TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: In the structure (S1), the first layer and the second layer form an aligned array of two-layer nanorods. Each of the two-layer nanorods is vertical relative to the substrate; where the array has a density of 8-12 nanorods/ mu m2, an average length (l) of 750-850 nm, and an average diameter on top (D) of 70-90 nm, the crystal structure of the TiO2 and the WO3 is amorphous, and the crystal structure of the TiO2 is anatase and the crystal structure of the WO3 is orthorhombic. Each of two-layer nanorods is tilted relative to the substrate; where the array has a density of 35-45 rods/ mu m2, an average length of 1.1-1.5 mu m, an average diameter (D) of 40-50 nm, and a tilting angle of about 53-57 degrees , the crystal structure of the TiO2 is anatase and the crystal structure of the WO3 is amorphous or orthorhombic. The surface density of the separated charges is maximized by maximizing the WO3-TiO2 interfacial area. In the structure (S1), the nanorod and the second layer is made of a material selected from WO3 and TiO2, and the first layer and the second layer form a core-shell nanorod array, where each core-shell nanorod includes a first layer core and a second layer shell disposed around the first layer core. The core-shell nanorod array has morphological parameters comprising a height of 1.5-1.7 mu m, base diameter of 25-35 nm, a diameter at the top of about 320-340 nm, and density of 7-11 rods/ mu m2. The first and second layers are TiO2 or WO3. In the structure (S2), the TiO2 nanorods have an anatase crystal structure, the angle is 75 degrees , the density of 25x 106 mm2. The substrate (S2) is indium tin oxide. In the structure (S3), the nanostructured ZnO thin film is a thin film with grain size features of 1-5 mu m; the nanostructured ZnO thin film is a thin film with a fishscale morphology, where each fishscale feature is 900x 450 nm; the nanostructured ZnO thin film is a nanoporous, interconnected network of spherical nanoparticles, where each nanoparticle is 15-40 nm in diameter. Preferred Method: In the method (M1), depositing involves depositing the first layer and the second layer using glancing angle deposition (GLAD), or oblique angle deposition (OAD). The TiO2 is deposited at a small angle of 0-30 degrees to cover the maximum surface area of the WO3 nanorods. The method (M1) further involves depositing the WO3 or TiO2 on the substrate at 0.2-0.6 nm/second with the substrate positioned at 50-89 degrees from the incident evaporation direction with an azimuthal rotation speed of 0.4-0.6 rev/s until the thickness reaches 5 mu m, measuring the height (h) and separation (d) of the WO3 or TiO2 nanorods, determining the TiO2 deposition angle according to the formula deposition angle=separation(d)/height (h), and depositing the TiO2 or WO3 respectively at the deposition angle at a rate of about 0.1-0.5 nm/second with a substrate azimuthal rotation speed of 0.4-0.6 rev/s until the thickness reaches 75 nm, where the height (h) is 1.5-1.7 mu m, the separation (d) is 135-165 nm, and the TiO2 or WO3 deposition angle is 10-12 degrees with respect to the incident vapor flux. The method (M1) further involves annealing the photocatalytic structure at 290-310 degrees C or 390-410 degrees C. In the method (M2), the annealing is conducted at 550 degrees C; the substrate is indium tin oxide; the forming includes forming TiO2 nanorods that have a length of 800-1100 nm and a width of 45-400 nm, where the density of the TiO2 nanorods is 2-65x 106 mm2 and where the nanorods are tilted from the substrate at an angle of 40-65 degrees from substrate normal. In the method (M3), the annealing is conducted at 550 degrees C; the angle is 86 degrees ; the forming ZnO nanorods produces a nanostructured ZnO thin film is a nanoporous, interconnected network of spherical nanoparticles, where each nanoparticle is 15-40 nm in diameter. Preferred Components: The light source is a white light source (preferably sun). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.