprises UV light source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin comprises photocurable resin. Preferred Methods: The formation of nanowires comprises providing resin to first portion of the fluidic channel, flowing resin adjacent to a first side of each of the nanoscale holes, and irradiating second side of each of the nanoscale holes to at least partially cure the resin. The irradiation of second side of each nanoscale holes comprises irradiating second side of each of the nanoscale holes with UV light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves forming a protection layer on the SOI substrate, before forming the polysilicon pattern. The protection layer is formed by depositing a silicon oxide on the SOI substrate by thermal oxidation, chemical vapor deposition or sputtering. Alternately, the nanostructure is fabricated by providing an SOI substrate including a sacrificial layer (C) and a silicon layer, disposing a sacrificial layer (D) on the SOI substrate, patterning the sacrificial layer (D) to form a patterned sacrificial layer, disposing a conformal layer on the patterned sacrificial layer, removing a portion of the conformal layer to form a sidewall structure adjacent to the patterned sacrificial layer, removing the patterned sacrificial layer, transferring a sidewall structure pattern of the sidewall structure to the silicon layer of the SOI substrate and removing a portion of the sacrificial layer (C). Preferred Composition: The layers (A-D) include silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler is resin selected from polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate, poly sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether-sulfone, polyether imide, polyimide and rubber resin, and ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxy, acrylic, urethane, olefin types of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer hole injection layer, hole transport layer, organic light emitting layer (3) or electron transport layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The carbazole ring-containing compound is chosen from compounds of formulae (2-4), preferably chosen from 12 compounds such as of formulae (A-41 to A-45).R', R" = -(L1)p-(Y1)q or -(L2)r-(Y2)s. Preferred Definitions:    X = group chosen from 32 groups such as of formulae (a-e);and    Y1 = group chosen from 57 groups such as of formula (i-v).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The carbazole ring-containing compound is chosen from 34 disclosed compounds such as 8-(4-chloro-phenyl)-11-phenyl-11H-benzo(a)carbazole of formula (A), 8-(4'-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-11-phenyl-11H-benzo(a)carbazole, 8-(5-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-11-phenyl-11H-benzo(a)carbazole, 11-biphenyl-4-yl-8-(4-chloro-phenyl)-11H-benzo(a)carbazole and 11-biphenyl-4-yl-8-(4'-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-11H-benzo(a)carbazole.    EXAMPLE - 8-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-11H-benzo(a)carbazole manufactured from 8-Bromo-11H-benzo(a)carbazole was reacted with aryl halide in presence of sodium t-butoxide and palladium t-butyl phosphine to obtain 8-(4-chloro-phenyl)-11-phenyl-11H-benzo(a)carbazole. Organic electronic device produced using the compound had improved lifetime and efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The chloroplatinic acid slurry is prepared by adding one or more compounds and chloroplatinic acid into 5-20 mM alcoholic solution under blending condition to obtain a mixture. An ultrasonic process is performed by adding ethyl cellulose to the mixture under blending condition. Alcoholic solution is further added to the mixture. Viscosity coefficient is adjusted by performing another ultrasonic process. Preferred Components: The alcoholic solution is selected from methanol, ethanol or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): A compound of formula: Q1-E1-Q2 is reacted with T1-E2-T2 by Suzuki coupling reaction in presence of palladium catalyst such as palladium acetate and base such as potassium carbonate to obtain high molecular compound.E1,E2=aromatic ring-containing unit of formula (II);Q1,Q2=boric acid residue or boric acid ester residue;T1,T2=halo, alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate or arylalkylsulfonate;A,B'=aromatic ring, preferably 5-10 membered ring, more preferably benzene or naphthalene ring;andR10,R11=H or substituent, where R10 and R11 optionally bonded to form cyclic structure, preferably hydrocarbyl, more preferably alkyl, where carbon number of R10 is 12 or more and R11 is 12 or more.Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit of formula (I) is more than 50%, preferably 52-98% with respect to sum total of all repeating unit in high molecular compound. The high molecular compound further contains aromatic ring-containing repeating unit of formula (II). Preferred Components: The electron-accepting compound is high molecular compound having metal-containing repeating unit of formula (I), and electron donor is high molecular compound having thiophene structure. The high molecular compound having thiophene structure is polythiophene homopolymer. Preferred Definitions:    n,m=1-3;    X1-X3=sulfur;and    R1-R6=H.    EXAMPLE - (7-(Dihydroxyboranyl)-9,9-didodecyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)boranediol (in g) (0.945), 4,7-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (0.9189) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) were mixed and stirred at 100 degrees C, and reacted, filtered and dried to obtain high molecular compound having weight average molecular weight of 2x 104 and number average molecular weight of 4.7x 103.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stainless steel flexible foil substrate further comprises 10-25% of chromium, 0.50-2.25% of molybdenum, 0.02-0.15% of carbon, 1% of silicon, 1% of manganese, less than 0.04% of phosphorus, less than 0.03 of sulfur, 0.06% of niobium and tantalum and iron (balance quantity). The group IIBVIA material layer is a cadmium-telluride layer. The transparent conductive layer comprises zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide and indium tin oxide. The group IBIIIAVIA material layer comprises copper, gallium, indium and selenium. The contact layer comprises tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, ruthenium and iridium and/or their alloys and nitrides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, ethylene and vinylidene fluoride. The intermediate layer is polyethylene terephthalate. The other outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cadmium compound is cadmium halide, cadmium nitrate, cadmium sulfate and/or cadmium acetate. The sulfur compound is sodium sulfide, sodium thiosulfate, thioacetamide and/or thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The molten mixture contains a dopant e.g. boron or phosphorus. An additional intermediate layer between the semiconductor and doping layers consists of silicon-dioxide, amorphous silicon or amorphous silicon nitride or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tunnel passivation layer is made of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Ions such as cesium ions, are implanted in the tunnel passivation layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical composition comprises silicon dioxide (60-75 wt.%), aluminum trioxide (0-10 wt.%), boron trioxide (0 wt.%), calcium oxide (5-15 wt.%), magnesium oxide (0-10 wt.%), sodium oxide (5-20 wt.%), potassium oxide (0-10 wt.%), barium oxide (0 wt.%), sulfur trioxide (0.2-0.4 wt.%), iron trioxide (0-0.015 wt.%) and redox (0.2-0.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The heat resistant composite film has temperature coefficient expansion of - 5-15 ppm/ degrees C in 100-180 degrees C, and thermal contraction rate of - 0.2-0.2% in 200 degrees Casterisk10 minutes. The thickness per layer of heat resistant insulating paper is 20-200 mu m. The thickness per layer of polyester base material layer is 6-250 mu m. The ratio of class thickness total of heat-resistant insulating paper with respect to class thickness total of polyester base material layer is 0.25-4. Preferred Components: The heat resistant insulating paper is aramid paper. The structural component of polyester is ethylene terephthalate or ethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powder contains abrasive grain produced from fixed abrasive or loose abrasive used for machining. The fixed abrasive or loose abrasive contains silicon carbide, silicon nitride or diamond. Preferred Process: The powder separation process includes washing process which washes solid part using water, acid solution, alkaline solution and organic solvents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is aluminum hydroxide. Preferred Property: The filler has average particle diameter of 0.5-5 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of filler and expanded graphite powder is 5-200 mass parts and 50-300 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of the filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer (A) is (meth)acrylate polymer. Preferred Composition: The heat conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further contains (meth)acrylate monomer. Preferred Process: The heat conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition is heated, and (meth)acrylate monomer is polymerized in presence of (meth)acrylate polymer and molded, to form heat conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet. The heat conductive pressure sensitive adhesive sheet is sheet-like molded product of solidified material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal sol is the sol of platinum or palladium. The cationic surfactant is a long-chain quaternary-ammonium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The noble metal sol is prepared by using stabilizer. The stabilizer is water-soluble polymer, cane sugar and/or trisodium citrate. The base material is thermoplastic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A metal-deposited layer and/or metal oxide vapor deposition layer are formed on surface(s) of the syndiotactic polypropylene film. Preferred Composition: The syndiotactic polypropylene film contains inorganic particles. The metal-deposited layer and/or metal oxide vapor deposition layer contains aluminum, tin, copper, and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The syndiotactic polypropylene film has melt-flow rate of 0.5-100 g/10 minutes, melting point of 130-180 degrees C, and optical density of 0.3-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protection layer is made of light radiation passing material e.g. ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution is hydrochloric acid. The waste material contains alkaline-earth metal or alkali metal. The waste material is in the form of powder or slurry obtained by neutralizing waste gas discharged during vapor-deposition process with alkaline-earth metal compound or alkali-metal compound. The waste material contains calcium (5-60 mass%). Preferred Conditions: The slurry has a pH of 7 or less. The energy consumed during purification is 0.1-3 GJ.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass cloth with thickness of 10-50 mu m comprises glass yarn with average filament diameter of less than or equal to 5 mu m. The glass filler of particle shape with average particle diameter of less than or equal to 5 mu m is glass powder or glass bead. Preferred Process: The flattening processing is given to glass yarn. The glass filler is surface-treated by silane coupling agent. Preferred Parameter: The transparent substrate has thickness of less than or equal to 100 mu m, light transmittance of greater than or equal to 80% in wavelength of 400-700 nm, maximum surface roughness (Rmax) of less than or equal to 1.5 mu m and coefficient of thermal expansion of less than or equal to 20 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive polymer comprises polythiophene or its derivative, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene. The electroconductive film further comprises polystyrene sulfonic acid as a dopant. The content ratio of (a) to the electroconductive polymer ((a):electroconductive polymer) is 0.0005:1-100:1 by mass ratio. The electroconductive film is formed by using the electroconductive polymer composition. The electroconductive polymer layer is formed by using the electroconductive polymer composition comprising an electroconductive polymer or its precursor and (a). In the electroconductive polymer material, the layer containing (a) is provided on both surfaces of the electroconductive polymer layer. The electroconductive polymer material is transparent. (a) is localized on the surface of (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A portion of the proton conductive polyelectrolyte is perfluorocarbon sulfonate. The carbon powder is high-electroconductive carbon black, furnace black or acetylene black having average particle diameter of 20-80 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cathode catalyst layer comprises (wt.%) second carbon powder (1-10) and water repellent material (1-5). About greater than or equal to 5 wt.% of carbon material is occupied by carbon fiber having average particle diameter of 50 nm to 1 mu m and specific surface area of greater than or equal to 150 m2/g. Preferred Components: The repellent material is PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinylether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer and amorphous fluororesin. Preferred Parameters: The porous structure has V1/V0 of 50-90%, where V0 is volume of pores having a diameter of 3-10 mu m, and V1 is volume of pores having a diameter of 50 nm to 10 mu m. About 50-80% of V1 is occupied by pores constituted by the second carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet is a fluorine resin sheet filled with glass cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The electroconductive fiber is silver fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The photosensitive resin layer contains photopolymerizable compound having ethylenically unsaturated bond, photoinitiator and binder polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thermal expansion coefficient of resin film is 1-300 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of oxygen atom with respect to the total amount of oxygen, carbon and silicon atoms in the surface layer is 10-70%, the ratio of carbon atom is 10-70% and the ratio of silicon atom is 5-35%. The peak position of bond energy of 2p electron orbit of the silicon atom is 102-104 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. The gas containing hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, noble gas or fluorocarbon gas is ionized and the ions are injected into the layer containing polyorganosiloxane by plasma ion implantation, by conveying the molding in a fixed direction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The molded product contains polyorganosiloxane type compound of formula: -(Si(-Rx)2-O)- (a) or of formula (b).Rx,Ry=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl (all optionally substituted), or H.Both Rx are not H simultaneously. The gas barrier layer is formed in the surface of the layer containing the polyorganosiloxane type compound, and has thickness of 30 nm-200 mu m and depth of 5-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin film contains titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. Preferred Process: The metal complex pigment (I) or its salt is supported in presence of an inclusion compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The metal complex pigment of formula (I) is obtained by reacting a benzene-containing compound of formula (i) and ruthenium-p-cymene dimer to obtain chlorine-containing compound of formula (ii) and reacting chlorine-containing compound (ii), a bipyridine compound of formula (iii) and thiocyanic acid. Preferred Process: The metal complex pigments is supported to the thin film of oxide semiconductor fine particles on the substrate, and the metal complex pigment has structures other than methine dye and/or metal complex pigment (I). Preferred Definitions:    X1=oxygen or sulfur, preferably sulfur;    n=1;    Y1,Y2=thiocyanate or isothiocyanate, preferably isothiocyanate;    M1,M2,R1,R2=H;    R3,R4=linear 1-6C alkyl, preferably linear 3-5C alkyl, more preferably n-butyl;and    m=2, preferably 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The upper electrode is made from indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, fluorinated silicon oxide or aluminum doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate includes ultra-thin glass substrate which includes fused glass particles or borosilicate glass, has greater flexibility than the encapsulation layers, and has thickness of less than or equal to 200 mu m. Preferred Method: The method further comprises connecting multiple conductor to the solar cell, bonding the solar cell to the polymer sheets, filling in voids or cracks in the ultra-thin glass substrate using a silica coating or a hard polymer, applying a liquid polymer to the substrate to form a hard polymer coating (100, 140), laying the substrate on a substrate holder during the deposition, and laminating the multiple layer polymer sheet on the solar cell. The step of applying the liquid polymer comprises spraying the liquid polymer and curing to form the polymer coating, or dipping and/or spin coating the substrate to apply the liquid polymer and curing the liquid polymer to form the hard polymer coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises transparent encapsulation layer disposed on the substrate, and opaque encapsulation layer disposed on another side of the solar cell. The opaque encapsulation includes an adhesive layer including thin hard polymer layer and outer fluoropolymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electronic or electro-optic device is a polymer solar cell device or photodetector device. The polymer solar cell device comprises a bulk heterojunction structure, where the structure comprises at least one ingredient in addition to the conjugated polymer. The electronic or electro-optic device (d1) further comprises a second layer of active material disposed between the first and second electrodes such that the electronic or electro-optic device is a tandem photovoltaic device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Preparing conjugated polymer (P1) comprises a repeated unit (I) involves polymerizing pentalene monomer of formula (i) with substituted boronic acid ester compound of formula Y1-Ar'-Y-1 (ii) in presence of solvent (tetrahydrofuran) to give conjugated polymer (P1).Y1=boronic acid, boronic acid ester (preferably 1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl, 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-2-yl, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl), magnesium halide, zinchalide, or trialkyltin (including trimethyl tin, triethyl tin or tributyl tin).Preferred Components: The repeated unit is of formula (II). The conjugated polymer material is a photovoltaic material. The ingredient in addition to the conjugated polymer is at least one of a fullerene or its derivatives, where the fullerene or its derivatives is at least one of (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester or (6,6)-phenyl 71C butyric acid methyl ester. Preferred Definitions:    R1 and R2=2-ethyl-hexyl;    Ar'=22 compounds e.g. difluoro-2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-yl, 2-thia-1,3-diaza-cyclopenta(b)naphthalene-4,9-yl, pyrazine-2,5-yl, 2-thia-4-aza-indene-1,3-yl, 3,4-dinitro-thiophene-2,5-yl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) film is formed on silicon layer before performing laser scribing process. The silicon layer is made of ( alpha )-silicon. The etchant is selected from chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride (HCl), evaporative carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide snow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bar for mounting the moving plate of variable capacitor is made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler material comprises aluminum nitride, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, talc, barite, clay, titanium oxide, magnetite, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, boron nitride, silicon nitride, wollastonite, marble, silicon carbide, red iron oxide, black iron oxide, chromium oxide, zinc sulfide, zirconium oxide, antimony oxide zinc oxide and/or mineral coated iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene butyl acetate, polyurethane, fluoropolymer, polysilicone, polypropylene, polyethylene ionomers and/or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoroelastomer is prepared by polymerizing fluoromonomer(s) chosen from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylfluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluorovinylmethyl ether and trifluoroethylene. Alternately, the fluoroelastomer is prepared by copolymerizing the fluoromonomer(s) and non-fluoromonomer(s). The non-fluoromonomer(s) is chosen from ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, styrene and vinyl chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer (I) is a fluoroelastomer chosen from poly(tetrafluoroethlyene-co-ethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-propylene), terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, and terpolymer of ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinylether, preferably poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). The polymer (II) is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. Preferred Group: The polymer (II) comprises a sulfonic acid group of formula: (CF2-CF)-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H (b).X=fluorine or trifluoromethyl, preferably trifluoromethyl;m=0-3, preferably 0 or 1;n=1-12, preferably 2 or 4;andp=0 or 1, preferably 1.Preferred Composition: The polymer blend comprises (in weight%) polymer (I) (1-80, more preferably 10-30) and polymer (II) (20-99, more preferably 70-90). Preferred Properties: The fluoroelastomer has glass transition temperature of less than 25 degrees C. The polymer (I) exhibits an elongation at break in a tensile mode of 50% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nitrogen plasma treatment substitutes oxygen of the titanium dioxide nanotube with nitrogen so that nitrogen is present in atomic state in a titanium dioxide matrix to form a titanium oxide nitride structure. The doping through nitrogen plasma treatment is performed at a flow rate of 10-200 standard cubic centimeters per minute. The doping through nitrogen plasma treatment is performed at a plasma power of 400-800 W and at 50-400 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Ammonium fluoride (0.25 wt.%) was added to an ethyleneglycol solvent and direct current voltage of 60V was applied to this mixture, platinum or nickel was used as a counter electrode and the titanium foil was treated by anodizing for 5 hours to form amorphous titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube. The amorphous TiO2 nanotube was heat treated at 400 degrees C for 3 hours under air or oxygen atmosphere to convert the amorphous TiO2 nanotube into crystalline TiO2 nanotube (anatase phase). The crystalline TiO2 nanotube was subjected to nitrogen plasma treatment at a flow rate of 100 sccm, a plasma power of 500 W and a temperature of 200 degrees C for 5 minutes to give a titanium oxide nitride nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The group (II-VI) compounds of semiconductor precursor comprises zinc oxide. The substrate is silicon wafer, glass substrate, ceramic substrate, metal substrate, paper substrate, or plastic substrate. The metal material comprises aluminum, copper, molybdenum, silver or gold. The transparent conductive material comprises indium tin oxide or antimony tin oxide. The inorganic insulating material comprises silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx), lithium fluoride or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic conductive material comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The organic insulating material comprises polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(methyl methacrylate) or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the inorganic oxide particles is 5-40 nm, when 100 arbitrary particles are viewed in scanning electron microscope for 200000 times or more. Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst particles of the photocatalyst layer are titanium oxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles are silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic thin film layer (B) contains metal, metal oxide, metal nitride and/or nitro-oxide. The metallic compound of more than bivalent contains a metal chosen from magnesium, calcium, zinc and barium. The monovalent metallic compound is lithium or sodium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated-carboxylic-acid compound is methacrylic acid. Preferred Property: The ratio of light absorbency of carboxylic acid in the vicinity of 1700 cm-1 to the light absorbency of carboxylate ion in the vicinity of 1520 cm-1 is less than 0.25, in an infrared absorption spectrum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminated film further has an inorganic thin film layer formed between film base material and polymer layer, and an undercoat layer formed between the film base material and inorganic thin film layer. The film base material is a biaxially stretched film. Preferred Process: The laminated film is heat-processed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer (A) containing organosilane of formula: R1nSi(OR2)4-n is obtained from cured material of composition (I) containing silane compound chosen from hydrolyzate of organosilane and/or condensate of organosilane and metal oxide particles. The layer (B) containing organosilane of formula: R3mSi(OR4)4-m is obtained from cured material of composition (II) containing silane compound chosen from hydrolyzate of organosilane and/or condensate of organosilane. The composition (I) contains polymer (a) and metal oxide particles. The polymer (a) is obtained by carrying out hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silane compound and vinyl polymer containing silyl group with silicon atom bonded to silane compound, hydrolysable group and/or hydroxyl group. The composition (II) contains polymer (c) obtained by carrying out hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silane compound and vinyl polymer containing silyl group having silicon atom bonded to silane compound, hydrolysable group and/or hydroxyl group. The composition (II) further contains silica particles. The base material is glassR1,R3=1-8C monovalent organic group;R2,R4=1-5C alkyl or 1-6C acyl;andn,m=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component contains calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Preferred Component: The auxiliary component is rare earth metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer is polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The optionally substituted bivalent conjugated five membered heterocyclic group is thiophene ring, thioazole ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxazole ring and/or oxadiazole ring. The nickel catalyst is diphenyl phosphine complex. The bivalent aromatic group other than (A) is thiophene ring, thiazole ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxazole ring, isothia-naphthene ring, benzene ring, naphthalene ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, phenanthrene ring, carbazole ring, quinoxaline ring, pyridine ring, bipyridine ring, triazole ring and/or tetrazole ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The minute structure layer is made of inorganic material, metal, semiconductor or polymer. The mineral stain layer is made of metal oxide chosen from silicon oxide, vanadium pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, barium zirconium oxide, zirconium oxide, lithium nickel oxide, silicon dioxide-zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide-titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide-zirconium oxide, lead oxide-titanium dioxide, cerium oxide-titanium dioxide, and vanadium pentoxide-silicon dioxide-niobium pentoxide. The film further includes hydrophobic coating containing alkylsilane, preferably (3,3,3 trifluoropropyl) silane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2 tertahydrooctyl) silane, (pentafluorophenyl) silane, (hepatdecafluoro-1,1,2,2 tetrahydrodecyl) silane, (3-heptafluoroisopropoxypropyl) silane, (trifluoromethyl) silane, bis (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl) dimethylsiloxy silane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, and fluoroalkylsilane, preferably alkyl is methyl, ethyl, N-propyl, N-butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, hexadecyl, N-heptyl, N-octyl, n-octadecyl, dodecyl, decyl, pentyl, and docosyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface relief structure is made of functional groups chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxylic group, carboxyl group and phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal nanoparticles contain gold, silver or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticle colloidal solution contains metal nanoparticles, dispersing agent and solvent. The base material contains glass, organic polymer or silicon. The solvent is terpineol with 40-85% of ( alpha )-isomer ratio, toluene or xylene. The dispersing agent is decanethiol or hexathiol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The photoelectric transducer comprises semiconductor layer and electrolyte layer provided between counter electrodes. The semiconductor layer contains aza quinoid compound (I). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The initiator is benzoin ethyl ether, diphenyl iodonium tetrafluoroborate, diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate and diphenyl iodonium trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymeric ionic liquid is imidazolinium compound of formula (1 or 2) or pyridinium compound of formula (3 or 4). The non-polymeric ionic liquid is imidazolinium compound of formula (5). The ionic liquid crosslinking agent is bis-imidazolinium compound of formula (6).X=I, Br, Cl, SeCN or SCN;Z=I, Br, Cl, SCN, BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, N(CN)2 or (N(SO2CF3)2);m=0-10;p,s=0-6;Y'=I, Br, Cl, SCN, BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, N(CN)2 or (N(SO2CF3)2);andr=2-8.Preferred Process: The trigger mode of polymerization is heating, ultraviolet irradiation or ( gamma )-ray trigger mode. Preferred Composition: The adsorbing amount of quasi-solid polymer gel for absorbing the iodine monomer is 5-30% of total amount of the quasi-solid polymer gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plastic resin layer includes inorganic white dye and anti-ultraviolet stabilizer. The inorganic white dye is titanium pigment or barium sulfate. The weatherproof layer is a fluorine material layer containing pure fluorine material. The inorganic material is inorganic substance having general formula (I). AxB'y (I)A=silicon, magnesium, titanium, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum or barium;B'= oxygen or sulfate radical; andx and y=1, 2 or 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plastic resin layer includes ethylene segment. The fluorine material is vinyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The structural reinforcing layer is polyester layer. The adhesive reflective layer is polyolefin layer. The polyester layer is polyethylene terephthalate layer, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) layer, polybutylene terephthalate layer or polyethylene naphthalate layer. The polyolefin layer is plastic resin layer. The plastic resin layer is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate resin, propylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene-butyl acrylate, methyl ester resin or ethylene-acrylic ester-maleic acid. The fluorine material is selected from Kynar (RTM: A highly non-reactive and pure thermoplastic fluoropolymer) polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, ethylene-trifluorochloroethylene copolymer, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, fluoroethylene trifluorochloroethylene copolymer, perfluoroethylene-propylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer or perfluoro-n-propyl-vinyl copolymer. The plasticizing agent is polymethylmethacrylate. The adhesive layer is selected from polyurethane rubber layer or epoxy rubber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer is a thin-film silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent, protective encapsulant is ethyl-vinyl acetate. The insulating material is thermally cured or light-cured material. Preferred Method: The electrical interconnections are formed by applying conductive ink, conductive adhesive or copper tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support is composed of a polyimide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube network and indium tin oxide composite comprise a carbon nanotube network layer (104) and an indium tin oxide layer (106) disposed on the carbon nanotube network. The carbon nanotube network layer has a metallic single-walled carbon nanotube network layer or metallic multi-walled carbon nanotube network layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metallic carbon nanotube solution containing dispersed carbon nanotube powder is disposed in a solvent. The carbon nanotube solution is isolated using structure discriminating surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The titanium dioxide layer has a single-phase anatase structure. The substrate comprises glass, sapphire or silicon. A solar cell (300) has metal-oxide layer (314) comprising titanium dioxide thin film and a dye for absorbing incident photons and converting the photons into electrons, top electrical layer (316), contact layer and backing layer (302). The top electrical layer and contact layer comprises platinum. The backing layer comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The volume fraction of quantum dots in quantum dot layer (16) is 40-90%. The quantum dots form a columnar grain structure. The quantum dot materials comprise lead sulfide, lead selenide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, indium arsenide, indium antimonate and silicon-germanium complex (SixGe1-x). The matrix materials (20,26) comprise titania, silica, zinc sulfide, tantalum oxide, or niobium oxide. The matrix material (20) comprises an anatase form titanium dioxide. The up-converter layer has thickness of 2-50 nm, preferably 2-10 nm. The photovoltaic apparatus further has a substrate layer, a seed layer between the substrate layer and the quantum dot layer (22), and amorphous layer between the substrate and the seed layer. The seed layer comprises one or more aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, cobalt, rhenium, osmium, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum, and their alloy. The substrate comprises iron-cobalt-boron alloy or chromium-tantalum alloy. The quantum dots (24) have size of 5-12 nm and thickness of 10-50 nm. The photovoltaic apparatus further comprises a primary electrode electrically connected to the absorber and a secondary electrode electrically connected to the up-converter layer. The secondary electrode comprises one or more of aluminum-doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium titanium oxide, tin oxide and fluorinated tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains (in mol%) zinc oxide (0-30), boric oxide (0-20), silica (0-10), alumina (0-10), indium oxide (0-5), tantalum pentoxide (0-5), lanthanum oxide (0-15), molybdenum trioxide (0-5), tungsten oxide (0-15), lithium oxide (0-5), sodium oxide (0-10), potassium oxide (0-5), magnesium oxide (0-15), barium oxide (0-10), and fluorine (0-5). The mass of the glass composition decreases by 0.1 mg/cm2 when immersed in 25 degrees C iodine electrolyte solution for two weeks. Preferred Properties: The glass composition has thermal expansion coefficient of 65x 10-7-120x 10-7( degrees C) and softening point of 550 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is polymer electrolyte fuel cell or solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The biaxially-orientated polyester film (B) comprises polyester such as polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of crystalline thermoplastic resin (C) and non-crystalline polymer (B) is more than 0. Preferred Components: The crystalline thermoplastic resin (C) is aromatic polyether ketone or crystalline thermoplastic polyimide, preferably polyether-ether ketone. The polyester (A) is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate or their modified component. The non-crystalline polymer (B) is chosen from polyimide, polyether sulfone and/or polysulfone. The polyester (A) forms a continuous structure. The non-crystalline polymer (B) and crystalline thermoplastic resin (C) form discontinuous structure with respect to polyester (A). Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented polyester film has temperature coefficient of expansion of -6 to 6 ppm/ degrees C and humidity coefficient of expansion of 0-6 ppm/%RH, along width direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc oxide-type target (i) and zinc oxide-type target (ii) are aluminum addition zinc oxide target or gallium addition zinc oxide target. Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide-type thin film (a) and zinc oxide-type thin film (b) have specific resistance of 1x 10-3 mu O.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive coating includes a fluorine-doped tin oxide, tin-doped Indium oxide (ITO), doped zinc oxide or thin silver films. The layer of counter electrode is made of metal particles or other conductive particles, where the metal particles are selected from platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, fluorine or antimony doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer of counter electrode is also made of graphite powder or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer of counter electrode is additionally made of an electrically conductive polymer selected from polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene or polyacetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ECOD cathode is a material selected from silver-doped cerium gadolinium oxide (Ag-CGO), yttrium doped bismuth oxide (Y0.25Bi0.75O1.5) (YSB) and strontium-doped samarium cobaltite (Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The easily bonding layer contains microparticles (1-30 volume%) capable of chemically bonding with hydrophilic polymer. The microparticles are silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydrophilic polymer contains coupling group-containing structural unit(s) of formula: X-A-(CH(-R1)-C(-R2)(-L1-Y'))- and (-(CH(-R3)-C(-R4)(-L2-B'))-) (-(CH(-R5)-C(-R6)(-L3-X)-)), and multivalent organic coupling group-containing structural unit of formula: -(C(-R1)(-R3)-C(-R2)(-L4-Y"))x- or -(C(-R4)(-R6)-C(-R5)(-L5-SiR73-m(OR8)m))y-.R1-R8=H or hydrocarbyl;X=reactive group;A,L1-L3=single bond or coupling group;Y'=-NHCOR7, -CONH2, -CON(R7)2, -COR7, -OH, -CO2M, -SO3M, -PO3M, -OPO3M or -N(R7)3Z1;R7=alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=H, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium;Z1=halo ion;B'=structural unit of formula: -(CH(-R1)-C(-R2)(-L1-Y'))-;L4=single bond or multivalent organic coupling group;L5=multivalent organic coupling group having group chosen from single bond, -CONH, -NHCONH-, -OCONH-, -SO2NH or -SO3-;m=1-3;Y"=-OH, -ORa, -CORa, -CO2Re, -CON(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb), -NHCORd, -NHCO2Ra, -OCON(Ra)(Rb), -NHCON(Ra)(Rb), -SO3Re, -OSO3Re, -SO2Rd, -NHSO2Rd, -SO2(Ra)(Rb), - N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc)(Rg), -PO3(Re)(Rf), -OPO3(Re)(Rf) or -PO3(Rd)(Re);Ra,Rb,Rc=H or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Rd=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Re,Rf=H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium;Rg=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, halo, inorganic anion or organic anion;andx,y=0-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductors are formed from material including copper, titanium, steel, stainless steel; tin, platinum, lead, iron, manganin, constantan, gold, silver, aluminum, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, and/or alloys including brass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent filaments are formed from polymer such as polyesters including polyethylene terephthalates or polyethylene naphthalates, polyamides, polyolefins including polypropylenes, polyetherketones, polyetheretherketones polyarylsulfones, polyethersulfones, polyphenylene sulfones, polyvinyl chlorides, or fluorinated polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of carbodiimide compound is 7000 or more. The film has less than 5 pieces of fisheye having diameter of 10 mu m or more per 1 cm2. Preferred Composition: The content of functional group of the carbodiimide compound is 0.5-20 equivalent, when the terminal carboxyl group of polybutylene terephthalate resin is set to 1. The masterbatch resin of carbodiimide compound is polybutylene terephthalate. EXAMPLE - Polybutylene terephthalate resin (in weight parts) (96.7) having intrinsic viscosity 1.1 dL/g and terminal carboxyl group content of 8 meq/kg, and Stabaxol KE9193 (RTM: polybutylene-terephthalate master batch of aromatic carbodiimide compound) (3.3) were mixed to obtain polybutylene terephthalate resin mixture. The film formed using polybutylene terephthalate resin mixture had excellent hydrolysis resistance, durability, and reduced fisheye and deterioration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanowires comprises metal nanodots aligned along the vertical axis in a row in the core. A silicon quantum dot is included inside the shell. Preferred Components: The metal nanodots are formed using, and the metal catalyst comprises gold, nickel, iron, silver, aluminum and/or palladium. Preferred Conditions: The coated silicon substrate is mounted on a susceptor (60) and covered with a lid (30), to obtain a microchamber. The substrate is placed facing the susceptor. When gas is injected in the microchamber, metal of catalyst contained in the coating layer is grown on the substrate. Heating process is carried out at 400-1300 degrees C and 1.33x 104-1.013x 105 Pa. Silicon quantum dot is formed by application of heat or irradiation of laser to the nanowire. Heating during formation of silicon quantum dot is carried out at 800-1300 degrees C for 10-1500 minutes. The metal catalyst is coated in the form of nanoparticles or thin film. Oxygen is injected such that the oxygen partial pressure in the chamber is 2.67x 10-4-2.67 Pa, with argon, nitrogen, helium and/or hydrogen in a flow volume of 0.001-10 slm. Nanowire (40) is formed at edge (P1) of silicon substrate, substrate is surrounded by nanowire (40), silicon vapors vaporized from the substrate are used as nanowires source, and nanowire (50) is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation is preferably of formula: NH+(-R9)(-R8)(R10).R8-R10=R5.When at least two of R8-R10 are hydrocarbyl groups, those hydrocarbyl groups are optionally bonded through O, S or N. Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen atom-containing organic compound contained with respect to ionic compound is 0.1-200 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide film is selected from titanium oxide film, tin oxide film, tungsten oxide film, niobium oxide film, aluminum oxide film, zirconium oxide film, calcium oxide film or silica film. The porosity inorganic film is zinc oxide water film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal particle is made of gold, silver, platinum, lead, zinc, ruthenium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic composition comprises a powder or a film deposition (preferred). The first metallic composition comprises a film deposition. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The VIII-group metal is chosen from palladium, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium and iridium. The VIII-group metal salt is preferably nitrate salt. The zinc salt is dissolved in deionized water. The concentration of zinc salt solution is 1.3-2 mol/L. The rare earth metal is lanthanum, cerium or yttrium. The concentration of rare earth metal dilute solution is 0.5-3 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solution. Preferred Property: The monocrystalline silicon is eroded to thickness of 5-15 microns and an even pyramid is formed on the surface, having side length of 1-8 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon carrier is active carbon, carbon fiber or carbon nano-tube, preferably active carbon. The surface active agent is alkyl sodium sulfonate such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and/or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The platinum compound is platinum halogen compound such as chloroplatinic acid or platinum tetrachloride. The ruthenium compound is ruthenium halogen compound such as ruthenium trichloride. The reducing agent is methanol, formic acid, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride, preferably sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material film has thickness of 1-10 mu m. Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is conductive glass, stainless steel metal sheet or insulating material coated with conducting metal film. The carbon material is single-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, graphite powder or intermediate phase carbon microsphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The polythiophene film has thickness of 1-5 mu m. Preferred Components: The polythiophene derivative is poly(3-(1-12C)alkyl thiophene), poly(3-phenylthiophene), poly(3-ethanol group thiophene), poly(3,4-ethylene group dioxy thiophene) or poly(3,4-dimethyl thiophene). The thiophene derivative is 3-(1-12C) alkyl thiophene, 3-phenylthiophene, 3-ethanol group thiophene, 3,4-ethylene group dioxy thiophene or 3,4-dimethyl thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reflective construction and the optical construction are made of one or mixture of non-metal materials such as silicon nitride, zinc sulfide, silicon dioxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum tetroxide, magnesium fluoride, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxynitride, indium tin oxide, tin oxide, tin dioxide, indium dioxide, hafnium dioxide, Neodymium oxide, cerium tetrfluroride, Neodymium fluoride, lanthanum tetroxide, thorium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide and zirconium silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective construction is made of one or mixture of metal materials such as aluminum, silver, gold, titanium, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, zirconium, niobium, indium, tin, platinum and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact metal layer is in sequence of layers titanium/gold/silver/gold. The top subcell is composed of indium-gallium-aluminum phosphide. The middle subcell is composed of gallium-arsenide, gallium-indium phosphide, gallium-indium-arsenide, gallium-arsenic antimonide or gallium-indium-arsenic nitride emitter region, and gallium-arsenide, gallium-indium-arsenide, gallium-arsenic antimonide or gallium-indium-arsenic nitride base region. The lower solar subcell is composed of indium-gallium-arsenide base and emitter layer, or indium-gallium-arsenide base layer and indium-gallium phosphide emitter layer. The metamorphic layer is indium-gallium-aluminum arsenide. The metamorphic layer is composed of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, of antimony-based III-V-group compound semiconductor. The top subcell is composed of gallium-indium phosphide, gallium-arsenide, gallium-indium arsenide, gallium-arsenic antimonide or gallium-indium-arsenic nitrogen emitter region and gallium-arsenide, gallium-indium arsenide, gallium-arsenic antimonide or gallium-indium-arsenide nitrogen base region. The transition material is composed of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, of antimony-based III-V-group compound semiconductor of formula: (InxGa1-x)yAl1-y, where x and y are the band gap of the transition material which remains constant at a band gap energy more than that of first subcell. The surrounding substrate is chosen from sapphire, germanium, gallium-arsenide or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is sapphire substrate, silicon substrate or germanium substrate. The insulator is silica layer or silicon nitride layer. The crystallization target material layer is an amorphous silicon layer or an amorphous germanium layer. The crystallization target material layer is polycrystalline silicon layer or polycrystalline germanium layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The aerosol is heated at 300-1600 degrees C. Preferred Component: The carrier gas is an inert gas that does not react with the metals included in the multi-metallic particles. It is nitrogen, reducing gas or nitrogen gas with 4% hydrogen gas. The reactive metal is 1-25 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A co-solvent (1-50 vol.%) is added in step (A) to act as a reducing agent. The co-solvent reducing agent is an organic compound having 1-5C. It is an alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell further comprises sequentially formed semiconductor layer (ii) (175) and semiconductor layer (iii) on semiconductor layer (i). The semiconductor layer (ii) comprises P layer (150), I layer (160) and N layer (170), where P layer, I layer and/or N layer comprises amorphous silicon. The semiconductor layer (iii) is formed by sequentially stacking a P layer, I layer and N layer, where I layer and N layer comprise amorphous silicon germanium. A transparent conductive film (110) is formed between the substrate (100) and semiconductor layer (i). The I layer of semiconductor layer (i) comprises an incubation layer containing amorphous silicon adjacent to top surface of the P layer of the semiconductor layer (i). A rear electrode (180) is disposed on the semiconductor layer (ii). The stacked solar cell comprises semiconductor layer (i) with an I layer comprising micro-crystalline silicon and N layer comprising micro-crystalline silicon or amorphous silicon, and semiconductor layer (ii) with N layer comprising amorphous silicon and P layer comprising boron doped amorphous silicon or amorphous silicon carbide, wherein the P layer of the semiconductor layer (ii) that forms an interface with the N layer of the semiconductor layer (i) comprises amorphous silicon carbide. Preferred Property: The I layer of the semiconductor layer (i) has different degrees of crystallization in a vertical direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The size and color of the chemical composition is determined by the monomer used. The chemical composition comprises a mixture of chemical compositions which had been pre-manufactured in multiple, distinct colors using a different fluorescent dye for each size, color-coded chemical compositions of different sizes, where the colors are selected from violet, blue, yellow and green, and where a particular color corresponds to a particular size chemical composition, thus allowing multiple membrane characterization protocols to be run simultaneously. The fluorescent dye comprises food and drug-safe fluorescent dye-color additives resulting in a colored chemical composition, where the specific color of the chemical composition is a function of the dye color additive used. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 22 Compounds are specified as (I) e.g. (E)-1,2-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethene (Ia); (E)-1,2-bis(4-(triethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethene; 1,2-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethyne; 1,2-bis(4-(triethoxysilyl)phenyl)ethyne; and 9,10-bis(4-(trimethoxysilyl)styryl)anthracene.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the applying step causes the halogen doped metal oxide film to be deposited on an electrically conductive substrate. The method (M1) additionally involves adding a complexing agent to the solution, adjusting pH of the solution, and performing cyclic voltammetry. The method (M2) additionally involves annealing the yttrium doped zinc oxide in an atmosphere consisting of nitrogen or air. In the method (M2), the applying step causes the yttrium doped zinc oxide to be deposited on an electrically conductive substrate, preferably an indium tin oxide substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal precursor comprises at least one substance selected from cupric sulfate, cupric nitride, and cupric chloride. The deposited halogen doped metal oxide film comprises halogen doped cuprous oxide. The metal precursor comprises a copper precursor. The halogen precursor comprises at least one substance from cupric fluoride, cupric chloride, cupric bromide, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, and ammonium iodide. The halogen doped metal oxide or metal chalcogenide film comprises halogen doped cuprous oxide. The zinc precursor comprises zinc nitrate. The yttrium precursor comprises yttrium nitrate. The substrate comprises indium tin oxide. The yttrium doped zinc oxide film has been formed by electrochemical deposition, followed by annealing in an atmosphere consisting of nitrogen or air. The electrically conductive substrate comprises a semiconductor substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complexing agent comprises at least one substance from lactic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersion medium contains compound (a1) which is insoluble or slightly soluble in water, and has hydroxyl group and/or carbonyl group. The terpene derivative has hydroxyl group, aldehyde group, and/or keto group in a molecule. The content of terpene derivative and compound (a1) with respect to solid content of 1 mass part of the coating composition is 0.1-20 mass parts, each. The coating composition further contains binder. The mass ratio of microparticles with respect to binder is 9/1-1/9. Preferred Property: The average coagulated particle diameter of the microparticles is 3-500 nm. Preferred Component: The base material is a figured glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier gas is nitrogen, and reducing gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A co-solvent as a reducing agent is added to the solution of a mixture of thermally decomposable reactive metal-containing compounds and non-reactive metal-containing compounds. The co-solvent reducing agent is 1-5C organic compound. The co-solvent reducing agent is alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: A non-reactive metal is placed in contact with the reactive metal before the silicon substrate and reactive metal are fired. Preferred Condition: The silicon substrate, reactive metal and non-reactive metal are fired at 400-950 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The non-reactive metal forms conductive metal electrode in contact with the low Schottky barrier height contact. The non-reactive metal is silver, tin, bismuth, lead, antimony, zinc, germanium, phosphorus, gold, cadmium, and/or beryllium. The reactive metal is a transition metal or rare earth metal comprising titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), gadolinium (Gd), lanthanum (La), scandium (Sc), and/or yttrium (Y). The low Schottky barrier height contact comprises transition metal silicides, and/or rare earth metal silicides of formula: MxSiy or RESi2, preferably titanium silicide (Ti5Si3), TiSi, TiSi2, Ta2Si, Ta5Si3, TaSi2, V3Si, V5Si3, ViSi2, Zr4Si, Zr2Si, Zr5Si3, Zr4Si3, Zr6Si5, ZrSi, ZrSi2, HfSi, HfSi2, Nb4Si, Nb5Si3, NbSi2, CrSi2, NiSi, Ni2Si, Ni3Si, Ni3Si2, NiSi2, Mo3Si2, Mo3Si MoSi2, CoSi, Co2Si, Co3Si, CoSi2, W3Si2 WSi2, CeSi2, DySi2, ErSi2, HoSi2, GdSi2, LaSi2, and/or YSi2.M=transition metal;RE=rare earth metal; andx,y=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low Shottky barrier height contact further comprises at least one metal suicide. The reactive metal is selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. The reactive metal further comprises a metal selected from lanthanum, cerium, dysprosium, erbium, holmium, gadolinium, scandium, and yttrium. The non-reactive metal is at least one metal selected from silver, tin, bismuth, lead, arsenic, antimony, zinc, germanium, phosphorus, nickel, gold, cadmium, and beryllium. The conductive metal is selected from silver, tin, bismuth, lead, antimony, arsenic, zinc, germanium, nickel, phosphorus, gold, cadmium, and/or beryllium. Preferred Method: In method (M1), the reactive metal and the non-reactive metal are combined to form a metals composition, and the metals composition is subsequently deposited on the n-type silicon layer, where the reactive metal, and the non-reactive metal of is in the form of particles having an average diameter of 100 nm to 50 mu m. The reactive metal forms 1-25 wt.% of the total metals in the metals composition. The silicon substrate, silicon nitride layer, reactive metal and non-reactive metal are fired in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 400-1000 degrees C. The method (M2) further involves the step of placing a non-reactive metal in contact with the reactive metal before the firing, to form a conductive metal electrode in contact with the low Shottky barrier height contact, where the reactive metal is placed in contact with the silicon nitride antireflective layer by thin film deposition and the non-reactive metal is place in contact with the reactive metal by thin film deposition, and the thickness of the antireflective coating is of 70-90 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The melt is selected from silicon, silicon and germanium, gallium, or gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The module further comprises an impact spreading layer above the thin glass layer, where the impact spreading layer comprises of an opaque polymer material removably adhered to the thin glass layer. The support layer comprises a mechanically stable glass cloth epoxy resin, laminated under high pressure, and epoxy laminate. Preferred Components: The thin glass layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 0.40, less than or equal to 0.30, less than or equal to 0.25, less than or equal to 0.17, or less than or equal to 0.15 mm, and the support layer comprises a fiber reinforced plastic, epoxy based woven fiber material. The support layer has a thickness that provides a bending radius less than a breaking radius for a reverse static load of 2400 pa, has a thickness of 700-1000, or 600-1100, or 750 mu , and has a Flexural Modulus of Elasticity (PSI) of 2650000-2750000, or 2690000-2710000, or 2650000-2750000 with a thickness of 700-1100 mu , or 2700000 with a thickness of 700-1000 mu .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of gallium with respect to mixture of gallium and tin is 0.01-0.80. The content of the element which is subjected to solid solution substitution is 0.08 atomic% or less with respect to the total amount of all the metallic elements. Preferred Component: The element is chosen from niobium, tantalum and antimony. Preferred Process: The element in tin-oxide phase is subjected to solid solution substitution. The molded product is sintered at a temperature with increase rate of 0.5 degrees C/minute or more. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the tin-oxide phase or gallium-stannate-compound phase is 5 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: A solution containing a polymerizable monomer and a polymerization initiator is applied on a support substrate (1), and the monomer is polymerized to form the organic-semiconductor film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred property: The silicon dioxide layer has thickness of 100 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Silanol is tris(t-pentoxy)silanol. Preferred Precursor: The aluminum precursor is trimethyl aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composite material has an embedded highly-thermal heat conductive element selected from the group, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube-fullerene-derivatives and carbon nanotubes fullerene-alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of additive is 0.03-2 mass% in metal conversion with respect to total content of inorganic oxide containing lattice oxygen, cobalt and additive. The additive contains iron, chromium and/or manganese. The inorganic oxide containing lattice oxygen is perovskite type oxide or cerium containing oxide. The perovskite type oxide is strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic polymerization liquid contains benzene-containing compound of formulae (II-IV) as an additive.R'=H, linear or branched 1-6C alkyl or phenyl.Preferred Component: The conductive polymer monomer is pyrrole and/or pyrrole derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: An electroconductive polymeric layer (i) is formed on the dielectric material oxide layer. An electroconductive polymeric layer (ii) is formed on the electroconductive polymeric layer (i). Preferred Definitions:    R=1-methyl ethyl, 1-methyl propyl, 1-ethyl propyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl or branched dodecyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution contains metal oxide fine particles which are silicon alkoxide compound. Preferred Parameters: The linear thermal expansion coefficient in 50-300 degrees C of metal oxide fine particles is less than or equal to 50 ppm/ degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The solution is coated on the surface after impregnating. A polymer is obtained by curing the porous PTFE and metal alkoxide compound. The gaps in the porous PTFE film are filled with the polymer. Preferred Components: The polymer contains a boron and a halogen element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The modifier performs methanol water vapor reforming reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (22) contains oxide of indium, tin and/or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The layer thickness of the layer (21) is 1-100 mu m. The high temperature region is heated by local heating method using microwave. A microwave absorber content layer (22) is provided adjacent with the layer (21). Microwave is irradiated and the local heating is performed by the heat generated by the layer (22). The front heat resistant low heat conductive layer contains polyimide resin. The substrate is transparent resin film with glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or less. Preferred Process: A substrate, heat resistant low heat conductive layer and heat conversion material layer or functional layer precursor patterned layer are provided. The pattern in the precursor layer or patterned precursor layer is heated and contacted are adjoined to the pattern of functional precursor layer and the local heating is performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 116 Merocyanine dyes (1-4) are disclosed, e.g. 5-((4-(5-(((5Z)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid of formula (A), 5-((4-(5-(((5Z)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid, 3-(5-((2E,5Z)-3-(carboxymethyl)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)propanoic acid, 3-(5-((2E,5Z)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-oxo-5-((4-phenyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-2-((5E)-3-methyl-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)propanoic acid and 5-((4-(5-((1E)-2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid.    EXAMPLE - 11-((4-(1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)sulfanyl)undecanoic acid (in g) (1), 2-(4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid (0.4), ammonium acetate (0.05) and acetic acid (20 ml) were mixed, heated at 120 degrees C for 7 hours, the obtained solid was cooled to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered, dried, washed using water (50 ml), methanol (20 ml) and acetic acid (50 ml) were added to the obtained crude product, and purified to obtain merocyanine dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light-transmitting resilient plate is made of a material selected from a group consisting of urethane rubber and silicone rubber. The light-transmitting stamper buffer layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of acrylic resins, polyurethane rubber and silicone rubber. The light- transmitting patterned stamp layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of polyester resins and acrylic resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The alkali corrosion treatment is performed at 75-90 degrees C for 15-40 minutes. The acid corrosion treatment is performed at 6-40 degrees C for 5-300 seconds. Preferred Property: The monocrystalline silicon chip has thickness of 4.5-25 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The repeating unit derived from methacrylate monomer is obtained from methyl methacrylate, repeating unit derived from aromatic vinyl monomer is obtained from styrene, cyclic-anhydride repeating unit is derived from maleic acid anhydride and repeating unit derived from methacrylate monomer having aromatic group is obtained from benzyl methacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic type thermoplastic resin further contains repeating unit derived from methacrylate monomer having aromatic group of formula (5) (0.1-5 wt.%). Preferred Properties: The acrylic type thermoplastic resin has weight average molecular weight of 10000-400000 measured by gel permeation chromatography, molecular weight distribution of 1.8-3, absolute value of photoelastic coefficient of less than 2.5x 1012Pa-1, absolute value of phase difference along surface direction of 30-300 nm or 30 nm or less, glass transition temperature of 120 degrees C or more, total light transmittance of 85% or more and phase difference along thickness direction of 30 nm or less. The birefringence of acrylic type thermoplastic resin during stretching satisfy relation: ( Delta )n(S)=Kx S+C, where absolute value of inclination (K) is 0.03x 10-6 or less, measured based on least square approximation method. Preferred Process: The sheet or film-form molded product is obtained by cast-molding process.R4=R2;m=1-3;andn=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic materials are selected from a group of monomers, oligomers, prepolymers of duroplasts, epoxy resins, phenol resins, (meth)acrylate resins and polyurethane resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The center metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium and magnesium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 4-10C olefin is 1-butene, 1-hexene and/or 1-octene. The silanes are vinyl trimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl-tris (2-methoxy-ethoxy)silane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane vinyldimethylethoxysilane and/or vinylmethyldibutoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The planar glass/glass-, glass/plastic- or plastic/plastic-laminate is flexible. The polyolefin is semi-crystalline. The polyolefin is a homopolymer, copolymer and/or terpolymer comprising 0-25 wt.% of ethylene, 0-95 wt.% of propene and/or 5-100 wt.% of 4-10C olefin. The melting viscosity of the crosslinked polyolefin is 1000-150000 mPas, which is determined by oscillating rheometry at 1 Hz, a deformation of up to 1% and at 190 degrees C. The softening point of the crosslinked polyolefin is 80-170 degrees C, as measured by ring and ball method. The thickness of the glass and/or plastic body is maximum 8 mm. The thickness of the intermediate layer made of one or more silane modified polyolefins is maximum 6.5 mm. The laminate comprises several layers. Preferred Process: The intermediate layer is applied in the form of solution or melt, by spraying, knife coating, spin coating, rolling and/or printing techniques. At least one of the modified polyolefins in the form of a polymer film is used for the production of the laminate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is authentic silicon. The semiconductor layer contains silicon and carbon. The gas containing nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, argon and/or helium, silicon and/or carbon, silane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6) or halogenated silane, ejected from a gas ejection opening is sprayed on the surface of substrate. The oxidant gas used in the manufacture of solar cell contains nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide and water, and nitridation gas contains ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent amorphous substrate is glass, resin or plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The diatomaceous earth is dissolved in acidic solution at 70-100 degrees C. Preferred Component: The reducing agent is carbon black or graphite. Preferred Composition: The diatomaceous earth contains (in wt.%) silica (90-97), alumina (1-3), iron oxide (0.5-1), calcium oxide (0.5-1) and magnesium oxide (0.5-1). The amount of reducing agent is 0.5-1.5 wt.%. The silicon contains (in ppm) boron (0.3-0.5), carbon (0.8-1) and oxygen (0.8-1). Preferred Properties: The acidic solution has pH of 1-3. The base solution has pH of 10-5. Preferred Process: The recovery of silica from diatomaceous earth solution involves filtering diatomaceous earth solution using filter, adding base solution, cooling, washing using water and drying at 70-100 degrees C. The silicon is obtained by adding reducing agent to silica and reducing under pressure, argon atmosphere and heating at 1200-1700 degrees C at arc discharge furnace containing glassy carbon crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reactive-ion-etching process is planar-type plasma process which installed a base material in the cathode side (cooling roll side) to which voltage is applied directly, or plasma process using a follower node plasma processing device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reactive-ion-etching process is carried out using argon, nitrogen, oxygen and/or hydrogen. The lamination of inorganic oxide layer is carried out in a film forming machine, preferably in-line film forming machine. Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The surface of polyethylene terephthalate film has logarithmic decrement at 80 degrees C of 0.08-0.11, measured using rigid-component pendulum-type physical-property tester with pipe edge having diameter of 2 mm and flame weight of 14 g. The surface of polyethylene-terephthalate film has logarithmic decrement at 120 degrees C of 0.07-0.15, measured using rigid-component pendulum-type physical-property tester with pipe edge having diameter of 2 mm and flame weight of 14 g. The surface of polyethylene-terephthalate film has logarithmic decrement at 150 degrees C of 0.09-0.12, measured using rigid-component pendulum-type physical-property tester with pipe edge having diameter of 2 mm and flame weight of 14 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixed solution of titanium oxide particles and solution containing water or organic solvent is coated by applying electric field of 500-1200 V/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is P-type silicon substrate (41) or N-type silicon substrate made of single crystal silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium indium phosphide, or copper indium selenide. The nanospheres are made of silicon oxide. The silicon active layer is a single-crystal silicon layer. The nanospheres are removed by hydrofluoric acid. Preferred Process: The method further includes formation of thin doping layer on active layer. The thin doping layer is made of phosphine or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The number average molecular weight of vinyl polymer (B) is 1000-40000. The intrinsic viscosity of polyester is 0.6-1 dl/g. The terminal carboxy group concentration of polyester is 10-30 eq/T. The partial discharge inception voltage after 50 time passage of polyester film is 1000 eV or more at 121 degrees C and relative humidity of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer has oxazolane group and aromatic group in side chain. Preferred Property: The partial discharge inception voltage after 50 time passage of polyester film is 1000 eV or more at 121 degrees C and relative humidity of 100%. Preferred Composition: The polyester (A) has 80 mol% or more of ethylene terephthalate unit of all repeating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Modifier: The modifier is oxazoline compound of formula (A) or carbodiimide compound of formula (B).R1-R8=H or monovalent organic group;X=divalent organic group;n=0 or 1;R=H or 1-5C alkyl;andm=3-150. EXAMPLE - Transesterification of 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate, 6,6'-(ethylene dioxy)di-2-naphthoic acid and ethylene glycol was carried out in presence of titanium tetra-butoxide. Polycondensation was further carried out, and aromatic polyester was produced. The obtained polyester (100 mass parts) and 2,2'-bis(2-oxazoline) (1 mass parts) were mixed, extruded and heated to produce uniaxially stretched film. The film was laterally stretched and cooled to produce biaxially stretched film. The film had favorable hydrolysis resistance and temperature coefficient of expansion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The co-polyester resin composition contains 0.5-10 mass% of benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber having hindered phenol group of formula (A) with respect to co-polyester resin composition.R1=optionally branched 1-18C alkyl optionally having alicylic group or aromatic ring group in terminal or side chain;R2=H or methyl;andR3=branched 3-4C alkyl. EXAMPLE - 6,6'-(Ethylene dioxy)-di-2-naphthoic acid (in kg) (30), 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate (7.8) and ethylene glycol (25) were mixed, heated at 150 degrees C, reacted with trimellitic acid titanium (2.3 g) at 250 degrees C, to obtain transparent liquid. Then, trimethyl phosphate and ethylene glycol were added to the obtained liquid, polycondensed by heating at 250 degrees C and cooled, to obtain pellet of co-polyester. The obtained co-polyester, 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate and 2-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(8-heptylpentadecan-8-yl)-6-((2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(4-propylheptan-4-yl)phenyl)methyl)phenol were mixed, to obtain co-polyester resin composition. The biaxial oriented film formed using co-polyester resin composition had excellent light resistance, elasticity, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability with respect to temperature and humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber is cyclic imino ester compound of formula (A).Ra=p-phenylene, 4,4'-diphenylene or 2,2'-(2,6-naphtylene). EXAMPLE - 6,6'-(Ethylene dioxy)-di-2-naphthoic acid (in kg) (30), 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate (7.8) and ethylene glycol (25) were mixed, heated at 150 degrees C, reacted with trimellitic acid titanium (2.3 g) at 250 degrees C, to obtain transparent liquid. Then, trimethyl phosphate and ethylene glycol were added to the obtained liquid, polycondensed by heating at 250 degrees C and cooled, to obtain pellet of co-polyester. The obtained co-polyester, 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate and 2-(4-(4-oxo-2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one were mixed, to obtain co-polyester resin composition. The biaxial oriented film formed using co-polyester resin composition had excellent light resistance, elasticity, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability with respect to temperature and humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material-containing composition further contains basic compound (D) and high molecular compound (E). The nano carbon material is carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal copper with respect to metal cobalt is 0.01-5 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molten metal is molten aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The manufacturing apparatus of silicon further has a pressurization apparatus which pressurizes the molten metal in the container. Preferred Property: The frequency of vibration of the vibrator is 500-20000 Hz. Preferred Method: The discharge of droplet of molten metal from the orifice is carried out by pressurization.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of highly purified silica further involves performing acid-cleaning process by mixing the obtained solid portion containing silica and acid solution, obtaining acidic slurry having pH of 1.5 or less, dissolving aluminum and iron remains in the solid portion, separating the acidic slurry into solid and liquid, and repeating the process. Preferred Composition: The content of silica in the highly purified silica is 99 mass% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of water introduced into reaction space is 1-15 volume%. The discharge gas is nitrogen. An oxidizing gas containing oxygen (1-20 volume%) is introduced into reaction space. Preferred Film: The metal oxide thin film contains aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, niobium, molybdenum, indium, tantalum, iridium, tin, and/or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: Acid is introduced into reaction space by volatizing or spraying aqueous solution of acid. The acid is chosen from nitric acid, nitrous acid, hydrochloric acid, chloric acid, chlorous acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zinc oxide dense layer has porosity of 30-75%. Preferred Process: The zinc oxide bottom layer is formed by electrodepositing using an electrodeposition liquid containing zinc salt. The thin film for zinc oxide dense layer and zinc oxide porous layer is formed by electrodepositing using electrodeposition liquid containing zinc salt and template compound. Preferred Component: The template compound is xanthene-type pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The size of semiconductor nanocrystals are from 2-30 nm in size. The semiconductor nanocrystals are present in the matrix at a volume fraction from 0.2-0.74. The semiconductor nanocrystals are selected from lead selenide, lead sulfide and germanium. The amorphous semiconductor matrix comprises material are selected from silicon, germanium, and a silicon-germanium alloy (SiLxGex). Preferred Device: In the device (D1), the nanocrystal composite material comprises lead selenide nanocrystals and silicon matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: In the material (C1), the crystalline semiconductor matrix comprises silicon and the silicon grains from 8-20 nm; and at least a majority of nanocrystals are electrically connected to adjacent nanocrystals. The thickness of the nanocrystal composite material (C1) is 20-400 nm. Preferred Method: In the Method (M1), forming layer of pre-composite material step in a) is carried out by first depositing nanocrystals on the substrate and then forming the amorphous semiconductor matrix, where formation of a layer of pre-composite material is carried out by first mixing semiconductor nanocrystals and precursors of an amorphous semiconductor matrix material and then depositing mixture on the substrate and the formation of amorphous semiconductor matrix is carried out by deposition of precursor material followed by conversion of the precursor material to the amorphous semiconductor material which is carried out by deposition of the amorphous semiconductor material. Subjecting the materials from a) to crystallizing conditions is carried out by laser annealing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The synthesizing step comprises forming solution of soluble zinc salt and lithium salt in solvent; heating solution to specified temperature at 3-5 degrees C/minute; maintaining specified temperature for greater than or equal to 2 hours to allow chemical reaction to occur; and extracting zinc oxide aggregates from solution. The anode including photoelectrode film is prepared by forming specified thickness of zinc oxide aggregates on conductive substrate; and annealing film for specified time at 320-380 degrees C. Preferred Components: The soluble zinc salt is zinc acetate dehydrate. A crystallinity and porosity of zinc oxide aggregate particles are improved, an absorption of dye by zinc oxide aggregate particles is improved, formation of complex between dye and zinc ions in zinc oxide aggregate particles is suppressed, a light harvesting efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell is improved, and an electrical conduction in zinc oxide aggregate particles is improved, all relative to zinc oxide aggregate particles synthesized in the absence of deliberately added lithium ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer of transparent conductive film substrate contains tin oxide, silicon-tin mixed oxide or silicon-titanium mixed oxide. The molar ratio of tin to silicon in the silicon-tin mixed oxide, is 0.25:0.75-0.7:0.3, preferably 0.4:0.6-0.6:0.4. The electroconductive oxide layer contains fluorine-containing tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The diameter is preferably 20-200 mu m. The micro-needle-like structure is martensite. Preferred Material: The raw material (M) for manufacturing the thin wire consists of alpha - beta titanium alloy chosen from titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-3Al-2.5V), titanium-aluminum-molybdenum-vanadium (Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V), titanium-aluminum-chromium-iron (Ti-5Al-2Cr-1Fe), titanium-aluminum-iron-chromium-molybdenum (Ti-5Al-1.5Fe-1.5Cr-1.5Mo), titanium-aluminum-cobalt-tantalum-molybdenum (Ti-6Al-2Co-1Ta-1Mo), titanium-aluminum-molybdenum-vanadium (Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V), titanium-aluminum-cobalt (Ti-8Al-4Co), titanium-aluminum-tin-zirconium-molybdenum (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo), titanium-aluminum-vanadium-tin (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn), and titanium-aluminum-tin-zirconium-molybdenum (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A catalyst is provided as powder, granules, foil, coating, bulk material or porous pellet in zone(s) or the other zone of the high pressure apparatus to convert the nitrogen and hydrogen to ammonia. It comprises iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum, potassium, cesium, calcium, magnesium, barium, zirconium, osmium, uranium or a lanthanide, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion barrier material is selected from the group consisting of silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon carbides, siloxanes, silsesquioxanes, silicates, organosilicates, titanium oxide, alumina titanate, barium titanate, end-capped siloxanes, end-capped silsesquioxanes, and end-capped silicates such as end-capped organosilicates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The II-VI compound semiconductor materials are selected from Cd-S, Cd-Se, Cd-Te, Cd-Zn-Te, Cd-Hg-Te, Cu-In-Se. The I-III-VI compound semiconductor materials are selected from Cu-In-Se, Cu-In-Ga-Se, Cu-In-Ga-Se-S.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier material is selected from alcohol, polyol, acid, hydrocarbon, and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cells are coupled to the surface via an electrically non-conductive, thermally conductive adhesive comprising a thermally conductive epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide nanoparticles are titanium dioxide nanoparticles, whose surface contains hydroxide radicals or titanium dioxide or zinc oxide nanoparticles, whose surface does not contain hydroxide radicals, preferably titanium dioxide, magnetite, zinc oxide, aluminum trioxide, zirconium oxide or phosphorus nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylic acid modifier is fatty acid or aromatic acid including para bromobenzoic acid or dodecanoic acid, n-butyric acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid, n-octadecanoic acid, 4-(4-aminophenyl) butyric acid or 4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) butyric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flexible sticking material is transparent ethylene-acetic acid vinyl ester material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible sticking material is polyvinyl butyral. The insulating plate is epoxy resin plate, and cover board is polyethylene glycol terephthalate or transparent polyvinyl fluoride composite film. The back plate is polyvinyl fluoride composite film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is obtained by carbonization of organic material having aromatic ring, carbonization of plant-derived organic material or carbonization of plant residue oil. The plant residue oil is residue oil obtained during manufacture of resorcinol. The organic material having aromatic ring is obtained by polymerizing phenol or its derivative(s), and aldehyde compound. The carbon material is charcoal. Carbonization is carried out at 800-2500 degrees C. The carbon material is non-activated material. The carbon material is powdered material and has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1 m2/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrode: The secondary electrode contains a non-fluorine-type polymer. The electrode comprises electrode mixture obtained by mixing 85 wt% of the carbon material with 15 wt% of polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive base or substrate is made of conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conductive base or substrate is made of stainless steel metal sheet or insulating material coated with conductive metal thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aprotic organic solvent is methyl cyanide, acetone, carbonic ether, imidazole ionic liquid or ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is polypyrrole, poly(1-1-7C alkyl pyrrole), poly(3-1-8C8 alkyl pyrrole), polythiophene, poly(3-1-12C alkyl thiophene), poly(3-phenyl thiophene), poly(3-ethanol thiophene), poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene) or poly(3,4-dimethoxy thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass component comprises (mol%) silicon oxide (5-60), bismuth oxide (8-80), aluminum oxide (5-10), boron oxide (3-10), alkali metal oxide (2-20), alkaline earth metal oxide (2-8), quadrivalent element oxide from titanium or zirconium (1-3), and pentavalent oxide from phosphorus or niobium (1-7); silicon oxide (5-80), bismuth oxide (10-65), barium oxide (1-25), zinc oxide (2-12), boron oxide (1-15), vanadium oxide (2-10) and alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal oxide (1-8); or silicon oxide (5-70), bismuth oxide (10-60), boron oxide (1-15), vanadium oxide (2-15), and alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal oxide (1-6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises (wt.%) organic resin (1-10) from rosin, phenolic resin, alkyd resin, ethylene cellulose or nitrocellulose; organic solvent (10-85) from pine oil, terpineol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetic ester, pimelin ketone, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether or ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; and organic additive (1-20) from thixotropic agent, penetrant, surface active agent, flatting agent, flatting agent or anti-settling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The latter conductive material is made from aluminum, silver, gold, copper, zinc, nickel and chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The triazine-type ultraviolet absorber is of formula (A). The benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber is of formula (B).R1=linear or branched 1-17C alkyl optionally having alicyclic group in the terminal;R2,R'2,R3,R'3=H or methyl;andn=2-8. EXAMPLE - 6,6'-(Ethylene dioxy)-di-2-naphthoic acid (in kg) (30), 2,6-naphthalene dimethyl dicarboxylate (7.8) and ethylene glycol (25) were mixed, heated at 150 degrees C, reacted with trimellitic acid titanium (2.3 g) at 250 degrees C, to obtain transparent liquid. Then, trimethyl phosphate and ethylene glycol were added to the obtained liquid, polycondensed by heating at 250 degrees C and cooled, to obtain pellet of copolyester. The obtained copolyester, 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate and 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-(hexyloxy)phenol were mixed, to obtain copolyester resin composition. The biaxial oriented film formed using copolyester resin composition had excellent light resistance, elasticity, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability with respect to temperature and humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal phase in the sintered compact is 1-30 wt.%. The metal phase consists of tin and/or zinc. A portion of indium oxide phase is substituted by oxide of other elements. Preferred Property: The metal phase has average particle diameter of less than 20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A slurry containing silicon particles obtained by reduction process, and unreacted liquid tetrachlorosilane are discharged from the reactor. The liquid tetrachlorosilane is separated from the slurry. The separated liquid tetrachlorosilane obtained is recycled to upstream more than the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molten metal is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The silicon manufacturing apparatus further has a discharge unit to discharge slurry containing silicon particles and unreacted liquid tetrachlorosilane from the reactor, a separation unit to separate liquid tetrachlorosilane from slurry, and a return unit to recycle the separated liquid tetrachlorosilane to upstream more than the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The process gas used in vacuum processing tank is mixed gas containing oxygen gas, gaseous nitrogen trifluoride and gaseous chlorine. The ratio of partial pressure of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride with respect to partial pressure of oxygen gas is 4-10. The ratio of partial pressure of gaseous chlorine with respect to partial pressure of oxygen gas is 20-75.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy further contains titanium (0.001-0.05), zinc (0.0001-0.01) and/or gallium (0.0001-0.01). Preferred Properties: The thickness of the aluminum foil layer is 7-120 mu m. The primary synthetic resin film layer contains polyethylene-terephthalate film having thickness of 50-300 mu m. The secondary synthetic resin film layer contains polyethylene-terephthalate film and/or ethylene trifluoro ethylene film having thickness of 20-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate has a base layer (2) having thickness of 10-50 nm and containing hexagonal group compound. The base layer is non-electroconductive zinc oxide film. The crystallinity improvement process is orientation processing. The average value of corrugation of channel shape of surface of substrate formed by orientation processing is 5-30 nm. Preferred Film: The transparent conductive film and base layer comprise aluminum, gallium, indium, titanium, nickel, silicon, zirconium and/or vanadium. The base layer consists of alignment film. The alignment film consists of polyimide and metal nanoparticle, preferably zinc oxide nanoparticle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer comprises aluminum, titanium, chromium, and their alloy, preferably aluminum. The carbon-containing layer contains a carbon material and a binder. The catalyst layer contains a conductive polymer or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wavelength conversion component is a quantum dot consisting of gallium arsenide having a diameter of 50 nm or less, or cadmium selenide having a diameter of 10 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The process gas is introduced into the vacuum processing tank so as to mix with oxygen gas, nitrogen trifluoride and chlorine gas during texture formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base substrate is made of material selected from the group of silicon wafer, oxidized/coated silicon wafer, metal coated silicon wafer, nitride coated silicon wafer, silicon carbide wafer, glass substrate, ceramic, polymers, indium tin oxide (ITO), metal and metal alloys. The nanostructure is made of nanowire, nanofiber, nanocone, nanowhisker or nanohorn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell. The fluid is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrohalide is hydrogen chloride. The halogenated silicon is cholorosilane. The aqueous-based solvent (I) is hydrochloric acid silica slurry. The aqueous-based solvent (II) is hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the composition contains low melting metal or its compound. The organic compound containing alkaline earth metal is alkaline earth metal soap, preferably magnesium stearate. The low melting metal is tellurium or selenium and the compound containing low melting metal is tellurium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The moisture barrier layers comprise an inorganic material. The inorganic material is alumina, alumina silicate, a silicate, or a nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each solar cell string includes Group IB-IIIA-VIA thin film solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The support material is a transparent polymeric material. The first and second protective sheets include moisture barrier flexible polymeric film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises purging the autoclave prior to introducing the solvent. The method further comprises performing a purging process of the autoclave using solvent vapor, and removing hydrogen from the solvent using a diffusion process through a heated palladium membrane. Preferred Condition: The thermal energy provides 25-500 degrees C during the purging. Preferred Component: The solvent comprises ammonia, hydrogen species, nitrogen species, trace metal(s) and dissolved mineralizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support material is a transparent polymeric material. Preferred Component: The protective sheets include one of a moisture barrier flexible polymeric film and glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is a non-conductive substrate of alumina. The substrate includes a film chosen from nano-porous alumina oxide and anodic nano-porous oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The seed rack comprises at least one of copper, copper-based alloy, gold, gold-based alloy, silver, silver-based alloy, palladium, platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, iron-based alloy, nickel, nickel-based alloy, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, silica, and/or alumina. The seed rack is composed of nickel or nickel alloy; silver or silver alloy; gold or gold alloy; or platinum or platinum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The p-type and n-type side electrode insulating members are made of polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal precursor is chlorides, nitrates or acetates. The metal component of the metallic precursor is zinc, cadmium or lead. Alkaline solution comprising sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or hexamethylenetetramine, is used for the production of metal oxides. The substrate is zinc oxide (ZnO), gallium arsenide, gold, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, quartz or ZnO:aluminum, preferably 0.005-0.02 mol/l of sputtered ZnO. The dissolved metallic precursor is 0.0005 to 0.2 mol/l of zinc nitrate, and the basic solution is 0.0005-0.2 mol/l of hexamethylenetetramine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor has an observation window on its wall.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transparency of the bath solution is adjusted based on its temperature and/or its composition. The form of nanostructure is adjusted by changing the temperature gradient between the substrate and bath solution, and/or the composition of the bath solution. The temperature of the substrate and the solution is adjusted at 20-120 degrees C, preferably 90 degrees C and 5-55 degrees C, preferably 30 degrees C, respectively, for a period of 3 hours. Preferred Components: An organic base, preferably thiourea or N,N-dimethylformamide, is used for the production of metal chalcogenide. The substrate provides strong affinity for the metal oxide or -chalcogenide nanostructures. EXAMPLE - Zinc nitrate solution (0.018 mol/l), hexamethylenetetramine (0.018 mmol/l) and zinc oxide:aluminum were mixed and heated at 90 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain zinc oxide-nano structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The strained material layer is made of indium-gallium-nitride. The intermediate substrate and the target substrate are made of sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide and germanium. The low viscosity layer of the intermediate substrate is made of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) and silicon dioxide-compound comprising boron or phosphorus. The high viscosity layer is made of thermal oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reactant flow is carried out using piston by creating pressure difference across the surface of membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide precursor sol is prepared by hydrolyzing or alcoholizing a tetrabutyl titanate, tetra-iso-propyl titanate, titanium tetrachloride, titanium/ethanol mixture or titanyl sulfate. The iodide is lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, ammonium iodide or aluminum iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionic liquid is alkyl imidazole ionic liquid, quat. ammonium salt ionic liquid, alkyl pyridines ionic liquid, piperidine ionic liquid, and/or low m.pt. organic fused salt of pyrrolidine ionic liquid. The modifier is N-methylbenzimidazole, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, 2-propylpyridine, 3-butylpyridine, 4-tert-butyl pyridine, 2-amylpyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, piperidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, phenylamine, diphenylamine, di-n-butylamine, imidazole or substituted imidazole. The organic solvent is liquid alcohol at room temperature, nitrile, ketone, sulfones, ethers and/or ester compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin dioxide or antimony-doped tin dioxide, and an inorganic semiconductor is made of amorphous silicon, silicon germanium, copper indium gallium selenium or III-V group semiconductors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A nanometer solution containing silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide is dissolved in de-ionized water and organic solvent. The obtained film coating slurry solution is atomized to granulated solution, and sprayed on the glass substrate to form a coating film. The film coating slurry solution contains silicon dioxide (20-50 wt.%, preferably 35 wt.%) and titanium dioxide (1.5-4.5 wt.%, preferably 2.4 wt.%). The organic solvent is ethanol and/or isopropanol. Preferred Conditions: The ultrasonic atomization is carried out using ultrasonic atomizing device at temperature of 25 degrees C, air pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa, air flow rate of 10-60 ml/minute and solution flow rate of 1-20 ml/minute or 10-70 ml/minute. The solidification process is carried out in heating furnace at 150-250 degrees C for 5-15 minutes. Preferred Properties: The particles of granulated solution have average particle size of 18-60 mu m. The glass substrate has light transmittance of 91.6% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The melt is fed with halogenated silicon. The melt is homogenized. Preferred Components: The halogenated silicon is one which contains halogen-silane portion in the mixture with silicon portions, preferably shows halogen-silane (SinX2n+2, where X is halogen and n is not defined) in the cavities of halogenated silicon bodies. The halogenated silicon is one which contains halogen that is chemically bonded to silicon atom. The halogenated silicon has a halogen content of 1-50 at.% and a bulk density of 0.2-1.5 g/cm3. The granular, preferably fine-grained halogenated silicon is used, which has a grain size of 50-20000 mu m. The halogen content of the halogenated silicon is adjusted by a post-treatment. The halogenated silicon is chlorinated silicon. The halogenated silicon is produced by thermal decomposition of halogenated polysilane. The metallurgical grade silicon is mono-crystalline or multi-crystalline. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-oxidizing atmosphere is reducing atmosphere, inert atmosphere, reduced-pressure atmosphere, and/or supercritical atmosphere comprising reducing gas and inert gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper compound comprises one unit or connected units of formulae (HCOO)n(NH3)mCuX1p, (HCOO)2(NH3)2CuX3p, (R1COO)2(NH3)2Cu, or (OOC-R5-COO)(NH3)2Cu.m, n=1-3;p=0-1;X1=NH4+, H2O, or solvent molecules;X3=H2O or solvent molecules; andR5=-(CHX2)r-. EXAMPLE - Catena-(( mu -formato-o,o')-bis(amine)(formato-o)copper (II)) (precipitate) was spread uniformly on stainless steel plate to 10 g/m2. The precipitate on stainless steel plate and a polyimide film were fixed with a stainless steel jig so that they were opposed to each other at an interval of 15 mm, and were placed in a vacuum oven. Pressure was reduced to 100 Pa, and the precipitate and polyimide film were heated to 170 degrees C for 30 minutes and cooled to 50 degrees C. The reduced pressure was eliminated, and a copper thin film having metallic luster and thickness of 0.07 mu m was formed on polyimide film. The copper thin film was used as power supplying layer and subjected to electrolytic copper plating using copper sulfate plating bath. A copper-plated film was formed in the same way as when using a commercially available copper foil as power supplying layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum or silver. The transparent cover layer consists of inorganic materials of titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover layer consists of organic materials of N,N,N',N' tetrakis (4-methoxyphenyl)-benzidine or tris (8-hydroxy-quinolinato)-aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymers are poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) and/or the transparent conductive oxides are aluminum doped zinc oxides, tin doped indium oxide or, fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary structure capping layer comprises layer of Zn. The fourth layer is S and secondary structure comprises capping layer of zinc sulfide (ZnS) formed by reaction of primary structure capping layer with fourth layer. The fourth layer is selenium (Se) and method further comprises forming capping layer of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and converting layer of ZnSe to layer of ZnS or a layer of ZnO. The Gp14 element is tin (Sn), carbon (C), silicon (Si) and/or germanium (Ge), or sulfur (S), Se, tellurium (Te) and/or oxygen (O). The secondary structure comprises copper-zinc-sulfur containing-compound (Cu2Zn(Sn, C, Si, Ge)S4) and forming secondary structure involving forming layer having S or Se over primary structure and heating primary structure and layer having S or Se; and heating primary structure in presence of S or Se vapor. Preferred Methods: The deposition of primary structure comprises depositing 2-2000 (preferably 100-300) multilayer units, each multilayer unit having layer of each of at least two different layers of first, second and third layers. The exposure of the primary structure to fourth layer comprises exposing primary structure to atmosphere bearing fourth layer, or forming layer having fourth layer over the primary structure. The method further comprises converting capping layer of ZnS to layer of zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molten metal depth of dissolved base material is 20-50 mm. The irradiation density of electron beam, when dissolving base material is 1000-3000 kW/m2. The width dimension of water-cooled crucible and dimension of smaller one among length measurement are 4 times or more of depth of dissolved base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radiation absorbs are also made of inorganic material including titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The cover plate is made of glass, doped with cerium, particularly glasses, borosilicate glasses or soda lime glasses. The secondary optics has an internal coating made of TiOx, SnOx or ZnOx-layers on a carrier layer or a carrier substrate made of silver or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radiation absorbs are made of an organic material or inorganic material, where the organic material is selected from oxanilides, benzotriazoles, benzophenones, hydroxyphenyltriazine, sterically hindered amines or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A connecting layer, particularly lamination or adhesive layer is arranged between the cover plate and the primary optics. The connecting layer is made of ethylene, polyvinyl butyral, acrylate-based adhesive layer or hot-melt adhesives such as polyamides, polyethylene, amorphous polyalphaolefin, polyester elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, copolyamide elastomers, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl acetate copolymers or polyester, polyurethane, epoxy, silicone or vinyl ester resins. The secondary optics is made of a transparent material, particularly inorganic glass, organic glass or a transparent polymer. A coating for optical coupling is arranged between the secondary optics and the solar cell, where the coating is made of silicone or a transparent polymer, particularly organic-inorganic hybrid polymers. The primary optics is made of micro-replicated Fresnel lenses or optical based lenses on Fresnel principle element of thermoplastics, thermosets, thermoplastic elastomers and elastomers, particularly silicone resins, polymethyl methacrylate, acrylic lacquers, polyurethane paints or varnishes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The developing solution contains polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and halide of alkaline earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber and organic peroxide is 90:10-10:90. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H or chlorine;and    R2,R3=1-20C alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol of formula (I) and/or 2-(5-chloro-2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol are specifically claimed as the benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor surface contains atom (M) chosen from silicon, germanium and gallium, and has joint M-H and joint M-N. The semiconductor surface is silicon (111) plane. Preferred Process: The hydrogen-termination process is carried out by wet etching using hydrofluoric acid and ammonium-sulfite aqueous solution. Preferred Condition: The substrate having semiconductor surface is maintained at 450 degrees C or less in an atmosphere of 1x 10-5 Pa or more, during contact process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diamond-like carbon has resistivity of 1 kilo-ohm centi or less, Vickers hardness of 2000 or more and amount of hydrogen of 10 atomic% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The discharge plasma generation unit is inductive coupling-type high frequency-discharge discharge plasma generation unit. Preferred Properties: The negative pulse voltage is 5-25 kV. The substrate temperature is 300-500 degrees C. Preferred Process: The to-be-processed base material is heated by ion irradiation or electric heater and ion irradiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon-type source gas contains low molecular-weight hydrocarbon gas which does not contain six-membered ring, methane, ethane, propane, acetylene and/or ethylene. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon-type source gas is source gas of mixed gas of hydrogen and/or argon gas.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 42 Indoline-containing compounds are disclosed. E.g. 2-((3-(4-butyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-2-oxido-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-3-(carboxymethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium compound, 6-bromo-3-(carboxymethyl)-2-((3-(4-methyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-2-oxido-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium compound, 2-((3-(4-benzyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-2-oxido-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-3-(carboxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium compound, 2-((3-(4-(1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-oxido-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-3-(carboxymethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium compound and 6-bromo-3-(carboxymethyl)-2-((3-(4-(7-methyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-oxido-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium compound of formula (A).    EXAMPLE - 3-hydroxy-4-(4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydrocyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione (in g) (1.6), 3-(carboxymethyl)-2-methylnaphtho(2,3-d)(1,3)thiazol-3-ium bromide (0.8), toluene (40 ml), n-butanol (40 ml), quinoline (0.4 ml) were mixed and reacted to obtain 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-((3-(4-(4-methylphenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-2-oxido-4-oxocyclobut-2-en-1-ylidene)methyl)-3-thia-5-azatricyclo(7.4.0.02,6)trideca-1,4,6,8,10,12-hexaen-5-ium compound. The photoelectric transducer material was formed using the obtained compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The impregnating latex is dried at 50-200 degrees C. The flow field board is put into an impregnating tank vacuumized to 0.001-0.05 MPa and the latex is fed into the tank through a feeding valve and a pipe until the latex is higher than the flow board. The feeding valve is closed and the vacuum in the tank is maintained. The material storage tank is pressurized to 0.2-1 MPa for 0.1-4 hours using an air compressor after the impregnation process. The impregnated board is heated to 150-200 degrees C in 1 hour, insulated for 0.1-5 hours and continuously heated to 300-400 degrees C in the muffle and insulated for 0.1-2 hours. The air compressor is connected to the impregnating tank through an air inlet valve. Preferred Composition: The latex contains 60 mass% of PTFE polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass substrate is cleaned using liquor comprising trichloromethane and ethanol, and liquor comprising acetone and distilled water. The liquor used for preparing the coating solution is deionized water, ethylene glycol and/or ethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode is platinum, carbon or nickel electrode. The photocatalyst excited by UV is titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2). The photocatalyst excited by visible light is strontium bismuth oxide (SrBi2O4) or indium vanadate (InVO4), or mixture of InVO4, magnesium bismuth oxide (MgBi2O4), calcium bismuth oxide (CaBi2O4), SrBi2O4, barium bismuth oxide (BaBi2O4) and bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bismuth tungsten oxide-nanometer fiber cloth is obtained by preparing titanium oxide precursor sol by stirring and mixing titanium oxide precursor sol containing 2-10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 11-22% acetic acid, 5-45% tetrabutyl titanate and remainder of ethane, mixing obtained precursor sol into static electricity spinning device such that precursor is injected outside of injecting device in form of titanium oxide nanometer line at normal temperature, obtaining fiber cloth containing titanium oxide precursor nanometer line using receiving device, roasting at 500 degrees C for 2 hours, preparing bismuth tungsten oxide precursor containing bismuth ion salt and tungsten ion salt by ethane thermal synthesis method, mixing bismuth tungsten oxide precursor and titanium oxide nanometer fiber cloth in mass ratio of 2000:1-40:1, performing ethane thermal reaction at 100-200 degrees C such that bismuth tungsten oxide nanometer particles form nanometer sheets growing at tungsten oxide precursor fiber cloth to form multi-stage heterostructure. The ethane thermal reaction is carried out for 5-24 hours. Preferred Property: The nanometer sheet has side length of 50-200 nm and thickness of 10-40 nm. The intercrossed titanium oxide fiber cloth or zinc oxide fiber cloth is 100-500 nm. The bismuth tungsten oxide nanometer particles having grain size of 10-40 nm. Preferred Compounds: The bismuth ion salt is nitrate, oxalate or citrate. The tungsten ion salt is sodium salt or ammonium salt. The polyol is ethane, glycol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The donor-like material comprises a subphthalocyanine compound. The donor-like material is boron subphthalocyanine halide or boron subphthalocyanine chloride. Preferred Structure: The subphthalocyanine compound is of formula (1).R1-R12=electron donating or electron withdrawing; H, straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl, halide, thioalkyl, thioaryl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, hydroxy, alkoxy, acylamino, acyloxy, Ph, carboxy, carboxoamido, carboalkoxy, acyl, sulfonyl, CN, or NO2; or can be part of fused aliphatic or aromatic ring, where ring may contain atom(s) other than C;M=B, divalent metal or trivalent metal; andX=anionic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The subphthalocyanine compound is an oligomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalysts comprise copper-zinc oxide, and an array or bundle of nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A diffusion barrier layer that is formed before formation of the emitter layer, is made of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, amorphous silicon, and nanoporous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first anti-reflection layer is formed of silicon nitride, and the second anti-reflection layer is formed of silicon oxynitride. The first passivation layer is formed of silicon oxide, the second passivation layer is formed of silicon nitride, and the third passivation layer is formed of silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of poly dibasic acid is 0.01-10 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of electrode active materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane compound with cyclic structure has 6-20C aromatic hydrocarbon group or 3-20C alicyclic hydrocarbon group. The cyclic olefin polymer has a structural unit of formula (1).m= greater than or equal to 0;p= greater than or equal to 0;X=-CH=CH- or -CH2CH2-;R1-R4=H, halo, optionally substituted 1-30C hydrocarbon group which may have a coupling group containing O, N, S or Si, or polar group; andR1+R2, R3+R4=bivalent hydrocarbon group or carbocyclic ring with monocyclic structure or heterocyclic ring with polycyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cyclic olefin-type polymer has cyclic structure-containing repeating unit of formula (I).m,p=0 or more;X=-CH=CH- or CH2CH2-;andR1-R4=H, halo, optionally substituted 1-30C hydrocarbyl optionally having coupling group including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or silicon, or polar group.R1 and R2, and/or R3 and R4 optionally combines to form by valent hydrocarbyl group. R1 or R2 and R3 or R4 optionally forms carbocyclic ring having monocyclic structure or heterocyclic ring having polycyclic structure. Preferred Property: The total thickness of the particle content layer is 0.5-100, when the thickness of film (A) is set to 100. Preferred Composition: The content of curable composition excluding the solvent is 5-90 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The container (a) is in cylindrical shape, and the container (b) is in ring shape surrounding the side of the container (a). The sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet has a portion which is surrounded by desulfurization catalyst, and is extended from the outside of the container (a) to the sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet. The nature inlet tube of burning material has a portion which is surrounded by combustion catalyst, and is extended from the outside of the container (b) to the nature inlet tube of burning material. The sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet and de-sulfurized liquid fuel discharge port are formed in upper surface of container (a). The fuel cell electric power generation system further has a pressurization feed pump which pressurizes and discharges sulfur-containing liquid fuel to the sulfur-containing liquid fuel inlet, a pressure control valve provided downstream more than the de-sulfurized liquid fuel discharge port, a de-sulfurized liquid fuel tank in which de-sulfurized liquid fuel discharged from the desulfurizer is stored, and a gaseous-phase exit piping extended in container (b) from the gaseous-phase portion of the de-sulfurized liquid fuel tank. Preferred Process: The container (a) is detachably attached to the container (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The flexographic printing plate has a relief image formed using laser engraving technique.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains inorganic type microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent contains n-butyl ether. Preferred Material: The base material is electrolytic membrane, gas diffusion layer, and/or support film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The by-product is water, which is removed using adsorption agent chosen from silica gel, activated alumina, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, molecular sieve, ion-exchange resin, and zeolite, or hydrochloric acid, which is removed using neutralizing agent chosen from alkaline solution, granular alkali, powdery alkali, or ion-exchange resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The bonding region of the substrate face is hydroxyl group. The bonding region of organic molecule is carboxyl group, phosphonic-acid group, silyl group, their chlorides, hydroxyl group, amino group, formyl group, or their protected derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface of the aggregation inhibiting agent is modified using compound having hydrophilic group or compound having hydrophobic group. The aggregation inhibiting agent is silica fine powder. The supercritical fluid or subcritical fluid is supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Adhesive: The adhesive contains a coloring agent and ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preparation (claimed): Transparent ceramic of (I) or (II) is prepared by determining the kind of ceramic to be prepared according to formula; using yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, or ytterbium oxide with a purity of greater than or equal to 99.9%; selecting cerium oxide powder, thulium oxide powder, praseodymium oxide powder, or terbium oxide powder as raw material; preparing powder raw material according to selected formula; putting the raw material into a ball-milling jar; preparing ceramic powder by wet milling method using absolute ethyl alcohol as medium; drying the powder; pelletizing and tableting; preparing blanks by cold isostatic pressing at higher than 200 MPa; and finally putting the blanks into a vacuum sintering furnace and sintering to prepare transparent ceramic, where for the ceramic blank of formula (I), the heat preservation temperature during vacuum sintering is 1600-1750 degrees C, heat preservation time is 5-30 hours, and vacuum degree is higher than 3x 10-3 Pa, and for ceramic blank of formula (II), the heat preservation temperature during vacuum sintering is 1750-2150 degrees C, the heat preservation time is 5-30 hours, and vacuum degree is higher than 3x 10-3 Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The base layer is obtained by coating and drying dispersion liquid containing aggregate, binder material and dispersion medium of the metal-oxide fine particles to the surface(s) of substrate. The dispersion liquid is obtained by dispersing aggregate of hollow-shaped silica fine-particles in dispersion medium, when the aggregate of the hollow-shaped silica fine-particles performs the following process. The precursor of silica is reacted by irradiating microwave at pH or more than 8 in presence of the zinc oxide fine-particles which is contained in core of dispersion medium, to obtain dispersion liquid of fine-particles which coated the zinc-oxide fine-particles with generated silica. Then, zinc-oxide fine-particles and acidic cation exchange resin are added to fine particles dispersion of having pH of 2-8, the ion-exchange resin is separated after the zinc-oxide fine-particles are dissolved completely, and the hollow-shaped silica fine-particles dispersion is obtained. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the aggregate of the metal-oxide fine particles contained in the dispersion liquid is 0.1-5 mass% with respect to dispersion liquid. Preferred Components: The aggregate of the metal-oxide fine particles is an aggregate of the fine-particles containing metal oxide chosen from silica, alumina, titania, tin oxide zirconia and cerium oxide. The aggregate of the metal-oxide fine particles is aggregate of hollow-shaped metal-oxide fine particles, preferably aggregate of hollow-shaped silica fine-particles. Preferred Properties: The film thickness of the base layer is 100-1500 nm. The aggregate of the metal-oxide fine particles has refractive index of 1.4 or less. The water-repellent substrate has initial-stage water-contact angle of 135 degrees or more. The thickness of the shell of the hollow-shaped metal-oxide fine particles is 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium dioxide nanoparticles have diameter of 2-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene is 60C or 70C fullerene. The photocatalyst is provided as an aqueous suspension. Preferred Process: The method further involves spraying the suspension on the surface. The irradiation comprises exposure of the photocatalyst to sunlight, or visible or ultraviolet lamp.