NOVELTY - Making (M1) a photovoltaic material by volatilization of a carrier through surface encapsulation and induced alignment, involves: disposing a liquid precursor between a gas permeable layer and a first electrode; and applying pressure to the liquid precursor disposed between the gas permeable layer and the first electrode and removing at least a portion of the carrier through the gas permeable layer to form a solid photovoltaic material comprising interpenetrating network domains of the organic electron donor material and the organic electron acceptor material.    USE - For making a photovoltaic material by volatilization of a carrier through surface encapsulation and induced alignment; and for making a photovoltaic material such as an organic solar cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE - The method improves donor-acceptor heterojunction morphology and power conversion efficiency. The method produces low-cost, highly efficient organic photovoltaic cells, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), with transparent conductive electrodes having enhanced functionalities and scalable and high-speed processing methods of the organic active/semiconductor materials.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Making (M1) a photovoltaic material by volatilization of a carrier through surface encapsulation and induced alignment, involves: disposing a liquid precursor between a gas permeable layer and a first electrode, where the liquid precursor comprises an organic electron donor material, an organic electron acceptor material, and a carrier; and applying pressure to the liquid precursor disposed between the gas permeable layer and the first electrode and removing at least a portion of the carrier through the gas permeable layer to form a solid photovoltaic material comprising interpenetrating network domains of the organic electron donor material and the organic electron acceptor material. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following:    (1) making (M2) a photovoltaic material by volatilization of a carrier through surface encapsulation and induced alignment, involving: disposing a first liquid precursor onto a first electrode where the first liquid precursor comprises a first carrier and one of an organic electron donor material or an organic electron acceptor material; applying pressure to the first liquid precursor via a first gas permeable stamp defining a nanoscale pattern and removing at least a portion of the first carrier through the first gas permeable stamp to form a first solid material; removing the first gas permeable stamp from the first solid material to leave a patterned surface formed by the nanoscale pattern; disposing a second liquid precursor onto the patterned surface of the first solid material, the second liquid precursor comprising a second carrier and the other of the organic electron donor material or the organic electron acceptor material; applying pressure to the second liquid precursor via a second gas permeable stamp so that the second liquid precursor conforms to the patterned surface of the first solid material, and removing at least a portion of the second carrier through the second gas permeable stamp to form a second solid material, where the first solid material and the second solid material together form the photovoltaic material comprising interpenetrating network domains of the organic electron donor material and the organic electron acceptor material in a direction normal to a major surface of the first electrode; and    (2) making (M3) a photovoltaic material by volatilization of a carrier through surface encapsulation and induced alignment, involving applying pressure to the second liquid precursor via a second gas permeable stamp defining a second pattern so that the second liquid precursor conforms to the first patterned surface of the first solid material, and removing at least a portion of the second carrier through the second gas permeable stamp to form a second solid material; removing the second gas permeable stamp from the second solid material to leave a second patterned surface on the second solid material; applying a second electrode to at least a portion of the second patterned surface, where the second electrode and the second patterned surface together have a surface topography that performs the function of light trapping, where the first solid material and the second solid material together form the photovoltaic material comprising interpenetrating network domains of the organic electron donor material and the organic electron acceptor material in a direction normal to a major surface of the first electrode.