TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a material comprising conductors, semiconductors, insulators, metals, metal oxides, organic polymers, and its composites. The bond to the surface attachment group is a covalent bond. The benzazoloporphyrazine is a member of a sandwich coordination compound, where the coordination compound comprises double-decker sandwich coordination compounds and triple-decker sandwich coordination compounds. The sandwich coordination compounds comprise heteroleptic sandwich coordination compounds and homoleptic sandwich coordination compounds. The benzazoloporphyrazine is a member of a polymer of at least two linked benzazoloporphyrazines, with each of the benzazoloporphyrazines linked to an adjacent benzazoloporphyrazine by a bond through a linker having a bond to the 2 position of an azolo group. The benzazoloporphyrazine comprises benzimidazoporphyrazines, benzoxazoporphyrazines, benzthiazoporphyrazines, and benzselenozoporphyrazines. The benzazoloporphyrazine compound has at least one substituent R. The benzazoloporphyrazine is 2-R-5,6-benzimidazoporphyrazines, trans-bis(2-R-5,6-benzimidazo)porphyrazines, tribenzo(2-R-5,6-benzimidazo)porphyrazines, trans-dibenzo-bis(2-R-5,6-benzimidazo)porphyrazines, tetrakis(2-R-5,6-benzimidazo)porphyrazines, 2-R-5,6-benzoxazoporphyrazines, trans-bis(2-R-5,6-benzoxazo)porphyrazines, tribenzo(2-R-5,6-benzoxazo)porphyrazines, trans-dibenzo-bis(2-R-5,6-benzoxazo)porphyrazines, tetrakis(2-R-5,6-benzoxazo)porphyrazines, 2-R-5,6-benzthiazoporphyrazines, trans-bis(2-R-5,6-benzthiazo)porphyrazines, tribenzo(2-R-5,6-benzthiazo)porphyrazines, trans-dibenzo-bis(2-R-5,6-benzthiazo)porphyrazines, tetrakis(2-R-5,6-benzthiazo)porphyrazines, 2-R-5,6-benzselenozoporphyrazines, trans-bis(2-R-5,6-benzselenozo)porphyrazines, tribenzo(2-R-5,6-benzselenozo)porphyrazines, trans-dibenzo-bis(2-R-5,6-benzselenozo)porphyrazines, tetrakis(2-R-5,6-benzselenozo)porphyrazines, trans-bis-(2-R-benzazolo)porphyrazines, 2-R-benzazoloporphyrazines, or tetrakis(2-R-benzazolo)porphyrazines.R = a surface attachment group comprising iodo, bromo, chloro, cyano, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, mercapto, selenyl, telluro, S-acetylthio, Se-acetylseleno, and Te-acetyltelluro or cross coupling group comprising halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, and amine cross-coupling groups (each of which is directly coupled to the compound or coupled to the compound by a linker group), where R is not H or (CH2)n CH3; andn = 0-7