TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In (I), the arc heater is a plasma gun configured to emit an excited argon species to cause thermal transfer to a portion of the melted material, where the arc heater is configured with a thermal transfer device to cause cooling of the arc heater. In (I), the arc heater: is capable of being ignited by a source; and comprises a power rating of greater than or equal to 20 kWatt and is capable of being pulsed according to a duty cycle. In (I): the muzzle region has a maximum dimension of 0.5-2 cm; the maximum temperature profile is greater than 3000 degrees to cause removal of phosphorus entities from the melted material; the melted material comprises convective flow caused by a temperature gradient formed by at least the maximum temperature profile, where the convective flow causes a mixing within the melted material; and the crucible is subjected to an argon containing cover gas to maintain the melted material within the crucible, where the cover gas is suitable to maintain the melted material free from oxidation. (I) further comprises: a carrier gas configured to cause a portion of evaporated melted material to return to the melted material; many surface regions configured to cause a portion of a phosphorus species to be exhausted while returning a portion of silicon species into the melted material; and many fin regions configured to cause a portion of the phosphorus species to be exhausted while returning a portion of the silicon species into the melted material, where the melted material comprises a silicon material and a phosphorus species, where the resulting phosphorus species are of less than or equal to 0.1 ppm. In (II): the argon gas comprises a flow rate suitable to form the dimple region comprising many recessed regions, each of which is separated by an elevated region; the nozzle region is coupled to an argon gas source, where the nozzle region comprises a ceramic material; the argon gas source is operable independent from the arc tube, where the melted material has a viscosity of 0.7 Pascal-second, and the argon gas source is greater than or equal to 99.99% pure; the dimple region provides an increased surface region for a plume to interact with the melted material, where the dimple region has a depth of greater than or equal to at least 1 cm; and the increased surface region is at least three times greater than a surface region without the dimple region. In (II), the increased surface region is at least 5 times greater than a surface region without the dimple region, where the melted material has a turbulent flow, and the arc heater is configured to subject a selected portion of the exposed region of the melted material.