TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Ga source comprises at least one of a dissolved Ga metal and a dissolved Ga salt, where the Ga salt is Ga-chloride, Ga-sulfate, Ga-sulfamate, Ga-acetate, Ga-carbonate, Ga-nitrate, Ga-perchlorate, Ga-phosphate, Ga-oxide or Ga-hydroxide. The pH adjustment agent comprises at least one of an acid, an alkali metal salt of the acid, and an alkali earth metal salt of the acid, where the acid is sulfamic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, boric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, arsenic acid, benzoic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or amino acids, where the alkali metal salt is a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a rubidium salt or a cesium salt, and the alkali earth metal salt is a beryllium salt, a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, a strontium salt or a barium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: depositing an indium layer over the Ga layer; and reacting the copper, gallium, and indium layers in presence of at least one of selenium and sulfur to form a copper indium gallium selenide (sulfide) (CIGS(S)) solar cell absorber. In the method, a volume ratio of the organic solvent to water is 0.05-99. The potential difference between the anode and the conductive layer is established in a pulsing manner. The conductive surface is a copper layer formed over a base layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrodeposition solution further comprises: a pH adjustment agent, where the solution has a pH value of 0-7; and an organic additive consisting of surfactants, suppressors, levelers or accelerators. Preferred Components: A volume ratio of the organic solvent to water is 0.1-10. The organic solvent comprises a monohydroxyl alcohol. The monohydroxyl alcohol comprises at least one of methanol, a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol and a tertiary alcohol, where the primary alcohol is ethanol, 1-propanol, isobutanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol or 1-heptanol, the secondary alcohol is isopropyl alcohol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol or 2-hexanol, and the tertiary alcohol is tert-butanol or tert-amyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.