TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cell is a lithium metal-sulfur cell, or a lithium ion-sulfur cell. The cell is a lithium metal-sulfur cell containing a nano-structured anode, comprises an integrated structure of electrically conductive nanometer-scaled filaments that are interconnected to form a porous network of electron-conducting paths comprising interconnected pores, and an anode active material bonded to or in physical contact with the integrated structure, where the filaments have a transverse dimension less than 500 nm, and the nano-structured anode provides a sufficient amount of nanofilament surface areas to support lithium metal when the cell is in a charged state. The cell is at a discharged state when the cell is made. The cathode comprises sulfur, sulfur-containing molecule, sulfur-containing compound and/or sulfur-carbon polymer, when the cell is in a charged state. The cell provides a reversible specific capacity of no less than 400 (preferably no less than 600) mAh per gram of the total cell weight. The cell provides a specific energy of no less than 800 Wh/Kg, preferably no less than 1000 Wh/Kg, based on the total cell weight. The cathode comprises (a) as above per se, and (b1) a cathode active material comprising sulfur, sulfur-containing molecule, sulfur-containing compound, or sulfur-carbon polymer disposed in the pores, where the cathode active material is in contact with the electrolyte, and the cathode active material-to-filament weight ratio is 1/10-10/1 which is measured when the cell is in a fully discharged state. Preferred Process: The step (iii) of electro-chemically converting comprises immersing the coated nano-structure as a first electrode in an electrolyte, immersing a lithium metal or lithium-containing conductor as a second electrode in the electrolyte and imposing a current onto the first and second electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing sulfide powder contains nano-scaled lithium sulfide particles disposed in the pores. The lithium-containing sulfide powder is dispersed or dissolved in a liquid electrolyte disposed in the pores. The lithium-containing sulfide powder, salt, or coating contains lithium sulfide. The electrolyte is solid-state electrolytes consisting of solid ionic conductors based on a lithium compound of formula (LiM2(PO4)3) structure, and/or glass-ceramic solid electrolytes.M = (Li1+xAlxGe2-xPO4)3; andx = 0.1-0.9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filaments comprise an electrically conductive material consisting of electro-spun nano fibers, vapor grown carbon or graphite nano fibers, carbon or graphite whiskers, carbon nano-tubes, carbon nanowires, nano graphene platelets and/or metal nano wires. The filaments have a transverse dimension smaller than 100 nm. The pores have a size smaller than 10 nm, preferably smaller than 5 nm. The filaments comprise a fiber consisting of an electrically conductive electro-spun polymer fiber, electrospun polymer nanocomposite fiber comprising conductive filler, nano carbon fiber obtained from carbonization of an electro-spun polymer fiber and/or electro-spun pitch fiber. The filaments comprise nano graphene platelets with a thickness less than 10 nm. The nanofilaments are bonded by a binder material comprising a resin, a conductive polymer, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, meso-phase pitch, coke or their derivative. The electrolyte is polymer electrolyte, polymer gel electrolyte, solid-state electrolyte, composite electrolyte, ionic liquid electrolyte, non-aqueous liquid electrolyte and/or soft matter phase electrolyte. The filaments comprise a nano graphene platelet containing nanoscale carbon nodules or bumps adhered to a surface of the graphene platelet.