TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The device (D1) further comprises an anode, an electroactive layer, and a cathode, where the buffer bilayer is positioned between the anode and the electroactive layer. In the device (D1), the electroactive layer is light-emitting.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second layer is discontinuous. The inorganic nanoparticles are semiconductive and the second layer is continuous. The nanoparticles are selected from zinc antimonites, indium tin oxide, oxygen-deficient molybdenum trioxide and/or vanadium pentoxide. The nanoparticles are selected from silicon oxides, titanium oxides, zirconium oxide, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, samarium oxide, yttrium oxide, cesium oxide, cupric oxide, stannic oxide, aluminum oxide and/or antimony oxide. The inorganic nanoparticles are selected from cadmium sulfide, copper sulfide, lead sulfide, mercury sulfide, indium sulfide, silver sulfide, cobalt sulfide, nickel sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, Ni/Cd sulfides, Co/Cd sulfides, Cd/In sulfides, and Pd-Co-Pd sulfides. The nanoparticles are surface-treated with a surface modifier. The surface modifier is selected from silanes, titanates, zirconates, aluminates, and polymeric dispersants. The surface modifier has crosslinking functionality.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive polymer is selected from polythiophenes, poly(selenophenes), poly(tellurophenes), polypyrroles, polyanilines, polycyclic aromatic polymers and/or copolymers. The electrically conductive polymer is selected from polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, poly(4-amino-indole), poly(7-amino-indole), polymeric fused polycyclic heteroaromatic and/or copolymers. The electrically conductive polymer is selected from unsubstituted polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethyleneoxythiathiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene), unsubstituted polypyrrole, poly(thieno(2,3-b)thiophene), poly(thieno(3,2-b)thiophene), and poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene). The non-highly-fluorinated acid polymer is non-fluorinated. The non-highly-fluorinated acid polymer is selected from polystyrenesulfonic acid, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), sulfonated polyacrylic acid, and sulfonated polymethacrylic acid. The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is at least 95% fluorinated. The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is selected from a sulfonic acid and a sulfonimide. The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is a perfluoroolefin having perfluoro-ether-sulfonic acid side chains. The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is selected from copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene and 2-(1,1-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid and a copolymer of ethylene and 2-(2-(1,2,2-trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid. The highly-fluorinated acid polymer is selected from a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid), and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3-oxa-4-pentenesulfonic acid). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.