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyhydroxyfullerene has carbon cage comprising 60C, 70C or 80C. The conjugated polymer is polythiophene, substituted polythiophene, polyvinylenephenylene substituted polyvinylenephenylene, polybenzothiadiazole, substituted polybenzothiadiazole, polypyrrole, substituted polypyrrole and their regular or random copolymers. The organic semiconductor further comprises p-channel conducting polymers. Preferred Properties: The weight loss on heating the dry polyhydroxyfullerene of the photocatalyst to a temperature of 10000 degrees C is less than 60 weight%. The weight ratio of polyhydroxyfullerene and titanium dioxide nanoparticles is 0.001-0.003.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A diameter of titanium dioxide line is 0.2-5 mu m. The zinc oxide nano crystal grain has shape of nano rod with diameter of 100-300 nm and length of 1-5 mu m, or nano plate with thickness of 100-300 nm and diameter of 1-3 mu m. The thickness of composite film material is 20-100 mu m. The titanium halide is titanium tetrachloride. The water-soluble zinc salt is zinc acetate, zinc nitrate or zinc chloride. A thickness of electrospun film is 10-80 mu m. Preferred Process: The heating step is carried out at 50-200 degrees C for 2-24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: A spinning operating distance of electrostatic spinning equipment is 3-10 cm, and operating voltage is 5-25 kV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanate is tetrabutyl titanate, tetraethyl titanate or tetraisopropyl titanate. The citrate is sodium citrate, potassium citrate or ammonium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The graphene-containing layer having a thickness of 1 or 10 atomic layers is doped with a metal atom. It comprises amorphous carbon. The carbon layer surface is an activated surface including nitrogen or oxygen atoms. The graphene-containing layer surface includes greater than or equal to 5 pores per mu m2. Preferred Method: The graphene-containing layer is deposited by depositing a carbon layer onto the substrate and removing the carbon layer to reveal the graphene-containing layer. It is deposited by atomic layer deposition. The substrate is heated prior to or after contact with the carbon-containing compound. The carbon layer surface is activated with a plasma, preferably direct current (DC) plasma, radiofrequency (RF) plasma, microwave plasma, or hot filament plasma. Alternatively, the carbon layer surface is chemically activated. The carbon layer surface is pre-conditioned prior to deposition of the graphene-containing layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: In the laminated material the cellulose fiber layer is interposed by polycarbonate resin layer. The cellulose fiber layer contains cellulose fiber which is chemically modified, and has average fiber diameter of 200 nm or less and porosity of 30 volume% or less. Preferred Process: The manufacture method of laminated material further involves performing priming process to the laminated surface of cellulose fiber layer. The process of laminating fiber layer and resin layer, and melt-heating is carried out after chemically modifying the cellulose fiber. The process of melt-heating is carried out under pressure reduction condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide sintered component has hexagonal crystal layer compound phase (In2O3(ZnO)m, where m is 2 to 20) including indium oxide phase in which zinc element is substituted. The indium phase further contains metallic element having valency of 4 or more. The atomic ratio of content of metallic element with respect to total metallic element in oxide sintered component is 0.0001-0.005. The metallic element is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, germanium, tin and/or cerium. The atomic ratio of zinc with respect to total content of zinc and indium is 0.0001-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron-accepting inorganic substance is zinc oxide pigment. The electron-donating organic material is phthalocyanine-type pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total content of components (A and B) contained with respect to 100 wt.% of total content of the components (A-E) is 60-80 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The vacuum deposition is carried out using argon-oxygen mixture ((70:30) plus minus 15). A pulse feed of a gas mixture is applied during deposition of transparent conductive oxide layer. Preferred Composition: The metal oxide composition contains mixture of indium and tin oxide, oxide of zinc, oxide of indium or other metal oxide. The metal oxide composition is alloyed by aluminum, gallium, silver, gold or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The polymer substrate is flexible substrate such as flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (PET) or flexible polyethylene naphthalate film (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive fibers are metal nanowires and/or carbon nanotubes. The transparent conductive material is a conductive polymer and/or electroconductive metal-oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is trivalent phosphorus compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The composition is preferably obtained by reacting reducing agent with the composition containing fullerene derivative and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The composition comprises (wt.%) glass frit (1-6). The conductive material comprises 90-99 wt.% silver. Preferred Property: The softening point of the glass frit is 400-600 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition includes an additive(s) comprising zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconia, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, or chromium; and/or their oxides. The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride, hydrogen doped silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The rigid support layer comprises glass selected from the group consisting of soda-lime type glass, low coefficient of thermal expansion borosilicate type glass and alkali-free aluminoborosilicate glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reinforcement layer comprises fiber component selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, polymer fibers, liquid crystal fibers, glass fibers, or woven fiber glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary metal oxide composition contains cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium-zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminate and/or yttrium aluminate garnet, preferably zirconium oxide. The secondary metal oxide composition contains aluminum oxide. The primary and/or secondary metal oxide composition contains magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, cobalt, zinc and/or iron. The ceramic is free of yttrium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The zinc gallium oxide compound is doped with tin atom. The zinc tin oxide compound is doped with gallium atom. Preferred Property: The atomic ratio of zinc, gallium and tin with respect to total content of zinc, gallium and tin is 0.2-0.8, 0.08-0.7 and 0.03-0.5, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The photosensitive paste composition further contains glass powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound is carboxylic acid metallic salt and/or acetyl acetone metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound is metal alkoxide. The concentration of metallic compound is 0.01-20% in metallic element conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solute stabilizer is glycol ether. The organic solvent contains ethyl cellulose and/or terpineol. The weight ratio of ethyl cellulose and terpineol in the organic solvent is 0.1/99.9-20/80. The concentration of solute stabilizer is 0.01-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The platinum compound is hexachloro platinum (IV) acid hexahydrate. The concentration of platinum compound in the composition is 0.01-10% by platinum conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent contains two types of ethylcellulose and terpineol in a weight ratio of 0.1/99.9-20/80.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adherence improving agent has one or more sulfo groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anion component of adherence improving agent is dopant of conductive polymer. The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline and its derivative(s), polythiophene and its derivative(s) and polypyrrole and its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The etching paste is obtained by mixing component which does not contain thickener, and thickener-containing component. The component which does not contain thickener, and thickener-containing component are prepared and stored separately, and mixed before pattern coating. The compression processed is performed to the transparent conductive layer containing resin binder matrix and electroconductive-oxide fine particles by rolling metal roll. The pattern coating is performed by dispenser printing, screen printing, inkjet printing, gravure method, offset printing or flexographic-printing method. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of the etching paste is 300-100000 mPa.seconds, and performs pattern coating by screen printing. Preferred Composition: The etching component concentration of the etching paste is 1-30 weight%. The electroconductive-oxide fine particles contain indium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide. Preferred Components: The etching component is a mixture of inorganic alkaline component and/or organic alkaline component. The base film is plastic film which is polyester film. The electroconductive-oxide fine particles are indium-tin oxide microparticles. The resin binder matrix is crosslinked and has organic solvent tolerance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is of formula: (R1)m-M1-(OR2)4-m or Al-(OR3)3.R1-R3=1-8C organic group, M1=silicon, zirconium or titanium, m=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: Inorganic acid is also used in the heat dissipation of the mixture. The inorganic acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or sulfuric acid. The solvent is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: The solvent is urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye sensitized solar cell has layers (200,400) of graphene/graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotube and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The copper raw material is chosen from copper (II) chloride, copper (II) nitrate, copper (II) sulfate, copper (II) acetate, and/or their hydrates. The indium raw material is chosen from indium trichloride, indium nitrate, indium acetate, indium sulfate, and/or their hydrates. The gallium raw material is chosen from gallium trichloride, gallium nitrate, gallium iodide, and/or their hydrates. The selenium raw material is chosen from selenium oxide, selenium chloride, selenous acid, and/or their hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The N-type crystalline silicon layer contains single-crystal silicon, solar-grade or metal-grade polysilicon, or strip-shaped silicon. The transparent conducting layer contains indium-tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, cadmium-tin oxide (CdSnO4), copper-gallium oxide (CuGaO2), copper-indium oxide (CuInO2), strontium-copper oxide (SrCuO2), tin oxide, indium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The electrodes (1, 10) contain aluminum, silver, gold, nickel, copper/nickel, aluminum/nickel or titanium/palladium/silver. The P-type chalcopyrite semiconductor layer contains a metallic compound (A'B'C'2, where A' is copper and/or silver, B' is aluminum, gallium and/or indium, and C' is sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of material selected from a group consisting of zinc, tin, indium, cadmium, gallium, aluminum, nickel, iron, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, copper, silver, gold and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic dye is impregnated into the oxide semiconductor corpuscles in the presence of the inclusion compound.The oxide semiconductor corpuscles includes titanium dioxide as essential ingredient. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 specific organic dyes are claimed, e.g. formulae (A)-(C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Assembly: The assembly comprises the matrix (60-80 vol.%) for the filler which is homogeneously dispersed throughout the matrix. The conductive filler is present in an amount of 20-40 vol.%. The matrix contains a non conductive filler in an amount of 35 vol.%. The matrix contains silica as a filler in an amount of 35 vol.%. The porous heat sink is provided on the bipolar plate to dissipate heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive filler is selected from graphite fiber, natural graphite flakes, synthetic graphite flakes and/or graphite powder. The conductive filler is a blend of a graphite fiber and graphite flake.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composite: The conductive filler (15-60, preferably 20-35) vol.% is uniformly distributed in the elastomeric matrix. The composite comprises conductive filler (25-40 vol.%) and silicone rubber matrix (60-75 vol.%). The composite comprises graphite fiber and graphite flake providing improved electrical resistivity over the fiber or flake alone. Preferred Components: The elastomeric matrix is silicone rubber. The elastomeric matrix contains silica filler. In the assembly, the matrix is a silicone elastomer, so that the plate is elastic. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The distributing step is performed by electrophoresis, thermal spraying, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. The supplying step further comprises applying microwaves or radio waves to activate the carbon source gas into plasma state and adjusting the reaction conditions such that the growing carbon nanotubes branch off. In the method, adjusting the reaction conditions comprises supplying a reducing gas after 10 minutes from the supplying of the carbon source gas and adjusting the flow rate of the carbon source gas and reaction temperature and time. Preferred Components: The carbon source gas is ethylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or methane. The reducing gas is hydrogen gas or ammonia gas. EXAMPLE - Platinum (Pt) as a metallic catalyst was dispersed over a water-proofed carbon paper serving as a carbon substrate for 1 minute by electrophoresis, and a uniform dispersion of the Pt particles was confirmed using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy. The carbon substrate over which the Pt particles had been uniformly distributed was mounted in a quartz boat and placed at the center of a reactor. The reactor was purged with argon gas at 5000 sccm under atmospheric pressure while the temperature of the reactor was elevated to 500 degrees C. When the temperature of the reactor reached 500 degrees C, acetylene was supplied into the reactor as a carbon source gas at 10 sccm under atmospheric pressure for 60 minute to synthesize carbon nanotubes. Then argon gas was supplied into the reactor at 300 sccm under atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the carbon nanotubes were dropped to room temperature to provide carbon nanotubes doped with the Pt particles uniformly to a degree of 1 mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The power generating layer is made of amorphous silicon-germanium layer and amorphous silicon. The zinc oxide, silicon oxide or titanium oxide is formed between electric power generation layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises at least one additives selected from: (a) a metal where the metal is selected from zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), gadolinium (Gd), cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr); (b) a metal oxide of at least one of the metals selected from Zn, Pb, Bi, Gd, cerium (Ce), Zr, titanium (Ti), Mn, Sn, Ru, Co, Fe, Cu and Cr; and/or (c) any compounds that can generate the metal oxides of (b) upon firing. The composition comprises (wt.%) the glass frit (1-6) and zinc oxide (ZnO) (2-10). Preferred Components: The alkali metal oxides are selected from sodium oxide (Na2O) and/or lithium oxide (Li2O). The softening point of the glass frit is 500-600 degrees C. At least one of the additives comprises ZnO, or a compound that forms ZnO upon firing. The conductive material comprises Ag (90-99 wt.%). The insulating film comprises at least one components selected from: titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, and silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - A composition (C2) comprising (wt.%) silicon dioxide (SiO2) (20.15), alumina (Al2O3) (0.26), lead oxide (PbO) (79.08) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) (0.51) was prepared. A solar cell was built using the composition (C2). The efficiency of the solar cell was measured which was found to be 15.92%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The line (21) of magnetic force of magnetic field is resting or rotating with respect to pressure heating process liquid. The magnetic flux density of magnetic field is more than 1T. Preferred Composition: The liquid containing titanate is mixture of aqueous alkali solution and titanium oxide. The liquid containing titanate is contacted with proton acid, and hydrogen ion exponent is set to 0-1.2, after pressure heating process. Preferred Apparatus: The container is flexible reaction container capable of pressurizing contents with external pressure. The container has a rotating apparatus for rotating process liquid directly such that plane of rotation is parallel to line of magnetic force, and a thermocouple-type internal temperature meter for measuring temperature of gaseous phase portion of container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal of the metal component is gold, silver, copper, palladium or its alloy. Preferred Properties: The Vicker hardness of sintered article at the time of sintering copper particles by heating in 0.1-40 volume% of oxidizing gas atmosphere which is mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is 5 or more. The shear adhesive strength of joined component to which metal components are joined with the sintered article is 5 MPa or more. The volume resistivity of sintered article is 1x 10-1 ohm.cm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The volatile dispersion medium is hydrophilic solvent or aliphatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The fluorine-type compound has linear or branched 6-9C perfluoroalkyl group, and is an addition reactant of perfluoropropylene polymer and polyoxyethylene having 8-12 ethylene oxide groups in molecular structure, or polyoxyethylene-2-perfluorohexyl ethyl ether or polyoxyethylene-2-perfluorooctyl ethyl ether having 6-16 ethylene oxide groups. Preferred Properties: The laminated thermoplastic resin film has haze of 1.5 or less. The ratio of number of ethylene oxide group and carbon number of perfluoroalkyl group is 0.8-2. Preferred Composition: The adhesive modified layer contains silica particles. Preferred Process: The adhesive modified layer(s) are irradiated with an ultraviolet ray at an intensity of 100-300 mJ/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The polyester layer (P1) is biaxially-oriented polyester layer, and is provided in both sides of surface layer. The polyester film is a laminated structure having polyester layer (P2) in an inner layer. Preferred properties: The polyester film has average thickness of dispersion of 200 nm or less, initial stage haze value of 3% or less, melting point of 245-265 degrees C, and thermal contraction rate of 1% or less, when heat-processed at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes. The difference (H1-H0) of haze value (H1) after heat-processing at 160 degrees C for 1 hour and initial stage haze value (H0) is 3% or less. The polyester layer (P1) has intrinsic viscosity of 0.65 or more. The difference of intrinsic viscosity of polyester layer (P1) and intrinsic viscosity of polyester layer (P2) is 0-0.15.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=aromatic group;and    R2,R3=together forms 5- or 6-membered saturated ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Pigments are disclosed, e.g. 2-((5Z)-2-((5E)-3-(2-(benzylsulfanyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid of formula (2), 2-((5Z)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-(2-(((4-methylphenyl)methyl)sulfanyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid, 2-((5Z)-2-((5E)-3-(2-(((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)sulfanyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid, 2-((5Z)-2-((5E)-3-(2-(((3,4-dimethylphenyl)methyl)sulfanyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid and 2-((5Z)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-(2-(((4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)sulfanyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organosilicon compound layer is made of silane coupling agent such as alkyl alkoxysilane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous carbon-material composition further comprises a compound containing carbonyl group and reactive functional group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The aqueous-type resin is formed by emulsion-polymerizing 0.1-5 weight% of monomer (A) from ethylenically unsaturated monomer having epoxy resin, ethylenically unsaturated monomer having alkoxy silyl group and/or ethylenically unsaturated monomer having N-methylol group, 0.2-5 weight% of monomer (B) from ethylenically unsaturated monomer having carboxyl group and/or ethylenically unsaturated monomer having tertiary-butyl group, and 90-99.7 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B). Alternatively, the aqueous-type resin is formed by emulsion-polymerizing 0.5-10 weight% of monomer (B) from ethylenically unsaturated monomer having carboxyl group and/or ethylenically unsaturated monomer having tertiary-butyl group, and 90-99.5 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B), preferably obtained by emulsion-polymerizing 0.5-10 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer having carboxyl group and 90-99.5 weight% of ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B). The ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) other than monomers (A and B) contains styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and/or cyclohexyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst portion comprises platinum, carbon, and/or conductive polymer. The metal particles comprise titanium particles, tungsten particles, and/or nickel particles. The metal particles are joined through an electroconductive joining material comprising tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: Water-absorptive layer (I) consists of silicon-oxide films.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent is phosphoric acid or phosphoric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water-absorptive layers are formed using a solution obtained by dissolving a non-ion type polymer water-absorbing resin in an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melt flow rate and density of resin composition for sealing material of solar cell element are measured according to JISK7210 and JISK7112 standards, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Obtaining fully or partially metallic nanoparticles also comprises adding the microemulsion with a co-tensioactive, where the tensioactives are nonionic surfactants. The proportion of the surfactant is 2-50% by weight (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 9-25%. The oily component is a hydrocarbon and/or an ester. The proportion of oily component is 0.5-45% (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 5-25% (w/w) of the total dispersion. The aqueous component is in a ratio of 40-95% (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 60-85% (w/w) of the total dispersion. The organometallic precursor comprises an organic compound, e.g. acetylacetonate, 1,5-cyclooctadiene dimethyl 2-ethylhexanoate, cyclopentadienyl alkyl substituent or any combination, and a metallic component. The cotensioactive is an alcohol and/or a sorbitan ester. The proportion of cotensioactive is 0-25% (w/w) of the total dispersion, preferably 0-14%. The organometallic precursor is dissolved in the cotensioactive. The reducing agent is sodium borohydride (NaBH4), hydrazine, or hydrogen gas. The precipitating agent is a base or salt. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. The reducing agent, precipitating agent, or the oxidizing agent is added in a microemulsion incorporated with oily components, surfactant, and aqueous dispersion. The reducing agent, precipitating agent, or the oxidizing agent is added in its pure form or in aqueous solution. It also comprises separating the nanoparticles formed in the microemulsion; grinding; and calcination. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conjugate contains semiconducting polymer and acceptor material. The acceptor material is 61C fullerene derivative or 71C fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The dibromo group-containing thiophene compound of formula (a) and benzo-thiophene compound of formula (b) are reacted with N,N-dimethylformamide and toluene in presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, to obtain semiconducting polymer of formula (c). Preferred Polymer: The semiconducting polymer is of formula (4).R=polyfluoroalkyl, polychloroalkyl or ester, preferably CpF2p+1 or -COOCqH2q+1;p,x,n=1-12;q=1-30;R1=alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy, preferably CnH2n+1;andm=integer. Preferred Definitions:    W'=F or H;    X1,X2=CH2 or O;    Y1,Y2=S;    Z=CnF2n+1 or CnH2n+1, preferably -COOR";    R"=alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, or CmF2m+1, preferably C8H17, or group of formula (2 or 3), more preferably group of formula (3);    R1,R2=C7H15 or group of formula (3);    m=1-30;and    n=1-12.    EXAMPLE - 2'-Methyltetradecyl-4,6-dibromothieno(3,4-b)thiophene-2-carboxylate (in mg) (276) was added into a round-bottom flask, 2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene (331) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (25) were added under argon atmosphere, reacted, anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (2 ml) and anhydrous toluene (8 ml) were added, and polymerization reaction was carried out at 120 degrees C for 24 hours. The resulting raw product was collected by precipitating in methanol, the precipitate was dissolved in chloroform, and the metal catalyst was removed, to obtain semiconducting polymer of formula (A). The obtained polymer was precipitated in hexane and dried under vacuum condition for 12 hours, to obtain purified polymer.    n=1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The photovoltaic device containing p-n heterojunction is obtained by sequentially forming zinc-tellurium buffer layer, low ohmic nitrogen ion-doped zinc-tellurium (ZnTe:N2+) contact layer, p-type cadmium-tellurium layer, n-type compositionally graded cadmium-zinc-tellurium layer and low ohmic indium ion-doped cadmium-zinc-tellurium layer (CdZnTe:In2+) contact layer, on a superstrate. Alternately, the photovoltaic device is obtained by sequentially forming zinc-tellurium buffer layer, low ohmic ZnTe:N2+ contact layer, intrinsic cadmium-tellurium (i-CdTe) layer, and low ohmic CdZnTe:In2+ contact layer, on a superstrate. The photovoltaic device containing n-p heterojunction is obtained by sequentially forming zinc-tellurium buffer layer, low ohmic indium ion-dopedcadmium-tellurium (CdTe:In2+) contact layer, n-type CdTe layer, p-type compositionally graded CdZnTe layer, low ohmic arsenic ion-doped cadmium-zinc-tellurium (CdZnTe:As2+) contact layer, on a superstrate. Alternately, photovoltaic device is obtained by sequentially forming zinc-tellurium buffer layer, n-type layer having Cd and Te, intrinsic CdTe layer, and p-type layer having Te and one or more of Cd and Zn, on a superstrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primer layer contains silicon compound which has isocyanate group and alkoxy group which is bonded with ultrafine particle through urethane bond part. Preferred Process: The primer layer is formed through urea bond part between urethane bond part and silicon in silicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conducting layer is made of indium tin oxide, cadmium tin oxide, copper gallium oxide, copper indium oxide, strontium copper oxide, stannous oxide, indium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative type chalcopyrite semiconductor film is made of combination of copper, silver, aluminum, indium, gallium, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The granularity of the powder is 0.5-5 microns. Preferred Component: The inorganic binder is a low-melting point metal powder e.g. tin powder. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of magnesium-aluminum alloy powder to aluminum powder is 1:1-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, dibutyl phthalate and/or lecithin. Preferred Composition: The organic binder is a transparent glue solution containing (in weight%) ethyl cellulose (1-6), terpineol (20-50) and additives (40-60), such that the total amount is 100 weight%. The grinding aid used for forming aluminum paste is zinc stearate (0.1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal organic material used for sealing process is selected from the group of silicon alkoxide, silicon acetate, titanium alkoxide, titanium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The anthracene derivative is chosen from formulae (2-5).Ar3-Ar8=6-50C optionally condensed aryl or 3-50C optionally condensed heteroaryl (both optionally substituted). Preferred Definitions:    Ar=arylamine optionally substituted by 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, 6-50C aryl or 5-50C heteroaryl, when n is 1 or divalent group chosen from formulae (a-f), preferably formulae (1-10) when n is 2;and    Ar1,Ar2=optionally substituted arylamine.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The anthracene derivative is chosen from 145 specifically claimed compounds such as 2-(4-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-pyridine of formula (A), 2-(4-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-quinoline, 2-(4-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-phenyl quinoline, 2-(4-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole and 2-(4,5-diphenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole.    EXAMPLE - 10-Bromo-1,8-dichloro-anthracene (in g) (2.3), 2-naphthalene boronic acid (1.33) and palladium triphenylphosphine (0.24) were refluxed after adding aqueous solution of potassium carbonate and tetrahydrofuran to obtain 1,8-dichloro-10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracene (2.2). The obtained compound (2.2), diphenylamine (2.09), palladium dibutylacetate (0.097), tris(t-butylphosphine) (0.05) and sodium t-butoxide (2.45) were added to toluene (100 ml). Sodium t-butoxide (2.45) was added and the contents were refluxed. The organic layer was separated and dried to obtain 10-biphenyl-4-yl-N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-anthracene-1,8-diamine (3) with yield of 80%. The organic electronic device produced using the obtained compound had low drive voltage and favorable stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell sheet is adhered by ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) glue film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The compound having saturated heterocyclic ring structure is a compound having residue of nitrogen-containing compound (1-7), and aryl or heteroaryl group-containing compound of formula: ET1-(Y1)m1-(HT)n-(Y2)m1-ET2 (3), or its residue. The compound having residue of nitrogen-containing compound (1-7) is high molecular compound.HT=residue of nitrogen-containing compound (1-7);n=1-5;Y1,Y2=-C(Ra)(Rb)-, -N(Rc)-, -O-, -Si(Rd)(Re)-, -P(Rf)-, -S-, -C(=O)- or -C(Rg)=C(Rh)-;Ra-Rh=H or substituent;m1,m2=0-5;andET1,ET2=aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted by alkyl or alkoxy, more preferably 3-10C alkyl or 3-10C alkoxy).At least one of ET1 and ET2 is optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Preferred Properties: The value of the minimum triplet excitation energy of the compound having saturated heterocyclic ring structure is 3.0 eV or more, measured by scientific computing method. The absolute value of the energy level of minimum the non-occupying molecular orbital of the compound having saturated heterocyclic ring structure is 1.5 eV or more, measured by scientific computing method. The absolute value of the energy level of the highest occupancy molecular orbital of the compound having saturated heterocyclic ring structure is 6.0 eV or less, measured by scientific computing method. The value (ETP) of the minimum triplet excitation energy of the compound having saturated heterocyclic ring structure is more than the value (ETT) of the minimum triplet excitation energy of the phosphorescent compound. The groups ET1 and ET2 in the aryl or heteroaryl group-containing compound or its residue are coupled with the partial structure having at least 2 ( pi )-conjugation electrons. The two plane angles between the groups ET1 and ET2, and the partial structure is 20 degrees or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode is indium tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, carbon nanotubes or high conductivity polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The molten metal is aluminum. Preferred Method: Liquid tetrachlorosilane is sprayed and supplied to reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bismuth-type glass composition further contains silica (4 mol% or less) mixture of cuprous oxide and ferric oxide (0.1-15 mol%). The bismuth-type glass composition does not contain load oxide. Preferred Component: The heat-resistance filler powder is willemite, cordierite, zirconium, alumina, ( beta )-eucryptite, zirconium phosphate, mullite, tin oxide, zirconium tungstate phosphate, zirconium tungstate and/or quartz glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The ceramic spray deposit film contains 0.02-3 mass% of element chosen from group 4A, group 5A or group 6A elements based on oxide conversion. The group 4A, group 5A or group 6A element is titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ( pi )-conjugated system low molecular weight compound is phthalocyanine compound. The substituent contains sulfonyl group as partial structure. The total weight of the disconnected substituent of ( pi )-conjugated system low molecular weight compound is 30-70%. The organic semiconductor film is p-type semiconductor, and another semiconductor material is n-type semiconductor. The semiconductor material is organic-semiconductor material. The n-type organic-semiconductor material contains fullerene compound. Preferred Condition: The substituent is eliminated by heating at 250 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: The material is in form of a powder comprising crystals with diameter of 2-200 (preferably 5-100) mu m. Preferred Cell: In the solar cell, the semiconductor material is coated with a thin film of CdS. The cell additionally comprises conductive front contact and conductive rear contact. The conductive front contact comprises organic or inorganic materials, in particular from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate), nanotubes, indium-tin-oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide; and the rear contact comprises graphite, molybdenum, gold, silver, copper or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The semiconductor material (I) is obtained by a method in which the semiconductor material is created in a melt, or isothermal re-crystallization from the melt. Preferred Process: The process involves mixing CuSe(S), ZnSe(S), CdSe(S) and SnSe(S) precursor compounds with each other in a first process step; milling the obtained mixture; degassing the resultant mixture; and heating the mixture in an enclosed unit at 400-900 (preferably 450-850, especially 500-800) degrees C. The stoichiometric ratio of the precursor compounds in the mixing step is selected in such a way that penternary or hexanary material of formula Cu2Zn1-xCdxSn(Se1-ySy)4 is obtained. The heating step is performed over a period of 10 seconds to 100 hours (preferably 10 minutes to 10 hours, especially 10 minutes to 2 hours). The semiconductor material is manufactured in the presence of an inert gas. Preferred Definitions:    M1=metals of group 11 in the periodic table of the elements;    M2 and M3=elements of the 12th group of the periodic table of the elements;    C1 and C2=chalcogenides;    M4=metal from the 4th main group of the periodic table of the elements, preferably Sn.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of number of recess portion on the surface of to-be-treated material which has nominal diameter of 200-1000 nm with respect to total number of recess portion is 60% or more. The surface of to-be-treated material which is corrugated is light incidence surface of optical device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of projection area of organic dye particles projected on to-be-treated material from the etching direction with respect to the surface area of to-be-treated material is 5-60%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The binder resin has glass transition temperature of 50 degrees C or less. The polymer film mask is supported is by support on one surface with adhesive force of 5 N/10 mm or less at 25 degrees C. Preferred Composition: A thermoplastic resin is present below 15 mu m in thickness between poly film mask and support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The maximum particle size of the metal oxide particles (b) is 10 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of metallic element with respect to sum of zinc and indium is 0.005-0.05. The atomic ratio of indium with respect to the metallic element is 0.001-0.02. The metal oxide particles (b) contain zinc metal oxide of formula: ZnM2O4 as main component, M is aluminum and/or gallium, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flexible composite foil has electrically conductive layer foil chosen from titanium foil, tin foil and zinc foil, preferably titanium foil. The support material layer foil is chosen from iron foil, iron alloy foil, steel foil, aluminium foil, copper alloy foil, brass foil, copper-nickel foil, nickel foil, silver foil, nickel silver foil and iron-nickel foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate, preferably polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer is applied by painting, spraying or wiping a composition comprising the catalyst onto one facial surface of the first PO layer. The catalyst layer is a film comprising a catalyst homogeneously distributed within the film. The first and second PO layers comprise a polyolefin grafted with an alkoxysilane group, and the film of the catalyst layer comprises the same polyolefin as that in the first and second PO layers except without the alkoxysilane groups. The first and second PO layers comprise a silane copolymer. The first and second PO layers comprise a polyolefin grafted with an alkoxysilane group, and each comprises an ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer that has, before grafting, a density of less than 0.91 g/cm3 and a melt index less than 75 g/10 minutes. The catalyst layer also comprises an ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer that has, before grafting, a density of less than 0.91 g/cm3 and a melt index of less than 75 g/10 minutes. The catalyst layer comprises a Lewis or Bronsted acid or base. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid-state catalyst is charcoal, alumina or a solid comprising coordinating groups, preferably charcoal. The catalyst is metal salt chosen from silver nitrate, copper salt (Cu(OTf)2) and mercury chloride, Lewis acid chosen from zinc bromide, zinc chloride and boron tribromide, or Lewis base chosen from imidazole, triphenyl phosphine, triphenylarsine and rhodium complex (P(OPh)3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The photochemically active organometallic compound is fulvalenyl dimetal compound, preferably fulvalenyl diruthenium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Etching uses an etchant including ammonium fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, potassium hydroxide, or hydrofluoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The first metal layer comprises a metal or a metal alloy including titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, or molybdenum nitride. The second metal layer comprises a metal including copper, silver, gold, tin, cobalt, rhenium, nickel, zinc, lead, palladium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer comprises a metal or a metal alloy comprising copper, silver, gold, tin, cobalt, rhenium, nickel, zinc, lead, palladium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium nitride, titanium tungsten, tantalum nitride, and nickel vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron conductor layer comprises titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bifunctional ligand layer includes a cephalosporin-based antibiotic. It comprises compounds of formulae (1)-(3).R1, R2=one or more of 31 groups, e.g. formulae (a)-(e).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hole conductor comprises a conductive polymer that includes compounds of formulae (A) and (B) as repeating units.R=absent or alkyl; andm=6-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ARC layer contains silicon nitride or titanium oxide. The transparent conductive oxide layer contains zinc oxide (ZnO), tin dioxide (SnO2) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). The substrate is a silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric base material containing aluminum oxide is obtained by anodizing portion of metal base material having aluminum as main component. The remaining metal base material which is not anodized is primary electrode layer. The photoelectric converting layer is made of material contains ceramic or semiconductor. The photoelectric converting material is titanium oxide, strontium titanate, barium titanate, tin oxide, tungstic anhydride, zinc oxide, zinc oxide-magnesium oxide composite, tin oxide-magnesium oxide composite and/or their complex. The micropore filled metal material containing fine metal component is gold, silver, copper, aluminum and/or their complex, preferably gold. The metal material provided in photoelectric converting layer is silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell consists of a hole conductor, an electron conductor including a group III nitride based material, and a quantum dot comprising copper oxide, formed between the hole conductor and electron conductor. The group III nitride based material is aluminum gallium nitride or indium gallium nitride. The primary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising aluminum gallium nitride, and copper oxide-based quantum dots. The secondary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising aluminum gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride, and gallium nitride, titanium oxide or zinc oxide, and quantum dots which are compositionally or dimensionally different from the quantum dots of primary quantum dot solar cell. The tertiary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising indium gallium nitride, and quantum dots. The quantum dots of secondary quantum dot solar cell and tertiary quantum dot solar cell are formed using indium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide, copper oxide, copper indium selenide and/or copper indium gallium selenide. The aluminum content of the secondary quantum dot solar cell is different than the aluminum content of the primary quantum dot solar cell and the indium content of the secondary quantum dot solar cell is different than the indium content of the tertiary quantum dot solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hole conductor comprises poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(3-dodecylthiophene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-co-N-(4-(3-methyl propyl)-diphenylamine), poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-2-methoxy-5,2-ethylhexyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lightly doped n-type material layer is aluminum arsenide layer with thickness of 90 nm and doping concentration of 1019 n-type particles/cm3, or aluminum-gallium arsenide layer with thickness of 0.5 mu m and doping concentration of 1018 n-type particles/cm3. The highly doped n-type material layer is aluminum-gallium arsenide with thickness of 10 mu m and doping concentration of 1016 n-type particles/cm3, or gallium arsenide layer with thickness of 10 mu m and doping concentration of 1016 n-type particles/cm3. The p-type material layer is gallium arsenide layer with thickness of 1 mu m and doping concentration of 1016 p-type particles/cm3, or germanium layer with thickness of 1.5 mu m and doping concentration of 1017 p-type particles/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The step of coating with metal powder on patterned semiconductor layer comprises covering an upper surface and lateral surface of patterned semiconductor layer with metal powder. The metal powder is dispersed in a volatile solvent and coated as a solution, paste, or ink on the semiconductor layer through spin coating, slit coating, spraying, screen printing, ink-jetting, gravure printing, offset printing or dispensing. The metal powder may be mixed with amphiphilic solvent or surfactant and coated on the semiconductor layer. Before the coating of the metal powder on the patterned semiconductor layer, the semiconductor layer is irradiated by plasma to form protrusions and depressions on the surface of the semiconductor layer, or is heat-treated at temperature less than 200 degrees C for less than 30 minutes, or is coated with an adhesive. Before the patterning of the transparent conductive layer, the upper surface of the transparent conductive layer is textured.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal powder is silver, aluminum, titanium or their alloy; and is made up of particles having sizes of 50 nm to 5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amphiphilic solvent or surfactant is ethanol, methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol N-methyl pyrrolidone, cyclopentanone, or cyclohexanone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer, passivatiing layer comprises nitrogen and oxygen. The gas mixture provided into processing chamber comprises hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphorus silicate glass layer with amorphous silicon structure is made of silicon oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride. The dopant used in the process of forming heavily doped region and lightly doped region is phosphorus chloride oxide. The phosphorus silicate glass is removed by using hydrogen fluoride dip. The anti-reflective coating is made of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, or magnesium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is made of silver. The electrode formed on the back-lighted side of the silicon substrate is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: One or more layers of copper, indium, gallium and selenium are deposited.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The abrasive grain is silicon carbide, silicon nitride and/or diamond. Preferred Method: The silicon powder is washed with water, acid, alkali and/or organic solvent before melting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The metal complex is prepared by dissolving 200 mg of ruthenium-4,4',4''-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2':6',2'-terpyridine-chlorine complex (RuL3Cl3), 40 mg of alpha -picoline acid, 138 mg of lithium chloride and triethylamine in ethanol, heating and refluxing mixture, cooling and filtering reaction mixture, washing filtered material by ethanol, and obtaining 176 mg of metal complex. Preferred Definition:    M=ruthenium.    EXAMPLE - The metal complex was prepared by dissolving 200 mg of ruthenium-4,4',4''-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2':6',2'-terpyridine-chlorine complex (RuL3Cl3), 40 mg of alpha -picoline acid, 138 mg of lithium chloride and triethylamine in ethanol. The mixture was heated and refluxed. The reaction mixture was cooled and filtered. The filtered material was fully washed by ethanol and 176 mg of metal complex was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent contains organic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching liquid contains cupric chloride or ferric chloride as a main component. The base material contains silicon oxide as a main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organometallic material is metal complex. The organic component is alkyl group. Preferred Properties: The abundance ratio of metal atom and carbon atom in the organometallic material is 3:7-7:3. The average thickness of the organometallic film is 1-5000 nm. Preferred Process: The organometallic film is formed using metal alkoxide or organometallic material as raw material. The base material after etching organometallic film is washed with a washing liquid containing an organic acid. Preferred Composition: The organometallic material contains organic component, and metal atom such as copper, aluminum, zinc and/or iron. The organometallic film contains amorphous organometallic material. The organometallic material comprises organic copper as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductor portion contains nickel, copper or gold as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The joining film contains polyorganosiloxane having polymer of octamethyl trisiloxane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electride contains host having 2a group element, 3a group element and oxygen. The electroconductive substance is n-type semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The p-type semiconductor is organic semiconductor, preferably polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for the electrically conductive thread is selected from the group containing carbon and metal. A translucent electrically conductive layer is attached on the semiconductors made of zinc oxide. The solar panel has a lattice, which is made of electrically conductive material preferably aluminum. The solar panel is provided on a side with an antireflection coating, which is made of coating silicon nitride ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Anti-diffusion layers made of metal or transition metal like titanium, palladium or chromium, are also provided in the photoactive component. The photoactive component is provided on a substrate through a base contact, where the substrate is made of glass, aluminum foil or steel. The base contact is made of metal for example aluminum or silver, and a conductive polymer for example polyethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDT-PSS) or a transparent conductive oxide such as aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or combinations of metal, conductive polymer or transparent conductive oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photoactive component includes a material in form of hole transport layer (HTL) for conducting positive charge, electron transport layer (ETL) for conducting electrons, active layer for absorbing photons or exciton blocking layer (EBL) for preventing exciton. The photoactive component is provided on a substrate through a basic contact, where the substrate is also made of textile material or plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group of metals of the dopant is tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and rhenium. The dopant comprises tungsten trioxide, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium pentoxide and rhenium pentoxide, carbonate and cesium. The metal organic compound comprises ruthenium and/or rhodium, trifluoroacetate and metallocene. The substituents comprise fluorine and/or cyanide. The group of metals of the metal organic compound is made chromium, tungsten and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The matrix material comprises phenanthroline derivative, imidazole derivative, triazole derivative, oxadiazole derivative, phenyl-containing compounds, compounds with condensed aromatics, carbazol-containing compounds, fluorine derivatives, spirofluorene derivatives and/or pyridine-containing compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication interface is selected from a group consisting of universal serial bus (USB), interface conforming to IEEE 1394, RS-232 interface, RS-422 interface, RS-485 interface and Bluetooth interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: An energy storage condition of composite film material comprises an intensity of sunlight of more than 5 mW/cm2, or intensity of visible light of general daylight lamp, fluorescent lamp or LED of more than 5 mW/cm2. An energy release condition of composite film material is a continuous illumination. Preferred Condition: An energy stored by composite film material under sunlight or visible light is released in electromechanical system and photocatalytic water splitting system after the illumination is stopped; and is released in photocatalytic water splitting system under the presence of sacrificial agents such as methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, disodium sulfide (Na2S), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), or mixture of Na2S and Na2SO3. Preferred Component: The composite film material serves as an electrode in electromechanical illumination system to split water into hydrogen and oxygen without additional bias voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive bottom layer is a conductive glass having a surface, which is provided with fluorine-doped stannic oxide film or fluorine-doped indium tin oxide film. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of conductive bottom layer is 0.5-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The particle diameter of metal oxide particle is 1-100, preferably 1-50 nm. The particle diameter of semiconductor particle is 20-50, preferably 20-30 nm. The ratio of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particle to metal oxide particle is 1:50-3:10. The thickness of semiconductor layer is 6-20 mu m. Preferred Component: The semiconductor particles are TiO2 particles, silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) particles, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) particles, hafnium oxide (HfO2) particles, strontium oxide (SrO) particles, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) particles, chromium (Cr2O3) particles, MoO3 particles, magnesium oxide particles, scandium oxide (Sc2O3) particles, samarium oxide (Sm2O3) particles, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) particles, SrTiO3 particles, zinc sulfide particles, lead sulfide particles, and/or cadmium sulfide particles. Preferred Method: The step of forming a semiconductor layer comprises contacting semiconductor particles with metal oxide particles at 300-800 degrees C for 0.2-5 hours, in the presence of dispersants, to obtain precursor solution; coating precursor solution on the conductive bottom layer; and sintering to obtain semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dye layer includes photosensitization dyes selected from ruthenium polypyridine coordination compound, porphyrin coordination compound, phthalocyanine coordination compound, and/or non-metal organic dyes. The dispersant is selected from polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acetylacetone, OP emulsifying agent, and/or dodecyl sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The manufacturing process involves preparing glass primers and crystallizing the glass primers. The glass primers are thermally treated at 570-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The hydrophilic component has water droplet contact angle of 10 degrees or less. Preferred Component: The hydrophilic polymer includes hydrocarbon group-containing structure of formula: -(CH(-R3)-C(-R4)(-L2)(-Y'))- and -(CH(-R5)-C(-R6)(-L3)(-X))-.R3-R6=H or hydrocarbyl;X=alkoxy silyl group of formula: -Si(R102)a(OR101)3-a;L2,L3=single bond or coupling agent;Y'=-NHCOR, -CONH2, -N(R)2, -CON(R)2, -COR, -OH, -CO2M, -SO3M, -PO3M, -OPO3M, -(CH2CH2O)nH, -(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or N(R)3Z1;R=alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=H, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium;n=integer;Z1=halo ion;R101=H or alkyl;R102=H, monovalent hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;anda=0-2.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains catalyst. Preferred Condition: The composition is stirred for 10 minutes to 10 hours after adding catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material (A) is metal oxide, metal sulfide or metal chalcogenide, preferably zinc oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, indium-doped tin oxide, tin oxide, manganese-doped zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide or europium-doped yttrium vanadate. The shell includes silicon oxide material. The metal oxide precursors are alkoxysilane. Preferred Property: The core-shell particles have average primary particle diameter of 1-500 nm. Preferred Process: The liquid (a) is heated by 100-500 degrees C during manufacture of core-shell particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid composition comprises one or more phosphine based cations, and one or more anions, the ionic liquid composition exhibits thermodynamic stability up to a temperature of approximately 375 degrees C, and ionic conductivity of up to 10 mS/cm. Preferred Components: The phosphine based cation is ethyl-methyl-dipropyl-phosphonium, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-phospholanium, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-phosphinanium, 1-butyl-1-ethyl-phosphinanium, 1-butyl-1-ethyl-phospholanium, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-phosphinanium, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-phospholanium, 1,1-diphenyl-phosphinanium, 1,1-diphenyl-phospholanium, ethyl-methyl-diphenyl-phosphonium, dimethyl-diphenyl-phosphonium or (2-hydroxy-ethyl)-triphenyl-phosphonium. The anions are: 1NO3-/1O3SCF3, 3NO3-/1O3SCF3, 1NO3-/3O3SCF3, 1NO3-/1N(SO2CF3)2-, 1NO3-/1PF6-, 1O3SCF3-/1N(SO2CF3)2-, 1O3SCF3-/IO3SC6H4CH3-, 3O3SCF3-/1O3SC6H4CH3-, 1O3SCF3-/1O3SCF2CF2CF3-, 1O3SC6H4CH3-/3O3SCH3-, 1O3SC6H4CH3-/1O3SCF2CF2CF3-, 3O3SC6H4CH3-/1O3SCF2CF2CF3- or 1O3SC6H4CH3-/3O3SCF2CF2CF3-; and Br-, I-, -N(SO2)2CF3, -O3SCF3, -O2CCF3, -O2CCF2CF2CF3, -O3SC6H4CH3, CF3BF3-,C(CN)3-, PF6-, NO3-, -O3SCH3, -O3SC6H4CHCH2, BF4-, -O3SCF2CF2CF3, -SC(O)CH3, SO42-, -O2CCF2CF3, -O2CH, -O2CC6H5, -OCN or CO32-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal backing layer is formed by depositing copper and copper-nickel using electrolysis. The single-crystal material and polycrystalline material are silicon or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer substance is at least one substance comprising acrylic acid-based polymers, polyester-based polymers, polycarbonate-based polymers, polyacrylate, polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate. The glass transition point (Tg) of the polymer substance is -80 to 200 degrees C. In the polymer material, if the polymer substance is polyethylene terephthalate, then the polymer material comprises 0.1-50 mass.% of UV absorbent with respect to 100 mass.% of the polyethylene terephthalate or if the polymer substance is polyacrylate or polycarbonate, then the polymer material comprises 0.1-50 mass.% of UV absorbent with respect to 100 mass.% of the polyacrylate or polycarbonate. The polymer material is prepared by: melt-kneading of the polyethylene terephthalate and the ultraviolet absorbent at 200 degrees C or higher or dissolving the polyacrylate or polycarbonate and the UV absorbent in a solvent having a boiling point of 200 degrees C or lower; and applying the obtained solution on a substrate. Preferred Definitions:    R21 = 1-8C alkyl or phenyl (optionally substituted);    R22 = 1-8C alkyl (optionally substituted);    R23 = 1-8C alkyl, 1-8C alkoxy (both optionally substituted) or H; and    m = 0.    EXAMPLE - 4-(4-Methoxy-benzylidene)-1,2-dimethyl-pyrazolidine-3,5-dione (15 mg) was added to polyethylene terephthalate (5 g) and the mixture was melt-kneaded at 265 degrees C and cooled, to give an UV absorbent-containing polyethylene terephthalate films. The ultraviolet absorbent-containing polyethylene terephthalate films were stretched at 280 degrees C to get an UV absorbent containing polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An organic indium compound and/or dopant source compound used as n-type or p-type dopant is further added to the source gas. The nitrogen source is ammonia gas, nitrogen gas or gas containing hydrazine. The element used as n-type dopant is silicon or germanium and the element used as p-type dopant is magnesium. The gas containing the n-type dopant is tetraethyl monosilane, disilane, germanium gas, tetramethyl germanium or germanium. The gas containing the p-type dopant is bis cyclopentadienyl magnesium or bisethyl cyclopentadienyl magnesium. The gallium nitride particles have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm. Preferred Process: Laser is irradiated on the source gas containing organic gallium compound and nitrogen source. The organic indium compound and/or dopant source compound is further added to the reaction product obtained and the source gas is irradiated with a different laser, and gallium nitride-indium particles are obtained. The gallium nitride particles are reaction products obtained by circulating the source gas from upstream with carrier gas and recovering the particles in the downstream after irradiating laser. The laser used for the processes is laser radiated from separate devices or laser branched from the laser emitted from the device used during the reaction of organic gallium compound and nitrogen source. Preferred Apparatus: A laser beam splitter is arranged such that the laser radiated from the radiation device splits.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The ultraviolet absorption layer contains benzoxazole derivative of formula (1). The support contains benzoxazole derivative of formula (1).R21,R24=H, alkyl or alkoxy;R22,R23=alkyl;andA=substituted aryl or substituted ethenyl.Preferred Material: The conductive polymer material further contains compound having maximum absorption wavelength of 350-400 nm, half value width of 55 nm or less and molar extinction coefficient of 20000 or more in maximum absorption wavelength, and ethylene-containing compound of formula (2).A21,A22=H and atom other than carbon atom;B=atomic group required to form 5 or 6 membered ring with A21 and A22;andY21,Y22=H or monovalent substituent, optionally combines with each other to form ring, and at least one has Hammett substituent constant of 0.2 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The conductive polymer is contained in ultraviolet absorption layer. The layer containing conductive polymer is provided aside from the ultraviolet absorption layer. Preferred Properties: The light transmittance of ultraviolet absorption layer with respect to light having wavelength of 370 nm is 20% or less. The light transmittance of layer containing conductive polymer with respect to light having wavelength of 410 nm is 40% or less. The light transmittance of support with respect to light having wavelength of 370 nm is 20% or less. Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is pi-conjugated polymer. The conductive polymer is chosen from polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and their derivative. The conductive polymer contains poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy)thiophene. The conductive polymer layer further contains polystyrene sulfonate and a dopant. The support is flexible support containing polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is halogenated hydrocarbyl or chloroform. The content of organic solvent of the ionic compound is 0.01-0.04 mol/L. The content of salt in the organic solvent is 0.01-0.04 mol/L. The X- in the salt (III) is an imide ion. EXAMPLE - A cyclic phosphazene compound (1.5 mL) and tri-n-butyl amine (1.72 mL) were reacted in the presence of dimethyl-ether (30 mL), stirred at 20 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain ionic compound of formula -N+(C4H9)3Cl. The obtained ionic compound was dissolved in chloroform (30 mL), and bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide lithium (LiN(SO2CF3)2) (0.49 g) was added and agitated at room temperature for 1 hour, and lithium chloride was precipitated. The precipitated lithium chloride was separated by filtration, centrifuged, for 30 minutes by 12000 rpm, and supernatant liquid was extracted. The obtained supernatant liquid was dissolved in chloroform (30 mL), and activated carbon (5 g) was added, and the coloring component was removed. The activated carbon was removed by filtration, chloroform was removed in the evaporator and dried at 150 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain ionic compound (-N+(C4H9)3.N-(SO2CF3)2) (1.13 g) with yield of 16%. The obtained ionic compound had high luminescent property, non-flammability and yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor used for forming semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic amine compound is triaryl amine compound. Preferred Pigment: The pigment has acidic group, preferably carboxy group or cyano group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal gate electrode is made of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, peptide, zinc, tin, iron and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder is formed by mixing (mass %) glass powder (20-40) with an average grain size of 0.8-3 um, and glass powder (60-80) with an average grain size of 3-10 um. The glass powder is formed by mixing (mass %) glass powder (20-40) with an average grain size of 0.8-2 um, glass powder (40-75) with an average grain size of 2-5 um, and glass powder (5-20) with an average grain size of 5-10 um. Preferred Component: The glass powder comprises bismuth oxide (B2O3)-silicon dioxide (SiO2)-lead oxide series glass, lead-free B2O3-SiO2-zinc oxide (ZnO)-B2O3 series glass, and oxide additives. The oxide additive is magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, and/or ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises an organic solvent including alpha -terpineol, carbitol, tributyl citrate, lecithin, and/or diethylene glycol diethylether. The additive comprises surfactant, thixotropic agent, sintering aids, sticking preventing agent, dispersant, and defoamer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic carrier comprises a polymer including ethylene cellulose, acrylic resin, nitrocellulose, or phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode of photo-electrochemical cell is made of photo-catalytic material selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO2), tungsten oxide (WO2), titanium-aluminum oxynitride (TaON), iron oxide (Fe2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), cupric oxide (CuO), cadmium sulfide (CdS), silicon titanium oxide (SiTiO3), carbon-doped TiO2, nitrogen-doped TiO2 and sulfur-doped TiO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode of photo-electrochemical cell consists of ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt) and nickel-iron (Ni-Fe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cupric salt is copper chloride or copper sulfate. The indium salt is indium chloride or indium sulfate. The sulfide source is sodium hyposulfite, thiourea, or thioacetamide. The complexing agent is sodium citrate or sodium tartrate. The supporting electrolyte is lithium chloride or potassium chloride. The conducting substrate is indium tin oxide glass, molybdenum foil, or molybdenum plated glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sputtering is performed in atmosphere containing inert gas or mixture of inert gas and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: In the sintered compact the ratio of tin with respect to the sum of tin and zinc is 0.5-0.7. The crystal structure of sintered compact contains mixed phase of spinel-type crystal structure of zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) and rutile-type crystal structure of tin oxide. Preferred component: The transparent conductive film is an amorphous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A first gas is fluorine, chlorine and/or iodine gas. The solar cell comprises a fluorine group molecule of cobalt tetrafluoride or tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane. An n-type thermoelectric material film is formed of bismuth telluride/selenide (Bi2(Te,Se)3), niobium-doped strontium titanate, calcium manganese molybdenum oxide (CaMn0.98Mo0.02O3), and/or bismuth telluride-antimony telluride-antimony selenide ((Bi2Te3)0.9(Sb2Te3)0.05(Sb2Se3)0.05). A p-type thermoelectric material film is formed of bismuth/antimony telluride ((Bi,Sb)2Te3), calcium cobalt oxide (Ca3Co4O9), and/or bismuth telluride-antimony telluride-antimony selenide ((Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8-y(Sb2Se3)y).y=0-0.07.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A fifth electrode is formed of platinum, palladium or tantalum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The upper subcell is composed of indium gallium (aluminum) phosphide (InGa(Al)P). The middle subcell is composed of gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb), gallium indium arsenide nitride (GaInAsN) emitter region and GaAs, GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN base region. The lower solar subcell is composed of indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) base and emitter layer, or InGaAs base layer and indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) emitter layer. The graded interlayer is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenide (InGaAlAs); or arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), antimony (Sb) based III-V compound semiconductors. The contact layer is composed of GaAs. A surrogate substrate is sapphire, Ge, GaAs or silicon. A transition material is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenide ((InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs).x, y=selected such that the band gap of transition material remains constant at a band gap energy greater than that of first subcell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The contact includes germanium (Ge) and palladium (Pd); is a sequence of layers including Pd/Ge/titanium (Ti)/Pd; or is composed of Pd/Ge/Ti/Pd//gold (Au) or Pd/Ge/Ti/Pd/silver (Ag)/Au sequence of layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The contact layer is p-type indium gallium aluminum arsenide (InGaAlAs). A back surface field layer deposited over the lower subcell prior to forming the contact layer comprises InGaAlAs. The upper subcell comprises indium gallium (aluminum) phosphide (InGa(Al)P). The middle subcell is composed of gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb), or gallium indium arsenide nitride (GaInAsN) emitter region and a GaAs, GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN base region. The lower subcell comprises InGaAs base and emitter layer or InGaAs base layer and indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) emitter layer. The graded interlayer is composed of InGaAlAs or arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, or antimony-based III-V compound semiconductor subject to the constraints of having the in-plane lattice parameter greater or equal to that of the middle solar cell and less than or equal to that of the middle solar cell and less than or equal to that of the lower solar cell and having a band gap energy greater than that of the middle solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The onium cation has hydrogen, halogen and/or optionally substituted hydrocarbon, preferably hydrogen and/or optionally substituted hydrocarbon of formula: CnH2+1 bonded directly to neutral atom.n=1-6.The onium cation preferably has ethyl group directly bonded to neutral atom. The onium cation is ammonium cation, phosphonium cation and/or sulfonium cation, preferably phosphonium cation. The polar substance contains water. The anion component is oxoacid-type anion, imidoacid-type anion, thioacid-type anion and/or hydrohalic acid-type anion, preferably bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imidoacid anion, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anion, alkyl-sulfate anion, hydrogen sulfide anion and/or dihydrogen phosphate anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The bismuth type glass composition further contains cupric oxide and iron oxide in total amount of 0.01-15 mol%, and does not contain lead oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The fire-resistant filler powder is willemite, cordierite, zirconium, ( beta )-eucryptite, quartz glass, alumina, mullite and/or alumina-silica type ceramic powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The boron-doped anatase-type titanium oxide has resistance value of 10-3 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode active material is metallic sodium (42).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material is sheet component containing titanium, nickel, tungsten, rhodium and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel reformer is also equipped with carbon monoxide conversion device and/or carbon monoxide removal device that reduce(s) carbon monoxide in reformed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal complex is operated with the singlet-harvesting-effect in an organic light emitting diode with high light density. The complex is a bicyclic complex (I)-(VII) with non-conjugated ligands L 1-L 9, which exhibits energetically highly lying energy conditions, and with non-conjugated bridge ligands, which also exhibit energetically highly lying energy conditions, preferably for producing blue emissions in organic light emitting diode. The emitter layer in the organic light emitting diode comprises the metal complex, where the concentrations of the metal complex in the emitter layer is 2-10 wt.%. The absorber layer in the organic photovoltaics comprises the metal complex, where the concentration of the metal complex in the absorber layer is 30-100 wt.%. The metal complex exhibits metal centers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first adsorbent bed and second first adsorbent bed have sorbent and refrigerant. Sorbent is silica gel, molecular sieve, activated carbon, zeolite, foamed metal, or activated aluminum oxide. Refrigerant is water, methanol, or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst component comprises the compound containing platinum, palladium, or other transition metal, which can catalyze hydrosilylation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer is trimethyl chlorosilane, dimethyl dichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, vinyl dimethylchloridesitane, methyl vinyldichloridesitane, divinyl methyl chlorosilane, triethylene chloro-silicane, ethyl vinyl dichloro-silane, or vinyl trichloro silane. The hydrogen-containing silane and chloro-silicane are trimethyl chlorosilane, dimethyl dichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, dimethyl chlorosilane, methyl dichloresilane, ethyl dichloresilane, propyl dichloresilane, or trichlorosilane. The organic siloxane ring is hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane, octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, octophenyl cyclotetrasiloxane, tetramethyl tetraphenyl cyclotetrasiloxane, or decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane. The solvent is benzene, methylbenzene, or dimethylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The trapping agent is alkaline earth metal oxide or metal sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin layer contains resin containing polyethylene type polymer, polypropylene polymer and/or copolymer of aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid, aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic ester and/or ethylene and vinyl acetate. Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet contains multilayered structures and has resin layer at main surface. Preferred Process: The trapping agent is dispersed in resin. The trapping agent is coated on main surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light-emitting coloring layer contains barium sulfate. Preferred Film: The light-shielding coloring layer is white film or black film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The crosslinked material (a) of polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol is obtained by crosslinking polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol using an isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The acrylic-type copolymer with ultraviolet-ray stability group, ultraviolet-ray absorptive group and/or cycloalkyl group is obtained by reacting acrylic-type copolymer having hydroxyl group with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. Preferred Compound: The modified polyvinyl alcohol is polyvinyl butyral and/or polyvinyl acetal. Preferred Group: The ultraviolet-ray stability group and ultraviolet-ray absorptive group is chosen from hindered amine group, benzotriazole group and/or benzophenone group. Preferred Properties: The light-emitting coloring layer has light transmittance at wavelength of 350 nm of 1% or less. The weather-resistance polyester-type resin layer has strength retention at 85 degrees C, relative humidity of 85% and after 3000 hours of 50% or more. Preferred Composition: The gas barrier property layer contains polyester-type resin or polyethylene naphthalate resin. Preferred Component: The solar cell back-sheet has 2 or more gas barrier property layers, and an easy bonding layer containing polyolefin-type resin. The solar cell back-sheet comprises other film at interlayer of light-emitting coloring layer, gas barrier property layer and/or weather-resistance polyester-type resin layer. The solar cell back-sheet has light-emitting coloring layer, gas barrier property layer, weather-resistance polyester-type resin layer and an inorganic thin film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol are cross-linked using isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The modified polyvinyl alcohol is polyvinyl butyral and/or polyvinyl acetal. The acrylic copolymer preferably contains amine group, benzotriazole group and/or benzophenone group. The acrylic copolymer is obtained by reacting hydroxyl group with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The light-shielding polyolefin-type a resin coloring layer is white film or black film having light transmittance of 1% or less at wavelength of 350 nm and containing transparent polyolefin-type resin layer containing pigment chosen from titanium oxide, barium sulfate and carbon black. The gas barrier layer contains polyester-type resin or polyethylene naphthalate resin. The weather-resistant coating layer has strength retention of 50% or more at 85 degrees C and relative humidity of 85% for 3000 hours. The solar cell back sheet further contains polyester-type resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The area of pn junction of the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor is preferably 1 mu m3 to 300 mu m2 or less. Preferred Composition: The active layer contains polymer compound and fullerene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass substrate is formed using aluminosilicate-, aluminoborosilicate- or barium borosilicate glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is an organic solvent including hydroxy group(s) in a molecule and has boiling point of 240 degrees C or less, preferably 200 degrees C or less. The organic solvent is a hydrophilic organic solvent, preferably polyol, more preferably ethylene glycol. Preferred Composition: The moisture content in the mixture of precursor containing indium and tin, and organic solvent is less than 15 mass%. Preferred Properties: The average primary particle diameter of indium-tin oxide measured using transmission electron microscope photography is 10-100 nm. The ratio of average primary particle diameter with respect to crystalline diameter computed from the (222) plane of indium oxide using X-ray diffraction peak is 0.8-1.2. The particles are in the shapes of cube or rectangular parallelepiped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perovskite-type octahedron crystal comprises tantalum oxide or niobium oxide. The luminescent center element is rare earth element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloy comprises (in wt.%) indium (1-10, preferably 3-7) and silver (90-99, preferably 93-97). The coated product further has an oxide layer (3) provided on top of the conductive layer. The oxide layer contains silicon oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide, or non-stoichiometric sub oxide of silicon oxide such as silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is less than 2) and/or non-stoichiometric sub oxide of titanium oxide such as titanium oxide (TiOx, where x is less than 2). The oxide layer has thickness of less than 50 nm, preferably 5-20 nm. A layer containing nickel is provided closest to the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The conductive layer has electrical conductivity of more than 0.1x 106 (cm.ohm)-1. The conductive layer comprises silver, copper, gold, aluminum or their alloys. The sacrificial layer is formed of silicon oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide, or non-stoichiometric suboxide of silicon oxide such as silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is less than 2), non-stoichiometric suboxide of titanium oxide such as titanium oxide (TiOx, where x is less than 2), and/or non-stoichiometric suboxide of aluminum oxide such as aluminum oxide (Al2Ox, where x is less than 3). The oxide layer has thickness of 10-100 nm, preferably 10-50 nm, more preferably 10-30 nm. The electrical contact further comprises a layer containing nickel or titanium between strip substrate and conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The system further comprises a probe or thermocouple to monitor melting of the feedstock material and meltback of the seed crystal. The feedstock material is a polycrystalline silicon feedstock. The heat exchanger is a gas-cooled heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron-accepting compound is fullerene or fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high molecular compound further has fluorene diyl group and/or nitrogen-containing group of formula: -(Ar3-(N(-Ar5)-Ar4)n)- (3) as a repeating unit. The electron donor is conjugated polymer compound. The conjugated polymer compound contains thiophene ring structure.Ar3,Ar4=same as Ar1;Ar5=optionally substituted monovalent aromatic group;andn=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aluminum paste contains 70-80 mass% aluminum powder and 2-10 mass% of glass frit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An i-type semiconductor layer is provided between p-type semiconductor layer and n-type semiconductor layer. The p-type dopant is magnesium or zinc, and n-type dopant is compound containing silicon or silicon. The indium-nitride-gallium is of formula: InxGa1-xN, where x is more than 0.2 to less than 1, preferably more than 0.6 to less than 1. The substrate is an insulating substrate or conductive substrate with electroconductive layer provided on the surface. The conductive substrate and electroconductive layer contains aluminum, iron, nickel, tin, copper, silver, platinum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, chromium and/or tungsten. The insulating substrate contains resin, plastics, glass, and/or ceramics. The light-permeable electrode contains indium-tin oxide, indium oxide zinc, oxidized aluminum zinc and/or gallium oxide zinc. The manufacture method of solar cell involves using indium-gallium composite salt particles which contains composite salt chosen from hydroxide, oxide, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, phosphate, citrate and/or sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin contains ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro alkoxy alkane and/or perfluoroethylene-propene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal precursor contains an aluminum precursor, preferably trimethylaluminum, zirconium precursor, or hafnium precursor. The silicon precursor contains a silanol, preferably tris(t-pentoxy)silanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolytic-type phosphorus recovery apparatus further comprises hydrogen gas recovery apparatus which recovers hydrogen gas emitted from cathode electrode of pair of electrode, and hydrogen battery which uses hydrogen gas recovered with hydrogen gas recovery apparatus as fuel. The anode electrode of pair of electrode for electrolysis is iron electrode. The cathode electrode is titanium electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The norbornene-type ring-opened polymer hydride has melting enthalpy of 20-40 J/g, and a peak of loss tangent (tan- delta ) obtained from temperature dependency of a dynamic viscoelasticity, of 40 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The void degree of transparent conductive film is 25% or more. The baking process is carried out at 450 degrees C or more. The transparent conductive film has specific-resistance value of 100 milliohm.cm or more after baking, and 50 milliohm.cm or less after ultraviolet irradiation. The transparent conductive film having void has specific-resistance value of 50 milliohm.cm. Preferred Composition: The total content of organic indium compound and organometallic compound in the coating liquid is 3-40 wt.%. The content of cellulose derivative in coating liquid is 0.1-10 wt.%. The organic indium compound is acetylacetone indium. The organometallic compound is chosen from organotin compound, organotitanium compound, organogermanium compound, organozinc compound, organotungsten compound, organozirconium compound, organotantalum compound, organoniobium compound, organohafnium compound and/or organovanadium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The surface layer polyester film is a laminate of 2 sheets of polyester film . Preferred Properties: The particle size of cerium oxide is 0.5-10 mu m. The thickness of backsheet is 150-400 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of ink is 1-20 mass%. The polyethylene film of backlayer has ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of silicon hydride and hydrogen during formation of I-type layer (12) is more than 10%. N-type layer (23) is deposited on substrate by supplying silicon hydride, phosphine and hydrogen with silicon hydride/hydrogen volume ratio of less than 7% and less than 10% in two steps. Preferred Method: After forming N-type layer (13), plasma processing is further carried out on deposition surface using gas such hydrogen, argon and carbon dioxide. The N-type layer (13), P-type layer (21) and I-type layer (22) are formed under pressure of more than 100 Pa, preferably 130-320 Pa. A metal back electrode layer (31) is formed after forming N-type layer (23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum precursor is hexahydrate of hexachloroplatinic acid, ammonia salt of tetrachloroplatinous acid, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate or platinum acetylacetonate. The electroconductive carrier is metallic ore.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The spinnable polymer material is polyvinylpyrrolidone. Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of spinnable polymer material and platinum in precursor in the matrix is 1:1-3:1. The nanofiber has diameter of 10-600 nm and length of 30-900 mu m. The platinum nanofibers in the nanofiber structure has specific surface of 1 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film (B) is a film having zinc oxide as main component, and is etched using a solution (A) containing oxalic acid and then with a solution (B) containing hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid or formic acid in presence of argon gas, trifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane or sulfur hexafluoride. The etching rate of transparent conductive film (B) is more than the etching rate of transparent conductive film (A). The fine granule (C) is formed by performing parallel-plate reactivity ion-etching using a mixed gas containing oxygen and helium. The scattered granule (A) contains material having zinc oxide as main component. The transparent conductive film (A) has isolation resistance of 1 megaohm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The gallium-containing indium oxide film contains tin, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum and/or zirconium. Preferred Property: The gallium-containing indium oxide film has specific resistance of 5x 10-3 (~o).cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The transducer has the functional layer and an organic layer containing an electron donor or an electron-accepting compound. The functional layer further contains an electron-accepting compound or an electron donor, and fullerene derivative. The ratio of fullerene derivative in functional layer is 10-100 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer contains fluorene-containing repeating unit of formula (3a or 3b). Preferred Definitions:    R=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The micro-particles are silica particles. Preferred property: The volume ratio of organic semiconductor material and micro-particles in active layer is 5:1-1:30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The crystalline semiconductor layer comprises thin film containing copper-indium-selenium type semiconductor material having chalcopyrite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The solar cell module has the solar cell and a resin which covers the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is an insulating substrate with which an electroconductive layer is formed in a surface of conductive substrate. Preferred Composition: The n-type gallium nitride fine particles or n-type indium gallium nitride fine particles contain silicon or germanium as n-type dopant. The p-type gallium nitride fine particles or p-type indium gallium nitride fine particles contain magnesium or zinc as p-type dopant. The solar cell further has i-type layer containing i-type gallium nitride fine particles or i-type indium gallium nitride fine particles, provided between n-type and p-type semiconductor layers. The conductive substrate and electroconductive layer, both contains aluminum, iron, nickel, tin, copper, silver, platinum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, indium, molybdenum, chromium and/or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is chosen from ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy alkane, and perfluoroethylene-propene copolymer. Preferred Composition: The insulating substrate consists of resin, plastics, glass and/or ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The flexible substrate is glass substrate or quartz substrate having thickness of 200 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The contact angle of water on the surface of micro-pattern is 110 degrees or more. Preferred Component: The fluororesin is tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene-type copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether)-type copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/ethylene-type copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride or polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic microparticles are silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of proton-conductive material is 60-5 weight parts. The content of electrolyte resin (B) is 40-95 weight parts. The sum total content of proton-conductive material and electrolyte resin (B) is 100 weight parts. The electrolytic resin (A) in inorganic microparticles has silicon-oxygen structure. Preferred property: The proton conductive material has larger ion exchange capacity than inorganic microparticles. The electrolytic membrane has larger ion exchange capacity than electrolytic membrane containing only electrolytic resin (B). The proton conductive material has ion exchange capacity of 0.5 meq/g or more and average particle diameter of 0.05-10 mu m. Preferred Component: The electrolyte resin (B) is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The indicator changes color in acidic region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell coolant composition further contains ion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal-containing composition further contains organic material having molecular weight of 200 or less, adhered to the surface of metal microparticles. Preferred Component: The metal microparticles are compound and/or component containing gold, silver and/or copper. A reducing liquid containing the organic material, water, aqueous ammonia, and reducing agent is used during manufacturing process of metal-containing composition. Preferred Property: The metal-containing composition has ratio of true density after heating at 150 degrees C for 60 minutes and bulk density of metal microparticles of 0.8 or more and ratio of true density after heating at 200 degrees C for 60 minutes and bulk density of metal microparticles of 0.8 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating layer is silica glass formed by sol gel process. The fluorescent material is europium complex. Preferred Properties: When the wavelength conversion film is arranged on the light-receiving surface of the photovoltaic cell, the refractive index of the coating layer and the refractive index of the dispersion medium resin are 1.5-2.1. The refractive index of nth transparent layer from the light-incidence side is less than or equal to the refractive index of n+1 transparent layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The granule fluorescent substance is obtained by mixing a composition (A) containing yttrium compound, compound of rare earth metal other than yttrium and complex-forming compound in water, and composition (B) containing vanadium compound in water, adding bismuth compound, and reacting bismuth compound with ethylene glycol dissolved in composition (A and B).The fluorescent substance has composition of formula: YVO4:A and B', where B'is group XIII-group XVII elements of periodic table.The rare earth metal other than yttrium is chosen from scandium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium.The yttrium compound, vanadium compound, compound of rare earth metal other than yttrium, and group XIII-group XVII elements of periodic table are contained in form of hydroxide, chelated material, inorganic acid salt, organic acid salt, oxygen-acid salt, halide and alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complex-forming compound is chosen from citric acid, oxalic acid and their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ink composition further contains binder resin and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic thixotrophic agent is bentonite or silica. The conductive metal material is silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diluent is chosen from ( alpha )-terpinol, texanol, dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, cyclohexane, hexane, toluene, benzylalcohol, dioxane, diethyleneglycol, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, and diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive paste composition comprises (in weight%) binder resin (1-10), diluent (5-25), conductive metal material (60-90), glass frit (1-10), and inorganic thixotrophic agent (0.1-5), and further comprises dispersant (0.1-5), and additive. The binder resin is cellulose-based compound or acrylic resin-based compound. The additive is chosen from photosensitizer, polymerization initiator, defoaming agent, leveling agent and organic thixotrophic agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The quantum dots or quantum wells indium nitride, or indium-gallium nitride (InGaN), indium arsenide (InAs), gallium arsenide (GaAs) or indium-gallium arsenide. The wide band gap matrix includes InGaN, gallium nitride, aluminum-gallium nitride, indium-gallium phosphide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, aluminum-gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), aluminum-gallium-indium arsenide (AlGaInAs), or aluminum-gallium-indium phosphide (AlGaInP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Material: The photon reflector structure includes a metallic layer, a distributed Bragg reflector, a total internal reflector, or an omni-directional reflector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The n-type and/or the p-type semiconductor layer includes a nitride material including aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, indium nitride, aluminum-gallium nitride, or their alloys; or arsenide and/or phosphide material including GaAs, aluminum arsenide, InAs, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, aluminum phosphide, indium-gallium arsenide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, AlGaAs, AlGaInAs, AlGaInP or their alloys. The substrate includes gallium phosphide, zinc selenide or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material is selected from gallium indium phosphide, gallium aluminum indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium gallium aluminum arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, silicon or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar comonomer units are selected from vinyl carboxylate esters, acrylates and alkylacrylates, olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids, acrylic acid and alkylacrylic acid derivatives, and vinyl ethers. The polar comonomer units are selected from 1-6C-alkyl acrylates, 1-6C-alkyl methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl acetate. The polar comonomer units comprise methyl acrylate and/or methyl alkyl acrylate. The silanol condensation catalyst is sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The olefin copolymer is ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system has desulfurizer that desulfurizes raw fuel using magnetic desulfurization catalyst that contains nickel to produce liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal chloride salt is titanium chloride. The metal oxide powder is anatase-type oxidized titanium powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous semiconductor layers formed in nearest and farthest place are made of rutile type titanium oxide and another porous semiconductor layer is made of anatase type titanium oxide and strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion device has protective layers (P1,P2) containing aramid resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin, polyether sulfone resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, or polyimide resin. At least one of the surfaces of the sealing layers (A,B) is provided with a conductive layer. An inorganic insulating layer is provided at least one of between the photoelectric conversion element group and structure components (a,b). The sealing layers (A,B) have symmetrical layer structures with respect to the photoelectric conversion element group. The organic resins (164,174) contain thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin. The fibrous materials (162,172) are poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber, polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, polyethylene fiber, aramid fiber, polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole fiber, glass fiber, or carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The secondary thickness of crystalline material has m-plane dislocation density of 106 cm-2 or less and unintentional impurity content of 1019 cm-3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal salt comprises lithium triflate, lithium perchlorate or tetra alkyl ammonium salt. The reflective layer comprises one of silver and aluminum thin film coatings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathodic electrochromic material consists of methyl viologen, ethyl viologen, benzyl viologen, heptyl viologen and/or propyl viologen. The anodic electrochromic material consists of dimethylphenazine, N,N',N,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and/or phenylene diamine. The solvent comprises propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrochromic solution comprises polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and/or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material is selected from glass, metal, metallic alloy, metal compound and ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material is selected from ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material is plastic, thermoplastic poly-urethane (TPU), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), silicone, acrylic or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soda-lime bristles glass used in the glass composition has 65-75 pts.wt. of silica, 0.01-3 pts.wt. of alumina, 5-15 pts.wt. of calcium oxide, 5-18 pts.wt. of magnesium oxide and 1-10 pts.wt. of mixture of sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The glass composition also includes 15-30% of iron(II) oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used in the silicon recovery method is a compound, having chemical formula (I). MaR (I)a=1 or 2;M=alkali metal, alkaline earth metal; andR=halogen, carboxyl, boric acid group and sulfate residue.The solvent used in the silicon recovery method is the compound, which is also selected from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium borate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium fluoride or potassium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium diffusion-preventing layer contains silicon oxide-containing compound of formula: ((CH3)SiO3/2)x(SiO2)1-x, where x is more than 0 to 1, preferably 0.6-0.9. A coating liquid containing condensate obtained by carrying out hydrolysis condensation reaction of mixture of methyl-trialkoxysilane compound and tetra-alkoxysilane compound is used during manufacturing process of electronic apparatus. Preferred Property: The sodium diffusion-preventing layer has dielectric constant of 3 or less and thickness of 150-300 nm, and is transparent. Preferred Apparatus: The electronic device is solar cell element or display element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The (meth)acrylate (a) has three ethylenically unsaturated group, and does not have a ring system. Preferred Properties: The content of silane compound (I) is 5-25 mass parts with respect to silica particles (100 mass parts). The content of silane compound (II) is 5-25 mass parts with respect to silica particles (100 mass parts).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The homopolymer of (meth)acrylate (a) and homopolymer of (meth)acrylate (b) have glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more. The curable composition has viscosity of 30-300 mPa.second. EXAMPLE - Isopropyl alcohol dispersion-type colloidal silica (in mass parts) (100) having silica content of 30 mass% and average particle diameter of 10-20 nm, ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (4.5) and phenyl trimethoxysilane (4.5) were mixed. To the mixture, silica particles (2.9) surface-treated by hydrogen chloride solution (0.1825 mass%) was added and stirred at 20 degrees C to obtain silica minute particle dispersion. To the silica minute particle dispersion, trimethylol-propane triacrylate (22.5) and adamantyl methacrylate (22.5) were added, mixed and heated at 40 degrees C. To the resulting mixture (84.9), diphenyl-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (0.845) was added, mixed and filtered to obtain curable composition having viscosity of 74 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains cerium oxide processed with silane compound, and dispersion stabilizer. Preferred Compounds: The silane compounds (A-1 to A-5) are of formulae: Si(OR1)4, R2aSi(OR3)4-a, R4bSi(OR5)4-b, R6cSi(OR7)4-c and R8dSi(OR9)4-d, respectively.R1,R3=1-4C alkyl or alkyl having ether group;R2=1-10C alkyl, fluorinated alkyl, vinyl, phenyl, 1-3C alkyl substituted with methacryloxy;R4=1-4C alkyl, vinyl, phenyl or 1-3C alkyl optionally substituted by methacryloxy, amino, aminoalkyl and alkylamino;R5,R7,R9=1-4C alkyl;a-d=1 or 2;R6=1-4C alkyl, vinyl, phenyl or 1-3C alkyl optionally substituted by methacryloxy, glycidoxy and 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl, and at least one is substituted by glycidoxy or 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl;andR8=1-4C alkyl, vinyl, phenyl or 1-3C alkyl optionally substituted by methacryloxy and block-forming isocyanate, and at least one is 1-3C alkyl substituted block-forming isocyanate.Preferred Method: The hydrolysis condensate compounds (A-1 to A-5) and component (B-E) are mixed and heated to produce coating liquid. An inorganic layer, photocatalyst layer or transparent conductive film is further formed on cured film. Preferred Properties: The cured film has thickness of 0.1-50 mu m. the carrier concentration of transparent conductive film is more than 1x 1018/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material is a corrugated resin base material, and has shape of cylinder or elliptic cylinder. The base material contains polyester, polycarbonate resin or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of electron accepting compound in the functional layer is 10-1000 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the polymer. Alternately, the transducer contains functional layer and organic layer provided between a pair of electrodes. The organic layer contains the electron accepting compound and the functional layer contains the polymer. The electron accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has repeating unit of formula (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The multilayer film comprises substrate (104) made of glass, ceramic, or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The group III doped zinc oxide (ZnO) layer comprises aluminum and/or gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal comprises silver, gold, palladium, platinum, titanium, vanadium, zinc, tin, aluminum, nickel, copper, cobalt, and/or chromium, preferably silver or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises inorganic or organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass is formed with at least 30 mol.% of tin oxide. The glass contains at least one further metal oxide of the metals such as boron, aluminum, phosphorus, vanadium, sodium, cadmium or zinc. The particles exhibit an average particle size (d50) of 1-10 (preferably 1-5) mu m. The glass comprises at least 50 mol.% of tin oxide. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): silver (83.5); glass frits (5.5); and acrylate dissolved in terpinol (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The multiple extension portions are single crystals, respectively. The titanium oxide particles exhibit a twin crystal as a whole. The extension portion is an anatase single phase. The titanium oxide particles have primary particle size of 100-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Gas used is hydrogen or ozone gas. A substance which changes the hydrogen ion concentration of pure water in water with dissolved gas is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The activating atmosphere is hydrous mixed gas. The treatment atmosphere comprises carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen nitrogen and/or argon. The mixed gas contains 24-30% water. Preferred Parameter: The flow rate of hydrous mixed gas is 20000-40000/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The distillation is carried out under vacuum pressure using fractionating apparatus. The temperature is higher than m.pt. of silicon and lower than m.pt. of boron when removing phosphorus and arsenic impurities, higher than b.pt. of antimony and lower than b.pt. of silicon when removing antimony impurity, and higher than b.pt. of indium and lower than b.pt. of silicon when removing indium impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The electroplating voltage is direct voltage of 20-40 V or square wave voltage having amplitude of 20-40 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass powder includes diboron trioxide-silicon oxide-lead oxide (B2O3-SiO3-PbO) series glass, lead-free bismuth oxide-silicon dioxide-zinc oxide-diboron trioxide (Bi2O3-SiO2-ZnO-B2O3) series glass and oxide additive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum powder has average grain size of 2-10 mu m. Preferred Components: The oxide additive is magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), vanadium oxide (V2O5) or ZnO. The functional additive is surfactant, thixotropic agent, sintering promoter, sticking preventing agent, dispersant or defoaming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier comprises polymer and organic solvent. The organic solvent is terpineol, carbitol, tributyl citrate, lecithin, tributyl citrate or diethylene glycol diethylether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is ethylcellulose, acrylic resin, nitrocellulose, or phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive thin-film is made of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or aluminum doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zeolite crystal has length of 0.9-1 micron and diameter of 0.7-0.8 micron. The quartz sheet or glass sheet carrier has size of 20 mmx 10 mmx 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The luminous molecule connector is silicon compound of formula (1-8).M=Eu or Tb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plated layer is formed of either aluminum, nickel, magnesium, copper, iron, cobalt, zinc, tin, silver, gold, titanium, bismuth, silicon, arsenic, molybdenum, indium, chromium, platinum, or stainless steel. The metal plated layer is either made of metal oxide such as indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film is made of polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, olefin polymer, polyether imide, polyacrylonitrile, polyglycol, cast polypropylene (CPP), polyamide (PA), and amanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer of catalytic self-cleaning film and hydrophobic film have thickness of 21-50 nm and the layer of indium tin oxide conducting film has thickness of 10-15 nm. The catalytic self-cleaning film contains titanium tetraisopropanol as main component. The conducting film contains indium tin oxide as main component and the hydrophobic film contains silicon-oxygen compound as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic (PV) film comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CuInxGa1-xSe2, where x is not defined). The dopant is component chosen from copper, silver, indium, thallium, gallium, potassium, cesium and their respective selenides, tellurides, sulfides, and iodides, preferably copper selenide. The transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer formed on PV film comprises zinc oxide and buffer layer. The buffer layer comprises copper sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclometallated organometallic material comprises iron or platinum atom. The cyclometallated organometallic material is metallic complex of formula (A), preferably platinum complex of formula (Aa). The cyclometallated organometallic material absorbs light in the red or near infrared portion of the spectrum. The cyclometallated organometallic material forms pi-stacked chains. (I) comprises multiple subcells in series.M = transition metal having a molecular weight greater than 40;Z = N or C; eitherR1-R4 = H, alkyl or aryl; orR1R2, R2R3, R3R4 = 5-6 membered cyclic group, which is cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl or (hetero)aryl, where the cyclic group is optionally substituted by Q; eitherQ = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, CN, CF3, NR2, NO2, OR, halo or aryl; orQQ = 5-6 membered aromatic group;R = H, alkyl, aralkyl or (hetero)aryl;X, Y1 or XY1 = ancillary ligand;a = 1-3; andb = 0-2.Provided that the sum of a and b is 2 or 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The device further comprises a blocking layer. (I) is a photovoltaic device, a photodetector or a photoconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The upper conductive layer is formed using indium oxide, and 15 weight% or less of tin oxide (SnOx), zinc oxide (ZnOx), tungusten oxide (WOx) and/or titanium oxide (TiOx), and lower conductive layer is formed using zinc oxide-based material, and 10 weight% or less of aluminum oxide (AlOx) and/or gadolinium oxide (GaOx).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal microparticles contains alloy comprising metal chosen from gold, silver, copper, nickel, copper, iron, chromium, zinc, aluminum, tin, palladium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, indium, platinum and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer or adhesion layer contains adhesive agent or adhesive comprising thermoplastic resin. The thermoplastic resin base material comprises acryl, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, amorphous polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises an N-type silicon substrate. The first layer of doped polysilicon comprises a P-type doped polysilicon, while the second layer of doped polysilicon comprises an N-type doped polysilicon. The first metal contact comprises aluminum formed on the first dielectric layer comprising silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nickel layer is sintered to form nickel on nickel silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filler comprises silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and/or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heat-curable silicone resin is of formula R1Si(OR2)b(OH)cO(4-a-b-c)/2.R1=1-20C organic groups;R2=1-4C organic groups;a=0.8-1.5;b=0-0.3;andc=0.001-1.0.Provided that a+b+c=0.8-2. Preferred Ratio: The ratio of triazine derivative epoxy resin and acid anhydride is such that a molar ratio of epoxy groups within triazine derivative epoxy resin divided by acid anhydride groups within acid anhydride is 0.6-2.0. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic imide compound is of formula (1). The aromatic imide compound is perylene tetracarboxyl diimide compound, preferably N,N'-diaryl perylene tetracarboxyl diimide compound.Ar=aromatic group having conjugated structure formed by cyclocondensing 2-7 benzene rings;Rb=H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or monovalent heterocyclic group;andn=1-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electroconductive conjugated polymer contains bivalent transannular aromatic group optionally having substituent or bivalent 5-membered ring optionally having substituent and containing heteroatom as principal chain structural unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises mixing copper selenide or copper sulfide-, zinc selenide- or zinc sulfide-, cadmium selenide- or cadmium sulfide- and tin selenide- or tin sulfide-precursor compound; milling the obtained mixture; degassing the obtained mixture; and heating the obtained mixture at 400-900 degrees C (preferably 500-800 degrees C) in a closed device. Preferred Process: (I) is extracted: from a melt, or by isothermic recrystallization process, or by isothermic recrystallization of a melt. The heating step takes place for 10 seconds to 100 hours (preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours). The preparation of (I) takes place in the presence of an inert gas. Preferred Components: (I) is in the form of: a single crystal structure; a powder from a crystal with a diameter of 2-200 (preferably 5-100) mu m. The stoichiometric ratio of the precursor compound is selected in such a way that a penternary or hexanary material of formula (Cu2Zn1-xCdxSn(Se1-ySy)4) (Ia) is obtained. (I) is covered with a thin layer of cadmium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar cell further comprises a conductive front contact and a conductive back contact. The conductive front contact is formed from an organic or inorganic material, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrenesulfonate, nanotubes, indium-tin oxide or aluminum doped zinc oxide. The back contact is formed from graphite, molybdenum, gold, silver or aluminum. Preferred Definitions:    Me1-Me3 = metals from the group 11 or 12;    Me4 = metals from the group 11 or 12, preferably Sn; and    C1, C2 = chalcogenide.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The nitrogen atom with higher order reactivity is formed as a primary amino group. The polyamine is a diamine with a primary and a tertiary amino group, preferably N, N, 2, 2-tetramethyl-1, 3-propane diamine. The silver carboxylate is silver-2, 2-dimethylproprionate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The intermediate spaces between the optical elements are filled with silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The bonding agent is removed under vacuum or protection by inert gases during preparation of the silicon ingot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Silicon powder or small silicon ingots are dissolved in ethanol during preparation of the silicon ingot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: A bonding agent chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral and polyethylene glycol is used in preparation of the silicon ingot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic polymer comprises a highly fluorinated backbone and pendant groups. The pendant groups are fluoroether sulfonate compounds of formulae -OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO3Y'and/or -O(CF2)4SO3Y'. The fluorinated acid comprises a bis-acid. The electrolyte membrane further comprises inorganic additives, and a reinforcement matrix.Y'=H and/or cation. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte membrane was prepared by adding 0.27 g of disulfonate to 10 g of 3 M perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), where the 3 M PFSA was 20 wt.% solids in a 70/30 n-propanol/water solvent. The mixture was shaken to dissolve and then degassed to remove bubbles. The clear viscous solution was then hand-coated on a glass plate. The wet coating was then dried at 80 degrees C for 10-20 minutes and annealed at 160-200 degrees C for an additional 5-10 minutes. The resulting electrolyte membrane had a 10 wt.% of disulfonate, and exhibited a clear/light brown color and had a thickness of 25-76 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is chosen from metal, metal oxide, glass, semiconductor, plastic and/or laminate. The laminate substrate includes a gold layer over a plastic or glass under layer. The process of deposition involves performing micro-contact printing of a primary material including hexane thiol on the gold layer. The composition for disposing includes hexadecane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition which is disposed includes a compound excluding carbon-fluorine bond or silicon-fluorine bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The thickness of copper-sulfide material is removed using a solution of potassium cyanide. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc oxide, or zinc-magnesium oxide. The barrier layer comprises platinum, titanium, chromium and/or silver. The copper-indium disulfide is mixed with copper-indium-aluminum disulfide. The sulfide bearing species comprise hydrogen sulfide in fluid phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye-sensitized solar cell preparation kit further contains sealing material of electrolyte solution and a tape-shaped metal terminal. The electrolyte solution contains aliphatic quaternary ammonium ion (0.05-5 M) of formula: R14-N+(-R11)(-R13)-R12, imidazolium-ion (0.05-5 M) of formula (I) and iodide ion (0.1-10 M) which are dissolved in an organic solvent. The electrolyte solution contains triiodide ion (less than 1 mol%) with respect to iodide ion.R11-R14,R21,R22=1-20C aliphatic.Preferred Arrangement: The semiconductor fine particle layer is provided in the center region of surface of conductive substrate of photo electrode material, and the electroconductive oxidation reduction catalyst layer is provided in the center region of surface of conductive substrate of counter electrode material. The edge except the center region of the surface of the substrate provided with the semiconductor fine particle layer, and the edge except the center region of the surface of substrate provided with the electroconductive oxidation reduction catalyst layer are adhered on tape which seals the dripped electrolyte solution while bonding the photo-electrode material and counter electrode member material together. The tape (7) which has adhesiveness on both surface seals the electric charge carrier layer which consists of electrolysis solution. An elongate metal terminal is connected to the transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aliphatic unsaturated group-containing compound is component (A). The component (A) is organopolysiloxane (A-1) having aliphatic unsaturated group bonded with silicon atom of molecular chain non-terminal as silicon atomic-union aliphatic unsaturated group and organopolysiloxane (A-2) having aliphatic unsaturated group bonded with silicon atom of molecular chain terminal as silicon atomic-union aliphatic unsaturated group. The aliphatic unsaturated group is ethylenically unsaturated group, and/or acetylene property unsaturated group. The component (B) is organo hydrogen polysiloxane having hydrogen atom bonded with two or more silicon atom per molecule. Preferred Properties: The ratio of number-of-moles (A-2) of aliphatic unsaturated group bonded with silicon atom of molecular chain terminal of component (A) with respect to sum of number-of-moles (A-1) of aliphatic unsaturated group bonded with silicon atom of molecular chain non-terminal of component (A) and number-of-moles (A-2) is 0-0.7. The ratio of number-of-moles (B) of hydrogen atom bonded with silicon atom contained in component (B) with respect to sum of number-of-moles (A-1) and number-of-moles (A-2) is 0.5-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polyimide precursor composition further contains reactive diluent and organic solvent. The cured film is polyimide coating film. EXAMPLE - 2,2-bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxy phenoxy)phenyl)propane dianhydride (in g) (200) was dispersed in 1,2-bis(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethane (998) at 80 degrees C, mixed with KF8010 (RTM: diaminosiloxane) (120), stirred heated at 140 degrees C for 1 hour, heat-refluxed for 3 hours, cooled to room temperature, mixed with water (27.7) and heated at 80 degrees C to obtain terminal tetracarboxylic-acid siloxane-imide oligomer. The obtained oligomer compound was mixed with bis(4-(3-amino phenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (99.7), stirred and maintained at room temperature to obtain polyimide precursor composition. The obtained polyimide precursor composition had concentration of 30 weight% and viscosity of 14 MPa.second at 25 degrees C. The polyimide coating film formed using polyimide precursor composition had excellent adhesiveness, environmental test stability, chemical resistance, flexibility, durability and physical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The secondary electrode layer has metal consisting of titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solution containing diphosphorus pentoxide and boron trioxide is coated on the silicon substrate during impurity layer formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The prepared film is flushed with deionized and absolute ethyl alcohol and dried naturally. Preferred Condition: The constant-temperature reaction includes putting the reaction system into constant-temperature water bath at room temperature to 50 degrees C; maintaining the temperature for more than 12 hours. The washing step includes using solvent and absolute ethyl alcohol to flush film after reaction arrives at set time, repeatedly washing product depositing at the bottom of the flask till pH is 7. The drying step includes naturally drying the film, and drying the powder under vacuum environment. The film and nanometer powder are synthesized at room temperature to 50 degrees C. For the nanometer powder, the washing step includes using cold or hot deionized water to wash; using centrifugal machine to deposit or filter device to filter; making the product disperse in deionized water again; repeatedly filtering till pH of the filter liquid is 7; and using absolute ethyl alcohol to wash product to dry the product. The nanometer powder is dried in vacuum oven at less than 133 Pa. Preferred Component: The lead-containing inorganic salt is chloride, nitrate or acetate. The tellurium-containing compound is tellurium dioxide or tellurite. The solvent is deionized water. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or rubidium hydroxide. The complexing agent is sodium citrate, sodium oxalate, nitrilotriacetic acid, or edetic acid. The alkali is 0.1-0.5 mol/L. The complexing agent is 1-1.5 times of lead atom mol. The potassium borohydride or sodium borohydride is added to make the ratio of borohydride (BH4-) to lead2+ (Pb2+) be 6-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The depth of hole (3) is 1-25 mm. The bore diameter of leveling position of the hole and the bottom plate (2) of the crucible is 1-30 mm. The density distributed by hole and bottom plate of the crucible is 1-100 g/dm2. Preferred Conditions: The diameter of each hole is enlarged gradually along opening direction of the hole. The shape of the hole is tapered, pyramidal, or tetragonal-pyramidal hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition further contains aluminum oxide, cadmium sulfide, zirconium oxide, calcium phosphate, titanium dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide and/or preferably silicon dioxide as nano particles with particle diameter of 1-50 nm. The redox electric pairs are bromide/bromine (Br-/Br2), thiocyanate/thiocyanogen (SCN-/(SCN)2), selenocyanate/selenocyanogen (SeCN-/(SeCN)2) or preferably tri-iodide/iodide (I3-/I-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyether polymer is polyether polyurethane of formulae R-(NH-COO-((CH2)n-O)m-H)k or (I1), and polyether containing phosphorus of formula O=P-(O-((CH2)i-O)j-H)3. The molar ratio of hydroxy compounds to isocyanate compounds is 0.8:4. The polyoxyethylene/polyether polymer weight ratio (a/b) is 0.2:1-3:1 (preferably 0.5:1-2:1).R=6-14C aryl group or 3-6C naphthenic base (both are optionally substituted);n,k,i=2-4; andm,j=6-100.Preferred Process: The polyether polyurethane is obtained by polymerizing hydroxy compounds with isocyanate compounds. Preferred Definitions:    m,j=6-50; and    n=2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The arrangement is provided with gas tank(s) ammonia (NH3) or hydrogen (H2); or three gas tanks having first gas tank with NH3, second gas tank with H2 and third gas tank with argon (Ar).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrolyte salt contains iodide ion as anion and quaternary ammonium ion as cation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent contains methoxypropionitrile, propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, pentanol, quinoline, N,N-dimethylformamide, gamma -butyl lactone, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, methoxyacetonitrile, and/or butylnitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises semiconductor, insulator, conductor, polymer or compound. The type II band alignment nanostructure layer comprises gallium arsenide/gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium arsenide (InAs)/gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb), InAs/indium gallium arsenide antimonide (InGaAsSb), InAs/aluminum antimonide, indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)/GaAsSb, InGaAs/InGaAsSb, InGaAsSb/GaSb, indium phosphide (InP)/indium aluminum arsenide, InP/aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide, gallium nitride arsenide/indium gallium nitride, zinc telluride (ZnTe)/cadmium selenide and zinc sulfide/ZnTe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), the discharged silicon dust is introduced into the reaction chamber with the spent gas. The discharged silicon dust is separated from the spent gas by filtration. The feed gas comprising decomposable silicon compound is continuously introduced into the reaction chamber, where the discharged silicon dust is introduced into the feed gas prior to introduction into the reaction chamber. The silicon particles is removed from reaction chamber as polycrystalline particles product, where the particles are 800-1200 mu m and silicon dust is less than 5 mu m in nominal diameter. The temperature of the reaction chamber is 200-1400 (preferably 600-700) degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The conductive fine particles comprise metal oxide(s) chosen from stannic oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, barium oxide and molybdenum oxide, or metal oxide obtained by incorporating different atom into the metal oxide(s). The conductive fine particles preferably comprise stannic oxide doped with antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: A total content of sulfur trioxide (SO3) and chlorine (Cl) in a glass composition is 0.0001-0.5 mass.%. The tempered glass comprises (mass.%), SiO2 (45-75), Al2O3 (0-25, preferably 3-25), and Li2O+Na2O+K2O (0-30, preferably 1-25) or comprises (mass.%) SiO2 (50-75), Al2O3 (10-22), B2O3 (0-5), Na2O (8-15), K2O (0-6), and magnesium oxide (MgO) + calcium oxide (CaO)+ strontium oxide (SrO)+barium oxide (BaO) (0-10). Preferred Components: The tempered glass has a beta -OH value of less than or equal to 0.4/mm. A compression stress value of the compression stress layer is greater than or equal to 300 MPa, and a thickness of the compression stress layer is greater than or equal to 1 mu m. The tempered glass has a strain point of greater than or equal to 450 degrees C. The tempered glass has a thermal expansion coefficient of 60-110x 10-7 degrees C. The tempered glass has a liquidus temperature of less than or equal to 1200 degrees C; and a liquidus viscosity of greater than or equal to 104 dPas. The tempered glass has a substrate shape; has an unpolished surface. Preferred Method: The step of forming the resultant into a substrate shape is performed by a down draw method. The step of forming the resultant into a substrate shape is performed by an overflow down draw method. EXAMPLE - A glass composition comprising (mass.%) SiO2 (57.3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (13), boron trioxide (B2O3) (2), magnesium oxide (MgO) (2), calcium oxide (CaO) (2), sodium oxide (Na2O) (14.5), potassium oxide (K2O) (4.9), zirconium oxide (ZrO2) (4) and SnO2 (0.3) was prepared. It had beta -OH value of 0.16/mm and compression stress value of 790 MPa and Young's modulus of 75 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The raw material is made of boron trichloride or phosphine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is made of oxides of zinc, indium, titanium, molybdenum and tin. The base layer is made of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent electrode layer is made of poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment is titanium oxide or composite particles. The composite particles has coating layer (x) containing cerium oxide which covers the particles containing titanium oxide and coating layer (y) containing silicon oxide which covers the coating layer (x).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cross-linkable group of cross-linkable group-containing monomer (b) is hydroxyl group. The hardening agent is water-dispersible isocyanate-type hardening agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit derived from alkyl group-containing monomer (c) is 10-50 mol% with respect to total repeating units in the fluorine-containing polymer (A). The coating material further contains water to which fluorine-containing polymer (A) is dispersed, ultraviolet absorber and pigment, and is an aqueous dispersion coating material. Preferred Property: The hydroxyl value of fluorine-containing polymer (A) is 30-200 mg potassium hydroxide/g. Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing polymer (A) further has carboxyl group, and group in which total or portion of carboxyl group forms salt with alkali, and has side chain having hydroxyl group as crosslinkable group at terminal and polyoxyethylene structure. Preferred Material: The back-sheet further has a layer containing polymer material different from the cured coating film provided on the outer surface of side which touches photovoltaic cell (1) of back-sheet. A solar cell module is formed by laminating a surface sheet, sealing material layer (2) which seals the photovoltaic cell using resin and the back-sheet. Preferred Process: Acid modification of total or portion of hydroxyl group is carried out using acid anhydride and neutralizing the fluorine-containing polymer (A) using alkali are performed during manufacturing process of back-sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickness of copper-sulfide material is removed using a solution of potassium cyanide. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc oxide, and/or zinc-magnesium oxide. The barrier layer comprises platinum, titanium, chromium or silver. The copper-indium disulfide is mixed with a copper-indium-aluminum disulfide. The sulfide bearing species comprise hydrogen sulfide in fluid phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contacts comprise aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The aluminum diffusion layer is tested according to JISK5400-8.4.1 and JIS K5400-8.4.2 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment is carbon black or rutile titanium white.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent (a) is propylene glycol methyl ether acetate. The anti-settling agent is BYK104S (RTM: anti-settling agent). The wet dispersing agent is BYK170 (RTM: wet dispersing agent). The solvent (b) is butyl acetate. The auxiliary agent is BYK358 (RTM: auxiliary agent). The polishing powder is polishing powder (ED30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An upper side of the reflecting bracket body is fixedly wrapped by the transparent protective cover plate that is made of strained glass or armored glass with high light transmittance or optical plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The poly(3-hexylthiophene) region of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-60C functions as a region which generates an electron-hole pair by absorbing light and providing electronics. The fullerene derivative region functions as a region which accepts electronics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The enchant or etching paste contains ethylene glycol, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, ethylene diamine, chlorinated fluoride, monomethyl, hydrogen fluoride, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, diethyl sulfoxide, hexamethyl phosphoric triamide, dimethyl acetamide, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and/or catechol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The housing is made of a UV-resistant polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material for preparing the bionic anti-reflection basic film is made of dimethyl silicone polymer film, polymethylacrylic acid formic ester film, polystyrene film and PVC polrvinyl chloride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper heating panel is made of aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The heat dissipation material powder comprises copper, brass, steel sheet, stainless steel, carbon nanotube, iron and/or silver. The amount of heat dissipation material powder with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-vinyl alcohol resin is 10-20 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: In the solar condensing power generation system with forced cooling function, the power generation units (8) are arranged on the lower side of the condenser lens (6) and composed of the power generation chip (30) and a condensing radiator (27) that is arranged on the power generation chip (30) and provided with a medium cavity (24); the power generation chip (30) is adhered to the radiating tube (7) through the insulating conductive adhesive (31); the condensing radiator (27) is provided with radiating fins (26) and vertically provided with two vertical and intersected cross baffles (25); the medium cavity (24) is filled with low or high boiling point alcohol, alkyl, ester medium or mixture; a high reflectance material is arranged on the four walls of a light port (24) of the condensing radiator (27); and a lens light guide (29) is arranged between the bottom of the condensing radiator (27) and the power generation chip (30). The air discharging tube (32) is arranged on the upper part of the medium cavity (24) of the condensing radiator (27), while a liquid return tube (35) is arranged on the lower part; and the air discharging tube (35) and the liquid return tube (35) are connected to upper and lower ports of a radiating coil (34) in a thermal exchange box (33) on one side of the condensing radiator (27) respectively to form an independent thermal exchange system. The bearing (17) is arranged in the connection of the carriage (16) and the support rod (2). The air inlet (5) and the air outlet (1) are internally provided with a filter screen or a filter film. The medium connection pipe (19) is arranged on the medium inlet (20) and the medium inlet (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made of polyimide or polyaramide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is titanium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixed layer contains ( pi )-conjugated polymer, amorphous silicon and organic compound which has ( pi )-conjugation structure and molecular weight of 2000 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The back-surface protection sheet is obtained by laminating weather-resistant resin sheet and a damp-proof membrane. The surface of the weather-resistant resin sheet is subjected to corona treatment or atmospheric pressure plasma processing. Preferred Membrane: The damp-proof membrane is metal aluminum sheet, or resin sheet having inorganic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The tin containing solder layer is made of material such as tin and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base catalyst comprises at least one quaternary ammonium (preferably tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and/or tetramethylammonium hydroxide). Preferred Element: The optically transparent element further comprises vinyltriethoxy silane residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkoxy silane residue is tetraethoxy silane. The second alkoxy silane residue (at least 20, preferably 20-40 mole.%) is selected from methyltriethoxy silane and vinyltriethoxy silane (preferably methyltriethoxy silane). The solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer (p1) has an average particle size of 15-100 nm. The polymer further comprises a metal alkoxide residue (preferably titanium isopropoxide residue). Preferred Method: The coating solution is maintained at 35-70 degrees C for 1-5 hours prior to reducing the pH to not greater than 2. The method further involves storing the coating solution for at least 24 hours; and freezing the coating solution. The coating solution is dispensed by spraying. Prior to dispensing, the coating solution is changed from a frozen state to a liquid state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode comprises a fluorinated tin oxide coated flexible substrate. The nanostructure array is formed of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. The absorbing material comprises at least one of lead and cadmium chalcogenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electronic module comprises a transmission module that is a universal serial bus (USB) transmission module, an Ethernet transmission module, an institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802 (IEEE 802) standard wireless transmission module, a Zigbee or a Bluetooth transmission module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate (A) comprises glass. The glass comprises soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic device comprises semiconductor window layer (120), transparent conductive oxide layer (110), substrate (A) and back support adjacent to the doped metal contact layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intrinsic metal layer contains molybdenum, aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel, titanium, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, ruthenium, tungsten, silver, gold or platinum, preferably molybdenum or chromium. The intrinsic metal layer comprises molybdenum nitride. The metal base material contains molybdenum, aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel, titanium, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, ruthenium, tungsten, silver, gold, or platinum, preferably molybdenum. The dopant is chosen from copper, antimony, potassium, sodium, cesium, silver, gold, phosphorus, arsenic, and bismuth, preferably copper or sodium. The doped metal contact layer comprises 0.1-10% of copper. The semiconductor window layer comprises cadmium sulfide layer. The transparent conductive oxide stack comprises buffer layer positioned adjacent to transparent conductive oxide layer. The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises cadmium stannate. The buffer layer is chosen from zinc-tin oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, and zinc-magnesium oxide. The barrier layers contain silicon nitride, aluminum-doped silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum-doped silicon oxide, boron-doped silicon nitride, phosphorus-doped silicon nitride, silicon oxide-nitride or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One or multiple compounds are also used in the module, where the compounds are selected from di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, dihexyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, di-2-butoxyethyl sebacate, driethylene glycol-bis-2-ethylhexanoate or 1,2-dyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester. The film based on plasticizer-containing polyvinyl acetal contains 0.001-5 wt.% of silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyvinyl acetals are cross-linked via carboxyl groups due to polyaldehydes, glutardialdehyde or glyoxylic acid. Polyvinylbutyral is used as polyvinyl acetal. Preferred Process: The polyvinyl acetals are produced by preparing aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol by using aldehyde and an acid for precipitation of polyvinyl acetal at low temperature, where the reagent mixture is heated to high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The backsheet further comprises filler (white or black filler) or UV absorber. Preferred Component: The heat spreader is inorganic oxide filler, hydroxide filler, nitride filler, metal filler, carbon and graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester base material layer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) film. The PCM is paraffin PCM. The paraffin PCM is PCM which has paraffin wax to the core, and crosslinked polymer to the shell. The paraffin wax is tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and nonadecane. The axial direction heat sheet layer is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer or fluoric resin layer in which PCM and heat spreader are dispersed. The fluoric resin layer comprises polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy copolymer resin, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), expanded polyethylene, copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Different layers of laminated film contain polyvinyl fluoride film, polyethylene vinyl acetate film, aluminum film and polyvinyl fluoride, polypropylene glycol terephalate or superposed film of polymer layer and polypropylene glycol terephthalate. The polymer layer contains polyethylene glycol terephalate, polypropylene glycol terephalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl fluoride. The fluorine-containing polymer is selected from vinyl polyfluoride, polyvinyl ethylene-polyvinyl propylene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl tetrafluoride, vinyl tetrafluoride-propylene hexafluoride-vinylidene chloride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-trifluorochloroethylene copolymer, polytrifluorochloroethylene or their mixture. The middle layer contains 2,6-naphthalate and 1,3-propylene glycol. The middle layer comprises polypropylene glycol, naphthalate and doping copolymer, which contains polypropylene glycol naphthalate. The doping copolymer is selected from polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polypropylene glycol terephthalate, polybutylene glycol terephthalate, polyethylene glycol naphthalate, polypropylene glycol naphthalate or their mixture. The upper two layers of the laminated film contain a stabilizer, which is selected from antioxidant, ultraviolet stabilizer, anti-corrosive agent or a heat stabilizer. The polypropylene glycol naphthalate layer contains poly(2,6-naphthalate 1,3-propylene glycol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first cell and the second cell include at least one of amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon or single crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In (I), each of the first cell and the second cell includes at least a photoelectric conversion layer interposed between a first conductive film and a second conductive film. The photoelectric conversion layer includes: a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer; or p-type semiconductor layer, an intrinsic (i)-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer. Preferred Method: In the method: a first conductive film, photoelectric conversion layer, and second conductive film is formed as each of the first cell and the second cell; a first conductive film, p-type semiconductor layer, n-type semiconductor layer, and a second conductive film are formed as each of the first cell and the second cell; and a first conductive film, p-type semiconductor layer, i-type semiconductor layer, n-type semiconductor layer, and a second conductive film are formed as each of the first cell and the second cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fibrous body is impregnated with the resin, where the resin is an organic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises backside contact solar cells. The first node is at a highest potential of the solar cell module array. The first node is tied to ground by way of a resistor. Preferred Method: The method-1 further comprises unbalancing a balanced output provided by the many cells to the inverter. In the method-2, where the inverter is configured to receive a balanced voltage from the solar cell module array and further comprises coupling a resistor to the first node of the series to ground, the resistor having a value configured to unbalance the balanced voltage from the solar cell module array. In the method-3, where the inverter is configured to receive a balanced voltage from the solar cell module array and further comprises coupling the first and second node to ground by way of a resistor, where the resistor having a value configured to unbalance the balanced voltage from the solar cell module array.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: In the solar battery module, in the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is stepwise reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased. In the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is continuously reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased. The glass substrate has strength so that the glass substrate is not broken with application of a pressure of 2400 Pa. The resin includes at least one of a phenol resin, an epoxy resin, a melanin resin, a thermosetting polyimide, polyurethane, unsaturated polyester, an alkyd resin, a urea resin, and an olefin resin. The buffer material comprises silicon oxide. In the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin in a region contacting the glass substrate is greater than or equal to 640. The buffer material has a shape of an approximate sphere. Preferred Method: Alternatively, forming a solar battery module comprises: covering a glass substrate over a surface of which a photoelectric conversion film is formed, by a mixture material of a resin and a buffer material having a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the resin, and heating in a manner so that a temperature becomes higher as a distance from the glass substrate is increased, to cure the resin; and forming a resin structure so that a mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The base layer is made of an electrically insulating material. The base layer is a roofing material or a roofing membrane. The base layer is made of polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic olefin, ethylene propylene diene monomer, or polyvinyl fluoride. The base layer is flexible or rigid. The primary, secondary, and tertiary adhesives comprise a glue, a resin, or a sealant. The semi-rigid panel is made of fiber-reinforced plastics or advanced polymer alloys. The ultraviolet resistant layer is made of polycarbonate or polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene. The photovoltaic layer comprises monocrystalline solar cells or polycrystalline solar cells. The base material further comprises a cover sheet adhered to the ultraviolet resistant layer. The cover sheet is disposed on the ultraviolet resistant layer such that cover sheet extends beyond its edge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: In the system, the water feature comprises a swimming pool. The membrane comprises a cover selectively covering the swimming pool when not in use. The cover is appended to a roller. The roller is actuated by a motor for facilitating the selective payout and storage of the cover. The array of photovoltaic cells comprises a continuous thin film mated to the membrane forming the cover. The array of photovoltaic cells comprises thin films mated to the membrane forming the cover. The membrane, when in use, floats atop the water feature. The membrane submerges within the water feature when in use. The water feature comprises a member selective from the group consisting of lakes, fresh, saline and waste water ponds. It further comprises a storage vault for housing the membrane when not in use. Preferred Membrane: In the membrane, the water feature comprises a swimming pool. It comprises a cover for selectively covering the swimming pool when not in use. The cover is appended to a roller. The roller is actuated by a motor for facilitating a selective payout and storage of the cover. The water feature comprises a member selected from lakes, fresh, saline and waste water ponds. In the system, the water feature comprises a swimming pool. The continuous membrane comprises a cover for selectively covering the swimming pool when not in use. The cover is appended to a roller. The roller is actuated by a motor for facilitating the selective payout and storage of the cover. The water feature comprises a member selected from lakes, fresh, saline and waste water ponds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid back element is made up of thermoplastic material selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), ethylene-mythylene-acrylate (EMAC), neoprene, and polychlorosulfonated polymer (Hypalon).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating elements consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) comprises at least an inner layer and an outer layer and the phase change material is incorporated into the inner layer. The inner layer is a polymer layer and the phase change material is incorporated in the polymer matrix. (I) further comprises thermally conductive fillers incorporated into the outer layer. (I) is a laminate comprising a first outer layer of weatherable film, at least one mid-layer and an inner layer, where the phase change material is incorporated into the inner layer or applied to the surface of the inner layer. The inner layer comprises of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) (26) with a vinyl acetate content of the EVA of 2-33 wt.%. The first outer layer and/or mid-layer comprise thermally conductive fillers. The first outer layer has a thermally conductive coating and/or a heat rejecting coating. Preferred Method: The method further comprises incorporating thermally conductive fillers in (I) or the encapsulant of the photovoltaic module. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The n-type material is n-type amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflector is made of light metal alloy e.g. aluminum, magnesium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Another heat insulating material such as polyurethane, foam glass and mineral fiber is also included in the assembly system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acid terpolymer comprises (wt.%) an alpha -olefin (balance), copolymerized units of alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (18-23) and copolymerized units of alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester (15-40). The alpha -olefin is ethylene. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acids and/or methacrylic acids. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester is methyl acrylates or butyl acrylates. The solar cell pre-lamination assembly further comprises an incident layer positioned next to the front encapsulant layer and a backing layer positioned next to the back encapsulant layer. The incident layer is glass sheets; polymeric sheets formed of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and/or fluoropolymers; and/or polymeric films formed of polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides), and/or fluoropolymers. The backing layer comprises glass sheet; polymeric sheet; polymeric film; metal sheet; and/or ceramic plate. The polymeric sheet is formed of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and/or fluoropolymers. The polymeric film comprises polymeric material selected from polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides) and/or fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves detecting sulfur content concentration in waste gas supplied in apparatus main body and controlling air quantity supplied in sulfur content absorption liquid according to sulfur content concentration in waste gas, and providing storage shelves which accommodate activated carbon fiber tank in apparatus main body and supplying air in sulfur content absorption liquid in each storage shelf. Preferred Parameter: The air quantity supplied in sulfur content absorption liquid is 0.5-3 cm/s.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=halo;and    R2=optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The apparatus utilizes an integral video game system that conforms to Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), IEEE 1394, Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI), Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) and Ethernet standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the assembly, a gap is present between each of the photovoltaic modules, where the gap is equal to the thickness of the modules. The thickness of the photovoltaic modules and the gap between the modules is 4-10 (preferably 7) mm. The clamp applies pressure to the photovoltaic modules at many points, preferably to at least the corners of the photovoltaic modules. The assembly includes a single clamp, or there are at least two clamps providing pressure to the four corners of the photovoltaic module. The grooves are provided by projections laterally spaced apart on a main body, where the projections: are slotted projections defining two contacting surfaces that contact a module surface; and are elliptical in shape. Preferred Method: The grooves of the first and second clamps are spaced so that the front surface of one module does not contact the back surface of an adjacent module, where the space between the grooves is equal to the thickness of the photovoltaic modules. The grooves of the first clamp are defined by contacting surfaces engaging the photovoltaic modules. The second clamp comprises many grooves, which engage the photovoltaic modules. The first and second clamps are associated with a clamp body for holding the photovoltaic modules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl compound is vinyl cyclohexane. The crystalline polymer (b) is chosen from ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, propylene-ethylene copolymer and propylene-1-butene copolymer. The sealing material further contains silane coupling agent (0.1-10 parts weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light utilizing material is ruthenium, osmium, iridium, iron, nickel, platinum, and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light utilizing material is protein, chlorophylls, carotenoids, chlorins, porphyrins and phthalocyanines, buckminsterfiillerenes and carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is aliphatic glycidyl ester type epoxy resin, aliphatic glycidyl ether type epoxy resin and/or alicyclic type epoxy resin. The solar module further comprises another substrate. The substrates are bonded with adhesive made of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral or thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Thin Film Solar Cell Module: The busbars (2, 3) are disposed on the backside layer (63). The busbars (82) are disposed on the layer (72) of TCO. The busbars (82) are disposed adjacent to a bridge element (88), where the layer (72) of TCO connects the bridge element (88) with the busbar (82), and the distance (A) between the busbar (82) and the bridge element (88) is less than the width (b) of the busbar (82). The busbars (82) are in contact with a bridge element (88). The busbars (103) are disposed on the glass substrate (92). The busbars (103) are at least partially encased by the layer (93) of TCO. The busbars (103) are disposed adjacent to a bridge element (106), where the layer (93) of TOO connects the bridge element (106) with the busbar (103), and the distance (A) between the busbar (103) and the bridge element (106) is less than the width (b) of the busbar (103). The busbars (103) are in contact with a bridge element (106). The busbars (2, 3; 85; 103) are disposed at oppositely located margin regions (32, 33) of the thin film solar cell module (1, 71, 91). The backside layer (63, 85, 104) comprises a three layer system comprising the layers of zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum (Al) and nickel vanadium (NiV). The two ribbon cables (64, 65) are disposed on an insulating tape (66) disposed between the ribbon cables (64, 65) and the backside layer (63). One ribbon cable (64, 65) each is in contact with one of the busbars (2, 3). The printing method is an inkjet printing method, a screen printing method, and a thermal transfer printing method. The backside layer (63, 85, 104) comprises a three layer system comprising the layers of ZnO and Ag and NiV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The method conforms to time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA)-2000, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), global system for mobile communication (GSM), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), universal mobile telecommunications system (UTMS), Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)/high speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), International mobile telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), general packet radio service (GPRS), digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT), enhanced data GSM environment (EDGE) and time division synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound and/or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sealing sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound and/or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar cell is selected from multi-crystalline solar cells, thin film solar cells, compound semiconductor solar cells, and/or amorphous silicon solar cells. The assembly further comprises an incident layer positioned next to the front encapsulant layer and a backing layer positioned to the back encapsulant layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The incident layer and backing layer are selected from (i) glass sheets, (ii) polymeric sheets formed of polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters, and/or fluoropolymers, and (iii) polymeric films formed of polyesters, polycarbonate, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophane, poly(vinyl chlorides), and/or fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer comprises copper-indium-gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Solar Cell: In the solar cell, the thickness of the second photoelectric conversion unit (43) is less than or equal to 1.5 mu m, or less than or equal to 1 mu m. The first photoelectric conversion unit (51) is an amorphous cell, or a microcrystalline cell. The combined thickness of the first and second photoelectric conversion unit (51, 43) is less than or equal to 5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrode layer is formed using aluminum and/or gallium-doped zinc oxide. The main component of photoelectric conversion layer is at least one type of compound semiconductor comprising group (IB) element, group (IIIB) element and/or group (VIB) element. The group (IB) element is chosen from copper and silver. The group (IIIB) element is chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium. The group (VIB) element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic insulating protection film is formed using vinyl copolymer with ethylene as comonomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive glass phase contains vanadium and phosphorus as main components, and satisfies the relation: 2x ((V2O5)/(P2O5)) greater than or equal to ((Sb2O3)+(Fe2O3)+(MnO2)+(Bi2O3)) greater than or equal to 0. The metal particles contain silver, copper and/or aluminum. The electrode wiring comprises metal particles (90-99.7 vol.%) and electroconductive glass phase (0.3-10 vol.%). The metal particles comprise sphere-shaped particles and plate-shaped particles containing particle group (I) having volume fraction of 95% or less and particle size of 0.5-1.5 mu m, and particle group (II) having volume fraction of 95% or less and particle size of 1.5-8 mu m. The electroconductive glass particles in the electroconductive paste contain barium. Preferred Property: The electroconductive glass phase has glass transition temperature of 400-520 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase change material includes inorganic salts e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, lithium nitrate, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium fluoride and lithium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic oxide particles contain silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A transparent conductive oxide intervenes between the receiver element and the lamina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive material formed in the vias of the photovoltaic assembly is metal, metal alloy or metal compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front surface electrode is made of aluminum doped zinc oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide. The photovoltaic layer of the structure is made of cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide or copper indium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The bearing surface is implemented in an interface between a glass surface and a flexible polymeric surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bearing surface is implemented in an interface between a glass surface and a flexible polymeric surface. The polymeric surface is implemented using a halogenated hydrocarbon polymer impregnated into a fabric carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fluorine resin layer contains titanium dioxide. Preferred Process: The gas barrier layer laminated on base-material sheet is formed into a film by reactive sputtering method in the presence of inert gas atmosphere containing nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The heat-ray shielding filler is metal oxide-coated synthetic silica and/or metal oxide electroconductive fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alpha -olefin is chosen from ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene and 1-decene. The ethylenic unsaturated silane compound is alkoxysilane having vinyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The color pigment is a black pigment. The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer, epoxy-type plasticizer, and/or phthalate ester plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resins: The resin is an acrylic polyol type-resin. The resin layer contains aliphatic type polyisocyanate resin, alicyclic type polyisocyanate resin, and/or aromatic-aliphatic type polyisocyanate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Module: The photovoltaic module further comprises a switch electrically connected to the heating elements for selectively switching electrical power to the set of heating filaments off and on. The transparent panel is formed from glass. The frame is substantially rectangular, the transparent panel covering and sealing the photovoltaic cell within the frame. The heating elements are embedded in the transparent panel or disposed on the transparent panel, where the heating elements comprise filaments or thermally conductive strips. Preferred Panel: In the solar pane, the frame is made from aluminum. The transparent panel is formed from glass. The means for selectively heating comprises: a set of heating elements disposed on the transparent panel; and a switch electrically connected to the heating elements, the switch being adapted for selectively connecting the heating elements to a source of electrical power. Also, the means for selectively heating comprises: a set of heating elements embedded in the transparent panel; and a switch electrically connected to the heating elements, the switch being adapted for selectively connecting the heating elements to a source of electrical power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The ethylene propylene diene monomer conforms to ASTM D-412, ASTM D-1667 and ASTM D-412 standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rings are made of ethylene propylene diene monomer, silicone, thermoplastic elastomer, or extruded and butyl enclosed PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The packing is selected from light calcium carbonate, heavy calcium carbonate, silicon micro powder, nanometer calcium carbonate, gas-phase white carbon black or sedimentary white carbon black, where the light calcium carbonate is nanometer active light calcium carbonate modified by fatty acid, silane coupling agent or resin acid. The combustion-resistant agent is selected from aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, chlorinated paraffin or antimony oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion-resistant agent is also selected from decabromodiphenyl ether, where the aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are modified by fatty acid, silane coupling agent or resin acid. The cross-linking agent is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane, ethyl trimethoxysilane, methyl triethoxy silane, ethyl triethoxy silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane. The hydroxyl scavenging agent is selected from vinyl trimethoxy silane, N-cyclohexyl methyl diethyl silane or N-cyclohexyl methyl triethoxy silane. The tackifier is selected from vinyltriethoxysilane, epoxy trimethylsilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane or aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The metal catalyst is selected from dibutyltin dilaurate, dioctyl dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyl diacetate or dibutyl benzoic acid diacetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polydimethylsiloxane is formed by dimethylsiloxy, trimethylsiloxy, dimethoxymethyl siloxy, dimethylmethoxy siloxy, triethoxy siloxy, ethyl dimethoxy siloxy or diethyl methoxy siloxy. The plasticizer comprises hydrogenated mineral oil, methyl silicone oil and phenyl silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the monolithic integrated miniature solar cell array, the substrate is insulated GaAs substrate; the material of the doped material is n-type GaAs with thickness of 2-3 mu m and doped concentration of more than 5x 1014; the material of the solar cell functional layer is n-type GaAs or p-type GaAs with thickness of 1-1.5 mu m; where the side surface of the solar cell functional layer is passivated; the materials of the lower insulated filling layer and the upper insulated filling layer are silicon dioxide (SiO2) or polyimide; and the metal electrode is gold/titanium (Au/Ti) double-layer structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of N-type and P-type electrodes are selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: In the integrated electric power generation system, the material of the top layer, solar cell layer and the piezo electric material of the bottom layer is comprised of photo-piezo-thermo-voltaic (PPTV) materials. The area comprised of tiny rotors is a pair of stripes along the length of the integrated electric power generation system that react to the passage of vehicles traveling along the length of the integrated electric power generation system. The electric power collection means is a set of batteries placed alongside the integrated electric power generation system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The panel comprises glass. The lens element comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises germanium. The cell further comprises Group III-V semiconductor subcells (608). A transition layer (601, 603, 605) comprising silicon germanium is provided between each of the two silicon germanium subcells. Each transition layer comprises a graded composition silicon germanium. A first silicon germanium subcell is deposited on the germanium subcell. A second silicon germanium subcell is deposited on the first silicon germanium subcell. Group III-V subcells are deposited on the second silicon germanium subcell. The first silicon germanium subcell has a material composition SiyGe1-y (604) or SixGe1-x (602). The second silicon germanium subcell has a material composition SizGe1-z (606) or SiyGe1-y. The two silicon germanium subcells have a composition of Si0.15Ge0.85 and Si0.19Ge0.81. A third silicon germanium subcell is deposited on the second silicon germanium subcell. It has a material composition SizGe1-z. The III-V subcells include a first III-V subcell comprising gallium arsenide phosphide and a second III-V subcell comprising indium-gallium phosphide. The support structures comprise metal.y=0-30%;z=0-50%; andx=0-5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The support structures comprise aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The optical concentrating elements are planar lenses comprising a polymer sheet bonded to the transparent panel. The support structures are mounted onto the transparent panel using adhesive and/or a mechanical fixing. The deformable material is a polymer gasket or O-ring. The assembly further comprises a rigid panel structure, where the panel comprises polymer. The support structures comprise polymer or metal coated polymer. The lens element comprises polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material sheet is resin sheet. Preferred Process: The ion implantation is carried out using helium, argon, krypton, nitrogen and/or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The self-cleaning material is made of titanium dioxide, tin oxide, tungsten trioxide, zinc oxide and zirconium oxide. The self-cleaning material prevents water and dust from adhering to a nanomaterial made of titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and tungsten dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate used is made of optical glass, soda glass, quartz, silicon, indium-tin oxide, alumina, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (a), the weight ratio of 200CP ethylene cellulose, 300CP ethylene cellulose, and diethylene glycolmonobutylether is 4-8%:2-6%:70-90%. In (b), the weight ratio of sheet silver power and glass powder is 85-95%:5-15%. In (c), the weight ratio of diethylene glycolmonobutylether and terpineol is 50-70%:30-50%. In (d), the fineness is less than 8 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The third adhesive material comprises material comprised of olefinics, ionomers, acrylics and silicones. The polymer support layer comprises material consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene terepthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), acrylic or polycarbonate. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for an improved combination of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The exercise system comprises a communication port which is in communication with a memory, where the communication port is a serial port, parallel port, Universal serial bus (USB) port, infrared port, Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) or a Bluetooth port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the base layer is 0.05-0.35 mm, preferably 0.15-0.2 mm. The thickness of the ultraviolet-absorbing layer is 0.001-0.01 mm, preferably 0.003-0.005 mm. The inner surface of the base layer or ultraviolet-absorbing layer is formed using fluorosilicone film-forming layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cells are wafer-based solar cells comprising one or both of monocrystalline silicon, multi-crystalline silicone or where the solar cells are thin film solar cells comprising at least one materials selected from amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper indium/gallium diselenide, light absorbing dyes, and organic semiconductors. The mounting device is made of plastic or metal (preferably steel, aluminum, titanium, brass, lead, chrome, copper, and their alloys).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second encapsulant layer comprises at least one polymeric material selected from copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ionomers, poly(ethylene vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl chlorides), polyethylenes, polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, silicone elastomers, and epoxy resins. The second outer protective layer comprises materials selected from glass sheets; polymeric sheets comprising polymers selected from polycarbonates, acrylics, polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters, and fluoropolymers; and polymeric films comprising polymers selected from polyesters, polycarbonates, polyolefins, norbornene polymers, polystyrenes, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones, nylons, polyurethanes, acrylics, cellulose acetates, cellophanes, poly(vinyl chlorides), and fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The isocyanate-functional component is aliphatic urethaneacrylate. The temporary carrier film consists of fluoropolymer such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyolefin, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acrylic styrene acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate, acrylic styrene acrylonitrile/polycarbonate, polycarbonate/polybutyleneterephthalate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate and/or polyvinylacetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter of the quantum dot is 10 nm to 1 mu m. Preferred Composition: The quantum dot is cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury sulfide, mercury telluride, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, cadmium-selenium sulfide, cadmium-selenium telluride, cadmium-zinc sulfide, cadmium-zinc selenide, cadmium-zinc telluride, cadmium-mercury sulfide, cadmium-mercury selenide, cadmium-mercury telluride, zinc-selenium sulfide, zinc-selenium telluride, mercury-selenium sulfide, mercury-selenium telluride, mercury-zinc sulfide, mercury-zinc selenide, cadmium-zinc oxide, cadmium-mercury oxide, zinc-mercury oxide, zinc-selenium oxide, zinc-tellurium oxide, cadmium-selenium oxide, cadmium-tellurium oxide, mercury-selenium oxide, mercury-tellurium oxide, cadmium-zinc-selenium sulfide, cadmium-zinc-selenium telluride, cadmium-mercury-selenium sulfide, cadmium-mercury-selenium telluride, mercury-zinc-selenium sulfide, mercury-zinc-selenium telluride, cadmium-zinc-selenium oxide, cadmium-zinc-tellurium oxide, indium nitride, gallium-arsenic nitride, gallium-antimony nitride, aluminum-arsenic nitride, aluminum-antimony nitride, indium-tin nitride, aluminum-gallium nitride and/or lead sulfide. The quantum dot is doped with metal elements chosen from nickel, copper, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, iridium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photoactive layer further contains conductive polymer. The conductive polymer is poly-3-hexylthiophene, polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyvinyl pyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or poly(3-octylthiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor junction layer comprises an absorber layer made of cadmium telluride and a window layer made of cadmium sulfide. The buffer layer is made of zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide. The transparent conductive layer is made of tin oxide, with or without fluorine doping, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In aligning the lens array to the cell array of the concentration photovoltaic module, the lens array comprises a set of alignment apertures. The alignment points are located near the corners of the cell array. the collimated light sources emit laser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane comprises conformal coating, polymer material, elastomeric polymer material, or thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light-proof agent is titanium pigment, or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer comprises (in wt.%) ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (59-79), light-proof agent (20-40), cross-linking firming agent (0.1-5), antioxidant (0.001-2), ultraviolet absorber (0.01-2), and light stabilizer (0.01-2). The mass ratio of polyester material to ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer to adhesive layer material is 100:30-70:10-20. Preferred Properties: The thickness of fluorine-containing layer, interlayer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer is 5-50 microns, 50-300 microns and 100-800 microns, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron receptor contains fullerene chosen from C60, C70 and C84, preferably (6,6)-phenyl-C61-methyl butyrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer (I) has molecular weight of 10000-30000 and molecular weight distribution of 1.5-5. Preferred Composition: The electron donor contains poly(3-hexylthiophene), polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), carbazole-substituted polysiloxane, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polyphenylenesulfide, polyvinyl pyridine, polyfluorene and/or polypyridine. The solar battery further has hole implant layer provided between anode and photoactive layer. The hole implant layer contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrene-sulfonate), carbazole-substituted polysiloxane, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyphenylenesulfide, polyvinyl pyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or their derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The caustic sizing agent is coated such that edge causticity is controlled to 0.2 mm. The silicon wafer is dried at 150-200 degrees C for 3-5 minutes, and cleaned with deionized water for 5-10 minutes. Preferred agent: The caustic sizing agent is tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide having concentration of 10-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Assembly: In the assembly, the interconnect layer comprises a tunnel junction and a tunnel diode. The set of subcells comprises at least 3-6 subcells. Also, an interconnect layer is disposed between each of the set of subcells. The assembly further comprises a dielectric layer disposed on the periphery of the at least one via, configured to insulate the via from one or more subcells, where the dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide. The assembly as well comprises an electrically conductive fill layer disposed within the at least one via, where the conductive fill layer comprises a metal. Preferred Cell: In the multi-junction photovoltaic cell, the conductive connector comprises a metal. The cell comprises 1-4 middle subcell. Also, the cell comprises for each conductive connector, a solid state switch in electrical communication with the conductive connector, where the conductive connector is configured to bypass a subcell adjacent the interconnect layer in communication with the conductive connector based upon the measured current or voltage from the interconnect layer. The conductive connector for each of the interconnect layers is configured in a comb-shaped pattern, and the set of vias are spaced along the conductive connector, where the set of vias are substantially centered along the conductive connector. Preferred Method: Compensating for loss of current in the multi-junction photovoltaic cell comprising the set of subcells comprises operating the photovoltaic cell for a preprogrammed time period prior to testing each subcell in the set of subcells; or operating the photovoltaic cell for a preprogrammed time period after bypassing the one or more subcells that were evaluated as generating a current or voltage below the threshold value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system for auditory diagnosis and training comprises the USB earphone set and the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth communication cords.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Photovoltaic Module: The electrically conductive circuit elements are arranged in a predetermined pattern so that at least a two by two matrix of solar cells are present in the module, where a first solar cell is spaced apart from a first adjacent solar cell by a first distance and where the first solar cell is spaced apart from a second adjacent solar cell by a second distance that is larger than the first distance. Each electrically conductive circuit element has the embossed portion and one or more other portions that are substantially planar relative to the embossed portions. The solar cell is coupled to a portion of the other portions. An edge of the solar cell is disposed adjacent the embossed portion, where each electrically conductive circuit element is coated with a material having a reflectivity higher than the reflectivity of the underlying electrically conductive circuit element and where the electrically conductive circuit elements comprise a material selected from copper and/or aluminum. The feature size of the embossed electrically conductive circuit elements is 0.5-50 mu m. Preferred Method: Fabricating a photovoltaic module further comprises embossing the electrically conductive circuit elements. Embossing occurs prior to disposing the electrically conductive circuit elements over the backsheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive metal is zinc used in form of zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide. The zinc and oxygen material has crystalline structure with size of 200-1000 nm. The layer of metal and oxygen material has thickness of 0.1-3 microns. The thickness of layer of light reflective metal is 100-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The light reflective metal contains silver and/or aluminum. The substrate comprises stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diodes are formed from materials including amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon and zinc-based compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The high purity silicon is reacted with gaseous tetrachlorosilane, and distilled to produce solar grade silicon. The solar battery is then manufactured from solar grade silicon. Carbon dioxide is reacted with sodium oxide obtained by oxidizing sodium in electrolysis process, and sodium carbonate is obtained. The obtained compound is mixed with silica to produce glass. A solar battery layer is provided at surface of glass, and solar battery is produced. Alternately, sodium silicate is mixed with silica to produce glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell formed in the intermediate region comprises indium-gallium arsenide (InxGa1-xAs, where x is more than 0.05 to less than 0.2). The photovoltaic cell formed in the lower portion has a buffer layer comprising indium-gallium arsenide and the stress relaxation portion is made of silicon-germanium, silicon, gallium-antimony or indium-antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of ZnO sol is 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The growth liquid is water solution formed by mixing zinc nitrate and hexamethylene tetramine with equal mol ratio, with concentration of zinc nitrate at 0.01-0.05 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide is rutile-type titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin in the primary and secondary layers is aromatic vinyl-type resin, polyester-type resin or polyolefin-type resin. The aromatic vinyl-type resin includes rubber-reinforced aromatic vinyl-type resin which is obtained by polymerizing aromatic vinyl compound in presence of rubbery polymer (a), and (co)polymer of aromatic vinyl compound. The content of the rubbery polymer is 5-40 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of aromatic vinyl-type resin. The rubbery polymer is ethylene-( alpha )-olefin-type rubber, hydrogenated conjugated diene-type rubber, acrylic-type rubber, silicone-type rubber and/or silicone acrylic composite rubber. Preferred Arrangement: The primary layer is laminated on both surfaces of the secondary layer directly or through another layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer (A) is infrared ray-permeable colored resin layer. Preferred Composition: The resin layers (A-C) contain thermoplastic resin e.g. aromatic vinyl-type resin. The back sheet further contains water-barrier layer between resin layer (C) and resin layer (D). The water-barrier layer contains vapor deposition film including metal and/or metal oxide on its surface. Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin contained in resin layers (A and C) is less than the glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin contained in resin layer (B). When light with wavelength of 400-700 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (A) in the back sheet, the absorption factor with respect to light is 60% or more. When light with wavelength of 800-1400 nm is irradiated to the surface of resin layer (A) in back sheet, the reflectance with respect to light is 50% or more. The solar cell back sheet has thickness of 50-1000 mu m, and dimensional-change rate of less than plus minus 1% when the back sheet is maintained at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes. The resin layer (D) has flame retardance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The barrier layer contains an electrically conductive metal compound having a thickness of 2-500 nm. The electrically conductive metal compound is a metal oxide. The metal oxide is a zinc oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The tin-, copper- or silver-containing contact layer contains an alloy of the metals with further metal(s). The contact layer is a tin-containing layer which contains at least partly oxidized tin and/or an at least partly oxidized tin alloy. The contact strips are coated with a tin-solder having a layer thickness of 5-50 mu m. The back electrode layer has a metallic reflector layer, and a barrier layer comprising a material not alloying with the solder and/or the metallic reflector layer is provided between the contact layer and the metallic reflector layer. The barrier layer not alloying with the solder is a metallic barrier layer and contains layer(s) of metal(s) including titanium, zircon, hafnium, aluminum, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel and tellurium or an alloy containing at least two of the metals or an alloy of one of the metals with further metal(s) with one of the metals being the main component. The metallic reflector layer contains layer(s) comprising silver, aluminum, copper and/or chromium or an alloy of the metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The back surface encapsulation material is formed from an embedding foil comprising ethyl vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyolefin or silicone. The protective layer contains glass and/or plastic foil. The plastic foil contains polycondensate or fluorine-containing hydrocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The highly-reflective material is composed of aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cable utilizes a universal serial bus (USB) technology and Bluetooth technology.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery comprises a layer containing a compound selected from a group consisting of Indium selenide, Indium trisulfide, gallium sesquiselenide and gallium sesquisulfide. An indium tin oxide/zinc oxide layer is arranged in the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Electrodes used for recovering silicon are made of metal and metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat transfer layer is made of a metal nitride layer, metal carbide, and metal oxide layer or resinous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The slag is blast furnace slag or nickel slag. The silicon is derived from trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmitter is operated according to a Bluetooth standard. The mobile intermediate module comprises a wireless transfer and Bluetooth converter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The translucent board is coated with hydrophilic material comprising aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The urethane resin contains castor oil type polyol and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The polyol has a structure which does not include a double bond by hydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layers (12 and/or 13) contain white-colored coloring agent. The resin layer (11) contains infrared-permeability coloring agent. The resin layers (11, 12 and 13) comprises grafted polymer which is obtained by polymerizing silicon-containing thermoplastic resin with monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in presence of silicone-containing rubber. Preferred Properties: The back surface protective film has reflectance of 50% or more with respect to wavelength of 400-1400 nm (preferably, 800-1400 nm), transmittance of 60% or more with respect to wavelength of 800-1400 nm, absorption factor of 60% or more with respect to wavelength of 400-700 nm and thickness of 30-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base material thermoplastic resin film contains greater than or equal to 2 mass% of inorganic particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flame retardant is non halogen flame-retardant compound, inorganic metal, and/or inorganic metallic compound which contains phosphorus and/or nitrogen atom. The substance with a saccharide is cellulose. Preferred Parameter: The shape of the cellulose is spherical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material thermoplastic resin film is a porous white thermoplastic resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic peroxide has a half-life temperature of 118-121 degrees C with respect to 1 hour. The organic peroxide is preferably t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexylcarbonate. The content of organic peroxide is 0.5-4 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The composition has a shrinkage of 2% or less and an outgas-generation amount of 0.1% or less, during hardening.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material is made of polyolefin resin chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene and chlorinated polypropylene. The layer (A) further contains a light diffusing agent, and ultraviolet stabilizer, antioxidant, antiblocking agent and/or crosslinking agent. The content of compound (a), light-diffusing agent and antiblocking agent contained with respect to 100 parts weight of the base material is 0.1-5 parts weight, 0.01-5 parts weight and 0.1-5 parts weight, respectively. The antiblocking agent is chosen from silica bead, polymethyl methacrylate bead, fluoride-type slipping agent and silicon-type slipping agent. Preferred Layer: The layer (A) is light-diffusion coating layer formed by coating a coating solution containing (in wt.%) light-diffusing agent (0.1-5), organic binder (10-35), organic solvent (60-85), dispersing agent (0.1-5) and additive (0.1-5), on a base material. The sheet further has a prism layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optical layers comprise polyethylene terephthalate and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidenfluoride (THV) polymer, polyethylene terephthalate and ortho-terphenyl (OTP), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and THV, PEN and OTP, PEN and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate and co-PMMA, PEN and co-PMMA, co-PEN and PMMA, co-PEN and OTP, co-PEN and THV, polystyrene (PS) and OTP, PS and THV, PMMA and THV, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and THV or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and THV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The peripheral seal system comprises first and second seals, both comprising polymer. The first seal is formed of an extrudable material having moisture vapor transmission rate that does not exceed approximately 5 g mm/m2/day at 38 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. It comprises butyl sealant material. The second seal comprises a material selected from silicone, polysulfide, or polyurethane. It comprises silyl containing polyacrylate polymer, which comprises silyl terminated acrylic polymer. The photovoltaic glazing assembly includes retention film over the photovoltaic coating, where retention film is adhered to the photovoltaic coating by pressure-sensitive adhesive. The retention film comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, or PVC. The second seal comprises XMAP (RTM: silyl terminated polyacrylate polymer). The first seal is formed of desiccant-free polymeric material. It comprises thermoplastic material and desiccant. The second seal comprises a composition comprising silyl-terminated polyacrylate polymer with an average of greater than or equal to 1.2 alkoxysilyl chain terminations per molecule of formula SiR1x(OR)3-x; alkoxysilane; and catalyst.R=Me, Et, n-propyl, or isopropyl;R1=Me or Et;andx=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The machine has a rotary disk made of plastic-steel material and a transmission element produced from stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus can be modified to produce fresh water by driving salt water through reverse osmosis filters to produce fresh water instead of electric power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The particulate nano-scale inorganic oxide comprises zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The multi-layer fluoropolymeric film further comprises a third fluoropolymeric layer disposed between the first fluoropolymeric layer and the second fluoropolymeric layer. The third fluoropolymeric layer comprises a third fluoropolymer, and 50-60 vol.% nano-scale particulate inorganic oxides or nitrides. The third fluoropolymeric layer has a refractive index of 1.5-1.7, and a thickness of 1-240 nm. The third fluoropolymer is a crosslinked terpolymer comprising monomer units of 50-85% vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and tetrafluoroethylene. The second fluoropolymeric layer and the third fluoropolymeric layer are disposed in a single stratified film layer. The stratified film layer has a polymer-poor bottom stratum and a polymer-rich top stratum. The bottom stratum comprises the second fluoropolymer and the particulate nano-scale inorganic oxides or nitrides. The bottom stratum has a refractive index of 1.5-1.7. The top stratum comprises the second fluoropolymer, and has a refractive index of 1.33-1.37. The inorganic oxides or nitrides are surface functionalized with an acryloyl siloxyl radical of formula CH2=CXC(=O)O-Y'-Si(R1)(R2)-O-. The adhesive comprises an ionomer.X=H or Me;Y'=divalent organic radical including optionally substituted 2-10C alkylene radicals, or optionally substituted 6-20C arylene groups comprising ether, ester, or amide linkages (preferably -CH2-CH2-CH2-); andR1, R2=1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryloxy, 1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-30C aralkyl, 7-30C alkaryl, halo, or H (preferably -OC3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber material is selected from a group consisting of copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide, amorphous silicon and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramic film is formed using clay thin film comprising natural clay or synthetic clay such as vermiculite, montmorillonite, iron montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite and nontronite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The back surface protection sheet further has synthetic resin film having heat resistance and mechanical characteristics on surface(s) of ceramic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible flat cable has an insulating layer formed on the conductor layer, the insulator layer being made from polyimide, organosilicone, epoxy resin or benzocyclobutene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer includes zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide or indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant includes antimony, bismuth, lithium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, cesium, francium, copper, gold, silver, arsenic, phosphorus or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The content of composite particles in the fluororesin film is 6-25 %mass. The composite particles have an average particle diameter of 0.1-0.4 mu m and an acid solubility of 15-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrophobic agent is a silane coupling agent having an alkyl group, or a silicone compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluororesin film has an arithmetic mean deviation of 0.5-2.5 mu m and contains copper compounds (1-500 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The unsaturated monomer comprises an acid anhydride functional group. In (I), at least some of the polyamide grafts are monofunctionalized primary amines. (I) comprise polyamide grafts (20-40 wt.%). The melting point of the polyamide grafts is 140-350 degrees C. The number-average molecular weight of the polyamide grafts is 1000-5000 (preferably 2000-3000) g/mol. The number of unsaturated monomers attached to the polyolefin backbone is 1.3-10. The polyolefin backbone is: a copolymer comprising an unsaturated monomer; or an ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer comprising an unsaturated monomer. (I) have a nanostructured organization. The protective backsheet film is a multilayer film comprising at least one layer of the composition. The protective backsheet film is in direct contact with the encapsulant comprising a polyolefin. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises a polyamide-grafted polymer blend. The composition is nanostructured. The composition further comprises a complementary polymer comprising polyolefins or polyamides, where the complementary polymer is different from the polyolefin backbone and the polyamide graft. The composition comprises at least 50 wt.% of polyamide-grafted polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The photoelectric transformation ratio ( eta ) of battery chip prepared using polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon is 13-14.5% and 15.5-17.5%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silicon pellet has resistivity of 0.5-5 Omega .cm and heterogeneous degree ( delta - rho ) of 5% or less. The rejection ratio ( alpha ) of polysilicon silicon pellet and monocrystalline silicon pellet is 4-5% and 3.5-4.5%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An ethylene-propylene diene copolymer protective layer is placed between a solar energy battery panel and the top surface of the automobile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture barrier film comprises at least one of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, aluminum oxy-nitride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon carbide, transparent ceramics, and carbon doped oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture barrier film comprises at least one of parylene, or benzocyclobutene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The moisture barrier film comprises at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyimide, or polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Photovoltaic Power Generation System: One of the layers comprises a light receiver to allow the solar energy to be incident, and the sun tracking device controls the light receiver. The light receiver is formed of a flexible material. The light receiver also comprises an optical fiber. The layers further comprise: (i) a condenser to condense the solar energy received by the light receiver on a spot; (ii) a solar cell to convert the solar energy into electric energy; and (iii) a heat recovery part to recover heat generated when cooling the solar cell. The sun tracking device comprises: (i) a push member to push the light receiver; (ii) a first guide member to guide the push member; (iii) a second guide member to guide the first guide member; (iv) a first drive unit to drive the push member; and (v) a second drive unit to drive the first guide member. The push member is slid on the first guide member in a first direction, and the first guide member is slid on the second guide member in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. Each of the first and second drive units comprises a drive motor and a power transmission member. The power transmission member comprises a rack gear and a pinion gear. It also comprises a wire. An amount of solar energy incident upon the light receiver is sensed, and the first drive unit and the second drive unit are driven based on the sensed amount of the solar energy. The photovoltaic power generation system comprises: (a) a solar cell module having a light receiver; and (b) a sun tracking device to control the light receiver. The light receiver is bent to track a position of the sun. The solar cell module comprises a holder to fix a lower part of the light receiver, and the sun tracking device comprises a push member to push an upper part of the light receiver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A transparent conductive oxide layer containing indium-tin oxide is further deposited.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal layer comprises aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The mass determination device is connected with the interface by a signal transmission section e.g. Bluetooth. The step counter is provided with universal serial bus-plug.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The first sealant cap is made of glass. The casing is made of borosilicate glass or soda lime glass. The sealant cap is hermetically sealed with a continuous strip of sealant formed from glass frit, sol-gel, or ceramic cement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water resistant layer comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), silicon oxide (SiOx) or aluminum oxide. The butyl rubber includes an active desiccant which is calcium oxide or barium oxide.x, y=positive integers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first sealant cap is made of metal or metal alloy, or low expansion stainless steel alloy. The first sealant cap is made of KOVAR (RTM: nickel-cobalt ferrous alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A filler layer (560) is disposed on the solar cells, and comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane, room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral, thermoplastic polyurethane, polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or urethane. A water resistant layer is disposed on the solar cells, and comprises clear silicone. The first sealant cap is hermetically sealed to the first end of the casing using a butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The strip-shaped electroconductive material comprises copper, aluminum, silver or gold, or highly purified touch pitch copper, low oxygen copper, anoxia copper, phosphorus deoxidized copper, or copper having purity of more than 99.9999%. The hot-dipped layer consists of tin group solder alloy containing 0.1 %mass or more of lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The audio or video signals are transmitted to the sensor according to Bluetooth and WiFi standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor for nanotubes is AsH3 (arsine). The silicon substrate comprises a (111)-oriented Si wafer. The group III-V nanowires comprise InAs or GaAs nanowires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor for nanotubes is trimethyl-indium ((CH3)3In) (TMI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copolymer comprises 1 to just less than 50 wt.% monomer units consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, itatonic acid, alpha -methyl styrene, maleic anhydride, maleimide, isobornyl methacrylate, norbornyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate or methacrylamide, preferably methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acid monomer units.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acrylic glazing material has Tg of greater than or equal to 115 (preferably greater than or equal to 125) degrees C. The acrylic glazing is copolymer. The high Tg monomer units have Tg of greater than 130 degrees C. The acrylic glazing is blend of acrylic polymer and other polymer(s) miscible with acrylic polymer. The module further comprises thin polymeric layers on top of exterior surface (exposed to environment) and adhering to acrylic glazing. The acrylic glazing material comprises additives comprising UV stabilizers, organic UV stabilizers, nano-sized inorganic particles for permanent UV protection, plasticizers, fillers, coloring agents, pigments, antioxidants, antistatic agents, surfactants, toners, refractive index matching additives, lubricants or dispersing aids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The translucent film includes ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The granules consist of spherical grains of a high-temperature ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is titanium oxide. The hole blocking layer comprises lithium fluoride, metal oxides or amines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton scavenger comprises a guanidinoalkanoic acid such as a guanidino-butyric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole carrier layer comprises a material of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, triaryl amines, polythiophenes, polyanilines, polycarbazoles, polyvinylcarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylenevinylenes, polyisothianaphthanenes, poly(3-hexylthiophene) and/or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication between the position actuator and the control device is performed in accordance with Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi, and WiMAX standards. The external computer is communicatively connected to control device through wired connection such as Ethernet and RS-232.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The PV system further comprises a tracker to direct the concentrator and primary PV cell to receive the normal radiation from a selected external source. The PV system is suitable for use as a solar PV generating system, and where the tracker is a two-axis tracker operable to track the apparent movement of the sun relative to the earth's surface, and where the concentrator is operative to concentrate direct sunlight on the primary PV cell, and to direct at least some diffuse skylight onto the secondary PV cell. The secondary PV cell comprises secondary PV cells surrounding the primary PV cell. The secondary PV cell is a bifacial cell exposed on its rear face to light entering the system from the hemisphere opposite the entry aperture of the concentrator. The concentrator is a Fresnel lens. The PV system further comprises reflective sidewalls that deflect greatly slanted incident radiation from the Fresnel lens toward the cells. The PV system further comprises an array of the primary PV cells, and a corresponding array of the concentrators each positioned to concentrate direct normal irradiance onto a corresponding one of the array of primary PV cells. The PV system further comprises an array of the secondary PV cells between and around the primary PV cells of the array. Preferred Method: The method of generating solar power further comprises combining the electrical outputs of the primary and secondary PV cells. The PV system further comprises using a two-axis tracker to track the apparent movement of the sun relative to the earth's surface, and to direct the concentrator and primary PV cell to receive the direct radiation from the sun.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinked-and-foamed rubber contains nitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In the method for fixing and supporting a PV module (1) on a surface by means of a connecting device, for plugging the structural member (9) onto the pivot (11), the PV module (1) is moved towards the surface keeping the plane of the PV module (1) parallel to the plane of the surface. The structural member (9) and the pivot (11), when plugged together, form a detachable joint, where the joint between the structural member (9) and the pivot (11) is detachable by affecting a magnetic force on the fixation means. The structural member (9) is firmly attached to the backside of the PV module (1). The structural member (9) is glued to the backside of the PV module (1). The joint between the structural member (9) and the pivot (11) is used to electrically connect the PV module (1) to a power network. Preferred PV Module: The structural member (9) and the pivot (11) are adapted for plugging the structural member (9) onto the pivot (11) by moving the PV module (1) towards the surface keeping the plane of the PV module (1) parallel to the plane of the surface. The structural member (9) is glued to the backside of the PV module (1). The fixation means comprises a mechanical lock (13) which can interact with a recess (14) in the pivot (11) when the structural member (9) is plugged onto the pivot (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin layer (A) has reflectance of 50% or more, when emitting light with wavelength of 400-1400 nm on surface of resin layer (A), transmittance of 60% or more with respect to light with wavelength of 800-1400 nm and absorption factor of 60% or more with respect to light with wavelength of 400-700 nm. The backside protective sheet has thickness of 10-1000 mu m. Preferred Composition: The resin layer (A) further contains white-coloring agent and infrared-permeability coloring agent. The backside protective sheet further comprises resin layer (B) which is bonded to resin layer (A). Preferred Component: The silicon-containing thermoplastic resin is graft polymer resin which is obtained by polymerizing monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound in presence of silicon-containing rubber. The resin layer (B) is white resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytic converter has a substrate element coated with an oxide selected from the group consisting of bismuth oxide, selenium oxide, tellurium oxide, arsenic oxide and manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The template is made of a material consisting of silicon carbide (SiC), silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic polymer film contains ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, PVC, polymethylmethacrylate, polymethylacrylate, polystyrene, nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide, polyimide, polyethersulfone, polyvinyl acetal, polyetherketone and/or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate and/or the encapsulation element are glass elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflective layer comprises silicon as a bonding material. The reflective layer comprises white pigments and/or white dye, particularly titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflective layer comprises bonding material and pigments and/or dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The reflective layer comprises polyvinyl butyral as a bonding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reflectance-enhancing material includes titanium oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum oxide and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semi-conductor quantum dot is cadmium-selenium-cadmium/zinc sulfide alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Glass: The glass (A1) comprises (wt.%): total iron (expressed as Fe2O3) (0.01-0.025), cerium oxide (0-0.03, preferably 0), and antimony oxide (0.15-0.30, preferably 0.18-0.28). The glass (A1) has total alkali content (Na2O+CaO+MgO+K2O) of not greater than 24.35 (preferably not greater than 24.25, especially not greater than 24)%. The glass substrate comprises FeO (0-0.0005%). The glass substrate includes at least twice as much antimony oxide as total iron oxide, by weight. EXAMPLE - Glass composition comprising (wt.%): silica (73.71), sodium oxide (Na2O) (13.53), calcium oxide (CaO) (10.65), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0), potassium oxide (K2O) (0.03), aluminum oxide (1.42), manganese oxide (0.0014), barium oxide (0.009), chromium oxide (0.001), titanium oxide (0.0105), total iron (as ferric oxide (Fe2O3)) (0.0205), antimony oxide (0.252), sulfur trioxide (0.383), and Na2O+CaO+MgO+K2O (24.21) was prepared. The obtained glass composition showed glass density of 2.492 g/cm3; and total solar transmission (ISO 9050) of 91.68%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base film consists of polyvinyl fluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, and/or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The front sub-module includes a superstrate cell. The front sub-module includes cadmium telluride (CdTe). The front sub-module also includes an alloy of CdTe, where the Cd is at least partially replaced by zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), magnesium (Mg), or manganese (Mn). The front sub-module includes CdTe alloys, where Te is at least partially replaced by sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or oxygen (O). The front sub-module also includes silicon (Si). The front sub-module includes copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). It also includes an organic cell. The front sub-module includes a glass-glass laminate. High-efficiency tandem photovoltaic device comprises: (a) a front sub-module; and (b) an organic rear sub-module, wired in parallel to the front sub-module, the organic rear sub-module being voltage-matched to the front sub-module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper or lower adhesive layer is made of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl butyral material. The flexible translucent layer is a tedlar-polyeaster-tedlar or polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system utilizes protocols such as IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Bluetooth, wireless universal serial bus, wireless fidelity (WiFi), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), Long Term Evolution (LTE), ultra wideband protocols (UWB), and Voice over internet protocol (VOIP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The case body is provided with a universal serial bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active photovoltaic cell is made of indium gallium arsenide or gallium arsenide. The contact layer is made of tin oxide, zinc oxide, and indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact layer is made of one among gold, silver, aluminum, copper, iron, nickel, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solution is methanol, ethanol and/or isopropanol solution. The dialkoxysilane is N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl-dimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionomer composition contains dialkoxysilanes (3 %mass or less with respect to 100 parts mass of zinc ionomer) having amino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier transparent vapor deposition film contains silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The barrier layer is a layer formed by laminating an anchor-coat layer and a deposited thin film layer of inorganic oxide on the polyester resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: An aluminum foil is provided as barrier layer at the side of weather-resistant material touching the polyethylene film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The weather-resistant material is a fluororesin film. The anchor-coat layer contains a mixture of composite of acrylic polyol and/or polyester polyol, and isocyanate compound. The barrier layer consists of a gas-barrier film layer containing water-soluble polymer, metal alkoxide, and/or its hydrolyzate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A wireless communication unit and a timing module are connected with the CPU control unit, where the wireless communication unit is a General packet radio service (GPRS), a Code division multiple access (CDMA), a Time division-code division multiple access (TD-CDMA), a Code division multiple access (CDMA2000), a Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), a Global system for mobile communication (GSM) or a microwave communication unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The terminal bar comprises a metallic wire, strip, or mesh. It also comprises a conductive ink. The terminal bar further comprises chemically or electrochemically deposited metal. The module has an end cell and a monolithic material structure forms portions of both the terminal bar and an electrode of the end cell. The conductor comprises aluminum or copper, and the fastener comprises stainless steel or titanium. Multiple fasteners are used to achieve multiple connections between the terminal bar and the conductor. The electrical connection between the terminal bar and the conductor is achieved absent the use of flexible metallic leads extending to the exterior of the module. The terminal bar has attachment structure intended to mate with complimentary attachment structure present on the conductor. The terminal bar attachment structure comprises through holes. Preferably, the mechanical fastener is selected from a threaded bolt, an expansion bolt, a metal anchor, a rivet, a U-bolt a spring clip, or a banana plug. The combination further comprises a second of the modules, where a terminal bar of the second module is electrically connected to the conductor in substantially the same way as the first module. The module has a length and a width, where the multiple cells are connected in series, the cells have a dimension substantially equal to the module width, and the cells arranged so that voltage increases progressively in the direction of the module length while being constant in the direction of the module width. The conductor serves as a buss for conveyance of power produced by a multiple of the modules. The combination is elevated above a base plain so that there is an air space between the base plane and the module. The elevation is achieved using a solid pier or liquid filled tank. The mounting structure comprises a pallet and/or a tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin layer is formed by lamination of resin film. Preferred Property: The resin layer contains fiber having an average fiber diameter of 4-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic polymer is an ionomer that is an ionic, neutralized derivative of a precursor alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer, where 10-60% of the total content of the carboxylic acid groups present in the precursor alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer have been neutralized with metal ions, and where the precursor alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer comprises copolymerized units of 2-10C alpha -olefin and 18-30 wt.% based on the total weight of the alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer, of copolymerized units of an alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated 3-8C carboxylic acid; or is an acid copolymer that comprises copolymerized units of 2-10C alpha -olefin and 18-30 wt.% based on the total weight of the alpha -olefin carboxylic acid copolymer, of copolymerized units of an alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated 3-8C carboxylic acid. The at least one thermoplastic sheet is a front encapsulant sheet layer positioned to the front sun-facing side of the solar cell layer and the at least one glass sheet is an incident layer positioned adjacent to the at least one thermoplastic encapsulant sheet layer and opposite from the solar cell layer; or is a back encapsulant sheet layer positioned to the back non-sun-facing side of the solar cell layer and the at least one glass sheet is a backing layer positioned adjacent to the back encapsulant sheet layer and on the side of the encapsulant sheet layer opposite from the solar cell layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The at least one encapsulant sheet layer comprises a polymeric material selected from acid copolymers, ionomers of acid copolymers, poly(ethylene vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, silicone elastomers and/or epoxy resins. The at least one encapsulant sheet layer comprises a thermoplastic polymer selected from acid copolymers and/or ionomers of acid copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The n-doped base layer comprises n-gallium arsenide (n-GaAs). The p-doped emitter layer comprises p-aluminum gallium arsenide (p-AlGaAs). The intermediate layer comprises n-aluminum gallium arsenide (n-AlGaAs). The device has several p-doped layers comprising layer containing p-gallium arsenide (p-GaAs), layer containing p-aluminum gallium arsenide (Al0.1Ga0.9As), layer containing p-aluminum gallium arsenide (Al0.2Ga0.8As), and layer containing p-aluminum gallium arsenide (Al0.3Ga0.7As).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer has group III-V monocrystalline and a base layer made n-gallium arsenide. An emitter layer made of p+-aluminum gallium arsenide is arranged below the base layer. A lateral surface is passivated with silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxide (SiOx), titanium oxide (TiOx), tantalum oxide (TaOx) and Zinc sulfide (ZnS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The computer includes a Bluetooth unit which is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs) and provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, personal computers (PCs), printers, digital cameras, and video game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reflective layer comprises white pigments and/or white dye, particularly titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The reflective layer comprises polyvinyl butyral or silicone as bonding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ferromagnetic cores are made of pure iron, mild iron, carbon steel, silicon steel, magnetic stainless steel, mild ferrite, nickel and iron alloys such as permalloy (RTM: nickel iron magnetic alloy), and nickel, iron and cobalt alloys such as Kovar (RTM: Nickel-cobalt ferrous alloy). The coils are made of aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the adhesive layer contains a compound containing epoxy group instead of amino group. The resin layer and polyvinyl acetal layer contains a compound containing alkoxy silyl and amino groups or compound containing alkoxy silyl and epoxy groups. The resin layer is a layer containing resin including carbonic acid bond, carboxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl group, ester bond or imide bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin layer is formed by electro-discharge treatment. Preferred Composition: The resin layer is layer containing polyester, polyunsaturated carboxylic ester, aromatic polyimide and/or aromatic polycarbonate. The polyvinyl acetal layer is a polyvinyl butyral layer, which contains plasticizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer is made of rhodium, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and magnesium-fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective layer is made of silver, aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The light reflection property of the protection sheet is measured according to the EN-471 standard. The adhesiveness of the protection sheet is measured according to the JISK6854 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photonic crystal is etched from crystalline silicon wafer and photovoltaic material comprises doped silicon rods. The silicon rods are each is doped with p and n materials. The photovoltaic region comprises silicon pillars of silicon cores surrounded in upper or lower region by cadmium-telluride (CdTe). The dielectric structures are silicon (Si), CdTe, indium-gallium nitride (In1-xGaN), and cadmium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In the process for making a polyolefin fiber, the polyolefin fiber is made from one polyolefin tape. The polyolefin tape is a high molar mass polyethylene (HmwPE) or ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMwPE) tape. Step (a) comprises: providing a fluid composition comprising HMwPE and/or UHMwPE; spinning a fluid tape from the fluid composition from a spinhole having an anisotropic shape; cooling the fluid tape to obtain a solidified tape; and drawing the solidified tape in at least one direction in at least one drawing step. The drawing step is performed only in longitudinal direction, at a draw ratio of at least 1.5, at least 10. The drawing step is performed in at least two directions, at an area draw ratio of at least 10. The fluid composition is a solution of UHMwPE in a solvent and the process comprises the step of at least partly removing the solvent. The fluid composition is a melt of HMwPE and/or UHMwPE having a molecular weight of up to 800,000. Step (a) comprises feeding a polymeric powder comprising HMwPE and/or UHMwPE between a combination of endless belts, compression-moulding the polymeric powder at a temperature below its melting point and rolling the resultant compression-moulded polymer followed by drawing. Step (c) is performed while the twisted or folded tape is drawn with a draw ratio of 1.01- 5.0, preferably 1.5-1.8. Preferred Fiber: The fiber has a tenacity of at least 30 cN/dtex, preferably at least 35 cN/dtex. The fiber has a substantially circular cross section and a diameter of at least 100 mu m, preferably at least 150 mu m. The fiber has a surface roughness Ra of at least 0.5 mu m, preferably at least 1 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Photovoltaic Module: The color of the lamination layer (10) is white. The lamination layer (10) is a polyolefin based polymer. The lamination layer (10) at least partially encapsulates the photovoltaic module. The back layer (14) is a float glass. Means for establishing external electrical connection to the photosensitive semiconductor layer (16) is provided. The lamination layer (10) comprises a stiffening structure. Preferred Method: In the method for manufacturing a photovoltaic module, in a step (e) an evacuation process is provided. In a step (f) a pressing process is provided. Step (f) comprises a pressing time of 100-400 seconds, preferably 200-300 seconds. In step (f), a pressure between 200 mbar and 15 bar, preferably 4.5 bar and 5.5 bar is used. In step (d), step (e) and/or step (f), a process temperature of 50-200 degrees C, preferably 140-160 degrees C is used. In a step (g), the photovoltaic module is cooled. A stiffening structure is included into the lamination layer (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control circuit board utilizes Bluetooth and universal serial bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a flexible substrate made of metal such as stainless steel or titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate is made of polymer film such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rubber board provided in the platform is made of silicon rubber or florin rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmission device has an universal serial bus (USB) terminal adjacent to which an LED is attached. Data transmission for the intermediate memory is wirelessly taken place by General packet radio service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), third-generation of mobile phone technology standards, 3.5G, fourth generation of cellular wireless standards, Wireless local area network (WLAN), Bluetooth or Zigbee.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: First sealing ring is fitted between the central component and base component and/or second sealing ring is fitted between the central component and housing cover by a dual-component injection molding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The cell includes transparent material of glass, plastic, and/or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material comprises cadmium telluride copper-indium selenide, and/or copper indium/gallium diselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The electrodes comprise graphite or glassy carbon. The wt. ratio of P3HT to PCBM is 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The 3-dimensional electrodes are coated with conductive polymer. The electrodes comprise cathodes and anodes coated with conductive polymer, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate). The photoactive material comprises donor polymer and crystalline silicone, where absorption of photon excites electron in donor polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The generator comprises stationary sealant made of aluminum or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive agent is chosen from urethane-type adhesive agent, ester-type adhesive agent, acrylic-type adhesive agent, olefin-type adhesive agent, silicone-type adhesive agent, rubber adhesive and/or epoxy adhesive. The fabric layer is laminated cloth containing woven fabric, knitted fabric, non-woven fabric and textile material which consists of polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, vinylon fiber, polyolefin fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber and/or cellulose fiber. The adhesive agent used in the installation method of solar cell module is chosen from epoxy adhesive, urethane-type adhesive agent, silicone-type adhesive agent, rubber-type adhesive, vinyl-ester-type adhesive, polyester-type adhesive, polymer cement-type adhesive agent, acrylic-type adhesive agent, polyolefin-type adhesive agent and/or resin mortar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device provides communication over a communication network such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) using an IEEE 802.11 protocol and Bluetooth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The phase change material has melting point of 15-50 degrees C. The phase change material is chosen from n-pentadecane, n-heptadecane, n-nonadecane, n-eicosane, n-heneicosane, n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, n-pentacosane, n-pentacosane, n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, n-octacosane, n-nonacosane, n-triacontane, n-hentriacontane, n-dotriacontane, n-tritriacontane, acetic acid, glycerin, lithium chloride ethanolate, polyethylene glycol 600, D-lactic acid, 1,3-methyl pentacosane, camphenilone, docasyl bromide, caprylone, heptadecanone, 1-cyclohexylooctadecane, 4-heptadacanone, cyanamide, methyl eicosanate, 3-heptadecanone, 2-heptadecanone, isopropyl stearate, caprylic acid, butyl stearate, dimethyl sabacate, vinyl stearate, methyl palmitate, capric acid, erucic acid, lauric acid, elaidic acid, pelargoinc acid, myristic acid, and eutectic system chosen from sodium chloride-sodium sulfate decahydrate, potassium fluoride tetrahydrate, manganese nitrate hexahydrate, lithium borate octahydrate, ferric bromide hexahydrate, calcium chloride hexahydrate, lithium nitrate trihydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, lithium bromide dihydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, manganese nitrate tetrahydrate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride tetrahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, copper sulfate heptahydrate, potassium fluoride dihydrate, magnesium iodide octahydrate, calcium iodide hexahydrate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, zinc nitrate tetrahydrate, potassium phosphate heptahydrate, magnesium nitrate heptahydrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate trihydrate, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, calcium nitrate trihydrate and sodium nitrate hexahydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The core is metal such as molybdenum, tungsten, or nickel. The dielectric material further comprises a ceramic material or aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The base substrate and the protective substrate comprise glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer layer comprises poly(vinyl butyral), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) or ionomers of partially neutralized ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer. Preferred Dimension: The polymer layer has a thickness of less than 2.29, preferably less than 0.508 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is NH4OH or a similar weak base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer substrate comprises a polymer selected from polycarbonate, acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and polyimide (preferably polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate). The polymer substrate has a sheet resistance of 8-15 Omega /unit not defined. The second layer (L1) has a thickness of less than 15 (preferably less than 5) mu m. The second layer (L2) has a thickness of less than 5 mu m. The third layer has a thickness of less than 15 (preferably less than 5, especially 0.25-4) mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The solder paste contains alloy chosen from tin-lead, tin-bismuth, tin-lead-silver, tin-copper and tin-silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is chosen from Tedlar (RTM: polyvinyl fluoride film)-polyethylene terephthalate-copper, Tedlar (RTM: polyvinyl fluoride film)-polyethylene terephthalate-aluminum, or structure made of glass, epoxy or coated polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electronic device can include antennas for communication with a Bluetooth-enabled device, over a wireless fidelity (WiFi) network that conforms to IEEE 802.11 a, IEEE 802.11 b, IEEE 802.11 g and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The consistency of copper-zinc-tin-sulfur nanometer particle is 1-100 mg/ml. The base is a common glass base, quartz glass base, molybdenum glass base or polyimide base. Preferred Process: Bivalent zinc salt, bivalent tin salt, univalent or bivalent copper salt and powdered sulfur are mixed. Oil is added to the mixture, heated and then purified, to obtain copper-zinc-tin-sulfur nanometer particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, 1,2-methylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, carbon tetrachloride, xylene, chloroform, tetracarp or chlorylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The bottom coating is coated on the fluorine-containing resin coating in the form of resin solution, and surface polarity and surface energy of the fluorine-containing resin coating are enhanced to increase bonding strength of EVA. Preferred Composition: The thickness of the fluorine-containing resin coating is 3-200 mu m. The thickness of the polymer basal membrane is 20-500 mu m. The bottom coating comprises (ptys.wt.) fluorine-containing resin (100), curing agent (0-20), other adjuvant (0-10), catalyst (0-20), and solvent (150-400). The thickness of the bottom coating is 1-10 mu m. The concentration of the resin solution is 2-30 wt.%. Preferred Components: The bottom coating resin is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 16-40% of vinyl acetate (VA), polyester resin with glass state temperature of 30-90 degrees C, acrylic resin, acrylamide resin, high polymer with alkyl radical, carboxyl radical, or epoxy radical. The bottom coating resin contains crosslinker; where the crosslinker is ester peroxide, ketal peroxide, dialkyl peroxide, oxazoline polymer, urea resin, melamine resin, or ethoxyline resin. The adjuvant is antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, or tackifier. The stuff with high reflecting rate is titanium pigment, calcium carbonate, mica powder, talcpowder, clay, wollastonite in powder, quartz sand, metallic oxide, black lead, ceramic powder, or cast stone powder. The stuff with high reflecting rate has high reflecting constituents comprising nanometer silicon oxide, nanometer titanium dioxide, nanometer magnesium oxide, nanometer zinc oxide, nanometer aluminum oxide, nanometer tin oxide, nanometer lithium fluoride, nanometer calcium fluoride, nanometer barium fluoride, nanometer calcium carbonate, hollow ceramic glass microsphere, and hollow glass microsphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carboxyl group of ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer is neutralized and crosslinked with zinc ion. Preferred Composition: The content of organic peroxide is 0.3-1.5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-type copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is glass fiber or layered silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell sub-modules are made of monocrystalline silicon material, polycrystalline silicon material or thin-film material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conducting oxide substrate is tin oxide-indium coated glass, tin oxide-indium coated polyethylene, tin oxide-indium coated polybutylene, tin oxide-indium coated polyethyleneterephtalate, tin oxide-indium coated copolymers of 2 or more polyethylene, polybutylene, and polyethyleneterephtalate, tin oxide-fluorine coated glass, tin oxide-fluorine coated polyethylene, tin oxide-fluorine coated polybutylene, tin oxide-fluorine coated polyethyleneterephtalate, and/or tin oxide-fluorine coated copolymers of 2 or more polyethylene, polybutylene and polyethyleneterephtalate. The coating of coated titanium dioxide nanowire array is niobium pentoxide. Preferred Process: The dye-sensitized liquid junction solar cell is obtained by using ruthenium polypyridinium dye as exciton acceptor dye and zinc phthalocyanine-tetra-tertiary butyl (ZnPc-TTB) as exciton donor dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant consists of sulfur, selenium, germanium, carbon, argon, silicon and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each of the thin-film N-type semiconductor and the thin-film P-type semiconductor and the semiconductor micro/nanostructure array are made of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium phosphide, gallium antimonide and/or zinc telluride. The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin-film N-type semiconductor is made of a small molecule organic semiconductor material consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline), (1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61), 4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenyl vinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl, beryllium-quinoline complex, aluminum(III) bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinate)-4-phenylphenolate, oxadiazole or 2,5-bis(tertbutyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene. The thin-film P-type semiconductor is made of a small molecule organic semiconductor material consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluoreny-2,7-diyl), (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methyl-phenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) or N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support is chosen from polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, acrylic resin and/or polyimide resin. The repeating unit of polymer is of formula: -(CF2-CF2)-, -(CF2-CFCl)- or -(CF2-CFCF3)-. The support contains ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Property: The thickness of polymer layer is 1-20 mu m, and thickness of support is 30-400 mu m. The polymer sheet is heated at 200-360 degrees C for 5-30 minutes. The content of polymer in aqueous medium is 5-55 mass%. The aqueous medium further contains surfactant. A sample of polymer sheet is set and to which calcium chloride (1 g) is added, placed in a 60 mm diameter moisture-permeable cup, sealed with wood's alloy and preserved at 25 degrees C and 90% relative humidity atmosphere for 60 days. The water vapor transmission rate of the sheet is then calculated by the following relation: (w2-w1)x 100x 100 three quarters x 3x 3.14, where w1 is the weight of cup measured after controlling the humidity at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 2 hours, and w2 is the weight of cup measured after controlling the humidity at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer applied to the solar thermal absorber is made of titanium dioxide. The layer having the trenches is made of a noble metal such as palladium and platinum. The system has a third layer made of titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A metal-deposited layer and/or metal oxide vapor deposition layer are formed on surface(s) of the syndiotactic polypropylene film. Preferred Composition: The syndiotactic polypropylene film contains inorganic particles. The metal-deposited layer and/or metal oxide vapor deposition layer contains aluminum, tin, copper, and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The syndiotactic polypropylene film has melt-flow rate of 0.5-100 g/10 minutes, melting point of 130-180 degrees C, and optical density of 0.3-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protection layer is made of light radiation passing material e.g. ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet is a fluorine resin sheet filled with glass cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electronic or electro-optic device is a polymer solar cell device or photodetector device. The polymer solar cell device comprises a bulk heterojunction structure, where the structure comprises at least one ingredient in addition to the conjugated polymer. The electronic or electro-optic device (d1) further comprises a second layer of active material disposed between the first and second electrodes such that the electronic or electro-optic device is a tandem photovoltaic device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Preparing conjugated polymer (P1) comprises a repeated unit (I) involves polymerizing pentalene monomer of formula (i) with substituted boronic acid ester compound of formula Y1-Ar'-Y-1 (ii) in presence of solvent (tetrahydrofuran) to give conjugated polymer (P1).Y1=boronic acid, boronic acid ester (preferably 1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl, 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-2-yl, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl), magnesium halide, zinchalide, or trialkyltin (including trimethyl tin, triethyl tin or tributyl tin).Preferred Components: The repeated unit is of formula (II). The conjugated polymer material is a photovoltaic material. The ingredient in addition to the conjugated polymer is at least one of a fullerene or its derivatives, where the fullerene or its derivatives is at least one of (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester or (6,6)-phenyl 71C butyric acid methyl ester. Preferred Definitions:    R1 and R2=2-ethyl-hexyl;    Ar'=22 compounds e.g. difluoro-2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-yl, 2-thia-1,3-diaza-cyclopenta(b)naphthalene-4,9-yl, pyrazine-2,5-yl, 2-thia-4-aza-indene-1,3-yl, 3,4-dinitro-thiophene-2,5-yl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) film is formed on silicon layer before performing laser scribing process. The silicon layer is made of ( alpha )-silicon. The etchant is selected from chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride (HCl), evaporative carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide snow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-rich fuel gas comprises carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-rich fuel gas comprises methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first and second thermophotovoltaic device comprises at least one of gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium antimonide (InSb), gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), aluminum antimonide (AlSb), and indium arsenide (InAs).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy further contains titanium (0.001-0.05), zinc (0.0001-0.01) and/or gallium (0.0001-0.01). Preferred Properties: The thickness of the aluminum foil layer is 7-120 mu m. The primary synthetic resin film layer contains polyethylene-terephthalate film having thickness of 50-300 mu m. The secondary synthetic resin film layer contains polyethylene-terephthalate film and/or ethylene trifluoro ethylene film having thickness of 20-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer comprises aluminum, titanium, chromium, and their alloy, preferably aluminum. The carbon-containing layer contains a carbon material and a binder. The catalyst layer contains a conductive polymer or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The p-type and n-type side electrode insulating members are made of polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The top covering board and the metal housing are made from magnesium-aluminum alloy. The air film is made from fluorothene material. The wiring box main body and the box body covering board are made from polyester polyphenylene oxide (PPO) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Adhesive: The adhesive contains a coloring agent and ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A diameter of titanium dioxide line is 0.2-5 mu m. The zinc oxide nano crystal grain has shape of nano rod with diameter of 100-300 nm and length of 1-5 mu m, or nano plate with thickness of 100-300 nm and diameter of 1-3 mu m. The thickness of composite film material is 20-100 mu m. The titanium halide is titanium tetrachloride. The water-soluble zinc salt is zinc acetate, zinc nitrate or zinc chloride. A thickness of electrospun film is 10-80 mu m. Preferred Process: The heating step is carried out at 50-200 degrees C for 2-24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: A spinning operating distance of electrostatic spinning equipment is 3-10 cm, and operating voltage is 5-25 kV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanate is tetrabutyl titanate, tetraethyl titanate or tetraisopropyl titanate. The citrate is sodium citrate, potassium citrate or ammonium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic modules are formed of amorphous silicon on a polymer substrate; or formed of a copper indium gallium selenide thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The membrane comprises a fabric (i.e., polyester vinyl), where a shape of the membrane is compensated for stretching based on stretching characteristics of the fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melt flow rate and density of resin composition for sealing material of solar cell element are measured according to JISK7210 and JISK7112 standards, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmission interface includes a Universal serial bus (USB) connection.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is a polycrystal silicon solar cell, noncrystal silicon solar cell, gallium arsenide solar cell or copper indium gallium selenide solar cell. The energy storage is nickel metal hydride accumulator, nickel cadmium accumulator or lithium accumulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmission interface i.e. RS-232 or universal serial bus (USB) interface is connected with the control unit for radio frequency module or Bluetooth module for wireless transmission.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell consists of a hole conductor, an electron conductor including a group III nitride based material, and a quantum dot comprising copper oxide, formed between the hole conductor and electron conductor. The group III nitride based material is aluminum gallium nitride or indium gallium nitride. The primary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising aluminum gallium nitride, and copper oxide-based quantum dots. The secondary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising aluminum gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride, and gallium nitride, titanium oxide or zinc oxide, and quantum dots which are compositionally or dimensionally different from the quantum dots of primary quantum dot solar cell. The tertiary quantum dot solar cell comprises an electron conductor comprising indium gallium nitride, and quantum dots. The quantum dots of secondary quantum dot solar cell and tertiary quantum dot solar cell are formed using indium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide, copper oxide, copper indium selenide and/or copper indium gallium selenide. The aluminum content of the secondary quantum dot solar cell is different than the aluminum content of the primary quantum dot solar cell and the indium content of the secondary quantum dot solar cell is different than the indium content of the tertiary quantum dot solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hole conductor comprises poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(3-dodecylthiophene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-co-N-(4-(3-methyl propyl)-diphenylamine), poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-2-methoxy-5,2-ethylhexyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for the electrically conductive thread is selected from the group containing carbon and metal. A translucent electrically conductive layer is attached on the semiconductors made of zinc oxide. The solar panel has a lattice, which is made of electrically conductive material preferably aluminum. The solar panel is provided on a side with an antireflection coating, which is made of coating silicon nitride ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Roof inclination groups are specified for roof sealings according to DIN 18531.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The crystalline semiconductor layer comprises thin film containing copper-indium-selenium type semiconductor material having chalcopyrite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic strips are connected through one or more conductors in a predefined manner, which is a series and/or parallel arrangement. The optical vees comprise a molded polymeric material. The reflective layer comprises a layer of solid blocks of a reflective material. The reflective surface comprises a polished sheet of a reflective material. The reflective layer comprises a sandwiched foil comprising a foil of a reflective material between two sheets. The optical vees comprise a reflection-enhancing layer to enhance the reflectivity of the optical vees. The transparent member is sealed with the base substrate along a peripheral region of the base substrate, and coated with an anti-reflective coating to reduce loss of incident solar energy incident on the apparatus. The optical vees are hollow, solid and made of a material consisting of glass, a plastic, ethyl vinyl acetate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyvinyl butyral, a silicone, an acrylic, a polycarbonate, a metal, a metallic alloy, a metal compound or a ceramic. The concentrating means comprises a molded polymeric material. The system further comprises: a dicer for dicing a semiconductor wafer to form the photovoltaic strips; a molder for molding a polymeric material to form the optical vees; a depositor for depositing a reflective material over the optical vees to form the reflective layer; a tool for machining solid blocks of a reflective material to form the optical vees; and a polisher for polishing the solid blocks to form the reflective surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar comonomer units are selected from vinyl carboxylate esters, acrylates and alkylacrylates, olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids, acrylic acid and alkylacrylic acid derivatives, and vinyl ethers. The polar comonomer units are selected from 1-6C-alkyl acrylates, 1-6C-alkyl methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl acetate. The polar comonomer units comprise methyl acrylate and/or methyl alkyl acrylate. The silanol condensation catalyst is sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The olefin copolymer is ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used in the silicon recovery method is a compound, having chemical formula (I). MaR (I)a=1 or 2;M=alkali metal, alkaline earth metal; andR=halogen, carboxyl, boric acid group and sulfate residue.The solvent used in the silicon recovery method is the compound, which is also selected from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium borate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium fluoride or potassium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic (PV) film comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CuInxGa1-xSe2, where x is not defined). The dopant is component chosen from copper, silver, indium, thallium, gallium, potassium, cesium and their respective selenides, tellurides, sulfides, and iodides, preferably copper selenide. The transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer formed on PV film comprises zinc oxide and buffer layer. The buffer layer comprises copper sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The water turbines and the floating box are set in the river, and the power generator and the transformer are fixed to the river bank. The water turbine is single-wheel large concave blade. The large concave blade is curved, U-shaped or ladder-shaped blade. The guide rudder swings left and right by control of the adjusting rod. The bottom portion between the two floating boxes is equipped with open water passage. The transmission shaft of the water turbine is universal joint structure. The inner side of the floating box is equipped with a guide baffle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition of the first layer is zinc telluride, or cadmium-zinc telluride. The composition of the second layer is cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium-zinc selenide, or cadmium-zinc sulfide. The charge-blocking layer comprises cadmium, zinc and selenium, where cadmium and zinc are compositionally graded from a first interface to a second interface of the charge-blocking layer; or cadmium, magnesium and selenium, where cadmium and magnesium are compositionally graded from the first interface to the second interface. The cadmium, magnesium, selenium, tellurium and zinc are in a compositionally-graded configuration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The frame units and arms are formed of polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - The sail membrane is made of woven fabric of synthetic fibers e.g. woven polyamide fabric, polyester fabric, polyester and polyethylene mixed woven fabric, hydrophobized with perfluoropolyalkylene and or nano-particle coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The conjugated polymer (I) is prepared by co-polymerizing 4,5-ethylene-2,7-carbazole based monomer with Ar-group containing monomer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=multiple combinations of vinylene radical, ethynylene radical, aromatic ring containing carbon hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, silicon and hydrogen atoms, aromatic heterocycle of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen atoms or aromatic heterocycle of carbon, silicon, sulfur and hydrogen atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polycrystalline silicon ingot has silicon content of 99-9-99.9999 wt.% and nitrogen type impurity of 0.000083-0.00113 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Polyvinyl alcohol is also added to water and tributyl borate containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is formed by 0.5-3% of hydrofluoric acid in dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.25-0.5% of ammonium fluoride in alcohol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resist polymer comprises polymethylmethacrylate. INORGNAIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal consists of gold, silver, rhodium, copper, chrome, nickel, brass, iridium and their alloys. The nano-crystalline structure is coated with a metal oxide or nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reduced atmosphere comprises hydrogen, carbon, carbon monoxide or mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The epoxy composite comprises (in parts weight): epoxy resin (40-60), carboxyl butadiene resin (20-30), carboxyl ester resin (10-20), glycidyl functional acrylic monomer (20-50), hydroxyl bifunctional acrylate monomer (20-40) and amino functional acrylic monomer (5-60). The acrylic monomer compound further comprises silane coated silica powder (40-100). The diameter of the silica powder is 1-10 mu m. The hardener comprises triethylenetetramine (20-50), diethyltriamine (10-30), carboxyl functional acrylic resin (20-40), synthetic resin powder (5-20), benzoyl peroxide (0.2-1), amine (20-30), mercapto carboxylic acid (30-50) and oxide mixture (5-20). The synthetic resin powder is chosen from neoprene rubber, polybutadiene rubber, polystyrene rubber, polyacrylonitrile rubber and polyurethane. The amine is triethyltetramine or diethylenetriamine. The oxide mixture is polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide. The hardener further comprises silica powder (40-100) and surface treated amino silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The self-cleaning material is made of one among titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide and zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic precursor comprises alkoxide, chloride, acetate, nitrate and/or oxalate of magnesium, zirconium, vanadium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, antimony, bismuth, zinc and/or nickel. The functional group of organic compound is hydroxyl group, amine group, carboxylate group, cyano group, isocyanate group, and/or thiol group. The solvent used in manufacture of composite is N,N-dimethylformamide, or mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofurane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexane or acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Aromatic diamine compound of formula: H2N-R2-NH2 or H2N-R3-NH2 is reacted with dianhydride compound of formula: X1-C(=O)-R4-C(=O)-X2 or of formula (III) in organic solvent, to obtain imide group-containing block or random copolymer (I) or (II).R1=group of formula (a)-(f);R2,R3=group of formula (g)-(k);Y1,Y2=O, -CO-, -S-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -CONH-, -(CH2)n1, -O(CH2)n2O-, -COO(CH2)n3OCO- or C(CF3)2-;n1,n2,n3=1-5;X1,X2=Cl, OH or OCH3;andR4=group of formula (g), (h) or (k).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano diamond grains are high-temperature high-pressure compound diamond, blasting compound diamond and/or impact wave compound diamond, with average granularity of 0-1000 nm. Preferred Process: Stirring and heating are performed during the acid and alkali processing such that the impurity content of the pure diamond raw material is less than 0.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid further contains pH adjusting agent (0.1-1.0), antistatic agent (0.1-1.0) and antioxidant (0.1-1.0). The pH adjusting agent is nitric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartrate, succinic acid, triethanolamine and/or dihydroxyethyl ethylenediamine. The antistatic agent is alkyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium glycine, N-alkyl amino salt, alkyl imidazoline, alkyl (benzene) sodium sulfonate, alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene oleyl sulfate and/or polyoxyethylene lauric acid ester. The antioxidant is 2,6-butylated hydroxytoluene, phenyl- alpha -naphthylamine, N,N'-di-butylbenzene diamine, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate and/or dodecyl selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wheel hub is made of corrosion proof titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The large floating power blade is made of glass steel coated with polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antimicrobial material containing silver or silver ion is inorganic type antibacterial agent. The content of silver in layer containing antimicrobial material and silicon type compound is 1-100 ppm of weight base. Preferred Process: The layer is obtained by injecting ion by plasma ion implantation in layer containing antimicrobial material and silicon type compound. The injection process of ion involves injecting ion into layer containing antibacterial agent and silicon type compound and conveying elongate film which has layer containing antibacterial agent and silicon type compound in surface part in fixed direction. Preferred Parameter: The water vapor permeation rate of gas-barrier film in 90% of relative humidity atmosphere and 40 degrees C is not greater than 1 g/m2/day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polar solvent is chosen from water, acetonitrile and N-methylpyrrolidone. The dopant is chosen from tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate and tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises (in % mass) dimethyl sulfoxide solution of hydrochloric acid (0.5-3) or alcohol solution of ammonium fluoride (0.25-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The fullerene derivative (I) is prepared by reacting thiophene compounds of formulae (II) and (III) and amine compound of formula: R 1-NH-C(=O)-OH in presence of solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is chosen from 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexane and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Diamine compound is dissolved in organic solvent. The obtained mixture is mixed with dianhydride of formula (III) and water, to obtain prepolymer (A). An aromatic diamine compound of formula: H2N-R'3-NH2 (III) is dissolved in polymerization solvent. The obtained mixture is then mixed with dicarbonyl compound of formula: X1-C(=O)-R'4-C(=O)-X2 (IV) or amine compound, to obtain prepolymer (B). The prepared prepolymers (A) and (B) are mixed with chain extender, diamine compound of formula: H2N-R'2-NH2 (V) and isocyanate compound, to obtain block copolymer (I) or random copolymer (II) having imide and amide groups.R'1=group chosen from groups of formulae: (a)-(f);R'2,R'3=group chosen from groups of formulae: (b)-(d) or (g);R'4=group of formula (a), (b), or (h) (all optionally substituted by CF3 or OH);Y1,Y2= O-, -CO-, -S-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -CONH, -(CH2)n1-, -O(CH2)n2-O-, or -COO(CH2)n3-OCO-;X1,X2=Cl, OH, or OCH3;andn1,n2,n3=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder is chosen from lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and itaconic acid. The amount of binder used for mixing with wood pellet is 0.1-10 wt.%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anti-aging agent is amine anti-aging agent; where the amine anti-aging agent is selected from one of amine-aging agent ODA, anti-aging agent D, anti-aging agent 4010, anti-aging agent H, and anti-aging agent MEC-75. The softener is cold resistant plasticizer; where the cold resistant plasticizer is one of plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) or plasticizer dioctyl sebacate (DOS). The mineral reinforce filler is selected from one of active reinforce agent, talcum powder, white carbon black, and wollastonite. The coupling agent is one of coupling agent SI-230, coupling agent KH-550, coupling agent A-172, and coupling agent SI-69. Preferred Conditions: In (a), the melting temperature is 90-100 degrees C; and the rotating speed of the low speed mixing is 20 rotations/minute. in (b), 5.5-6.0 pts.wt. of vulcanizing agent; where the mixing temperature is 80-90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The dimethylsiloxane polymer has viscosity of 100-1000 cps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal compound is dihalo alkyl germanium compound, dihalo alkenyl germanium compound, trihalo alkyl germanium compound, trihalo alkenyl germanium, dialkoxy alkyl germanium compound, dialkoxy alkenyl germanium compound, trialkoxy alkyl germanium compound and/or trialkoxy alkenyl germanium compound. The silicon compound is of formula: X12-Si-(R10)(-R11)-X13 (VI), X14-Si-(R12)(-X15)-X16 (VII) or X17-Si-(X18)(-X20)-X19 (VII).R10-R12=R1;andX12-X20=X1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 0.1-100 ppm of hydrosilylation catalyst and 30-99 weight% of polyorganosiloxane compound. The content of polymetallosiloxane is 1-70 weight%. The polymetallosiloxane is of formula: (R1R2R3MO1/2)m1(R4R5MO2/2)d1(R6MO3/2)t1(MO4/2)q1(R7R8R9SiO1/2)m2(R10R11SiO2/2)d2(R12SiO3/2)t2(SiO4/2)q2. The polyorganosiloxane compound is of formula: (R13R14R15SiO1/2)m3(R16R17SiO2/2)d3(R18SiO3/2)t3(SiO4/2)q3.m1,m2,d1,d2,t1,t2,q1,q2,m3,d3,t3,q3=0 to less than 1;m1+m2+d1+d2+t1+t2+q1+q2=1;andm3+d3+t3+q3=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The interconnect structure includes: many conductive layers; and may insulating layers formed between the conductive layers. The ground pads are islands or rings around a peripheral region of the substrate. The side of the encapsulant has a tapered or vertical geometry. The shielding layer electrically connects to the ground point or ground pad at an incline or straight profile. The semiconductor device (II) further includes: a backside interconnect structure formed over the interconnect structure, opposite the semiconductor die; the shielding layer which is electrically connected to the ground point; and a conductive pillar formed to electrically connect the shielding layer to the ground point. The conductive pillar is implemented with many studs or bumps or as a rod of conductive material. The semiconductor device (III) further includes: the backside interconnect structure; a shielding cage electrically connected to the ground point; and the conductive pillar.
Preferred Definitions:    Rf=XCnF2n-, X(CF2CF2)nOCF2CF2-, (CF3)2CF(CF2)(n-1)-, X(CF2CF2)OCF2CF2SO2- or XCnF2nC(O)-;    n=1-10;and    x=H, F or Cl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen producing device is further connected with a mixed power automobile. The direct-current bus is connected with an electric automobile. The energy storing device is an energy-storing battery. The hydrogen producing device is a water-electrolytic hydrogen producing device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer or oligomer has a repeating unit having hole transportability and repeating unit having aromatic amine or carbazole. The polymerizable substituent in the polymer or oligomer is oxetane group, epoxy group, vinyl group, acrylate group, and/or methacrylate group. The substrate is a resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Each of the acceptor and donor segments comprises porphyrinic macrocycle(s). The copolymer is an alternating copolymer. The acceptor segment comprising porphyrinic macrocycle is one or more of 13 segments, e.g. segments of formulae (I)-(V), where porphyrinic macrocycle(s) comprising porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin is represented by P'. The copolymer further comprises additional segment(s) of formulae (VI) and/or (VII). Preferred Method: Forming the copolymer comprises organometallic-mediated coupling reaction(s). It comprises using a catalyst comprising nickel or palladium. The first comonomer comprises greater than or equal to 2 groups comprising iodine, fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or triflate. The second comonomer comprises greater than or equal to 2 groups comprising Sn(R)3, ZnX2, MgX2, B(OR)2, X, or silyl.R=alkyl;andX=comprises I, F, Br, Cl, or triflate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The functional layer is positive hole injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Two 1,3,5-tris(diarylamino)benzene compounds are specifically claimed, i.e. N,N',N"-triphenyl-N,N',N"-tris(para-hydroxyphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine of formula (Ia) and N,N',N"-tris(4'-hydroxybiphenyl)-N,N',N"-tris(4-methylphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine.    EXAMPLE - (4-(Tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl)-phenylamine (in g) (6), 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (3.19), sodium tert-butoxide (5.82) and xylene (80 ml) were added into a flask, stirred and heated at 120 degrees C. Then, palladium acetate (0.02) and tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.04) were added to the resultant reaction mixture and heated at 120 degrees C for 6 hours. The obtained reaction product was extracted with toluene, purified by performing silica gel chromatography, and the purified material was recrystallized using toluene and ethanol in a ratio of 1/5, to obtain N,N',N"-tris-(4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl)-N,N',N"-triphenyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine (3.34). The obtained N,N',N"-tris-(4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl)-N,N',N"-triphenyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride were reacted in presence of tetrahydrofuran, to obtain N,N',N"-triphenyl-N,N',N"-tris(para-hydroxyphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine (2.2) (Ia). The obtained compound (Ia) had melting point of 125 degrees C and molecular weight of 628.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Nitro-containing compound of formula (II), acetate-containing compound of formula (III) and naphthalene-type compound of formula (IV) are reacted to obtain 1,4-di(2'-naphthyl)benzene compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine or its derivative has unsaturated bonds in a molecule. The amine is oleylamine, hexadecene amine, tetradecene amine, dodecene amine and/or decene amine. The functional group contained in the substrate is carboxyl group, epoxy group, isocyanate group and/or carbonyl group. Preferred Property: The amine or its derivative has molecular weight of 100-1000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, triacetyl cellulose, polyethylene naphthalate and/or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is steel material, plastic plate, waterproof sheet, siding of tile or concrete. Preferred Property: The tearing-off adhesive force of flexible solar cell with respect to base material is 15N/10 mm at 90 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of titania in the surface-modifying solution is 16.7-50 mu mol/g of phosphorus, preferably 20-33.3 mu mol/g of phosphorus. The concentration of phosphorus in the surface-modifying solution is 30-60 mu mol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A metal element (0.5-1.5 weight%) is further dissolved in surface-modifying solution. The metal element is chosen from silver, palladium, rhodium, nickel, rubidium and platinum, preferably platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The non-polar vinyl compound is styrene. The hardener is a radical polymerization initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: 0.01-10 Parts mass of hardeners are included with respect to a total of 100 parts mass of ethylene-olefin-polyene copolymer and non-polar vinyl compound. The non-polar vinyl compound contains 90 parts mass or more of 5-20C cyclic olefin and/or 8-20C aromatic vinyl compound excluding polyene. The polyene unit of ethylene-olefin-polyene copolymer is derived from divinylbenzene. The resin composition comprises postcure property resin composition (5-95 parts mass) and filler (95-5 parts mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkene portion in diarylethene group-containing compound is substituted by 2-5C alkyl, aromatic ring, cyano group or fluoro group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickness of the thermoelectric thick film is 1-100 mu m. The particle size distribution of the ceramic thermoelectric material is 0.5-20 mu m. The ceramic thermoelectric material is chosen from material containing calcium-cobalt oxide complex (ca3Co4O9, Ca9Co12O28, Ca2Co2O5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The guide rail is welded by steel board and guide rail.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode contains material chosen from silver, platinum, copper, nickel, stainless steel and indium-tin oxide. The nanoporous template contains anodized aluminum or polycarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ( pi )-conjugate conductive polymer structure contains polymer chosen from polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), carbazole-modified polysiloxane, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, polyindole, polyisothionaphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polyfluorene, polypyridine and their derivatives. The polymer structure is doped with dopant chosen from tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate, p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate and tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethane sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type thermoelectric material is a polycrystalline material, a single crystalline material or a textured oriented polycrystalline material; has a Seebeck coefficient of greater than or equal to -100 uV/K at 550 K; and further comprises a reduced phase. The p-type thermoelectric element comprises at least one compound selected from: Yb14MnSb11, Nax'Co2O4, Na1.5Co1.8Ag0.2O4, LaCoO3, La0.98Sr0.02CoO3, Li1-x'NbO2 (LN), and silicon-germanium (Si-Ge) series materials. The n-type thermoelectric element comprises at least one compound selected from: Bi2Te3; CaMn1-xRuxO3; CaMn1-xSmxMnO3; Sr0.98La0.02TiO3; Sr0.9Dy0.1TiO3, Zn0.98Al0.02O, SrTi0.8Nb0.2O3; Si-Ge series materials; (Sr1-x1D'x1)2(Nb1-x1D'x1)2O7-z; (Sr1-x1Bax1)1-yD'y(Nb1-yD'y)2O6-z. The n-type thermoelectric element comprises at least one compound of formula (Sr1-xBax)1-y'D'y'(Nb1-y'D'y')2Oz and (Sr1-xD'x)2(Nb1-xD'x)2Oz, which is a single crystalline material, a polycrystalline material, or a textured polycrystalline material. The p-type thermoelectric element comprises at least one of Nax'Co2O4 and Li1-x'NbO2.x1= less than or equal to 1;andy'=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type or p-type dopant is lanthanum boride, aluminum powder, bismuth powder and/or bismuth oxide. The inorganic binder is glass frit, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide and/or aluminum oxide. The etching paste further contains compound comprising fluorine or phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching paste contains (in wt.%) n-type or p-type dopant (0.1-98), binder (0.1-10) and solvent (1.9-99.8). The binder is organic binder and/or inorganic binder. The organic binder is cellulose-based resin, (meth)acrylic resin and/or polyvinyl acetyl resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 4-fluorinated polyol is tetrafluoroethylene, or copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. The isocyanate is chosen from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), HDI trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene bis(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate), and methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H12MDI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer is made of copper-chalcopyrite such as (Cu(Inx, Ga(1-x))(Sy, Se(2-y))) with 0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1 and 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 2 or Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The network is conformed to the specifications such as WiFi,Wi-Max.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (m1) involves performing deposition step with deposition parameters comprises plasma pressure, very high frequency power and high frequency power. No direct current power is applied to the target. The selected pressure is 6-140 (preferably 40-70) mTorr. The first frequency is 60 MHz and the first power is 4 kW. The second power is 0-600 watts. The second frequency is 2 MHz or 13.56 MHz. The second frequency is effective to cause ions within the plasma to move perpendicularly toward the substrate. A third power at third frequency is applied to the target. The third frequency (400 kHz-14 MHz) increases the sputter rate from the target. The third power is 500 watts-2 kilowatts. The method (M1) further involves adjusting at least one of selected pressure and the first frequency to change number of ions hitting the substrate; adjusting the second power to change the energy of the sputtered ions; controlling the temperature of the substrate. The pressure is reduced and the high frequency power is reduced to form an amorphous film. At least one of high frequency power and the pressure are increased to increase sputtered ion flux or ion energy to form a crystalline film. The percentage of hydrogen is controlled to reduce silicon dangling bonds in the film. The process gas mixture is effective to reduce dangling silicon bonds in the film. Preferred Components: The target is selected from silicon, doped silicon, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, transparent conductive oxide, metals and/or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) (preferably silicon). The process gas comprises (%) argon and/or hydrogen (30, preferably 2-10, more preferably 2.8). The film comprises CIGS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of silicon and is coated with a barrier layer comprising titanium oxide (TiO2) or silicon nitride (SixNy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by treating an amine compound of formula (II) with an alkyl halide of formula RZ, in the presence of a base, and with an alkyl halide of formula R'Z. Preferred Method: The method is carried out n the presence of acetonitrile as solvent. EXAMPLE - 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole (0.39 g) was dissolved in toluene (7 ml) and 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-tridecafluoro-8-iodooctane (1.31 g) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 12 hours, cooled and evaporated under vacuum (35 degrees C/18 mbar). The resultant residue was resuspended with a 1:1 vol/vol. solution of acetonitrile/chloroform (5 ml) and purified on a silica gel column. A solid 1-methyl-3-(8,8,8,7,7,6,6,5,5,4,4,3,3-tridecafluorooctan-1-yl)-1H-imidazolium iodide was obtained by evaporation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first precursor compound includes cadmium and/or selenium, preferably cadmium nitrilotriacetic acid, cadmium nitrate and/or sodium selenosulfate. The multi-bandgap quantum dot layer includes quantum dots including cadmium, selenium and/or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises alloying the multi-bandgap quantum dot layer which includes an ion exchange with zinc ion (Zn2+).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface (a) of distribution channel portion opposite to surface (b) which contacts with silicon-melt solution, is covered with heat-insulating material. The distribution channel portion is made of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite (15). Preferred Properties: The total thermal capacity of portion which exists in heat insulating material at less than 30 mm from distribution channel portion, and distribution channel portion is less than 13000 J/K. The cross section of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite is in form of V-shape, U-shape, circular arc, elliptical arc, circle, ellipse or polygon. Preferred Process: The distribution channel portion is obtained by laminating a component in perpendicular direction with respect to conveyance direction of silicon-melt solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises dispersant. Preferred Components: The ratio of compounds having greater than or equal to 22C hydrocarbon group is not less than 40 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The average particle diameter of the polymer is 80-140 nm. The polymer comprises acrylic acid (0.1-9 %mass) with respect to monomer mixture. The monomer mixture comprises monomer mixture (m1) containing monomer having two or more radical polymerizable groups and mixture (m2) which does not contain monomer. The polymer polymerizes the mixture (m2) after polymerizing the monomer mixture (m1). The glass transition temperature of the polymer comprised in the mixture (m2) and monomer mixture (m1) is 20 degrees C or more and 60 degrees C or less, respectively. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic photoelectric conversion element has electron carrying layer (18) between bulk heterojunction layer and transparent electrode or counter electrode. The compound (a) exists in bulk heterojunction layer (14) containing p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material. The cyclophane structure is (2,2)-para cyclophane structure. The cyclophane structure is of formula (I). The compound (a) is of formula (II).A1-A4=alkenyl or alkynyl, or aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted), preferably group of formula (i);R1-R4=alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkyloxy, aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted);R5=alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkyloxy, aryl or heteroaryl (both optionally substituted), preferably optionally substituted phenyl;B1=nitrogen-containing heteroaryl;p=1-3;q=1 or 2;r=1-3;X1-X8=carbon atom or nitrogen atom (both optionally substituted), where at least one of X1-X8 is nitrogen atom;L=single bond or bivalent coupling group;andA=group of formula (ii).Preferred Process: The bulk heterojunction layer is produced by solution coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: In the system, the inner tube (4) and outer tube (6) are formed by substantially rectangular tubes which are placed at an angle of 45 degrees one with respect to the other. The base is provided with a socket with screw thread and wherein the roof penetrator is provided at the bottom with screw thread filling in the socket.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phases (A) contain particles containing 40-60 wt.% of gallium. The volume of particles with respect to total volume of copper-gallium alloy is 90% or more. Phases (A) further contain ( gamma )3-phase and ( epsilon )phase comprising alloy of copper and gallium. The total volume of ( gamma )3-phase and ( epsilon )phase with respect to total volume of copper-gallium alloy is 99% or more. The volume of ( gamma )3-phase with respect to total volume of copper-gallium alloy is 90% or more. Preferred Properties: Particles have diameter of 0.1-30 mu m. The ( gamma )3 phase comprises particles having diameter of 0.1-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble resin is chosen from polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyester of polyalkylene glycol and polytetramethylene glycol. The water-soluble lubricating resin is of formula: R1-(CnH2n-O)m-R2.R2=H or 1-3C alkyl;R-1=alkoxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, amino, R3-C(=O)-NH or R3-C(=O)-O-;m=10-450;n=1-5;andR3=H, 1-20C alkyl or 2-20C alkenyl.Preferred Properties: The water-soluble resin composition has melt viscosity of more than 50 Pa.second at 100 degrees C. The metal foil has thickness of 0.05-0.5 mm. The layer of water-soluble resin composition has thickness of 0.01-0.3 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The resin film contains resin component containing a group reactive with the processing gas, and is chosen from fluororesin film, polymethyl methacrylate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalate film, polybutylene terephthalate film, polycyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate film, polycarbonate film, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film, polyolefin-type film, polyvinyl butyral film and polyimide film, preferably ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film. Preferred Process: The resin films are bonded together using or without using adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion elements contain quartz, alumina, mullite, titania, or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyvinyl alcohol has saponification degree of 92-99%. Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive organic compound and polyvinyl alcohol is 60-90 parts weight and 10-40 parts weight, respectively. The electroconductive organic compound is complex of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (23)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (24).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The segment (A2) has alcoholic hydroxyl group. The composition further contains polyisocyanate. The base material is sheet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first process source material is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second process source material is diethyl zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: In the solar battery module, in the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is stepwise reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased. In the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is continuously reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased. The glass substrate has strength so that the glass substrate is not broken with application of a pressure of 2400 Pa. The resin includes at least one of a phenol resin, an epoxy resin, a melanin resin, a thermosetting polyimide, polyurethane, unsaturated polyester, an alkyd resin, a urea resin, and an olefin resin. The buffer material comprises silicon oxide. In the resin structure, the mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin in a region contacting the glass substrate is greater than or equal to 640. The buffer material has a shape of an approximate sphere. Preferred Method: Alternatively, forming a solar battery module comprises: covering a glass substrate over a surface of which a photoelectric conversion film is formed, by a mixture material of a resin and a buffer material having a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the resin, and heating in a manner so that a temperature becomes higher as a distance from the glass substrate is increased, to cure the resin; and forming a resin structure so that a mixture ratio of the buffer material with respect to the resin is reduced as the distance from the glass substrate is increased.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bonding layer is made of chromium, titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hole buffer layer further contains 5 ppm or less of sulfur oxide (SOx, where x is not defined) as impurity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hole buffer layer is formed using polyethylenedioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal alloy is aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy, stainless steel and/or steel material, preferably ( alpha )-( beta )-titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin composition contains unsaturated polyester resin or epoxy resin as a main component, styrene monomer (10-20 %mass), bisphenol-A epoxy resin (10-20 %mass) and wet bulk molding compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The optical sheet is obtained by laminating an organic coating layer having thickness of 1-30 mu m on a surface of the sheet (a). Preferred Composition: The organic coating layer contains crosslinked resin comprising bifunctional or more acrylate resin as structural component. The bifunctional or more acrylate resin is acrylate having isocyanurate structure, acrylate having cyclic ether structure and/or acrylate having alicyclic structure. The organic coating layer further contains cured resin comprising bifunctional or more epoxy resin as structural component. The acrylate having isocyanurate structure is 1,3,5-tris-(2-allyloxy-ethyl)-(1,3,5)triazinane-2,4,6-trione. The acrylate having cyclic ether structure is (2-(2-(acryloyloxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl)-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methyl acrylate. The bifunctional or more epoxy resin is epoxy resin having triglycidyl isocyanurate or alicyclic structure, preferably 7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)hept-3-ylmethyl-7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane-3-carboxylate, 3,3'-bis(7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane) or oxygen-containing compound of formula (I).X=oxygen, sulfur, or bivalent group chosen from -SO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -CH(CH3)- or -C(CH3)2-.Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of resin in the organic coating layer is 150 degrees C or more. The optical sheet has mean coefficient of linear expansion at 30-150 degrees C of 40 ppm or less, thickness of 50-2000 mu m and parallel-ray transmittance at wavelength of 550 nm of 80% or more. Preferred Layer: The optical sheet further has a gas barrier layer containing inorganic oxide and a conductive layer comprising indium oxide as an outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The purifier is further equipped with an inspection mechanism (11) which inspects the structural component ratio of the dust-collected powder, and structure (10) for supplying flux (I) to the crucible. A classifier is provided for dividing the dust-collected powder recovered by the dust collection mechanism into waste material and recycled portion by classification. Flux preparation mechanism (II) is used together with flux preparation mechanism (I). Mechanism (II) adds flux component(s) to the recycling portion to obtain flux (II). Structure (II) is provided for supplying flux (II) to the crucible.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The flux contains silicon dioxide, alkali-metal oxide, alkali-metal carbonate, alkali-metal hydrogencarbonate, and/or alkali-metal silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fullerene derivative (1) is manufactured by mixing organic solvents, other fullerene derivative and strong bases, synthesizing metal containing fullerene derivative by adding liquid mixture of dicobaltoctacarbonyl and iodine, and compounding fullerene derivative (1) by arranging other fullerene derivative in obtained metal containing fullerene derivative under high temperature so that leaving groups may react in organic solvents. Preferred Parameter: The sum totals of double bond between carbon included in A with sulfur or selenium are 1-6. The sum totals of triple bond between carbon included in A with sulfur or selenium are 2-12. Preferred Composition: The ring contained in A is planar monocyclic ring which has 1-4 double bonds between carbon or 3-16 cyclic condensed rings. The monocyclic ring is heterocyclic ring which contains sulfur or selenium. Preferred Definitions:    F=fullerene C60 which may have a substituent or fullerene C60 derivative added with 2-10 hydrocarbon groups;    M=Co;    A=planar condensed ring which may have a substituent, 5-9 heteroatoms or electron donating group of one or more of 3 compounds, e.g. group of formulae (A1)-(A3);    Y=S or Se;    R-B=1-30C hydrocarbon which may have a substituent; and    n=0-2.    EXAMPLE - The dark green fullerene derivative was synthesized by heating para-xylene (2 mL) which dissolved metal containing fullerene derivative (10 mg) and bis(carbonyl dithio)tetrathiafulvalene (5.1 mg) at 140 degrees C for 4 hours, diluting obtained yellow reaction liquid with toluene (5 mL) and filtering by silica pad, reprecipitating filtrate by methanol and obtaining yellow-green solid substance, purifying solid substance by HPLC, and obtaining 6.3 mg of dark green fullerene derivative with yield of 59%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A part of wall or tube of reactor body as well as inner part of top (5) and bottom head (3) are produced from silicon, preferably of metallurgical quality or purer. The device for heating reactor comprises heating light sources (7-9) (preferably source of infrared light).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Nitrophenyl benzothiophene intermediate compound (A) is obtained from bromo nitrobenzene by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Stille coupling, Ullmann coupling or Negishi coupling reaction using an organometallic catalyst. Benzothieno indole derivative (B) is obtained from compound (A) using reducing agent by Cadogan reaction. Indole derivative (I) is obtained from derivative (B) by Ullmann coupling reaction. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=group of formula (i);and    R11=H or 1-40C linear alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 Indole derivatives (I) are disclosed e.g. diphenyl-(10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indol-6-yl)amine of formula (Ia), 8-chloro-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole, 7-bromo-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole, 7-chloro-9-methyl-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole and 7-chloro-3-methoxy-10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole.    EXAMPLE - 2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-1-benzothiophene (in g) (6.9) was added to flask and substituted with argon. Triethylphosphate (140 mL) was added, heated and refluxed for 22 hours. Triethylphosphate was distilled and residue was purified, to obtain 10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole (3.3) at yield of 5.5%. The obtained compound (1), copper iodide (I) (0.26) and tribasic potassium phosphate were added to flask and argon substitution was performed. 1,4-Dioxane (50 mL), iodobenzene (0.9 mL), and trans-1,2-diamino cyclohexane (0.55 mL) were added and reaction solution was heated and refluxed for 10 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained crude product was purified and 10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole (1) was obtained in the form of white powder at yield of 72%. The obtained powder (1) was subjected to sublimation purification at 160 degrees C to obtain white amorphous solid at purity of 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The activated charcoal is pre-processed using steam, hydrochloride and/or ammonia at 400-800 degrees C for 1-10 hours. Silicon (1-10 wt.%) and chlorine (0.5-5 wt.%) are added to the pre-processed activated charcoal. Preferred Component: The activated charcoal further comprises nickel, cobalt, copper, calcium, strontium and/or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The size of the silicon metal is 1 micron. Preferred Method: The method involves using boric acid (250 kg) as additive for stabilizing the generation of heat during the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): An alkali metal salt of formula: MOCR2R3(CH2)nOR1 and silicon compound of formula: Si(R1)nX4-n are reacted to manufacture silicon complex compound.X=chloro, iodo or bromo;andM=lithium, sodium or potassium.Preferred Method: The silicon complex compound is produced using solvent chosen from pentane, hexane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and toluene. The silicon thin film is formed by chemical vapor deposition. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=CH3, C2H5 or CH(CH3)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bare busbar is copper bars or copper aluminum-clad bars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid anhydride fixing agent is phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and/or methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride. The flame-retardant active filler is magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, antimonous oxide and tetrabromo bisphenol-A.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bisphenol-A liquid epoxy resin is diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The method involves performing cleaning process using hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution or aqua regia, and drying process. The germanium raw material of germanium melt solution is washed and etched using liquid mixture containing hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, such that germanium oxide on the surface of germanium raw material is removed. The crystal is made to grow in argon atmosphere with oxygen concentration of less than 0.1 ppm. The boron oxide melt solution covers 20-80% of the surface of germanium melt solution. The residual moisture content of boron oxide raw material of boron oxide melt solution is less than 100 ppm. The germanium melt solution contains impurity chosen from boron, gallium or indium. The inner-wall surface of crucible is formed using material comprising quartz glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal component of the metal carboxylates is antimony, indium, cerium, yttrium, tin or zirconium, preferably antimony or tin. The weight ratio of tin/antimony based on a metal is 80:20-99.5:0.5. The solution contains (in wt.%): dibutyltin diacetate and antimony(III) acetate (70-97); and acetic acid anhydride (3-30). The lambda , which is a molar ratio of available oxygen in the oxygen-containing gas/oxygen required for the combustion of the fuel gas and oxidation of the solution, is 2-5. The particle size distribution (d50), determined by dynamic light scattering, amounts to less than 150 nm. The content of the antimony-tin mixed oxide powder in the dispersion is 15-40 wt.%. The pH of the dispersion is 8.5-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution additionally contains at least one 1-5C carboxylic acid. EXAMPLE - Solution (900 g) containing (in wt.%) dibutyltin diacetate (76.2), antimony(III) acetate (2.77), acetic acid anhydride (16.03) and acetic acid (5), was atomized with an atomizing air (4 Nm3/hour) by a two-component nozzle. The resulting droplets with the particle size spectrum of 5-15 mu m were burnt in a reaction chamber in a flame formed of hydrogen (2.5 Nm3/hour) and air (24 Nm3/hour), corresponding to a lambda of 4.1, where the temperature was maintained at 680 degrees C below the flame (0.5 m). Then the hot gases and the solid products were cooled in a cooling line, and the resulting solid was deposited on a filter to obtain an antimony-tin mixed oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel cell is a metal-air fuel cell made of metal such as lithium, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The vinyl acetate repeating unit content of copolymer is 20-35 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed solution (A) is mixed solution of hydrochloric acid (in volume%) (1-37) and hydrogen-peroxide solution (1-20), or mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid (1-10) and hydrogen-peroxide solution (1-20). The concentration of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid in mixed solution (B) is 5-20 volume%, 5-40 volume% and 5-30 volume%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive film further contains a monomer and/or an oligomer as binder component (4). Particles (2-b) are coupled with particles (2-a) more firmly through the binder component. The chemical bonding is graft polymerization, preferably radiation graft polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer containing the compound having heterocyclic group-containing partial structure (I) is formed between the bulk heterojunction layer and cathode. Preferred Compound: The compound having heterocyclic group-containing partial structure (I) is of formula (II), and is a low-molecular-weight compound formed by solution coating method.X2-X6=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom, where at least one of X2-X6 is nitrogen atom;andX1=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom, preferably nitrogen atom. Preferred Definitions:    Z2=nitrogen-containing 6-membered aromatic ring;and    Q=carbon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon atom-containing compound layer contains polysilsesquioxane containing (meth)acryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The support having the coating film is wound up into the second film roll by using a lay-on roller. Preferred Components: The thickness of the inorganic film formed is greater than or equal to 10 nm. The coating film is formed of a material comprising a radiation-curable monomer or oligomer. EXAMPLE - An acrylic monomer and a photopolymerization initiator were dissolved in an organic solvent to form a coating solution. The obtained coating solution was applied to a support B (polyethylene terephthalate base of 1000 mm in width and 100 mu m in thickness) by a die coater, dried and then cured by ultraviolet curing to form a coating film with a thickness of 1 mu m, which was then winded using lay-on roller. Then an alumina film was formed by reactive sputtering using aluminum as a target to obtain the functional film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flux is mixed among the oxides of silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, calcium fluoride, alumina and magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate of the plate assembly is preferably formed from American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) type 304 steel with reinforcing ribs capable of supporting loads up to 18000 pounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The advanced reduced instruction set computer (RISC) machine (ARM) processor is externally connected with an RS-485 communication module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron-donating compound is selected from a phenyl amine compound, triphenyl methane compound, carbazole compound, phenol compound or a tetrathiafulvalene compound. The electron-accepting compound is selected from a quinine compound, fluorenone compound, chloranil compound, bromanil compound or a tetracyanoquinodimethane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The silicon-manufacturing apparatus has inert-gas supply pipe (14) having inert-gas supply port which supplies inert gas to the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volume change of volume of unit cell in lithium-iron-phosphorus-silicon complex oxide of formula: LixFe1-xMxP1-ySiyO4 (II) with respect to volume of unit cell in complex (I) is 5% or less, preferably 4% or less. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode comprises positive electrode active material, electroconductive material, and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon nitride film consists of silicon oxynitride and/or silicon nitride (Si3N4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The non-oxide ceramic material which forms the infrared absorption film layer is titanium diboride, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, zirconium carbide, and/or their composites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material which consists of metal material having high thermal conductivity consists of copper, silver, nickel, aluminum, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizing liquid is liquid containing sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and/or nitric acid. Preferred Process: The method further involves removing silicon-oxide film formed in the surface of silicon microparticles using solution containing hydrofluoric acid or mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, after pulverizing the silicon lump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The removal agent contains copper which is attached by surface of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The treatment is a heat treatment. The method comprises: pattern-forming the transparent conductive layer via a pattern forming treatment; and conducting a washing treatment for the transparent conductive layer. Preferred Components: The coating solution and the crosslinking agent comprise a polymer comprising a group capable of conducting reaction with the crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent is soluble in a solvent for the coating solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An amorphous film is further provided on the ceramic substrate. Preferred Composition: The titanium-type compound film is chosen from titanium-silicon compound film, titanium nitride oxide, titanium carbide film, titanium boride film and titanium carbonitride (TiCxNy) film, where x and y are not defined. Preferred Properties: The sheet resistance of titanium-silicon compound film is less than 0.5 Omega /cm2. The thickness of the ceramic substrate is 0.1-1 mm. The thickness of the titanium film is 500-5000 Angstrom . The ratio of thickness of amorphous silicon film and titanium film is 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anodized coating layer is made of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anodized coating layer is made of polytetrafluroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester film further contains phosphorus ( less than or equal to 100 ppm) and carboxy powder odd amount of less than or equal to 20 eq/tons (preferably less than or equal to 10 eq/tons). The polyester film is formed by adding reactive terminal blocking agent in polyester. Preferred Parameters: The size of powder is less than or equal to 100 mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles are metal nanowires. The metal microparticles-removal liquid contains bleach-fixing solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous polymer resin having reactive group is water-soluble resin. The adhesive layer further contains hydrophobic polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The beam is made of aluminum or galvanized steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The glass raw materials are mixed so that an alkali component is Na2O (0.007-0.2 mass%), Li2O (0-0.05 mass%), and potassium oxide (K2O) (0-0.05 mass%). A beta -OH value of the resultant glass is greater than or equal to 0.20/mm. A zirconia (ZrO2) content of the resultant glass is not less than 0.01% to less than 0.4 (preferably 0.01-0.3) mass%. The raw materials are mixed so that the glass contains (mass%): silica (SiO)2 (50-70), alumina (Al2O3) (10-25), boric oxide (B2O3) (8.4-20), MgO (0-10), CaO (6-15), BaO (0-10), SrO (0-10), ZnO (0-10), titanium dioxide (TiO2) (0-5), and phosphorus pentaoxide (P2O5) (0-5). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented polyester film has haze value of 0-50%, average refractive index of 1.6-1.85 along longitudinal direction and width direction, surface roughness of 0.5-20 nm, ten-point average surface roughness of 50-300 nm, and temperature coefficient of expansion of -5 to 8 ppm/ degrees C. The ratio of length and breadth of island portion is 1-20. The island portion has diameter of 30-200 nm, and contains noncrystalline polymer having glass transition temperature of 210-400 degrees C. Preferred Compound: Polyester is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate or their modified products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I) comprises metal compound of formulae ((EtCp)3M) (a) (0.01-0.5M), ((iPrCp)3M) (b) (0.01-0.5M), and ((tBuCp)3M) (c) (0.01-0.5M), dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is an alkane, alkene, alkyne, amide, acetate, ether, ester, and/or a hydrocarbon, preferably n-octane. The solvent is: oxygen-free; and a linear, branched or cyclic alkane having 2-20C. The film is gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), or lanthanum oxide (La2O3). The second precursor containing oxygen containing compound is oxygen, ozone, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, carbon oxygen, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, an alcohol, an acid, or an oxidant. The second precursor comprising the nitrogen containing compound is ammonia, hydrazine or an amine. The reducing compound is hydrogen or hydrogen atoms. In formula (a):M = lanthanide or group III element, preferably Gd.In formula (b):M = lanthanide (preferred) or group III element.In formula (c):M = lanthanide or group III element.Preferred Method: The delivering of the vaporized first precursor comprises delivering the first precursor in an ideal square wave form. The introducing of the second precursor comprises delivering the second precursor in an ideal square wave form. The vaporizer temperature is 140-180 degrees C, preferably 150-160 degrees C, and the deposition temperature is 150-200 degrees C, preferably 150 degrees C. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electron donor is high-molecular compound. EXAMPLE - 60C Fullerene (in mg) (150), (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetate (55), 5-(4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazol-7-yl)thiophene-2-carboaldehyde (217) and chlorobenzene (50 mL) were mixed, heated and refluxed for 3 hours. The solvent was removed from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was washed with methanol, dried and purified to obtain N-methoxyethoxyethyl-2-(4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazole)fulleropyrrolidine (56).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor capable of forming semiconductor layer is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imidazole-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (II), more preferably of formula (III) or (IV). The imidazole-type compound (IV) is preferably triphenylamine-type compounds of formulae (V) and (VI).R6,R7=H, halo, hydroxy, thiol, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino or heterocyclyl;R6+R7=optionally ring;n=0 or more;Y'=S, O or Se;R8-R10=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, seleno alkoxy, aryl, or heterocyclyl;n8,n9=1-5;andn10,n11=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The phthalimide-type compound (I) is obtained by reacting metal-containing naphthalene compound of formula (A) with halogenated compound of formula: Y'-L-Y'Y'=halo or pseudo-halogen atoms;andM=metal reagent.Preferred Compound: The phthalimide-type compound (I) is of formula (II), (III) or (IV).L=group chosen from 12 groups e.g. group of formula (i)-(v);R11-R15=halo, cyano, or 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 6-20C aryl, 3-20C heteroaryl, 1-20C alkyloxy, 6-20C aryloxy 6-20C arylamino or 1-20C alkylamino (all optionally substituted);a=0-4;b=0-3;andc-e=0-2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 33 Phthalimide-type compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 2-methyl-5-(3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione of formula (Ia), 2-methyl-5-(6-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione, 3-methyl-10-(3-(3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaen-8-yl)phenyl)-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaene-2,4-dione, 3-methyl-10-(6-(3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaen-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaene-2,4-dione and 3-methyl-8-(4-(3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(12),5(13),6,8,10-pentaen-8-yl)phenyl)-3-azatricyclo(7.3.1.05,13)trideca-1(13),5,7,9,11-pentaene-2,4-dione.    EXAMPLE - 2-Methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-diol (In g) (1), 1,3-dibromobenzene (0.41), cesium fluoride (0.79), tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine) palladium (0) 0.1 and 2-dimethoxyethane (17 ml) were mixed, stirred at 80 degrees C for 6 hours, and water was added to obtained mixture, filtered and separated, to obtain 2-methyl-5-(3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The working substances are material comprising cyclopropane, propadiene, propyne, iodotrifluoromethane or dimethyl ether, or alkanes comprising 1-chloro-1, 2, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane, 1-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane, methyl chloride, bromodifluoromethane, iodotrifluoromethane and 2-methylpropane, or ether, which has two carbon atoms, or material having 1-chloro-1, 2, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane, 1-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane, 2-methylpropane, isobutene, cyclopropane, propadiene, propyne or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The in-vehicle wireless power transmission system charges or power one or more mobile devices used in a car mobile phone handset, Bluetooth headset, Bluetooth hands free speaker phone, global positioning system (GPS), MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) player and wireless audio transceiver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The photoelectric conversion element has the photoelectric conversion layer provided into electrode interlayers. The element has a bulk heterojunction formed by removing solvent from mixed solution of conductive polymer and electron acceptor during formation of photoelectric conversion layer. The conductive polymer functions as a hole receptor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron acceptor further contains fullerene derivatives other than the fulleropyrrolidine derivative. Preferred Definitions:    fullerene = 60C fullerene;    R2 = group of formula (i);    R3-R7 = -R14-C(=O)-O-R23, -R15-O-C(=O)-R24, -C(=O)-O-R25, -O-C(=O)-R26, -R16-C(=O)-NH-R27, -R17-NH-C(=O)-R28, -C(=O)-NH-R29, -NH-C(=O)-R30, -R18-N(-R31)-R32, -N(-R33)-R34, -(-R19-O-)m'-(-R20-O-)n'-R35, or -(-R21-S-)a'-(-R22-S-)b'-R36;    R14-R18 = R8;    R19-R22 = R11;    R23-R36 = R9;    m', a' = 1-3;and    n', b' = 0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material layer is made of metal consisting of palladium, gold, silver, platinum, copper, rhodium, aluminum and chromium and a metal oxide semiconductor consisting of indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, titanium oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide and indium zinc oxide, and is indium oxide containing tin oxide as a dopant and/or tin oxide containing antimony or fluorine as a dopant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric generator uses bismuth telluride and antimony telluride based semiconductors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molten crystalline material comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Machine: The extrusion machine is a twin-screw extruder having gear pump (4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of organic peroxide is 0.1-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of resin. The resin is extruded at 140 degrees C or less, preferably 120 degrees C or less with organic peroxide having half-life (1 hour) temperature of 140 degrees C or less, preferably 120 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: Refractive index of silica porous body is less than or equal to 1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The contact process is carried out in liquid phase. The metal is in molten state. The polymerization process is chemical polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The donor portion is made of either poly (3-hexylthiophene) or pentacene. The acceptor portion is made of (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester molecule, zinc oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the apparatus: a reinforcement material is attached to the outside of the zinc evaporator; the seal pot is attached to the solid trapping pipe; a cut groove is formed at the upper opening end of the seal pot; and an inert gas introduction pipe is connected to the solid trap ping pipe and the main vertical cylinder part. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process takes place as a fluidized bed process in a fluidized bed furnace and the grain size of the granules lies in a range of several hundred micrometers, and the conversion process takes place at 350 degrees C. The process takes place in a shaft furnace, and the grain size of the granules lies in a range of a few millimeters to several centimeters, and the conversion process takes place at 650 degrees C. The solid silicon-containing sawing waste is compacted into a solid dry composition and processed into granules with the desired size, which are added to the conversion process. An inorganic binder is added to the solid dry composition to obtain stable granules. Reaction gases of trichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride originating in the reaction vessel are separated in subsequent distillation steps, and the silicon production process is again fed. Ferric chloride originating in the reaction vessel is dissolved in a condensation vessel from the reaction gases. The silicon carbide as solid residue is collected at the bottom of the reaction vessel, and is supplied depending on the grain size of different applications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal hydride is sodium hydride, lithium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride or potassium aluminum hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains cyclic ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane and/or butyl ether, or toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane and/or heptane. The silicon halide is of formula: SiXnY'4-n or HnSiX4-n.X,Y'=F, Cl or Br;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - preferred Method: The method involves cutting off the top sections of the sugar cane stalks which yield little or no sugar, in the field. The method (M2) involves collecting the thermal energy generated by the burning of the sugar cane stalks and utilizing the thermal energy to provide energy for other processes at the sugar processing plant. Preferred Components: The burner includes an entrance opening through which sugar cane stalks with adhering trash, are introduced into the burner; an exit opening through which burnt stalks exit the burner after having the trash burned off; and a conveyor for conveying the sugar cane stalks through the burner from the entrance opening to the exit opening, while the trash is burned off the stalks. The sugar processing plant includes thermal energy collection unit for collecting the thermal energy generated by the burner by the burning of the sugar cane trash. The thermal energy collection unit is in the form of steam generation unit where the thermal energy generated in the burner by the burning of the sugar cane trash is used to heat water for generating steam. The sugar processing plant includes an electricity generation unit which utilizes the steam generated by the steam generation unit, for generating electricity; and steam conveying unit for conveying the steam generated by the steam generation unit to equipment in the sugar processing plant which utilizes steam in its operation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The process gas further contains helium, neon and/or argon. The molten flux contains oxide of silicon, calcium and/or aluminum, and/or oxide, fluoride, carbonate, chloride and hydroxide of alkali metals e.g. aluminum and titanium, and alkaline-earth metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process gas contains fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, helium, neon, argon and/or hydrogen. The flux contains oxide of silicon, calcium and/or aluminum, and/or oxide, fluoride, carbonate, chloride and hydroxide of alkali metals e.g. aluminum and titanium and alkaline-earth metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of calculating a crop line further involves calculating the crop line based on a threshold impurity concentration; calculating the crop line based on a threshold boron concentration; calculating the crop line based on a threshold phosphorus concentration; calculating the crop line based on a threshold aluminum concentration; and calculating the crop line based on the P/N changeover of the silicon ingot. The step of performing a directional solidification uses a dual directional solidification furnace that concentrates impurities on the top and one side of the silicon ingot. The step of mapping the resistivity profile further comprises mapping the resistivity profile as a 3-D solidification interface. The step of dividing the silicon ingot into several bricks further comprise dividing the silicon ingot into several bricks smaller than 18 kilograms. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of tin layer is 0.75-1.25 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat radiation component is coated with an oil having a density of 0.76 g/cc at 15 degrees C, a flash temperature of 52 degrees C, and a kinematic viscosity of 1.26 mm2/second at 40 degrees C, or an oil having a density of 0.77 g/cc at 15 degrees C, a flash temperature of 61 degrees C, and a kinematic viscosity of 1.41 mm2/second at 40 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The urethane resin layer has a thickness of 0.01 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive layer contains indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, gold, silver, copper or aluminum as essential component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is made of electrically insulating material such as glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of electrically insulating material such as quartz, diamond, alumina, sapphire, aluminum nitride, zirconia, spinel and electrically conducting material such as silicon, doped silicon, crystalline silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide and indium phosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made electrically conducting material such as metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of fluorine atom with respect to carbon atom of the fluorine-containing acrylic-type compound is 0.15-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles further comprise a dopant. The nanoparticles comprise titanium dioxide. The dopant is selected from H, N, S, C and/or B. The nanoparticles have dimensions of 1-100 (preferably 1-50) nm. The porous clusters have dimensions of 20-600 (preferably 50-600) nm. The aggregate clusters have dimensions of 150 nm to 5 mu m (preferably 200 nm to 5 mu m). Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves forming the nanoparticles. In the process (P1), forming the nanoparticles involves forming the nanoparticles using an electrochemistry technique; and forming the nanoparticles using a sol-gel technique. Applying the solution to the substrate involves spin casting the solution onto the substrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon sludge is further washed with ultrapure water containing hydrogen, water and dissolved ozone solution, and silicon oxide film is formed in the surface layer of silicon powder. The ozone contained in the silicon sludge is further oxidized and removed by supplying hydrogen peroxide solution into the container. The silicon oxide film is further washed using hydrofluoric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The low-vacuum degree and high-vacuum degree of vacuum chamber is 40-100 torr and 5x 10-2 torr, respectively. Preferred Component: The apparatus further has molten-metal holding container, inert gas supply apparatus and unidirectional solidification apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Target: The target comprises a mixture of copper, indium, and aluminum, so that the atomic ratio of copper to indium and aluminum is less than one. Alternatively, the target comprises a mixture of copper, indium, and gallium, so that the atomic ratio of copper to indium and gallium is less than one. The target is disposed on a planar or cylindrical rotary magnetron. The target further comprises sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Polymeric block (B) consists of a butadiene unit and an isoprene unit. The polyolefin resin is a crystalline propylene polymer. The content of polyolefin resin is 0.5-8 %mass. The thermoplastic elastomer composition further contains tackifying resin (10-300).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The unradiated portion in the formed pattern is decompose-removed after irradiating the ultraviolet ray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The bundled wire device further comprises: a third stranded wire, where the third stranded wire is also surrounded by the mesh sheath and the third stranded wire is colored black; and many first stranded wires and many second stranded wires. The first stranded wire, the second stranded wire or the stranded copper ground wire has a size of 4, 6, 8 or 10. The mesh sheath is constructed from a material comprising PVC, rubber and/or flexible plastic. The mesh sheath has pores, where the pores are 0.5-5 mm in diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles further contain glass powder. Preferred Property: 50 weight% average particle diameter (D50) of the glass powder is 0.2-5 mu m, and the maximum particle diameter (Dmax) of the glass powder is 30 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The phenol type radical trapping agent is hindered phenol type radical trapping agent and p-methoxyphenol and/or p-hydroxystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass plate has thermal contraction rate of 20 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The amine has iodine number of 83 or less. Preferred Compound: The amine is oleyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric material has an average thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of up to 2 at 500-1000 K. TM1, TM2 and TM(n) alter at least one of a band gap of the type 1 clathrate crystal structure, or a charge distribution of the type 1 clathrate crystal structure to achieve the thermoelectric figure of merit. The type 1 clathrate structure has enhanced ionized impurity scattering as additional TM elements are added to the structure. The type 1 clathrate structure has barium nickel zinc gallium germanium compounds of formula (Ba8Ni0.31Zn0.52Ga13.06Ge32.2), which has a thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of 1.2. The actual compositions are different than the nominal compositions due to at least one of vacancies or defects in the type 1 clathrate crystal structure. Preferred Method: The method further comprises determining an actual composition of the prepared transition metal-doped type 1 clathrate crystal structure via electron probe microanalysis. Preferred Definitions:    TM1 = Ni; and    TM2 = Zn.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The melted impure silicon is contacted with a flux before blowing in the gas. The impurity is boron, aluminum and titanium. The gas contain helium, neon and argon. The flux contains silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, and/or alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, titanium, their oxide, chloride, fluoride, carbonate and hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic clay is natural silicate/aluminum oxide clay, exfoliated clay, synthetic mica, or synthetic nanoclay, preferably nano silicate platelet or sodium-montmorillonite. The wt. ratio of inorganic clay to organic surfactant is 1/1-30/1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic surfactant is cetyl (16C) trimethyl ammonium compound, dodecyl (12C) trimethyl ammonium compound, octadecyl ammonium chloride, tallow (12-18C) quaternary ammonium chloride, alkyl (32C) trimethyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkyl (C12:C14:C16=63:30:7) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, or dehydrated tallow (12-18C) dimethyl ammonium chloride. The anionic surfactant comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonionic surfactant comprises octylphenol polyethoxylate dissolved in methoxy-propyl-cyanonitrile (0.5-2 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporter is made of polydimethylsiloxanic or silicone rubber polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass film has thickness of 0.0001-0.2 mm, thermal expansion coefficient of 45x 10-7/ degrees C or less and spectral transmission factor of 75% or less. The spectral transmission factor of the glass film having thickness of 0.1 mm is 70% or more at 400-700 nm. Preferred Composition: The glass film contains (in %mass) silica (50-70), alumina (5-23), boron oxide (0-20), magnesium oxide (0-10), calcium oxide (0-20), strontium oxide (0-20), barium oxide (0-20), tin oxide (0.001-0.5), iron oxide (0.001-0.05), and 0.01 %mass of cerium oxide, vanadium trioxide, tungsten oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or titanium dioxide. The content of the sum of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide is 1-30 %mass. The content of the sum of cerium oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, lanthanum oxide and titanium dioxide is 0.01-15 %mass. The glass film does not contain alkali-metal oxide. Through-holes having diameter of 5-1000 mu m, preferably 5-90 mu m is formed on the glass film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The buffer solution contains titanium dioxide or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic element is titanium, zinc, indium or tin. Preferred Composition: The number-of-moles of ammonia with respect to the number-of-moles of zinc is 7.34 or more. Preferred Process: The method further involves supplying ozone on main surface of the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The white pigment (B) is at least one of titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide and alumina with an average particle diameter of 0.05-10 mu m and is contained in a content of 1-50% by mass, and the total % by mass of white pigment (B) and inorganic filler (C) is 70-93% by mass. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by mass): organopolysiloxane (70); titanium dioxide as white pigment (160); spherical fused silica as inorganic filler (540); zinc benzoate as condensation catalyst (1); triglycidyl isocyanurate (5); organopolysiloxane (15); linear diorganopolysiloxane (15); KBM 803 (RTM: Mercaptosilane (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane)) as silane coupling agent (0.5); and calcium stearate (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains iodine salts, which is 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gelator further comprises a compound including itaconic acid, sodium allyl sulfonate, sodium methallyl sulfonate, sodium 4-(2-methylprop-2-enoylamino) benzene sulfonate or 2-isopropenylpyridine. The liquid electrolytic solvent: lithium iodide, iodine, an ionic liquid, 4-tert-butylpyridine and/or 3-methoxypropionitrile; and contains cations, where the cation is lithium ion. The reactive compound has strong reactivity with polar or non-polar solvents, which includes ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, hexafluoropropylene, trichloroethylene, methyl methacrylate, vinylpyrrolidone, ethylene, ethylene oxide, propylene, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose or carboxymethyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The combination of at least one type monomeric unit is vinyl acetate (VA), allyl acetate, styrene, acrylamide or at least one reactive compound. EXAMPLE - Gelator containing poly-(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer with molecular weight 250 KDa, comprised acrylonitrile (92 wt.%) and vinyl acetate (8 wt.%). Gelator was adjusted to 7 wt.% with a liquid-electrolytic solvent 3-methoxypropionitrile that contained iodide ions as redox couples at 25 degrees C to form a mixture. The mixture was stirred and heated at 130-140 degrees C for 5-10 minutes as required to dissolve its components into each other and cooled to form a gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coupling step comprises dispersing carbon nanotubes in a solvent and depositing the carbon nanotubes on a substrate by using the dispersion solution. The depositing method comprises one of spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical deposition, electrophoretic deposition, spray coating, dip-coating, vacuum filtration, airbrushing, stamping and doctor blade. The method further comprises preprocessing the carbon nanotubes by at least one of a cutting step and a chemical reaction step with an acid. The method comprises step (a), forming net-shaped conductive frames on a substrate by electro-spinning the mixed solution and coupling carbon nanotubes to the conductive frames such that the carbon nanotubes fill gaps between strips of the conductive frames. Preferred Components: The metallic precursor is formed of at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, iron, cadmium, rubidium, tin and indium. The carbon nanotubes are formed of at least one of single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The substrate is formed of at least one of glass, quartz and synthetic resin. The conductive frames comprise at least one of conductive polymers and metal wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises at least one of dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl alcohol, water and chlorobenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is formed of at least one of polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The transition metal group catalyst contains palladium, lead, copper, nickel, titanium, strontium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A broadcast receiving module of wireless communication unit of mobile terminal includes DMB-T, DMB-S, DVB-H, DVB-CBMS, OMA-BCAST and ISDB-T. A wireless internet module is coupled to the mobile terminal using WiFi, WiMaxand HSDPA. A short-range communication module has networking technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), at least one of the external shapes are perforated or at least one of the internal shapes are perforated; at least two internal shapes are separated from each other by inserting a thermal resistant deformable material (preferably graphite felt, graphite wool or graphite bar). In the method (M1), the cavity is coated with a slurry prior to providing the cavity; a foil is applied between at least one external shape and the slurry prior to coating with the slurry or a foil is applied between at least one internal shape and the slurry prior to coating with the slurry; a temperature resistant perforated foil is applied prior to coating with the slurry, where the slurry comprises a powder containing silicon nitride of particle size greater than or equal to 100 mu . At least one external and at least one internal shape comprise a graphite containing material. Preferred Apparatus: In the apparatus, at least the internal shape possess a thermal expansion coefficient which is higher than the thermal expansion coefficient of a reaction bounded ceramic shaped part, and at least the external shape possess a thermal expansion coefficient lower than of the reaction bounded ceramic shaped part. At least a thermal resistant deformable material separate at least two internal shapes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Si-containing powder composition is selected from: silicon, silicon carbide and silicon nitride. The reactive gas atmosphere contains at least nitrogen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the peak height corresponding to 2240 cm-1 vicinity derived from nitrile group with respect to peak height corresponding to 1730 cm-1 vicinity derived from carboxyl group of the high-molecular component is 0.006 or less, which is measured by infrared spectrum. The phenol resin has softening point of 60-150 degrees C and hydroxyl value of 220 g/equivalent or less. 20 %mass of cyclohexanone solution of high-molecular component and 20 %mass of cyclohexanone solution of epoxy resin have Hasen unit color number of 200 or less, respectively. The phenol resin maintains compatibility and phase-separated, or optionally forms sea-island structure and remains in co-continuous structure even when phase-separated. The size of island phase is 200 nm or less. Preferred Composition: The phenol resin is phenol aralkyl resin. The transparent adhesive composition further contains 0.5 %mass or less of imidazole compound. The high-molecular component further contains 0.5-10 %mass of glycidyl acrylate or glycidylmethacrylate as copolymerizable component. The epoxy resin is bisphenol-A epoxy resin, bisphenol-F epoxy resin and/or epoxy resin having cyclohexyl group and/or 2 or more hydroxycyclohexyl group in a molecule. Preferred Process: The transparent adhesive composition is obtained by dissolving epoxy resin, phenol resin and high-molecular component in an organic solvent, mixing uniformly, heating at 5-40 degrees C and hardening.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive fibers are metal nanowires or carbon nanotubes, preferably silver nanowires. The metal oxide is nickel oxide and/or copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The strain is of Gram-negative, and is represented as straight rod with two ends designed as circle; the strain is 0.3-1.2 mm in diameter and 2.5-5.8 mm long; the strain is independent presented or distributed in the paired form or in the form of short chain; and the strain has autoecious flagella and is capable of moving. The 16SrRNA gene sequence of Shewanella comprises fully defined 1535 bp (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification. Using Shewanella in microorganism fuel cell for generating electricity comprises: (a) adopting lactic acid as electronic donator which is directly used in the microorganism fuel cell to generate electricity; (b) reacting freeze-dried strain and resting cell to generate electricity; (c) adopting nutritive ingredient in the wastewater or sludge to generate electricity; or (d) using immobilized cell as cationic catalyst of the microorganism fuel cell, where the immobilized cell is absorbed by the strain or embedded on the electrode carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate and their copolymer. The polyimide is polyether imide. The amount of polyether imide with respect to total amount of base layer is 1-50 wt.%. The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. The surface layer contains polyether imide (1-30 wt.%) with respect to total amount of surface layer. The thickness of surface layer with respect to total thickness of multilayer film is 10-60%. The breaking elongation of multilayer film in longitudinal direction and width direction is 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of oxyalkylene polymer and silane coupling agent is 100:3-10, preferably 100:4-8. The amino group-containing silane coupling agent is N,N-bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-amine or bis-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented polyester film has breaking elongation retention of 10-100% in at least one direction, measured at 125 degrees C for 72 hours in relative humidity of 100%. The biaxially-oriented polyester film has thermal decomposition weight reduction amount of 0-0.2 weight% and isocyanate-type group generation amount of 0-0.05 weight%, both measured at 300 degrees C for 30 minutes, and plane-orientation coefficient of 0.155-0.3. Preferred Composition: The biaxially-oriented polyester film comprises 0.1-5 weight% of terminal blocker. The terminal blocker is carbodiimide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The electroconductive powder contains metal powder chosen from silver powder, copper powder, aluminum powder, platinum powder, palladium powder and nickel powder. The paste composition further contains low-melting glass powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paste composition has viscosity of 10-1000 Pa.second at 20-80 degrees C and shear rate of 0.1/second. The paste composition contains polyurethane resin (0.5-20 wt.%), solvent (4.5-69.5 wt.%) and electroconductive powder (30-95 wt.%). The number average molecular weight of polyoxyalkylene glycol is 2000 or more. Preferred Compound: The polyoxyalkylene glycol is obtained by reacting comb-shaped diol of formula (I) and/or (II), and diisocyanate.R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted with halo, or nitrogen-containing hydrocarbyl;R2,R3,R5,R6=4-21C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted with halo;Y1-Y5=H, methyl or CH2Cl;Z1-Z4=oxygen atom, sulfur atom or CH2;n1-n4,k=0-15;R4=1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by halo;andR7=2-4C alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The organic thin-film solar cell has p-layer containing material comprising benzofluoranthene compound between a pair of electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The ring closure of phenanthrene derivative of formula (IV) is carried out to obtain benzofluoranthene compound (I).X=iodo, bromo, chloro, or trifluoromethane sulfonyloxy. Preferred Definitions:    R2 or R3,R13=optionally substituted 6-40C diarylamino.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 19 Benzofluoranthene compounds are disclosed e.g. benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-diphenylamine of formula (Ia), benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-5-yl-diphenylamine, benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-phenanthren-9-yl-phenylamine, benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-phenyl-pyren-1-yl-amine and N,N,21-triphenylhexacyclo(14.7.1.02,7.08,24.09,14.017,22)tetracosa-1(23),2(7),3,5,8(24),10,12,15,17(22),18,20-undecaen-4-amine.    EXAMPLE - Diphenylamine (in g) (4.1), 9-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)phenanthrene (7.2), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.2), sodium t-butoxide (3) and tri-t-butylphosphine/toluene solution (66 wt.%) were mixed, filtered, concentrated and purified to obtain (4-chloro-3-phenanthren-9-yl-phenyl)-diphenylamine (6.4). (4-Chloro-3-phenanthren-9-yl-phenyl)-diphenylamine (6.4), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.32), 8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-7-undecene (3), anhydrous dimethylformamide (35 ml) and tri-t-butylphosphine/toluene solution (66 wt.%) were mixed at 140 degrees C for 10 hours, washed, dried, distilled and purified to obtain benzo(e)acephenanthrylen-6-yl-diphenylamine (4.7) having melting point of 157 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate comprises polyimide (P1), polycarbonate (PC), polyethersulfone (PES), polynorbornene (PNB), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of acyl compound and imino forming compound is 1:0.96-1:0.995. The imino forming compound (I) is chosen from benzidine, 2,2'-dimethyl benzidine, 3,3'-dimethyl benzidine, 2,2'-dimethoxy benzidine, 2,2'-dichlorobenzidine, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxy benzidine, 3,3'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, ( alpha ),( alpha )'-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-diisopropyl benzene, ( alpha ),( alpha )'-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-diisopropyl benzene, and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene-bis(p-phenylene))bis-aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyurethane-foam sealing material is attached to surface(s) of electronic device through adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary and secondary elements are selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum, gallium, mixtures of boron, aluminum and gallium, other Group III elements, phosphorus, or other Group V elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass frit comprises one or more materials among lead oxide-silicon dioxide, lead oxide-silicon dioxide-boron oxide, zinc oxide-silicon dioxide-boron oxide, zinc oxide-boron oxide-silicon dioxide, bismuth oxide-boron oxide-silicon dioxide, and corresponding combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic vehicle comprises a polymer including one selected from a group of acrylate, ethyl cellulose, nitro cellulose, polymer of ethyl cellulose and phenolic resin, rosin, and polymethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The ratio of mixture of rough and fine aggregates, asphalt and mineral powder is set in accordance with JTG F40 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The asphalt concrete is composed of rough or fine aggregate selected from basalt, granite, limestone, silexite and asphalt or mineral powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moving part is crucible which collects melted semiconductor material, single crystal holding part which can pull up semiconductor single crystal by Czochralski method, polycrystal holding part in floating zone method or heating part which heats polycrystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The polysilicon seeds have size of 500-4000 microns, preferably 1000-2000 microns, or 100-600 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The aerobic microbial culture is freshwater biofilm or planktonic cyano bacteria. The planktonic cyano bacteria are Synechocystic PCC 6803. The microbes are positioned on the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The anode and cathode are separated by a distance of 1-5 cm. The electromagnetic energy source is sunlight and is supplied for 10-14 days.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode has a conductive carbon layer. The vessel contains fresh water or salt water. The aqueous solution does not contain exogenous electron mediator or buffer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode is further coated with electroconductive polymer. The electroconductive polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. Preferred Composition: The coating composition further contains (in parts weight) silicon carbide (0.1-30), and additive (0.5-15) chosen from antifoaming agent, dispersing agent and sedimenting agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The gallium alloy contains indium, zinc, silver, tin, mercury, bismuth, aluminum and/or magnesium. The microparticles of gallium or its alloy are microparticles of oxide, nitride, arsenide or phosphide of gallium or its alloy. Preferred Process: The low-melting-point metal powder is obtained by dispersing slurry of microparticles of gallium or its alloy in dispersion medium chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The secondary electrode is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal thin film consists of aluminum, copper, chromium, nickel, silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor liquid contains the reaction product obtained by reacting a titanium compound with hydrogen peroxide, and a reaction product obtained by reacting a tantalum compound or a niobium compound with hydrogen peroxide. Niobium or tantalum is doped in the film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The curl value of width direction is less than or equal to 5 mm after heat processing for 100 degrees C to 10 minutes. The shrinkage percentage measured by 45 degrees unit in time of 100 degrees C to 30 minute heat processing is less than or equal to 0.6% and the difference of in-plane thermal contraction rate is less than or equal to 0.3%. The ten three-dimensional average surface roughness is greater than or equal to 1.5 mu m. The A-layer side is used as reflective surface. Preferred Components: The A and B layers contain rutile titanium dioxide on C layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon fiber is carbon fiber derived from coal tar pitch and/or petroleum tar pitch and formed into a sheet in the form of long fiber or continuous draw aligned in one direction, woven fabric, short fiber oriented in a specific direction or short fiber distributed at random.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The inorganic layer contains silicon oxycarbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide or silicon oxynitride. Preferred Arrangement: The laminated structure of gas barrier film is sequential laminated structure of inorganic layer, organic layer and inorganic layer, or laminated structure comprising two or more organic layers and 2 or more inorganic layers which are laminated alternately. The device is sealed using the gas barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of thiol group-containing compound in the organic layer is 12 %mass or more. The compound having thiol group in a molecule is secondary thiol group-containing compound of formula: Z-(O-C(=CH2)-CH2-CH(-SH)-)n.n=2-6;andZ=n-valent coupling group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zinc in polycrystalline silicon is 0.1-100 mass ppm. The volume ratio of argon gas with respect to water vapor in the argon gas containing water vapor is 99:1-90:10. Preferred Condition: The cooling process is carried out at rate of 0.1-2 mm/minute of solidification interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The portable heat exchanger is made of high conducting metal forming annular shape. It is preferably made of copper tubing. The heat exchanger is held together by clamps made of high conducting metal e.g. copper to maintain high energy absorbance characteristics. The heat exchanger of 0.1-10, preferably 1-3 L capacity is used in conjunction with rural stove e.g. 3 stone cooking stove to heat the water at 60-100 degrees C within 0.1-60, preferably less than 6 minutes, and partially purify the water at 60-100 degrees C by rolling boil, preferably in less than 6 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rural cooking stove e.g. 3 stone cooking stone uses wood or agricultural residues e.g. cow dung, maize cobs and stalks, and sugarcane residues to generate fire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solar panel tray is made of metal (e.g. aluminum, iron, or brass) or plastic (polycarbonate, polyester, or polyacrylic). The solar panel tray inner sides and bottom layer are blackened by paint or black anodizing, such that it acts as black body. The solar panel lid or top layer (2) is made of clear plastic, preferably polycarbonate for being tough and allows transmission of sunlight through it. The solar panel is connected to water tank of 5-100 L or more capacity and is made of inexpensive material, preferably plastic or metal. The water tank has solar panel outlet (9) and is connected to a float (15) made of light density material e.g. polystyrene by a strap. The solar panel heats the water at 60-100 degrees C within 0.1-10, preferably 1-4 hours at sunlight temperatures of 10-50, preferably 25-45 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The carboxyl terminal radical weight of polyester is 8 equivalent/ton or less. Preferred Process: The polyester is mixed with less than 20 equivalent/ton of carboxyl-end-group blocking agent, and then molded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having pi -electron conjugated molecule skeleton is of formula: D'-((Ar)p-(V')q)r-A (I), preferably chosen from compounds of formulae (II)-(VII).D'=electron-donating substituent, preferably hydroxy or amino (both optionally substituted);A=electron-accepting substituent, preferably nitro, cyano or group of formula: -C(=X)-R;X=O or NR2;R2=1-6C alkyl or 6-20C aryl (both optionally substituted), or H;R=R2, 1-6C alkoxy, 6-20C aryloxy, 1-6C alkylamino or 6-20C arylamino (all optionally substituted);R1-R7=R2;n=0-2;or R3+R4, R5+R6=ring;Ar=arylene or heteroarylene (both optionally substituted), preferably phenylene, naphthalenyl or anthracenylene;V'=vinylene or azomethine (both optionally substituted);or D', A, Ar, V'=ring structure;p-r=0-3;A'=carbonyl or dicyano ethylene;D1=amino or hydroxy (both optionally substituted), or H;D2=NR2;t,u=0-3;andD3-D10=1-6C alkyl, 6-20C aryl or amino (all optionally substituted), or H, at least one being diarylamino.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reaction product gas is cooled by spraying cooling liquid, which is a liquid mixture of tetrachlorosilane and trichlorosilane. Hexachlorodisilane is recovered from the cooling condensate by performing distillation at 60-200 degrees C under atmospheric pressure of -0.3 MPa. The uncondensed gas obtained during cooling of reaction product gas is recycled to the source gas. Tetrachlorosilane is recovered from low-boiling substance obtained during recovery process of hexachlorodisilane from cooling condensate, and is supplied to the source gas. The high-boiling substance is recovered during vaporization of tetrachlorosilane, and contains hexachlorodisilane derived from the unevaporated portion. Preferred Composition: The content of tetrachlorosilane in cooling liquid is 85-95 mol%. Preferred Components: The hexachlorodisilane recovery plant further has a spraying unit capable of cooling reaction product gas, a unit capable of supplying tetrachlorosilane recovered from cooling the uncondensed gas to source gas, a unit capable of supplying recovered tetrachlorosilane from low-boiling substance to source gas, and a unit capable of vaporizing tetrachlorosilane and supplying unevaporated portion to concentrating column.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The device is operating at greater than or equal to 150 degrees C, preferably 150-600 degrees C. The non-Faradaic electrochemical device is operated at an electrical potential of less than or equal to 2.5 volts; and comprises a catalytic anode electrode comprising a silver-containing catalyst or nickel-containing catalyst. The non-Faradaic electrochemical device comprises a proton conductive membrane comprising a ceramic material. The external electricity is provided to the device by a renewable energy source (solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and/or wave energy). The renewable energy source is solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and/or wave energy. In the method, electrical shocking is used to prevent electrode surface fouling and particulate deposition on the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feedstock material is waste materials, waste water, refined biomass materials and/or waste engine oil. The feedstock material comprises the organic acid disposed on an anode electrode facing side of a proton conductive membrane. The feedstock material comprises the alcohol disposed on a cathode electrode facing side of a proton conductive membrane. The feedstock material comprises at least one of the carbohydrates and the alcohol disposed on a cathode electrode facing side of the proton exchange membrane. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The spraying unit cools reaction product gas containing trichlorosilane from 500-600 degrees C by spraying cooling fluid whose diameter of average liquid drop particle is 2000 mu m or less. The trichlorosilane cooling tower has a secondary-cooling unit for spraying cooling fluid further on reaction product gas after cooling, and cooling to 30-60 degrees C. The secondary-cooling unit sprays cooling fluid whose diameter of average liquid drop particle is 2000 micrometer or less. The hydrogen chloride gas is separated from reaction product gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrical energy generated by the converter is used to manufacture magnesium, hydrogen and magnesium hydride using magnesium hydroxide (MgOH), magnesium chloride (MgCl), calcium, hydrochloric acid (HCl), alloys of magnesium, magnesium-hydride alloy, aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin does not contain crosslinking agent. The resin sealing sheet contains 2-65 %mass of gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermal electric cores comprise pairs of P-type and N-type materials and are chosen from 900 degrees C P-type material containing silicon-germanium, 900 degrees C N-type material containing silicon-germanium 600 degrees C P-type material containing tin telluride or cerium iron antimonide (CeFe4Sb12), 600 degrees C N-type material containing cobalt antimonide, 500 degrees C P-type material containing lead telluride, TAGS or bismuth-antimonyl telluride, 500 degrees C N-type material containing lead telluride, 380 degrees C P-type material containing zinc antimonide, 380 degrees C N-type material containing lead telluride, 160 degrees C P-type material containing bismuth telluride or 160 degrees C N-type material containing bismuth telluride. The black heat absorber contains aluminum nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The laminate has thermal contraction rate of 0.1-1%, after heat-processing the laminate. Preferred Component: The polyester of biaxially-oriented polyester film is polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Target: The metallic target is tin/tantalum metallic target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic heterocyclic group-containing repeating unit (I) of aromatic compound is of formula (IV). The aromatic group-containing repeating unit (II) of aromatic compound is of formula: -(Ar5)- (V). The nitrogen-containing repeating unit (III) of aromatic compound is of formula (VI). The aromatic compound has weight average molecular weight of 3x 103-1x 108. The total number of moles of repeating units (I)-(III) in aromatic compound is 60% or more of total number of moles of all repeating units in aromatic compound. The repeating units (I)-(III) are included in principal chain of aromatic compound.R'=hydroxy, aldehyde, amino, cyano, nitro, halo, hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, hydrocarbyl carbonyl, hydrocarbyl oxycarbonyl, hydrocarbyl carbonyloxy, sulfo (all optionally substituted), monovalent heterocyclic group optionally having optionally substituted hydrocarbyl azo, amino substituted by 1 or 2 optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, amide substituted by 1 or 2 optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or substituent;groups of R'=ring;k=0-4;M'=M;Ar5=bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl or bivalent aromatic heterocyclic group (both optionally substituted);Ar6=Ar4;andR",R'"=R. Preferred Definitions:    M=metal atom, metal ion, ammonium ion optionally substituted by 1-4 hydrocarbyl, or boryl substituted by two hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent;and    Ar1=10-14 membered aromatic heterocyclic group having valency of 2+n and optionally having imine nitrogen atom and substituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The composite film further has an adhesive layer which is formed using resin layer containing epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The base film is a polymer film containing polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene vinyl alcohol. The plastic base film and heat-sealing layer are laminated through an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation of compound (I) is given in the specification. Preferred Compounds: In compound (I), R1 can be bonded to any of the nitrogen atoms on benzotriazole. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound i.e. 2-dodecyl-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo(d)(1,2,3)triazole of formula (I') is disclosed as compound (I).    EXAMPLE - 4,7-Dibromo-2-dodecylbenzotriazole (100 mg), and tributyl(thiophen-2-yl) stannane were dissolved in anhydrous THF (100 ml) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) (50 mg) was added at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 12 hours under argon atmosphere. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain 2-dodecyl-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo(d)(1,2,3)triazole (75 mg, 74%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless communication module is formed as a general packet radio service (GPRS) module, a code division multiple access (CDMA) module, a wireless fidelity (WIFI) module or a third generation (3G) module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the solar automatic oxygenation system, the control device also comprises a sensor module, a current-voltage converter, an analog-digital converter, a photoelectric coupler, and a switch control circuit; where the oxygen content testing device is connected with the sensor module; the sensor module is connected with the current-voltage converter; the current-voltage converter is connected with the analogue-digital converter; the analogue-digital converter is connected with the single chip; the single chip is connected with the photoelectric coupler; the photoelectric coupler is connected with the switch control circuit; and the switch control circuit directly controls the storage battery and the oxygenation device to turn on or turn off. The solar photovoltaic component comprises a solar battery board component and a photovoltaic controller; where the solar battery board component is connected with the storage battery by the photovoltaic controller; and the solar battery board component is grounded by a lightning protection module. The oxygenation device is an oxygenation pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The matrix is based on a magnesium alloy of formula (Mg2Si(0.4)Sn(0.6)). The nanoinclusion materials are magnesium silicide or magnesium stannide. The nanoinclusion materials are nanoparticles having preferably dimensions of less than or equal to 100 nm. The volume ratio (Vf) of nanoparticles with regards to the matrix volume is 0.1-10%. The nanocomposite material exhibits a thermoelectric figure of merit ZT which is greater than or equal to 1.5 at a temperature of 500-1000K, or which is greater than or equal to 0.3 at room temperature. The substrate is a magnesium silicide substrate. Preferred Definitions:    A-E, A1-E1 = chemical elements of column IV of the periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer contains an inorganic compound chosen from metal, silicon, graphite, inorganic oxide, inorganic nitride and inorganic acid-processed nitride, preferably silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxynitride, indium oxide and tin-doped indium oxide. Preferred Gas: The dynamic ion mixing method is carried out using plasma generated using gas chosen from helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon or mixed gas containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and fluorocarbon. High negative voltage of -50 kV to -1 kV is applied to base material in pulse form. Preferred Property: The thickness of inorganic layer is 10-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The layer containing polyorganosiloxane-type compound has thickness of 0.01-100 mu m. Preferred Compound: The polyorganosiloxane-type compound is polydimethylsiloxane. The content of polyorganosiloxane-type compound is 50 wt.% or more. Preferred Layer: A layer containing fluorine-containing resin is provided in surface opposite to surface at which layer containing polyorganosiloxane-type compound is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkoxy alcohol in solutions (A,B) is 30 wt.