TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: At least one of the following conditions occurs: (a) atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst is formed by a reaction of the reaction mixture; (b) one reactant that by virtue of it undergoing a reaction causes the catalysis to be active; and (c) the reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprises a reaction selected from from: (i) exothermic reactions; (ii) coupled reactions; (iii) free radical reactions; (iv) oxidation-reduction reactions; (v) exchange reactions, and (vi) getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalysis reactions. At least one of (a) different reactants or (b) the same reactants under different states or conditions are provided in different cell compartments that are connected by separate conduits for electrons and ions to complete an electrical circuit between the compartments. At least one of an internal mass flow and an external electron flow provides at least one of the following conditions to occur: (a) formation of the reaction mixture that reacts to produce hydrinos; and (b) formation of the conditions that permit the hydrino reaction to occur at substantial rates. The reactants to form hydrinos are al least one of thermally or electrolytically regenerative. At least one of electrical and thermal energy output is over that required to regenerate the reactants from the products. Preferred Components: The source of the O species comprises at least one compound or admixture of compounds comprising O, O2, air, oxides, nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), alkali metal oxides, lithium oxide (Li2O), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O), alkaline earth metal oxides, magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), and barium oxide (BaO), oxides from Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, and W, peroxides, alkali metal peroxides, superoxide, alkali or alkaline earth metal superoxides, hydroxides, alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal, inner transition metal, and Group III, IV, or V, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, AlO(OH), ScO(OH), YO(OH), VO(OH), CrO(OH), MnO(OH) ( alpha -MnO(OH) groutite and gamma -MnO(OH) manganite), FeO(OH), CoO(OH), NiO(OH), RhO(OH), GaO(OH), InO(OH), Ni1/2Co/2O(OH), and Ni/3Co/3Mn/3O(OH). The source of the H species comprises al least one compound or admixture of compounds comprising H, a metal hydride, LaNi5H6, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, H2, a source of H2, H2 and a hydrogen permeable membrane, Ni(H2), V(H2), Ti(H2), Nb(H2), Pd(H2), PdAg(H2), and Fe(H2). The electrochemical power system comprises a hydrogen anode; a molten salt electrolyte comprising a hydroxide, and at least one of O2 and H2O cathode. Hydrogen anode comprises a hydrogen permeable electrode. The electrochemical power system comprises a hydrogen source; a hydrogen anode capable of forming at least one of OH, OH-, and H2Ocatalyst, and providing H; a source of at least one of O2 and H2O; a cathode capable of reducing at least one of H2O or O2; an alkaline electrolyte; an optional system capable of collection and recirculation of at least one of H2O vapor, N2, and O2, and a system to collect and recirculate H2. It comprises an anode comprising at least one of: (a) a metal selected from V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sn, In, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo. Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, and W; (b) a metal hydride selected from R-Ni, LaNi5H6, La2CoNi9H6, ZrCr2H3.8, LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.75, ZrMn0.5Cr0.2V0.1N1.2; (c) other alloys capable of storing hydrogen selected from AB5 (LaCePrNdNiCoMnAl) or AB2 (VTiZrNiCrCoMnAlSn) type, where the AB designation refers to the ratio of the A type elements (LaCePrNd or TiZr) to that of the B type elements (VNiCrCoMnAlSn), AB2-type, MmNi3.2Co1.0Mn0.6Al0.11Mo0.09 (Mm=misch metal: 25 wt.% La, 50 wt.% Ce, 7 wt.% Pr, 18 wt.% Nd), AB2-type: Ti0.51Zr0.49V0.70Ni1.18Cr0.12 alloys, magnesium-based alloys, Mg1.9A0.1Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1 alloy, Mg0.72Sc0.28 (Pd0/012 + Rh0.012), and Mg80Ti20, Mg80V20, La0.8Nd0.2Ni2.4Co2.5Sio0.1, LaNi5-xMx (M=Mn, Al), (M=Al, Si, Cu), (M= Sn), (M=Al, Mn. Cu) and LaNi4Co, MmNi3.55Mn0.44Al0.3Co0.75, LaNi3.55Mno044Al0.3Co0.75, MgCu2, MgZn2, MgNi2, AB compounds, TiFe, TiCo, and TiNi, ABn compounds (n=5, 2, or 1), AB3-4 compounds, ABx (A=La, Ce, Mn, Mg; B=Ni, Mn, Co, Al), ZrFe2, Zr0.5Cs0.5Fe2, Zr0.8Sc0.2Fe2, YNi5, LaNi5, LaNi4.5Co0.5, (Ce, La, Nd, Pr)Ni5, Mischmetal-nickel alloy, Ti0.98Zr0.02V0.43Fe0.09Cr0.05Mn1.5, La2CoNi9, and TiMn2; a separator; an aqueous alkaline electrolyte; at least one of O2 and H2O reduction cathode, and at least one of air and O2. The electrochemical power system also comprises an electrolysis system that intermittently charges and discharges the cell such that there is a gain in the net energy balance. It comprises: (a) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising a hydrogen permeable metal and hydrogen gas selected from Ni(H2), V(H2), Ti(H2), Fe(H2), Nb(H2) or a metal hydride selected from LaNi5H6, TiMn2Hx and La2Ni9CoH6 (x is an integer); (ii) a molten electrolyte selected from MOH or (OH)2, or MOH or M(OH)2 with M'X or M'X2 where M and M' are independently selected from Li, Na, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and X is selected from hydroxides, halides, sulfates, and carbonates, and (a) (iii) a cathode comprising the metal that is the same as that of the anode and further comprising air or O2; (b) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising at least one metal selected from R-Ni, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, In, and Pb; (ii) an electrolyte comprising an aqueous alkali hydroxide having the concentration range of about 10 M to saturated: (iii) an olefin separator, and (iv) a carbon cathode and further comprising air or O2; (c) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising molten NaOH and Ni as a hydrogen permeable membrane and hydrogen gas; (ii) an electrolyte comprising beta alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), and (iii) a cathode comprising molten as NaCl-MgCl2, NaCl-CaCl2, or MX-M'X2' (M is alkali, M' is alkaline earth, and X and X' are halide); (d) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising molten Na; (ii) an electrolyte comprising BASE, and (iii) a cathode comprising molten NaOH; (e) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising LaNi5H6; (ii) an electrolyte comprising an aqueous alkali hydroxide having the concentration range of about 10 M to saturated; (iii) an olefin separator, and (iv) a carbon cathode and further comprising air or O2; (f) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising Li; (ii) an olefin separator; (ii) an electrolyte comprising LP30 and LiPF6, and (iv) a cathode comprising CoO(OH); (g) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising Li3Mg; (ii) LiCl-KCl or MX-M'X' (M and M' are alkali, X and X' are halide) molten salt electrolyte, and (iii) a cathode comprising a metal hydride selected from CeH2, LaH2, ZrH2, and TiH2, and further comprising carbon black; and (h) a cell comprising: (i) an anode comprising Li; (ii) LiCl-KCl or MX-M'X' (M and M' are alkali, X and X' are halide) molten salt electrolyte, and (iii) a cathode comprising a metal hydride selected from CeH2, LaH2, ZrH2, and TiH2, and further comprising carbon black.