TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lignocellulose is cellulose, plant leaves, roots, seeds, corn stalks, straw, seed hulls, sugarcane leavings, Jatropha, switchgrass, nutshells, wood, sawdust, poplars, willows, switch grass, alfalfa, prairie bluestem, corn, and/or corn stover (preferred).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst comprises supported rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), nickel (Ni), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), unsupported Rh, Ru, Pd, Ni, Ir, Cr, Co, or their salts, and the acid is HI, HCl, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, and/or phosphotungstic acid. The metal catalyst is rhodium (III) chloride (RhCl3.xH2O), and the acid is HI and the pressure of hydrogen is 300 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method of manufacturing hydrocarbon fuels and oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels, the hydrogen is used at a pressure of 30-1000 psi, preferably 300 psi. In the method of manufacturing furan derivative liquid fuel, the hydrogen is used at 160 degrees C. Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material is a hexose and the pressure is 200-500 psi. The hexose is glucose, fructose (preferred), mannose, galactose, and/or sorbose. The fuel is an alkyl substituted tetrahydrofuran comprising 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran, and/or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The mixture further comprises an organic solvent or chlorobenzene. The carbonaceous material is glucose or cellulose, and the acid is hydriodic acid (HI). The catalyst is (RhCl3.xH2O), the acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl), the salt is sodium iodide, and the solvent is benzene. EXAMPLE - Fructose (1 mmol), hydriodic acid (1.5 mmol), rhodium (III) chloride (0.1 mmol), chlorobenzene (4 ml) were added to a glass reaction vial in open air to form a mixture. Then the vial was put into a bomb, flushed with hydrogen, and charged with 300 psi of hydrogen. The bomb was placed into an oil bath at 140 degrees C for 16 hours to react the mixture and to generate a reaction product that includes the furan derivatives. The resulted chlorobenzene layer that included the furan derivative was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry to contain 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran.