TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves removing at least one of non-cellulosic material, non-fibrous cellulosic material, and non-degradable cellulosic material from the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture prior to contacting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture with the enzyme composition; refining solid material in the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture prior to contacting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture with the enzyme composition to reduce the solid material in size; subjecting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture to oxygen delignification and refining solid material in the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture prior to contacting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture with the enzyme composition; and dehydrating the alcohol to remove residual water. In the process (P1), contacting the lignocellulosic biomass with an alkaline composition involves providing a charge containing total titratable alkali (TTA) (4-25, preferably 12-20, especially 16)%. Contacting the lignocellulosic biomass with the alkaline composition takes place at 100-220 (preferably 160-170) degrees C. Contacting the lignocellulosic biomass with the alkaline composition takes place for 0.25-4 hours. Contacting the lignocellulosic biomass with the alkaline composition takes place in a carbon steel pressure vessel. The removing step involves washing the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture to remove dissolved substances (where the dissolved substances are selected from lignin, degraded cellulose compounds and/or alkaline chemical compounds); and subjecting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture to oxygen delignification prior to contacting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture with the enzyme composition. The lignin is collected and used as an energy source. The lignin is used as an energy source to provide heat during a distillation or other step during the production of alcohol. The alkaline chemical compounds are recycled. The refining provides bundles of cellulose fibers, single cellulose fibers and/or fragments of single cellulose fibers. The refining is performed using a mechanical refiner. When the lignocellulosic biomass comprises hardwood chips or softwood chips, and then contacting the lignocellulosic biomass with the alkaline composition provides a pretreated lignocellosic mixture containing cellulosic material (80%) from the lignocellulosic biomass present as undissolved cellulosic fibers or fragments. The pretreated lignocellulosic mixture comprises residual lignin (17-24%). The enzyme composition comprises pretreated lignocellulosic material 5-40 filter-paper units (FPU) per gram (preferably 20-40 FPU per gram. The cellulosic material from the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture is contacted with the enzyme composition for 6-96 (preferably 40-96) hours. Contacting the pretreated lignocellulosic mixture provides a fermentable sugar mixture containing a combined glucan and xylan yield of 50-90% based on total cellulosic material originally present in the lignocellulosic biomass. Fermenting involves contacting the fermentable sugar mixture with a microorganism to provide an alcohol mixture and distilling the alcohol mixture to provide the alcohol (where the microorganism is yeast). Preferred Composition: The alkaline composition has a sulfidity of 5-50 (preferably 25)%. The alkaline composition has a pH of 8-9.5. The composition comprises alcohol (i.e. ethanol ( greater than or equal to 95%)). The composition (C1) comprises a fuel mixture comprising ethanol and gasoline. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.