TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves removing the gas permeable layer from the solid material; applying a second electrode to at least a portion of a surface of the solid material after removing the gas permeable layer from the solid material, where the second electrode comprises aluminum and lithium fluoride; applying heat to the solid material to modify crystal morphology of the solid material; and adjusting a thickness of the liquid precursor disposed between the gas permeable layer and the first electrode by changing the amount of the organic electron donor material, the organic electron acceptor material, or the carrier in the liquid precursor or by changing the pressure in the applying step. In the method (M1), the disposing step and the applying step are performed using a roll-to-roll process. The method (M1) further involves adjusting the thickness of the liquid precursor disposed between the first and second layers by changing the carrier concentration, applied pressure, and/or rolling speed, where the liquid precursor is disposed directly onto the first electrode without any buffer layer between them. The method (M2) further involves removing the second gas permeable stamp from the second solid material after the applying of pressure to leave a second patterned surface in the second solid material formed by the second pattern; applying a second electrode over at least a portion of the second patterned surface of the second solid material, where a surface topography defined by the second solid material and the second electrode together perform the function of light trapping; removing the second gas permeable stamp from the second solid material and applying a second electrode to at least a portion of the surface of the second solid material after removing the gas permeable layer from the second solid material; and applying heat to the second solid material to modify crystal morphology of the second solid material. Preferred Components: The gas permeable layer has a surface energy greater than a surface energy of the surrounding environment. The interpenetrating network domains of the electron donor material and the electron acceptor material are uniform in the direction normal to the substrate surface. The interpenetrating network domains of the electron donor material and the electron acceptor material have a preferred orientation normal to a major surface of the first electrode. The first electrode comprises a transparent conductive electrode (TCE). The TCE comprises an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode; a transparent metal electrode (TME) comprising a metallic nanograting; or an interconnected random network of metallic nanowires. The metallic nanograting comprises silver nanowires. The organic electron donor material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the organic electron acceptor material comprises (6,6)-phenyl C(61) butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The nanoscale pattern comprises projections or voids. The nanoscale pattern comprises voids and the patterned surface of the first solid material comprises nanopillars. The first carrier and the second carrier are distinct from one another. The second gas permeable stamp further comprises a second pattern that contacts the second liquid precursor. The second electrode comprises aluminum and lithium fluoride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.