TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Photoelectrode: The photoelectrode further comprises a substrate, and a conductive layer, where at least a portion of the conductive layer is in contact with the substrate. The conductive layer comprises a transparent conductive metal oxide. At least a portion of the polymer layer is in contact with the conductive layer. The conductive layer is arranged between the substrate and the polymer layer. It is sandwiched between the substrate and the polymer layer. The photoelectrode also comprises a photoactive layer, where the conductive layer is arranged between the substrate and the photoactive layer. The photoactive layer comprises a semiconductor, where the semiconductor is a metal oxide or a metalloid oxide. The photoelectrode is a dye-sensitized photoelectrode and where the photoactive layer comprises a chromophore. Photoactive layer comprises a semiconductor and a chromophore, where the chromophore is in contact with the semiconductor. At least a portion of the photoactive layer is in contact with the polymer layer. The polymer layer defines an interlayer within the photoelectrode and where the polymer layer is arranged between the conductive layer and the photoactive layer. It is sandwiched between the conductive layer and the photoactive layer. The polymer layer defines the surface of the photoelectrode and where the photoactive layer is arranged between the conductive layer and the polymer layer. The photoelectrode further comprises a conductive polymer layer arranged between the conductive layer and the photoactive layer, such that the photoactive layer is sandwiched between the conductive polymer layer and the non-conductive polymer layer defining the surface of the photoelectrode. The polymer of the conductive polymer layer is selected from a polycarbazole, poly(N-vinyl carbazole), a polyindole, a polyazepine, a polyaniline, a poly(thiophene), poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), a poly(p-phenylene sulfide), a poly(acetylene), a poly(fluorene), a polypyrene, a polyazulene, and a polynaphthalene. Polymer of the non-conductive polymer layer is selected from a polyimide, a polyetherimide, a polyether, a polyester, a polyurethane, a polycarbonate, a polysulfone, a polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluoroethylenepropylene, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidenedifluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylen copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy copolymer, poly(vinyl fluoride), polychlorotrifluoroethylene, a fluorosilicone, a fluorophosphazene, a polyimide, poly(1,4-xylylene), poly(2-chloro-p-xylylene), poly(2,5-dichloro-p-xylylene), poly( alpha , alpha , alpha , alpha -tetrafluoro-p-xylylene), a poly-(amino-p-xylylene), a poly(aminomethyl-p-xylylene), poly(tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) and its combination. The photoelectrode comprises at least two polymer layers, where one polymer layer of the at least two polymer layers defines the surface of the photoelectrode, and one polymer of the at least two polymer layers defines an interlayer within the photoelectrode. The at least one polymer layer comprises or consists of a conductive polymer selected from polypyrrol, a polycarbazole, poly(N-vinyl carbazole), a polyindole, a polyazepine, a polyaniline, a poly(thiophene), poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), a poly(p-phenylene sulfide), a poly(acetylene), a poly(fluorene), a polypyrene, a polyazulene, and a polynaphthalene. Preferred Method: In producing the photoelectrode, providing the substrate comprises forming a conductive layer above the substrate, where the polymer layer is then formed above the conductive layer. Forming a conductive layer above the substrate comprises depositing the conductive layer on the substrate such that at least a portion of the conductive layer is in contact with the substrate. Forming the polymer layer comprises depositing the non-conductive polymer on the conductive layer, such that at least a portion of the polymer layer is in contact with the conductive layer. The method further comprises forming a photoactive layer above the conductive layer. Forming a photoactive layer above the conductive layer comprises depositing the photoactive layer on the polymer layer, such that the photoactive layer defines the surface of the photoelectrode and the polymer layer is arranged between the conductive layer and the photoactive layer. Forming a photoactive layer above the conductive layer comprises depositing the photoactive layer on the conductive layer, such that the polymer layer defines the surface of the photoelectrode and the photoactive layer is arranged between the conductive layer and the polymer layer. The method further comprises forming a polymer layer made of a non-conductive polymer with a thickness of about 100 nm or less on the photoactive layer, where this polymer layer made of a non-conductive polymer defines the surface of the photoelectrode.