NOVELTY - A photovoltaic cell comprises three-dimensional electrode containing a conductive material selected from carbon, a carbon allotrope, or an organic polymer, and metal, metal alloy, intermetallic material, metallic glass, composite material, polymer, and/or biocompatible material; and at least one photoactive material; where the shape of the electrodes varies along the vertical axis.    USE - As a photovoltaic cell used in solar cell, solar panel (claimed) for converting solar energy into electricity.    ADVANTAGE - The photovoltaic cell provides energy conversion efficiency of at least 5 (preferably 50, especially 99)%; provides energy conversion at low scale; and provides the three-dimensional electrode that increases the surface contact areas (by 3 to 6 times) for thick photoactive layers without increasing the electrical resistance, and thus improving the energy conversion efficiency.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - A photovoltaic cell comprises three-dimensional electrode containing a conductive material selected from carbon, a carbon allotrope, or an organic polymer, and metal, metal alloy, intermetallic material, metallic glass, composite material, polymer, and/or biocompatible material; and at least one photoactive material; where the shape of the electrodes varies along the vertical axis. The electrodes comprise anodes and cathodes and the anodes are selectively coated with the conductive polymer. The anodes are coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS). The electromagnetic radiation passes through at least two of the clear layers and at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation is converted to energy. The electromagnetic radiation is visible light. The electrodes are manufactured using a conductive material that is subjected to a patterning process selected from stamping, extrusion, printing, lithography, and/or rolling. The electrode comprises graphite or glassy carbon. The photoactive material comprises crystalline silicone, cadmium telluride copper-indium selenide, copper indium/gallium diselenide, ruthenium metalorganic dye, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and/or phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for following:    (1) a three dimensional electrode comprising a conductive material selected from carbon, a carbon allotrope, or an organic polymer, and metal, metal alloy, intermetallic material, metallic glass, composite material, polymer, and/or biocompatible material and where the shape of the electrode varies along the vertical axis;    (2) an electroluminescent cell comprising three-dimensional diodes containing a conductive material, where the conductive material is selected from carbon, a carbon allotrope, or an organic polymer, and metal, metal alloy, intermetallic material, metallic glass, composite material, polymer, and/or biocompatible material; and a current source, where the shape of the diodes varies along the vertical axis, and where the electroluminescent cell provides energy conversion efficiency of at least 10%;    (3) a three dimensional diode comprising a conductive material selected from carbon, a carbon allotrope, or an organic polymer, and metal, metal alloy, intermetallic material, metallic glass, composite material, polymer, and/or biocompatible material and where the shape of the diode varies along the vertical axis.