TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separator is made of not or poorly electron-conducting material and comprises at least partially material permeable carrier, where the carrier is coated on at least a side with an inorganic material, the carrier is an organic material and is configured as non-woven fabric, the organic material is a polymer, preferably polyethylene terephthalate, the organic material is coated with an inorganic, preferably ion-conducting material, which is ion-conductive at -40 to 200 degrees C, the inorganic material comprises at least a compound comprising oxides, phosphates, sulfates, titanates, silicates or aluminosilicates of at least an element of zirconium, aluminum or lithium, preferably zirconium, and the inorganic, ion-conducting material has a particle diameter of less than 100 nm. The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoro-ethanesulfonic acid methide or lithium containing compound of formula (LiSO3CxF2x+1) (a), (LiN(SO2CxF2x+1)2) (b) or (LiC(SO2CxF2x+1)3) (c) or mixture of two or more of these salts.x = 0-8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The irreversible capacity loss of the battery is maximum 95% (preferably 85%) of the irreversible capacity loss of a battery formatted in the absence of the surfactant. The alternating current-internal resistance in the formatting of the battery is lower then the alternating current-internal resistance of a battery formatted in the absence of surfactant. The irreversible capacity loss of the battery after storage is lower than the irreversible capacity loss of a battery stored in the absence of the surfactant. The direct current-internal resistance of the battery after storage is lower than the direct current-internal resistance of a battery stored in the absence of surfactant. Preferred Method: The step (i) is performed simultaneously with the step (ii), or the step (i) performed before or after the step (ii).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent comprises ethylenecarbonate, propylenecarbonate, butylenecarbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, methylpropylcarbonate, butylmethylcarbonate, ethylpropylcarbonate, dipropylcarbonate, cyclopentanones, sulfolanes, dimethylsufoxide, 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-one, gamma -butyrolactone, 1,2-diethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, methylacetate, ethylacetate, nitromethane, 1,3-propanesultone or mixture of two or more of these solvents. The surfactant is carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid ester, sulfonic acid amide, alkyl polyethylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol ether. The surfactant is a fluorine-containing compound. The surfactant has perfluoroalkyl group. The amount of surfactant is 0.001-10 (preferably 0.1-1) wt.%.