TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dopant comprises a monomer, a polymer and/or a co-polymer of a monomer having the structure of formula (I).R1, R1a, R2, R2a, R3, R3a = MeO, EtO, COF3, SO4H, SO3-, SO3H, H, CHNO4S2F3, C5H4N2O6S2F6, C10H10N4S2, CH3, n-Bu, Cl, NH2, EtN, Br, alkyl, ether, ester, sulfonate, ammonium, carboxylate, amine or phosphonate; andR4, R4a = MeO, EtO, COF3, SO4H, SO3, SO3H, CHNO4S2F3, C5H4N2O6S2F6, C10H10N4S2, n-Bu, Cl, NH2, EtN, Br, alkyl, ether, ester, sulfonate, ammonium, carboxylate, amine, phosphonate, CH3, H, C2H5, C4H9, C6H5, C8H17, C2H5S, C3H7S, C4H8Br, C10H23N, C20H21N2, C20H25N2, C3H7OS, unsaturated carbon monomers, olefins, halo-olefins, dienes, acetylenes, styrenes, vinyl compounds, acrylic acids, acrylics, ring monomers, cyclic ethers, lactones, lactams, cyclic amines, cyclic sulfides, cyclic carbonates, cyclic acid anhydrides, cyclic iminoethers, amino acid N-carboxy anhydrides, cyclic imides, phosphorus containing cyclic compounds, silicon containing cyclic compounds, cyclic olefins, bifunctional monomers, phenols, melamines, ureas, diamines, dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids, oxy carboxylic acids, amino acids, amino carboxylic acids, diols, diisocyanates, sulfur containing compounds, phosphorus containing compounds, aromatic ethers, dihalides, dihalogenated compounds, aldehydes, diketones, carbonates, carbonic acid derivatives, anilines or silane compounds, where one of R4, R4a is CH3, H, C2H5, C4H9, MeO, EtO, COF3, SO4H, SO3, -SO3H, CHNO4S2F3, C5H4N2O6S2F6, C10H10N4S2, n-Bu, Cl, NH2, EtN, Br, alkyl, ether, ester, sulfonate, ammonium, carboxylate, amine or phosphonate.Preferred Components: The dopant comprises a co-polymer of the monomer, acrylic acid, and 1-vinyl imidazole. The dopant for the electrode is 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate), and the dopant for the counter electrode is indigo carmine. The first conducting polymer and the second conducting polymer is organic polyheterocyclic, including polypyrrole (preferred), polythiophene, polyaniline and their derivatives.