TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The two electrodes are made of ceramic, glass, isinglass (Muscovy-glass), borosilicate glass, or acrylic glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The printable polyelectrolyte does not include an additional salt component. The printable polyelectrolyte comprises a counter ion which is tetraethylammonium ion (Et4N+), tetrabutylammonium ion (Bu4N+), hydrogen ion (H+), ammonium ion (NH4+), lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), rubidium (Rb+) or cesium (Cs+). The printable polyelectrolyte comprises a counter ion which is hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO4-), sulfate ion (SO42-), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-), hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-), phosphate ion- (PO43-), chlorate ion (ClO4-), PF6- or BF4, fluorine ion (F-), chlorine ion (Cl-), bromine ion (Br-), iodine ion (I-) or hydroxyl ion (OH-). The two electrodes are made of metals, alloys, graphite, carbonaceous materials, metal oxide particle coated nanostructured materials noble metal particle coated nanostructured materials, or aluminum oxynitride. The carbonaceous material is a nanostructured hydrophobic material forming a first layer which is arranged on a nanostructured hydrophilic material forming a second layer. The carbonaceous material is a single layer comprising a mixture of nanostructured hydrophobic material and nanostructured hydrophilic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The printable polyelectrolyte further comprises a solvent including water, poly(vinylidene fluoride), diethyl carbonate, salt containing solutions, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropylcarbonate, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and/or n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The printable polyelectrolyte comprises printable homopolymeric polyelectrolyte, and printable copolymeric polyelectrolyte. It contains two different monomers from acids or bases, where the acids are phosphonic acid, (meth)acrylic acid, vinyl sulfuric acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, vinyl phosphonic acid, anetholsulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid or their derivatives, and the bases are ethyleneimine, vinylamine, 2-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl- 5-vinylpyridine, trimethylamino styrene, allylamine, diallyldimethylammonium, di(pentyl-5-trimethylamino)-9-fluorene or their derivatives. The printable homopolymeric polyelectrolyte is a polyacid or a polybase. The polyacid is alginic acid, phytic acid, polyvinyl sulfuric acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyanetholsulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, methylsuccinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, dihydroxyfumaric acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, itaconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1 ,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids, 1,2,3-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid, 1,2- and 1,3-cyclopentane dicarboxylic acids, citric acid, tartaric acid, dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,2,5-benzene tricarboxylic acids, tricarballylic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylic acid, norbornene tetracarboxylic acid, 3 ,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3 ,4,5,6-benzene hexacarboxylic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and/or their derivatives. The polybase is polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylaziridine, polyimidazole, polylysine, chitosan, poly(amino and alkylated amino)ethylenes, ethoxylated polyethyleneimine, propoxylated polyethyleneimine, polyethyleneimine, polyvinylamine, poly(2-vinylpyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(2-methyl-5 -vinylpyridine), trimethylamino polystyrene, polyallylamine, polydiallyldimethylammonium, di(pentyl-5-trimethylamino)-9-polyfluorene, ethylenediamine, 1,2-propane diamine, 1,3-propanediamine, 1,2,3-triaminopropane, cis-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl) cyclohexane, o-, m- and p-phenylenediamine, tetramethyl o-, and p-phenylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, hexamethylenetetraamine, diethylenetriamine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, pentamethyl diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyl triethylenetetramine, tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, triethylenetetraamine, and/or their 4,4'-bipyridyl derivatives. The printable polyelectrolyte is polystyrene sulfonic acid. The two electrodes are made of conductive polymers. The printable polyelectrolyte is a polymer gel.