TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The active layer comprises a first active part disposed on the first electrode, and a second active part disposed on the second electrode, where the self-assembled monolayer is interposed between the first electrode and the first active part, interposed between the first active part and the second active part, or interposed between the second active part and the second electrode. The first active part and/or the second active part comprise(s) a fine pattern. The active layer includes an electron donor and an electron acceptor. The active layer further comprises nanostructure, and the nanostructure contacts the first electrode or the second electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first compound is a hydrocarbon compound of formula (-A1-B1-X1) (I), and the second compound is a hydrocarbon compound of formula (-A1-B2-X2) (II).A1, A2 = a thiol derivative, an alcohol derivative, an alkoxysilane derivative, a halosilane derivative and/or a carboxylic acid derivative;B1, B2 = 1-30C alkylene, 1-30C alkenylene, 1-30C alkynylene, and/or their derivative (all optionally substituted), or a single bond;X1 = 1-30C alkyl, 2-30C alkenyl, 2-30C alkynyl, 3-30C cycloalkyl, 3-30C cycloalkenyl, 5-30C cycloalkynyl, 1-30C alkoxy, 1-30C carbonyl, 1-30C carboxyl, 2-30C (meth)acrylate, 2-30C epoxy, 6-30C aromatic group, 3-30C heterocyclic group (all optionally substituted), H, a thiol, a hydroxy, an amine, a nitro, a cyano, a halo, and/or their derivatives, preferably n-octyl, acetoxy, acetyl, acryloxyethoxy, acryloxy, allylamino, allyl, allyloxy, amino, gamma -aminopropyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, carbomethoxy, cyano, cyclopentadienyl, cyclopentyl, glycidoxy, methacryloxy, imidazole, methoxyphenyl, methylamino, methylpropenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, phenoxy, phenylacetoxy, phenylamino, pyridine, pyrrole, tolyl, thiol, vinyl, F, CF3, pentafluoroethyl, tridecafluorohexyl, heptadecafluorooctyl, heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl, Cl, Br, bromophenyl, bromovinyl, iodine, -NH2-, -OCH3, -CH3 and/or their derivatives; andX2 = 1-30C alkyl, 2-30C alkenyl, 2-30C alkynyl, 3-30C cycloalkyl, 3-30C cycloalkenyl, 5-30C cycloalkynyl, 1-30C alkoxy, 1-30C carbonyl, 1-30C carboxyl, 2-30C (meth)acrylate, 2-30C epoxy, 6-30C aromatic group, 3-30C heterocyclic group (all optionally substituted), H, a thiol, a hydroxy, an amine, a nitro, a cyano, a halo, and/or their derivatives, preferably n-octyl, acetoxy, acetyl, acryloxyethoxy, acryloxy, allylamino, allyl, allyloxy, amino, gamma -aminopropyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, carbomethoxy, cyano, cyclopentadienyl, cyclopentyl, glycidoxy, methacryloxy, imidazole, methoxyphenyl, methylamino, methylpropenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, phenoxy, phenylacetoxy, phenylamino, pyridine, pyrrole, tolyl, thiol, vinyl, fluoro, CF3, pentafluoroethyl, tridecafluorohexyl, heptadecafluorooctyl, heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl, Cl, Br, bromophenyl, bromovinyl, I, -NO2, -CN, -F, -Br, -SH and/or their derivatives.