TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Microbial Fuel Cell: At least one cathode is contained within a cathodic chamber; and where the at least one anode is contained within an anodic chamber. The microbial fuel cell further comprises a barrier between the anodic chamber and the cathodic chamber, the barrier adapted to restrict the direct transfer of electrons between the at least one anode and the at least one cathode. The biofilm is exposed to a feedstock capable of being metabolized by the biofilm. The biofilm is exposed to a feedstock comprising one or more of sewage, fertilizer run-off, waste-water, animal waste, gaseous material, and/or a greenhouse gas. At least one anode is detachably coupled to the at least one cathode. The electrically conductive material comprises a porous material, where the porous material comprises at least one of metal, stainless steel, carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon cloth, carbon paper, platinum, graphite, graphite rods, graphite felts, graphite foams, graphite pellets, reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) 97% porous, synthetic diamond, gold and/or aluminum. The electrically conductive material comprises a nanomaterial. At least one anode comprises anodes operably coupled together. At least one anode comprises at least one of a planar shape, a cylindrical shape, a layered spiral cylindrical shape, a curved shape, an angled shape and a geometrical shape. At least one anode comprises a sheet, sheets, a wire mesh structure, a porous tube and/or a matrix structure. The microbial fuel cell further comprises a first electrode operably coupled to the at least one anode, the first electrode further operably coupled to a load; a second electrode operably coupled to the load, the second electrode further operably coupled to the at least one cathode. The load comprises at least one of a light emitting device, a machine, a display, an electrical appliance, and/or a battery charger. The microbial fuel cell further comprises an ultracapacitor operably coupled to the at least one anode, the ultracapacitor adapted to store at least a portion of the electrons. At least one anode comprises electrically conductive sheets oriented substantially parallel to each of the other electrically conductive sheets. A microbial fuel cell comprises a cathode; an anode in electrical communication with the cathode, the anode having a bacterial biofilm at least partially coupled to it, the bacterial biofilm adapted to metabolize a feedstock to generate at least electrons and hydrogen; a hydrogen capture module to capture the hydrogen generated by the bacterial biofilm's metabolizing of the feedstock; and an electron capture module to capture the electrons generated by the bacterial biofilm's metabolizing of the feedstock. The anode comprises at least one of metal, stainless steel, carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon cloth, carbon paper, platinum, graphite, graphite rods, graphite felts, graphite foams, graphite pellets, RVC 97% porous, synthetic diamond, gold and/or aluminum. The anode comprises a sheet, sheets, a wire mesh structure, a porous tube and/or a matrix structure. A microbial fuel cell comprises an anodic chamber comprising: anodes comprising an electrically conductive material; a biofilm comprising bacterial cells adapted to facilitate transfer of electrons to the anodes, the biofilm covering at least a portion of the anodes; a feedstock at least partially in contact with the biofilm; and an anodic electrode operably coupled with at least one of the anodes, the anodic electrode further operably coupled to a load located outside of the anodic chamber; a cathodic chamber comprising: at least one cathode; and a cathodic electrode operably coupled with the at least one cathode, the cathodic electrode further operably coupled to the load; and an ionomer barrier separating the anodic chamber and the cathodic chamber.