% or more. The alkoxy alcohol is ethoxy ethanol or methoxy ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The free radical initiator is dicumyl peroxide and/or dibenzoyl peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polysiloxane comprises a dimethylsiloxane/methylvinylsiloxane copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of boron is 0.01-1.5 mol%, based on oxide conversion. Boron source is zinc borate (Zn4B6O13). Preferred property: The average grain size of zinc oxide particles which is comprised in the zinc oxide sintered compact is 2-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type organic semiconductor layer contains carbon nanotube fullerene, fullerene derivative, carbon nanotube, or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The p- type organic semiconductor layer contains polyphenylene vinylene, its derivative, polythiophene, phthalocyanine, its derivative, porphyrin, pentacene, or rubrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The emission intensities (A-D) are measured and at least one of plasma excitation power, pressure control unit and each amount of supplied materials is feedback-controlled based on measured value. The gas barrier layer is formed on an elongated substrate in a longitudinal direction. The gas barrier layer is formed in a state in which at least one of the ratios is not satisfied for at least 1 consecutive second. The region is marked at which gas barrier layer is formed in state in which at least one of the ratios is not satisfied for at least 1 consecutive second. The marking is made to put visible marks on region or made outside a region for use as a product. The gas barrier layer is formed on a substrate made of an organic material or a substrate having an organic base material. The gas barrier layer is formed on substrate at 120 degrees C or less. At least a portion of a surface of substrate is formed with an organic material. Another gas barrier layer is deposited on a substrate having the gas barrier layer. The gas barrier layer is formed as AC or DC bias power is applied to substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The synthetic smectite is synthetic hectorite, synthetic saponite and/or synthetic stevensite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quaternary ammonium salt is lauryl trimethyl ammonium salt, stearyl trimethyl ammonium salt, trioctyl methyl ammonium salt, distearyl dimethyl ammonium salt, dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium salt, distearyl dibenzyl ammonium salt and/or N-polyoxyethylene-N-lauryl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium salt. Preferred Process: At least one portion of hydroxyl group which exits in the surface of the synthetic smectite is processed by surface modifying agent chosen from silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent, glycidyl compound, isocyanate compound, carboxylic acid and/or alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The urethane (meth)acrylate is synthesized using polyol having polycarbonate structure, caprolactone modified polyol or caprolactone modified (meth)acrylate, or synthesized from polyol and/or hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylate having carbonyl group-containing repeating unit of formula: -(C(=O)-(CH2)n-O)m-, or synthesized using hexamethylene diisocyanate and polyisocyanate chosen from hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and tris(6-isocyanate hexyl)isocyanurate.m=positive integer;andn=3-7.Preferred Composition: The resin component further contains reactive component (1-70 %mass) having ethylenically unsaturated group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The synthetic smectite is hectorite, saponite, and/or stevensite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Portion of hydroxyl group which exists in the surface of the synthetic smectite is processed by surface-modifying agent. Preferred Components: The quaternary ammonium salt is lauryl trimethylammonium salt, stearyl trimethylammonium salt, trioctyl methylammonium salt, distearyl dimethylammonium salt, distearyl dibenzylammonium salt and/or N-polyoxyethylene-N-lauryl-N,N-dimethylammonium salt. The surface-modifying agent is silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent, glycidyl compound, isocyanate compound, carboxylic acid and/or alcohol. The acid anhydride is phthalic anhydride, maleic acid anhydride, succinic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl phthalic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride and/or octenyl phthalic anhydride. The lactone-modified (meth)acrylate has carbonyl group-containing structure of formula: -(C(=O)-(CH2)n-O-)m- in the side chain.m=positive integer;andn=3-7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 1-70 %mass of reactive compound which has ethylenically unsaturated group. The epoxy resin is aromatic epoxy resin or epoxy resin having alicyclic structure, preferably bisphenol-A epoxy resin or hydrogenated bisphenol-A epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Ions of hydrocarbon compound are implanted into the layer containing polyorganosiloxane compound by plasma ion-implantation method. The elongated molded product is conveyed in fixed direction. Preferred Property: The molded product has water vapor permeation rate of 1.5 g/m2/day or less, measured in 90% relative humidity atmosphere at 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The ink composition is coated to the electrode (e1) by slit coat method, capillary coat method, gravure coat method, micro gravure coat method, bar coat method, knife coat method, nozzle coat method, inkjet coat method or spin coat method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thiazole-containing structural unit (I) is of formula (II)-(VII). The compound (b) is electron-accepting compound having work function of 3 eV or more, or electron donor. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene or its derivative. The solvent is optionally substituted aromatic compound, optionally substituted linear alkane, optionally substituted branched alkane, optionally substituted cycloalkane, linear alcohol, branched alcohol and/or alicyclic alcohol.X=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, -N(R10)- or -CR11=CR12-;R10-R12,R,R1,R20-R24=H or substituent;or R1+R1=cyclic structure;Y'=nitrogen or =CH-;Z=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, -N(R20)-, -Si(R21R22)-or -C(R23R24)-;andor R21+R22 or R23+R24=cyclic structure.Preferred Property: The solvent has surface tension of 15-100 mN/m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound (a) further has a structural unit which is different from the thiazole-containing structural unit (I). The compound (a) is high-molecular compound having weight average molecular weight of 10000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ( pi )-conjugated amine compound is of formula: N(-Ar4)(-Ar5)-(Ar1)l-(L1)m-(Ar2)n-(L2)o-(Ar3)p-N(-Ar6)(-Ar7), preferably of formula (II).Ar1-Ar3=6-30C bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl;Ar4-Ar7=6-30C aromatic hydrocarbyl;L1-L2=ethylene or acetylene;andl-p=0-6, where any one of l, n and p is not 0.Ar4 and Ar5 optionally bonds together with nitrogen through direct bond or a substituent, to form condensed heterocyclic ring. Ar6 and Ar7 optionally bonds together with nitrogen through a direct bond or a substituent, to form condensed heterocyclic ring. Preferred Property: The temperature of the substrate is controlled in range of (0 degrees C) to (Tg-30 degrees C). Preferred Process: The temperature of the substrate is controlled, such that the molecular orientation of ( pi )-conjugated turns into a horizontal direction with respect to the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The shielding terminal controller is connected with the management module via a series interface, a parallel interface, an Ethernet interface, an optical fiber interface, an IEEE1394 interface, a Blue tooth interface or an infrared interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The deposition material used for processing the substrate, is selected from the group consisting of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer(s) contains compound having carbazole structure or azacarbazole structure, and molecular weight of 3000 or less. The crystallinity degree of organic layer is improved, when heat-processing, optical processing or chemical processing is performed on the organic layer. The chemical processing is carried out by exposing the organic layer to poor solvent. The organic layer is photoelectric conversion layer (14), or electron carrying layer (18) provided adjacent to photoelectric conversion layer, and formed by solution-coating method. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=nitrogen-containing 6-membered aromatic ring of formula (i), preferably group of formula (ii) or (iii);    R11-R18,R20-R30=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or alkylsilyl;    X1-X8=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom;and    R1,R2=optionally substituted phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles have: a fraction of (112) crystal faces to total surface area of less than 50%, preferably 20-40%; a fraction of (111) crystal faces to total surface area of less than 20%, preferably 5-15%; and a fraction of (100) crystal faces to total surface area of 5-30%, preferably 5-20%. Then anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a mean diameter of 20-80 nm, preferably 30-60 nm. The anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles are provided in a thin film. The anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles are selectively carboxyl terminated at (111), a (112), and a (100) crystal face. The titanium-containing alkoxide precursors comprises a titanium(IV)alkoxide including ligands of methoxo, ethoxo, propoxo, butoxo, pentoxo and hexoxo ligands, and preferably titanium tetrabutoxide titanium tetra-n-butoxide. The solvent comprises isopropanol, preferably hexane, pentane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene or xylene. Preferred Method: The precursor solution is rapidly and dropwise added to de-ionized water in a stream of an inert gas flow under vigorous stirring of the deionized water. The step of hydrothermally treating (214) is performed in an autoclave so that the liquid takes up 20-80% of the volume and using a temperature of 160-300 degrees C, preferably 200-240 degrees C. The step of hydrothermally treating (214) is performed for 2-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ions are obtained by ionizing hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon, xenon and/or krypton. The ions are injected into the surface portion of the polysilazane compound-containing layer by plasma ion implantation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polysilazane compound is perhydropolysilazane. Preferred Property: The molded product has water-vapor permeation rate of less than 0.5 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, barium peroxide, ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium persulfate, sodium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium chlorate, sodium chlorate, ammonium chlorate, calcium perphosphate, potassium perphosphate, sodium periodate, potassium periodate, magnesium periodate, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, dibutyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, butyl hydroperoxide, peroxocarbonate, sodium peracetate, potassium peracetate, metachloroperbenzoic acid, tert-butyl perbenzoate, and/or percarboxylic acid. The content of water-soluble oxidizing agent is 0.1-30 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of solid content of resin particles. The hydrophilic inorganic fine particles are oxides and nitrides of silicon, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, cerium, tin, zinc, germanium, indium, and/or antimony. Preferred Process: The drying of to-be-coated component is carried out by heating process. Preferred Property: Inorganic fine particles have average particle diameter of 15 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Resin particles are fluorine resin particles having average particle diameter of 50-500 nm. The mass ratio of inorganic fine particles with respect to resin particles is 20:80-95:5. The hydrophobic resin particles are vinyl acetate, acrylic resin, phenol resin, silicone-modified acrylic resin, vinylidene chloride resin, vinyl chloride resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, acryl urethane resin, silicone resin, fluororesin, polyester resin, and/or polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound further has a bivalent aromatic group-containing structure different from the repeating unit (I). The bivalent aromatic group-containing structure is formed by removing two hydrogen groups from aromatic condensed ring formed by condensing two or more aromatic rings chosen from aromatic 7-membered ring, aromatic 6-membered ring and aromatic 5-membered ring. The number of atoms in aromatic condensed ring existing between two bonded atoms in short distance is 3 or 4 including bonded atom. The bivalent aromatic group-containing structure is of formulae (II)-(IV). The high molecular compound has weight average molecular weight of 10000 or more.X1-X4=sulfur, oxygen, selenium, -N(R10)- or -CR11=CR12-;R10-R12,R1-R6=H or substituent;R1+R2,R3+R4=cyclic structure;andY1-Y4=nitrogen atom or =CH-.Preferred Method: The coating method is slit coat method, capillary coat method, gravure coat method, micro gravure coat method, bar coat method, knife coat method, nozzle coat method, inkjet coat method or spin coat method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is obtained by using metal oxide or iron. The metal is selected from aluminum, titanium or copper. The metal oxide is selected from aluminum oxide, titanium oxide or copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves: reacting halogenated thiophene of formula (II) with Mg powders in a solvent of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain Grignard reagent (alkyl halogenated magnesium) of formula (III); reacting halogenated thiophene of formula (IV) with Mg powders in a solvent of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain Grignard reagent (alkyl halogenated magnesium) of formula (V); and then reacting the Grignard reagent (III) and (V) with a halogenated aliphatic or halogenated aromatic of formula Br-(X)b-Br in presence of NiCl2 (1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (dppe) and a solvent of ethyl ether to obtain compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    X=benzene-1,4-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, 2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-5,7-diyl, or thiophene-2,5-diyl;    R1-R4=H or CH3;    b=1;or    R1 and R2+the carbon atoms, or R3 and R4+the carbon atoms=(1,2)dioxetane, (1,3)dioxolane or (1,4)dioxane.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Compounds i.e. 1,4-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzene of formula (Ia), 9,10-di(thiophen-2-yl)anthracenes, 1,4-bis(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzene, 5,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine, and 2,5-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)thiophene are disclosed as compound (I).    EXAMPLE - 1,4-Di(thiophen-2-yl)benzene was prepared by reacting 2 mole of thiophen-2-ylmagnesium bromide with 1,4-dibromo-benzene in presence of NiCl2 (1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (dppe) and a solvent of ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The optoelectronic device includes an organic LED element. The optoelectronic device consists of several layers, where at least two adjacent layers are bonded together with the entire surface of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: up to 25 wt.% of (I) and (II); up to 50 wt.% of epoxides; an initiator for cationic polymerization, preferably triarylsulfonium salts; up to 45 wt.% of a difluoro- and/or trifluoro-vinylethers; up to 40 wt.% of maleimides. The composition is cured by polymerization. Preferred Components: The total content of vinyl ethers and fluorovinylethers are at least 70 wt.%. Preferred Method: The curing step (iii) is carried out by irradiating the composition through the transparent cover layer and/or thermal treatment of the device. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: 4-(vinyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethylbenzoate (88); (1R,4R)-4-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-4'-propylbi(cyclohexane) (10); 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanoldivinylether (2); and triarylsulfonium-hexafluoroantimonate (0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pulverization process is carried out using high velocity revolution grinder or jet mill. Preferred Composition: The material powder is obtained by carrying out vapor phase oxidation of titanium halide. The titanium halide is titanium tetrachloride. Preferred Properties: The fine particle powder has BET specific surface area of 10-200 m2/g, preferably 20-200 m2/g and tap density of 0.4 g/cm3 or more, preferably 0.5 g/cm3 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The stirrer (1) is provided with screw (8) which auto rotates and revolves the pulverized powder within the cone container (2) which narrows towards the bottom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The luminous body arranged in a bowl-shaped lamp holder is electrically plated with chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bottom electrode is chosen from indium tin oxide, bismuth telluride, antimony telluride, bismuth selenide, cesium bismuth telluride (CsBi4Te6), lead telluride, lead sulfide, lead selenide, zinc antimonide, skutterudite, lanthanum iron antimonide (LaFeSb) and lanthanum cobalt oxide (LaCo2O6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The bottom electrode is chosen from aluminum, silver, gold, copper, bismuth, antimony, boron, silicon, germanium, tellurium, selenium, gallium and indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The element further contains hole transport material and/or electron transport material. The hole transport material contains poly(3-hexylthiophene). The electron transport material contains poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nano particles, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole), and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or the metal alloy is silver or silver alloy, zinc or zinc alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy, tin or tin alloy, or copper or copper alloy. The copper alloy is copper-gallium alloy, copper-indium alloy or copper-gallium-indium-alloy. The quantity of the copper alloy is 82-98 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of glass film is 300 mu m or less. The thickness of support glass is 300 mu m or less. The difference of thermal expansion coefficient of glass film and support glass at 30-380 degrees C is less than 5/asterisk10-7/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing plate comprises greater than or equal to 95% of zirconia, alumina and calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The base layer and intermediate layer are formed by plasma chemical-vapor deposition method using gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, ozone, tetraethyl siloxane, hexamethyl disiloxane, tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, triethyl silane, trimethylsilane, monosilane and/or disilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material melt further contains single piece of alkali metal, single piece of alkaline-earth metal, alkali metal compound and/or alkaline-earth metal compound, preferably mixture of magnesium and magnesium chloride, or mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride, preferably sodium chloride. The acid is chosen from hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Preferred Process: The surface of the treated solid silicon is processed by washing solid silicon with acid and/or water. The surface-treated solid silicon is subjected to demetallation process, de-boron process, oxidizing-refining, dephosphorylation process, vacuum refining, and solidifying segregation process. An alloy layer containing alkali metal, silicon and/or alkaline-earth metal is formed on surface of solid silicon, and then the alloy layer is removed from surface of solid silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metallurgical silicon is crushed under water. In the chemical treatment, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and/or nitric acid is/are used. The particles are dried after the etching process at elevated temperatures under protective gas. The silicon particles are melted using an electron beam. The silicon melt is subjected to vacuum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device for crushing silicon has a means for generating high voltage electric field. The device with the tool for melting silicon has: a means for generating an electron beam; a tool for producing high vacuum; and a flat tub in which a silicon melt is suspended to high vacuum. The device, in which molten silicon can be subjected to a directional solidification, has an interior with a movable, preferably a retractable bottom. The tool for melting silicon and the means by which molten silicon can be subjected to directional solidification are integrated in a device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer film comprises a polythiophene containing a sulfonic acid, where a doping ratio of the sulfonic acid with respect to thiophene rings in the conductive polymer film is 0.55- 0.72. The absorption coefficient of the conductive polymer film for light having a wavelength of 800 nm comprises 38000 cm-1 or less. EXAMPLE - 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene as a monomer for a conductive polymer, a solution of ferric p-toluenesulfonate (40 wt.%) as an oxidant in butanol, and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate as an additive that was a salt formed of a dopant and a basic substance were mixed to afford a polymerization liquid. Then preferred polymerization liquid was applied onto a glass substrate by a spin coating method to form a film. After the formation of the film from the polymerization liquid, the film was left to stand at 50 degrees C for 1 hour and worked up to give conductive polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluoride microparticles are cryolite microparticles or sodium fluoride microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The siloxane compound is hydrolysis condensate of organoalkoxysilane and tetraalkoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The organic photoelectric conversion element has a structure in which 3 layers (14i, 14n and 14p) are laminated. The layer (14p) contains p-type organic-semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The n-type organic-semiconductor material is fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative(s) is polymerizable fullerene derivative, and forms three-dimensional network structure, and is a compound obtained by polymerizing fullerene monomer of formula (I).R1,R2=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or silyl (all optionally substituted);L1,L2=alkylene, alkene diyl, alkyne diyl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, silylene, ether, thioether, carbonyl, carboxy, amino or amide;andG1,G2=polymerizable group used as joint chain of three-dimensional network structure.Preferred Process: The photoelectric converting layer is formed using a solution process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The p-type organic-semiconductor material is porphyrin derivative, and has high carrier mobility. The mass ratio of p-type organic-semiconductor material and n-type organic-semiconductor material in the layer (14i) is 2-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyimide precursor has weight average molecular weight of 15000-200000. The polyimide resin film has thickness of 1-20 mu m, glass transition temperature of 300 degrees C or more and thermal expansion coefficient of 100-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester of resin composition is polyethylene terephthalate. The acid increase amount of composition before and after performing wet-heat treatment for 4 hours at 155 degrees C under saturated steam, is less than 90 equivalent/ton. The composition contains alkali metal (1.3-6 mol/ton), phosphorus (1.8-7.5 mol/ton), nitrogen element (less than 100 ppm), and acid terminal group (less than 20 equivalent/ton). The polyester resin composition contains metallic compound which includes element chosen from sodium, lithium, or potassium, metallic compound which includes element chosen from magnesium, calcium, manganese or cobalt, or metallic compound which includes element chosen from antimony, titanium or germanium. The content of metallic element with respect to total content of polyester resin composition is 30-500 ppm. The content of phosphorus compound with respect to total content of resin composition is 30-150 ppm. The polyester resin composition contains 0.01-1 mol% of polyvalent carboxylic acid component having functionality of 3 or more, polyhydric alcohol component having functionality of 3 or more, or polyvalent hydroxycarboxylic acid component having functionality of 3 or more, with respect to total acid component. The phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid alkali metal salt are added as alkylene glycol mixed solution whose pH is 2-6. The alkali metal of phosphoric acid alkali metal salt is sodium or potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid medium is chosen from water, aliphatic mono-alcohol, aliphatic di-alcohol and hydrocarbon. The aliphatic mono-alcohol is chosen from ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol and hexane alcohol. The aliphatic di-alcohol is chosen from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. The hydrocarbon is chosen from paraffin, benzene, xylene and chlorobenzene. The particles are carbonized material of biomass which has microporous perforation. The biomass is bagasse. Preferred Properties: The particles have diameter of 3 mm or less. The light absorbing material has a substance having phase transition temperature of 50-120 degrees C in the medium. The substance exists in the medium in a state without directly-contacting with medium. The thickness of heat absorption and thermal storage material layer from which light with wavelength of 550 nm permeates, is 10% or less. The solar heat is absorbed and thermally stored by the heat absorption/thermal structure. The solar absorber circulates between external apparatus through solar absorption and light control material. The solar absorption and light control material further has a detection unit which detects the condition of external air, adjustment unit to adjust the light absorbency of solar absorber based on the condition of external air, and conversion unit. The conditions of external air are illumination intensity and/or temperature. The conversion unit converts the solar heat which is absorbed by solar absorber into warm water and warm air, or cold water and cold air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic layer comprises a metal oxide or a metal nitride. The metal oxide or the metal nitride is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide or silicon aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device: comprises as a substrate, a gas barrier film comprising the barrier laminate; and is sealed with the barrier laminate, or a gas barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) has at least two (preferably three) polymerizable groups. (I) has a molecular weight of 600-1400. The polymerizable composition further comprises an acidic monomer. The acidic monomer has a (meth)acrylate having a phosphate group. At least two organic layers and at least two inorganic layers are alternately laminated. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = polymerizable group or at least one CR2, -CO-, -O-, phenylene or OH, where R1 has molecular weight of 10-250 (preferably 70-150); and    R2 = H or a substituent.    Provided that at least two of R1 have the same structure to each other.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 19 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 3,3',3'',3'''-(4,4',4'',4'''-(ethane-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis(benzene-4,1-diyl))tetrakis(oxy)tetrakis(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) tetraacrylate of formula (Ia), 3,3',3''-(4,4',4''-(2-(4-(2,3-bis(acryloyloxy)propoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,1,2-triyl)tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy)tris(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) triacrylate, 3,3',3''-(4,4',4''-(2-(4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,1,2-triyl)tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy)tris(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) triacrylate, 3,3'-(4,4'-(1,2-bis(4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)bis(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) diacrylate and 3,3'-(4,4'-(1,2-bis(4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)bis(2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diyl) diacrylate.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particle has a composite structure. The metal compound is at least one of a metal oxide, metal silicide, metal nitride, metal carbide or metal sulfide. EXAMPLE - Alloy containing indium (In), tin (Sn), gallium (Ga), and bismuth (Bi) was used as a starting material. The alloy was fed to an electric oven, and molten. The molten alloy passed through a nozzle to be fed to the granulation chamber. In the granulation chamber, the molten alloy was fed onto a dish-shaped rotary disk and then atomized into droplets by the centrifugal force created by the high-speed rotation of the dish-shaped rotary disk. The droplets were quenched. Thus, the spherical particles were obtained. In this step, argon was used and the pressure in the granulation chamber was 0.3 MPa. The dish-shaped rotary disk had a diameter of 35 mm and a depth of 5 mm. The intermediate product had an averaged particle size of 15 mu m. The intermediate product was treated in an apparatus, where argon was used as a gas. The final product included spherical particles having a size of 100-200 nm, having a sphericity of -1% to 1%. The particles were made of an alloy including In, Sn, Ga, and Bi. The content of In in the alloy, that of Sn, that of Ga, and that of Bi were 6.17%, 67.72%, 0.78%, and 25.33%, respectively, on the weight basis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The harvested biomass is sweet Sorghum. The contiguous acreage includes an acreage of greater than or equal to 25000, preferably greater than or equal to 35000 acres. The plant is substantially centrally located within the contiguous acreage. At least two crops of the harvested biomass are produced yearly per acre. Preferred Method: The method further includes selling the produced electricity to a utility. The step of extracting sugar from a harvested biomass includes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. The method further comprises drying a bagasse from the extracted harvested biomass with an exhaust produced in the generation of steam used to dry the bagasse. The produced steam is used in fermenting and distilling the extracted sugar juice to produce ethanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: In the integrated electric power generation system, the material of the top layer, solar cell layer and the piezo electric material of the bottom layer is comprised of photo-piezo-thermo-voltaic (PPTV) materials. The area comprised of tiny rotors is a pair of stripes along the length of the integrated electric power generation system that react to the passage of vehicles traveling along the length of the integrated electric power generation system. The electric power collection means is a set of batteries placed alongside the integrated electric power generation system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The electrically insulating plate is electrically insulating ceramic or diamond plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The collection tank is provided with a refrigeration unit (110) for cooling collected liquid. Preferred Conditions: The collected liquid contains tetrachlorosilane and trichlorosilane. The collected liquid is cooled to temperature same as the liquid component of gas-liquid mixture, or to temperature less than that of liquid component of gas-liquid mixture. The collected liquid is cooled to -60 degrees C to -70 degrees C. The tetrachlorosilane concentration of collected liquid is adjusted to be higher by 10% or more, preferably 20-50%, with respect to tetrachlorosilane concentration of liquid component of gas-liquid mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains silver nanoparticles dispersed in dispersion medium which is alcohol or its aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous mold is made of material selected from group consisting of graphite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silica, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, boron nitride and sintered powder. The functional material formed on mold, is made of material selected from group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide and boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode structure contains organic semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition contains (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer having polymeric group in side chain and an energy beam curing type monomer and/or oligomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The waste silicon raw material is generated when silicon is machined, collected (S1a) and pre-washed (S2a) using acid solution (b), organic solvent and water before melting. The method further involves washing (S7a) the silicon block with acid solutions (c) and (d), after washing with basic solution (a1) and segregating (S10a) to remove phosphorus (S8a). The molten silicon is discharged using hot-water discharge unit. Preferred Composition: The purified silicon material contains 0.3 ppm or less of boron, 0.3 ppm or less of phosphorus, 1 ppm or less of iron, 10 ppm or less of silicon carbide and 10 ppm or less of oxygen. The acid solution (a) is aqueous hydrogen fluoride or mixed solution of aqueous hydrogen fluoride and nitric acid. The concentration of hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid and sodium hydroxide is 0.5-10 %mass, 0.1-1 %mass and 1-5 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The wavelength of absorption edge of long-wavelength surface of organic silica-type material is 600 nm or more, in absorption spectrum. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R3,R6,R7=substituent containing alkoxysilyl (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal in the metal oxide is silicon or titanium, preferably titanium. The metal oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide or rutile-type titanium oxide. The metal oxide which forms nanostructure is different from the metal oxide in the source liquid. The solid base material contains glass, metal and/or inorganic oxide. Preferred Process: The nanostructure comprising anatase-type titanium oxide is calcined at 300-700 degrees C, or nanostructure comprising rutile-type titanium oxide is calcined at 800-1200 degrees C. The solid base material is coated with a layer containing aggregate of nanofiber, nanoparticles or nanoribbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The sawing grooves are differentiated as projections and saw steps with respect to edge form according to DIN V VDE V 0126-18-2-4 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The straw is subjected to gas eruption at a pressure of 0.5-2.5 MPa for 2-10 minutes, and to dilute acid treatment using hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid (0.05-5 weight/weight%) at 100-150 degrees C for 1-3 hours, where the solid-liquid ratio is 1:4-1:40. The enzymolysis step is performed for 1-5 days at 30-55 degrees C, and then water is added to solid-liquid in the ratio of 1:5-1:30. The enzymolysis process can be coupled with the fermentation process, and sugar produced by enzymolysis can be used for producing large amount of fermentative products. The compression process is performed by directly compressing straw residue or compressing the straw and coal in the ratio of 100:1-1:5 to obtain fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium substrate is a titanium metal sheet having thickness of 0.25 mm, glass substrate coated with titanium film, or conductive glass substrate coated with titanium film. The fluoride is ammonium fluoride and/or hydrogen fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoride solution contains ethylene glycol, or water as solvent. The precursor is tetrabutyl titanate, isopropyl titanate, or tetraethyl titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The block polymer is polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene/polystyrene-polyoxyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The activated carbon is chosen from coal, coconut, polymer, naphtha and/or macroporous styrene-divinyl benzene. The grid is formed from aluminum, steel or high temperature-resistant plastic material. The fibers are heat resistant bi-component fibers. The filter element further comprises temperature-resistant sealant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass-making feedstock contains magnesium component, calcium component, barium component, lithium component, sodium component and transition metal element component. The feedstock contains composition having oxides of silicon, aluminum, boron and sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The formation method of cathode involves using dispersion liquid in which transparent conductive oxide is dispersed, and forming auxiliary electrode (3) using nano metal, preferably silver or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Primary amine or its derivative having molecular weight of 80-300 is adhered to the surface of silver or nickel nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric power generation module is made of cobalt, nickel, iron, rare earth elements, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, antimony, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tin, silicon, manganese, zinc, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, gallium, indium, vanadium, niobium, barium, magnesium, chromium, tantalum, molybdenum or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The difference between surface roughness of front and back surfaces of the aromatic polyamide film is 0-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methods (M1) and (M2) further comprise displacing the metal to form a free base of (I). The method (M2) comprises condensing 1-formyl dipyrromethane with itself and condensing 1,9-diformyl dipyrromethane with dipyrromethane, or concurrently condensing 1-formyl dipyrromethane with itself while also condensing 1,9-diformyl dipyrromethane with dipyrromethane. The condensing step of (M1) and self-condensing step of (M2) are carried out in a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating solvent by microwave irradiation, and in the presence of non-coordinating or weakly coordinating base. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ethylene propylene diene monomer comprises ethylidene norbornene, ethylene and propylene. The peroxide is benzoyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(benzoyl peroxide)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butyl peroxide)cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxide, 1,4-bis(t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl peroxide-3-hexene, tertiary butyl cumenyl peroxide or 1,1-di-tert-butyl peroxide-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyolefin resin comprises homo-polypropylene and ethylene/propylene copolymer. The phenolic resin is phenol formaldehyde resin, alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin, tertiary butyl phenol formaldehyde resin, tert-octyl bromoethyl-alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin, bromoethyl-para-tertiary butyl phenol formaldehyde resin and bromoethyl-P-tert-octyl phenol formaldehyde resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrode is made of oxide of a transition metal or an element of third main group, and fourth, fifth or sixth subgroup of the periodic table of the elements, preferably titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium or hafnium. The semiconductor electrode is made of one or multiple bismuth-containing compounds. The bismuth-containing compound is oxygen-containing bismuth compound or a halogen-containing bismuth compound. The bismuth-containing compound is selected from bismuth trioxide, BiOX or BiX3. The bismuth-containing compound is bismuth complex compound with organic ligands.X=F, CI, Br or I.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating formulation comprises not greater than 3 wt.% solids. The film forming component comprises greater than or equal to 30 wt.% nanoparticles including inorganic oxide or inorganic oxide precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent component comprises a solvent from methanol, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, 1-propanol, 2-propanol or 1-methoxypropan-2-ol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and/or 2-methyl-2-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film forming component comprises oligomeric or polymeric compound(s). The optical coating is an anti-reflective or UV coating. The optically coated substrate is an anti-reflective coated glass plate or anti-reflective coated plastic substrate. EXAMPLE - A coating composition contained core shell nanoparticles produced using latex and tetramethoxysilane. The weight ratio of the resultant silica to latex was 4:1. A film was applied to the glass substrate at 2-20 m/minute. After the coating application, the coated substrates were dried under ambient conditions (22 degrees C and 14-29% relative humidity) for greater than or equal to 5 minutes. Subsequently the coated substrates were thermally cured in an oven at 450 degrees C for 1 hour. The temperature ramp-up from room temperature towards 450 degrees C took approximately 1 hour and the cooling down till 70 degrees C greater than or equal to 4 hours. The curing process converted the silica coated latex nanoparticles into hollow silica nanoparticles, with the latex core thermally degrading during the curing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from gold, silver, copper and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 8C or less alkane (40-99 %mass with respect to total dispersion liquid) is heptane or octane. The organic substance includes nitrogen, carbon and oxygen, and has molecular weight of 100-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction mixture further comprises a catalyst. The catalyst is selected from Bronsted acids, Lewis acids, Bronsted bases, Lewis bases, free radical initiators, or transition metal complexes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The step of forming the pre-SOF involves heating the reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst; heating the reaction mixture at a temperature that is lower than the boiling point of the reaction mixture; and exposing the reaction mixture to UV irradiation. The catalyst is optionally present in the dry SOF. The duration of pre-SOF formation lasts 10 sec to 48 hours. The weight of the catalyst divided by the total weight of the molecular building blocks is 0.0001-0.25. Preferred Components: The liquid-containing reaction mixture optionally comprises secondary component or solvents, as an added functionality. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal of the polymeric metal oxide nano-dot is selected from aluminum, tin, magnesium, calcium, titanium, manganese, zinc, gold, silver, copper, nickel, and iron. The metalloid of polymeric metalloid oxide nano-dot is silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dot: The functional group of the surface portion of the nano-dot is selected from a functional group having amino, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, halo, or phosphite group. Preferred Method: The weight percent concentration of the modifier diluted with the solvent is (0.1-99.9 wt.%). The weight percent concentration of the nano-dot solution of the polymeric metal oxide, polymeric metalloid oxide, or polymeric metal alloy oxide is (0.1-20 wt.%). Preferred Components: The modifier has amino, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, halo, or phosphite group. The modifier having the amino group is 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The modifier having the alkyl group is n-octyltrimethoxysilane. The modifier having the alkenyl group is vinyltrimethoxysilane. The solvent is tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene or alcohol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic powder contains silicon dioxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The mechanical performance of solar cell panel conforms to JIS standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is nitrate, oxalate, sulfate, carbonate, halide or oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The method further involves using hydrazine solvent, 1-5C lower alcohol or alcohol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The near-infrared cyanine dye-cyclodextrin composite fluid is produced by dissolving N-p-carboxybenzyl-3H-indolyl cyanine dye(s) in methanol saturated solution of alpha -cyclodextrin, beta -cyclodextrin, or gamma -cyclodextrin, where the density of the dye is 10-7-10-4 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is solid crosslinking agent, preferably organic peroxide. The content of vinyl acetate in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Compound: The plasticizer is phosphorus-containing compound, preferably phosphite compound. The phosphite compound is of formula: P(OR1)3.R1=linear or branched 1-20C alkyl, aryl or aralkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second anti-reflected layer is made of silicon dioxide. The first, fourth and sixth oxide layers are made of silicon dioxide. The second, fifth and seventh oxide layers are titanium oxide, niobium oxide and tantalum oxide. The third oxide layer is a mixture of silicon dioxide and niobium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic is made of polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution further contains organic peroxide chosen from 2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-dihydroperoxide, 2,5-di-methyl-2,5-(t-butylperoxyhexane), 3-t-butylperoxide, alpha , alpha '-bis-t-butylperoxy isopropylbenzene, n-butyl-4,4-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane, 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-biscyclohexane, 1,1-bis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, t-butylperoxy benzoate and benzoyl peroxide. The silane coupling agent is chosen from propyltrimethoxy silane and ( beta )-(3,4-ethoxycyclohexyl)ethyl-trimethoxy silane. The additive is chosen from ultraviolet absorber and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture absorption material is selected from a group consisting of silica gel, cobalt chloride and calcium sulfate. The group material is selected from a group consisting of a selenium (Se) and sulfur (S).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reactive getter is made of magnesium (Mg) and titanium (Ti).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy is aluminum-silicon alloy, zinc-silicon alloy or aluminum-zinc-silicon alloy, preferably aluminum-silicon alloy. Preferred Process: The refined silicon melt is crystallized to form large-sized silicon crystals. The separation process is carried out by centrifugation or filtration process. The pre-purification and provision of the melt to hypereutectic state is performed in a primary furnace which is connected to the furnace. The melt containing large-sized silicon crystals obtained in the furnace is transferred to a centrifugal, the crystals are moved towards the walls of the centrifugal and silicon-containing melt in the middle portion is decanted from the centrifugal. The obtained crystals are re-melted and subjected to casting process to obtain solar grade silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reactant (A) comprises trimethylaluminum, isopropanol, dimethylaluminum, tert-butoxy dimethylaluminum, or sec-butoxy dimethylaluminum, preferably trimethylaluminum. Reactant (B) is water. The third reactant is tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coating takes place via printing-, spraying-, rotolining- or dipping-process. The thermal treatment takes place at 250-360 degrees C. Preferred Components: The indium alkoxide is indium(III) alkoxide. The indium(III) alkoxide is an alkoxide of formula (In(OR)3). The amount of the indium alkoxide is 1-15, preferably 2.5-7.5 wt.%. The composition exhibits a viscosity of 1 mPas to 10 Pas. The substrate is glass, silicon, silicon dioxide, a metal, a transition metal oxide or a polymeric material.OR = 1-15C-alkoxy- or -oxyalkylalkoxy group, preferably OCH3, OCH2CH3, OCH2CH2OCH3, OCH(CH3)2 (preferred) or O(CH3)3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is an aprotic or weak(ly) protic solvent, preferably isopropanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tert-butanol or toluene. EXAMPLE - A doped silicon substrate (with an edge length of 15 mm and silicon dioxide coating thickness of 200 nm) was coated with 5 wt.% of a solution (100 mu l) containing indium(II) isopropoxide in isopropanol per spin coating (2000 rotations per minute). In order to exclude water, dry solvents (with less than 200 ppm of water) were used and the coating was carried out further in a glove box. The coated substrate was thermally treated in air at 350 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain semiconductive indium oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide layer with high refractive index is 5-25 nm in thickness. The porous silicon oxide layer is 100-150 nm in thickness. The alcohol is ethanol. The acid is acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. The mol ratio of precursor, deionized water, acid, and alcohol is 1:1-5:0.5-2.5:45-250. The catalyst is hydrochloric acid or aqueous ammonia. The silane coupling agent is gamma-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, tridecyl fluoro-octyl triethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, or (3-chloropropyl) trimethoxy silane. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, glycol, or isopropanol. The mol ratio of silicon source, deionized water, catalyst, solvent, and silane coupling agent is 3:1-5:1-3:60-100:1.5-3.75. Preferred Conditions: Curing is carried out at 200-550 degrees C for 1-180 minutes. Coating is carried out via spin coating, pulling method, spraying or printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is sodium, lithium or their compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon nanostructure is obtained using an organic solvent. The organic solvent is anhydrous hexane or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The substitution process is carried out by coating a solution containing semiconductor material (B), and removing material (C) from the layer containing semiconductor material (A) and material (C) using solvent which is capable of solubilizing the material (C). The semiconductor material (A) is slightly soluble or insoluble in the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive composition further contains glass powder having average particle diameter (D50) of 0.2-4 mu m, maximum particle diameter of 30 mu m or less and softening point of 300-700 degrees C. The content of glass powder is 0.5-20 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal powder is 20-70 wt.%. Preferred Property: The aluminum-containing photosensitive composition has viscosity of 1000-50000 cP at 25 degrees C and shear rate of 10 second-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carrier mobility of organic semiconductor material in layer (p or n) of counter electrode is greater than that of the carrier mobility of organic semiconductor material in layer (p or n) of transparent electrode. Preferred Composition: The p-type organic semiconductor material is porphyrin derivative. The n-type organic semiconductor material is fullerene derivative. Preferred Process: The fullerene derivative is a high molecular compound obtained by polymerizing polycyclic monomer compound of formula (I), or by performing polymerization crosslinking of polycyclic monomer compound of formula (II).R1-R4=(un)substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or silyl;L1-L4=(un)substituted alkylene, alkene diyl, alkyne diyl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, silylene, ether, thioether, carbonyl, carboxy, amino or amide;n=2 or more;andG1-G2=polymerization group, which is joint strand of three-dimensional network structure.Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion layer has 2-5 layers of layer (i). The content of p-type organic semiconductor material and n-type organic semiconductor material in layer (i) is different. The photoelectric converting layer is formed by solution process. The photoelectric converting layer is formed using a material which is insoluble by 1 or more layers of photoelectric converting layers after solution process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive particles are electroconductive metal oxide particles chosen from indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and cadmium oxide. The electroconductive metal oxide particles are doped using tin, antimony, aluminum or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The active layer contains porphyrin compound, phthalocyanine compound or conjugated polymer as electron donor, and fullerene compound as electron acceptor. The porphyrin compound is benzoporphyrin compound of formula (II or III) formed by heat conversion from a soluble precursor. The layer containing benzo phosphole (I) is formed and annealed at 50-250 degrees C.Z1a-Z4a,Z1b-Z4b,R4-R7=H, halo or monovalent organic group;Z1a+Z1b,Z2a+Z2b,Z3a+Z3b,Z4a+Z4b=ring;andM=bivalent metal atom or atomic group coupled with metal having valence of 3 or more and other atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The components of the system are controlled through a shared serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide comprises at least one metal oxide of titanium oxides, niobium oxides, hafnium oxides, indium oxides, tin oxides and/or zinc oxides. The metal oxide has a nanostructure comprising nanotubes, nanowires, nanobelts, and nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 20-50 wt.% of the metal oxide powder and 0.1-10 wt.% of the dye containing compound, and the balance of the paste composition comprises the binder solution. The binder composition comprises a solvent and tert-butanol in a weight ratio of 1:1-1:10. Preferred Components: The dyes include ruthenium complexes, xanthene colorants, cyanine colorants, basic dyes, phenosafranine, Capri blue, thiosine, methylene blue, porphyrinoid compounds, azo colorants, phthalocyanine compounds, anthraquinone colorants and/or polycyclic quinone colorants. The dye includes ruthenium trisbipyridyl, Rhodamine B, Rose Bengal, eosin, erythrosine, quinocyanine, cryptocyanine, chlorophyll, zinc porphyrin and/or magnesium porphyrin. The solvent comprises water, glycols, glycerols, or an acetate-based solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid electrolyte comprises lithium iodide and iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismaleimides are selected from pyrrole derivative (I), 1-(4-(4-(2,5-dioxo-cyclopent-3-enyl)-benzyl)-phenyl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione (II), compound of C4NO2H2-R3-C4NO2H2 (III) or compound C4NO2H2-C6X1X2X3X4-Y'-C6X5X6X7X8-C4NO2H2 (IV).The bismaleimides are selected from N,N'-bismaleimides-4,4'-diphenylmethane, 1,1'-(methylene-4,1-phenylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-(1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene) bismaleimides, 1,1'-(3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-acetyl bismaleimides, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-(1,3-phenylene) bismaleimides, N,N'-sulfenyl bismaleimides, N,N'-disulfenyl bismaleimides, N,N'-bismaleimides ketone, N,N'-methylene bismaleimides, bismaleimide ether, 1,2-bismaleimide-1,2-glycol, N,N'-4,4'-diphenyl ether-bismaleimides or 4,4'-bismaleimides-diphenyl sulfone.The Bronsted acid solution is selected from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, ketopyrrolidine or N-dodecyl pyrrolidone. The ionic liquid electrolyte comprises 4-tert.-butylpyridine, 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide and solvent.The solvent is selected from acetonitrile, propylene carbonate or their mixture.R3 = -R-, -R-NH2-R-, -C(O)-, -R-C(O)-R-, -R-C(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)-, -R-S(O)-R-, -SO2-, -(C6H4)-, -R-(C6H4)-R-, -R-(C6H4)-O-, -(C6H4)-(C6H4)-, -R-(C6H4)-(C6H4)-R-, -R-(C6H4)-(C6H4)-O-;R = 18C alkyl, C6H4 or (C6H4)-(C6H4);Y' = -R-, -C(O)-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)- or -SO2-; andX1-X8 = independent halogen, hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl, 1-8C naphthene or 1-8C silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Layer: The base material layer is glass substrate or layer containing gas-barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat sealing is carried out using thermoplastic resin layer (E). The gas-barrier film has transparent base layer, inorganic thin film layer and transparent resin layer. The transparent resin layer contains polymer which consists of unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The transparent conductive film further has inorganic thin film layer and thin film laminate. The inorganic thin film layer and film layer are laminated in turns between base material and transparent conductive film layer. The surface of side of base material is adjoined with transparent conductive film layer. The thin film laminate is formed by alternately laminating low-refractive-index thin film single layer and high-refractive-index thin film single layer, or high-refractive-index thin film layer and low-refractive-index thin film layer(s). The structure of transparent conductive film satisfies following relations: (C/(B/D)x n)/B/A, (C/(B/D)x n)/B/A, (C/(D/B)x n)/D/A or (C/(D/B)x n)/A, where n is 1 or more, A is hard-coat layer, B is film layer, C is transparent conductive film layer and D is inorganic thin film layer. Preferred Composition: The inorganic thin film layer contains silica. Preferred Property: The transparent conductive film has aasterisk value of -3 to 3 and basterisk value of -2 to 2, measured by Lasteriskaasteriskbasterisk colorimetric system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Component: The complex (I) is of formula (II).M'=lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium;andL=ligand of formula (i), in which one or more N atoms of phthalocyanine ring of 2 ligands are coordinated to M'. Preferred Definitions:    A=C12H25O;    M=metal chosen from cobalt, nickel or copper;    E=60C fullerene;    B'=H;and    n=10-12.    EXAMPLE - 4-(12-Hydroxydodecyloxy)-5-methoxyphthalonitrile (in g) (0.071), 4,5-bis(3,4-didodecyloxyphenoxy)-1,2-dicyanobenzene (0.64), and 1-hexanol (20 ml) were added into a flask and stirred. Then, 1-8-diazabicyclo-undec-7-ene (0.027) was added and stirred. Subsequently, methanol was added after cooling, and the resultant product was deposited, separated by filtration, and the resultant filter cake was washed. Then, the filter cake was dissolved in chloroform, the solvent was distilled and the filtrate was collected. Then, the residue was subjected to column chromatography, to obtain donor-acceptor phthalocyanine complex of formula (IV).    X=group of formula (ii);and    E'=60C fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The rare-earth element is chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the silicon is purified by carrying out oxidizing refining of the silicon raw material, carrying out vacuum refining of the silicon raw material, crushing the silicon raw material after oxidizing refining or vacuum refining process, and leaching the crushed silicon raw material, or by forming solidified substance (a) by cooling and solidifying a silicon melt under pressure (A), forming solidified substance (b) by cooling and solidifying the silicon melt under pressure (B) which is lower than the pressure (A), pulverizing the solidified substance (b), leaching the pulverized substance and purifying the leached substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film further contains a thin film layer containing inorganic substance or organic substance, preferably silicon oxide (SiOx).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains monoacrylate and/or diacrylate whose sum content is 50 weight% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: When voltage measurement is performed for the transparent conductive film using the polyacetal pen having a diameter of 8 mm, in 100000 reciprocations at a rate of 3 reciprocations/1 second, and one-way distance of 35 mm under a load of 250 g, the difference between the actual value and value obtained by carrying out co-linear approximation is 1% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The foil grows substantially along its thickness direction, where the direction is substantially parallel to the thickness of the floating foil. Preferred Components: The molten metallic bath comprises indium and/or tin. EXAMPLE - 99.9995% Pure indium (In) ingots (6 ingots of 50 g each) (300 g) were placed in a quartz crucible. The crucible was positioned vertically on a quartz pedestal inside a quartz tube. The quartz tube and its contents were placed inside a vertical tube furnace. A gas mixture of pure argon (Ar) containing 3.9% hydrogen (H2) (by volume) was used to flush the quartz tube chamber. This was done by first evacuating the chamber, followed by introduction of the gas mixture, and repeating this cycle 3 times at room temperature. The chamber temperature was then raised to -300 degrees C, and one vacuum/flush cycle was applied. This was followed by another vacuum/flush cycle at -500 degrees C. The gas mixture was introduced through quartz tube (bubbler). The bubbler was introduced into the molten In at -500 degrees C, and the flow rate was adjusted to 50 ml/minutes. After about one hour of bubbling, the bubbler was raised above the melt. The chamber temperature was then raised to 852 degrees C (melt temperature of 850.8 degrees C) , and a silicon (Si)-source piece (attached to a quartz rod) was dipped into the melt for 45 minutes. After 45 minutes, the left-over Si-source piece was raised, and a programmed cooling of the melt was initiated. The cooling rate was 0.7 degrees C/minute from 850-820 degrees C, 2 degrees C/minute from 820-770 degrees C and 4 degrees C/minute from 770-500 degrees C. The furnace was then turned off and cooled at 7 degrees C/minute to room temperature to obtain a continuous film of -3 cm diameter, which consists of high purity silica crystals (or grains) with typical grain size of several hundreds micrometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Promoter: The crystallization promoter is chosen from magnesium, strontium, calcium and barium. Preferred Properties: The crystallization promoter-containing layer has thickness of 30-200 mu m and barium concentration of 100-200 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of oxygen atom and carbon atom in the surface layer portion of gas barrier layer is each 10-70% with respect to total content of oxygen atom, carbon atom and silicon atom. The content of silicon atom in the surface layer portion of the gas barrier layer is 5-35% with respect to total content of oxygen atom, carbon atom and silicon atom. Preferred Property: The peak position of bond energy of 2p electron-orbit of silicon atom in the surface layer portion of gas barrier layer is 102-104 eV, measured by X-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy. Preferred Component: The laminate further has an inorganic compound layer (C) obtained by injecting an ion formed by ionizing nitrogen, oxygen, argon and/or helium into a layer containing polyorganosiloxane type-compound. The laminate is obtained by performing plasma ion implantation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyorganosiloxane type-compound has silicon-containing repeating units of formula: -(Si(-Rx)2-O)- (I) and of formula (II).Rx,Ry=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl (all optionally substituted) or H, in which two of Rx are not hydrogen simultaneously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The transparent baseplate may be made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The transparent baseplate may be made of metallic film or metal plate. The transparent baseplate is transparent conducting baseplate comprising stannic oxide mixed with fluorine, indium oxide mixed with tin, zinc oxide mixed with aluminum, stannic oxide, or stannic oxide mixed with antinomy. The light-absorbing parts comprise high energy gap metal oxide and dye molecules adhering to metal oxide surface for absorbing light. The high energy gap metal oxide comprises titanium dioxide, ferric oxide and tungsten oxide. The antipodal layer comprises platinum metallic film, platinum metal particle and graphite. The first and second wires are silver wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent baseplate is made of polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The partial structure (I) is of formula (II or III, preferably IV, V or VI). The compound contains pyrrole group-containing partial structure (I) in 2 or more molecules, and is of formula (VII or VIII). The compound (VII) is low-molecular compound having molecular weight of less than 5000. The compound (VIII) is high-molecular compound having molecular weight of 5000 or more.X1-X8=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom;Z3=Z2;R2-R16=R1;Z4,Z6=optionally substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic ring;Z5,Z7=optionally substituted aromatic ring or complex aromatic ring;p,r=0-4;q=2-6;ands=2-10000.Preferred Process: The layer containing compound having partial structure (I) is formed by solution coating method. Preferred layer: Alternately, the layer containing compound having partial structure (I) is provided between the bulk heterojunction layer and the cathode, and is a bulk heterojunction layer (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by dissolving gadolinium oxide and erbium oxide in concentrated nitric acid to form 0.1-0.5 mol/L solution of the two oxides, mixing the two oxide solutions with ammonium molybdate, adding citric acid as combustion supporting agent, uniformly mixing, heating to remove solvent, and igniting at 800-950 degrees C for 5-10 hours, where the ratio of gadolinium(III), erbium(III) and ammonium molybdate is 2-x:x:3. Preferred Component: The compound can absorb light at 1510-1565 nm, can emit green light (near 544 nm), red light (near 665 nm) and infrared light (near 800 and 976 nm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal layer is made of nickel, copper or silver. The etching medium includes metal electrolyte. The etching medium includes 5-10 vol.% of hydrofluoric acid and a metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching medium also includes 150-180 grams per liter of nickel acetate solution, alcohol or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cable can utilize a standard power connector or USB.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The segments are made from material comprising silicon carbide or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The segments are made from material comprising aluminum or anodized aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The guide bracket uses joist steel or H-shaped steel.
ACTIVITY - Antiinflammatory; Hepatotropic; Virucide; Dermatological; Endocrine-Gen. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Cell therapy.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The glass is formed using glass-making feedstock containing (in %mass) silica (45-75), aluminum (0-30) and mixture (0-30) of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. Preferred Properties: The tempered glass has softening point of 860 degrees C or less, thermal expansion coefficient of 60-110x 10-7/ degrees C and viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent of mixed solution is water. The IB group element is copper or silver. The IIIA group element is aluminum, indium or gallium. The VIA group element is sulfur, selenium or tellurium. The thin-film solar cells comprise IB-IIIA-VIA group thin-film solar cells or macromolecule thin-film solar cells. The IB-IIIA-VIA group amorphous phase powder is a precursor of IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure is of copper pyrites structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure is mixed with conductive polymer to apply in macromolecule thin-film solar cells. Preferred Processes: The method further comprises washing mixed solution with cleaning solvent before drying mixed solution, with cleaning solvent of deionized water or ethyl alcohol. The method of transforming amorphous phase powder into IB-IIIA-VIA group crystal phase structure involves calcining IB-IIIA-VIA group amorphous phase powder. The method comprises supplying mixed solution containing IB, IIIA, VIA group element in periodic table of chemical element and any group solution of elements, with solvent of mixed solution comprising water; heating mixed solution; washing and filtering mixed solution; and drying mixed solution to obtain nanometer IB-IIIA-VIA group amorphous phase powder, with amorphous phase powder comprising precursor of copper pyrites structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA group copper pyrites structure is used as photo-electric conversion element in thin-film solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixed contains no organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) mixed with polystyrol sulfonic acid ethylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole and polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline material is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The special electronic detergent comprises (wt.%) surfactant (0.01-0.5), alkaline material (0.5-2), and deionized water (balance). The surfactant is alcohol ether type surfactant i.e. fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, isooctanol polyoxyethylene ether, disodium sulfosuccinate isoalkyl ether ester, disodium fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether sulfosuccinate, lauryl ether phosphate, or octyl phenol polyglycol ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound comprises titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). The reducing gas comprises hydrogen. The organic oxygen containing compound comprises organic ester. The organic ester comprises ethyl acetate. The inert carrier gases comprise at least one of helium and nitrogen. Preferred Method: In method (M1), when the precursor gas mixture delivered to the glass ribbon, the glass ribbon is at 1050-1350 degrees F. The color suppression film stack is deposited on the heated glass substrate prior to deposition of the electrically conductive titanium oxide coating. The coated glass oxide exhibits an electrical conductivity of at least 0.80 S/cm. The conductive titanium oxide coating is deposited on the heated glass substrate at a deposition rate of at least 20 Angstrom /sec. The thickness of conductive titanium oxide coating deposited on the heated glass substrate is greater than or equal to 110 Angstrom . The reducing gas comprises not greater than 5.2 mole% of the precursor mixture. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the polycrystalline silicon ingot growing technique, the silicon nitride demolding agent is the high-purity silicon nitride obtained by soaking the silicon powder through the aqueous solution mixed with acid, performing the high-temperature desalting under the catalyst of the silicon nitride powder, and grinding and soaking in the aqueous solution mixed with acid again; where the mixed acid aqueous solution comprises muriatic acid, nitric acid, and water; the silicon nitride dope comprises high-purity silicon nitride powder or 0.05-5% of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution purified through positive ion exchange resin; the high temperature resistance of the silicon nitride is achieved through filling 0.1-4 kg of differential pressure high-purity ammonia; the mold is suspended in dissolving; the mold is supported on a water cooling lower rotating shaft in solidifying; and the heat field is regulated through downwardly moving the mold and regulating the cooling water flow speed simultaneously. Preferred Components: In the combined quartz ceramic crucible mold, the square column barrel-shaped mold comprises an upper top plate, two quartz ceramic components, and a quartz ceramic bolt; where the connection of the upper top plat and the quartz ceramic crucible is inserted by a groove, and is fixed by a quartz ceramic bolt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The deposited silver layer has thickness of 5-15 nm, preferably 7-11 nm. The primary AZO thin film and secondary AZO thin film have thickness of 10-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is glass substrate, quartz substrate or flexible polymer substrate. The flexible polymer substrate is made of polyethersulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: In device for converting the mechanical energy of ocean wave to the energy supply, particularly an ocean wave energy supply ship, the specific gravity of the floating energy-collecting device (2) is less than the solid floaters of the ocean water; the floating energy-collecting device is connected with an energy transmission rod (201); the energy conversion device (3) is a gear transmission device and a flywheel energy storing device for converting the low speed energy to the high speed energy; the energy conversion device installed on the ship body is formed by a transmission lever (301) for driving a bevel gear, a lever support seat (302), an oriented ratchet (303), and an energy storing flywheel (304); the transmission lever is flexibly connected with the energy transmission rod on the floating energy-collecting device; the bevel gear (301) is meshed with the oriented ratchet (303,303') to let the reciprocation of the bevel gear (301) respectively drive the energy storing flywheel to clockwise and anticlockwise direction; the energy conversion device is a hydraulic or pneumatic device; the floating energy-collecting device is a hollowed container, and is provided with a water intake/discharge control device; and the energy utilization device is a motor and a ship driving device for hydrogen production, seawater desalination, foodstuffs, and industrial processes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The charge output port includes a universal serial bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary acidic washing liquid and secondary acidic washing liquid contains sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, boric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid and/or lactic acid. The base contains ammonia aqueous solution, magnesium hydroxide aqueous solution and/or hydrated copper (II) aqueous solution. Preferred Property: The primary acidic washing liquid has pH of 5-10. Preferred Process: The silicone particles are dispersed by ultrasonic irradiation. The slurry waste is pulverized before washing with primary acidic washing liquid or separation of solid content of silicone. The solid content separated from the secondary washing process is further washed with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon particles are a reaction product obtained by reacting a metal atom contained in a metal-type reducing agent and a silicon atom contained in tetrahalogenated silicon. Preferred Property: The silicon particles have average particle diameter of 0.1-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal-type reducing agent is chosen from sodium naphthalenide, sodium biphenylide, sodium-4-4'-di-t-butyl biphenylide and sodium-8-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthalenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide contains (in atomic ratio) 5.0-55.0 of zinc, 0.5-55.0 of cerium and the sum total of zinc and cerium is 40.0-60.0. The oxide contains 5.0-100.0 of silicon and 8.0-120.0 of oxygen. The fine particles of sulfide have average particle diameter of 0.5-100 nm. The vapor deposition source is powdered sintered compact containing mixture of zinc sulfide powder and silicon oxide powder, and sintered powder of cerium oxide, cerium sulfide and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflective material is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine resin film is fluorine resin composition which contains polymethyl methacrylate resin as acrylic resin (5-50 mass parts) and polyvinylidene fluoride resin (50-95 mass parts) as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The size of feedstock particles and silica is 200-600 microns. The amount of sulfuric acid is up to 20% of stoichiometric excess. The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 50-100% (preferably 98-100%). The metal fluoride is sodium aluminum fluoride. Preferred Process: The step of calcining the feedstock is carried out at 200-600 degrees C (preferably 300-400 degrees C), and at residence time of 3-25 minutes. The step (b) occurs at 100-500 degrees C. In the process, there is 99% of conversion efficiency of the metal fluorides in the feedstock. The excess sulfuric acid is recycled. The sodium aluminum fluoride is recycled from a silane manufacturing process. In the process, internal recycling enhances the yield of silicon tetraflouride. EXAMPLE - Mixture of fluorspar (362 lbs/hour), sand (2641 lbs/hour), and sodium and aluminum fluoride (5661 lbs/hour) were mixed in a kneader and calcined for 20 minutes. The calcined mass and sulfuric acid (8614 lbs/hour) were fed into a rotary tube furnace. The calciner was operated at 400 degrees C and the sulfuric acid had a temperature of 120 degrees C. The furnace wall temperature in the first zone of the furnace at the first and second combustion chambers was 350 degrees C and then dropped linearly to 220 degrees C at the last combustion chamber. The furnace wall temperature was controlled by regulating the quantity of natural gas supplied to the burners in the combustion chambers and worked up to give a silicon tetraflouride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The panel is made of a metal selected from the group comprising aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, iron and iron alloys, and different types of stainless steels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ratio of N-alkyl-lactam to organic carbonate is 0.8:1-3:1. The N-alkyl-lactam is N-methyl-pyrrolidone and/or N-ethyl-pyrrolidone. The organic carbonate is cyclic carbonate or propylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The content of PVDF is 1-50 wt.%, based on the combined weight of N-alkyl-lactam and organic carbonate. The PVDF solution prepared from mixture comprising N-methyl-pyrrolidone and propylene carbonate has iodine color number of less than 100. EXAMPLE - N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) was mixed with propylene carbonate at 1:1 ratio by volume. The mixture was heated up to 100 degrees C and then cooled down. Kureha KF W1100 (RTM: poly(vinylidenefluoride)) (PVDF) (8 wt.%) was added to solvent NMP at room temperature under a blanket of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred while the temperature was slowly increased to 80 degrees C until the polymer dissolved. After the polymer was dissolved, the temperature was reduced to room temperature and the iodine color number of PVDF-solution was determined to be 1. The thus obtained solution was stored at room temperature for 2 months. After 2 months, no change in the iodine color number was observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of biomass-type fine particles having length of 1 mm or less is 70 %mass or more. The low-temperature waste gas includes moisture content of 25 %mass or less. Preferred Process: The grinding and drying processes are carried out simultaneously. Preferred Component: The low-temperature waste gas is discharged from cement firing installation, boiler and/or power generation equipment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thiophene derivative which has trihalosilyl group or trialkoxysilyl group is of formulae (1) or preferably (2). The electroconductive high molecular precursor is pyrrole, bipyrrole, thiophene, bithiophene, aniline, these derivatives or preferably ethylene dioxythiophene (preferably 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).L1,L2=bivalent group which can be formed with greater than or equal to 2 combinations chosen from alkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, carbonyl, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, -NH- or bivalent group;R1,R2=alkoxy or halo;R3,R4=substituent; andn=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The brine is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, potassium formate, cesium formate and sodium formate brine and their mixtures. The free radical initiator is selected from the group consisting of 2,2'-azobis(2-imida- zole-2-hydroxyethyl)propane, 2,2'-azobis(2-aminopropane) dihydrochloride, 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) and 2,2'- azobis(2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl))propionamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The monofunctional alkene is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxymethylacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, hydroxymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, polypropylene glycol acrylate, polypropylene glycol methacrylate, tetrahydrofuryl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, 2 -triethylammoniumethylmethacrylate chloride, N,N-dimethyl-aminopropylmethacryl-amide, methacrylamidepropyltriethylammonium chloride, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, N-hydroxymethyl-methacrylamide and their mixtures. The multi-functional alkene is a difunctional alkene selected from the group consisting of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate and polyethylene glycol diacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, tin oxide, and alloy of zinc oxide and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lower conductive film is made of silver, aluminum, copper and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Electrodes used for recovering silicon are made of metal and metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless transmission module conforms to Zigbee and Bluetooth standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The poly(meth)acrylate and the polyolefin are linked together at 50-350 degrees C and at water vapor atmosphere. The poly(meth)acrylate and polyolefin are copolymerized or grafted with 0.2-12 wt.% of (I)-(IV). The poly(meth)acrylate and polyolefin are copolymerized with 0.3-6 wt.% of (I) or (II). The poly(meth)acrylate is copolymerized with 0.3-6 wt.% of (I) and the polyolefin is grafted with (II). Preferred Components: The poly(meth)acrylate contains up to 2 wt.% of a photoinitiator. The polyolefin comprises a poly- alpha -olefin. The polyolefin comprises cycloolefin copolymer or a cycloolefin polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: Oxidizing comprises contacting the germanium-containing solid with an oxidizing solution. The method further comprises electrochemically reducing oxidation product of germanium-containing solid. The chemical reduction comprises reacting the oxidation product with a metal borohydride or metal aluminum hydride. The method includes reacting or decomposing a gas phase germanium precursor to form a thin film germanium material. The reaction or decomposition further forms a solid phase byproduct comprising germanium; and this byproduct is oxidized. The reaction or decomposition of gas phase germanium precursor occurs in the presence of silane. It further occurs in the presence of an n-type or p-type dopant. Preferred Materials: The oxidizing solution comprises a base, preferably hydroxide comprising alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or transition metal; or acid comprising hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or sulfuric acid. The metal borohydride comprises sodium borohydride. The metal aluminum hydride comprises lithium aluminum hydride. Less than 90, preferably less than 50% of germanium in the germanium-containing solid is present in form of germanium dioxide. The thin film germanium material comprises silicon and the byproduct further comprises silicon. The dopant comprises phosphorus, boron, or arsenic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas phase germanium precursor comprises germane, preferably organogermanium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is chosen from metal halide, metal carboxylate, metal nitrate and metal sulfate. The metal salt contains element chosen from transition metal element, group III metallic element and group IV metallic element. The transition metal element is chosen from iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel, cadmium, zinc, titanium, vanadium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, erbium and ytterbium. The group III metallic element is chosen from aluminum, gallium, thallium and indium. The group IV metallic element is chosen from tin and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is alcohol having boiling point of 220-400 degrees C. Preferred Condition: The mixed solvent is heated at 220-400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Transparent conductive particle is an electroconductive metal oxide particle consists of indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and/or cadmium oxide. Electroconductive metal oxide particle contains tin, antimony, aluminum and/or gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Dispersing agent contains comb-shaped copolymer with both a basic functional group and an acidic functional group as a particle-pick-up site. Preferred Process: The ink for transparent conductive film formation was applied to the substrate using ink-jet printer to obtain transparent conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes are formed from a material selected from high aspect ratio carbon material, fine carbon powder, conductive polymer, carbon fibril, and carbon nanotube material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is thermoplastic polymer (preferably poly(tert-butyl acrylate)), crosslinked polymer containing repeating units of tert-butyl acrylate, polymer blend containing crosslinked polymer or polymer composite containing additives selected from nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, plasticizers, surfactants, light absorbing agent, light absorbing fillers, conductive fillers, microwave absorbing fillers, and magnetic fillers.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, i.e. compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Ic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sintered silver ink of the conductive film has a specific resistivity of 1.7|asterisk10-5~0 or less by controlling a ratio of the reducing agent and the sintering temperature. The sintering process is performed at temperature of 130-150 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The branched chain carboxylic acid having 6-14 carbon atoms or its salt, is neohexanoic acid, neoheptanoic acid, isooctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, neodecanoic acid or neoundecanoic acid. The organic solvent is tetradecane, toluene, xylene, hexane, tetrahydrofuran or cyclohexane. The reducing agent is phenyl hydrazine, triethylamine, hydrazine, aldehyde, ascorbic acid and tert-butylhydroxytoluene. The reducing agent is added at an equivalence ratio of silver ion complex reducing agent is 1:0.5-1:1. EXAMPLE - Branched chain carboxylic acid (0.4 mol) was dissolved in methanol (0.4 M). The methanol solution was mixed with an aqueous solution (1000 ml) including sodium hydroxide (0.4 mol), this was agitated and aqueous solution (1000 ml), including silver nitrate (0.4mol) was added to the mixed solution and agitated to obtain a white silver complex precipitate. The silver complex precipitate was filtered, washed with an aqueous solution several times and then with a polar organic solvent (acetone or ethanol) several times, and dried to obtain a silver ion complex. The silver ion complex (9.9x 10-3 mol) was dissolved in tetradecane (20ml), and phenyl hydrazine (9.9x 10-3 mol) as a reducing agent and terpineol (0.005 g) were added to obtain a dark brown silver ink (a mole ratio of silver ion complex: reducing agent is 1:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The compound (I) is deposited on substrate by sublimation or by solution-phase deposition, where the substrate has temperature of less than or equal to no 150 degrees C during deposition. Preferred Components: The organic semiconductor material is one or more of 4 compounds, e.g. of formula (II).Ar1, Ar2=carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring systems fused to each corresponding adjacent imidazole in structure (substituted with one or more F atoms);X=optional organic or inorganic substituent group including alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkoxy groups, halo (preferably F), CN, or optionally substituted aryl and arylalkyl groups at any available position on core nucleus; andn=0-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The monomer unit is derived from compounds of formula (Ia)-(If).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The non-fluorinated acid polymer is poly(styrenesulfonic acid), and/or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). The composition further comprises a fluorinated acid polymer having fluorinated olefin backbone and pendant groups comprising fluorinated ether sulfonate, fluorinated ester sulfonate, and/or fluorinated ether sulfonimide. The fluorinated acid polymer is copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene and 2-(2,2-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid; and/or copolymer of ethylene and 2-(2-(1,2,2- trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid. The fluorinated acid polymer is a compound of formula -((CF2-CF2)a-(CF2-C(O-(CF2-C(R16)F-O)b-(CF2)c-SO2-NH-(SO2-(CF2)d-SO2-NH)e-SO2R16)F))n-. It is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid.R16=fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl;a-e=0 or 1-3;andn= greater than or equal to 4. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R4=NH2;    R2, R3=H;and    Q=X=CH.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerization medium for solution polymerization contains hydrofluorocarbon and/or hydrofluoroalkyl ether of formula: R1-O-R2.R1=polyfluoroalkyl;andR2=polyfluoroalkyl or alkyl.At least one of R1 and R2 is H and total number of carbon atoms of R1 and R2 is 3-8. EXAMPLE - 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-Tridecafluorohexane (in g) (1217) and methanol (10) were heated to 66 degrees C. Then, tetrafluoroethylene (180), ethylene (7.7) and propylene (3) were added in a molar ratio of 54.1:33.8:12.1 and polymerized in the presence of initiator tert-butyl peroxy pivalate for 6 hours under a pressure of 1.5 MPa/G, to obtain fluorine-containing copolymer in a yield of 98 g. The obtained copolymer was press molded and a 100 mu m thick film was manufactured. The film had a transparency of 95% measured based on JIS K7105, haze value of 1.5%, tensile strength of 51.2 MPa measured based on JIS K7162, and excellent weather resistance and workability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar battery is a monocrystalline solar battery, a polycrystalline solar energy, a non-crystalline thin film solar battery, a polycrystalline thin film solar battery, or compound semiconductor thin film solar battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nanowire of metal nanowire layer is silver nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crosslinking agent is aldehyde-type crosslinking agent, melamine-type agent, epoxy-type crosslinking agent and/or isocyanate-type crosslinking agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol or cellulose derivative. The crosslinked material of water soluble polymer or crosslinked material of macromolecular latex is crosslinked using crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nonionic polymer is polymer including unit derived from in N-vinyl lactam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The barrier of the former frame is made of metal such as aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier of the former frame comprises a polymer i.e. thermally enhanced polymer, that is impervious to the fluids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of aluminum hydroxide and calcium hydroxide is 3:7-5:5. The perfluoro compound processing agent has average particle diameter of 55-160 mu m. The volume ratio of alkali chemical and perfluoro compound processing agent is 6.5-9. Preferred Process: The baking of mixture of aluminum hydroxide and calcium hydroxide is carried out at 430-890 degrees C in nitrogen stream or airflow. The reaction tank is heated to 500 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ratio between the strength in a first direction in the film plane and the strength in a direction in the film plane perpendicular to the first direction is 0.2-5:1, preferably 0.7-1.4:1. The strength in a first direction is at least 0.2 GPa, preferably at least 1 GPa, while the strength in the direction in the film plane perpendicular to the first direction is at least 0.2 GPa. The strength of the film, in at least one direction in the film plane is at least 0.2 GPa, preferably at least 1 GPa. The Mw of the polymer in the polyethylene film is 1.106-1.108 gram/mole. The polyethylene has a Mw/Mn ratio of at most 4, preferably at most 2. The polyethylene film has a thickness of at most 15 microns, preferably at most 4 microns. The polyethylene film has uniplanar orientation parameter ( phi ) of at least 2. Preferred Process: In the stretching process, a force is applied onto the intermediate polymer film in a first direction which is the machine direction, and a force is applied in a direction perpendicular to the machine direction. The stretching process encompasses at least two stretching steps. In the stretching process, the intermediate polymer film is subjected to a force in the first direction during all stretching steps and to a force in the second direction during at least one stretching step. In the process, a total stretching ratio, defined as the area of the cross section of the compacted mother sheet divided by the cross section of the drawn film produced from this mother sheet, is applied which is at least 40, preferably at least 160. The ratio between the stretching ratio applied in the first direction and that applied in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction in the film plane is 0.1-10:1, preferably 0.7-1.4:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zinc powder and aluminum powder is 80-100% and 0-20%, respectively. Preferred Property: The particle size of zinc powder and/or aluminum powder is 100-1000 meshes. Preferred Condition: The spark-plasma sintering process is carried under vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealant can be made of epoxy, polyurethane (or) silicone which is located within the remaining portion of inner volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The target object is made of aluminum, neodymium, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The annealing process is accomplished at 450-550 degrees C for 2 hours. The hydrogen plasma generating source is short range or long range plasma source generated by radio-frequency glow discharge, ultrahigh frequency glow discharge, microwave exciting, heat-assisted or hot-wire decomposing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hard coat layer forming material is UV curable material. The hard coat layer forming material contains component containing urethane acrylate and urethane methacrylate, component containing polyol acrylate and polyol methacrylate and component containing polymer formed from copolymer, alkyl acrylate which has alkyl group having hydroxyl group and acryloyl group, and alkyl methacrylate which has alkyl group having hydroxyl group and acryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antacid material is chosen from metal carboxylate, metal salt of organic acid, silicate and alkali hydroxide. Preferred Composition: The content of antacid material is 0.01-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode active material. Preferred Condition: The electrochemical element is formed using electrolyte organic type electrolyte solution including fluorine as electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Electronic devices are connected to solar powered charger through WiFi and Bluetooth connection standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The raw material powder are indium compound powder and tin compound powder or aluminum compound powder and zinc compound powder. Preferred Property: The relative density of the sintered compact is 95% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is carboxylate ester. Preferred Process: The formation of gas barrier layer in gas barrier layer forming process is performed by ion-plating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The manufacture of article further involves carrying out immersion treatment of the base material in aqueous cationic surfactant solution. The laminate is alternately obtained by immersing article in electroless plating liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal particles are chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver, iridium, and osmium. The metal coated film is film chosen from gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, and copper. The electroless plating liquid is chosen from gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, and copper electroless plating liquid. Preferred Property: The metal coated film has thickness of 10-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material is thermoplastic polymer or polymer softened by heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus can be modified to produce fresh water by driving salt water through reverse osmosis filters to produce fresh water instead of electric power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: In reaction of zinc chloride and magnesium, a molten metallic magnesium layer as upper layer and metallic zinc layer as middle layer and lower layer, and are separated using fused salt layer in liquid state. The metallic magnesium is alloy containing metallic zinc. The separated zinc chloride is condensed or mixed in molten salt, before reacting with metallic magnesium. The method further involves separating polycrystalline silicon and magnesium chloride from residual molten salt, and generating chlorine and metallic magnesium by electrolyzing separated magnesium chloride. The zinc chloride is separated from molten salt in vaporization state. The chlorosilane and metallic zinc are reacted in gaseous phase. The molten salt is at temperature more than the temperature of zinc chloride in gaseous state. The polycrystalline silicon is separated from reaction product using solid-liquid separator and melting-evaporation apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molten salt contains fluoride of alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal. The zinc chloride contains unreacted metallic zinc, and is at gaseous state. The chlorosilane is silicon tetrachloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The reactor further contains several shelf tiers provided in perpendicular direction, introducing portion for supplying zinc chloride from shelf to storage layer, feed portion for supplying zinc chloride into reactor under shelf, and multiple-staged filled layer provided in perpendicular direction. Each shelf tier have shelf which forms storage layer which stores liquid, and communication path which supplies liquid overflowing from storage layer to another storage layer in lower stage. The feed portion supplies zinc chloride into the reactor under filled layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The group of the multiple carbon nanotube is separated by a space in the circumferential direction of the fibrous carbon, and formed several groups. The group of the carbon nanotube forms several groups in the circumferential direction of carbon fiber. The carbon nanotubes are arranged in parallel along the long axis direction of the fibrous carbon, and the group of the carbon nanotube is formed. The carbon nanotube arranged in the length direction is orthogonal to the long axis of the fibrous carbon. The fibrous carbon is carbon fiber which contains carbon fiber accumulated component containing carbon fibers. The carbon nanotube is formed on thin film of iron formed in the surface of the fibrous carbon. The thin film of the iron is formed on the thin film of the aluminum formed in the surface of the fibrous carbon. Preferred Process: The composite carbon is obtained by burning carbon fiber pulp accumulated component obtained by using carbon paper. The carbon paper is obtained by using dispersion liquid containing carbon fiber and cellulose fiber by papermaking net. Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber accumulated component is carbon paper, carbon cloth or carbon felt. Preferred Properties: The thickness of substrate of aluminum is 2-50 nm. The thickness of the thin film of iron is 2-65 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The coating machine is fully automated roll-to-roll coating machine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method also comprises;(A) selecting polyethylene terephthalate plastics plated with indium tin oxide thin film anode (150 nm), and roll-to-roll printing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (30 nm) on anode;(B) selecting hole-transporting layer i.e. poly(styrene sulfonate), and roll-to-roll printing electron donating layer i.e. poly(3-hexylthiophene) (25 nm) on hole-transporting layer;(C) roll-to-roll printing electron receiving layer i.e. fullerene (25 nm) on electron donating layer, and roll-to-roll printing electron transmitting layer i.e. copper (5 nm) on electron receiving layer; and(D) printing silver thin film electrode (100 nm) on electron transmitting layer to obtain organic thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal thin film layer contains aluminum, nickel, gold, copper, silver, titanium or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control unit of the power converter device performs the communication in accordance with the Bluetooth, IEEE1394 and IEEE802.11 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid state material comprises silicon, germanium, quartz, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The auxiliary layer comprises metal such as aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The auxiliary layer comprises polydiorganolsiloxane or polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polymer (c), expanded graphite powder and pitch-type carbon fiber is 100 parts mass, 30-300 parts mass and 100-400 parts mass, respectively. The content of flame-retardant thermally-conductive inorganic compound with respect to 100 parts mass parts of the polymer (d) is 50-300 parts mass. The polymer (c) is poly(meth)acrylate (c1). The polymer (d) is poly(meth)acrylate (d1). The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (a) further contains (meth)acrylate (a1). The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (b) further contains (meth)acrylate monomer (b1). The layer (A) is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer (a1) in heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (a). The layer (A) is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer (b1) in heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (b). Preferred Property: The volume resistivity of layer (B) is 1010 ohm.cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles are metallic particles preferably gold particles, inorganic particles preferably silica particles, particles of organic compounds, polymeric compounds, semi-conducting particles or magnetic particles. The nanoparticles of organic compounds are not soluble in the surfactant mesophase. The nanoparticles are isotropic, anisotropic or irregularly shaped. The non ionic surfactant is a compound of formula (CnEm) (I). The surfactant is capable of forming ordered, structured phase, lamellar, spongy, cubic network preferably hexagonal network. The scaffold have particle volume fraction of 0.5-50%. The crosslinkable polymer is polyvinyl alcohol or polyethyleneimine. The ratio of the crosslinkable polymer and the nanoparticle is 1:100-100:1 by weight.n = greater than 1, preferably greater than 10; andm = greater than 1, preferably 9, where E is not defined.Preferred Process: The crosslinking processes are particle-particle interactions and welding of the particles, sintering of the particles, coating particles by absorbing a layer of the crosslinkable polymer, preparing particles with crosslinkable groups on their surface, fusing particles by changing ionic strength, adding salt or changing pH and temperature. The cooling is done at 0.5-300 degrees C/minute. The crosslinking is effected by physical, chemical or physico-chemical process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Coloring agent is a pigment such as titanium oxide or carbon black. The compounding ratio of pigment to acrylic resin or methacryl resin is 0.1-5. Plasticizer is polyester type, epoxy type or phthalic acid ester and has a number average molecular weight of 100-2000 e.g. dioctyl phthalate, phthalic acid diisononyl ester, diisodecyl phthalate or dibutyl phthalate. The compounding ratio of plasticizer to acrylic resin or methacryl resin is 0.04-0.4. Isocyanate hardening agent is aliphatic type isocyanate, alicyclic isocyanate or aroma aliphatic type isocyanate. The compounding ratio of isocyanate to acrylic resin or methacryl resin is 0.05-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polycondensation reaction is carried out using antimony compound as catalyst. Preferred Composition: The ratio of the content of additional amount of antioxidant with respect to content of phosphorus atom is 0.05-0.5. The phosphonite compound and phosphite compound contain two or more phosphorus atoms in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves adding 20-100 ppm of magnesium compound and antioxidant (20 weight% or less) to the mixture (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chalcogen compound powder consists of copper-indium-gallium selenide of formula: CuInzGa1-zSe2.z=0.1-0.9.Preferred Property: The chalcogen compound powder has average particle diameter of 20 nm or less. The peak intensity ratio of chalcogen compound powder measured by X-ray diffraction method is 8 or more, preferably 15 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive metal oxide particles are doped with tin, antimony, gallium, aluminum, indium, zinc, fluorine or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reactive gas is hydrogen or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrode (B) contains metal with larger work function and metal with smaller work function. Preferred Components: The metal with larger work function is chosen from gold, platinum, and silver, preferably silver. The metal with smaller work function is chosen from aluminum, calcium, cesium, silicon, zinc, tin, nickel, chromium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and barium, preferably lithium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base is provided with a washer made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains transition metal and/or transition metal salt, preferably iron salt, copper salt, cobalt salt and/or molybdenum salt. The catalyst is ferric chloride, copper(II)chloride or cobalt/molybdenum catalyst. Preferred Process: The catalyst in the catalyst layer is reduced at 600-1200 degrees C for 5-200 minutes by chemical vapor deposition method using hydrogen gas (20-200 sccm). The transparent conductive carbon nanotube film is grown at 600-1200 degrees C using a carbon source and a carrier gas. Preferred Property: The flow-rate ratio of carbon source and carrier gas is 1:8-3:4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst solution is obtained using a solvent. The uniform catalyst layer is formed on the substrate by coating and drying the catalyst solution. Preferred Properties: When the catalyst is ferric chloride or copper(II)chloride, the concentration of catalyst solution is 0.03-2 wt.%. When the catalyst is cobalt/molybdenum catalyst, the concentration of catalyst solution is 0.001-2 wt.%. The thickness of the wet film of uniform catalyst layer is 11-33 mu m. Preferred Compound: The solvent is alcohol solvent, ether solvent or ketonic solvent, preferably methanol, ethanol, acetone, diethylether or glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The core is zinc or its alloy. The metal matrix is copper or its alloy. A metal layer containing lead, zinc or their alloy is formed between the metal matrix and metal core. The core of semimetal is bismuth or its alloy. The amount of zinc powder embedded into hole of metal matrix is 5-25 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of zinc powder and bismuth or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion layer comprises mixture of p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The self-assembled monolayer material is fluorine-containing compound of formula: R-X.R=fluoroalkyl, fluoro alkenyl, fluoro cycloalkyl, fluorine-containing aromatic hydrocarbyl cyclic group, or fluorine-containing aromatic heterocyclic group;andX=silyl, phosphono or thiol group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second structural unit comprises trifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene or hexafluoropropylene. The third structural unit comprises chlorofluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene. The electrolytic material comprises n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate and/or n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide. The crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer comprises crosslinking unit in its molecule. The crosslinking agent or unit comprises dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, bisphenol A, methylenediamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylethylenediamine, 1,3-phenylenediamine, 1,5-naphthalenediamine or 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer is crosslinked terpolymer comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorofluoroethylene). The polymer matrix further comprises non-crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer. Each of first and second electrodes or conductive polymer comprises polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene), polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) or poly(thienylene vinylene). Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of electrolytic material to crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer is 9:1-5:5. Preferred Method: The crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer layer is produced by subjecting fluorine-containing polymer to crosslinking reaction using crosslinking agent, where crosslinking is conducted by providing solution containing fluorine-containing polymer and crosslinking agent; forming layer from solution; and thermally treating layer to form layer of crosslinked fluorine-containing polymer. The electrolytic material is dissolved in solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: In the electrode, the oxide phase is present in grain boundaries of the metallic particles. The electrode contains the metallic particles and oxide phase at respective 75-95 (preferably 83-92) vol.% and 5-25 (preferably 8-17) vol.%. In the electrode, the metallic particles contain copper and aluminum at respective greater than or equal to 97 mass% and less than or equal to 3 mass%. In the electrode paste the solution is phosphoric acid solution forming a phosphate glass oxide phase. The electrode formed by coating the electrode paste and calcining at less than or equal to 500 degrees C in inert gas atmosphere or in oxidative atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic particles contain copper at greater than or equal to 80 (preferably 85-97) mass%, and aluminum greater than or equal to 3 (preferably 5-15) mass%. The metallic particles comprise a mixture of spherical particles having different particle diameters, and plate-shape particles. The oxide phase contains at least one element selected from vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, manganese, cobalt, tin, barium, zinc, aluminum, silver, copper, antimony and tellurium. The oxide phase is a phosphate glass phase containing vanadium. The oxide phase further contains at least two elements selected from tungsten, molybdenum, iron, manganese, barium, zinc, antimony and tellurium. The oxide phase is phosphate glass phase containing aluminum. The oxide phase further contains copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reactive functional group of fluoropolymer has carboxy group, acid halide group, alkoxycarbonyl group or carbonate group. Polar functional group is amino group, hydroxyl group or glycidyl group. Fluoropolymer with fluorine-containing aliphatic ring structure in the principal chain has a repeating unit consists formula (1) - (5).h, s=0-5;i, t=0-4;j, u=0-1;h+i+j, s+t+u=1-6;p, q, r=0-5;p+q+r=1-6;R1-R4, X1, X2=H, deuterium, F, Cl, OCF3, or CF3 ;R5-R8=H, deuterium, F, Cl, CnF2n+1, CnF2n+1-mClmOk or CnF2n+1-mHmOk;n=1-5;m=0-5;2n+1-m=greater than 0; andk=0-1.Preferred Parameters: Thickness of fluoropolymer thin film is 1-10 nm. Preferred Conditions: The temperature of heat processing is 70-400 degrees C. Preferred Process: Coating the base material surface with fluoropolymer is performed by physical vapor deposition in which fluoropolymer is the deposition source or by applying a solution which contains fluoropolymer. Processing the base material surface with silane coupling agent is performed by physical vapor deposition in which silane coupling agent is the deposition source or by applying a solution which contains silane coupling agent. The base material is washed with fluorine-containing solvent which contains greater than or equal to 1 mass% dissolved fluoropolymer at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer is the polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, organic glass or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The imparting fire-resistant filler contains zinc carbonate. The silica type filler contains water-containing amorphous silica (precipitated silica).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Fertilizer: In the fertilizer, the energy plant is earth almona, sweet sorghum, Jerusalem artichoke, Kosteletzkya virginica, Panicum virgatum, dandelion, potato, cane, Stevia rebaudianum, rapeseed plant, soybean, cotton, sunflower, castor-oil plant, Salicornia europaea, energy grass, energy potato or microalgae. The pasture is leguminous pasture, gramineous pasture or miscellaneous pasture. The traditional Chinese medicine is kudzu-vine root, inulin, tannin, hawthorn, rhubarb, radix astragali, Xiaoji powder, Qunie powder, Dajian powder, radix scutellariae, licorice, pine needle, Coptis, bighead atractylodes rhizome, nutgall, larch tannin, round cardamom, yeast, barbados aloe, hot pepper, garlic, ginger, dried orange peel or cassia bark. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact screw, the bus bar and the flat conductor are made of copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler comprises metal oxide, metal halide, or metal nitride. The filler is present at 5-15 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acrylic resin monomer is of formula CH2=C(R2)-C(O)-O-R1. The epoxy resin monomer is of formula (I). The silicone resin monomer is of formula R1b-Si(R1a)(R1c)-R2-O-C(O)-C(CH2)-R3. The initiator comprises peroxide, azo compound, free radical initiator, cationic initiator, or metallocene complex.R1-R3, R1a-R1c=1-12C alkyl, t-butyl, 1-12C ester, 1-12C alkanol, or 1-12C cycloalkoxy. EXAMPLE - Silicone monomer of formula CH2=C(CH3)-C(O)-O-(CH2)3-Si(OCH3)2-OCH3 (333 g), silicon oxide (39 g) and azobisisobutyronitrile (6 g) were mixed and stirred at normal pressure and normal temperature to obtain encapsulant composition. The composition was heated by microwave source (800 W) for 10 minutes and added with Irgacure 184 (RTM: 1-hydroxycyclohexylbenzophenone) (3 g), Irgacure 369 (RTM: 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1(4-morpholino-phenyl)-1-butanone) (1.5 g) and I-ITX (RTM: 2-isopropylthioxanthone) (1.5 g). After mechanically stirring for 30 minutes, silicone-acrylic polymer was obtained. The silicone-acrylic polymer had viscosity of 7800 cPs, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 87200, number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 52600, Mw/Mn of 1.66, adhesive strength of 1.78 kg/cm, hardness of 3B, light transparency of 95%, and reflective index of 1.62.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The coating film is set to the touchable state and semi-hardened dried condition conforming to the JIS K 5600-1-1 4.3.5 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion module is attached to amorphous type silicon solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made of foam material that is selected from group consisting of polystyrene foam, urethane foam, phenolic foam and glass wool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: In making patterned glass, the patterned glass has no more than 0.04% cerium oxide, a transmissive aasterisk color value of -0.5 to 0.5 and a transmissive basterisk color value of from 0.1 to 1.0. The patterned glass has a glass redox of less than or equal to 0.10. The patterned glass has a glass redox of less than or equal to 0.10, a transmissive aasterisk color value of -1.0 to 1.0, and a transmissive basterisk color value of from 0 to +1.5. The patterned glass has a glass redox of less than or equal to 0. 10, and a transmissive aasterisk color value of -1.0 to +1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves the step of monitoring the consistency of the dopant material, the step of monitoring associated with a controlled environment. In the method, step of evaporating further involves evaporating of organic binders. The step of heating further involves ultraviolet heating. Preferred Components: The dopant material is associated with at least one of the following: solvent, solid content, binders, glass beads, and surfactants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar cell substrate further comprises a three-dimensional thin-film solar cell substrate. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a controlled environment; a system of rollers for agitating the dopant material; and a pre-determined consistency of dopant material. The controlled environment is associated with monitoring the consistency of the dopant material. The agitator ages the dopant material in the reservoir. The solvent is evaporated from the dopant material, where the evaporation is associated with organic binders. The reservoir is associated with injecting additional dopant material. The dopant material is associated with a predetermined shelf-life. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Layer: The organic photoelectric transducer further has a photoelectric converting layer comprising three-layer lamination of p-type layer (14p) containing p-type semiconductor unit, bulk heterojunction layer (i-type layer) (14i) containing mixture of p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor, and n-type layer (14n) containing n-type semiconductor unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed by coating method. Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative is contained as n-type semiconductor material in a bulk heterojunction layer of organic photoelectric transducer. The fullerene derivative further acetylene group-containing partial structure of formula: -CC-Q2(-R11)(-R13)-R12 (II). The fullerene derivative is of formula (III). The fullerene is chosen from 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 76C fullerene, 78C fullerene and 84C fullerene.Q2=Q1;R11-R13=R1;andL=bivalent coupling group chosen from single bond, alkylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene and arylene, preferably single bond, or alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A source gas (G2) of plasma and/or plasma jet heats a mixture with metal powder. The metal powder is supplied in the plasma and/or plasma jet, and the metal powder is heated. The halogenated silane is contacted with the metal powder and reduced. The metal powder in the plasma and/or plasma jet is heated, and the metal powder is liquefied. The halogenated silane is supplied to the plasma and/or plasma jet. Preferred Gas: The source gas is hydrogen, helium and/or argon. Preferred Component: The plasma is thermal plasma, preferably direct current arc plasma. The plasma jet is thermal plasma jet, preferably direct current arc plasma jet. The metal powder contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sealing glass further contains 10 %mass or less of component chosen from alumina, cerium oxide, silica, silver oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, gallium oxide, antimony oxide, cesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and tin oxide (SnOx, where x is 1 or 2). The glass material contains sealing glass, low expansible filler and laser absorber. The low-expansible filler is silica, alumina, zirconia, zirconium silicate, cordierite, zirconium-phosphate type-compound, soda-lime glass, and borosilicate glass. The laser absorber consists of a compound containing metal iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The glass composition preferably comprises total iron as iron(III) oxide of 0.01-0.15% and cobalt oxide of 0.3-10 ppm, with glass redox of less than or equal to 0.08. The glass composition further comprises 0-0.2% titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thermal layer contains photothermal conversion substance and metal containing organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The ink affinity layer is photosensitive layer or thermal layer. The ink peeling layer is silicone rubber layer. The photosensitive layer is formed using photosensitive resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Tunnel Diode: The tunnel diode further comprises a first terminal coupled with the p-type device, a second terminal coupled with the n-type device, a third and fourth terminals respectively coupled with two transversal sides of the diode for coupling outside circuit, where the first, second, third and fourth terminals are NDRS. The tunnel diode is: (a) solar cell device which converts incident light into electrical power; (b) light sensor which converts incident light into electrical signal; (c) Hall device which converts magnetic field into electricity; (d) thermal device which converts thermal field into electricity; (e) pressure device which converts pressure field into electricity; or (f) acoustic device which converts acoustic field into electricity. Preferred Transistor: The transistor further comprises a first terminal coupled with the first device, a second terminal coupled with the third terminal, a third terminal coupled with the second device, and a fourth and a fifth terminals respectively coupled with two transversal sides of the transistor for coupling outside circuits, where the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terminals are NDRS. The transistor is switch. It is also a light-emitting device by replacing the first tunnel diode or the second tunnel diode with a LED. Preferred Capacitor: The field-interacted dielectric is made of ferroelectric or ferromagnetic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light has a wavelength of less than 300 nm. The metal ion comprises at least one of silver ions (Ag+), copper ions (Cu+), zinc ions (Zn2+), cadmium ions (Cd2+), indium ions (In3+), CuIn4+, AgIn4+, metal sulfate, metal nitrate and their metal carbonate. Preferred Solution: The alkaline solution further comprises ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) for adjusting pH of the solution. The alkaline solution comprises silver nitrate (AgNO3), indium nitrate (In(NO3)3), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), NH4NO3, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and thiourea (CSN2H4) in a mole ratio of m:m:2(1-m):(1-20)m:(100-2000)m:(9-100)m. The first and second carriers are made of material comprising at least one of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), boron phosphorus silicon glass (BPSG), silicon glass, and indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. The composite metal sulfide thin film is (AgInS2)x/(ZnS)2(1-x).m= greater than or equal to 0 to 1;x=0-1.Preferred Process: The metal sulfide thin film is grown with the alkaline solution comprising silver nitrate, indium nitrate, zinc nitrate, ammonium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate and thiourea in a mole ratio of 1:1:7:36:430-2000:9-100. The method further involves performing a thermal process for curing the metal sulfide thin film; and involves performing a sintering process on the metal sulfide thin film at 200-1000 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is electroconductive fine particles having average particle diameter of 0.001-10 mu m. The electroconductive substance is metal chosen from gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium and iron, preferably silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The protective substance is a compound containing functional group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group and phosphoric acid group. The protective substance is carboxylic acid. The 1-9C compound having hydroxyl group is 1-9C monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol or glycol ether. Preferred Film: The electroconductive film is formed using composition containing the substance having ion exchange capacity with respect to protective substance, and conductive ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The patterned template is made of tungsten, tantalum, silver, gold, copper, molybdenum or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Phosphorus is added such that phosphorus/aluminum mass concentration ratio is set to 0.009 or more. The silicon material containing aluminum is reduced silicon obtained by reducing halogenated silicon by metal aluminum. After pickling silicon material containing aluminum, heat-melting is carried out under reduced pressure. The silicon material containing aluminum is silicon material refined by unidirectional solidification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical layer is selected from a group consisting of tantalum oxide, titanium dioxide, niobium pentoxide, alumina, silicon dioxide and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flow volume of diluent gas with respect to silane-type gas is 100 times or more of source gas containing silane-type gas and diluent gas containing hydrogen gas. The impurity atom such as boron atom, aluminum atom or phosphorus atom is doped into primary p-type semiconductor layer and secondary p-type semiconductor layer. The content rate of phosphorus atom with respect to silicon atom in the source gas is 0.1-5 atomic%. The removal of residual film on the cathode is performed by the etching process performed using plasma gas chosen from hydrogen gas, inert gas and fluorine-type cleaning gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hardening agent is isocyanate-type crosslinking agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The rubber material is chosen from chloroprene rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber (CSM rubber), ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and maleic acid-modified ethylene-propylene diene rubber. The rubber material is a compound containing 2-40 weight% of strong polar atoms in a molecule and having mean molecular weight of 10000-50000. The liquid substance is chosen from polyisoprene skeleton, polybutadiene skeleton and polybutene skeleton. The liquid substance is a compound having hydroxyl group in terminal and molecular weight of 1000-5000. Preferred Composition: The adhesive contains (in weight%) rubber material (70-99), liquid substance (1-30) and hardening agent (30 or less). Preferred Properties: The adhesive has storage-elastic-modulus (G') of 4.5-6.9x 105 Pa measured using dynamic-viscoelasticity spectrum at 25 degrees C and frequency of 1 Hz, or 7-9x 104 Pa at 90 degrees C, and loss tangent tan-( delta ) of 0.40-0.43 or 0.70-0.82.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises washing the mixture solution by using a washing agent including deionized water or ethanol before the drying step. Preferred Components: In the method, a solvent of the mixture solution includes water. The mixture solution does not include organic solvent. The element of group IB comprises copper or silver. The element of group IIIA comprises aluminum, indium, or gallium. The element of group VIA comprises sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. The IB-IIIA-VIA-group crystalline structure has a chalcopyrite structure. The IB-IIIA-VIA-group crystalline structure or IB-IIIA-VIA-group chalcopyrite structure used for polymer thin-film solar cells is mixed with a conductive polymer. The IB-IIIA-VIA-group amorphous powders are transformed into the IB-IIIA-VIA-group crystalline structure by annealing the IB-IIIA-VIA-group amorphous powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. EXAMPLE - Copper(II) chloride dihydride, indium trichloride and sodium selenite (with molar ratio of copper:indium:selenium of 1:1:2) were weighed and dissolved in water and were positioned in a container. A magnet was placed into the mixture solution and uniformly agitated by a magnetic stirrer driver for 10 minutes. After agitation the container was tightly locked in a microwave reactor. The mixture solution was heated by a microwave generator with 200 W at 180 degrees C for 30 minutes. After the reaction was completed, the mixture solution was placed into a funnel for separation and washed by ethanol or water to give a glue mixture. The filtered product was placed into a vacuum high temperature baking oven and dried at 80 degrees C for 1 hour to give copper indium selenite (CuIn(SeO3)2) powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the first amount of copper includes about 35-49% of the total molar copper amount in the precursor stack, and the second amount of copper includes about 5 1-65% of the total molar copper amount in the precursor stack. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack, and the film stack includes a stack order comprising one of copper/indium/copper/gallium, copper/gallium/copper/indium, and indium/copper/gallium. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack, and where the film stack further includes a fourth copper film, where the film stack includes a stack order comprising one of copper/gallium/copper/indium and copper/indium/copper/gallium. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack and at least one of the first film and the second film comprises copper-indium binary alloy. The step of electrode-positing the first layer electrodeposits at least the film stack and at least one of the first film and the third film comprises copper-gallium binary alloy. Copper in the second layer is graded so that the amount of copper adjacent the first layer is less than the amount of copper at the top of the second layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Geothermal Heating and Cooling System: The pipes extend 10 feet (3 meters) into the ground. The heat transfer medium comprises ionized water, de-ionized water, antifreeze, and/or oil. The geothermal heating and cooling system further comprises a pump in communication with the heat transfer medium. The power conversion system comprises an inverter and where the heat exchanger is positioned at the inverter for heat transfer. The pipes are in communication with the heat exchangers. The ground comprises a heat sink and a heat source, and the power conversion system comprises a heat source and a heat sink. The power conversion system is in communication with a solar power generation system. The enclosure comprises an airtight enclosure. Preferred Solar Power Generation System: The solar power conversion system comprises an inverter. The solar power generation system further comprises a pump in communication with the heat transfer medium. The ground comprises a heat sink and the solar power conversion system comprises a heat source. The ground comprises a heat source and the solar power conversion system comprises a heat sink. Preferred Method: In thermally controlling a solar power conversion system with a geothermal heating and cooling system, circulating a heat transfer medium between the heat exchanger and the pipes to transfer heat between the solar power conversion system and the ground comprises transferring heat from the solar power conversion system to the ground. Circulating a heat transfer medium between the heat exchanger and the pipes to transfer heat between the solar power conversion system and the ground also comprises transferring heat to the solar power conversion system from the ground.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a porous screen at least on one side. The area ratio of the pressure-sensitive adhesive region to the porous screen region is 5/95-95/5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The first sealant cap is made of glass. The casing is made of borosilicate glass or soda lime glass. The sealant cap is hermetically sealed with a continuous strip of sealant formed from glass frit, sol-gel, or ceramic cement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water resistant layer comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), silicon oxide (SiOx) or aluminum oxide. The butyl rubber includes an active desiccant which is calcium oxide or barium oxide.x, y=positive integers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first sealant cap is made of metal or metal alloy, or low expansion stainless steel alloy. The first sealant cap is made of KOVAR (RTM: nickel-cobalt ferrous alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A filler layer (560) is disposed on the solar cells, and comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane, room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral, thermoplastic polyurethane, polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or urethane. A water resistant layer is disposed on the solar cells, and comprises clear silicone. The first sealant cap is hermetically sealed to the first end of the casing using a butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Compounds: The phosphor is of formula EuMg(1-x)MnxAl10O17 including EuMg0.7Mn0.3Al10O17; or EuMg0.8Mn0.2Al(10-y)GayO17 including EuMg0.8Mn0.2A19GaO17.y=0-5.Preferred Properties: The phosphor is excited by 200-400 nm UV or 400-420 nm blue light to emit green light having major emission peak of about 515 nm and a CIE coordination of (0.157, 0.677); or excited by 200-400 nm UV or 400-420 nm blue light to emit a green light having major emission peak of 515 nm and CIE coordination of (0.155, 0.615). Preferred Materials: The device includes blue phosphor and red phosphor. The blue phosphor comprises BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+(Ba,Sr,Ca)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,Br,OH):Eu2+; 2SrO-0.84P2O5-O.1 6B2O3:Eu2+; Sr2Si3O8-2SrCl2:Eu2+; or (Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Zn)3B2O5:Eu2+. The red phosphor comprises (Sr,Ca)S:Eu2+; (Y,La,Gd,Lu)2O3:Eu3+, Bi3+; (La,Gd,Lu)2O2S:Eu3+,Bi3+; Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+; or ZnCdS:AgCl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The total shielding layer includes a two-sided tinsel total shielding layer that is made of two-sided copper foil or aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The branch sheath layer and the cable outer sheath layer are made of polyurethane sheath material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fabrication of crystalline surface structures further includes impregnating heated template by introducing carbon monoxide (CO) precursor for making carbon diffuse into the template. Preferred Components: The element is carbon, nitrogen or boron. The crystalline surface structure is graphene. The template comprises transition metal, oxide, nitride and carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type semiconductor is dissolved in an organic solvent to obtain a varnish. Preferred Definitions:    R 7=tetrose residue, pentose residue or hexose residue, allosyl group, arabinosyl group, erythrosyl group, fructosyl group, galactosyl group, glucosyl group, inositol residue, lyxosyl group, mannosyl group, ribosyl, sialic acid residue, sorbosyl group, caprosyl, carosyl (sic) or xylosyl group, having hydroxyl group protected by alkyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, t-butyl, methoxymethyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, ethoxyethyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyl dimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl or t-butyl diphenylsilyl.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) o-formylphenyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl- beta -D-glucopyranoside (181) and para-xylene solution of fullerene (288) were heat-refluxed for 8 hours. Sarcosine (36) was added and a dark brown solid was obtained by concentrating the reaction liquid. The dark brown solid (267) was purified and heat-dissolved in benzene (4 ml) and methanol (20 ml) to obtain fullerene having tetra-O-acetyl- beta -D-glucopyranoside (228) having melting point of more than 300 degrees C. The obtained fullerene compound had favorable solubility with respect to organic solvent and favorable film formability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compounds (I)-(III) are prepared by mixing pyrrole and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde; mixing obtained solution with mixture of methanol and water having a volume ratio of 1:1; adding concentrated hydrochloric acid as catalyst and tetrachlorobenzoquinone as oxidant; stirring mixture at room temperature for 6 hours; distilling the mixture; subjecting to column chromatography to obtain (I); adding (I) to pyridine solution; adding copper acetate or cobalt acetate at 80 degrees C; stirring and reflowing for 1-6 hours and subjecting to column chromatography to obtain (II) or (III), respectively. Preferred Components: The column chromatography employs silicon oxide; and eluting agent comprising methylene dichloride and n-hexane, methylene dichloride or anhydrous ether, preferably methylene dichloride and n-hexane having a volume ratio of 3:1 when (II) is synthesized or 2:3 when (III) is synthesized. The ratio of copper acetate or cobalt acetate and compound (I) is 1:1. The ratio of tetrachlorobenzoquinone and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde is 1:1. The volume ratio of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde is 1:8 (l/mol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is at least one of sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium hydride, calcium hydride and/or hydrazine. The viologen in the solution is adjusted to control the n-doped state of the CNTs. The CNT displays n-type doping behavior in air and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is viologen comprising at least one of 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride, methyl viologen dichloride hydrate, ethyl viologen diperchlorate, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-4,4'-bipyridiniumdibromide and/or dioctyl bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl viologen. The viologen comprises a molecular structure capable of conjugation between bipyridyl structures. The molecular structure capable of conjugation comprises aryl, alkenyl and/or alkynyl. The non-polar solvent is at least one of alkanes, aromatic compounds, glycol ethers, glycol ether acetates, acetates, halogen compounds and/or nitrogen compounds. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a solvent, where the solvent is operative to dissolve (I) n-doping material. Preferred Method: The reduced form of the compound is obtained by the reduction of the nitrogen atom on a benzene ring of at least one pyridinium derivative. The method further comprises: contacting the CNTs that are to be doped with a solution containing a reduced viologen; and heating the CNTs provided with the solution to remove a solvent in the solution. The solution is prepared by a method comprises: adding water and a non-polar solvent sequentially to viologen to obtain a phase separated solution; adding a reducing agent to the solution; and obtaining a non-polar solvent phase from the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - One or more network interfaces facilitate connection of VAR regulator system and/or voltage regulator system to one or more suitable networks such as Bluetooth enabled network, Wi-Fi enabled network, etc for communication with external devices and/or systems.
