TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: In the composition, the graphene includes from about 100 to about 60000 conjugated atoms. The graphene has a ribbon structure having a monolayer thickness, a ribbon length, and a ribbon width, where the ribbon length is from about 2 nanometers to about 2 centimeters and the ribbon width is from about 0.5 nanometers to about 5 nanometers. The graphene includes from about 100 to about 600 conjugated atoms. Graphene has a sheet structure having a monolayer thickness, a sheet length, and a sheet width, where the sheet length is between about 1 nanometer and about 4 nanometers and the sheet width is from about 0.5 nanometers to about 5 nanometers. The sheet width and the sheet length provide a sheet area of 3 square nanometers to about 20 square nanometers. The conjugated atoms include: (a) covalently-linked carbon atoms; and (b) a system of p-orbitals populated with delocalized electrons, where the system of p-orbitals overlap with one another across an intervening sigma bond to bridge the sigma bond, and the delocalized electrons are associated collectively to the graphene. Encapsulating means includes a steric hindering group covalently bound to the graphene. The first solubilizing group includes a steric hindering group. The steric hindering group includes a branching component and a bulking component. The steric hindering group includes one branching group and three bulking groups. Branching component and the bulking component are independently selected from an alkyl, alicenyl, alkynyl, cycloallcyl, heteroallcyl, or cycloheteroallcyl, each of which is optionally substituted. The bulking component is derived from a natural plant oil, a natural animal oil, a semi-synthetic oil, a silicone oil, an ester oil, a higher alcohol, a dendrimer, or a hydrocarbon oil. First binding group is a chemical functional group having an attraction to an inorganic so lid. First binding group is a chemical functional group having an attraction to titanium dioxide. The first binding group is a carbonyl or its derivative, a carboxylate or its derivative, a sulfonyl or its derivative, a phosphinyl or its derivative, a phosphonyl or its derivative, a phosphate or its derivative, or an arsenate or its derivative. The polycyclic aromatic group has a molecular weight of from about 1200 g/mole to about 7200 g/mole. The composition has a solubility maximum in a non-polar solvent of from about 10 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml; or the composition has a solubility maximum in a non-polar solvent of from about 20 mg/ml to about 70 mg/ml. It has a solubility maximum in a non-polar solvent of from about 25 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml. The non-polar solvent is chloroform, toluene, or tetrahydrofuran. The composition has an absorption spectrum having an absorption peak from about 350 nm to about 3000 nm associated with highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) electronic transition. Preferred Device: In the photovoltaic device, the composition is contacting an inorganic substrate. The inorganic substrate is titanium dioxide. The inorganic substrate has a surface that can be approximated as a plane at nanoscale dimensions and the polycyclic aromatic group has a sheet-like structure, and where the composition is oriented on the inorganic substrate in a manner so that the sheet-like structure is non-parallel to the inorganic substrate planar surface. Preferred Assembly: In the nanostructure assembly, the solubilizing group solubilizes and prevents aggregation of the graphene dots extending from the edge in three directions, where the third direction is away from the graphene sheet structure. The graphene quantum dots further comprising a binding group covalently bound to the edge of the sheet structure. Binding group interacts with the inorganic substrate to cause the quantum dots to orient on the inorganic substrate so that the edge of the graphene quantum dot is in contact with inorganic surface, the first face and the second face oriented non-parallel to the inorganic surface. The solubilizing group directs the population of quantum dots on the inorganic substrate to align so that the sheets are predominantly parallel. Solubilizing group directs the population of quantum dots on the inorganic substrate to not form an organized pattern. Preferred Method: In producing soluble graphene quantum dot, the soluble graphene quantum dot comprises the composition. Preferred Definitions:    (R)n=independently selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, or cycloheteroallcyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and    (A)m=independently selected from a carbonyl or its derivatives, a carboxylate or its derivatives, a sulfonyl or its derivative, a phosphinyl or its derivative, a phosphonyl or its derivative, a phosphate or its derivative, or an arsenate or its derivative.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.