TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The transparent substrate comprises transparent plastic substrates, or a transparent glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive non-metal film comprises metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal oxides, or carbon compounds. The average thickness of the conductive non-metal film is 1-1000 nm. The metal nitrides comprise group IVB metal nitrides, group VB metal nitrides, group VIB metal nitrides, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, indium nitride, silicon nitride, or germanium nitride. The metal nitrides comprise titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, hafnium nitride, niobium nitride, tantalum nitride, vanadium nitride, chromium nitride, molybdenum nitride, tungsten nitride, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, indium nitride, silicon nitride, or germanium nitride. The metal carbides comprise titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, niobium carbide, tantalum carbide, vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tungsten carbide, aluminum carbide, gallium carbide, indium carbide, silicon carbide, or germanium carbide. The metal borides comprise group IVB metal borides, group VB metal borides, group VIB metal borides, aluminum boride, gallium boride, indium boride, silicon boride, or germanium boride. The metal borides comprise titanium boride, zirconium boride, hafnium boride, niobium boride, tantalum boride, vanadium boride, chromium boride, molybdenum boride, tungsten boride, aluminum boride, gallium boride, indium boride, silicon boride, or germanium boride. The metal oxides comprise tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, niobium-doped tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, hydrogen-doped zinc oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, yttrium-doped zinc oxide, titanium-doped zinc oxide, silicon-doped zinc oxide, tin-doped zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, cadmium oxide, a magnesium-zinc composite oxide, an indium-zinc composite oxide, a copper-aluminum composite oxide, silver oxide, gallium oxide, a zinc-tin composite oxide, titanium oxide, a zinc-indium-tin composite oxide, nickel oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, copper oxide, cobalt oxide, or tungsten oxide. The carbon compounds comprise activated carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, or graphene. The metal oxide nanoparticles comprise titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, or strontium-titanium composite oxide. The average particle diameter of the metal oxide nanoparticles is 1-500 nm. The electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of a redox derivative group consisting of iodine, bromine, cobalt, thiocyanate, or selenocyanate. The electrolyte comprises a gel containing inorganic particles comprising silica or titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photosensitive dye comprises organic-inorganic complex dye and an organic dye; or a mixture comprising aluminum, platinum, palladium, europium, lead, iridium, and/or ruthenium. The band gap energy of the photosensitive dye is 1.55-3.1 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive non-metal film comprises conductive polymers. The conductive polymers comprise poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), polyaniline-camphorsulfonic acid, pentacene, polyacetylene, poly(3-hexylthiophene), polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, poly(1-methoxy-4-(0-disperse red 1)-2,5-phenylene-vinylene), polyindole, polycarbazole, polypyridazin, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine, polypyrrole, and/or polysulfur nitride. The transparent substrate is manufactured by a polymer comprising polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide, tri-acetylcellulose, or polyether-sulfone. The transparent substrate is manufactured by a modified organic silicate having a 3-D network structure by a hydrolysis and condensation reaction of an organic metal alkoxide of methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, and propyltriethoxysilane. The electrolyte comprises a polymer gel comprising polyvinylidene-fluoride-co-polyhexafluoropropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, or polyalkylacrylate.