Preferred Definitions:    Z=allyl nadic acid anhydride compound residue;    n=1-5;and    Y'=naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic acid dianhydride, 2,2-bis(4-phenyl carboxylic acid)propanoic acid dianhydride, 1,2,3,4-cyclopentane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-7-en-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4-(2,5-dioxo tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dianhydride, 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dianhydride, 5-(2,5-dioxo tetrahydrofuryl)-3-methyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dianhydride, pyromellitic acid dianhydride, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-biphthalic acid dianhydride, 3,3',4,4'-diphenylsulfonic acid, 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopyridine)diphthalic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-oxydiphthalic acid dianhydride or 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.    EXAMPLE - (In g) (1R,2R)-(+)-1,2-trans cyclohexanediamine (45.68) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (300 ml). 1,2,3,4-Cyclopentane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (63.04) was added the contents were stirred for 30 minutes. Allyl nadic acid anhydrous compound (40.08) and mixture of acetic anhydride/pyridine were further added and heated for 12 hours. The reaction liquid was added to ion exchange water (400 ml) and imide oligomer with softening point of 80 degrees C was obtained after drying. The heat-hardened material produced using the oligomer was colorless and had excellent transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal consists of copper, silver, aluminum or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is made of elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is made of elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The polar functional group is hydroxyl group. Preferred Substance: The charge transporting substance is aniline derivative compound, preferably oligo aniline derivative or quinone diimine derivative, which is an oxidant of oligo aniline derivative. The oligo aniline derivative is of formula: R1-(A-NH)n-(B'-N(-R2))m-R3 or of formula (I).R1-R3=H, halo, hydroxy, amino, silanol, thiol, carboxy, phosphoric acid, phosphate ester, ester, thioester, amide, nitro, monovalent hydrocarbyl, organo oxy, organo amino, organo silyl, organo thio, acyl or sulfone;A,B'=bivalent group of formula (i or ii);R4-R11=R1;m,n=1 or more;andm+n=20 or less.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is mixture of good solvent and poor solvent. Preferred Property: The charge transporting varnish has viscosity of 10-200 mPa.second at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon compound for the decomposition is mixed with a carrier gas heated at greater than 1410 degrees C, preferably with hydrogen heated at greater than 1410 degrees C. The carrier gas is heated at 2000-4000 degrees C before mixing with the silicon compound. The energy required for the decomposition of the silicon compound is provided at least in part, exclusively via the carrier gas. The carrier gas is heated in a plasma generator. The mixture of the silicon compound and the carrier gas is adjusted at 1600-1800 degrees C. The mixture of silicon compound with the carrier gas is introduced in a decomposition reactor (101). The mixture with a flow velocity of 200-400 m/second is introduced into the decomposition reactor. The hydrogen originating during the thermal decomposition of the silicon-hydrogen compound is used as a carrier gas. At least one section of the reactor interior space is substantially cylindrically shaped. Preferred Components: The silicon compound is a silicon-hydrogen compound. The amount of the silicon compound in the mixture is 5-99 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor contains a channel preferably tangentially discharging into the interior space, over which the mixture of silicon compound can be introduced with the carrier gas. The delivery pipe for the gaseous decomposition product, consists of a filter (104) in the form of a tube open on one side, which is arranged vertically in the interior space of the reactor. The system comprises a heating device (102), in which the carrier gas is heated to a temperature of greater than 1410 degrees C, preferably at 2000-4000 degrees C. The heating device is a plasma generator. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The graphene paper is provided between heat source and heat sink, to transfer heat between the heat source and the heat sink. The sheets of graphene paper are oriented perpendicular to plane (18) of the heat source, and plane (20) of the heat sink. Preferred Composition: The bonding agent comprises thermal conductive material. The thermal conductive material is graphite, copper, gold, silver, gallium, indium, thermal cement and/or thermal epoxy component. The heat source comprises electronic circuit board, solar cell or thermoelectric element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heteropolyacid compound is molybdophosphoric acid. The charge-transporting varnish contains charge-transporting material and organic solvent. Preferred Property: The charge-transporting varnish has viscosity of 10-200 mPa.second at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nanowire has ratio of diameter to length of 50 or more. Preferred Salt: The metal salt is silver nitrate, silver acetate, palladium chloride, platinum chloride, gold (III) perchlorate or gold (I) perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid contains imidazolium group compounds of formulae (I,II).R1-R3=H or 1-16C hydrocarbyl;andX=anion chosen from Br-, Cl-, I-, BF4-, PF6-, ClO4-, NO3-, AlCl4-, Al2Cl7-, AsF6-, SbF6-, CH3COO-, CF3COO-, CH3SO3-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N-, (CF3SO2)3C-, (CF3CF2SO2)2N-, C4F9SO3-, C3F7COO- and (CF3SO2)(CF3CO)N-.Preferred Solvent: The reduction reaction is carried out using a solvent chosen from ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, glycerine and glycol. Preferred Agent: The reduction reaction is carried out using a dispersing agent chosen from sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cetyltrimethylammonium bromate, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, poly(sodium-4-styrene-sulfonate) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The profile elements and corners are of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The holder is of steel and especially fine steel. The fastener is of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermoelectric material layer consists of copper, gold and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal aluminum comprises atomic ratio of transition metal of 0.001-0.1 with respect to aluminum. Preferred Compound: The trialkyl aluminum is triethyl aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The storage batteries are ferric phosphate lithium batteries.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material powder further contains tin. The atomic ratio of zinc with respect to total content of zinc, tin and indium is 0.1-0.80, preferably 0.50-0.80. The atomic ratio of tin with respect to total content of zinc, tin and indium is 0.10-0.98, preferably 0.05-0.49. The atomic ratio of indium with respect to total content of zinc, tin and indium is 0.01-0.50, preferably 0.01-0.25. The sintered oxide further contains elements (a-c). The element (a) (0.1-10 weight%, based on oxide conversion) is magnesium, aluminum, gallium, silicon, titanium, germanium and/or lanthanum. The element (b) is niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or antimony. The element (c) is elements of group chosen from (3-5) and/or gallium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic element contained in the metal salt aqueous solution is chosen from silver, platinum, copper, iron, zinc, tin, palladium, ruthenium and metal other than silver. The content of silver contained in the metal salt aqueous solution is 75 %mass or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves separating the reaction liquid formed by reacting the reducing agent aqueous solution and liquid (B) into solid and liquid, and adding water and a solvent to the separated solid, to obtain metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid (21). Preferred Compounds: The reducing agent is hydrazine, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and/or their salt, or sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride and/or glucose. The carboxylic acid is chosen from glycolic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and tartaric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas containing silicon halide further contains a gas that does not influence reaction of silicon halide with aluminum, which is inert gas or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermoelectric conversion layer consists of bismuth, tellurium and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The container of fused silicon is inclined by rotation, and device wall on which silicon solidification layer is formed is exposed to molten metal surface. The container is further tilted and inclined during exposure. The plasma jet is scanned such that it is irradiated to both sides of silicon solidification layer and silicon molten metal. Solidification is carried out using difference of solid-liquid distribution coefficient, and impurity containing portion is removed to produce purified silicon ingots. Electron beam is irradiated to edge portion in vacuum atmosphere, and purified silicon ingots are melted. Evaporative removal of phosphorus is then carried out. Preferred Components: The inert gas is helium. The oxygen environment contains water vapor. Preferred Apparatus: The purifier has a primary purifier carrying out evaporative removal of other impurity containing phosphorus, and secondary purifier for performing electron beam heating in vacuum atmosphere and carrying out evaporative removal of phosphorus to produce highly purified silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first coating comprises: at least oxides of titania and silica; at least oxides of titania, silica and phosphorus; and at least oxides of titania, silica and alumina. The first coating comprises 30-80 vol.% of silica, 1-15 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, and 5-69 vol.% of titania. The first coating has a thickness of 10-120 nm, preferably 30-70 nm. The first coating is: a gradient coating; or a multi-layer coating comprising a first layer comprising 5-10 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, 70-80 vol.% of silica and 10-25 vol.% of titania with a thickness of 11-29 nm, a second layer comprising 2 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, 48-62 vol.% of silica and 36-50 vol.% of titania with a thickness of 21-33 nm, and a third layer comprising 5-11 vol.% of phosphorus oxide, 70-80 vol.% of silica and 9-25 vol.% of titania with a thickness of 15-23 nm. The functional coating is a conductive coating comprising oxides of one or more of zinc, iron, manganese, alumina, cerium, tin, antimony, hafnium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, bismuth, titania, cobalt, chromium, silica or indium, or an alloy of two or more of these materials. The functional coating comprises: at least one dopant comprising fluorine, indium, alumina or antimony; and fluorine doped tin oxide. The first coating comprises a mixture of silica, titania and alumina and the functional coating comprises titania. The functional coating is a photoactive coating comprising titania. The titania has a thickness of at least 10 nm, preferably 113-121 nm. The functional coating is titania or fluorine doped tin oxide. The first coating is deposited as a gradient coating or a multi-layer coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The palladium compound is Pd(OAc)2, (CH3CN)2PdCl2, Pd2(dba)3, Pd/C and/or PdCl2. The phosphorus ligand is 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis (diphenylphosphino) xanthene. The reaction solvent is ether solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon type solvent, and/or amide system solvent. Preferred Process: The method involves reacting under coexistence of basic compound. Preferred Composition: The usage-amount of palladium compound is 0.001-10.0 mol% (metal palladium conversion) with respect to diarylamine (1). The usage-amount of phosphorus mixing element is 0.5-5.0 times mole amount with respect to metal palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The water content of straws is controlled at less than 15%. The length of grains is controlled at less than 3 cm. The fineness of powdered coal grains, yellow clay grains and slaked lime grains are respectively controlled at less than 3 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal-oxide particles are tin-containing indium oxide particles, and have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm. The content of tin in the tin-containing indium oxide particles is 5-20 %mass with respect to tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylate monomer is chosen from 1,9-nonanediol-di(meth)acrylate and 1,10-decanediol-di(meth)acrylate. Preferred Process: The metal oxide-containing film is formed by coating the dispersing liquid on a substrate and baking. Preferred Property: The metal oxide-containing film has volume resistance value of 1x 10-2 to 5x 10-1 ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum powders comprise microsized aluminum powders of 1-20 mu m and aluminum nanoparticles having sizes of 30-500 nm. The inorganic oxide nanopowders have sizes of 30-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vehicle is 2-buntoxyethy1 acetate, ethyl cellulose, or terpineol. The vehicle is a solvent consisting of 2-butoxyethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, acetone, ethanol, and 2-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The inorganic polymer is silicon-containing inorganic polymer including polyphenylsilsesquioxane and poly(hydromethylsiloxane). Preferred Composition: The composition comprises additives including inorganic oxide nanopowders. EXAMPLE - Aluminum ink was prepared from aluminum powder (7 g of 3 mu m aluminum micro powder), ethyl cellulose (1 g), terpineol (4 g), and polyphenylsilsesquioxane solution (1 g). The ink may be mixed in glass beaker and passed 10 times through three-roll mill machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication device confirms to IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.1 and IEEE 802.15.4 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of number of zinc aluminate particles in the grain boundary of zinc oxide and number of zinc aluminate particles in a grain is 0.15-0.35. The sintered compact has density of 5.3-5.5 g/cm3, and ratio of Young's modulus and bending strength of 300-1500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A) is obtained by copolymerization of 40-92 wt.% of (I), and 4-30 wt.% of (II) and (III). The weight-average molecular weight of the molding material is 30000-250000 g/mole. The weight-average molecular weight of cast glass object is 500000-5000000 g/mole. The weight-average molecular weight of (A) is 30000-250000 g/mole. The molded body has: a viscosity number (measured according to ISO 1628-6) of 30-90 ml/g; and a vicat temperature (measured according to ISO 306) of greater than 112 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    R2 = CH3;    R4 = isobornyl;    R6 = H; and    R7 = isopropyl.    EXAMPLE - Monomer composition (60%) comprising methylmethacrylate (76 wt.%), isobornylmethacrylate (12 wt.%) and N-isopropylmethacrylamide (12 wt.%) and methyl-3-mercaptopropionate (0.16 wt.%) was added to a reactor. The mixture was polymerized at 80 degrees C for 360 minutes, in the presence of n-butylacetate (30 wt.%) and the remaining monomer part, tert-butyl peroxyneodecanoate (0.30 wt.%) and solvents were added. To the reaction mixture, tert-butyl-2-ethylhexanoate was added and then allowed to react to obtain methylmethacrylate/N-isopropylmethacrylamide/isobornyl methacrylate-copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fabric: The coating is in the form of a circuit path, especially with branches and/or loops. The metal is silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, gold, titanium, chromium or an alloy thereof. The fibers are entirely synthetic. The coating is 20-500 nm thick. The fabric is a taffeta or twill fabric, especially a screen printing, filter or sieve fabric. Preferred Process: The coating is produced by applying a mask to the fabric, coating the fabric with metal by sputtering or vapor deposition, and removing the mask. The mask is preferably water-soluble and is applied by screen printing or inkjet printing and is removed with a jet of steam or pressurized water. Alternatively, the fabric is completely coated with the metal by sputtering, electrodeposition, chemical coating or vapor deposition and the coating is either: treated with an etchant, especially an acid in paste, solution or ink form, by screen printing or inkjet printing and the etchant and etched coating are removed with water or steam after 5-30 minutes; or partially removed with high-energy radiation, especially laser radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A coating containing solution of calcium, strontium and/or barium is provided to surface of inner side layer. Preferred Composition: The raw material powder (d) contains calcium, strontium and/or barium, impurity (i) (10 weight ppb or less) chosen from lithium, sodium and potassium, and impurity (ii) (1 weight ppb or less) chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and gold. The substrate contains aluminum (30-3000 weight ppm). Preferred Properties: The content of compound powder as nucleus material in the raw material powder (c) is 50-5000 weight ppm. The sum total concentration of calcium, strontium and barium in the solution coated to the inner side layer is 5-500 mu g/cm2. The sum total concentration of calcium, strontium and barium in the raw material powder (d) is 50-5000 weight ppm. The raw material powder (a) has silica purity of 99.5-99.999 wt.% and particle size of 0.05-5 mm. The raw material powder (b) has particle size of 0.1-10 mu m. The intermediate layer and inner side layer have thickness of 0.1-5 mm. The substrate has diameter of 20 mu m or more and bubble content of 10000/cm3 or more. The inner side layer has diameter of 20 mu m or more and bubble content of 30/cm3 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sum total concentration of aluminum element and hydroxyl group in the raw material powder (c) is 50-5000 weight ppm. Preferred Compound: The organic binder is paraffin-type binder or stearic acid-type binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The chemical polishing is performed using acidic solution at 5-70 degrees C. The surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy is subjected to defat process which is alkaline-degreasing process. Preferred Property: The thickness of the oxide film of the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy, before performing anodic oxidation process is 0.2 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electronic block layer consists of amorphous nickel oxide. The surface of electrode (12) comprises conductive fiber and transparent conductive material. The conductive fiber is chosen from metal nanowire and carbon nanotube. The transparent conductive material is chosen from conductive polymer and electroconductive metal oxide fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermocouple is made of a combination of copper-nickel alloy and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The former substrate is composed of gallium arsenide. The middle subcell is composed of Gallium arsenide, Gallium Indium Phosphide, Gallium Indium arsenide, Gallium Arsenide Antimonide, Gallium Indium nitride arsenide emitter region and base region. The top subcell is composed of Aluminum gallium indium phosphide. The bottom solar subcell is composed of an Indium Gallium arsenide base and emitter layer, or an Indium Gallium arsenide base layer and an Indium Gallium Phosphide emitter layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The former substrate is composed of germanium. The latter surrogate substrate is composed of silicon aluminum alloy having approximately 80 percentages of silicon and 20 percentages of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silicon waste material is sintered at 900 degrees C or more, preferably 900 degrees C for 1800 seconds or more. The silicon waste material sintered by discharge plasma sintering is dissolved in vacuum or non-oxidizing atmosphere at 1800 degrees C or more. The silicon waste material contains silicon oxide or silicon carbide. A carbon group substance or calcium group substance is mixed with silicon waste material, and dissolved. An inert gas is sprayed on the surface of the dissolved silicon waste material. The dissolved silicon waste material is then cooled, solidified and annealed in hydrogen atmosphere. The silicon waste material is fluidized by coagulant containing iron. The coagulant is iron chloride and/or iron sulfide. An aluminum component is mixed with silicon waste material, and waste material is fluidized using coagulant containing aluminum. The coagulant containing aluminum is aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfide and/or poly aluminum chloride. The silicon waste material is produced during manufacture of silicon wafer. The waste material contains pure water and silicon, and is subjected to solid-liquid separation by carrying out centrifugation, pressing, sedimentation and floatation separation. Sintering is carried out at pressure of 10-100 MPa and temperature of 500-2000 degrees C. The non-oxidizing atmosphere is vacuum, nitrogen, argon and/or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An organic halogen compound of formula: R1-X is reacted with sodium salt of methane thiol, to obtain sulfido compound of formula: R1-S-CH3 which is oxidized to obtain sulfone compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1=2-ethyl hexyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One sulfone compound (I) is disclosed i.e. methyl-2-ethylhexyl sulfone of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - 3-Chloromethyl heptane (in g) (74.4) and methyl-mercaptan sodium aqueous solution (187.8) were mixed, maintained at 60 degrees C and stirred for 2 hours. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was added to the resultant product and stirred for 10 minutes. The dichloromethane layer was fractionated and washed once using ultrapure water (30 ml). Then, hydrogen-peroxide solution (102) was added to the obtained 35% dichloromethane layer, maintained at 60 degrees C, stirred for 2 hours and methyl-2-ethylhexyl sulfone (Ia) (86.5) was obtained at yield of 90% with respect to 3-chloromethyl heptane. The sulfone compound had melting point of 10 degrees C, exothermic start temperature of 167 degrees C and solubility of 3 g/100 g of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working gas flowing into the cathode chamber is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, helium, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia and silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture of oxides comprises oxides of phosphorus (1-15 vol.%), silicon (30-80 vol.%), titanium (5-69 vol.%), aluminum and zirconium. The conductive coating comprises oxides of zinc, iron, manganese, aluminum, cerium, tin, antimony, hafnium, zirconium, nickel, bismuth, titanium, cobalt, chromium, silicon or indium or its alloys. The multi-layer coating comprises a first layer comprising phosphorus oxide (5-10 vol.%), silica (70-80 vol.%) and titania (10-25 vol. %) with a thickness of 11-29 nm, a second layer comprising phosphorus oxide (2 vol.%), silica (48-62 vol. %) and titania (36-50 vol.%) with a thickness of 21-33 nm, and a third layer comprising phosphorus oxide (5-11 vol.%), silica (70-80 vol. %) and titania ( 9-25 vol. %) with a thickness of 15-23 nm. The dopant is made of fluorine, indium, aluminum and antimony. The conductive coating comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The ink comprises up to 40, preferably more than 10 vol.% particles of the functional material. Preferred Components: The functional material is a metal, a metal alloy, carbon, a polymer, a semiconductor, a glass and/or a ceramic. The metal is silver, copper, nickel and/or alloys. The particles of a functional material have a median particle size of greater than 200 nm. The fine features have a width of not more than 200 mu m. Preferred Method: The step of extruding the ink onto the substrate through the fine applicator is a mono-extrusion process or coextrusion process. The coextrusion process comprises extruding a first ink and a second ink so that the second ink shares at least one common boundary with the first ink, where the second ink is substantially free of particles of a functional material, and the first and second ink both have a dynamic shear viscosity of greater than 10 Pa.s at a shear rate of less than 1/second, and more than 20 ml of each of the first and second ink per cm2 of filter area can be dispensed through a 400 mesh screen filter before a pressure drop through the filter doubles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The long chain polymer makes up 3-33 wt.% of a soluble portion of the ink, and has an average molecular weight of 1000-300000 g/mol, viscosity of 45 mPa.s for a 5% solution of the long chain polymer in an 80/20 mix of toluene and ethanol solvents. The long chain polymer is cellulose derivatives, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, or acrylics. EXAMPLE - Typical printing ink comprised (in wt.%) of: silver flake (78.1); diethyl sebacate (12.3); diethylene glycol butyl ether (6.7); and Ethocel-45 (RTM: Ethylcellulose) (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The spherical nanoparticles select light of specific wavelength for carrying out structural color development under light irradiation. The average particle diameter of primary particles of spherical nanoparticles is 15-400 nm. The content of spherical nanoparticles in transparent composite sheet is 0.1-70 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The film thickness of the thin ruthenium-oxide electroconductive film formed on the substrate surface is 20 nm or more. Preferred Composition: The precursor solution contains titanium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (e) comprises at least one filler (5-50 mass.%) comprising: silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide or titanium dioxide; and titanium dioxide, potassium titanate, zirconium oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises (f) an antioxidant. Preferred Components: The components (a), (b) and (c) are included as a prepolymer obtained by heating components (a), (b) and (c). The component (a) is 1,3,5-tri(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate. The component (b) is a silicone resin obtained by condensing a glycidoxyalkyltrimethoxysilane. The component (b) is a branched silicone resin comprising a 3,5-diglycidylisocyanarylalkyl. The component (c) is hexahydrophthalic anhydride and its derivatives. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by mass): tris(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate (22.5); methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (27.5); prepolymer (comprising tris(2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate (25), epoxy group-containing silicone resin B-2 (38.8), methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (36.2) and triphenyl phosphite (3)) (50); methyltributylphosphonium dimethylphosphate (1); titanium dioxide (120); fused silica (540); 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (1); and calcium stearate (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The heating step (b) is carried out at 800-1050 degrees C for 20-40 minutes. The heating step (d) is carried out at 200-400 degrees C for up to 30 minutes. The ink is applied pattern wise.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphoric acid comprises an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid comprises an aqueous solution containing 85 wt.% of phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid comprises at least 15 wt.%, preferably 85 wt.% of phosphoric acid. The aprotic organic sulfoxide is dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl sulfone. The substrate has a surface coating of silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The wafer of the solar cell has a thickness of 200 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises water (20-30 wt.%) and one or more non-aqueous co-solvent (20-30 wt.%). The non-aqueous co-solvent comprises ethyl lactate. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): 85% of phosphoric acid (25); deionized water (27.5); dimethyl sulfoxide (20); and ethyl lactate (27.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of inorganic glass is 100 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of epoxy-terminal coupling agent is 10-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic resin (1). The hydroxyl group is phenolic hydroxyl group. The epoxy-terminal coupling agent further contains annular portion of cyclic ether compound and/or ring-opened cyclic ether compound. The content of annular portion of cyclic ether compound and/or ring-opened cyclic ether compound is 5-50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic resin (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent resin layer contains thermoplastic resin layers (11 and 11'). The thermoplastic resin layer (11) is obtained by coating glass with casting solution (1) containing thermoplastic resin (1). The thermoplastic resin layer (11') is obtained by coating glass with casting solution (2) containing thermoplastic resin (2). The thermoplastic resin (1) is chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide, polyether sulfone, polyether imide, polysulfane, polyallylate/polyarylate and polycarbonate. Preferred Properties: The thermoplastic resin (1) has glass transition temperature of 150-350 degrees C, elastic modulus of 1 GPa or more at 25 degrees C, fracture-toughness of 1-10 MPax m1/2 at 25 degrees C and weight average molecular weight of 2x 104-150x 104 based on polyethylene oxide conversion. The thermoplastic resin (2) has glass transition temperature of 150-350 degrees C, elastic modulus of 1.5-10 GPa at 25 degrees C and fracture-toughness of 1.5-10 MPax m1/2 at 25 degrees C. The thickness of thermoplastic resin layer (1) is 20 mu m or less. The transparent substrate has total thickness of 150 mu m or less and fracture diameter of 50 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electronic device is provided with a male universal serial bus (USB) connector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic compound is silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The base material is a polyester base material with number average molecular weight of 18000-40000, cyclic oligomer content of less than or equal to 1.5 mass% and hydrolysis resistance more than 5x 10-5 m3/g. Preferred Component: The (meth)acryl resin has an alkoxy silyl group and a (meth)acryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gadolinium oxide film contains iron-type metallic compound. Preferred Properties: The gadolinium oxide film has thickness of 50-1000 mu m and is made to contact with the base material under a pressure of 20 MPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substituents contains 2-5 aromatic ring units. Polyoxyalkylene phenyl ether is polyoxyethylene dibenzyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene tribenzyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene distyrene phenyl ether or polyoxyethylene tristyrenated phenyl ether. The antistatic laminated polyester film contains 1-20 wt% polymer (D) which has oxazoline group. Preferred Process: Coating liquid which comprises the application layer in an extending process is coated to greater than or equal to 1 surface of polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aspect ratio of the carbon particles is 1-10. The carbon particles comprises carbon particles (a) having volume average particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m and carbon particles (b) having volume average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m. The weight ratio of carbon particles (a) and carbon particles (b) is 0.05-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive adhesive layer contains carboxymethyl cellulose and a surfactant. Preferred Process: The conductive adhesive layer is formed by coating a conductive adhesive composition comprising carbon particles, binder and water as a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali metal fluoride is potassium fluoride, preferably potassium fluoride dihydrate. The catalytic activation agent is calcium fluoride. The potassium fluoride and calcium fluoride form potassium-calcium trifluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalytic activation agent is tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium halide of formula: (R1R2N)4P+X-, hexa-alkyl guanidinium halide of formula: ((R3R4N)2CNR3R4)X-, tetraalkyl ammonium chloride of formula: R7R8R9R10N+Cl- or oligo ethylene glycol dimethyl ether of formula: H3C-O-(CH2CH2O)m-CH3, preferably 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, hexaethyl guanidinium chloride or tetrabutyl ammonium chloride.R1-R6=1-3C alkyl;m=2-8;X=Br, Cl or F;andR7-R10=1-4C alkyl.The alkoxysilane is preferably trimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mixed gas is introduced to the tubular furnace for 5-10 minutes. Preferred Composition: The gas inlet and outlet of tubular furnace are provided at the same side of the tubular furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The base member or object is made of a light-transmitting material. The light-transmitting material is quartz glass or quartz crystal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bonding film includes a silane (Si-H) bond. The leaving groups contain hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The leaving groups are alkyl groups, preferably methyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bonding film is mainly made of polyorganosiloxane. The polyorganosiloxane predominantly contains octamethyltrisiloxane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tube and movable plunger comprise metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat transfer fluid comprises hydrocarbon based fluid and/or silicone based fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sprayed film consists of oxide of yttrium, gadolinium, aluminum or zirconium. The gadolinium oxide sol-gel film has thickness of 0.5-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline and polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and third region comprises elements only from Group IV. The third region comprises elements only from Groups III and V; or elements only from Groups II and VI. The composition of the second region is described by (RE1)v(RE2)w(RE3)x(J1)y(J2)z (where (RE) is selected from rare earth; (J1) and (J2) are selected from O, N and P; v, w and z are 0-5; x is less than 0; and y is less than or equal to 5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The main organic compound is organic compound which has amino group, carbazolyl group, or condensed polycyclic ring aromatic compound portion. The organic compounds are not metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamic acid further contains at least 10 mol% of repeating unit of formula (II) and has number average molecular weight of 5000 or more. The polyimide film further contains at least 10 mol% of repeating unit of formula (IV). EXAMPLE - 4-(3-(4-Aminophenoxy)phenoxy)aniline (in g) (1.4) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (16.4) were mixed by stirring. Then, 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydronaphtho(1,2-c)furan-1,3-dione (1.5) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred at 26 degrees C for 24 hours and polymerized, to obtain polyamic acid solution. Further, dimethylformamide was added to the obtained polyamic acid solution, flow-spread on glass plate, baked at 80 degrees C for 1.5 hours, 140 degrees C for 1.5 hours, 200 degrees C for 1.5 hours, and 240 degrees C for 2.5 hours under pressure of 10 Pa, peeled off the film, and dried under reduced pressure at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, to form polyimide film. The obtained polyimide film had excellent transparency, heat resistance, flexibility and toughness, and reduced water-absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon in the protective film is 1-30 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal element is zinc, magnesium, cadmium, calcium, beryllium, copper, silver, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, oxygen, nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, silicon, carbon, manganese, nickel and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The treated target is cooled by air, water or oil. Preferred Property: The average grain size in the alloy of target is 1 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The nanoparticles coated with the conductive material are embedded in the bulk crystalline thermoelectric material matrix. The nanoparticles coated with the conductive material are introduced into a crystalline interface or inside a crystal of the thermoelectric material matrix. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles are metal particles or ceramic particles. The ceramic particles contain metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, ceramic oxide, ceramic nitride and/or ceramic carbide. The metal particles contains aluminum, titanium, lead, barium, silicon, tin, magnesium, niobium, zirconium, iron, tungsten, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc and/or rare-earth metal. The conductive material comprises carbon. The surface of the nanoparticles (30-100%) is coated with the conductive material. The crystalline thermoelectric material matrix comprises bismuth, antimony, tellurium and selenium. The crystalline thermoelectric material matrix has structure of formula: (A)2(B')3. The volume of the nanoparticles is 0.5-15% of the total volume of the thermoelectric material.A=bismuth or antimony;andB'=tellurium or selenium.Preferred Properties: The thickness of the conductive material is 1-10 nm. The binding force between the nanoparticles and the conductive material is greater than that between atoms in the crystalline structure of the thermoelectric material matrix. The difference between diameter of the nanoparticles and average free path of phonons is 0-7 nm. The difference between thickness of the conductive material coated on the nanoparticles and average free path of the phonons is 0-5 nm. The diameter of the nanoparticles is 1-50 nm. The nanoparticles have a spherical shape. The crystalline thermoelectric material matrix has nanostructure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Primer Set: The primer set replaces the primer pair capable detecting Tetraclita japonica with primer pair comprising oligonucleotide containing base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55. The PCR is real-time PCR. The method involves using the Ct value obtained by performing the real-time PCR. The PCR is performed using one or more primer pairs except primer pair (J) among the primer set. The amount of gene amplification is monitored by cycling probe method, where the molecule that comprises base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51 is used as DNA-RNA binding molecule. The method involves carrying out PCR after fractionating the test sample. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal is melted in inert gas atmosphere having dew point of -20 degrees C or less, and then contacted with halogenated silicon. The metal is melted by spraying atomizing gas (G) having dew point of -20 degrees C or less on metal, forming microdroplets (P) consisting of metal, and contacting metal and halogenated silicon. Preferred Composition: The total content of iron, copper, nickel, lead and tin as impurity component in metal is 30 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bonding film includes a silane (Si-H) bond. The leaving groups contain hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The leaving groups are alkyl groups, preferably methyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bonding film is mainly made of polyorganosiloxane. The polyorganosiloxane predominantly contains octamethyltrisiloxane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive layer contains swelling gel ( greater than or equal to 50 mass parts) which is hydrogel. The amount of moisture content in adhesive layer is 0.1-3 ml/g. The base material is printed circuit board. Preferred Parameters: The thickness of adhesive layer before swelling is 0.05-10 mu m. The adhesive layer is heater from 40-80 degrees C. The peeling of adhesive film is performed at 20-5 degrees C after bonding adhesive film together to base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The support does not decompose and melt during heating process or ultraviolet irradiation process. An ultraviolet-ray is irradiated without drying the solvent-containing precursor film. The ultraviolet laser is irradiated after ultraviolet irradiation by an ultraviolet ray lamp. The metal oxide nanoparticle is obtained by heating and/or ultraviolet irradiating the raw material solution chosen from metal organic acid salt, ( beta )-diketonate, and metal alkoxide. The oxide nanoparticle is an insulator composite metal oxide. The precursor solution is organic metal compound solution containing a metal having valence different from the structure metal of the insulator metal oxide. Preferred Film: The thin film contains metal oxide nanoparticles with specified metal composition and crystal structure, and metal oxide nanoparticles of dissimilar-metal composition with crystal structure equivalent to the nanoparticles. Preferred Composition: The precursor solution is metal oxide nanoparticle solution or an organic metal compound solution. The substance other than metal and metal oxide is organic material. The metal composition ratio of metal oxide nanoparticle solution and metal composition ratio of the organic metal compound in the precursor solution are the same. The metal of the organic metal compound is different from that of the metal of metal oxide nanoparticles. The mother substance of the phosphor material is cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and/or ytterbium. The oxide nanoparticle is of formula: AVO2.A=cesium or rubidium.Preferred Structure: The metal oxide nanoparticles have perovskite structure, ilmenite structure, tungsten-bronze structure, spinel, pyrochlore structure, rutile structure, anatase structure, and fluorite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An organic halogen compound of formula: R2-X is reacted with thiol of formula: R1-SH, to obtain a sulfido compound of formula: R1-S-R2 (Ia). The obtained compound (Ia) is oxidized using an oxidizing agent, to obtain a compound (I).X=halo. Preferred Definitions:    R1=propyl, isopropyl, butyl or s-butyl;and    R2=isobutyl or s-butyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. propyl isopropyl sulfone of formula: CH3-CH(-CH3)-S(=O)2-CH2-CH2-CH3 (Ia), propyl isobutyl sulfone, propyl-s-butyl sulfone, propyl-t-butyl sulfone and isopropyl butyl sulfone.    EXAMPLE - 1-Butanethiol (in g) (13.5) and 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (60) were added, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour in nitrogen atmosphere. 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane (13.7) was added to the resulting solution and stirred at 60 degrees C for 2 hours and cooled to room temperature. Further, dichloromethane (50 ml) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Then, the dichloromethane layer was fractionated and washed using ultra-pure water (30 ml). Hydrogen-peroxide solution (19.2) was added to the obtained 35% dichloromethane layer and stirred at 30 degrees C for 2 hours. The dichloromethane layer was distilled, to obtain colorless and transparent liquid of butyl isobutyl sulfone (16). The butyl isobutyl sulfone had yield of 90%, melting point of 1 degrees C, exothermic start temperature of 200 degrees C, viscosity of 8 cp at 25 degrees C and water solubility of 3.7 g/100 g at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material is selected from a group consisting of acrylic resin, silicone, fluoropolymer, polyurethane, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyethylene terphthalate, polyamide, ethylene vinyl acetate or their mixtures, preferably with silicon oxides or ORMOCER (RTM: Inorganic-organic hybrid polymers). The fibers include a material, which is selected from a group consisting of polyamide, polypropylene, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. An electro-plating is applied on the polymer material, where the electro-plating is selected from a group consisting of nickel and alloys of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, copper, silver, aluminum or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The aluminum particles are heated at -20 degrees C or less in presence of inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Process: The aluminum particles are heated above the melting point of aluminum, to obtain molten aluminum particles. Then, the obtained molten aluminum particles are contacted with the halogenated silane, to obtain silicon. An atomize gas (G) containing oxygen and/or moisture is sprayed to the molten aluminum using a chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The diameter of metal nanoparticle is 1-5 nm. Preferred Process: The method further involves preparing aqueous solution containing cationic surfactant with concentration of less than or equal to 5 times of critical micelle concentration, immersing substrate in aqueous solution, adding silica source which produces silanol compound according to hydrolysis so that concentration may become 0.1-100 mmol/L, stirring at 10-100 degrees C and forming meso-porous silica membrane in substrate surface, and removing cationic surfactant from obtained meso-porous silica membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having polymeric groups has an aromatic tertiary amine structure, and is dissolved in toluene at 20 degrees C with concentration of 1 %mass or more. The polymeric group is vinyl group. Preferred Method: The polymerization is carried out by energy irradiation, ultraviolet ray irradiation, electron irradiation, ion irradiation, radical beam irradiation or heat. The insolubilization is carried out by coating of two or more types of compounds differing in reactivity of polymerization. Preferred Layer: The layer formed by insolubilization process is hole transport layer. The photoelectric transducer has an electric power generation layer (14) having bulk heterojunction structure and containing mixture of organic donor material and organic acceptor material, and formed after forming layer obtained by insolubilization. The electric power generation layer is provided between hole transport layer and organic electron carrying layer, which are provided between electrodes. The organic donor material and organic acceptor material are dissolved in chlorobenzene at 20 degrees C with concentration of 1 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sodium metasilicate is selected from anhydrous sodium metasilicate, sodium metasilicate pentahydrate or sodium metasilicate nonahydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The quinone diimine derivative is of formula (4). The electron-accepting dopant substance is aryl sulfonic acid derivative of formula: (A(-SO3H)n-X)q-B.X=O, S or NH;A=naphthalene ring or anthracene ring optionally substituted by substituent other than X and SO3H;B=optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, 1,3,5-triazine or group of formula (iii or iv);W1,W2=O, S, S(O), S(O2) or group coupling with N, Si, P or P(O);n=1-4;andq=1 or more.Preferred Composition: The varnish further contains organic solvent (0.0001-10 %mass) and silane compound (1-50 %mass) chosen from dialkoxysilane compound, trialkoxy silane compound, tetraalkoxy silane compound and silicone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation (Claimed): The solar cell is produced by cleaning and sputtering transparent conductive glass with indium tin oxide anode ultrasonically, where surface of the substrate is processed with ozone. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrenesulfonate) is spin coated with a thickness of 30 nm to serve as anode modification film and then dried. The conjugated polymer electron donor material is dissolved in solvent, which is coating on the substrate that is modified by the anode through spin coating or ink-jet printing process. The substrate is dried for 10-48 minutes at 80-250 degrees C and then naturally cooled to the room temperature for forming a conjugated polymer electron donor material layer with a thickness of 2-30 nm. The conjugated polymer electron donor material, semiconductor nanocrystalline electron acceptor material and solvent are mixed to obtain a mixed solution, which is directly coated on the conjugated polymer electron donor material layer through spin coating or ink-net printing process. The coating is naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, aluminum, silver, copper or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer electron donor material is selected from poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(arylidene vinylidene), poly(p-phenylene), poly(arylidene), polythiophenes or polyquinolines. The photoelectric active layer is composed by mixing conjugated polymer electron donor material and semiconductor nanocrystalline electron acceptor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metaloxide particles are antimony doped tinoxide (ATO) particles. Preferred Method: The amount of metaloxide particles used in step (a) is 10-25 wt%. The wt.% of component (I) with respect to the solid weight of metaloxide particles in step (a) is 5-30%. The amount of solids after step (d) is at least 25 (preferably at least 35 wt.%). Preferred Composition: The latex composition comprises ATO particles (10-40, preferably 15-35, especially 20-30 wt.%). The total amount of solids of the latex composition is 20-70 (preferably 30-65, especially 40-60, particularly 45-60) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane component (I) is chosen from 3-glycidoxypropyltri(m)ethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldi(m)ethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)tri(m)ethoxysilane, hydroxymethyltri(m)ethoxysilane, hydroxyethyltri(m)ethoxysilane, hydroxymethylmethyldi(m)ethoxysilane. The organic solvent is ethanol, methanol or acetone. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nitrogen atom in polyaniline with respect to dopant is 1:0.5-1:3. The dopant contains acid having 6C or more alkyl group. The acid is dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of thermoplastic resin, electroconductive carbon and electroconductive polyaniline is 30-75 weight%, 12-53 weight% and 1.5-10 weight%, respectively. The thermoplastic resin contains polyolefin. The electroconductive polyaniline is polyaniline doped with dopant. The electroconductive carbon contains electroconductive carbon fiber. The conductive resin molded product further contains 2000 ppm or less of metallic elements. Preferred Properties: The conductive resin molded product has volume resistivity of 1x 10-1 (ohm)cm or less, and has bending strength of 100 gf or more which is measured by bending press sample having size of 7 mm which is obtained by molding conductive resin molded product based on JIS K7171. Preferred Condition: The press condition of conductive resin molded product includes size of 24 mm ( phi ), thickness of 1 mm, temperature of above the melting point of thermoplastic resin, rate of 50 mm/minute and pressure of 20 MPa for 4 minutes and 5 MPa for 1 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactive gas used in formation of thin film (12) differs in the content of hydrogen gas or water vapor from reactive gas used in formation of thin film (11). Targets (I,II) are the same, and are chosen from tin-added indium oxide group target, titanium-added indium oxide group target, and zinc-added indium oxide group target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The permeability of organic photoelectric conversion element is measured according to JISK7361-1:1997 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The hydrogen content in the process atmosphere is 1-50 (preferably 6-12) vol.%. The substrate temperature during deposition is 100-250 (preferably 230) degrees C. The transparent conductive oxide coating is generated by sputtering of direct current (DC) sputtering, pulsed DC sputtering or mid-frequency (MF) sputtering. The hydrogen is provided by hydrogen source, source containing pure hydrogen, gas mixture having hydrogen or chemical compound containing hydrogen, e.g. water, ammonia or methane. The process atmosphere further comprises oxygen, gas mixture having oxygen or chemical compound having oxygen. Preferred Components: The dopant is aluminum, indium, gallium (preferably), boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine and/or antimony. The power density is 2-20 (preferably 2-11) W/cm2. The transmittance of the coating is approximately 96.5 (preferably 98.8)% at wavelength of 540 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: positioning an imprint lithography template in superimposition with the first substrate; contacting the imprint lithography template to the first reduced volume droplet; solidifying the first reduced volume droplet forming at least a portion of a patterned layer; and separating the imprint lithography template and the patterned layer. The first volume is: greater than the second volume; substantially similar to the second volume; or less than the second volume. In the method, where application of the first force to the second substrate includes: positions the second substrate at a first distance from the first substrate, in which the first distance determined to reduce ancillary forces; and compresses the droplet between the first substrate and the second substrate without direct contact between the first and second substrates. The first distance is determined such that the first volume is greater than the second volume. In the method, where a contact angle of the second substrate is: substantially similar to a contact angle of the first substrate; greater than a contact angle of the first substrate; or less than a contact angle of the first substrate. The droplets are dispensed on the first substrate using a fluid dispense system having many tips, where the distance between each tip and the first substrate is selected to minimize gas in droplets. Preferred Components: The surface energy of the second substrate is: greater than a surface energy of the first substrate; or less than a surface energy of the first substrate. The second substrate is formed of substantially hydrophobic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame-retardant is non halogen-type flame-retardant compound, inorganic metal, and/or inorganic metallic compound containing phosphorus and/or nitrogen. Preferred Property: The pH of the flame-retardant is 6 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flame-resistant layer further contains hydroxyl group-containing binder resin and flame retardant. Preferred Property: The binder resin has hydroxyl value of 20 or more. Preferred Film: The base-material thermoplastic resin film is a white polyester film. Preferred Material: The light source of the backlight is light emitting diode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic vapor deposition layer contains element of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), bromine (Br), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), indium (In), tin (Sn), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and/or fluorine (F). Preferred Parameter: The vapor deposition temperature of inorganic vapor deposition layer is ( degrees C)(Tg-30)-(Tg+40)( degrees C) of cyclic olefinic resin film (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The thickness of hardened layer (B) with respect to thickness of 100 of cyclic olefinic resin film (A) is 0.1-20. Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains 1-20 weight part of active energy polymerization initiators with respect to total of 100 weight part of (a), (b) and (c).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic solvent is 1 %mass or less, with respect to gross mass of the aqueous coating composition. The acidic radical is carboxy group and/or carboxy base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of repeating units (a1,b1) in the copolymer (A) is 20-80 mol% and 80-20 mol%, respectively. The content of repeating unit (a1) in hydrophilic block (A) is 80-100 mol%. The repeating unit (a1) has hydrocarbon-containing group of formula: -(OC2H4)nOR1 in a side chain and polymer unit based on carbonyl-containing group of formula: CH2=C(X)-Q1-(OC2H4)nOR1. The repeating unit (b1) has polymer unit based on carbonyl-containing group of formula: CH2=C(X)-Q2-R2.n=2-30;R1=H or 1-3C monovalent hydrocarbyl;X=H or methyl;Q1=single bond, carbonyl or -COOR3-;R3=3-6C alkylene;R2=1-20C hydrocarbyl;andQ2=-COO-, single bond or oxygen.The content of the copolymer (A) is 2-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the pigment. The fluoro-olefin copolymer has acidic radical which optionally forms salt. The aqueous coating composition does not contain emulsifier. The fluoro-olefin copolymer is a copolymer which has repeating units chosen from (f-i). The repeating (f) is repeating unit based on fluoro-olefin. The repeating unit (g) is a repeating unit based on vinyl monomer, allyl monomer or isopropenyl monomer. The repeating unit (g) has carboxy base whose portion is optionally coupled with carboxy group. The repeating unit (h) is a repeating unit based on vinyl monomer, allyl monomer or an isopropenyl monomer, in which hydroxyl group does not couples with carboxy group (a) which optionally forms salt. The repeating unit (i) is a repeating unit based on vinyl monomer bonded with hydroxyl group, allyl monomer bonded with hydroxyl group, or isopropenyl monomer bonded with hydroxyl group, and in which the carboxy group (a) is not bonded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate and the nanowires comprise a transition metal, a Group 13 metal, a Group 14 metal, a Group 15 metal, and/or their oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The matrix comprises polymers including a polystyrene, a polysiloxane, a polyacrylate, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polycarbonate, a polyalkyleneglycol, and/or a (styrene-ethylene-butylene) tri-block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by reacting glycine derivative and aldehyde derivative with decarboxylated fullerene in presence of solvent. Preferred Component: The electron donor is high molecular compound. EXAMPLE - (2-(2-Methoxy ethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (in mg) (92), 60C fullerene (250), 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde (190) and chlorobenzene (50 mL) were mixed, heated, refluxed for 3 hours, cooled, filtered and obtained residue was washed, washed and purified, to obtain fullerene derivative of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by reacting glycine derivative and aldehyde derivative with decarboxylated fullerene in presence of solvent. Preferred Component: The electron donor is high molecular compound. EXAMPLE - (2-(2-Methoxy ethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (in mg) (92), 60C fullerene (250), 2-thienyl-2-thiophene carboaldehyde (135) and chlorobenzene (50 mL) were mixed, heated, refluxed for 3 hours, cooled, filtered and obtained residue was washed, washed and purified, to obtain fullerene derivative of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polycyclic compound is contained in the bulk heterojunction layer as p-type semiconductor material. A fullerene derivative is contained in the bulk heterojunction layer as n-type semiconductor material. The polycyclic compound is low molecular weight compound with molecular weight of 300-3000. The polycyclic compound is of formula (5).A1,A2=heterocyclic group;q,r=0-8;andq+r,n=1 or more.The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by solution process. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R6=heterocyclic group chosen from formulae (2-4);    X3-X5=X1;    R11-R16=R1, at least one being unsubstituted alkyl;and    X1,X2=S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method enables providing a granular magnetic recording layer made of a material selected from a group consisting of silicon oxygen, silicon aluminum, aluminum nitrogen, titanium oxygen, titanium nitrogen, titanium carbon, nickel oxygen and cobalt oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The method enables providing a granular magnetic recording layer made of a material selected from a group consisting of tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, rhenium, ruthenium, copper, silver, hafnium, iridium, yttrium, titanium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles are colloidal particles, which are patchy particles. The chemical moieties A1, A2, B1, B2 comprise DNA. The DNA comprises sequence comprising: ccatgcgcatgg (SEQ ID NO: 1); agcatgcatgct (SEQ ID NO: 2); agctgtcaagga (SEQ ID NO: 3); gcctctgagaga (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the complement of any one of the sequences. The seed particle is constructed using holographic optical traps. The material is a photonic crystal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor is titanium dioxide. Preferred Definitions:    R 1,R 27=carboxyl or di-tertiary butylphenyl;    R 6,R 9,R 12,R 17,R 20,R 32=di-tertiary butylphenyl;and    R 2,R 3,R 4,R 5,R 7,R 8,R 10,R 11,R 13,R 14,R 15,R 16,R 18,R 19,R 21,R 22,R 28-R 31,R 33-R 36=carboxyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary metal nanoparticles contain copper, gold, silver, nickel, palladium, platinum and/or aluminum. The average particle diameter of secondary metal nanoparticles is 7 times or more than the average particle diameter of primary metal nanoparticles. Preferred Condition: The heat treatment is carried out at 100-300 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerin, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, toluene, hexane, heptane, methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl lactate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating liquid does not contain macromolecular component having weight average molecular weight of 100000 or more. The acrylate has functionality of 5 or less, and a ring structure in a molecule. The gas-barrier sheet further has heat-resistant overcoat layer (5) provided on gas-barrier layer. Preferred Process: The coating liquid is coated on the base material at speed rate of 5 m/minute or more and hardened, to form heat-resistant plasma layer. The gas-barrier layer is performed by ion-plating method. Preferred Properties: The surface of gas-barrier sheet has water-vapor permeation rate of 0.1 g/m2 day or less and maximum protrusion length of 2-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dihydronaphthalenone derivative is preferably of formula (II).Y7a-Y7d=halo. EXAMPLE - (In g) 3,5-dichloro anthranilic acid (20) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (60 ml). Terephthaloyl dichloride (9.9) was added dividingly to the solution and reacted at room temperature for 2 hours. Acetic anhydride (40 ml) was added to the mixture and reacted under reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, cooled and washed with acetone, to obtain 6,8-dichloro-2-(4-(6,8-dichloro-4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one (22.7) with a yield of 92%. Polyethylene terephthalate pellets having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.78, and the obtained compound were melt-kneaded at 280 degrees C and extruded, to obtain UV-absorber-containing pellets. A film formed using the pellets had excellent bleeding resistance, planarity, and a transmittance of 85% with respect to maximum absorption wavelength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: UV absorber (B) is benzotriazole group, triazine group, benzoxazinone group, or benzophenone group compound. UV absorber (A) consists of a polycyclic compound of formula (I), preferably of formula (II).Het1=optionally substituted bivalent 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring aromatic heterocyclic ring residue;Xa-Xd=hetero atom and are optionally substituted;Ya-Yf=hetero atom or carbon atom, and are optionally substituted;andR5a-R5j=H or monovalent substituent.The ring coupled with Het1 may have a double bond in arbitrary positions. The ring formed by Xc, Xd, Yd, Ye, Yf and carbon atom, and/or ring formed by Xa, Xb, Ya, Yb, Yc and carbon atom cyclocondense, and are not perimidine ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The light transmittance is preferably 5% or less at 370 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing inorganic nano-material and polythiophene derivative composite material, in step (a), the polythiophene derivative monomer is one of substances represented by Formula (I). The organic solvent is chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, glycol or isopropanol and the inorganic nano-material is nano-scale zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium oxide (CdO), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), manganese oxide (MnO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), nano-scale iron(II) oxide (FeO), nano-scale Fe3O4, silver, copper, gold, magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), iron ferrite (FeFe2O4), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4), copper ferrite (CuFe2O4), manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4), barium ferrite (BaFe2O4), strontium ferrite (SrFe2O4) or magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4).R1 and R2=straight-chain or branched-chain C1-C24 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, amino, carboxyl, ester group, halogen or nitryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first transport medium comprises carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second transport medium comprises hydrocarbons and methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film is formed using indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, cadmium oxide, ruthenium oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and/or indium-gallium-zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polycarbonate, and/or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The latter material is made of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The former material is made of mono-crystal silicon, poly silicon, aluminum antimony, aluminum arsenic, aluminum gallium arsenic, aluminum gallium indium phosphate or zinc-germanium diphosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The latter material is made of poly carbonate, polystyrene or Polymethyl methacrylate,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The susceptors are formed from any one of silicon carbide (SiC) coated graphite and monolithic silicon carbide (SiC). The reaction gas includes any one of the following, silane (SiH4), dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2), trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper section, middle section, lower section and tube are made of molybdenum, molybdenum alloys, steel, stainless steel, nickel, chromium, iron, or its alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The purge gas comprises hydrochloric acid, silicon chloride and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The unreacted fluid includes a fuel selected from alcohol, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and alkoxyalkyl, and an alcohol fuel selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol, an oxidant selected from oxygen compound, peroxy compound, permanganate and peroxide compound such as hydrogen peroxide and metal peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst element includes a transition metal selected from a group of platinum, lead, silver, palladium, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, iridium, gold, ruthenium and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The unreacted fluid comprises oxidant that is selected from a group of oxygen, peroxy compound, permanganate, hydrogen peroxide or metal peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst element comprises a transition metal that is selected from a group of platinum, lead, silver, palladium, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, cerium, vanadium, manganese, iridium, gold, ruthenium and rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The unreacted fluid comprises alcohol fuel that is selected from a group of methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Plasma processing is carried out in the presence of a potassium compound or cesium compound. The potassium compound is potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate. The cesium compound is cesium hydroxide or cesium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The raw material powder (a) has silica purity of 99.9-99.999 wt.% and particle size of 0.05-5 mm. The raw material powder (b) has particle size of 0.1-10 mu m. The thickness of the transparent silica glass layer is 0.1-5 mm. The sum total concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium in the substrate with opaque silica layer is 10-100 wt.ppm. Preferred Composition: The mixed powder contains aluminum element. The raw material powder (c) contains calcium, strontium and/or barium, and impurities such as potassium, lithium and/or sodium (10 wt.ppb or less), and titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and/or gold (1 wt.ppb or less). The transparent silica glass layer has sum total concentration of calcium, strontium and/or barium of 50-5000 wt.ppm. The opaque silica layer contains aluminum (30-3000 wt.ppm).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic binder is paraffin-type binder or stearic-acid-type binder. Preferred Process: The transparent silica glass layer having hydroxyl group concentration of 50-1000 wt.ppm is formed by heat-processing in an atmosphere containing steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The alkali is added to the aqueous acid after terminating the stirring process and allowing the aqueous acid to stand for 15 seconds or more. The addition of alkali is terminated within 1 minute and stirred after completing the addition process. Preferred Condition: The pH of the liquid during preparation of aqueous solution is 3.5-4.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The inorganic compound layer has thickness of 5-500 nm. Preferred Method: The inorganic oxide layer was formed by physical vapor growth method or chemical vapor deposition method. Preferred Component: The gas barrier film contains an overcoat layer which contains a metal alkoxide of formula R1(M-OR2) on the upper layer of the inorganic oxide layer.R1, R2=1-8C organic group; andM=metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The organic compound thin film has thickness of 0.01-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous reactants include a group V hydride including ammonia and an organic compound of a group III metal including indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent comprises acetone, toluene or chlorobenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The target surface is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or indium tin oxide, uncoated or coated with a layer of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate or caesium carbonate. The first polymer film is poly(3-hexylthiophene) or a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene)). The second polymer film is (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal nanoparticles have particle diameter of 10 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The metal nanofiber has diameter of 30 nm or less. Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive substance is 0.1-20 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the solid content of reaction products (A and B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block copolymer (10-99.99 wt.%) is block copolymer containing alpha -methylstyrene, vinylpyridine, tert-butylmethacrylate, ethylene, propylene, isoprene, butadiene, isobutane, butane or preferably styrene and methyl methacrylate as monomer which form block polymerization. The block copolymer is soluble into methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydroxy furan, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate, o-dichlorobenzene, acetophenone, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, gamma -butyl lactone, 1-methylnaphthalene or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: An inorganic oxide deposition thin film layer (D) is provided between base material layer (A) and film layer (B). The organic oxide deposition thin film layer and film layer (B) are laminated in turns between base material (A) and film layer (B). The transparent conductive laminated film has structure of layer (C)/(layer (B)/layer (D))x n/layer (B)/layer (A) or layer (C)/(layer (B)/layer (D))x n/layer (A), where n is 1 or more. Preferred Layer: The layer (D) contains silicon oxide (SiOx). The surface of film layer (B) is plasma-processed. Preferred Property: The difference of actual value and co-linear approximation of transparent conductive laminated film is 1% or less using polyacetal pen having diameter of 8 mm and 100000 reciprocation (3 reciprocation/1 second, 35 mm of one-way distance) by load of 250 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The film layer (B) is formed by adding mixture (b) into evaporation source in vacuum evaporation system, vaporizing, and hardening by irradiating ultraviolet ray or electron beam. Preferred Component: The mixture (b) contains monoacrylate and/or diacrylate. Preferred Composition: The content of monoacrylate and diacrylate in the mixture is 50 weight% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The molten metal particles (P) as metal having mass fraction of oxygen of 5 ppm or less is obtained by spraying an atomized gas (G) with dew point of -20 degrees C or less on a molten metal (L) having mass fraction of oxygen of 5 ppm or less which is flown through a nozzle (1a). The molten metal is obtained by melting metal having mass fraction of oxygen of 5 ppm or less in an inert gas atmosphere having dew point of -20 degrees C or less. Preferred Property: The sum total of mass fraction of iron, copper, nickel, lead and/or tin as impurity component in the metal is 10 ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The halogenated silane and metal are contacted in a space having dew point of -20 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature is lowered to below liquidus temperature with the progress of contact time of silicon melt solution and coolant from the temperature which is more than the liquidus temperature before the silicon melt solution and coolant contacts. The temperature of silicon melt solution is lowered continuously. The coolant is rotated in the silicon melt solution. Preferred Properties: The liquid temperature (Tl) before contacting silicon melt solution and coolant is Tl+20 degrees C. The temperature which is lowered to below liquidus temperature (Tl) is Tl-20 degrees C with progress of contact time of silicon melt solution and coolant. The temperature-fall rate of silicon melt solution is 0.05-5 degrees C/minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The eutectic-type impurity is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silver ammine complex aqueous obtained by mixing silver nitrate aqueous solution, imine compound and aqueous ammonia, and reducing agent aqueous solution, are used in the manufacture of the spherical silver powder. Particles of silver, copper, platinum group element and/or iron group element, or particles of colloidal silica and/or oxide glass are used in the manufacture of the spherical silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A reducing agent such as hydrazine is added to the silver ammine complex aqueous and/or reducing agent aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The imine compound is polyethyleneimine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A titanium oxide layer (60) is disposed between the active organic thin film and the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV barrier layer is formed by coating a film or a coating liquid exhibiting UV-blocking effect in wavelength of less than or equal to 400 mu m. The film or the coating liquid comprises phenolic derivatives or cyanoacrylate derivatives. The UV barrier layer is disposed on a rear side of the substrate. The organic semiconductor layer comprises active organic thin film comprising polythiophene derivatives as electron donor and fullerene derivatives as an electron acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each nanotube includes catalytic nanoparticle of ferromagnetic material. The ferromagnetic material includes iron, cobalt, and/or nickel. The protonation agent includes hydronium ion, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, and/or oleum. The metal includes salt including nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, nickel chloride, copper chloride, calcium zincate, or metal oxide including zinc oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide, and/or lithium-manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanostructured sheet further includes a solution of mixture of compounds to enhance alignment, and to promote conductivity by enhancing proximity of adjacent nanotubes to one another. The mixture includes solvent, polymer, and/or metal. The solvent includes toluene, kerosene, benzene, hexanes, any alcohol including but not limited to ethanol, methanol, butanol, isopropanol, as well as tetrahydrofuran, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethyl formamide, methylene chloride, and/or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer includes polyurethane, polyethylene, poly(styrene butadiene), polychloroprene, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene), epoxy, polyurea silazane, bismaleimide, polyamide, polyimide, polycarbonate, and/or any monomer including styrene, divinyl benzene, methyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate is 100-400 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of (meth)acrylate polymer and (meth)acrylate monomer. The content of calcium carbonate is 20-85 %mass with respect to total amount of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Preferred Property: The aluminum hydroxide has average particle diameter of 1-80 mu m. Preferred Component: The calcium carbonate is heavy calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further contains plasticizer and (meth)acrylate monomer. Preferred Component: The polymer is (meth)acrylate polymer. Preferred Process: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet is sheet-type molded product of solidified material obtained by molding the heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition containing (meth)acrylate polymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer, into sheet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The promoter is selenium (preferred), tellurium and/or germanium. The catalyst is lanthanum metal oxide, transition metal, and/or mixture of nickel and/or rare earth element. A weight ratio of the promoter and the catalyst is greater than 0-0.1:1, preferably 0.02-0.03:1. The carbon source is graphite. A weight ratio of the carbon source and the catalyst is 0.5-10:1, preferably 1-5:1. A weight ratio of the carbon source, catalyst and promoter is 3.4:1:1:0.02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is yttrium-nickel alloy, iron-nickel alloy, iron-cobalt alloy, cobalt-nickel alloy, rhodium-platinum alloy, or cerium-nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active hydrogen-containing resin (b) is acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In producing polycrystalline silicon for P-type solar cell, the illuminating vacuum pulling furnace comprises a pulling furnace; the upper part of the furnace body is provided with a vacuum pumping hole and an upstream silicon liquor introduction hole; and there is an electric light source above the heating container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solution includes methanol, ethanol and propanol. The alcohol amine is mixture of diethanolamine and trolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The white pigment (1-50 mass %) is at least one titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide and alumina, with their average particle diameter is 0.05-10.0 mu m, where a total mass of white pigment and inorganic filler is 70-93 mass%. Preferred Process: The linear expansion coefficient of the cured body of (I) is 10-30 ppm/K at a glass transition temperature or higher of the cured body. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by mass): organopolysiloxane preliminary reaction product (97); titanium dioxide (160); spherical fused silica (600); zinc benzoate (1); organopolysiloxane (3); and Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ozone or oxygen supplied to substrate is subjected to ultraviolet light irradiation or plasmifying process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains boron, nitrogen, fluorine, aluminum, phosphorus, chlorine, gallium, arsenic, niobium, indium and/or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains alkoxide compound, ( beta )-diketone compound, carboxylate compound, halogen compound, alkyl compound and/or cyclopentadienyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ozone or oxygen supplied to substrate is subjected to ultraviolet light irradiation or plasmifying process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is titanium, zinc, indium and/or tin. Preferred Composition: The solution contains boron, nitrogen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, phosphorus, chlorine, gallium, arsenic, niobium, indium and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective coating material consists of one material selected from the group of polyethylene, polycarbonate, tetrafluoroethylene resin, fluoropolymer dip coating, plasma-polymerized fluoroethylene monomer such as tetrafluoroethylene, triazine-dithiol derivative and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The device further comprises a source of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) gas and a TEOS gas outlet in the chamber coupled to the TEOS gas source, the TEOS gas outlet for depositing an oxide over a surface of the workpiece when the pallet has rotated to position the workpiece below the TEOS gas outlet, such that the pallet may be rotated to position the workpiece for oxide deposition, sputter deposition, and etching without removing the workpiece from the chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanowire-containing composition (C1) further comprises aqueous solvent, and is in the form of aqueous dispersion. Preferred Components: The metal nanowire has diameter of less than or equal to 50 nm, length of greater than or equal to 5 mu m, and the metal nanowire is contained as metal, of greater than or equal to 50 mass% in the total amount of metal particles. The metal nanowire contains silver. EXAMPLE - A silver nanowire aqueous dispersion (D1) comprising pure water (410 ml), additive liquid H (containing pure water and hexadecyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide) (82.5 ml), additive Liquid G (containing pure water, glucose powder) (206 ml), additive Liquid A (containing pure water, silver nitrate powder, 1N ammonia water) (206 ml) was prepared. A composition comprising silver nanowire aqueous dispersion (D1) and 1H-indole-2-thiol was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has equivalent circular diameter of 5 mu m or more, specific surface area of 200 m2/g or less and interlayer distance (d002) of 0.350-0.385 nm measured by X-ray diffraction method. Preferred Component: The carbon material is obtained from a pitch-type carbon precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Composition: The electrode further contains electroconductive auxiliary material. Preferred Property: The thickness of the electrode is 400 mu m or less. Preferred Process: The electrode is made into a sheet form by rolling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The etching apparatus further comprises gas supply component which supplies gas. The etching liquid in the etching liquid storage component is equipped with the gas supply component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali reagent is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Process: The method further involves immersing the silicon substrate in the etching liquid, performing wet etching and supplying gas to the etching liquid. Preferred Condition: The temperature of the etching liquid is 50-95 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching liquid contains alcohol derivative (0.1-20 g/L).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cleaning layer (preferred) and functional layer contain a radiation curable monomer or oligomer. The coating liquid comprises a radiation curable monomer or oligomer. The cleaning layer and the functional layer have the same composition and are formed under different film forming conditions. Preferred Process: The method further comprises forming a cleaning layer by treating the coating liquid under first film forming conditions after forming the functional layer. The second film forming conditions are different in radiation intensity from the first film forming conditions, and the radiation intensity in the first film forming conditions is lower than the radiation intensity in the second film forming conditions. EXAMPLE - A mixture (98 g) of dipentaerythritol pentacrylate and dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate was dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone solvent (900 g). Irgacure 907 (RTM: 2-Methyl-1-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholinopropan-1-one) (2 g) was added to the obtained solution, stirred and dissolved to obtain coating fluid. A triacetyl cellulose film was passed through rollers heated at 90 degrees C. The coating fluid was continuously applied on the film and the film was dried at 100 degrees C in a heating process and worked up to obtain a corresponding film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The side end of the main casing body is mounted with a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The number average molecular weight of component (A) is 500-100000. Preferred Components: The silicon-containing group is a terminal and/or side-chain of formula SiR13-aZa (1). Organic polymer component is an organic polymer with polyoxyalkylene polymer, saturated hydrocarbon polymer or (meth)acrylic ester polymer as main chain structure. Component (B) is hydrophilic silica or synthetic amorphous silica synthesized using wet or dry method. Component (B) is 10-50 weight parts with respect to total component (A) and plasticizer. Fluoride salt compound (c-1) in component (C) is hydrogen fluoride (c-2) and/or compound (c-3) of formula MF.HF (2). Amine compound (d) of component (C) is amidine compound which may be a (bi)guanidine compound optionally substituted with aryl, tert. amine compound, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)-7-undecene, 1-phenyl guanidine or N,N-diethylamino-1,3-propane diamine. Fluoride salt compound (c-1) is boron trifluoride and/or its derivatives.R1=1-20C alkyl group, 6-20C aryl group, 7-20C aralkyl group or triorganosiloxy group of formula (R')3SiO-;R'=1-20C hydrocarbon group;Z=OH or a hydrolysable group;a=1-2; andM=alkali metal. Preferred Definitions:    Z=alkoxy group    .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: Oil is pressed and extracted, and obtained oils and fats plant residue is used as biomass. Preferred Method: The biomass is compression-molded and at least one of glycerin, fats and oils, and fatty acid alkylester is made to permeate the obtained product. Glycerin, glycerin-containing fatty acid alkylester, and/or glycerin and fatty acid alkylester, and biomass are mixed and compression-molded to obtain solid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication unit comprises Ethernet such as electric Ethernet or optical fiber Ethernet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The illumination field emits light beams with air mass 1.5 spectrum according to International Electrotechnical Commission standard 60904-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heating process is performed under vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Process: The silicon containing solid substance is separated into solid portion and liquid portion which is a slurry-waste or a concentrate containing waste silicon produced using slurry containing abrasive grains, coolant and silica. The abrasive grain is particulate impurity. The slurry containing abrasive grains and coolant polishes silicon ingot or silicon wafer. The silicon grains are washed using water after washing with acid solution. The acid solution is further neutralized or diluted to obtain re-melting solution which is used in heating process. Preferred Property: The silicon grains have particle diameter of 0.2-5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid solution is aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution (2-25 weight%), or hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid (1 weight% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The thermoelectric material comprising a filled skutterudite crystal structure is of formula: RxAyB'zM4X12 (2), preferably of formula: Yb0.07La0.05Ba0.10Co4Sb12 (2a), or of formula: RwAxB'yCzM4X12 (3), preferably of formula: YbwLaxBayNazCo4Sb12 (3a) or of formula: YbwLaxBayKzCo4Sb12 (3b).R=rare earth element (i), preferably ytterbium;A=rare earth element (ii) other than ytterbium, preferably lanthanum;B'=alkaline earth element, preferably barium;C=alkali metal such as sodium or potassium;x, y and z=crystal structure filling fraction of 0.001-0.2;andw, x, y, and z=crystal structure filling fraction of 0.01-0.2.Preferred Properties: The thermoelectric material has an average ZT (figure of merit) of up to 2 at 800K. The rare earth element (i), rare earth element (ii) and alkaline earth element independently have different phonon resonance frequencies.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hard thin films comprise several laminates of the hard thin films. The hard thin film is provided on both surfaces of the support. The hard thin film is provided on both surfaces of the support. The laminate comprises a buffer layer softer than the hard thin film as a layer under the hard thin film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In (I), when approximately five gallons of water is mixed with approximately 70 pounds of the grout, there results a yield of approximately seven gallons of finished grout. (I) comprises a mid-range water reducer, and dry sodium hydroxide. The mid-range water reducer comprises: a naphthalene; a lignin; and lignosulfonate. Preferred Method: The mid-range water reducer is added at a rate of approximately 0-8 fluid ounce equivalent per hundred weight of dry grout mixture. The dry sodium hydroxide is added at a rate of approximately 0-12 dry ounces per hundred weight of dry grout mixture. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The bulk material is fabricated by adding potassium fluoride, potassium sulfide, rubidium fluoride, rubidium sulfide, sodium sulfide or sodium fluoride with Cu2S, BaS and BaF2, and adjusting the amount of BaF2 if a fluoride doping agent is used or the amount of BaS if a sulfide doping agent is used. The mixture of Cu2S, BaS and BaF2 is placed in a vitreous carbon crucible inside an ampule before heating. Preferred Condition: The first heating step is carried out at 450-500 degrees C for 10 hours. The second heating step is carried out at 600-700 degrees C for 95 hours. Preferred Material: The BCSF crystalline phase is cubic in space group Fm3m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a plastic substrate. The plastic substrate is polyethersulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the component (B) with respect to the component (C) is 0-1/3. The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The non-crystalline polyimide is polyether imide. The polycrystalline polymer is chosen from polysulfone, polyphenylene ether, polycarbonate, polyarylate and/or cyclic olefin copolymer. The polyester (A) forms a continuous structure in the film. The components (B,C) form dispersed phase with respect to the component (A) and form a discontinuous structure. Preferred Properties: The polyester film has internal haze of 0-75% and temperature coefficient of expansion of -6.0 ppm/ degrees C to 6 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reactors are at airtight condition, when drawing out carbon nanotube from the reactor to atmospheric condition. The carbon nanotube is twisted or a liquid is coated, when drawing out carbon nanotube from the reactor to atmospheric condition. The carbon nanotube is stretched and twisted, and coated with an oil substance during winding of carbon nanotube continuous fiber continuously with respect to carbon nanotube continuous fiber which draws out and winds up from the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube continuous fiber-manufacturing apparatus has a sealing unit to maintain airtight between outlets and the carbon nanotube are drawn out, an elastic component which touches the carbon nanotube when the sealing unit draws out the carbon nanotube, a mechanism in which the elastic component is rotated along periphery of a shaft of continuous fiber draw out, a mechanism in which sealing unit supplies gas of pressure higher than the inside of the reactor to outlet, a sensor (15) detects pressure difference of inside of reactor and outside and connects suction pump to discharge port, a control unit to adjust driving ability of suction pump with respect to sensor, and a fluid-sealant unit by which the sealing unit supplies a liquid inside the outlet, and maintains the airtightness between liquid and continuous fiber draw out. The elastic component is choke seal. A sealing unit is labyrinth-seal unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The highly purified single crystal silicon is obtained by Czochralski method using highly purified crystalline silicon as raw material. The discharged crude crystal silicon is pulverized to particle size of 0.1-5 mm, acid-treated, the acid-treated material is washed using pure water, and dried, to manufacture highly purified crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic layer comprises a metal oxide including silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or silicon aluminum oxide. The metal oxide is formed by a sputtering process. The organic layers and inorganic layers are laminated alternately.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The triphenylene skeleton and polymerizable group bond to each other via a linking group having aromatic ring. The compound having triphenylene skeleton and polymerizable group of formula (A) including formulae (1), (4), (3) and/or preferably (2) has at least 2 polymerizable groups. The polymerizable group is ethylenic double bond or ring-opening polymerizable group, preferably (meth)acryloyloxy group. The polymerizable composition comprises bifunctional or more functional (meth)acrylate without triphenylene skeleton. The bifunctional or more functional (meth)acrylate comprises a cyclic structure of formula (5).Rx=linking group;Ry=polymerizable group;R11, R12, R21, R22, R31, R32=H or methyl;R13=alkoxyl comprising P1;P1=-(O)nC(R14)=C(R18)(R15);n=0-1;R14-R16, R24-R26, R34-R36, R44-R46=H or alkyl;R23=alkoxyl comprising P2;P2=-O-C(=O)-C(R24)=C(R26)(R25);R33=alkoxyl comprising P3;P3=-(C(R34)-C(35))(O)-R36;R=-(CH2)m-OC(=O)-C(R44)=C(45)-R46;m=2-12; orm+n=not less than 2;R51, R52=H, alkyl, or aryl; orR51+R52=may bond to each other to form a ring;R53, R54=a substituent; ando, p=0-5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Bronsted alkaline solution contains N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, pyrrolidone and N-dodecyl pyrrolidone. The mole ratio of bismaleimide to barbituric acid is 40:1-0.9:1. The hyperbranched polymer further contains monomer of monomaleimide and/or monomer of polymaleimide. The molar ratio of bismaleimide to the monomer of polymaleimide and/or the monomer of monomaleimide is 99:1-1:1. The bismaleimide is of formula (1 or 2).R4=-R-, -R-NH2-R-, -C(O)-, -R-C(O)-R-, -RC(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)-, -R-S(O)-R-, -SO2-, -(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-R-, -R-(C6H5)-O-, -(C6H5)-(C6H5)-, -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-R- or -R-(C6H5)-(C6H5)-O-;R=1-8C alkyl, phenyl or biphenyl;Y=-R-, -C(O)-, -O-, -O-O-, -S-, -S-S-, -S(O)- or -SO2-;andX1-X8=halo, hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl, 1-8C cycloalkyl, or 1-8C silyl.Preferred Components: The bismaleimide is selected from N,N'-bismaleimide-4,4'-diphenylmethane, 1,1'-(methylene-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, 1,1'-(3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dimethylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-acetyl bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N'-mercapto bismaleimide, N,N'-dimercapto bismaleimide, N,N'-bismaleimide ketone, N,N'-methylene bismaleimide, bismaleimide-ether, 1,2-bismaleimide-1,2-glycol, N,N'-4,4'-diphenyl ether-bismaleimide and 4,4'-bismaleimide-diphenyl sulfone. The monomer of monomaleimide is N-phenylmaleimide or N-cycloalkylmaleimide. The monomer of polymaleimide is tri(4-phenylmaleimide)amine or polyphenmethylmaleimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetron sputtering technology uses a gaseous atmosphere which is mixture of inert gas and mixture of hydrogen or/and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The elements are selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, scandium, yttrium or rare earth metal, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, titanium, zirconium or hafnium, niobium, tantalum or antimony, molybdenum, tungsten or tellurium, or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The doped element is boron, gallium or phosphorus. Preferred Properties: The monocrystalline silicon block has crystalline orientation of (100). The monocrystalline silicon block are rectangles having length of 1-10 cm and height of 0.5-10 cm, or columns having diameter of 1-10 cm and height of 1-10 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixture is a powder which contains zinc compound and the ammonium salt. The zinc compound is a zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zinc sulfate or their hydrate. The ammonium salt is ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium iodide or hydroxy tetramethylammonium. Preferred Component: The mixture is melted at 200-400 degrees C. The gas which contains nitrogen oxide is evaporated at 200-400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene molecule with bonded metal is a hexa-perihexabenzocoronene derivative of formula (1) and which is a compound of formula (3).R1 = alkyl;R2, R3 = -C6H4-O-R5-(O-R6)n-OR4 (2) provided that -C6H4- is a phenylene group;R4 = fullerene group with H, alkyl or metal;R5, R6 = alkylene; andn = positive integer.Preferred Parameters: The metal is bonded by a covalent bond. The metal is bonded to fullerene, which is a C60 fullerene, by an ester bond. Preferred Definitions:    R5, R6 = -CH2CH2-; and    R1 = 10-30C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main catalyst is metallic catalyst. The co-catalyst is cadmium. The metallic catalyst is aluminum, copper, lithium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum and/or palladium. The content of metallic catalyst is 1-10 weight%. Preferred Condition: The silicon metal and anhydrous hydrochloride are reacted at 200-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The silver electrolyte contains silver halide, distilled water and complexing agent. The silver halide is silver chloride or silver bromide. Preferred Layer: The self-assembled monolayer is made of aminopropyltriethoxysilane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and/or triethoxysilylundecanal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass composition (C1) comprises (wt.%): silicon dioxide (SiO2) (73-77), boron oxide (B2O3) (6.7-7.5), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (6.3-6.5), sodium oxide (Na2O) (5.8-6.8), potassium oxide (K2O) (1-2), calcium oxide (CaO) (2.5-3.2), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0.4-1), iron oxide (Fe2O3) (70-130 ppm), and titanium oxides (TiO2) (0-less than 100 ppm). The glass composition (C1) comprises (wt.%): chloride (0.1-0.3) and/or fluoride (0.1-0.3). The glass-metal bond, where except for impurities, the glass composition consists of (C1), where the ratio of the sum of the amounts of the alkaline-earth metal oxides, in mol.%, to the sum of the amounts of the alkali metal oxides, in mol.%, is less than or equal to 0.6. Preferred Components: The sum of the amounts of the alkaline-earth metal oxides in the glass composition is 0.9-3.9 mol.%. The ratio of the sum of the amounts of the alkaline-earth metal oxides, in mol.%, to the sum of the amounts of the alkali metal oxides, in mol.%, is 0.1-0.55. The ratio of a total amount of Al2O3, in mol.%, in the glass composition to the sum of the amounts of the alkali metal oxides, in mol.% is less than 0.6. The ratio of a total amount of B2O3, in mol.% in the glass composition to a sum of the total amount of B2O3, in mol.%, and the sum of the amounts of the alkali metal oxides, in mol.% is less than 0.55. The ratio of respective total amounts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the glass composition is of 0.03-0.1 (preferably 0.045-0.055). The metal part consists of metal material no. 1.3981 according to DIN 17745. EXAMPLE - A glass composition comprising (wt.%): silicon dioxide (SiO2) (74.5), boron oxide (B2O3) (7), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (6.4), sodium oxide (Na2O) (6.5), potassium oxide (K2O) (2), calcium oxide (CaO) (2.8), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0.5), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) (0.04) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen sulfide is produced in presence of sulfur melt by a chemical reaction. The heat transfer- or heat storage liquid contains chlorine in an amount of up to 10 wt.% and optionally phosphorus up to 15 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene containing metal is fullerene with 60 carbons. The molar fraction of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which has fullerene group containing metal in molecule with respect to sum total of number of moles of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which has fullerene group containing metal in molecule and hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which does not have fullerene group containing metal in molecule is 5-90% (preferably 5-50%). The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which has fullerene group containing metal in molecule is of formulae (1) or (4). The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative which does not have fullerene group containing metal in molecule is of formula (2) or (5).R1,R5=alkyl group;R2,R3=C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOR4;R4=fullerene Cm which may contain metal, H or alkyl group;n,m=positive integer;Cm=spherical shell-formed structure;R6=C6 H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOR7; andR7=H or alkyl group. Preferred Definitions:    R4=methano(60)fullerene carboxylic acid group of formula (3); and    R1,R5=10-30C alkyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The decoration comprising the doll head and the doll body is made of polyester material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structural layer includes silicon. The sacrificial layer includes silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The band gap of oxide is controlled by adjusting solid solution substitution amount of positive divalent or lower element (E1), or positive quadrivalent or higher element (E2). Preferred Definitions:    M=iron;    E1=calcium, strontium, barium and/or zinc, preferably calcium;and    E2=cerium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tin, tantalum, antimony and/or rhenium, preferably cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reinforcing fiber, film or tape is selected from short fibers, long fibers or their mixtures, fiber bundles, fiber filaments, filaments or textile fabrics like woven fabric, scrim, crocheted, knitted, nonwoven fabrics or their combinations. The fibers, films, tapes, threads, filaments or textile fabrics are made of glass, metal, carbon, aramid, nylon or stretched polymers such as polyethylene, nylon or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The base material is printed circuit board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of swelling gel in adhesive layer is 50-100 mass parts. The swelling gel is hydrogel. The cleaning film has water content before using. The quantity of water content is 0.1-10 ml/g. Preferred Parameter: The thickness before swelling of adhesive layer is 0.05-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of casting mold is graphite or quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ions contains one or more elements selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, oxygen, tellurium, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, krypton, argon and xenon. The mask is made of materials selected from group consisting of graphite, silicon, silicon carbide and quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tract is made of heavy duty plastic and rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains 0.2-15% of barium oxide, 2.5% or less of copper oxide and 0.05% or more of alkali metal oxide. The content of glass powder in electroforming material is 0.2-10 %mass. The metal powder contains silver, aluminum, gold, copper, palladium and/or platinum or its alloy, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Apparatus: The containment apparatus has carbon fiber composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of glycol is 0.5-25 times with respect to total weight of the phenol novolak compound. Preferred Component: The solvent is trimethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol and/or dipropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat sinterable-metal particles are silver particles or copper particles. The oxidizing gas is a mixed gas of 0.1-40 volume% of oxygen gas and 99.99 volume% or more of nitrogen gas. The reducing gas is a 60-99 volume% of nitrogen gas and 1-40 volume% of hydrogen gas. Preferred Property: The joined metal component has shear adhesive strength of 5 MPa or more. The sintered product of the heat-sinterable metal particles have volume resistivity of 1x 10-1 Omega .cm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal components are gold, silver, copper, palladium and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volatile dispersion medium is hydrophilic solvent or aliphatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fracture strength of the inner layer is 2-7 MPa. Preferred Component: The polycrystalline-silicon production vessel further has layer containing silicon oxynitride formed on the surface of release layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixed particle has diameter of 50-500 mu m. Impurity is evaporated by carrying out oxygen burning of particles containing silica or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diameter of silicon particles are 1-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon containing impurity and solid containing additive for impurity refinement are heated to melt, and the gas containing nitrogen is blown into the melt solution containing silicon and additive to reduce the impurity in silicon. The silicon contains boron and/or phosphorus as impurity, and further contains aluminum, calcium, tantalum, titanium and/or vanadium as impurity. The gas containing nitrogen further contains helium, neon, argon, water vapor and gaseous chlorine. The solid containing additive includes oxide, hydroxide, hydrate or carbonate of alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal. The solid containing additive is a solid containing silicon dioxide, and further contains calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and calcium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: In the electrode paste of silicon solar battery, the inorganic adhesive is glass powder which is composed of 15-30% of boron trioxide (B2O3), 40-70% of lead oxide (PbO), 1-5% of vanadium oxide (V2O5), 15-28% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and 3-6% of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and the total amount of the components is 100%; the organic adhesive is composed of 1.0-12.0% of ethylcellulose, 0.5-10.0% of phenolic resin or novolac epoxy resin, 0.1-2.0% of colophony, 1.0-10.0% of calcium stearate or zinc stearate, 30-60% of terpilenolterpineol, and 25-50% of additive, and the total amount of the components is 100%; the additive comprises one or several of phenoxyethanol, diethyl phthalate, butyl carbitol, butyl carbitol acid ester and benzyl alcohol. Preferred Method: In preparing electrode paste of silicon solar battery, the glass powder is prepared by the following steps: uniformly mixing the prepared material, placing it in a ceramic crucible, pre-heating it at 500 degrees C, then placing it in a furnace of 1100-1250 degrees C for heating, preserving it for 1.5 hours, then quenching it with water, baking it, crushing and middling it to 5-8 mu m; the organic adhesive is prepared by uniformly mixing the material, and heating and dissolving it at 100 to 150 degrees C to obtain the transparent organic adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The host nanocrystals are chosen from zinc sulfide, zinc selenide and zinc telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The dopant ions are chosen from manganese, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon black (B) is carbon black having DBP oil absorption amount of 300 cm3/100 g or more and BET specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. The expanded graphite powder (C) has average particle diameter of 30-500 mu m. The expanded graphite powder (C) is obtained by heat-processing an acid-treated graphite at 500-1200 degrees C, pulverizing and expanding to 100-300 ml/g. Preferred Process: The (meth)acrylic-ester monomer (A2m) in composition (E) is polymerized in presence of (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1) contained in adhesive composition (E), and the solidified material (E') of composition (E) is molded to form heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive sheet (F). The sheet (F) comprises (in mass parts) carbon black (B) (1-80) and expanded graphite powder (C) (25-250) with respect to (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A) (100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (S) is (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1). The heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition (E) comprises (in mass parts) carbon black (B) (2-100) and expanded graphite powder (C) (50-300) with respect to (meth)acrylic-ester polymer (A1) (100), and further contains (meth)acrylic-ester monomer (A2m).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second electrodes comprise graphite and silicon carbide. The insulating walls comprise silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of aspherical particles in resin layer (20) is 0.1-35 wt.%. The amount of spherical particles in resin layer (21) is 0.1-35 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a polyethylene terephthalate substrate, or a macromolecular alloy material substrate formed by blending polyethylene terephthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate through thermal melting. The substrate is formed by adding one inorganic oxide chosen from silica, titanium dioxide, alumina and zirconia into polyethylene terephthalate. The fluorine-based film is a tetrafluoroethylene-based film, a trifluorochloroethylene-based film, or a film formed using ternary copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The isolated endohedral fullerene (1) is of formula: MA.C60 (2) or MA.C70 (3).MA=lithium.Preferred Property: The peak intensity of other fullerene with respect to peak intensity of isolated endohedral fullerene (1, 2 or 3) is 0.5% or less, or 50% or less (preferably 20% or less), measured by laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum. Preferred Component: The salt is represented by (M.C2n)power(m+).m(SbCl6)- or (MA.C60)power(k+)(MA.C70)power(i+).(k+i)(SbCl6)-.m,k,i=valance of cation. Preferred Definitions:    M=group (I-IV) metal, preferably alkali metal, more preferably lithium, sodium or potassium, most preferably lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pressure reduction atmosphere is maintained at 0.1-200 Pa. The concentration of oxidizing gas is 1-40 volume%. Preferred Method: The plasma flame is emitted from a hollow cathode type plasma source. The oxidizing gas is mixed with plasma gas, and purification is carried out. Preferred Gas: The oxidizing gas is oxygen, ozone, water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, carbon tetrachloride or bromine. The impurity is boron and/or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The particle further comprises second metal disposed on the particle and different from the first metal. Preferred Method: The method further involves extracting the particle from the dispersion; adding metal salt to the dispersion; and disposing second metal on the particle that is different from the metal. The metal is disposed on the particle via a reduction reaction with the Si-H of the compound, is agglomerated into nanoparticles, and forms a film disposed on the particle. Preferred Components: The metal is noble metal selected from copper, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and/or gold, and is derived from salt. The dispersion is emulsion and further comprises liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is elastomer, resin, monomer selected from silane and/or siloxane, or mixture of monomer and polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R=silicon monomer (selected from organosilane and/or organosiloxane) or organic monomer (selected from alkylene, styrene, acrylate, urethane, ester, amide and/or imide), or R'xSiOy/2;    R'=halo, aromatic, amine, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde or ester;x=0.1-2.2;and    y=1.8-3.9.    Where the R group is free of silicon and carbon.    EXAMPLE - A dispersion (10 g) was loaded into a cup, and aluminum trichloride solution (2 wt.%) (0.42 g) was added. The cup was placed into a mixer and spun at maximum speed for 12 seconds. Thirty minutes later, the dispersion changes in color to crimson. The water of the dispersion was then evaporated to form a pale crimson cake, and pulverized into a powder to obtain particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: At least 0.28 Nm3/min hydrogen-containing protective gas is introduced into a float bath housing per m3 of free inner volume of housing. The protective gas is introduced constantly or pulsed. The protective gas is uniformly distributed into the float bath housing. The amount of hydrogen is 12-14%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester in the biaxially-oriented polyester film is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate. The adhesive agent has adhesive layer including epoxy resin, polyimide resin and/or polyamide resin. Preferred Properties: The thickness of biaxially-oriented polyester film is 6-150 mu m. The ratio of the thickness of heat-resistant insulating paper and biaxially-oriented polyester film is 0.25-4. Preferred Process: The biaxially-oriented polyester films are successively laminated both surfaces of heat-resistant insulating paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The heat-resistant insulating paper is aramid paper. Preferred Property: The thickness of the heat-resistant insulating paper is 20-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The substrate is silicon sheet, metal sheet, glass, industrial technologies program (ITP) glass or ceramic. The alternative multi-layer structure as transitional layer and metal film layer is formed by materials of chrome, nickel, iron, nickel chrome, titanium molybdenum and/or aluminum. The metal film is copper metal film, ferric metal film, zinc metal film or tungsten metal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cadmium compound is cadmium halide, cadmium nitrate, cadmium sulfate and/or cadmium acetate. The sulfur compound is sodium sulfide, sodium thiosulfate, thioacetamide and/or thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nitrogen plasma treatment substitutes oxygen of the titanium dioxide nanotube with nitrogen so that nitrogen is present in atomic state in a titanium dioxide matrix to form a titanium oxide nitride structure. The doping through nitrogen plasma treatment is performed at a flow rate of 10-200 standard cubic centimeters per minute. The doping through nitrogen plasma treatment is performed at a plasma power of 400-800 W and at 50-400 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Ammonium fluoride (0.25 wt.%) was added to an ethyleneglycol solvent and direct current voltage of 60V was applied to this mixture, platinum or nickel was used as a counter electrode and the titanium foil was treated by anodizing for 5 hours to form amorphous titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube. The amorphous TiO2 nanotube was heat treated at 400 degrees C for 3 hours under air or oxygen atmosphere to convert the amorphous TiO2 nanotube into crystalline TiO2 nanotube (anatase phase). The crystalline TiO2 nanotube was subjected to nitrogen plasma treatment at a flow rate of 100 sccm, a plasma power of 500 W and a temperature of 200 degrees C for 5 minutes to give a titanium oxide nitride nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the inorganic oxide particles is 5-40 nm, when 100 arbitrary particles are viewed in scanning electron microscope for 200000 times or more. Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst particles of the photocatalyst layer are titanium oxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles are silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic thin film layer (B) contains metal, metal oxide, metal nitride and/or nitro-oxide. The metallic compound of more than bivalent contains a metal chosen from magnesium, calcium, zinc and barium. The monovalent metallic compound is lithium or sodium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated-carboxylic-acid compound is methacrylic acid. Preferred Property: The ratio of light absorbency of carboxylic acid in the vicinity of 1700 cm-1 to the light absorbency of carboxylate ion in the vicinity of 1520 cm-1 is less than 0.25, in an infrared absorption spectrum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminated film further has an inorganic thin film layer formed between film base material and polymer layer, and an undercoat layer formed between the film base material and inorganic thin film layer. The film base material is a biaxially stretched film. Preferred Process: The laminated film is heat-processed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer (A) containing organosilane of formula: R1nSi(OR2)4-n is obtained from cured material of composition (I) containing silane compound chosen from hydrolyzate of organosilane and/or condensate of organosilane and metal oxide particles. The layer (B) containing organosilane of formula: R3mSi(OR4)4-m is obtained from cured material of composition (II) containing silane compound chosen from hydrolyzate of organosilane and/or condensate of organosilane. The composition (I) contains polymer (a) and metal oxide particles. The polymer (a) is obtained by carrying out hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silane compound and vinyl polymer containing silyl group with silicon atom bonded to silane compound, hydrolysable group and/or hydroxyl group. The composition (II) contains polymer (c) obtained by carrying out hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silane compound and vinyl polymer containing silyl group having silicon atom bonded to silane compound, hydrolysable group and/or hydroxyl group. The composition (II) further contains silica particles. The base material is glassR1,R3=1-8C monovalent organic group;R2,R4=1-5C alkyl or 1-6C acyl;andn,m=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component contains calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Preferred Component: The auxiliary component is rare earth metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer is polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The optionally substituted bivalent conjugated five membered heterocyclic group is thiophene ring, thioazole ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxazole ring and/or oxadiazole ring. The nickel catalyst is diphenyl phosphine complex. The bivalent aromatic group other than (A) is thiophene ring, thiazole ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxazole ring, isothia-naphthene ring, benzene ring, naphthalene ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, phenanthrene ring, carbazole ring, quinoxaline ring, pyridine ring, bipyridine ring, triazole ring and/or tetrazole ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The preparation method of the polymethacrylimide foamed material comprises: (a) mixing the materials: mixing 15-90 pts.wt. of propylene monomer containing carboxyl, 50-90 pts.wt. of propylene monomer containing acylamino, 0.1-5 pts.wt. of polymerization initiator, 1-20 pts.wt. of foaming agent, and 0.1-6 pts.wt. of crosslinker to obtain the uniformly mixed liquid through electric stirring or magnetic stirring; (b) carrying out pre-polymerization: pouring the uniformly mixed liquid into a closed glass container, placing the closed glass container in water solution of 40-100 degrees C until the liquid in the closed glass container becomes transparent block; and (c) heating: placing the transparent block in a vacuum drying oven at 100-160 degrees C for 0-6 hours, increasing the temperature of the vacuum drying oven to 170-250 degrees C, preserving heat for 0.5-6 hours, increasing the temperature of the vacuum drying oven to 100-160 degrees C, preserving heat for 0-6 hours, and obtaining the polymethacrylimide foamed material. Preferred Components: The propylene monomer containing carboxyl is crylic acid or methacrylic acid. The propylene monomer containing acylamino is acrylamide or methacrylamide. The polymerization initiator is azodiisobutyronitrile, 2,2-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) (ABVN), diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, tert-butylperoxypivalate (BPP), dilauroylperoxide, benzoylperoxide, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, or sodium thiosulfate. The foaming agent is the mixture of formamide or carbamide, and fatty alcohols with 2-7 carbon atoms. The crosslinker is magnesium methacrylate, magnesium acrylate, zinc methacrylate, or zinc acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The system utilizes a tank made of a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of crystalline thermoplastic resin (C) and non-crystalline polymer (B) is more than 0. Preferred Components: The crystalline thermoplastic resin (C) is aromatic polyether ketone or crystalline thermoplastic polyimide, preferably polyether-ether ketone. The polyester (A) is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate or their modified component. The non-crystalline polymer (B) is chosen from polyimide, polyether sulfone and/or polysulfone. The polyester (A) forms a continuous structure. The non-crystalline polymer (B) and crystalline thermoplastic resin (C) form discontinuous structure with respect to polyester (A). Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented polyester film has temperature coefficient of expansion of -6 to 6 ppm/ degrees C and humidity coefficient of expansion of 0-6 ppm/%RH, along width direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The easily bonding layer contains microparticles (1-30 volume%) capable of chemically bonding with hydrophilic polymer. The microparticles are silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydrophilic polymer contains coupling group-containing structural unit(s) of formula: X-A-(CH(-R1)-C(-R2)(-L1-Y'))- and (-(CH(-R3)-C(-R4)(-L2-B'))-) (-(CH(-R5)-C(-R6)(-L3-X)-)), and multivalent organic coupling group-containing structural unit of formula: -(C(-R1)(-R3)-C(-R2)(-L4-Y"))x- or -(C(-R4)(-R6)-C(-R5)(-L5-SiR73-m(OR8)m))y-.R1-R8=H or hydrocarbyl;X=reactive group;A,L1-L3=single bond or coupling group;Y'=-NHCOR7, -CONH2, -CON(R7)2, -COR7, -OH, -CO2M, -SO3M, -PO3M, -OPO3M or -N(R7)3Z1;R7=alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=H, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium;Z1=halo ion;B'=structural unit of formula: -(CH(-R1)-C(-R2)(-L1-Y'))-;L4=single bond or multivalent organic coupling group;L5=multivalent organic coupling group having group chosen from single bond, -CONH, -NHCONH-, -OCONH-, -SO2NH or -SO3-;m=1-3;Y"=-OH, -ORa, -CORa, -CO2Re, -CON(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb), -NHCORd, -NHCO2Ra, -OCON(Ra)(Rb), -NHCON(Ra)(Rb), -SO3Re, -OSO3Re, -SO2Rd, -NHSO2Rd, -SO2(Ra)(Rb), - N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc)(Rg), -PO3(Re)(Rf), -OPO3(Re)(Rf) or -PO3(Rd)(Re);Ra,Rb,Rc=H or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Rd=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Re,Rf=H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium;Rg=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, halo, inorganic anion or organic anion;andx,y=0-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersion medium contains compound (a1) which is insoluble or slightly soluble in water, and has hydroxyl group and/or carbonyl group. The terpene derivative has hydroxyl group, aldehyde group, and/or keto group in a molecule. The content of terpene derivative and compound (a1) with respect to solid content of 1 mass part of the coating composition is 0.1-20 mass parts, each. The coating composition further contains binder. The mass ratio of microparticles with respect to binder is 9/1-1/9. Preferred Property: The average coagulated particle diameter of the microparticles is 3-500 nm. Preferred Component: The base material is a figured glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of gallium with respect to mixture of gallium and tin is 0.01-0.80. The content of the element which is subjected to solid solution substitution is 0.08 atomic% or less with respect to the total amount of all the metallic elements. Preferred Component: The element is chosen from niobium, tantalum and antimony. Preferred Process: The element in tin-oxide phase is subjected to solid solution substitution. The molded product is sintered at a temperature with increase rate of 0.5 degrees C/minute or more. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the tin-oxide phase or gallium-stannate-compound phase is 5 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The locating pieces are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The alkali corrosion treatment is performed at 75-90 degrees C for 15-40 minutes. The acid corrosion treatment is performed at 6-40 degrees C for 5-300 seconds. Preferred Property: The monocrystalline silicon chip has thickness of 4.5-25 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The particulate is ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The particulate is a metallic powder, bead or ball (preferably ball bearing).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The particulate is a plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A catalyst of the catalyst heater heating part is selected from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, vanadium, nickel, tungsten, iridium or cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The inverter used in the distributed solar power generation system, conforms to UL1741 and IEEE1547 standards. The communicator of the solar power generation system conforms to SCADA, EMS and DMS standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photoelectro transform portion is arranged with a n-type silicon layer and a p-type silicon layer, which includes amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The storyboard is constructed of a polycarbonate resin sheet material and molding compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A solution of calcium nitrate mixture with zinc chloride is used as the heavy aqueous liquid with the density intermediate between those of solid fuel and waste rock; and acetone as the non-aqueous easily evaporable liquid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmission interface includes a Universal serial bus (USB) connection.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is a polycrystal silicon solar cell, noncrystal silicon solar cell, gallium arsenide solar cell or copper indium gallium selenide solar cell. The energy storage is nickel metal hydride accumulator, nickel cadmium accumulator or lithium accumulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electride contains host having 2a group element, 3a group element and oxygen. The electroconductive substance is n-type semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The p-type semiconductor is organic semiconductor, preferably polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An organic indium compound and/or dopant source compound used as n-type or p-type dopant is further added to the source gas. The nitrogen source is ammonia gas, nitrogen gas or gas containing hydrazine. The element used as n-type dopant is silicon or germanium and the element used as p-type dopant is magnesium. The gas containing the n-type dopant is tetraethyl monosilane, disilane, germanium gas, tetramethyl germanium or germanium. The gas containing the p-type dopant is bis cyclopentadienyl magnesium or bisethyl cyclopentadienyl magnesium. The gallium nitride particles have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm. Preferred Process: Laser is irradiated on the source gas containing organic gallium compound and nitrogen source. The organic indium compound and/or dopant source compound is further added to the reaction product obtained and the source gas is irradiated with a different laser, and gallium nitride-indium particles are obtained. The gallium nitride particles are reaction products obtained by circulating the source gas from upstream with carrier gas and recovering the particles in the downstream after irradiating laser. The laser used for the processes is laser radiated from separate devices or laser branched from the laser emitted from the device used during the reaction of organic gallium compound and nitrogen source. Preferred Apparatus: A laser beam splitter is arranged such that the laser radiated from the radiation device splits.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal gate electrode is made of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, peptide, zinc, tin, iron and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reagent reacts with substance such as powder of cobalt chloride, sodium hydroxide, luminol, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate and iron complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface float of the generator can be formed of Hypalon (RTM: chlorosulfonated polyethylene synthetic rubber).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane of the reservoir of the energy storage system can be made from polymer material e.g. high density polyethylene, of type known for swimming pools.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The nanoinclusions are made of a material of formula SinGemAp (I), preferably silicides of formula SinAp. The matrix is based on silicon germanium alloy of formula SixGe(1-x) (II). The nanoinclusion material comprises magnesium silicide, titanium silicide, vanadium silicide, nickel silicide, molybdenum silicide, erbium silicide, ytterbium silicide, tungsten silicide, beta -iron silicide, chromium silicide, manganese silicide, ruthenium silicide, osmium silicide, and iridium silicide.A=transition metals, lanthanides, or actinides, including Mg, Ti, V, Ni, Mo, Er, Yb, W, Fe, Cr, Co, Mn, Ru, Os, and Ir, preferably Ir, Ru, Fe, Ni, W, or Co;n, m= greater than or equal to 0 and cannot be both 0;p=greater than 0;andx=0.3-0.8, preferably 0.4-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An i-type semiconductor layer is provided between p-type semiconductor layer and n-type semiconductor layer. The p-type dopant is magnesium or zinc, and n-type dopant is compound containing silicon or silicon. The indium-nitride-gallium is of formula: InxGa1-xN, where x is more than 0.2 to less than 1, preferably more than 0.6 to less than 1. The substrate is an insulating substrate or conductive substrate with electroconductive layer provided on the surface. The conductive substrate and electroconductive layer contains aluminum, iron, nickel, tin, copper, silver, platinum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, chromium and/or tungsten. The insulating substrate contains resin, plastics, glass, and/or ceramics. The light-permeable electrode contains indium-tin oxide, indium oxide zinc, oxidized aluminum zinc and/or gallium oxide zinc. The manufacture method of solar cell involves using indium-gallium composite salt particles which contains composite salt chosen from hydroxide, oxide, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, phosphate, citrate and/or sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin contains ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro alkoxy alkane and/or perfluoroethylene-propene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Roof inclination groups are specified for roof sealings according to DIN 18531.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode, evaporator and condenser are made of nickel or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The granule fluorescent substance is obtained by mixing a composition (A) containing yttrium compound, compound of rare earth metal other than yttrium and complex-forming compound in water, and composition (B) containing vanadium compound in water, adding bismuth compound, and reacting bismuth compound with ethylene glycol dissolved in composition (A and B).The fluorescent substance has composition of formula: YVO4:A and B', where B'is group XIII-group XVII elements of periodic table.The rare earth metal other than yttrium is chosen from scandium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium.The yttrium compound, vanadium compound, compound of rare earth metal other than yttrium, and group XIII-group XVII elements of periodic table are contained in form of hydroxide, chelated material, inorganic acid salt, organic acid salt, oxygen-acid salt, halide and alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complex-forming compound is chosen from citric acid, oxalic acid and their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ink composition further contains binder resin and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The quantum dots or quantum wells indium nitride, or indium-gallium nitride (InGaN), indium arsenide (InAs), gallium arsenide (GaAs) or indium-gallium arsenide. The wide band gap matrix includes InGaN, gallium nitride, aluminum-gallium nitride, indium-gallium phosphide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, aluminum-gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), aluminum-gallium-indium arsenide (AlGaInAs), or aluminum-gallium-indium phosphide (AlGaInP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Material: The photon reflector structure includes a metallic layer, a distributed Bragg reflector, a total internal reflector, or an omni-directional reflector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The n-type and/or the p-type semiconductor layer includes a nitride material including aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, indium nitride, aluminum-gallium nitride, or their alloys; or arsenide and/or phosphide material including GaAs, aluminum arsenide, InAs, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, aluminum phosphide, indium-gallium arsenide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, AlGaAs, AlGaInAs, AlGaInP or their alloys. The substrate includes gallium phosphide, zinc selenide or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An oxidizing agent is fed into the reactor and/or is mixed into the feed stream upstream of the reactor. It is generated from water, preferably from feed stream of water, by UV radiation, electrolysis, other electrochemical processes or any other oxygen generating method. Hydrogen is recovered from the feed stream and/or from the water from which the oxygen is generated. By-products of the SCWO process are recovered from the feed stream downstream of the SCWO process. Preferred Component: The oxidizing agent comprises oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, or air, preferably in liquefied form. The by-product(s) comprises supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical nitrogen and/or inorganic salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The aero-generator is a permanent magnet generator. The foundation of magnet generator is fitted on the chassis of motor vehicle. The ex-circle of rotator is uniformly attached with permanent magnets, and a rotator drum is internally set with fan blades. The fan blade is made of aluminium alloy or light plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Non-water material component (6) chosen from organic material, algae and particulate such as sand, waste material, oil residues, metals and other impurities is removed from non-fresh water. Electrolysis is carried out partially from external source chosen from solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, fossil fuel energy, and geothermal energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nitric acid is used in the oxidation of the mixture. The metal is platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is platinum-ruthenium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymeric carbon precursor is furan resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of the noble metal platinum is 0.5-1% of the total weight of the catalyst. The content of the auxiliary catalyst A and the auxiliary catalyst B is 0.1-7% and 2-3% of the total weight of the catalyst, respectively. The carrier gamma -aluminum oxide particle is spherical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: At least one pipe opening for adding water and electrolyte solution and a cover body screwed with the former are mounted on the top face of the sealed electrolytic bath. A valve device is mounted on the manifold between the exhaust opening of the electrolytic bath and the air inlet of the engine. The electric pipeline comprises a manifold for transmitting the gas, an electrolytic power supply wire for high voltage transmission, and a universal signal electric wire for transmitting the control signal. The shape of the electrolytic bath comprises the rectangular cube, sphere and ellipse and it is mounted in the free space at the front or back part of the motor vehicle and the volume of the electrolytic bath adapts the size of the free space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resist polymer comprises polymethylmethacrylate. INORGNAIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal consists of gold, silver, rhodium, copper, chrome, nickel, brass, iridium and their alloys. The nano-crystalline structure is coated with a metal oxide or nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum, palladium or ruthenium. The non-noble metal component is iron, cobalt or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid hydride is borohydride compound of formula: BxNyHz (I), or alkali metal borohydride, alkali metal hydride, metal borohydride and/or metal hydride, preferably sodium borohydride, sodium hydride, lithium borohydride, lithium hydride, calcium hydride, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, potassium borohydride and/or aluminum borohydride, where x-z are not defined. The borohydride compound is ammonia borane, diamino diborane, ammonium diborane, poly(amino borane), borazine, morpholine-borane, borane-tetrahydrofuran composite and/or diborane. The content of solid hydride is 30-70%. The solid catalyst comprises solid acid, salt containing ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or iron, or solid catalyst prepared from ions. The content of solid catalyst is 0-25%. Preferred Process: The liquid or aqueous solution comprising water is added to vessel containing solid hydrogen fuel to obtain hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The crushing mixer is jaw crusher, eccentric crusher, cone fine crusher, rotary crusher, impact crusher, shearing crusher, composite cutting crusher, ball mill, bar mill and/or vibration mill.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer substrate comprises hydrophobic polymer elastomer containing silica gel, rubber and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor metal oxide is chosen from titanium dioxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, indium oxide, antimony trioxide, tungsten trioxide, mixture of indium oxide and tin oxide, mixture of antimony oxide and tin oxide, barium titanate and cerium oxide. The metallic catalyst is alloy of platinum and ruthenium, platinum and tin, platinum and palladium, platinum and lead, platinum and bismuth or platinum and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heteropolyacid is phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid or silicotungstic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The pH of polymer solution is neutral, preferably 6.5-7.5. Polyether ether ketone is dried for 10 hours in vacuum box at 100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive material is chosen from carbon black, conductive powder, graphite, carbon fiber, conductive fiber and their mixture. The conductive carbon cloth layer is made of carbon fiber or conductive carbon fiber braided fabrics having thickness of 0.4 mm and weight of 250 g/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Conductive materials are added to Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin), mixed and stirred. An accelerator is added to mixture to obtain conductive resin. The Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin) is chosen from phenolic epoxy Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin), bisphenol A epoxy Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin), chlorendic acid (HET) modified epoxy Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin), bromine bisphenol A epoxy Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin), elastic modified epoxy Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin), and acetic acid modified epoxy Vinylite (RTM: vinyl resin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of solvent is 30-70 volume%. The solvent is chosen from carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, 1,4-dioxin, 1,2-dichloroethane and dimethylformamide, preferably chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer is chosen from tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon single fiber has length of 2-50 mm, diameter of 5-20 mu m, and thickness of 70-150 mu m. The carbon fiber sheet has thickness of 100-250 mu m, pore size of 45-90 mu m, and pore deviation of 10% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amino modifying agent is 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation method of the single crystal lithium manganese oxide for lithium ion battery comprises: (a) adding the raw material electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and one of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and yttrium (Y) of oxide doped with metals M1 and M2 in the blending tank for 1-5 hours for mixing to be uniform; (b) sintering for the first time: sintering at 800-1,200 degrees C for 5-20 hours; making the adulterant enter the crystal lattice in a high temperature manner to form the single crystal kernel; reducing the specific surface area of the single crystal lithium manganese oxide material; (c) crushing the single crystal kernel ball for powder processing; screen meshing in 100-300 mesh to obtain the single crystal kernel with granularity of 3-15 mu m; (d) sintering for the second time; sintering at 400-800 degrees C for 5-20 hours; low temperature annealing the material to eliminate the oxygen disadvantage which can generate in the first section of sintering; making the kernel thoroughly crystallized to gain the spinel single crystal lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) with complete crystal form; and (e) crushing the sintered single crystal kernel ball, screen meshing in 200-400 mesh to obtain the single crystal kernel with granularity of 6-12 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal layer is a steel layer. The channel has an average cross-sectional area of 0.50-3.00 mm2. The RSP metal material comprises steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyolefin group porous base material is chosen from polypropylene, high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene). The separator comprises polymer having cyano group chosen from cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethylcellulose and cyanoethyl sucrose. The inorganic particle transfers lithium ion. The inorganic particle is chosen from barium titanate, hafnium dioxide, strontium titanate, stannic dioxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide and titanium dioxide. The inorganic particle capable of transferring lithium ion is chosen from lithium phosphate, lithium titanium phosphate, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate, lithium lanthanum titanates, lithium germanium thiophosphate and lithium nitrides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer further contains metallic catalyst, carbon-type support, polymer ionomer and solvent. The metallic catalyst consists of platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy, platinum-molybdenum alloy, platinum-rhodium alloy or platinum-transition metal alloy. The carbon-type support is chosen from graphite, carbon black, acetylene black and activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is water, butanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, N-propanol, N-butyl acetate or ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer ionomer is sulfonated polymer or sulfonated polytrifluoromethyl styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerizable phosphonic acid includes substituted vinyl phosphonic acid compounds of formulae ((R1)(R2)C=C(R3)PO3R4R5) (I) or ((R6)(R7)C=C(PO3R4R5)2) (II) or chlorides, fluorides or amides derived from the acids. The co-monomer is vinyl halide, vinylidene halide, vinyl ester, vinyllactam, (meth)acrylic acid or their halo derivatives, esters, amides or nitriles of (meth)acrylic acids or their halo derivatives. The non-grafted polymer ion-exchange ion-conductive materials contains 1.2-28 wt.% of phosphorus. The non-grafted polymer ion-exchange ion-conductive materials bind phosphoric acid by physical sorption.R1 = H, F, Cl or Br;R2, R6, R7 = H or F;R3 = H, halo, COOR8, COCl or CONR8R8; andR4, R5, R8 = alkyl, aryl (both optionally substituted) or H. EXAMPLE - A polymerization mixture consisting of vinylphosphonic acid (12.04 g) of purity 84.9 %, acrylonitrile (18.07 g), the initiator 2,2'-azobis(2- methylpropanenitrile) (0.2015 g) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (70 g) was prepared. The polymerization mixture was freed of oxygen by bubbling with an inert gas for 10 minutes, air-tightly closed and polymerized at 70 degrees C for 5 hours. Then the mixture was diluted with DMSO (50 g) and the polymer was precipitated under stirring into ethanol (2 l). The polymer was filtered off and washed four times with ethanol (0.5 l) for 4 x 30 minutes under constant stirring. The polymer was dried at 25 degrees C under atmospheric pressure to constant weight to give the polymer ion-exchange ion-conductive materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The tail gas temperature regulating valve of the engine tail gas cracking alcohol type hydrogen preparing device is provided with a step motor. The evaporation chamber and the over-heating chamber of the cracking alcohol type hydrogen preparing device are connected with the microwave heater, and the cracking chamber is connected with the optical wave oven or the induction cooker.
EXAMPLE - (In g) L-serine (3.15) dissolved in ion exchange water (20 ml) was added to chromatographic column filled with SA10AOH (RTM: ion exchange resin) (10.3). 1-(4-Vinyl benzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium chloride (2.51) dissolved in ion exchange water was added to the chromatographic column, and the filled aqueous solutions deployed and concentrated to obtain 1-(4-vinyl benzyl)-3-butyl imidazolium L-serine (2.98) with yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The macromolecular solution contains polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polycaprolactone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material contains (in wt.%) binder (8-15), activated charcoal (70-80), and conductive carbon (10-25). The conductive carbon is carbon black, carbon nanotube and/or graphite. The lead alloy current collector contains lead-calcium alloy, lead-silver alloy and/or lead-calcium-tin alloy. Preferred Property: The active material has viscosity of 1000-3000 cps.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is carboxymethyl cellulose or mixture of styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first step comprises ball grinding paste, drying at 90-120 degrees C for 8-12 hours, heating at 600-750 degrees C at heating rate of 4 degrees C/minute in air, maintaining temperature for 6-8 hours, continuously heating at 800-900 degrees C, maintaining temperature for 15-20 hours, cooling to room temperature, and ball grinding. The second step comprises ball grinding material, drying at 90 degrees C for 8-12 hours, heating at 400-500 degrees C, maintaining temperature for 3-6 hours, cooling to room temperature, taking out and grinding. Preferred Components: The lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium nitrate or lithium hydroxide is used as lithium source. The metal compound is copper sulfate, copper acetate, copper oxide, silver iodide or silver nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is absolute ethyl alcohol or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic catalyst consists of platinum, ruthenium and their alloy. The catalyst is also selected from titanium, cobalt, nickel, cupper and their combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Modified polyorganosiloxane compound is obtained by reacting compound ( alpha ) which has an alkenyl group and triazinane trione derivative of formula (X1)-(X3), phenolic hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, with a cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane ( beta ) of formula (I) which has a silicon hydride (SiH) group, by hydrosilylation reaction. Component (B) is a thiol group containing polysiloxane compound. An alkenyl-group containing compound (D) is included as an essential component.R2, R3=1-10C organic group;n=1-10;m=0-10; andm+n= greater than or equal to 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average oxidation state of whole transition metal excluding lithium is more than 3.1 to 3.3. The content of nickel in transition metal is 5 mol% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hard carbon comprises resin carbon, organic polymer pyrolytic carbon and/or soft carbon solid phase material. The lithium ion insertion compound comprises lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide (LiNi8Co2O2), lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) and/or lithium-manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium ion in the electrolyte is generated by lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and/or lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and trimethylethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, diethyldimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl methyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrahexylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetramethyl phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetraethyl phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropyl phosphonium tetrafluoroborate and tetrabutyl phosphonium tetrafluoroborate. The non-aqueous organic solvent in the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ethylene sulfide, sulfurous acid isopropenyl acetate, ethyl acetate and acetonitrile. The porous carbon comprises active carbon, carbon cloth, carbon fiber, carbon felt, carbon aerogel and/or carbon nano tube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The septum comprises ethane microcellular film, polypropylene microcellular film, polyethylene polypropylene compound film, inorganic ceramic film, paper septum and non-woven septum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen producing device is further connected with a mixed power automobile. The direct-current bus is connected with an electric automobile. The energy storing device is an energy-storing battery. The hydrogen producing device is a water-electrolytic hydrogen producing device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium oxide is of formula: LiMPO4, or of formula: Li1-xAxMPO4. The positive electrode active material consists of primary particles having particle size of 500 nm or less, and secondary particles. The surface of the positive electrode active material is covered with a carbon material.M=manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel;A=magnesium, titanium, zinc, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum or tungsten;andx=0-0.1 (excluding 0 and 0.1).Preferred Property: The lithium oxide has average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of tetrafluoroethylene unit and propylene unit in the copolymer is 3:7-7:3. The copolymer further contains olefin unit (15 mol% or less) containing fluoride. The olefin unit is vinylidene fluoride unit. The positive mix layer contains binder (1-10 parts weight) with respect to positive electrode active material (100 parts weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide contains titanium niobate and titanium-niobium oxide (Ti2Nb10O29 or TiNb24O62).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymethylpentene is present at 5-25 wt.%. The polypropylene is present at 5-25 wt.%. The polyethylene is present at 50-90 wt.%. The combination of polymethylpentene and polypropylene is present at greater than 25 wt.%. The polypropylene is an isotactic polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, step (d) includes: directing the hydrogen fuel to pass through a hydrogen transfer valve secured in fluid communication between the anode and cathode flow paths; electrochemically pumping the hydrogen from the anode flow path into the cathode flow path by passing a direct current to the fuel cell; or securing a proton exchange membrane electrolyte between the anode and cathode catalyst so that the hydrogen may diffuse through the proton exchange membrane electrolyte from the anode flow path into the cathode flow path. The method further comprises: accelerating flow of a cathode exhaust stream with an oxidant blower or a cathode bypass blower from a cathode exhaust of the cathode flow path through a cathode bypass line to a cathode inlet of the cathode flow path, after the step (d) and before the step (f); periodically sensing the amount of hydrogen within the anode or cathode flow path with the hydrogen sensor, and establishing an acceptable concentration of hydrogen to maintain the fuel cell in a passive state whenever the hydrogen sensor detects the concentration of hydrogen within the anode or cathode flow path is below a predetermined concentration; and sensing the amount of hydrogen within the anode or cathode flow path with the hydrogen sensor, whenever the detected hydrogen concentration is less than an acceptable limit of hydrogen to maintain the fuel cell in a passive state, and performing a rapid hydrogen fuel purge step, where the hydrogen fuel is directed to traverse the anode flow field of the fuel cell between an anode inlet and exhaust in less than 1 second, preferably in less than 0.05 second and then starting up the fuel cell, after the step (g). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The cobalt nitride compound is prepared by sintering cobalt acetate with average granularity of 300-500 nm at high temperature and in nitrogen source atmosphere to obtain the cobalt nitride compound. Preferred Method: Sintering is conducted at 450-800 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The cobalt acetate and the carrier for loading the cobalt nitride compound are processed by ultrasonic vibration after ball grinding. Preferred Component: The gas of the nitrogen source atmosphere is ammonia gas or gas resolved by ammonium bicarbonate after heating. The cobalt nitride compound has average granularity of 50-200 nm. The carrier is carbon black. The average granularity of the catalyst is 100-200 nm. The cobalt nitride compound in the catalyst is present at 30-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium source is lithium hydroxide, lithium acetate and/or lithium nitrate. The titanium source is tetrabutyl titanate and/or tetraisopropyl titanate. The inert gas is argon, nitrogen or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hygroscopic material is the combination of the macromolecule and the cotton material; where the macromolecule comprises polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide, starch graft copolymer, or rubber polymer blend. The alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, or their mixture. The solid state hydrogen fuel comprises solid hydride, solid catalyst, and hydrophobic and elastic macromolecule; where the solid hydride comprises metal borohydride, metal hydride, boron nitrogen hydride, or their mixture; the metal borohydride comprises sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4)2), magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2), potassium borohydride (KBH4), or aluminum borohydride (Al(BH4)3); the metal hydride comprises lithium hydride (LiH), sodium hydride (NaH), or calcium hydride (CaH2); the boron nitrogen hydride comprises borane ammonia complex, diborane, diamide diborane, polyamino borane, borazine, borane-morpholine complex, or borane-tetrahydrofuran; the solid catalyst comprises ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), or iron (Fe); and the hydrophobic and elastic macromolecule comprises silica gel, rubber, or silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst support further contains carbon nanofiber (b) having average fiber diameter of 7-15 nm. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber (a) has specific surface area of 100-120 m2/g measured by nitrogen absorption method. The carbon nanofiber (b) has specific surface area of 200-250 m2/g measured by nitrogen absorption method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal nitride used in manufacture of catalyst is mixture of magnesium nitride and cobalt nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source used in manufacture of catalyst is ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of cobalt-substituted compound in the portion of manganese is 1 atomic% or less, or less than 1 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each anode and cathode comprises a catalyst. The fuel is hydrogen, borohydride or vanadium. The oxidizer is oxygen, nitric acid, peroxide, permanganate or vanadium oxide. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid, organic buffer or hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is methanol, ethanol or carboxyl acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gellant is silicon dioxide, clay, carbon, or an organic or inorganic polymer; and is doped with dopants. The dopants are selected from boron, carbon, lithium, aluminum, and titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixing vessel is a churn plate mixer. The churn plate mixer comprises cylindrical mixing vessel that is open at one end and sealed at the other end and comprising a device for circulating heat exchange fluid within walls of the mixing vessel; a closure lid that fits inside the open end of the mixing vessel, and comprises an opening and o-rings configured to seal the closure lid against the inside walls of the mixing vessel upon compression of the o-rings; a rod (30) passing through the opening in the closure lid and attached to a perforated plate (40) located inside the mixing vessel that is oriented parallel to the ends of the cylindrical mixing vessel and mechanically coupled to a device for moving the perforated plate back and forth between the ends of the mixing vessel; at least one valved port in the mixing vessel or closure lid configured for delivering liquefied gas into or removing gelled liquefied gas from the mixing vessel; at least one valved port in the mixing vessel or closure lid configured for evacuating the mixing vessel; and a supply of heat exchange fluid in fluid communication with the device for circulating heat exchange fluid in the walls of the vessel, where supply of chilled heat exchange fluid is configured to maintain the heat exchange fluid at less than or equal to 0 degrees C. The volume of the mixing vessel is 0.1-500 liters. The mixing vessel is cooled to and maintained at -45 degrees C. The perforated plate consists of a metal plate comprising holes having diameters of 4-8 mm. The liquefied gas is propane or a mixed oxide of nitrogen. The gelled liquefied gas is a rocket propellant. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactive surface portion comprises a catalyst immobilized on the reactive surface portion. The reactive surface portion comprises a second reactant immobilized on the reactive surface portion. A binding partner is immobilized on the reactive surface portion. The reactant is bound with the binding partner. The reactant comprises a protein, a fuel, a hydrocarbon, methanol, or an oxidant. Preferred Method: Chemically or biologically reacting comprises decomposing a reactant into one or more products from a first reactant and a second reactant using a catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrolyte solution consists of chromium ion of 9-50%, nickel ion of 0-40% and iron ion of 30-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Component (A) is an organic compound having an alkenyl group of formula (I). Component (B) is a hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound ( alpha 1) having an alkenyl and triazinane trione derivative of formula (X1)-(X3), phenolic hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, and cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane compound ( beta ) having greater than or equal to 2 SiH groups. Cyclic polyorganosiloxane compound ( beta ) having greater than or equal to 2 SiH groups is of formula (II). Component (D) is a hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound having alkenyl group and triazinane trione derivative of formula (X1)-(X3), phenolic hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, and cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane compound which has greater than or equal to 2 SiH groups. Component (E) is the hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound ( alpha 2) with alkenyl group, and cyclic or chain polyorganosiloxane compound which has greater than or equal to 3 SiH groups. Component (C) is beta -diketone platinum complex.R1=H or 1-50C monovalent organic group provided that greater than or equal to 1 R1 has a C=C which is reactive with SiH group;R2, R3=1-10C organic group;n=1-10;m=0-10; andm+n= greater than or equal to 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The good solvent is fluorine-containing compound, alcohol, glycol ether and/or aromatic hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of molded product involves coating the coating liquid containing mixture comprising fluororesin, or fluororesin to a base material, drying and obtaining the intermediate product. The impregnation process is carried out by making the solvent flow-spread on the intermediate product and exposing the intermediate product to vapor. Preferred Components: The fluororesin molded product is a layered molded product. The fluororesin is an electrolyte polymer. The coating liquid is a suspension liquid, dispersion liquid or a solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The porous carbon is manufactured by mixing fluid material containing organic resin, metal component comprising metal salt which precipitates as metal when baking in reducing atmosphere, and cast particles, or fluid material containing organic resin comprising metal atom and cast particles, and baking mixture. The porous carbon is manufactured using resin having favorable fluidity at 200 degrees C or less, or polymeric varnish-like resin. Preferred Properties: The size of mesopore in the porous carbon is identical. The metal particles have average particle diameter of 4-500 nm measured by dynamic light-scattering method. The ratio of metal particles is 0.5-90 wt.% with respect to total content of carbon (3) in the carbonaceous wall. The hole diameter of pore of mesopore is 0.3-100 nm. The porous carbon has specific surface area of 100-1000 m2/g. The mesopore is open pore, and has structure such that air hole portion continues. The cast particles have same diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element group further contains cobalt (0-30), zirconium and titanium. The average valence of cobalt is 2.5-3.2. The tap density of lithium-containing complex oxide is 2.4 g/cm3 or more. The density of electrode mixture layer is 3.1 g/cm3 or more. The electrode mixture layer contains graphite and/or carbon black as a conductive support agent. The Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of complex oxide is 0.3 m2/g or less. The complex oxide is coated by zirconium compound or titanium compound. The complex oxide consists of primary particles and secondary particles. The volume ratio of primary particles having particle size of 1 mu m or less with respect to total volume of primary particles is 30 volume% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrode mixture layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene and/or polyhexafluoropropylene as a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lithium precipitation suppression material contains silicon oxide, antimony oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide or titanium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains lithium-containing compound as positive electrode active material. The negative electrode contains material chosen from lithium metal, carbon material, material containing lithium, and element in which alloy formation is possible.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution is gelatinized solution. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=phenylene, biphenylene or naphthylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molten salt used in the manufacture of electrode material is calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and/or lithium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction gas is selected form group consisting of oxygen, carbon dioxide, air and hydrocarbon compound. The discharge gas is selected from group consisting of argon, helium, nitrogen and air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reforming catalyst consists of platinum, carbon, copper, zinc, and alumina. The nanoparticles comprise platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nickel/magnesium oxide catalyst contains 90 mass% nickel and 10 mass% magnesium oxide. Nickel/aluminium oxide catalyst contains 95 mass% nickel and 5 mass% aluminum oxide. Carbon nanotube is cup-stack type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Binder contains resin cured by an active energy ray. The composition contains 0.1-100 mass% dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of methyl tetraglyme is 8-80 %mass, preferably 20-55 %mass with respect to the total mass of the glyme mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron in orthorhombic metal complex oxide is 70 mol% or less. Preferred Definitions:    A=calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, iron or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The powder has average particle diameter of 1-80 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cellulosic resin is chosen from methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, trityl cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, amino ethyl cellulose, and oxyethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte has lithium ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first layer further comprises (wt.%) polypropylene (less than 20) and polyethylene ( less than or equal to 60). The second layer further comprises polypropylene (less than 40) and polyethylene ( greater than or equal to 20). The membrane further comprises a third layer comprising polypropylene and polymethylpentene having a total of less than or equal to 65 wt.%. The first polyethylene has a weight average molecular weight of less than 1x 106. The second polyethylene has a weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 1x 106. The polypropylene is an isotactic polypropylene having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 0.8x 106. The polymethylpentene has a weight average molecular weight of 1x 104 to 4x 106 and a m. pt. of higher than 200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer mixture comprises: polymethylpentene (5-15 wt.%) having a melting point (Tm) of 223-230 degrees C and an melt flow rate (MFR) of less than or equal to 80 dg/min; a first polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of less than 1x 106, a molecular weight distribution (MWD) of less than or equal to 15, an amount of terminal unsaturation of less than 0.14 per 1x 104 carbon atoms and a Tm of greater than or equal to 131 degrees C; a second polyethylene having a Tm of 115-130 degrees C; and a isotactic polypropylene (5-20 wt.%) having a Mw of 5x 103 to 4x 105, an MWD of 1.5-5 and a heat of fusion ( Delta Hm) of greater than or equal to 90 J/g. The microfibrils comprise a single phase of polymethylpentene ( greater than or equal to 90 wt.%), first polyethylene and second polyethylene. The membrane contains less than or equal to 1 wt.% of phase-separated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrical Circuit: The compressed portion of predetermined diameter maintains a same cross-sectional area as the remainder of the predetermined diameter and has an increased surface area. The increased surface area of the compressed predetermined diameter is two times a surface area of the remainder of the predetermined diameter. At least one of the first wire lead and the second wire lead comprises a wire ribbon having a same cross-sectional area as the compressed portion of the predetermined diameter. The first and the second wire leads are nickel or nickel-based. A portion of one or both of the first wire lead and/or the second wire lead is covered by a high temperature, porous, non-conducting insulation. The insulation comprises a ceramic insulator, a ceramic-like insulator, or a silicon insulator. The ceramic-like insulator comprises an alumina-boria-silica insulator. The anode conductor and the cathode conductor are disposed at an electrolyte material of a fuel cell. The electrolyte material comprises a solid oxide electrolyte. Preferred Device: The anode conductor is formed from a first wire lead and the cathode conductor is formed from a second wire lead, the first wire lead and the second wire lead each comprises a wire having a predetermined diameter, and a portion of the predetermined diameter of at least one of the first wire lead and the second wire lead is compressed to provided an increased surface area. Preferred Method: In forming a conductor of an energy generating device, the second surface area is at least two times the first surface area. The method further includes: (i) compressing a portion of at least a second wire having the predetermined diameter to form the second surface area; and (ii) coupling the portion of the second wire as a lead conductor of the energy generating device; the first wire lead is an anode conductor and the second wire lead is a cathode conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In the method, the ammonia treatment process comprises treating the carbon carriers at 600-1000 degrees C for 10-120 minutes in the ammonia gas atmosphere; the platinum salt contact process comprises a process where the mixture undergoes ultrasonic treatment; and the heating process comprises treating the carbon carriers recovered in the recovery process at 200-800 degrees C for 10-120 minutes in the inert gas atmosphere; where the platinum salt is platinum (II) acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The measurement sample contains lithium cobalt oxide, X-ray tube has nickel target tube, and detection element has iron and filter has cobalt foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material that does not include electrochemically cyclable lithium in the as-provided state comprises an oxide of vanadium, and a material consisting of molybdenum trioxide, titanium disulfide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide and ruthenium oxide. The first active material comprises lithium cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal element is manganese, iron and/or cobalt. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.01 %mass or more of monofluorophosphate and/or difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The raw coke has average particle diameter of 5-15 mu m and BET specific surface area of 5 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The negative electrode contains binder chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride and polyimide, preferably polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is chosen from single-wall carbon nanotube, multiwall carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber and nanocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of organic vehicle, carbon nanotube and organic solvent is 0.5-20 wt.%, 1-10 wt.% and remainder, respectively. The organic solvent is chosen from ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ketone, ethyl isoketone, ethylene glycol, toluene and chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic vehicle is polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of Nafion (RTM: Perfluorinated resin sulfonic acid) is 0.5-50 wt.%. Preferred Method: The method further involves spray-drying the slurry on a thin sheet including carbon fiber cloth and carbon fiber mat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallized region is made of a metal selected from the group of chromium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, gold, osmium, iridium, platinum. The metallic substrate is made of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fatty amine is either 1,2-ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine. The aromatic amine is m-phenylenediamine. The plasticizer is dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic with halogens is a mixture of a first material consisting of 0.1-99.9 wt.% of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 0.1-99.9 wt.% of polyvinylidene fluoride, 0.1-99.9 wt.% of polytetrafluoroethylene, 0.1-99.9 wt.% of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and/or 0.1-99.1 wt.% of chlorinated polyethylene, and a second material consisting of 0.1-99.9 wt.% of polypropylene, 0.1-99.9 wt.% of polyethylene and/or 0.1-99.9 wt.% of polybutylene. The PVC plastic or the PVC resin with solvent consists of cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexane. The PVC plastic has 50 wt.% of cyclohexanone and 45 wt.% tetrahydrofuran. The PVC resin has 10 wt.% of E-51 epoxy resin, 4 wt.% of dioctyl phthalate, 55 wt.% of cyclohexanone, 24 wt.% of toluene, 5 wt.% of polyethylene polyamine, 38 wt.% of tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexane. The CPVC has 15 wt.% of tetrahydrofuran, 15 wt.% of cyclohexane and 15 wt.% of 2-butanone. The electrolyte has 0.0000001-10 wt.% of hexamethyldisilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The silicone rubber having hardness level which satisfies JIS K6253 standard is used in rubber holder. The silicone rubber having elongation level which satisfies JIS K6251 standard is used in holder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bottomed rectangular tubular holder is made of rubber such as silicone rubber or ethylene propylene diene terpolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal atom or metal ion is chosen from 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8, 1B, 3B and 6B group metals of periodic table, preferably 8 group metal. The coordinating atom of the ligand is hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur or halogen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molecular metal complex is chosen from 73 metal complex compounds e.g. complexes of formulae (I)-(V).L19-L33=ligand chosen from 42 claimed ligands e.g. H, H2O, Cl, CO and NO;andM5-M10=metal atom or metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ferric phosphate lithium power battery comprises anode made of ferric phosphate lithium, cathode made of graphite C, and electrolyte which is lithium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tungstate catalyst is sodium tungstate or potassium tunstate. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The foamed material has the alkali metals such as sodium, potassium and lithium and the foam promoter of the heat insulation layer is made of materials such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, alum, sodium sulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and barium carbonate. The structure material of the heat insulation layer is made of aluminum silicate, sodium silicofluoride, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, mullite, alumina, silica, mica, titanium oxide, vermiculite, perlite, maglite, sepiolite, talc, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate and calcium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method for operating a fuel cell system also comprises detecting that a power output from the fuel cell system is less than a threshold power output and ceasing the production of the electrical output based at least in part on the detected power output; waiting for a threshold stack off time after the stack stop condition is met prior to ceasing the production of the electrical output; detecting that a voltage of the energy storage device is greater than a stack off voltage threshold and ceasing the production of the electrical output based at least in part on the detected voltage of the energy storage device; and detecting that the primary power system is available to supply an electrical output to the energy consuming device and ceasing the production of the electrical output based at least in part on detecting that the primary power system is available to supply an electrical output to the energy consuming device. Preferred Fuel System: In the fuel cell system, the controller is configured to selectively begin production of the system electrical output from the fuel cell system responsive to a system start condition; initiate production of electrical output from a first fuel cell stack of fuel cell stacks responsive to a first stack start condition; initiate production of electrical output from a second fuel cell stack of the fuel cell stacks responsive to a second stack start condition that is different from the first stack start condition; and cease the production of electrical output from at least one of the first and second fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell stacks responsive to a stack stop condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by treating an amine compound of formula (II) with an alkyl halide of formula RZ, in the presence of a base, and with an alkyl halide of formula R'Z. Preferred Method: The method is carried out n the presence of acetonitrile as solvent. EXAMPLE - 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole (0.39 g) was dissolved in toluene (7 ml) and 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-tridecafluoro-8-iodooctane (1.31 g) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 12 hours, cooled and evaporated under vacuum (35 degrees C/18 mbar). The resultant residue was resuspended with a 1:1 vol/vol. solution of acetonitrile/chloroform (5 ml) and purified on a silica gel column. A solid 1-methyl-3-(8,8,8,7,7,6,6,5,5,4,4,3,3-tridecafluorooctan-1-yl)-1H-imidazolium iodide was obtained by evaporation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery pack has several lithium-ion battery cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The orienting comprises magnetically orienting the article. The process (I) further comprises: providing relative rotation between the article and a magnetic field; and partially stabilizing the article before orienting and stabilizing occurs after orienting. In the process (I), the size of the particles comprises not greater than 20 mesh on an average. The process (II) further comprises: carbonizing the article and orienting the article during the carbonizing; and providing relative rotation between the article and a magnetic field. The process (IV) further comprises stabilizing the impregnated body. In the process (IV) the orienting starts before the stabilizing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesion component contains silane coupling agent, resorcinol-type compound and/or melamine-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing component contains crosslinked material of rubber composition. The rubber composition contains rubber component, organic peroxide and adhesion component. The rubber component is chosen from ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The oil used for forming protective layer consists of silicone and saturated hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains of 0.01-5.6 %mass of 1M lithium hexafluorophosphate. The element (a) is silicon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum, indium, cobalt and/or zinc. The lithium borate (I) is of formula (Ia). The lithium phosphate (II) is of formula (IIa), preferably lithium 1,4,6,9-tetraoxaspiro(4.4)nonane-2,3,7,8-tetrone. The lithium salt of imide (III) is of formula: (R6-S(=O)2-(N-)-S(=O)2-R7)Li+, preferably lithium 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-2-((((1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane)sulfonyl)azanidyl)sulfonyl)ethane.R1-R5=single bond, 1-6C linear or branched alkyl or 1,2-phenylene;andR6,R7=1-12C linear or branched fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrocatalyst comprises ruthenium or ruthenium alloy. The ruthenium alloy comprises palladium, iridium, rhenium, platinum, osmium, or rhodium (0.01-50 atom%), and ruthenium (balance). The ruthenium alloy comprises palladium (0.1-25, preferably 1-10 atom%) and iridium or rhenium (0.1-25, preferably 1-10 atom%). It may comprise palladium (1-10 atom%), iridium (1-10 atom%), and rhenium (1-10 atom%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfonic acid is an alkyl-substituted aryl-sulfonic acid with alkyl-substituent(s) with greater than or equal to 3C. The dopant is dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, and camphorsulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electron-conducting adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. The electron-conducting polymer is polyaniline, substituted polyanilines, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), other substituted polythiophenes, polypyrroles, polyparaphenylenes, polyazulenes, polyfuranes, polyindoles, polypyridines, polypyrazines, polytriazines, polythiazoles, polyimidazoles, polyquinolines, polybenzimidazoles, polytriazoles, polyoxydiazoles, polythianaphthenes, polycarbazoles, polybenzothiophenes, polybenzofuranes, polyheptadiyne, polyparaphenylene vinylenes, or their copolymers. The electron-conducting adhesive further comprises elastomer. The electrode further comprises an ionomer membrane that is bonded to the ionomer layer of the electrode and an anode that is bonded to the other side of the ionomer membrane. The tackifier comprises poly-pinene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of co-catalyst layer with respect to main catalyst layer is 0.1 mM/m2-1 mol/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon powder is obtained by heating carbon black at 2500 degrees C in non-oxidizing atmosphere. The graphitization process is carried out at 2500 degrees C or more. Preferred Composition: The carbon black is oil furnace black, acetylene black, thermal black and/or channel black. The carbon black contains 0.01-5 %mass of boron. The catalyst further contains fibrous carbon. The fibrous carbon is vapor-growth carbon fiber. The vapor-growth carbon fiber contains 0.01-5 %mass of boron. The oxycarbonitride of niobium is of formula: NbCxNyOz. The oxycarbonitride of titanium is of formula: TiCaNbOc.x,y=0.01-2;z=0.01-3;x+y+z=5 or less;a,b=0-1;c=0.1-3;a+b+c=1-5;and4a+3b+2c=2 or more.Preferred Properties: The oxycarbonitride of niobium (Nb12O29) exhibits 2 or more diffraction peaks at angle of diffraction (2 theta ) of 33-43 degrees in X-ray diffraction peak. The oxycarbonitride of titanium has rutile-type crystal structure, measured by powder X-ray diffraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material contained in the film is chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon fiber, vapor-deposited carbon fiber, pitch-type carbonaceous material, needle coke, petroleum coke, polyacrylonitrile-type carbon fiber and carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The synthetic resin sheet is formed using highly acid-resistant synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum mixed raw material further contains 0.02-3 %mass surfactant. The content of sintering-aid powder having average particle diameter of 1-30 mu m is 1-20 %mass. The ratio of content of sintering-aid powder with respect to average particle diameter of sintering-aid powder is 0.1-2. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of aluminum powder is 2-200 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of water-soluble resin binder is 0.5-7 %mass with respect to the content of aluminum mixed raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode is made of carbon or lithium titanate on copper or aluminum foils, the cathode is made of lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate, and the non-aqueous electrolyte is made of conducting salt, such as lithium hexafluoride, lithium bis-oxalato borate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium imides, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate and organic solvents, such as ester, ether or carbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Films: The electroconductive film comprises nickel, copper or gold as main material. The content of electroconductive particles in the joining film is 1-50 %mass. The base materials (21) and (22) are insulated substrates, respectively. The conductive portions (A) and (B) are electroconductive films (A) and (B), respectively. The joining film has thickness of 100 nm to 100 mu m. Preferred Process: The joining of base materials (21) and (22) is performed by irradiating energy beam of ultraviolet-ray with wavelength of 126-300 nm to the joining film, heating to 25-100 degrees C and compressing under pressure of 0.2-10 MPa in atmospheric condition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electroconductive particles have resilience property and average particle diameter of 0.5-100 mu m and comprise resin material-containing base particles whose surface covered with metal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion elements contain quartz, alumina, mullite, titania, or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio (X) of sum total of metallic elements other than the platinum with respect to platinum is 0.25-1, preferably 0.2-0.6. When molar ratio (X') of the platinum with respect to the sum total of the metallic element is 1-2.5, the ratio of peak intensity (Y) of PtLIII absorption edge of X-ray absorption spectrum in which the platinum-containing catalyst is normalized, satisfies the relation: Y=-0.043X'+1.228. When molar ratio (X') of the platinum with respect to the sum total of the metallic element is 2.5-10, the ratio of peak intensity (Y) of PtLIII absorption edge of X-ray absorption spectrum in which the platinum-containing catalyst is normalized, satisfies the relation: Y=-0.007X'+1.131. The number of holes of platinum 5d vacant orbital in platinum single-metal foil is 0.3. The number of holes (N) of platinum 5d vacant orbital in the catalyst, and molar ratio (X) of the sum total of metallic elements other than the platinum with respect to platinum satisfies the relation: N=0.030X+0.333, when X is 0.1-1. When molar ratio (X') of the platinum with respect to the sum total of the metallic element is 1-2.5, the number of holes (N) of platinum 5d vacant orbital in the catalyst, satisfies the relation: N=-0.011X'+0.372. When molar ratio (X') of the platinum with respect to the sum total of the metallic element is 2.5-10, the number of holes (N) of platinum 5d vacant orbital in the catalyst, satisfies the relation: N=-0.011X'+0.345. The catalyst electrode is used for fuel electrode side. Preferred Element: The metallic element is ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains zinc, aluminum, chromium or boron. The crystal phase of alumina is boehmite-type crystal phase, ( psi )-type crystal phase, (kappa)-type crystal phase, ( rho )-type crystal phase, ( eta )-type crystal phase, ( nu )-type crystal phase, pseudo ( nu )-type crystal phase, ( delta )-type phase, ( theta )-type crystal phase or ( alpha )-type crystal phase. The content of sodium in catalyst is 0.5 weight% or less in conversion of disodium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-containing impurity is lithium carbonate and is contained in an amount of 0.01-0.1%. Preferred Property: The lithium-nickel-manganese cobalt oxide has average particle diameter of 3-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide is coated with metal fluoride. Preferred Component: The metal fluoride is chosen from lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, copper fluoride, cadmium fluoride, iron fluoride, manganese fluoride, nickel fluoride, iron fluoride, tin fluoride, strontium fluoride, xenon fluoride, zinc fluoride, aluminum fluoride, boron fluoride, cerium fluoride, chromium fluoride, indium fluoride, lanthanum fluoride, neodymium fluoride, yttrium fluoride, germanium fluoride, hafnium fluoride, titanium fluoride, vanadium fluoride, niobium fluoride, antimony fluoride and/or tantalum fluoride. The coating amount of metal fluoride is 0.1-5 mol%. The metal salt solution is sulfate, nitrate, acetate, halide and/or hydroxide. The lithium salt is lithium nitrate, lithium acetate, lithium carbonate and/or lithium hydroxide. The chelating agent is aqueous ammonia solution and/or aqueous ammonium sulfate solution. The basic solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. The sintering process is carried out using additive containing ammonium ion, metal oxide and metal halide. The ammonium ion is ammonium fluoride and/or ammonium sulfate. The metal oxide is boron trioxide and/or bismuth oxide. The metal halide is nickel chloride and/or calcium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains lithium-molybdenum sulfide of formula: LidMoS2, or lithium-titanium sulfide of formula: LidTiS2, where d is 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrochemical active component is chosen from indium, silicon, tin and gallium, preferably indium. The content of electrochemical active component is 20 mol% or less, preferably 5 mol% or less. Preferred Property: The foil has thickness of 100 mu m or less. The positive electrode comprises lithium mixed metal oxide. Preferred Composition: The mixed metal oxide comprises manganese nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The shift catalyst comprises iron oxide and copper. The second shift catalyst comprises copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon consists of methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The functional agents are semiconducting nanoparticles comprising zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, and/or aluminum gallium arsenide. The mesostructured material comprises silica or organosilica framework.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The processing steps provide first and second functional agents which are optically responsive organic species comprising dyes, porphyrins, or conjugated polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A network that is removed to yield a mesoporous material is formed with a material comprising surfactant, polymer, block copolymer, epoxy, resorcinol, phenol, organometallic compound, and dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The bond length of the transition metal as measured by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) corresponds to the bond length of the transition metal in an oxidic state. In the catalyst, the molar ratio of platinum to transition metal is 1-5. The catalyst further comprises a support. The crystallites in the alloy have an average size of less than 5 nm. The transition metal is nickel and the measurements are performed at 0.54 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) electrolyte. The bond length of the nickel is 1.5-1.8 Angstrom . Preferred process: The oxygen reduction reaction is performed in a fuel cell. The oxygen reduction reaction is performed in the presence of concentrated H3PO4 as electrolyte. Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from nickel, chromium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese and/or their alloys. The support is a carbon support. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material contains lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connecting units are coated with aluminum, tin, zinc, copper or silver, and the flat piece is coated with steel, tin, zinc, copper or silver. The connecting area is made of copper, nickel, tin, zinc, silver or gold.
Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=group chosen from formulae (i)-(xi);and    M=Fe2+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is carbon monoxide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode active material of the battery is made of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyurethane resin is polyether-type polyurethane resin or polyester-type polyurethane resin. The content of acid-modified component in acid-modified polyolefin resin is 0.1-10 %mass. The binder contains resin composition and fluid medium which is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium complex oxide contains 0.01-3 weight% of phosphorus and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic sulfate compound (II) is chosen from pentene glycol sulfate, propylene glycol sulfate and butylene glycol sulfate. Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains lithium difluorophosphate (5 %mass or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium titanate has nitrogen adsorption amount of more than 50 cm3/g, under relative pressure of 0.99 in adsorption-and-desorption isotherm of nitrogen at standard temperature and pressure, and has nitrogen adsorption amount of less than 10 cm3/g, under relative pressure of 0.5 in adsorption-and-desorption isotherm of nitrogen at standard temperature and pressure. The difference between amount of desorbed nitrogen at the time of setting the relative pressure to 0.45-0.9 in the interval of 0.05 and nitrogen adsorption amount is more than 5 cm3/g. The average particle diameter of other crystalline titanium oxide particles is 1.3 times or more with respect to crystalline titanium oxide particles having minimum average particle diameter. Preferred Components: The lithium titanate is of formula: Li4Ti5O12, and contains carbon and dissimilar-metal element. The dissimilar-metal element is magnesium, aluminum and/or zirconium. The electrode does not contain electroconductive agent. Preferred Process: Manufacture of lithium titanate further involves adding carbon and dissimilar-metal element to lithium-titanate secondary particles. Lithium titanate is obtained by performing dry granulation of slurry containing crystalline titanium oxide, titanic acid compound and lithium compound, baking, and re-baking the obtained baked product in presence of carbon-containing substance, or is obtained by performing dry granulation of slurry containing crystalline titanium oxide, titanic acid compound, lithium compound and carbon-containing substance, and baking, or is obtained by adding dissimilar-metal element to slurry containing crystalline titanium oxide, titanic acid compound and lithium compound, performing dry granulation process and baking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical storage device includes polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based capacitor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide further comprises metal selected from vanadium, molybdenum, ruthenium, tin, iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, and/or cobalt. The metal nitride further comprises molybdenum. Preferred Properties: The length of longest axis of nanoparticles is 20-200 nm. The nanoparticles have a rutile structure. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles is of formula Ti1-x'MxyO2, Ti1-x'-yMxM'yO2 including preferably Ti1-xMoxN, Ti1-xWxN, Nb1-xWxN, or Ti1-x-yMxA'yO2.M, M'=W, V, Nb, Ta, Sn or Ru;x=0.01-0.5;x'=0.01-0.6;y=0.01-0.5; andA'=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni.Provided that:(1) if A' is Cr, x is greater than or equal to y and x-y is less than 0.4; and(2) if A' is Mn, Fe, Co or Ni, x is greater than or equal to 2y and x/y is less than 2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkali metal oxide, alkaline-earth metal oxide, group XIII element oxide excluding indium oxide, primary transition metal oxide, rare-earth-metal oxide and/or noble metal oxide is 0.5-20 weight%. The alkali metal oxide is lithium oxide, sodium oxide, rubidium oxide, and/or cesium oxide. The alkaline-earth metal oxide is magnesium oxide. The group XIII element oxide is alumina and/or gallium oxide. The transition metal oxide is chromium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, and/or zinc oxide. The noble metal oxide is palladium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid leachate has a nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCL) and during washing depleted particulate material is mixed with rinse agent such as sodium hydroxide (NAOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The manganese oxide is derived from manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate, manganese diacetate or manganese chloride. The lithium salt is obtained from lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate or lithium acetate. The heat-treating process is performed in oxygen atmosphere, nitrogen atmosphere, argon atmosphere or vacuum. The lithium manganese metal oxide is prepared using the lithium salt, manganese oxide and metal salt chosen from nickel, zinc, aluminum, cobalt, iron, chromium, zirconium, niobium, copper, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, magnesium, gallium and boron salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nano-structured support matrix comprises nanotubes, nanowires, and/or nanorods. The nanotubes comprise boron, carbon nitride, boron nitride (BN), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbide (TiC), silicon carbide, silicon nitride (Si3N4), tungsten nitride, molybdenum nitride, vanadium nitride, chromium nitride, boron carbide (B4C), boron carbide (BC3), titanium diboride (TiB2), molybdenum boride, tungsten carbide, molybdenum carbide, vanadium carbide, non-oxides of transition metals, and/or transition metal silicides. The nanowires and nanorods comprise oxide nanowires and nanorods of transition metals and semiconductors of Group IV, Group IIIA, Group IIIB, and/or Group II elements. The nanowires and nanorods comprise zinc oxide, tin dioxide, indium oxide, cadmium oxide, silicon dioxide, copper oxide, titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, gallium nitride, BN, Si3N4, TiN, TiC, TiB2, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, aluminum phosphide, and/or transition metal silicides. The nanoparticles comprise aluminum, silicon, tin, antimony, germanium, lead, bismuth, magnesium, zinc cadmium, indium, calcium astatine, platinum, silver, gold, mercury chromium, and/or gallium. The composition further comprises a substrate comprising a current collector material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Stack: In the fuel cell stack, the circumferential wall portions of the packing have no ridge line in a circumferential direction. Each of the through holes in the packing comprises a bottom portion through hole at a lower side of the circumferential wall portion of the packing and a top portion through hole at an upper side of the circumferential wall portion, and where the bulged portions are provided on the pressing surfaces of the connector member such that an upper portion of the pressing surfaces presses the upper side of the circumferential wall portion and the bulged portions press the lower side of the circumferential wall portion. The packing casing comprises an O-ring that encircles the packing housing concave portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel cell is a metal-air fuel cell made of metal such as lithium, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticle support contains oxide and/or nitride. Oxide contains lanthanum, strontium, cerium, calcium, barium, yttrium, erbium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, magnesium, niobium, bismuth, antimony, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, tin, zirconium, molybdenum, indium, tantalum and/or tungsten. The nitride contains iron, vanadium, titanium, chromium, zirconium, and/or tantalum. The electrode catalyst contains microparticles, and 1-40 wt.% of alloy containing noble metal and/or noble metal having average particle diameter of 1-20 nm which are supported to the microparticles. Preferred Properties: The microparticle support has electroconductivity of 10 S/cm or more, and specific surface area of 3 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesive compounds are selected from organic peroxide, silane coupling agent, aluminate coupling agent, resorcinol type compound and melamine type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive rubber portion is made of materials selected from ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and hydrogenation acrylonitrile butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum porous sintered compact contains 0.1-20 parts mass of titanium with respect to 100 parts mass of aluminum and titanium. Preferred Property: The aluminum porous sintered compact has average crystal grain diameter of 10-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber is carbon nanofiber having average fiber diameter of 1 nm to 1 mu m and aspect ratio of 5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organosilicon compound contains aluminum, titanium and/or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organosilicon compound is obtained by performing polycondensation of organosilicon compound precursor of formula: R1aSi(OR2)b(OH)4-(a+b). Silicon atom (5-90%) contained in organosilicon compound is coupled with monovalent organic group.R1=monovalent organic group;R2=1-8C lower alkyl;a=0-2;b=0-4;anda+b=0-4.Preferred Composition: The amount of carbon coated on silica particles is 10-50 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organometallic compound is 1-20 wt.% (metal conversion in organometallic compound) with respect to amount of metal nanoparticles. Preferred Component: The colloidal solution contains 0.1-5 wt.% of metal nanoparticle with respect to whole colloidal solution. The metal nanoparticle consists of platinum and/or palladium. Preferred Parameter: The particle size of metal nanoparticle is 1-50 preferably 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organometallic compound is aliphatic carboxylic compound. The organometallic compound is naphthenic acid compound or ethyl hexanoic acid compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin is cellulose resin or vinyl-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The positive electrode of nonaqueous electrolyte battery contains lithium-nickel complex oxide or lithium-manganese complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The clad plate includes copper (Cu) alloy of JISC1020 and copper-beryllium (Cu-Be) alloy of JISZ3234 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains lithium and alloy substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive material (5 %mass or more) has conductive layer containing material chosen from conductive fiber, linear electroconductive material and binder, preferably carbon material. The binder is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, carboxymethyl cellulose, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic resin and styrene-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The separator particles are selected from the group consisting of inorganic oxide particles, inorganic nitride particles, inorganic carbonate particles, inorganic sulfate particles and polymer particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The separator layer of the separator/cathode assembly comprises separator particles, xerogel membrane and/or aluminum boehmite. The separator particles are not present in the one cathode layer. The separator particles are chosen from inorganic oxide particles, inorganic nitride particles, inorganic carbonate particles, inorganic sulfate particles and polymer particles. The anode current collector layer of the separator/anode assembly comprises a metal layer chosen from copper layer and nickel layer. The anode current collector layer and cathode current collector layer of the separator/anode assembly comprise electroconductive material chosen from electroconductive metals, electroconductive carbons and electroconductive polymers. The anode layer comprises lithium metal. The cathode layers comprises sulfur or polysulfide (Sx2-, where x is 2-8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rebalance system further comprises anolyte reservoir(s) containing aqueous anolyte solution(s). The anolyte solution comprises acid(s) from hydrochloric acid and metal salt(s) from chromium chloride. The system further comprises catholyte reservoir containing aqueous catholyte solution. The catholyte solution comprises acid(s) from hydrochloric acid, and metal salt(s) from iron chloride. The electrode comprises carbon or a mixed metal oxide disposed on a substrate. The substrate is titanium. The mixed metal oxide comprises iridium and ruthenium oxide. The system is placed in fluid communication with source(s) of hydrogen gas. The source of hydrogen gas is a redox cell. The cathode compartment further comprises chlorine gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The selectively-permeable layer is perfluorinated. The perfluorinated layer comprises unit(s) of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises ferrous chloride (FeCl2) and/or ferric chloride (FeCl3), and chromium (III) chloride (CrCl3) and/or chromium (II) chloride (CrCl2) in aqueous hydrochloric acid, where the total concentration of CrCl3 and CrCl2 is greater than the total concentration of FeCl2 and FeCl3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation of redox flow cell battery electrolyte further includes adding elemental iron or iron-containing alloy to first aqueous acid; crystallizing ammonium salt solution from partially purified mixture to form recycled ammonium salt for precipitating ionic impurity; removing at least a portion of precipitates from the mixture by filtration; at least partially solubilizing oxide and/or hydroxide salts by mixing chromium and/or iron ions in second aqueous acid to form electrolyte; and adding ferric chloride (FeCl2) and/or chromium chloride (CrCl3) to adjust concentration of iron and/or chromium. Preferred Components: The first aqueous acid comprises sulfuric acid. The second aqueous acid comprises hydrochloric acid. The impurity comprises copper, silver, tungsten, tin, lead, indium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, thallium, cadmium, or noble metals. The raw material comprises chrome ores, partially-reduced chrome ores, ferrochrome ores, iron metal or chromium metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The Nation ionomer comprises sulfonated polytrifluorostyrene, sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyamide and/or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-glycidyl epoxy compound is a cycloaliphatic epoxy compound including 3',4'-epoxycyclohexyl-methyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyloxirane, 2-(3',4'-epoxycyclohexyl)-5,1''-spiro-3'',4''-epoxycyclohexane-1,3-dioxane, vinyl cyclohexene monoxide, 3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester or bis(3,4-epoxy cyclohexylmethyl) adipate. The weight ratio of (I) to non-glycidyl epoxy compound is 50:50. The viscosity of the liquid resin system is less than 500 cps at room temperature. The monohydric phenol compound is phenol, preferably meta- or para-cresol, meta- or para-ethylphenol, meta- or para-isopropylphenol, meta- or para-methoxyphenol, meta- or para-ethoxyphenol, meta- or para-isopropyloxyphenol, meta- or para-chlorophenol, 1-naphthol and/or 2-naphthol. The primary mine is an amine of formula (RNH2). The reaction is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent including toluene, xylene, dioxane, methyl-isobutylketone, isopropanol, secondary-butanol or amyl alcohol. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. 3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo(e)(1,3)oxazine of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - Liquid monobenzoxazine was prepared by reacting phenol, formaldehyde and aniline. The obtained liquid monobenzoxazine was mixed with a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin at a weight ratio of 45:55-55:45 to give the resin system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material contains hydrogen and carbon, such that the atomic ratio of hydrogen and carbon is 0.35-0.42.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent contains toluene, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or quinoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode stuff comprises (pts.wt.) lithium iron phosphate (2-3), lithium carbonate (0.08-0.15), conductive agent (0.1-0.3), water-based adhesive (0.3-0.6), deionized water (0.8-1.5), and polar solvent (0.1-0.2). The conductive agent is crystalline flake graphite or conductive carbon black. The negative polar piece is copper foil covered with the negative material comprising (pts.wt.) graphite (0.5-2), conductive agent (0.01-0.3), negative adhesive (0.1-0.3), deionized water (1-2) and solvent (0.05-0.15). The conductive agent is nickel powder or conductive carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, diethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. The solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone or N-dimethylformamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water-based adhesive is LA-133 (RTM: water-based adhesive). The negative adhesive comprises hydrophilic adhesive and hydrophobic binder with a weight ratio of 0.5:1-2:1. The hydrophilic adhesive is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylalcohol. The hydrophobe adhesive is PTFE or styrene-butadiene latex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer fiber is fiber of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(acrylonitrile-co-methacrylate), polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylchloride, poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylate), polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon-12, nylon-4/6, aramid, polybenzimidazole, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate, poly(bis(2-methoxyethoxy)phosphazene), poly(ethylene imide), poly(ethylene succinate), poly(ethylene sulfide), poly(oxymethylene-oligooxyethylene), poly(propylene oxide), poly(vinylacetate), polyaniline, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(hydroxy butyrate), poly(ethylene oxide), styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, poly(lactic acid), polypeptide, protein, biopolymer, coal-tar pitch and/or petroleum pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic solvent is 0.1-5 weight%. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, lithium aluminate, lithium-aluminum tetrachloride, lithium chloride, lithium iodide and/or lithium salt of formula: (LiN(CxF2x+SO2)(CyF2y+SO2), where x and y are natural numbers).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkali metal (compound) is potassium or its compound. Addition amount of alkali metal (compound) is 2-10 moles. Transition metal (compound) is added to the mixture at 0.1-1 mole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The crystal grain diameter of average grains of aluminum porous sintered compact is 10-100 mu m. The aluminum porous sintered compact has 20 or more pores per 1 cm length, and has porosity of 70-99%. Preferred Composition: The aluminum porous sintered compact contains 0.1-20 parts mass of titanium with respect to total content of 100 parts mass of aluminum and titanium. The content of active material is 100-800 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of aluminum porous sintered compact. The content of conductive support agent is 1-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of aluminum porous sintered compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic components (84-99%) have a d50 of 1.5-10 mu m. The conductive material(s) comprise silver. The submicron particles comprise silver. The submicron particles have a d50 of 0.1-1 (preferably 0.1-0.6) mu m. The inorganic components have a bimodal size distribution. The additive is a metal and/or metal oxide selected from zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium. The inorganic additives comprise zinc oxide. The submicron particles further comprise zinc oxide and an inorganic binder. The device further comprises a semiconductor substrate and an insulating film selected from titanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon containing compound of formula SiNx:H, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The inorganic binders comprise glass frit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating film comprises component(s) from titanium oxide, silicon nitride (SiN), SiNx: hydrogen, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. The conductive materials or submicron particles comprise silver. The thick film composition further comprises additive(s) from (a) metal including zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium; (b) a metal oxide of the above specified metals; and/or (c) compounds that can generate the metal oxides of (b) upon firing. The inorganic additives comprise zinc oxide. The submicron particles further comprise zinc oxide and an inorganic binder. The inorganic components are present at 70-95 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thin film comprises polytetrafluoroethylene and/or polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer composition further comprises a blend of two different sulfonated polyelectrolytes comprising 5-95 weight% of the blend. Preferred Components: The copolymer further comprises additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with monomers A and B. The matrix polymer is fluorinated. The matrix polymer comprises polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer or copolymer. The matrix copolymer is poly(vinylidene fluoricle-co-hexafluoropropylene). Preferred Definitions:    M+=ammonium, alkyl ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, imidazolium, triazolinium, tetraazolinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, piperidinium or morpholinium;    R3=alcohol, amine, unsaturated aliphatic, isocyanate, epoxide, or alkyl halide, where R3 is preferably alcohol in monomer B;    R2=only bonds, where two of the groups of R2 are alkyl, fluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkyl;and    R1=two sulfonate groups, where the monomer A is either disodium 1-vinylphenyl-2,4-disulfonate or disodium 1-vinyl phenyl-3,5-disulfonate.    EXAMPLE - Typical copolymer composition is comprised of (in g): poly(sodium decane sulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyl alochol) solution (14.2), poly(vinylbenzyl sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyl alochol) solution (21.4), KYNAR 2801 (RTM: Polyvinylidene fluoride resin)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution (34.8), TRIXENE BI 7982 (RTM: Blocked isocyanate in solvent based on hexamethylene diisocyanate) solution (2.6) and Fascat 4202 (RTM: dibutyltin dilaurate)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution (0.84).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains nickel. The lithium compound is lithium carbonate. Preferred Component: The baking jig has heat resistant ceramics as main component. Preferred Condition: The preprocessing process is performed by heating at 600-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cobalt compound is hexamminecobalt chloride, pentaammine cobalt chloride, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate or cobalt sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is produced using surfactant, water, organic solvent, cobalt compound and silicon alkoxide of formula: R1O-Si(-OR2)(-OR4)-OR3 (I).R1-R4=1-4C alkyl.The surfactant is nonionic surfactant or ionic surfactant. The organic solvent is chosen from hydrocarbon-based solvent and alcohol solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The electrode (E1) is an anode electrode. The electrode is an anode electrode in a battery cell complementary to a cathode electrode comprising iron phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The readily observable change in measured potential comprises a step change in potential. The first material comprises carbon, in the form of hard (non-graphitizable) carbon, soft carbon (graphitiable upon heating) or graphite (preferably graphite). The second material comprises lithium titanate (preferably Li4+3zTi5O12). The cathode electrode comprises iron phosphate. The second material cause the selected SOC level of 0.05-0.95 (preferably 0.05-0.5) SOC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst nanoparticles contain composite nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles as carrier. The carrier is platinum nanoparticles or alloy of platinum nanoparticles (PtM), where M is ruthenium, iridium, palladium, rhodium, osmium, gold, chromium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, copper, tin, titanium, vanadium, iron, gallium, molybdenum or selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is methanol, propanol, glycol, butanediol or glycerol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton-conductive polymer is perfluorosulfonic resin, polysulfonate resin, polysulfone resin, polybenzimidazole sulfonate, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polystyrene resin and/or polyetheretherketone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal precursor is chosen from metal oxide, metal nitride and metal sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The separator comprises gas flow paths for supplying oxidizing agent gas containing oxygen and fuel gas containing hydrogen. The porous carbon base plates are stacked in the heat exchange unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, a firing temperature in the synthesizing is 100-800 degrees C, preferably 300-600 degrees C. In the method, a firing time in the synthesizing is 10 minutes to 7 hours. Preferred Components: The raw material is a Li-Ti compound oxide. The Li-Ti compound oxide is of formula (LiaTibOc). The raw material is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12). The nitrided Li-Ti compound oxide is of formula (LiaTibOcNd). The nitrogen is present in an inside of the nitrided Li-Ti compound oxide. The nitrided Li-Ti compound oxide is particulate, where an average particle size is 100 nm to 100 mu m. In (I), a specific surface area is 0.1-300 m2/g. The electrolyte layer is a liquid electrolyte layer or a solid electrolyte layer.a = 0-5;b = 3-7;c = 10-14, preferably 11-14; andd = 0.01-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitriding agent is urea. EXAMPLE - First, lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) (LTO), of which the average particle size was 10 mu m, was prepared as a raw material compound, and urea was prepared as the nitriding agent. Next, LTO (1 g) and urea (1 g) were measured (LTO :urea = 10:40 in molar ratio) and mixed in a mortar to obtain a raw material composite. Then, the obtained raw material composite was formed into a mold with the dimensions, phi 1 cmx 2 mm thick, in a molding machine, and the obtained mold was put in a glass tube and the inside of the glass tube was made vacuum. Next, the glass tube was fired at 500 degrees C in a tubular furnace for three hours. Thus, the nitrided lithium (Li)-titanium (Ti) compound oxide was synthesized. Then, the mold was fired in the air atmosphere at 500 degrees C for an hour to remove the remaining urea, to obtain a nitrided Li-Ti compound oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution comprises 18-30 vol.% of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 74-81.9 vol.% of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and 0.1-1 vol.% of vinylene carbonate (VC) as solvents, where a DMC/EMC ratio by volume is 0.8-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid anion exchange membrane comprises hydroxide ions, or carbonate and/or bicarbonate ions. The anode comprises nano-sized nickel-containing or metal nitride-containing particles. The anode comprises a metal nitride such as cobalt molybdenum nitride. The cathode comprises nano-sized particles of a manganese oxide, a nickel alloy, nickel foam or of a nickel-containing oxide, or comprises nano-sized particles of manganese dioxide or of a nickel-containing oxide. The catalysts are formed from powders, mesh, foam, or powders mixed with a conducting material such as carbon powder, carbon paper, carbon cloth, nickel mesh, nickel foam or plated nickel foam. The ammonium salt is selected from ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid membrane comprises a metal hydroxide-doped polymer or a permanently charged polymer comprising polymer-bound cations and hydroxide counterions (preferably a permanently charged polymer comprising polymer bound cations and hydroxide ions). The polymer-bound cations comprise quaternary ammonium ions. The neutral polymer is selected from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PVA, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl benzene (PVB), polytetrafluroroethylene (PTFE) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass frit contained in metal paste (B1) consists of lead-containing glass frits containing PbO, SiO2, Al2O3 and B2O3; lead-free glass frits containing SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3 and optionally Bi2O3. The ARC layer consists of TiOx, SiOx, TiOx/SiOx, SiNx or Si3N4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solid electrolyte layer is permeable only to sodium ions. The solid electrolyte layer comprises at least one microporous layer of electrolyte material and at least one dense layer of electrolyte material, where the total thickness of the dense layer of electrolyte material is less than 100 mu , preferably less than 10 mu . The solid electrolyte layer comprises a thin-film composite electrolyte, which comprises beta -aluminum trioxide. The effective operating temperature for the sodium-sulfur battery is less than 150 degrees C. (II) further comprises a flash drum connected to the second compartment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second solvents: are the same, where both are anhydrous liquid ammonia, preferably anhydrous ethylenediamine; and each are operable for dissolving both metallic sodium and sodium polysulfides. The first and second solvent comprises an ionic liquid, where the first solution further comprises at least one conductive additive. The solvent that is non-reactive with metallic sodium comprises a hydrocarbon solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hardness of hard layer is measured in accordance with JISB0601 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A proton exchange membrane such as Hydrion (RTM: membrane available from Ion power of new castle) coated with platinum and iridium catalysts are inserted into the cavity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sidewall is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic material is selected from group consisting of cobalt, nickel, iron and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water repellent is formed of PTFE material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The valve metal layer formed by shot coating method is made of aluminum, a tantalum, niobium, titanium, hafnium or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator consists of thermoplastic resin such as polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc powder particles are coated with tin and/or lead, where the lead comprises less than 0.05 wt.% of the negative zinc electrode active material and the tin comprises less than 1 wt.% of the negative zinc electrode active material. The nickel positive electrode comprises cobalt metal and/or a cobalt compound, where the cobalt is cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide and/or cobalt oxyhydroxide coated on nickel hydroxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The other atoms are proton, deuterium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, halogen, or germanium. The other atoms are additionally covalently bonded to at least one additional atom. The additional atoms are comprised of proton, deuterium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, halogen and/or germanium, however where the one other atom is nitrogen, it is additionally covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms, and where the one other atom is oxygen, it is additionally covalently bonded to another oxygen atom as either configurations would entail an explosion hazard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cyclooctatetraene moiety is an eight carbon atom cyclic ring, where the carbon atoms are each covalently bonded to one other atom. The molecule containing at least one cyclooctatetraene moiety is incorporated into a polymer structure. The molecule contains at least one cyclooctatetraene moiety, where the cyclooctatetraene moiety is annulated by at least one additional cyclic ring. The molecule containing at least two cyclooctatetraene moieties is incorporated into a polymer structure. The molecule containing at least two cyclooctatetraene moieties is a monomer of the polymer. The molecule contains at least three cyclooctatetraene moieties, where the cyclooctatetraene moieties are incorporated into a Floor Mosaic pattern so that the cyclooctatetraene moieties are connected via at least one the additional cyclic ring to at least one other the cyclooctatetraene moiety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The plug connection is attached to external consumers such as lights, notebook computers and MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) player.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid acid is chosen from high molecular compound having sulfonic acid group and hydrogen substituted zeolite type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of the cation exchange resin is smaller than that of the anion exchange resin. The difference of average particle diameter of the anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin is greater than or equal to 2 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoro arsenate, lithium hexafluoro antimonate and lithium complex (LiN(CnF2n+1SO2)(CmF2m+1SO2)).n,m=natural number.Preferred Component: The active material of positive electrode is lithium-containing complex oxide. The active material of negative electrode is chosen from metal material capable of occluding and discharging lithium, lithium metal, their alloy and oxide material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stabilizer is amine compound containing cyclooctyl amine and/or amine of formula: N(-R1)(-R2)-X-N(-R3)(-R4).X=naphthylene;andR1-R4=H, alkyl, or aryl.The amount of amine compound is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to total amount of nonaqueous electrolyte. Preferred Solvent: The aprotic solvent contains cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, aliphatic carboxylate ester, gamma -lactone, cyclic ether, chain-shaped ether, and fluorine derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive carrier is vertically-aligned material. The substrate is cooled to a temperature lower than or equal to critical point of the supercritical fluid. The vertically-aligned material is vertically-aligned carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is supercritical fluid of trifluoromethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method uses at least one desulfurization adsorber and/or desulfurization catalyst including one or more metals of group VIIIA, IB, or IIB of periodic table, preferably 20-70 (preferably 50-59) wt.% of nickel. The method is carried out at 0-300 degrees C, at a pressure of 1-100 bar, and at a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.01-50 liquid/hour/liquid, preferably at 100-300 degrees C, at a pressure of 1-20 bar and at a LHSV of 0.05-5 liquid/hour/liquid. The hydrogen donor is added as an additive component in the production of liquid hydrocarbons in the refinery or during the transport to end users. The hydrogen donor is added from a reservoir to the hydrocarbon mixture in a fuel cell system by a dosing unit prior to the adsorptive desulfurization. Preferred Components: The hydrogen donor is not an alkanol and water. The hydrogen donor is a cyclic, partially aromatic or aromatic hydrocarbon (which is optionally substituted), preferably cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, decalin, 1,2-dihydrophenanthrene or 9,10-dihydroanthracene. The amount of hydrogen donor in the fuel is 0.01-50 (preferably 1-5) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode active material such as gallium alloy or gallium is provided in the negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The n-type material is n-type amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat exchanger is made up of aluminum, copper and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery cells are in thermal contact with the separators through the thermal medium made up of thermal epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of raw coke and calcined coke is 5-15 mu m. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller specific surface area of raw coke and calcined coke is 5 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder in the negative electrode is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of raw coke and calcined coke is 70:30-30:70. Preferred Process: The phosphorus compound (0.5-5 parts weight) and boron compound (0.5-5 parts weight) are added with respect to 100 parts weight of total amount of coke. Preferred Properties: The raw coke has average particle diameter of 5-15 mu m and BET specific surface area of 5 m2/g or less. The electrode active material has initial stage efficiency of 80% or more, discharge capacity of more than 280 mAh/g, capacity maintenance-factor of 80% or more, and output characteristics of more than 14 W.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material contains binder. The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyimide, preferably polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide or metal phosphate core comprises titanium dioxide, titanium phosphate, tantalum oxide, or tantalum phosphate. The hexaboride coating comprises lanthanum hexaboride, cerium hexaboride, and/or calcium hexaboride. The hexaboride coating comprises compounds having a work function below 5 eV. Preferred Method: The formation of the hexaboride coating on the metal oxide or metal phosphate core comprises ball milling and forming a hexaboride coating that is 1-10 atomic layers thick. The step of spontaneously depositing the catalyst on the catalyst support structure comprises forming a catalyst precursor solution and depositing a catalyst layer (40) that is 1-5 atomic layers thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is gold, iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and/or their alloys. The catalyst is a thin film that is 1-5 atomic layers thick, or catalyst nanoparticles dispersed on the hexaboride coating. EXAMPLE - A catalyst structure comprising a titanium oxide core, a lanthanum hexaboride layer on the titanium oxide core and a thin film of platinum catalyst on the lanthanum hexaboride layer (Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C) was prepared. A second catalyst structure was also prepared which comprised a carbon core having platinum catalyst particles (Pt/KB TKK). The catalyst structures were tested in an electrode cell with potential cycling. The electrochemical surface area (ECA) of platinum of both catalyst structures during potential cycle tests were determined. The ECA for Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C decreased more gradually than that for Pt/KB TKK. Further after 15000 cycles, Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C had a normalized ECA of 65 while Pt/KB TKK had a normalized ECA of 20. The higher ECA of Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C after 15000 cycles and the more gradual decrease of ECA demonstrated the enhanced catalytic activity and stability of the Pt/LaB6-TiO2-C catalyst structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: In the control apparatus, the current limiting device is a DC-DC chopper. The DC-DC chopper is controlled by a pulse current, and the DC-DC chopper controls the output current of the fuel cell by changing a duty ratio of the pulse current. It further comprises a diode which prevents a countercurrent from the electric power storage device to the fuel cell. The fuel cell driving device is an air compressor which supplies air to the fuel cell. It further comprises a precharge portion which includes a high voltage switch and a current limiter and is disposed at an output side of the electric power storage device. The load includes a driving motor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nickel-based alloy comprises nickel-chromium binary alloy and/or selected from nickel-iron alloys and nickel-chromium alloys. The stainless steel used in bipolar plate comprises austenitic stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The pyropolymer comprises sintered material containing protein, nucleic acid, lipid, polysaccharide, natural rubber, polyacetylene, polyimide, phenol resin, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate and/or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide having oxygen occlusion-discharging property is oxide of cerium, oxide of alloy of cerium and zirconium, oxide of ytterbium, oxide of alloy of ytterbium and zirconium, and/or oxide of cerium, ytterbium or zirconium which is partially substituted by rare earth element other than titanium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, yttrium, cerium and ytterbium, or metal oxide having oxygen occlusion-discharging property comprises oxide of transition metal element having uncertainty ratio chosen from 3d transition metal element, 4d transition metal element and 5d transition metal element. The catalyst electrode contains oxide of transition metal element chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, palladium, hafnium, tantalum and tungsten, in which oxide of transition metal element with uncertainty ratio has non-stoichiometry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The alloy nanoparticles have regulating degree of 95% or more, derived from relation: (1-(m-M)/M)x 100, where m is lattice constant of copper-palladium alloy nanoparticles and M is lattice constant of bulk in which copper atom and palladium atom are arranged regularly. Preferred Composition: The catalyst composition contains copper-palladium alloy nanoparticles supported on a support. The support is an inorganic compound. The catalyst composition has catalytic activity with respect to hydrolysis during hydrogen producing reaction and oxygen producing reaction, or organic substance decomposition reaction. The molar ratio of copper ion and palladium ion in dispersion liquid or solution is more than 0.3:less than 0.7 to more than 0.7:less than 0.3, preferably 0.01-0.99-0.99:0.01, more preferably 0.7:0.3-0.98:0.02. The ion is reduced at 10 degrees C or less. The crystal structure is face-centered cubic type structure. The reducing agent is hydrogen-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material is sulfide having electroconductive property. The electrode active material is sulfide of an element which exhibits alloying reaction with lithium. The element which exhibits alloying reaction with lithium is silicon. The weight ratio of electroconductive material and electrode active material in the mixed material is 1:5-50. The lithium ion conductive electrolyte is lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) is lithium titanate of formula: LixTiO2, where x is 0-1. Preferred Properties: The aspect ratio of crystals of compound (A) is 1-50. The ratio of peak intensity of (110) plane and highest intensity peak is 1 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-ion conducting layer does not contain inorganic particles. Preferred Composition: The porous heat-resistant layer contains 0.5-10 parts mass of binder with respect to 100 parts mass of insulating metal oxide particles. The insulating metal oxide particles are alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia or yttria, preferably alumina particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The lithium-ion conductive gel is fluororesin. The fluororesin is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Preferred Properties: The lithium-ion conductive layer has thickness of 0.1-3 mu m. The porous heat resistant layer has thickness of 1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode collector contains aluminum particles. The positive electrode active material is complex of lithium, nickel, and other metals, of formula: LiNixM(1-x)O2, where M is cobalt, aluminum and/or manganese, and x is 0.3-1. Preferred Property: The aluminum particles have average grain size of 1 mu m or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic material is a binder. The binder is polyimide, polyimide derivative, polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and/or copolymer having tetrafluoroethylene unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-storage alloy powder is preferably of formula: La1-aCeaNixAlyMnzCobFec, where a is 0-0.5. The aqueous alkali solution is potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core is the conductivity enhancement component consisting of a carbon containing material, silicide, and carbide. The nanowires comprise materials consisting of germanium, tin, tin oxide, tin-silicon alloy, carbon, carbon-silicon alloy, and titanium oxide. The conductive substrate comprises stainless steel, copper, nickel and titanium. The conductivity enhancement component comprises boron, aluminum and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The noble metal catalyst supporting method is carried out by preparing mixture containing precursor containing precious metal element, precursor containing base metal element and carrier having microwave absorptivity, supporting the carrier in the state at which the noble metal precursor and base metal element precursor are reduction-processed, and dispersing nanoparticles of base metal and alloyed noble metal. The mixture further contains solvent or dispersion medium, such that evaporation of solvent or dispersion medium is carried out between mixture preparation process and supporting process. When the carrier has non-reduction property, the heat-processing temperature is more than thermal decomposition temperature of noble metal precursor. When the carrier has reduction property, the heat-processing temperature is less than thermal decomposition temperature of noble metal precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic structure is made of metal selected from iron, nickel, chromium, titanium and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is cesium ion, quaternary alkyl ammonium ion, pyridinium ion, imidazolium ion, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound ion, phosphonium ion, guanidinium ion, nucleic acid base, platinum ion, and/or pyrazolone type ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the electrochemical cell, the positive electrode includes a form of sulfur. The negative electrode includes a form of Lithium-Si. The negative electrode includes a form of Lithium-Tin. The coating material comprises a metal or metal alloy. The coating material comprises a form of tin. The coating material comprises a conducting oxide. The coating material comprises an indium oxide or zinc oxide. The coating material has a first affinity for lithium ions and the substrate material has a second affinity for lithium ions, the first affinity greater than the second affinity. The coating material comprises a form of tin and the substrate material comprises a form of copper. The coating material is applied by a sputtering process. The coating material comprises a metal or metal alloy. The coating material comprises a form of tin. The coating material comprises a conducting oxide. The coating material comprises an indium oxide or zinc oxide. The coating material has a first affinity for lithium ions and the substrate material has a second affinity for lithium ions, the first affinity greater than the second affinity. The coating material comprises a form of tin and the substrate material comprises a form of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the cell, the positive electrode includes a form of sulfur. The negative electrode includes Li4+xTi5O12. The load leveling agent comprises a high molecular weight material. The load leveling agent comprises a low concentration within the electrolyte. The load leveling agent comprises at least one of a high molecular weight and a low concentration. Alternatively, the electrochemical cell comprises: negative electrode including a form of lithium; a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode; a separator positioned between the negative electrode and the positive electrode; and an electrolyte including a load leveling agent in contact with the negative electrode and with the positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the electrochemical cell, the second active material includes LixS8, and 0 not less than x not less than 16. The first active material includes a lithium oxide. The first active material includes Li4+xTi5O12. The first active material includes a lithium oxide. The first active material includes Li4+xTi5O12. Alternatively, the electrochemical cell comprises: a negative electrode; a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode; a separator positioned between the negative electrode and the positive electrode; a first active material in the positive electrode including a form of sulfur; and a second active material in the positive electrode that does not include a form of sulfur. The first active material includes LixS8, and 0 not less than x not less than 16. The second active material includes a form of lithium. The second active material includes Li4+xTi5O12. The second active material includes lithium oxide. The negative electrode includes a form of lithium. The second active material includes a form of lithium. The second active material includes Li4+xTi5O12. The second active material includes lithium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: In the electrochemical cell, the substrate comprises ceramic foam. The substrate comprises a form of silicon. It further comprises: an electrolyte within each of the chambers. The electrolyte is a fluid electrolyte. The first electrode is a cathode. The first electrode comprises a form of sulfur. Alternatively, the electrochemical cell comprises: a first electrode; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrode including a substrate with active material and formed with interconnected chambers defined by a respective one of inwardly curving walls, and a form of lithium; and a separator layer positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The substrate comprises silicon. The substrate comprises ceramic foam. It further comprises: an electrolyte within each of the chambers. The electrolyte is a fluid electrolyte. The first electrode is a cathode. The first electrode comprises a form of sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silicon-based active material film has thickness of 0.5-6 mu m, surface roughness of 2-20 mu m, three-point average space interval of 0.005-0.014 mm and three-point average uneven space interval of 0.015-0.04 mm. The surface roughness of roughened surface of collector base material is 1.5 mu m or more. The negative electrode further has a silicon layer containing phosphorus or boron and heat-resistant layer, heat-resistant barrier film containing nickel or zinc, rust-proof layer or silane-coupling process layer (2). The silicon-based active material film further has oxygen content of 1-50 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In the method of producing electrical power from a syngas, the separating step is performed without the use of a non-aqueous solvent. The method further comprises reacting a fuel in the presence of no more than 6 wt% nitrogen or argon to produce the syngas. Reacting the fuel comprises gasification using a stream containing at least 94 wt% oxygen. The fuel comprises coal, natural gas, petroleum products, or biomass. The overall energy efficiency of the process is at least 40%. The separating step comprises separating the fuel cell anode exhaust stream within a first flash drum to create a second fluid stream enriched in water relative to the fuel cell anode exhaust stream. The separating step further comprises separating the second fluid stream within a second flash drum to create a third fluid stream enriched in water relative to the second fluid stream. At least one impurity comprises at least one of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and mercury (Hg). At least 98 wt% of the purified syngas stream consists essentially of water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The water-gas shift exhaust stream contains less than 1.5 wt% carbon monoxide. The weight ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the water-gas shift exhaust stream is at least 30:1, 50:1, or 150:1. The fuel cell produces at least 1 megawatt of electrical power. The method further comprises sequestering at least a portion of the carbon dioxide in the first separator stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed lithium-metal oxide is a doped or undoped lithium transition metal phosphate and a doped or undoped lithium titanium oxide, where the transition metal is iron and the doped or undoped lithium titanium oxide is lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas manufacturing apparatus further comprises primary hydrogen gas filtration tank, secondary hydrogen gas filtration tank and hydrogen gas tank for storing highly purified purity hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material comprises (in %mass) primary lithium compound (10-90) and secondary lithium compound (10-90). The total content of primary and secondary lithium compounds is 100 %mass. The metallic element (M3) in secondary lithium compound is lithium or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The desulfurized raw material gathering in lower part may be picked out from desulfurizer when raw material is desulfurized by contacting desulfurizing agent carried by carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture content absorber is made of zeolite or silica gel and salt formative substance such as calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, alkaline-earth metal or oxide of rare earth selected from group consisting of lanthanum trioxide and cerium oxide, and hydroxides of alkaline-earth metal or rare earth selected from group consisting of calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, hydration lanthanum and cerium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The brazing material is made of gold, silver, tin, copper, indium, nickel, lithium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The magnetic-separation process is carried out using magnet having surface area of 50-3000 cm2 at magnetic force of 100 mT plus minus 10% to 600 mT plus minus 10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains a cyclic sulfone. The volume of linear sulfone is 0-90 vol.% with respect to the sum total volume of linear sulfone and cyclic sulfone.
EXAMPLE - A SrBi2Ta2O9 film was deposited at 240 degrees C by mixing ((3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde (dmb))2Bi-O-Bi(dmb)2)2-H2O, Ta(OEt)5-H2O cycles and Sr(iso-PrCp)3 or Sr(tert-BuCp)3-H2O cycles with ratios of approximately 1:1:1 to 2:1:1 (Bi:Sr:Ta). A SrBi2Ta2O9 ferroelectric phase, was observed after annealing as-deposited films in air at 600-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Energy Storage Device: The sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.23, preferably less than 1.19. The energy storage device is a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is a valve regulated lead acid battery. The electrode comprising lead is a negative electrode and exhibits increased lead sulfate solubility during a partial state of charge cycling. Specifically, the energy storage device comprises a negative electrode comprising lead, a positive electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid, where the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is at a state of charge of greater than 90% is 1.05 to 1.19.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, modified metal complex is obtained by modifying mixture containing metal complex, polycyclic organic compound and carbon material until the ratio of weight loss between before and after modification reaches 1-90 wt.%. The modification process is heat processing performed at 200-1200 degrees C.Preferred Composition: The metal complex contains transition metal belonging to 4-6 period, preferably cobalt complex. The carbon material is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polycyclic organic compound is of formula (I), preferably benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzthiazole, 4-azabenzimidazole, 5-azabenzimidazole, phthalazine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, pteridin, cinnoline, benzotriazole, benzothiadiazole, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, preferably optionally substituted benzimidazole.Z1-Z5 = group of formula (a);Z6 = -N(-R')-, -S- or -O-;andR', R" = H or substituent.Or, at least one of Z1-Z5 is N and other is group of formula (a).The metal complex has organic ligand chosen from 22 compounds e.g. 2-pyridin-2-yl-phenol, benzo(h)quinolin-10-ol, 2-(2,2')bipyridinyl-6-yl-phenol, 2,6-di-pyridin-2-yl-phenol and 2-((E)-pyridin-2-yliminomethyl)-phenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The supporting electrolyte of bipolar secondary battery is made of lithium fluorophosphate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One plate of bimetal structure is transparent plate containing polycarbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox mediator couple and/or the redox catalyst comprises: a polyoxometalate compound; a polyoxometalate compound with a divalent counterion; an N-donor compound; a multi-dentate N-donor ligand comprising heterocyclic substituent consisting of pyrrole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazoIe, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, tetrazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, alkaryl, alkene-aryl, aralkyl and aralkenyl groups substituted with heterocyclic groups; a multidentate macrocyclic N-donor ligand; a modified ferrocene species; a modified ferrocene species comprising a bridging unit between the cyclopentadienyl rings; and/or a ligated transition metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and third layers comprise 1-20 wt.% of polyethylene having an Mw of greater than 1x 106, and 80-99 wt.% of polyethylene having a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) less than or equal to 1x 106. The second layer comprises 5-40 wt.% of the polypropylene, 0-10 wt.% of polyethylene having an Mw of greater than 1x 106 and 60-95 wt.% of polypropylene having an Mw less than or equal to 1x 106. The polypropylene's Delta Hm is 110-120 J/g. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated cyclic carbonate (I) is 4,5-difluoro-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one. The fluorinated linear carbonate is difluoromethyl carbonate, 1-fluoroethyl fluoromethyl carbonate, and/or bis(1-fluoroethyl)carbonate. The molar ratio of fluorinated cyclic carbonate with respect to fluorinated linear carbonate is 3:7-7:3. The total content of fluorinated cyclic carbonate with respect to fluorinated linear carbonate is 70-100 mol%. Preferred Definitions:    n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The vapor-phase-epitaxy carbon material has closed-pore ratio of 2% or more, residual hydrogen content of 0.2-5%, and intensity ratio (R) at I1360-I1580 peak is less than 0.2, which is measured by Raman spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface material comprises amide linkages, a protein or a gelatin. The surface material disrupting agent comprises a peroxide and/or an anhydride, preferably hydrogen peroxide and/or succinic anhydride. The crosslinking agent is divinyl compound, a trivinyl compound, a diacrylic compound and/or a triacrylic compound. The crosslinking agent is an optionally derivatized di-vinyl and/or tri-vinyl crosslinking agent. The optionally derivatized divinyl crosslinking agent is divinylbenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymeric material is treated for not greater than 24 hours with the surface material disrupting agent. Preferred Components: The polymeric material is prepared by suspension polymerization comprising using an erodible stabilizing agent in the suspension medium; or by polymerization of a high internal phase emulsion. The polymeric material is a microbead. The polymerized porous material is prepared using an optionally derivatized alkenyl and/or alkynyl monomer, an optionally derivatized vinyl monomer in the presence of crosslinking agent(s). The optionally derivatized vinyl monomer is from vinyl, vinyl chloride, styrene, optionally derivatized acrylic acid, an acrylic acid ester, vinyl alcohol, a vinyl alcohol ester, styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl pivalate or vinyl propionate. The particle is modified so that the particle is functionalized and/or carbonized; and/or have a metal and/or catalyst, a gel and/or pre-gel, and/or chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and/or formulation deposited within the particle cavities, preferably the particle is functionalized and having a degree of functionalization of greater than 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas diffusion layer contains activated carbon as water-absorption material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of carbon forming SP2 coupling and SP3 coupling calculated with the standard addition method by Raman spectroscopy is 1 weight% or more based on conversion of furnace black. The ratio of peak height (D) at 1340-1365 cm-1 and peak height (G) at 1580-1610 cm-1 is 0.1-10, where the heights (D,G) are heights excluding base line height. The catalytic composition is of formula: MCxNyOz.M=titanium, iron, niobium, zirconium or tantalum;x=0.01-10000;y=0.01-10;andz=0.02-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen atmosphere exhibits a proportion of nitrogen of at least 90, preferably at least 99 vol.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The grinding step is carried out: in a grinding body mill or a planetary mill; for 1 minute to 16 hours, preferably 4-8 hours; and with a grinding energy of 5-4000 (preferably 500-2500) kJ/g. EXAMPLE - BayTubes C 150 P (RTM: Carbon nanotube) (8 g) was added in steel tanks of a planetary mill having steel balls (530 g) with a diameter of 2 mm. After the filling of the carbon nanotubes, the tank was closed and constantly flushed with pure nitrogen with 100 vol.% of nitrogen atmosphere. The planetary mill was operated for a period of 16 hours, before testing, after 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 30 minutes, to obtain the graphitic carbon materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene does not contain neutralizing agent and antioxidant. The linear polyethylene is ethylene homopolymer. Preferred Properties: The crystallization heat of linear polyethylene is 220 J/g or more, calculated using exothermic curve obtained by temperature-fall measurement using differential scanning calorimeter. The molded product obtained by molding the highly-purified polyethylene has glossiness of 90 or more at 60 degrees and compaction temperature of 200 degrees C. Preferred Process: The linear polyethylene is manufactured by slurry polymerization method in continuous polymerization reaction device using n-hexane as solvent, and has impurity quantity which is value obtained by dividing weight of residue formed by carrying out evaporation drying of normal hexane, by weight of n-hexane of 0-1 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The organic group is alkylene-containing group of formula: -R-C(-Q1)=C(-Q2)-Q3 (I) or of formula (II), or (meth)acryloyloxyalkyl group.R=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3,Q5-Q7=H, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl;andQ4=H or halo.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains carbonate compound having polymerizable unsaturated bond. The aza crown-ether structure is aza-12-crown-4, aza-14-crown-4, aza-15-crown-5 or aza-18-crown-6. The electrolyte dissolution promoter comprises sulfoxide compound having donor number of 16-40 and/or ether compound having donor number of 16-40. The sulfoxide compound is of formula: R1-S(=O)-R2 (III). The ether compound is of formula: R3-O-(CH2CH2O)n-R4 (IV). The carbonate compound is dioxole-containing compound of formula (V) or dioxolane-containing compound of formula (VI).R1-R4=1-5C alkyl;n=1-10;R5,R6=H or 1-3C alkyl;andR7,R8=H or 2-3C alkenyl, R7 and R8 are not H simultaneously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: Device further comprises means to produce steam reformed gas by catalysed modification of methane, optionally with Gp.5A metal on the surface of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nanotube in nanotube-DMF solution is 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1% or 1.4%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of proton-exchange film is 40-60 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas neutralizing additive comprises a cyclic carbonate. The first form of lithium comprises a lithium oxide. The second form of lithium comprises lithium or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is chosen from iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium and rhodium. The catalyst particles have metal average microcrystal size of 2-20 nm. The electric charge amount of hydrogen adsorption region per metal unit mass is 15-65 C/mg. The electroconductive material is carbon black having Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 50-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves removing surfactant after baking application layer. Preferred Parameter: The volume ratio of surfactant with respect to water with volume of 100 is 0.1-30. The volume ratio of thickener with respect to water with volume of 100 is 0.1-30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particle is 10-160 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The porosity of the composite material is determined according to the standard DIN 66133.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic particles are oxides and/or mixed oxides of elements such as lithium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, barium or hafnium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer foil contains plastic selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylnitrile, polyester, polyamide, aromatic polyamide such as aramide, polyolefin, PTFE, polystyrene, polycarbonate or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The spheroidization natural graphite has tap density of 0.50-1.20 g/cm3, and BrunauerEmmettTeller specific surface area of 4-9 m2/g. The spheroidization natural graphite contains complex carbon material conjugated with amorphous carbon. The Raman (R) value of conjugated carbon material is 0.20-0.45, measured by Raman spectroscopic analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive fillers are selected from group consisting of metal carbide, metal nitride or metal silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material in etching layer is selected from iron, iron alloy, copper, copper alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc precursor is zinc salt dissolved in the water, which is at least two zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zinc citrate or zinc gluconate. The non-essential auxiliary agent is at least two of water-soluble calcium salt, water-soluble bismuth salt, waterborne aluminum salt, waterborne silicate or waterborne titanic hydroxide, which occupies 0-10 wt.% of the carbon fiber/zinc oxide/zinc nanometer composite material. The fluid collector is zinc nickel electrode negative electrode material, and comprises foaming copper and foaming nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon-containing polymer with the functional group is the carbon-containing polymer chemically decorated with the functional group, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino or amide group combined with the zinc nanometer precursor on the surface, water-soluble polymer with hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino and amide group having the molecule of 1000-5000000, water dilution polymer, water dispersion polymer, emulsion polymer including at least two of waterborne acrylate polymer, waterborne epoxy polymer, waterborne polyurethane polymer, waterborne polyester polymer, waterborne alcohol acid polymer or waterborne amino resin polymer. The binding agent is 2-5 mixture of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol, which comprises hydrophilic binding agent and hydrophobe binding agent, the hydrophilic binding agent comprises sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylbutyral, ethyl/vinyl acetate copolymer, acrylic ester emulsion and butadiene-styrene rubber emulsion, and the hydrophobe binding agent comprises PTFE, perfluoro-copolymer or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator consists of polyethyleneglycolterephthalate, polyolefin, polyetherimide, polypropylene, polyacrylnitril, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lubricant composition further comprises 0.1-50, preferably 10-40 wt.% of a thickener. Preferred Components: The base oil is perfluoropolyether oil. The amount of (I) is 0.1-99, preferably 1-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A complex agent having average particle diameter of 1-50 nm, based on transmission electron microscope, is added before the addition of ionic compound containing platinum group element. A carbon carrier is further added to the aqueous solution before or after the addition of ionic compound containing platinum group element, and the alloy microparticles are deposited on the surface of carbon carrier. Preferred Composition: The complex agent is alkali metal salt of citric acid. The amount of complex agent is 1 %mass or more with respect to the amount of ionic compound. The platinum group element is platinum. The non-precious metal element is nickel. The reducing agent is hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polyimide comprising a repeating unit obtained from aromatic diamine including at least one ortho-positioned hydroxyl functional group and/or poly (ethylene imine). The organosilsesquioxane segment is ethylsilsesquioxane, propylsilsesquioxane and/or hexylsilsesquioxane. The covalent bond is ether bond and/or urethane bond. The catalyst is acetic acid, lactic acid, or hydrochloric acid. The cross-linking agent is 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxy silane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane and/or 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane. EXAMPLE - The cellulose acetate polymer (5 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane solvent (119.5 g). 3-Isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (1.29 g) was added to cellulose acetate solution. The solution was heated at 60 degrees C for 48 hours to give cross-linkable cellulose acetate-urethanepropyltriethoxysilane organic-inorganic membrane material(5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The main material has hole whose surface is coated with temperature-responsive polymer gel. 60-90% Of the area of the hole is coated with temperature-responsive polymer gel. The temperature-responsive polymer gel contains poly(N-substituted(meth)acrylamide). The main material contains thermoplastic resin and thermosetting resin. The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyethylene and polypropylene. The thermosetting resin is chosen from polyimide and aramid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of slurry with relatively large average particle diameter is 5-15 mu m larger than mean pore diameter of electrode base material. The pH in which slurry with relatively large average particle diameter is dispersed is lower than slurry with relatively small average particle diameter. The stirring rate and/or long stirring time in which slurry with relatively large average particle diameter is dispersed are quicker than slurry with relatively small average particle diameter. The temperature in which slurry with relatively large average particle diameter is aggregated is higher than slurry with relatively small average particle diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The under-layer consists of at least one of styrene butadiene rubber, glue and an anodized layer of the material being provided with the under-layer. Each first polymer body is formed of Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), PU, Nylon, PET, ABS, FEP, Polyimide, Polyacrylic, and/or Epoxy Resin. Each top flange is fabricated of metal or a polymer, and each bottom flange is fabricated of metal having high electrical conductivity. Each second polymer body is formed of Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), PU, Nylon, PET, ABS, FEP, Polyimide, Polyacrylic, and/or Epoxy Resin. The cover further includes at least one of an electrolyte filling opening and a safety venting unit, and the first polymer body is fused to same.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The auxiliary proton is chosen from silica, zirconia, titania, boron phosphate, zirconium phosphate, zirconium hydrogen phosphate, phosphotungstic acid, cesium hydrogensulfate, cesium dihydrogen sulfate, H-mordenite, H-montmorillonite, zirconium phosphate (HZr2(PO4)3 or ZrH(P3O1)02), cerium hydrogen phosphate and titanium hydrogen phosphate. The metal of high-valent metal compound is chosen from iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, vanadium, zinc and lanthanum. The high-valent metal compound is chosen from nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, acetate, hydroxide, cyclodextrin, crown ether, diacetone, nitrogen-containing crown ether, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide complex of high-valent metal, preferably cerium titanate of formula: CexTi(1-x)O2, calcium-lanthanum titanate of formula: Ca0.6La0.27TiO3, lanthanum-cerium manganate of formula: La(1-y)CeyMnO3 or lanthanum-cerium-calcium manganate of formula: La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3, where x is 0.25-0.4 and y is 0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemically-crosslinked net structure and high-valent metal compound exist in the same layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solid electrolyte material is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte material. The content of the fluorine is 0.1-20 mole percent with respect to the solid electrolyte material. The solid electrolyte material has a peak around 190 parts per million (ppm) in fluorine solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (F-NMR). The solid electrolyte material contains phosphorus (P) as a skeletal element, and has a peak around 40 ppm in phosphorus solid-state NMR (P-NMR). The part of the solid electrolyte material is fluorinated. The solid electrolyte material is amorphous. Preferred Components: The surface of the electrode active material is coated with an oxide (preferably ion-conducting oxide, especially lithium niobate). The electrode active material is a positive electrode active material (preferably oxide-based positive electrode active, material). The positive electrode layer is the electrode element. Preferred Method: The fluoride contains a skeletal element of the solid electrolyte material. The fluoride added to the solid electrolyte material is 0.1-20 mole percent on a fluorine basis. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst material (III) is of formula (PtzCo(z/2.2)Au(1-z-z/2.2)), (Pt(1-t-u)CotZru) or (PtpCo(p/3.9)Ir(1-p-p/3.9)). The catalyst material (IV) is of formula (Pt0.5(TirC(1-r))0.5), (Pts(TiC)((1-s)/2)) or (Pt0.4(TivB(1-v))0.6).z = 0.53-0.58;2u + t = greater than 0.35;4u + t = less than 1;t = less than 0.7;p = 0.63-0.76 (preferably 0.65-0.69);r = 0.3-0.82 (preferably 0.4-0.7);s = 0.4-0.7; andv = 0.1-0.88 (preferably 0.52-0.82). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The elemental metal is copper, yttrium, iron, barium, zinc, or composite metal e.g. lanthanum-lithium-titanium composite (LaXLiYTi, where X and Y are 0-1). The negative electrode active material is carbon material or lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic polymer film is PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene, or polyfluoroalkoxy copolymer resin. The barrier is bound to a step (34) formed within the land region with a fluoroelastomer having a fluorine content greater than 68 wt.%. The hydrophobic polymer film is coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive on the surface of the polymer film which is to contact the step, prior to securing the polymer film within the step. The pressure sensitive adhesive is acrylic adhesive or silicone adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stack of fuel cells further comprises barrier is a hydrophobic polymer film (preferably polytetrafluroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene and polyfluoroaloxy co-polymer resin); and bond which is fluoroelastomer. The stack of fuel cells further comprises VITON (RTM: fluoroelastomer), FLUROEL (RTM: fluoroelastomer) and FLUOROLAST (RTM: fluoroelastomer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The plate structure may be made from glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The chamber is a pouch (12) made from flexible plastics material. The sample of salts and other components comprises hygroscopic and/or low solubility materials. At least one of culturing vessel and liquid nutrient medium storage chamber includes mesofluidic or microfluidic element including an oxygen permeable membrane and a plate structure formed from plastic material or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide of porous layer comprises alumina, silica, zirconia and titania. The metal alkoxide of porous layer comprises aluminum alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, titanium alkoxide and alkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal alkoxide of porous layer comprises C1-C4 alkoxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of substances (I,II) is 5:95-95:5. Preferably, substance (I) is silicon (alloy) and substance (II) is copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of hydrocarbon fuel composition is 0.001-10 mass ppm. The hydrocarbon fuel composition has density of 0.785-0.800 g/cm3 at 15 degrees C and 95 volume% distillation temperature at 240-265 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base of lithium iodine battery is made of nickel or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ester compound is 2-ethyl hexyl caprylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing fine particles contain lithium fluoride. The positive electrode active material is chosen from fluorinated graphite and manganese dioxide. Preferred Properties: The fluorine-containing fine particles have a particle diameter of 500 nm or less. The carbon particles have volume average particle diameter of 0.1-30 mu m. The coating layer has a thickness of 0.5-30 mu m. The fluorinated graphite has volume average particle diameter of 0.1-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal management fluid comprises perfluoroketone i.e. 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonofluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-pentane-3-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dry binder is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, and non-fibrillizable fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves hydrogenating the nanodiamond to give a hydrogenated nanodiamond; aminating the hydrogenated nanodiamond to give an aminated nanodiamond; and subjecting glycidol to ring-opening addition polymerization with the aminated nanodiamond to give a surface-modified nanodiamond modified on surface with at least one polyglycerylamino group. In the method, the glycidol is subjected to ring-opening addition polymerization with the nanodiamond to give a surface-modified nanodiamond modified on surface with at least one polyglyceryl group. Preferred Definitions:    X=single bond or -NH-.    EXAMPLE - In an electric tubular furnace, a hydrogenated nanodiamond (ND-H; average particle diameter: 30 nm) (ND-30H) (50 mg) was placed stand, the tubular furnace was raised in temperature to 300 degrees C, and chlorine gas was circulated at a flow rate of 40 ml/minute for 3 hours. The tubular furnace was raised in 450 degrees C, and ammonia gas was circulated at a flow rate of 40 ml/minute. A reaction was performed for 3 hours while maintaining the tubular furnace at 450 degrees C to obtain a surface-modified nanodiamond modified on surface with amino group (nanodiamond(ND)30-NH2) (50 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A piping for circulating heated fluid is provided in an upper gaseous phase portion of tank (1). Water is sprinkled in upper gaseous phase portion of tank (1) from hot water in boiler, and bubble is heated. Bubble generated on liquid level of tank (1) is taken out, heated with fluid, subjected to defoaming and returned to tank (1). The biogas utilization apparatus is fuel cell power generating device. The treating apparatus has a water-sprinkling unit and a heating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode lead is made of copper, aluminum, nickel, tin or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery is made of lead-calcium and lead-silver alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The polymerizable monomer having ion-exchange functional group comprises one sulfonic group and one carbon-carbon double bond molecule and is a mixture of sodium allyl sulfonate, sodium methallyl sulfonate, sodium hexafluoropropylene and/or sodium methallyl perfluorosulfonate. The initiator is benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile. The amount of initiator is 0.2-2 weight% of the amount of monomer. The crosslinking agent is mixture of divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and/or trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The mass ratio of crosslinking agent and monomer is 1:6-1:2. The thin film has thickness of 25-300 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active anode material comprise magnesium, molten sodium, and magnesium/aluminum alloy. The solid gel polymeric electrolyte comprises phosphorus group. The molten salt electrolyte consists of an alkali halide salt, an alkali chloroaluminate salt, sodium chloride, sodium chloroaluminate, and/or an ionic organic solvent. The beta alumina solid electrolyte is sodium beta alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The metal nanorods have an average diameter of greater than or equal to 70 nm. The metallic substrate is copper (Cu) or other metals that can form the compounds or have solubility with the metals or metal oxides to be deposited on. It is titanium (Ti). The metal nanorods are selected from aluminum (Al), silicon, iron (Fe), magnesium, tin (Sn), bismuth, or metal oxides such as Fe2O3, manganese oxide (MnO2), SnO2, antimony oxide (Sb2O3), CuO, nickel oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO2), vanadium oxide (VO2), V2O5, molybdenum oxide (MoO3), or preferably cobalt oxide (Co3O4). The metal nanorod is Al; and the metallic substrate is Cu. The nanorods further define an opening along a terminal tip of the nanorod.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insulating material is zirconium oxide. The elongated element is made of silicon carbide, titanium, ultra-pure silicon that is coated on the surface with boron-doped diamond, iron, electrically conducting polymer, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, tantalum, graphite and carbon. The liquid electron conductor is vanadium bromide and the powdered electron conductor is vanadium boride. The electrolyte contains carbon disulfide, potassium, lithium bromide and ammonia in aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains methyl alcohol and tetrahydrofuran in aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminated microporous membrane is formed using polyolefin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The vapor pressure of the solvent is 50 MPa or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ammonia water or aqueous solution of amine substance is used as purification medium to purify the carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas, or solid adsorbent to carbon dioxide taken as purification medium. Electrolytic carbon dioxide method is used to reduce the carbon dioxide to organic micro-molecules comprising formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol. An electrolyte used comprises a mixed solution of lithium sulfate, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, sodium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium carbonate, or potassium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A cathode used for electrolysis comprises an alloy of nickel, copper, tin, silver, platinum, zirconium, titanium, cobalt, and lead. An anode used for electrolysis is an alloy of platinum, palladium, and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A solvent used comprises water, methanol, ethanol, and propyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The granular material is chosen from mica, silica, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, red ocher, yellow iron oxide, black iron oxide, carmine, carthamin, Gardenia jasminoides, titanium oxide-coated synthetic mica, titanium oxide-coated silica, potato starch, wheat flour, saffron, powdered green tea and tea leaf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode and/or the negative electrode further comprise an additional metal. The positive electrode comprises an additional metal selected from aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), zirconium (Zr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), vanadium (V), and/or titanium (Ti). The negative electrode comprises an additional metal selected from silicon (Si), tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), indium (In), bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and/or antimony (Sb). The negative electrode exhibits an irreversible capacity loss of less than 7% during an initial charge-discharge cycle from 2-1.2 V at 15 mA/g charge/discharge current. The positive electrode exhibits an irreversible capacity loss of less than 7% during an initial charge-discharge cycle from 2.5-4.3 V at 15 mA/g charge/discharge current. The initial cycle irreversible capacity loss of the cathode is less than or equal to the initial cycle irreversible capacity loss of the anode when cycled under the same conditions. The mixed metal oxide has a crystal density of greater than 4.85 g/cc. The lithium mixed metal oxide includes aluminum as a dopant. The cathode comprises lithium mixed metal oxide and the anode comprises lithium titanate. The amount of cobalt in the lithium mixed metal oxide is greater than 55 mol.% and nickel and manganese are also present. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.1, 0.167 or 0.2;    y=0.50-0.25;and    z=0.55-0.85.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive filler (b) is particulate filler or fibrous filler, preferably carbon filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing elastomer (a) consists of structural unit derived from vinylidene fluoride and/or structural unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive protective layer (A) contains electroconductive filler (b) (5-300 parts mass) with respect to crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer (a) (100 parts mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate and their copolymer. The polyimide is polyether imide. The amount of polyether imide with respect to total amount of base layer is 1-50 wt.%. The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. The surface layer contains polyether imide (1-30 wt.%) with respect to total amount of surface layer. The thickness of surface layer with respect to total thickness of multilayer film is 10-60%. The breaking elongation of multilayer film in longitudinal direction and width direction is 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains nickel, cobalt and manganese. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is preferably of formula: Li1+aNixCoyMnzMbO2, where M is aluminum, titanium, zirconium, niobium, boron, magnesium or molybdenum, a is 0-0.2, x and y are 0.2-0.5, z is 0.2-0.4, b is 0-0.02, and a+b+x+y+z is 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator is formed using polyolefin. The separator has three layer structure containing polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compatibilizing agent has functional group chosen from glycidyl group, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group. The acid component of polybutylene naphthalate-type resin comprises 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component (80-100 mol%) and terephthalic acid component and/or isophthalic acid component (0-20 mol%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polybutylene naphthalate-type resin comprises tetramethylene-glycol component as main glycol component and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component as main acid component. The polybutylene naphthalate-type resin has terminal carboxyl group concentration of 12-30 equivalent/ton. The polyamide-type resin is soft-type polyamide-type resin containing polyamide formed by ring-opening polycondensation of undecane lactam, or polyamide formed by ring-opening polycondensation of lauryl lactam, or hard-type polyamide-type resin comprising polyamide formed by ring-opening polycondensation of caprolactam or polyamide having hexamethylenediamine as structural component. Preferred Properties: The polybutylene naphthalate-type resin has viscosity of 0.6-1.5 dl/g. The thermoplastic resin material has bending elastic modulus of 1500 MPa or less, when the polyamide-type resin is soft-type polyamide-type resin. The thermoplastic resin material has bending elastic modulus of 2000 MPa or more, when the polyamide-type resin is hard-type polyamide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anion is chloride ion, bromide ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, nitrate ion, acetate ion, dicyanamide ion, alkyl sulfate ion, thiocyanate ion, or trifluoromethylsulfonyl ion. The cation in the imidazolium ionic liquid is imidazolinium cation. The rust-preventive agent is borate, silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, molybdate, aliphatic monobasic acid, aliphatic dibasic acid, aromatic monobasic acid, aromatic dibasic acid, triazole, and/or thiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains fluorine-containing carbonate. The content of each of fluorine-containing carbonate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and fluorinated silicon compound is 0.01 weight% or more. The fluorine-containing carbonate is chosen from 4-fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoro ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoromethyl-ethylene carbonate and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nonwoven fabric or woven fabric is aromatic polyamide, aromatic polyester, aromatic polyester amide and/or semi-aromatic polyester. The fibril fiber is cellulose, aramid, acryl, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, aromatic polyester, polyparaphenylene benzoxazole and/or polybenzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises housing the power generating element with the electrolyte in a pair of metal composite films of the cell package and heat-sealing outer circumferential portions of the pair of metal composite films. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of functional group of formula (II) to functional group of formula (III) is 99:1-75:25, preferably 95:5-90:10. The molar ratio of binder precursor of formula (VI) to binder precursor of formula (VII) is 99:1-75:25, preferably 95:5-90:10. The binder precursor of formula (VII) is of formula: NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-Si(CH3)2-O-Si(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2 (VIII). Preferred Definitions:    group (III)=group of formula: -CH2-CH2-CH2-Si(CH3)2-O-Si(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2- (IV);and    a=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acidic radical concentration in the electrolyte is 0.52 mmol/g or more. Preferred Process: The mesoporous substance electrolyte is obtained copolycondensating precursor (a) containing mesoporous substance, and precursor (b) of formula: Z3Si-(C(H,F)2)n-X-(CF2)m-SO3H, in presence of surfactant.Z=-OCH3, -OC2H5 or halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are zirconium compound, titanium compound, cerium compound, uranium compound, tin compound, vanadium compound, antimony compound, calcium hydroxyapatite, and/or hydrated calcium hydroxyapatite. Preferred Properties: The inorganic particles have Stokes particle size of less than 20 nm, measured by dynamic-scattering method. The polymer electrolyte and/or inorganic particles have proton-conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-graphite is non-graphitizing carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The etherfication degree of the carboxymethyl cellulose is 0.6-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier of the galvanic cell is made from ion-conducting material e.g. oxide, phosphate, sulphate, titanate, silicate, aluminum silicate, zirconium, aluminum and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vanadium compound is selected from vanadium pentoxide, vanadium trioxide, ammonium metavanadate or their mixture. Gases and additive are also used in the redox flow battery electrolyte. The gases are selected from oxygen, nitrogen, argon, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide. The additive is made of lithium sulfate, sodium sulfite, potassium sulfate, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium nitrate, sodium nitrate, sulfur and potassium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stator part comprises a battery outer frame and a silicon sheet. The cylindrical secondary battery comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or nickel hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic synthetic fiber is made of material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate, aromatic polyarylate polyester and polypropylene. The heat resistant synthetic fiber is made of material selected from the group consisting of fully aromatic polyamide, wholly aromatic polyester, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The inorganic particles have an average particle diameter of 0.001-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonwoven fabric base comprises polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, and/or polyethylene naphthalate. The average particle diameter of thermoplastic fine powders is 0.1-10 mu m, and the melting point is 80-150 degrees C, preferably 100-150 degrees C. The thickness of nonwoven fabric base is 9-30 mu m. The thermoplastic fine powders contain polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, and/or polystyrene. The melting point of binder polymer is 200 degrees C or more. The binder polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, and/or carboxymethyl cellulose. The porous coating layer contains binder polymer and inorganic particles in a weight ratio of 50:50-99:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode electrode is metal chosen from zinc, iron, magnesium and aluminum, metal powder gel, metal plate containing electrolyte, sheet metal containing electrolyte or metal powder pressure plate containing electrolyte. The anode electrode contains chemical substances capable of decomposing hydrogen ions and conductive base material coated with catalytic conversion as anode and electrode. Hydrogen ions are chosen from hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, sodium borohydride, and hydrazine. The catalytic converter is platinum, gold, silver or transition metals. The conductive base material is porous carbon, metal mesh, metal rod or sheet metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hot melt glue is polyamide. Preferred Properties: The glue viscosity of polyamide is 0.2-7 Pa.second. The cured hot melt glue layer has viscosity of more than 1-10 MPa, tensile strength of 0.5-8 Mpa, and tractility of 70-500%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The particles of the functional domain are made of tin oxide (SnO2) or titanium oxide (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particles of the conductive domains are made of a metal such as silver (Ag), gold (Au) and platinum (Pt), and/or a narrow band gap metal oxide such as copper oxide (CuO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The fuel cell catalyst comprises: at least two of the first layers and at least two of the second layers; or at least three of the first layers. The first layers have a planar equivalent thickness of 5-2000 (preferably 10-100) Angstrom and the second layers have a planar equivalent thickness of 5-2000 (preferably 10-300) Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst material is platinum or an alloy of platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vacuum sublimable organic molecular solids are aromatic organic pigments (preferably phthalocyanine or perylene red). EXAMPLE - Sample substrates were passed alternately in front of platinum sputtering source or the sublimation source for the pigments (including perylene red or copper- and metal-free phthalocyanine) during web coating, where the number of alternating layers varied from 1 to maximum of 37, the individual platinum layer thickness was 30-2000 Angstrom and the organic pigment layer thickness was 6-200 Angstrom , and the loading of platinum was 0.21 mg/cm2. The sample was further worked up to give multilayered catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide precursors consist of precursors of: silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, niobium dioxide, molybdenum oxide, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide and aluminum oxide, and one of the precursor is titanium tetraisopropanoxide. The weak acid consists of acetic acid. The sol gel mixture is accomplished by: mixing a predetermined amount of acetic acid and N-(triethoxysilypropyl)urea in methanol for generating a solution; and adding a predetermined amount of titanium tetraisopropanoxide to the solution for forming a titanium dioxide-silicon dioxide sol gel mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic functional group consists of amides, acrylics, epoxides and/or alkylureas. The organic functional group of the other of the metal oxide precursors is N-(triethoxysilypropyl) urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt comprising oxalate complex as anion is lithium bis(oxalate)borate. The content of lithium salt comprising oxalate complex is 0.01 wt.% or more with respect to total weight of nonaqueous electrolyte. The acid anhydride containing fluorine atom is fluorocarboxylic anhydride or fluorosulfonic anhydride. The content of acid anhydride containing fluorine atom is 0.01 wt.% or more with respect to total weight of nonaqueous electrolyte. The lithium salt of carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid containing fluorine atom is lithium trifluoroacetate, lithium difluoro acetate, lithium monochloroacetate and/or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate. The content of lithium salt of carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid containing fluorine atom is 0.01 wt.% or more with respect to total weight of nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrical resistivity of the compression-molded product of the active-material powder is 103 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The conductive component has an intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.5-50 mu m and containing nickel-aluminum produced by reaction of nickel in nickel coating layer and aluminum in base material, between the nickel coating layer and base material. Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further comprises carbon (0.1 or less), silicon (1.5 or less), manganese (1.5 or less), phosphorus (0.1 or less), sulfur (0.01 or less), nitrogen (0.1 or less), and iron and unavoidable impurities (remainder). The steel further comprises molybdenum (4 or less), tungsten (4 or less), niobium (0.8 or less), titanium (0.5 or less), copper (2 or less), zirconium (0.5 or less), vanadium (0.5 or less), tantalum (0.5 or less), and/or nickel (2 or less), and magnesium (0.01 or less), yttrium (0.1 or less), rare earth element (0.1 or less), calcium (0.01 or less), and/or boron (0.01 or less). The nickel coating layer comprises iron, cobalt, titanium, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, phosphorus, boron, molybdenum and/or tungsten (30 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 1,3-dioxane is 0.5-3 %mass with respect to total content of nonaqueous electrolyte. The content of aromatic compound is 0.5-3 %mass with respect to total content of nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The exterior container contains metal, resin and ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perovskite type composite metal oxide fine particles consist of layered perovskite. The electroconductive metal oxide particles contain tin oxide, metal-doped titania, cupric oxide, and/or zinc oxide.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=3-5C linear or branched alkyl;and    2,R3=1-5C linear or branched alkyl.    EXAMPLE - (In g) p-t-butylphenol (300), diphenylether (64.0 ml) and ethylene glycol (56.0 ml) were heat-stirred at 60 degrees C. Calcium oxide (28) was further added the contents were reacted. Sulfur (95.9) and toluene (250 ml) were further added to obtain cyclic phenol sulfide intermediate. The obtained intermediate (30), diphenylether (64), sodium hydroxide (3.99) and acetic acid (1.62) were heat-stirred. Sulfur (2.14) was further added and the contents were reacted for 4 hours at 230 degrees C. The reaction mixture was liquid-separated and the organic layer was separated and purified to obtain crude crystals of cyclic phenol sulfide. The crude crystals were recrystallized to obtain cyclic phenol sulfide with yield of 11.4%. The cyclic phenol sulfide had high palladium extraction ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermosetting resin is made of phenol resin and epoxy resin. The synthetic fiber is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene-terephthalate, fully aromatic polyamide, wholly aromatic polyester, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid, and polyarylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfate salt is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The Transmission control protocol or Internet protocol communication unit is a Code division multiple access communication unit for performing communications with a mobile radio communications network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inert gas is argon or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: M in carrier supported Pt-M binary alloy catalyst, carrier supported Pt-M complex alloy catalyst, carrier supported core shell PtM catalyst, or carrier supported core shell PtM catalyst is iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, tungsten, ruthenium, tin, lead, gold, silver, iridium, osmium, molybdenum, or vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises mixing 75% Pt catalyst and 25% carbon source, and adding the mixed solution of water and organic solvent to obtain a mixture; ultrasonically dispersing the mixture for 1.5 hours to obtain a mixed sizing liquid; putting the mixed sizing liquid in hot water reaction kettle to react for 2-20 hours at 100-300, preferably 200 degrees C and 0.5-1.5, preferably 1 MPa; and drying the product in vacuum drying case. Pt catalyst (85%) is mixed with carbon source (15%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high boiling solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or N-methylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dry polymer is polyether-ether-ketone. The polysulfonate additive is polyethersulfone or polysulfone. The mass ratio of polysulfonate additive to polyether-ether-ketone is 1/3-1/5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is potassium fluoride (KF), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The inert atmosphere is nitrogen or argon atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is diethyl ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene or methylbenzene. The oxidant is sodium permanganate or nitric acid. The water insoluble organic solvent is ethyl ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene or methylbenzene. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of fluorine-containing halogenated compound, 3,5-dimethyl phenol, catalyst, methylbenzene and organic solvent is 110-400:100-150:15-80:50-150:600-2000 (preferably 150:100:30:80:800) pts.wt; and m-dimethyl benzene derivative (II), solvent and oxidant is 100-200:300-800:20-200 (preferably 150:500:50). The mole ratio of organic diacid compound, composite diacid monomer and tetramine monomer is x:1-x:1, where x is 0-1. The ratio of organic diacid compound, composite diacid monomer, tetramine monomer and polyphosphoric acid is 100:300-4000. The number-average molar mass of polybenzimidazole polymer is 80000-100000. Preferred Method: The preparation of m-dimethyl benzene derivative (II) further includes heating at 120-170 degrees C, reacting mixed solution of ethanol and water to ratio of 0.5-1:0.2-1, filtering, extracting with water insoluble organic solvent, collecting oil phase and concentrating, and distilling in vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of each of fluorine-containing carbonate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane is 0.01 weight% or more. The fluorine-containing carbonate is chosen from 4-fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoromethyl-ethylene carbonate and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flat solid electrolyte layer comprises lanthanum-gallate group or yttrium stabilization zirconium. The fuel electrode layer and support structure comprises nickel-yttrium stabilization zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: A portion of the cathode positioned on the cathode side of the electrolyte matrix and aligned with the sealing platform is removed from the fuel cell and the means for preventing comprises a shim positioned on the cathode side of the electrolyte matrix. The shim has a thickness equal to that of the cathode. Preferably, the shim comprises a metal or a ceramic material. The means for preventing comprises a barrier layer positioned between the cathode side of the electrolyte matrix and the cathode, so that a portion of the cathode aligned with the sealing platform is compressed. It also comprises an electrical insulator disposed on a portion of the sealing platform, where the electrical insulator comprises alumina. The means for also preventing comprises a hydrogen-rich layer disposed in a region adjacent to a surface of the sealing platform which abuts the electrolyte matrix. It further comprises perforations extending through the sealing platform, the perforations providing fluid communication between the interior area of the fuel conduit and the electrolyte matrix to form the hydrogen-rich layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The magnesium source is chosen from water-soluble inorganic magnesium salt and water-soluble organic magnesium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains a cyclic carbonate compound having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, a cyclic carbonate compound having fluorine atom, monofluorophosphate and/or difluorophosphate. The content of cyclic carbonate compound having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond is 0.01-8 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The residence time in combustion decomposition temperature is 10-60 minutes. Preferred Method: The manganese oxide coarse powder is crushed and sieved by a sieve having size of 90-250 mu m. The sieved powder is recycled as pure manganese raw material. The small piece metal is recycled as metal resource. The opening of cylindrical screen is 1-20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precious metal ions are gold ions, silver ions, palladium ions or platinum ions. The precious metal nanoparticles are attached to the soluble polymer. The precious metal nanoparticles are precious metal atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (d) comprises: providing and purifying many carbon nanotubes; functionalizing the carbon nanotubes; dispersing the functionalized carbon nanotubes in water to form a solution of carbon nanotubes; and adding the solution of carbon nanotubes in the first mixture. In the method, a molar concentration ratio of the precious metal ions to the soluble polymer in the first mixture is 1:100-1:3. The radiation is UV light, laser, or gamma -ray. Preferred Components: The carbon nanotubes are chemically functionalized with many functional groups including hydrophilic group comprising carboxyl, aldehyde group, amidogen and/or hydroxyl. The molar concentration ratio of the precious metal ions to the water soluble polymer with carbonyl or hydroxyl in the fourth mixture is 1:100-1:3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The soluble polymer has a carbonyl group or a hydroxyl group. The soluble polymer is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and/or polyethyleneimine. The soluble polymer and the precious metal ions are bound with each other to form a complex, which is entangled on a surface of each of the carbon nanotubes. The soluble polymer with carbonyl or hydroxyl is entangled on a surface of each of the carbon nanotubes. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal group is chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel, copper and neodymium. The second metal group is chosen from rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Method: In manufacturing the porous structure for the fuel cell, the porous structure is one of an anode porous plate and a cathode porous plate, where the porous structure includes a surface having channels that provide a flow field. The processing includes treating at least one surface of the porous structure to produce the non-porous region; densifying the surface; and exposing the surface to a carbon-rich environment. The carbon-rich environment is provided in a chemical vapor deposition process. The surface is a perimeter of the porous plate. The processing includes arranging multiple porous plates adjacent to one another and treating the perimeter of the multiple porous plates simultaneously. Moreover, the porous structure includes an internal manifold, the perimeter arranged outside of the internal manifold. The processing includes forming multiple channels that provide a flow field, the forming step performed subsequent to the treating step; and applying a seal to the non-porous region, the applying step performed subsequent to the treating step. The porous structure includes a first porosity and the non-porous region includes a second porosity that is less than the first porosity. Preferred Component: In the fuel cell component, a seal is arranged on the non-porous region, where the non-porous region is a perimeter of the one of an anode porous plate and a cathode porous plate. One of an anode porous plate and a cathode porous plate includes an internal manifold, the perimeter arranged outside of the internal manifold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electrode of the membrane electrode assembly is gas diffusion electrode. The selectively proton-conducting membrane is a ceramic membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogen is directly separated from the reaction zone, in which the reaction mixture is formed. For the simultaneous separation of hydrogen according to (i) and (ii), at least a part of power produced in (ii) is used in (i). For the separation of hydrogen, at least a part of heat generated during (ii) is fed into the reaction zone. Hydrogen according to (i) is removed under a voltage of 0.05-2000 mV against a hydrogen reference electrode. Hydrogen is separated at 200-1200 degrees C. Preferred Components: The reaction mixture is from hydrogen forming reaction. The oxygen containing flow contains 15 mol.% of oxygen. The hydrogen forming reaction is a non-oxidative dehydroaromatization of aliphatic 1-4C-hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium titanate particles have specific surface area of 5-100 m2/g, measured by BET method. The fluoride layer has thickness of 5x 102 to 1x 102 nm. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains fluorine-containing lithium phosphorus compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nuclide is chosen from hydrogen (1H), lithium (7Li), phosphorus (31P) and fluorine (19F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal-containing particles are pure metal particles having metallic element, alloy particles containing several metallic elements, or metallic compound particles containing metallic element and non-metallic element. The metal-containing particles contain metallic element chosen from copper, nickel, titanium, chromium, platinum and gold, preferably copper, titanium and chromium. The metallic compound particles and metallic compound contain metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, metal sulfate, metal phosphate and metallic phosphorus compound. The metallic compound contains metal oxide. The ion trapping particles contain nickel phosphide. The metallic compound is nitride of IIId or IVd group transition element, preferably titanium nitride, chromium nitride or zirconium nitride. The ion blocking layer has thickness of 50-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer contains polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The area ratio of trivalent phosphorus sulfide anion (PS43-), tetravalent phosphorus sulfide anion (P2S74-) and tetravalent phosphorus sulfide anion (P2S64-) is 15-65%, 25-80% and 5-30%, respectively. Preferred Property: Solid electrolyte particles have maximum particle size of 20 mu m or less. Preferred Component: The glass is manufactured using raw material containing lithium sulfide and other sulfide in presence of hydrocarbon-type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic sulfone compound is alkylester of aromatic sulfonic acid. The alkyl portion of the alkylester contains 1-4C linear alkyl. The alkylester of sulfonic acid is preferably benzene sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or naphthalene sulfonic acid. The nonaqueous solvent is mixture of high dielectric constant solvent and low melting point solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The redox composition comprises a flowable semi-solid or condensed liquid ion-storing redox composition capable of taking up and releasing the ions during operation of the cell. Preferred Method: The method further comprises increasing the flow rate of the redox composition along the electroactive zone to increase the power of the flow cell. It further comprises reconditioning the flowable semi-solid or condensed liquid ion-storing redox composition. The reconditioning comprises sequesting residual water from the redox composition; adding additional salt to improve ion conductivity; adding solvents or electrolyte additives; adding additional solid phases including active materials used for ion storage, or conductive additives; separating solid phases from the liquid electrolyte; adding coagulation aids; and/or replacing the liquid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic material of the carrier is coated with an inorganic ion conductive material that is a component of oxide, phosphate, sulfate, titanate, silicate and aluminosilicate of zirconium and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The metal complex is prepared by putting 50 mg of naphthalene derivative as ligand and 25 mg of nickelacetate tetrahydrate in flask, adding 10 ml of chloroform/ethanol (1:1), stirring mixture at 90 degrees C for 2 hours, obtaining yellow powder precipitate, filtrating, drying, and obtaining metal complex.Preferred Composition: The substituent is oxygen atom, sulfur atom, nitrogen atom and/or phosphorus atom as ligand atom. Preferred Definitions:    X1, X2 = -O-; and    M = vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or its ion.    EXAMPLE - The 250 mg of 1,2-diamino benzene, 585 mg of salicyl aldehyde, and 575 mg of cobaltous-acetate tetrahydrate were put into 50 mL round bottom flask in nitrogen atmosphere, and 40 mL ethanol was added. The mixture was stirred at 90 degrees C for 2 hours, and dark brown crystal precipitated. The crystal was filtrated and dried. The metal complex was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: Li(LixMgyAlzMn2-x-y-z)O4-(~d), where y is 0.02-0.07 and z is 0.06-0.14. Preferred Property: The microcrystal size of spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide is 500-2000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A portion of the explosive material consists of trinitrotoluene, hexogen, hexanitrostilbene, benzotrioxofiiraxan, triamino-trinitrobenzene, or other carbon-containing explosives. A portion of the non-explosive material consists of liquid hydrocarbons such as octane, benzene and nitrobenzene, and solid hydrocarbons such as paraffin, polyethylene and polymers. INORGNAIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A portion of the non-explosive material consists of non-diamond carbon, graphite, hexagonal graphite, rhombohedral graphite, colloidal graphite, pyrolytic graphite, soot, carbon black, hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, glassy carbon, carbon soot, detonation soot, vitreous coal coke, coke, schungaite, sugar carbon, doped nondiamond carbon, doped graphite, doped soot, doped carbon black, intercalated non-diamond carbon, intercalated graphite, intercalated soot, intercalated carbon black, boron-containing compounds, boric acid, boron salts, boron carbide, boron-doped fullerenes, boron-doped carbon nanotubes, boron-doped graphite, boric acid-graphite intercalated compounds, graphite intercalated with boron, boron-doped amorphous carbon and metal-containing compounds, where the dopant atom or intercalated element is incorporated into the diamond lattice. The elements for doping or intercalation of the non-explosive material consists of boron, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, antimony, sodium, lithium and transition metal elements. The cooling medium contains boron atom containing compounds comprising a gas such as diborane or a liquid (boric acid solutions of boron-containing salts), or other compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material further contains alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal, preferably sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and/or barium. The content of halogen compound is 0.05-0.8 mol per unit surface area (in m2) of the support. The platinum in the raw material is platinum compound containing potassium chloroplatinate. Preferred Property: The platinum nanoparticles have polyhedron shape. Preferred Process: The raw material is reduced by performing bubbling process by blowing hydrogen gas into the coexistent component in which the sodium polyacrylate do not exist when the raw material and support exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heated mesophase pitch material in liquid state is discharged through the nozzle (7), and injected to the inert gas atmosphere of heating furnace, during manufacture of carbon particles. The inert gas is made to flow towards upward direction from downward direction in furnace. The heat-processing is carried out at 500 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thermoelectric device includes thermoelectric element made of material pertaining to the group consisting of P-zinc antimonide (P-Zn4Sb3), n-magnesium silicide (n-Mg2Si), and P- and n-cobalt antimonide (P- and n- CoSb3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric device comprises thermoelectric elements made of material selected from the group comprising p-type zinc antimonide, n-type magnesium silicide and p and n type cobalt antimonide, and bismuth telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid rubber includes ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and/or butadiene rubber. The non-crosslinked component of the solid rubber includes rubber component(s) chosen from ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber, a crosslinking agent chosen from organic peroxides whose 1-hour half-life period temperature is 130 degrees C or less, a crosslinking auxiliary agent, and an adhesive component formed of resorcinol compound together with a melamine compound and a silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of catalyst ink is 0.7 weight% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of alkali metal with respect to transition metal element is 1 or less. The transition metal is cobalt. The molar quantity of lithium is higher than molar quantity of sodium in the precursor. Preferred Process: The ion exchange process is carried out by hydrothermal method or molten salt method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: In the internal combustion engine arrangement, the EGR line inlet and the return conduit outlet are connected to the exhaust line (4) on a same side of the turbine (5). The EGR line inlet is connected to the exhaust line (4) upstream from the turbine (5), and in that the return conduit outlet is connected to the exhaust line (4) upstream from the turbine (5). The EGR line inlet is connected to the exhaust line (4) downstream from the turbine (5), and in that the return conduit outlet is connected to the exhaust line (4) downstream from the turbine (5). The return conduit outlet is connected to the exhaust line (4) downstream from the EGR line inlet. The thermoelectric device (14) is a built-in part of an EGR cooler (9) located in the EGR line (8). The cold source is the engine cooling fluid. The cold source is ambient air. The thermoelectric device (14) is connected to a battery. The thermoelectric device (14) is connected to one or more vehicular component that is electrically operated. The flow restriction (19) is arranged in the exhaust line downstream of the EGR line inlet, and upstream of the return conduit outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer is made of amorphous silicon, copper-iridium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide, gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective film is made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PVC, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, fluoro- propylene-ethylene or fluoro-ethylene-propylene. Melt adhesive film for the laminate is made of ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral or thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing lithium salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium fluoroalkylphosphate (LiPF3(CF3CF2)3), lithium fluoroalkylphosphate (LiPF3(CF3)3), lithium fluoroalkylphosphate (LiPF4(CF3)2) and lithium fluoroalkylphosphate (LiPF5(CF3)), preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate. The content of lithium hexafluorophosphate is 0.5-1.5 mol/L. The hydrohalide is hydrogen fluoride, or lithium fluoride. The content of hydrohalide is 2000 mass ppm or less, preferably 300-4000 ppm or less. The aprotic solvent contains 50-100 %mass of propylene carbonate. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: LixNiwMzMe1-w+zo2+d.M=cobalt or manganese;Me=boron, phosphorus, or sulfur;d=oxygen defect or oxygen enrich;x=0.98-1;w=0.3-1;z=0-0.7;andw+z=0.9-1.Preferred Property: The liquid temperature of washing liquid is 40-90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode is carbon material. The lithium-containing complex oxide is lithium-containing composite phosphoric acid compound of formula: LiMxM'yM"1-x-yPO4 or lithium-manganese cobalt oxide of formula: LiNixMnyCo-1-x-yO2, where x is 0 or more, y is 1 or less, x+y is 0-1, and M, M', and M" are manganese, cobalt, iron or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode active material contains carbon, tin and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid rubber includes rubber components consisting of ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and butadiene rubber. The rubber component of the uncrosslinked item of solid rubber consists of ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, and hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrode active material contains a lithium-containing transition-metal complex oxide of formula: LiaMn2-bM1bO4, LiNi1-cM2cO2 or LiCo1-dM3dO2, where a is 0.9 or more, b is 0-1.5, M1 is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon and/or germanium, c and d are 0-0.5, M2 is iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon and/or germanium, and M3 is iron, nickel, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon and/or germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluororesin is ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene group copolymer and/or vinylidene fluoride group polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing film is formed of polyolefin-type resin, acrylic resin or silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the device, at least one of the first and second electrodes (106) has an active area to geometrical area ratio of 1.5 or more. The device is a two terminal device having only the first and second electrodes (106) as external terminals. The first and second electrodes (106) each have a geometrical area of 1 mu m2 or greater. The charge separation between the inclusions (110) is established by application of a voltage of 5V or more between the first and second electrodes (106). The volume averaged charge separation density of the device when the charge separation is present is 10-4 e-/nm3 or greater. The inclusions (110) are selected from the group consisting of: quantum well, quantum wire, quantum dot, and bulk material. The inclusions (110) are arranged according to size to provide a smooth work function gradient of the inclusions (110). The first of the inclusions (110) is surrounded by several others of the inclusions (110) each having a smaller size than the first inclusion. The first of the inclusions (110) is surrounded by several others of the inclusions (110) each having a larger size than the first inclusion. Some or all of the inclusions (110) are organized as functional layers disposed in or on the dielectric structure. The functional layers comprise different materials having different work functions, and where the functional layers are disposed to form a Fermi level gradient. The functional layers comprise a material having an electron affinity that is lower than an electron affinity of part or all of the dielectric structure. Two or more of the functional layers are arranged in a multi-layer stack and separated from each other by one or more barrier layers. The dielectric structure comprises two or more dielectric layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first layer includes silicon nitride. The first component includes an acidic nitride derivative or carbon particles. The second component includes water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first layer includes an organo-metallic compound comprising tetramethylsilane. The second component includes an alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is a polyolefin or an ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer having a melting point of 121-125 degrees C. At least layer (II) comprises polypropylene having a weight average molecular weight of 5x 105 and a melting point of 150 degrees C or more. Layers (I,III) each individually comprise 3-50 wt.% of ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer, and layer (II) comprises 40 wt.% or less of polypropylene. The ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer has a comonomer content of 1-5 mol%, where the comonomer is hexene or octene. Preferred Property: The membrane has a normalized air permeability of 700 seconds/100 cm3/20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The predetermined gas comprises carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and an organic gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxy group-modified polyvinyl pyrrolidone comprises N-vinylpyrrolidone and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode mixture layer contains a latex-system binder. The total content of the carboxymethylcellulose and the hydroxy group-modified polyvinyl pyrrolidone in the negative electrode mixture layer is 0.2-2 mass%. The content of the latex-system binder in the negative electrode mixture layer is 0.5-2 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises (I)-(III). The electrolyte essentially consists of (I)-(IV), where (I), (II), (III) and (IV) is present at 18-30 vol.%, 74-81.8 vol.%, 0.1-1 vol.%, and 0.1-1 vol.%, respectively. Preferred Components: The positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material, where the positive electrode active material contains a lithium composite oxide of formula (LiaMnxM1yM2zO2). The negative electrode includes at least one element of carbonaceous materials, oxides containing group IV elements, and nitrides containing group IV elements. The self-heat generating rate at 65 degrees C is 0.01 degrees C/minute or less when evaluated by an adiabatic calorimeter.M1 = Co and/or Ni;M2 = Co, Ni, Al, B, Fe, Mg and/or Cr;a = greater than 1 and less than 1.2;x = 0.2-0.6;y = 0.2-0.4;z = 0.05-0.4, where x+y+z = 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is ethylene carbonate. (II) is at least one of ethyl methyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. (III) is vinylene carbonate. (IV) is dimethacryl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The computer system has a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus connected to industry standard architecture (ISA) bus. The USB bus and USB controller are the components of the local PCI controller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electronically active material is oxide, nitride, carbide, borate, phosphate, sulfide and/or halide of transition metal and main group metal, preferably lithium-iron phosphate. The electronically active anode material is silicon, lithium-vanadium nitride (LixVN) lithium-aluminum silicon alloy (LixAlSin) and/or lithium-silicon-tin alloy (LixSiSnn), where x and n are not defined. The electronically active nanoparticles are coated with conductive layer containing carbon or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive polymer is polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and/or polythiophene. The binder is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The sacrificial nanoparticles are polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polystyrene and/or polyvinyl acetal. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of conductive polymer nanoparticles and electronically active nanoparticle is 5-400 nm, preferably 20-300 nm. The sacrificial nanoparticles have particle size of 300-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tetrafluoroethylene derivative is hexafluoropropylene, fluoro-1-butene, fluoro-1-amylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, fluoroethyl vinyl ether or fluoropropyl vinyl ether. The dispersing agent is alkyl ether containing melamine. The initiator is azodiisobutyronitrile or diphenyl diketone oxide. The sulfonating reagent is concentrated sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur dioxide or acetyl sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The sulfonic acid group-containing fluororesin has ion-exchange volume of 0.85-1.45 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The calcination step takes place at 400-1500 degrees C, preferably in oxygen free atmosphere. Preferred Components: The molar ratio of the semimetal or metal to carbon phase is 1:30-1:1. The carbon phase and (I) contains at least 80% of the electroactive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroactive material is obtained by polymerizing at least a monomeric compound of formula (M(R1O)(R2-Q)(XR1a)(Y1R2a)q) (II) in a non-aqueous polymerization medium, and calcination of the obtained polymer under at the same time under extensive or complete exclusion of oxygen. (II) is of formula (III).R1, R2 = Ar1-C(R3a,R4b)-; eitherR1a, R2a = 1-6C-alkyl, 3-6C-cycloalkyl, aryl or Ar2-C(R5a,R6b); andX, Y1 = O, S, NH or a chemical bond; orR1aR2b+X, R1aR2b+Y1 = a cyclic residue of formula (A1);Ar1, Ar2 = an aromatic or heteroaromatic optionally having 1 or 2 halo, CN, 1-6C-alkyl, 1-6C-alkoxy or phenyl;R3a, R4b, R5a, R6b = H, CH3, O or =CH2;R1O, R2Q = a cyclic residue (A1);A, A2 = a double bond condensed aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;m,q,n = 0-2;R, R1x = halo, CN, 1-6C-alkyl, 1-6C-alkoxy or phenyl;Q, Q1 = O, S or NH; and eitherR7a, R8b, R9a, R10b = H or CH3; orR7aR8b+R9a, R7aR8b+R10b = O. EXAMPLE - 2,2'-Spirobi(4H-1,3,2-benzodioxosilane) (65 g) was dissolved in trichloromethane (500 ml). The reaction container was inertized using nitrogen and polymerization was conducted by adding methane sulfonic acid (5 g) at 23 degrees C. The reaction mixture was reacted for 1 hour at 23 degrees C, filtered and dried at 50 degrees C to obtain a polymer. The obtained polymer was calcined at 600 degrees C for 2 hours under nitrogen to obtain the electroactive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The plating layer includes region (63 %mass or more, preferably 80 %mass or more) containing copper. The total thickness of copper region is 0.25-4 mu m. The plating layer has an iron-nickel or iron-copper-nickel layer having thickness of 0.2-1 mu m. The plating layer has a chromium layer (10-3500 mg/m2). The thickness of copper-nickel layer and nickel layer is 0.35-3 mu m and 0.2-4 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is nickel, copper, platinum, palladium, silver, zinc, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, iron, and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal source compound is metal hydroxide, metal hydroperoxide, organometallic compound, organometallic complex, and/or metallic compound having carbonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode catalyst is platinum. The catalyst support is carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The powder composition comprises a mixture of lithium carbonate, nickel oxide, manganese dioxide and cobalt oxide. The negative electrode is a lithium electrode, and the electrolyte is LiPF6 in a mixed solvent of diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material (3) is iron. The material (1) is chosen from silicon, tin, aluminum, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, germanium, lead, zinc, cadmium, indium, thallium and/or gallium. The material (2) is chosen from alloys, oxides, nitrides, borides, fluorides, phosphides and sulfides of silicon, aluminum, tin, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, germanium or lead, or magnesium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, lithium or zinc. The weight ratio of material (1) with respect to material (2) is 10-90:90-10. Preferred Component: The electrode active material has core (10) and carbon layer (20) in the weight ratio of 10-98:2-90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery Module: The positive plate and the negative plate are disposed face-to-face, the unit cells of each of the battery groups are arranged as a string, and the battery groups are parallel to each other between the positive plate and the negative plate. A positive connecting portion protrudes from one end of the positive plate, and a negative connecting portion protrudes from the other end of the negative plate, where the battery groups are disposed between the positive connecting portion and the negative connecting portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery Module: The conductive members are mounted on the side plates at an outer side of the casing to connect the battery cells. A front end section of the voltage detection conductor is connected to the conductive members, and another end section of the voltage detection conductor is provided with a current block device that blocks current from the battery cells. The voltage detection conductor is insert molded to the resin side plates in a state in which the voltage detection conductor is maintained in a predetermined shape with a resin material to be integrated with the side plates. Through-holes are formed on the side plates at positions corresponding to the battery cells, and the battery cells are mounted on the side plates with an adhesive member to seal the through-holes tightly. The battery module further comprises a metal cover member provided to cover an outside of the pair of side plates with respect to the casing, where the side plates comprise a contact prevention mechanism to prevent the cover member and the conductive members from contacting each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In making the fuel cell, the catalyst loading in the regions is varied to provide uniform current densities or temperatures for the regions during fuel cell operation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The device further comprises cell with greater than 1.5 volt upper operating potential or preferably greater than 2 volts. The device further comprises oxygen recombination, electrochemical cell or battery, capacitor, semi-fuel cell or fuel cell, and solvents of high galvanic stability.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution further comprises solvents of high galvanic stability comprising acids and bases and aqueous species based on protons or hydroxides, and hydrogen isotopes e.g. deuterium and tritium; co-solvents comprising organic liquids, inorganic liquids and ionic liquids; gel polymer, conductive solid, including solid state conductors or ionic conductive polymers; and ionic species comprising lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts and hydroxides; dimethylsulfoxide, deuterated dimethylsulfoxide and methyl cellosolve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inert melting agent is 0.1-100 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of lithium composite metal oxide raw material. The lithium composite metal oxide raw material is mixture of compound of lithium and/or compound of transition metal element. The compound of transition metal element contains iron. The compound of transition metal element further contains nickel, manganese and/or cobalt. The inert melting agent is carbonate of metal, preferably sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate. Preferred Condition: The baking is carried out at 200-1050 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery further has a separator having laminated film comprising heat-resistant porous layer and porous film. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, magnesium, titanium, calcium or copper, preferably magnesium;    z=0.02-0.07;and    d=0.001-0.005.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of average particle diameter carbon material (a) and average particle diameter of carbon material (b) is 0.7-1.3. The carbon material (a) has specific surface area of 0.5-8 m2/g, and average circularity of graphite particles in the carbon material (a) calculated by a flow-type particle analysis meter is 0.88 or more. The average circularity of graphite particles in the carbon material (b) calculated by a flow-type particle analysis meter is 0.88 or more. The pore capacity of carbon material (a) and carbon material (b) is 0.4 ml/g or more, measured by mercury intrusion method at wavelength of 10-100000 nm. The average particle diameter of carbon material (a) is 2-30 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon material (b) with respect to the total amount of carbon material (a) and carbon material (b) is 30-70 weight%. The carbon material (b) is a multilayered carbon material containing graphite carbon which covers spheroidized graphite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of average particle diameter carbon material (a) and average particle diameter of carbon material (b) is 0.7-1.3. The carbon material (a) has specific surface area of 0.5-8 m2/g, and average circularity of graphite particles in the carbon material (a) calculated by a flow-type particle analysis meter is 0.88 or more. The average circularity of graphite particles in the carbon material (b) calculated by a flow-type particle analysis meter is 0.88 or more. The pore capacity of carbon material (a) and carbon material (b) is 0.4 ml/g or more, measured by mercury intrusion method at wavelength of 10-100000 nm. The average particle diameter of carbon material (a) is 2-30 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon material (b) with respect to the total amount of carbon material (a) and carbon material (b) is 30-70 weight%. The carbon material (b) is a multilayered carbon material containing graphite carbon which covers spheroidized graphite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat conductive filler has electric insulation property and is chosen from magnesium oxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride or their composite. The filler contains particles with uniform particle size or particles with different particle size. The package comprises thermal conductive material containing 1-180 wt.% of binder resin and 350-2000 wt.% of heat conductive filler with particle size of 0.1-100 mu m dispersed uniformly in 100 wt.% of thermosetting resin binder. The thermal conductive material has thermal conductivity of 3.5 W/m.K and viscosity of 0.2-100 Pa.second. The thermosetting resin binder further contains hardener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin binder is epoxy resin with viscosity of 0.01-1 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide of element of group 6 is tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anion compound is chosen from 2,2-difluoro-(1,3,2)dioxaborolane-4,5-dione anion, 2,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-2,5-(1,3,2)dioxaphospholane-4,5-dione anion, 5,5-difluoro-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5,5-phospha-spiro(4.4)nonane-2,3,7,8-tetraone anion and 1,4,6,9,10,13-hexaoxa-5,6-phosphaspiro(4.45.45)tridecane-2,3,7,8,11,12-hexone anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: 50% Particle size distribution of positive electrode active material is more than that of the arithmetic mean value of 10% particle size distribution and 90% particle size distribution of positive electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfonic acid anhydride and sulfonate derivative is each 0.2-5 %mass. The content of dinitrile compound is 0.05-0.5 %mass. The nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises 0.3-5 %mass of vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high orientation or high strength high modulus nanofiber is para-aramid fiber, poly-p-phenylene benzobisoxazole fiber, aromatic polyester fiber, polyketone fiber, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber, meta-aramid fiber and/or polyvinylalcohol fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active substance is piperidine aqueous solution or obtained via dissolving piperidine into acid solution (1-6 M/L of sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid). The concentration of piperidine of piperidine aqueous solution or piperidine acid solution is 0.5-10 M/L. The carbon material is nanometer carbon tube, carbon black, carbon nanorod, or carbon nanowire. The anode of the cell (C1) is prepared by mixing polypyrrole modification carbon noble metal or polypyrrole modification carbon noble metal alloy catalyst, water, perfluorinated sulfonic resin (5 wt.%), absolute ethyl alcohol at mass ratio of 1:3:2-7:3-6 to prepare slurry, coating on carbon paper or carbon cloth via hydrophobic treatment, and naturally drying. The preparation of anode the cell (C1) includes mixing polypyrrole modification carbon noble metal or polypyrrole modification carbon noble metal alloy catalyst, water perfluorinated sulfonic resin (5 wt.%), absolute ethyl alcohol at mass ratio of 1:3:2-7:3-6 to prepare slurry, coating on carbon paper or carbon cloth via hydrophilic treatment, and naturally drying. Preferred Material: The cell (C1) comprises noble metal or noble metal alloy of formula AB'x as anode catalyst or cathode catalyst; and polypyrrole modification carbon material as carrier of anode catalyst or cathode catalyst.A=Pt, Pd, Au, Os or Ag;B'=Pt, Pd, Au, Os, Ag, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Mo, Sn or Cu; andx=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The synthetic resin-based binder is chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber. The synthetic fiber is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, wholly aromatic polyamide, wholly aromatic polyester, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole), polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid and polyacrylate. The separator further contains thermoplastic synthetic fiber, heat-resistant synthetic fiber and natural fiber. The thermoplastic synthetic fiber is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, wholly aromatic polyacrylate, polyethylene and polypropylene. The heat-resistant synthetic fiber is chosen from wholly aromatic polyamide, wholly aromatic polyester, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide and poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole). The content of thermoplastic synthetic fiber is 25-50 %mass. The content of heat-resistant synthetic fiber is 60-10 %mass. The content of natural fiber is 15-40 %mass. Preferred Properties: The synthetic fiber has diameter of 5 mu m or less and length of 100 mm or less. The thermoplastic synthetic fiber has diameter of 5 mu m or less and length of 10 mm or less. The natural fiber has diameter of 1 mu m or less and length of 3 mm or less. The separator has density of 0.2-0.7 g/cm3 and air permeability of 100 seconds/100 mL or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material (24) contains lithium cobaltate or lithium manganate. The collector of the negative electrode comprises copper, nickel, aluminum or titanium. The active material (B) contains lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-watertight adhesive layer containing catalyst is formed by thermally pressing the gauze coated with mixture of manganese powder, active carbon and polyurethane adhesive. The fixing lead screw is made of hard plastic material, nylon, bakelite, resin material and laminated fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of sulfonated polyether ether ketone film with respect to ionic liquid is 1:60-260.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal composite oxide is represented by LiMnxM1-xO2 having a hexagonal layered structure, where x is 0.3-0.6, and M is elements consisting of lithium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, cobalt and nickel, or represented by LiMnyN1-yO4 having a cubic spinel structure, where the y is 1.5-1.9 and N is elements consisting of lithium, magnesium, aluminum and nickel. The metal fluoride is aluminum fluoride (AlF3), nickel fluoride (NiF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2). The lithium phosphate compound is lithium orthophosphate, lithium metaphosphate and lithium polyphosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material is natural graphite or artificial graphite coated with amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The non-aqueous electrolyte battery comprises the Fe-containing phosphorus compound (1-80, preferably 2-60 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The Fe-containing phosphorus compound is of formula LidMnxFe1-xPO4. The titanium-containing metal oxide is at least one selected from monoclinic system titanium dioxide, Li4+x'Ti5O12 and Li2+x'Ti3O7.d=0-2.5;x=0-1;andx'=-1 to 3.Preferred Components: The titanium-containing metal oxide is at least one selected from lithium/titanium oxide having a spinel structure, lithium/titanium oxide having a rhamsdelite structure and titanium dioxide. The titanium-containing metal oxide is at least one selected from lithium/titanium oxide having a spinel structure, lithium/titanium oxide having a rhamsdelite structure and titanium dioxide. The titanium-containing metal oxide further contains lithium. The titanium-containing metal oxide is selected from lithium/titanium oxide having a spinel structure, lithium/titanium oxide having a rhamsdelite structure and titanium dioxide. The titanium dioxide is titanium dioxide having an anatase structure and/or monoclinic system titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a first solvent containing at least one selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone and a second solvent containing at least one selected from diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate, and lithium tetrafluoroborate dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: preparing a first solution by mixing lithium acetate dihydrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate in water; adding a M acetate to the first solution; adding the first solution to an aqueous solution of an acid to form a mixed solution; heating the mixed solution to obtain a gel; decomposing the gel; and calcining the gel. Preferred Components: In the material, a lithium intercalation potential is 4.7 V. The energy density of (I) is 1000 tungsten-hour/kg. Preferred Method: The mixed solution is heated at 75 degrees C for 8-16 hours. The gel is decomposed in air at 400 degrees C for 10 hours. The gel is calcined at 800 degrees C for 10 hours. EXAMPLE - Sol solutions were prepared from a mixture of lithium acetate dihydrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate in distilled water. Chromium acetate was added to the distilled water. The solution was then added dropwise to a continuously stirred aqueous solution of citric acid. The pH of the mixed solution was adjusted by adding ammonium hydroxide solution. The solution was then heated at 75 degrees C overnight. A transparent gel was obtained. The resulting gel precursors were decomposed at 400 degrees C for 10 hours in air and then calcined at 800 degrees C for 10 hours to give lithium chromium nickel oxide compound of formula (Li2CrxNi(0.5-x-y)Mn(1.5+y)O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silicon carbide comprises polymeric material such as polycarbosilane or polyvinyl silane. The solvent for dissolving polymeric material is cyclohexane, toluene, or benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel in the fuel side electrode is 50 mol% or less with respect to the total content of cobalt and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-sulfide generation amount of crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte material for 300 seconds is 0.23 cc/g or less, after processing at 25 degrees C and relative humidity of 40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter (d50) of positive electrode active material is more than arithmetic mean value of diameter (d10) and diameter (d90).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystal grains contain 40 area% or more of single particles, and 70 area% or more of primary particles having non-octahedron shape. The active material further contains bismuth compound and zirconium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel sheet further contains (in %mass) antimony (0.001-0.1), tin (0.001-0.1), nickel (0.1-5), chromium (0.2-5) and cobalt (0.1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer comprises platinum or platinum alloy, carbon-loaded platinum or carbon-loaded platinum alloy catalyst, redox shuttle and proton exchange layer. The mass ratio of catalyst, redox shuttle and proton exchange layer is 100:0.1-10:20-50. Preferred Properties: The reductive potential of the redox shuttle is 0.25-1.2 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox shuttle (0.6-7 wt.%) is micromolecular cell additive with reversible electrical chemical height and stable chemical property. The micromolecular cell additive comprises dianisidine and o-tolidine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The air diffusion layer is porous carbon part or carbon cloth having been lyophobic treated, where one side of lyophobic treated porous carbon part or carbon cloth is sub lyophobic layer comprising carbon black and PTFE particles. The proton exchange layer is made of proton exchange resins having proton exchange ability. The proton exchange resin is full fluorosulfonic acid having sulfonic acid groups comprising Nafion (RTM: perfluorosulfonic acid resin) or solution, or sulfonating thermal stabilization polymers.