TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of producing low metal, low water biomass-derived pyrolysis oil further comprises: recharging the spent ion-exchange resin with an acidic ion-exchange regenerant to regenerate the spent ion-exchange resin; regenerating the spent ion-exchange resin to produce a regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin; filtering the metal- and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil prior to the contacting step, where the filtering step comprises contacting the metal- and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil with a filter medium to produce a filtrate comprised of filtered metal- and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil and a filter cake, removing the filtrate from the filter cake, and recovering the filtered metal- and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil to then contact with the acidic ion-exchange resin having sulfonic acid groups to produce a low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil having increased thermal stability and a spent ion-exchange resin; recovering the azeotrope as vapors comprised of an acidic aqueous stream and the azeotrope-forming liquid; separating the acidic aqueous stream from the azeotrope-forming liquid in the water-rich distillate and recycling the azeotrope-forming liquid as the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and/or the acidic aqueous stream as the acidic ion-exchange regenerant; recycling the regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin; recycling the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and/or the acidic ion-exchange regenerant; and recovering the distillation product to use as an alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and/or an acidic ion-exchange regenerant. The step of removing the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil from the spent ion-exchange resin further comprises removing residual oil from the spent ion-exchange resin by washing the spent ion-exchange resin with an alcohol ion exchange regenerant. The step of removing residual oil from the spent ion-exchange resin comprises: washing the spent ion-exchange resin with the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant including ethanol, methanol, acetone and/or 2-butanone; and washing residual oil from the spent ion-exchange resin with an alcohol ion-exchange regenerant recovered and recycled from the distilling step. The step of recharging the spent ion-exchange resin comprises recharging the spent ion-exchange resin with an acidic ion-exchange regenerant recovered and recycled from the distilling step. The step of regenerating the spent ion-exchange resin to produce a regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin comprises: washing the spent ion-exchange resin; recharging the spent ion-exchange resin; rinsing the spent ion-exchange resin to produce a regenerated ion-exchange resin; and recovering and recycling the regenerated ion-exchange resin. The step of washing comprises: washing the spent ion-exchange resin with an alcohol ion-exchange regenerant, and the step of recharging comprises recharging the spent ion-exchange resin with an acidic ion-exchange regenerant; and washing the spent ion-exchange resin with the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant that has been recovered and recycled from the distilling step, and the step of recharging comprises recharging the spent ion-exchange resin with the acidic ion-exchange regenerant that has been recovered and recycled from the distilling step, or both. The step of distilling the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil comprises: distilling the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil and an azeotrope-forming liquid at a temperature sufficient to form an azeotrope and removing the azeotrope; and using a distillation method to remove the water from the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil at a temperature less than 100 degrees C; and distilling using a distillation method including azeotropic distillation, vacuum distillation or gas-assisted distillation. The step of filtering comprises at least one vacuum filtration, pressure filtration or gravity filtration. The step of contacting the metal- and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil with a filter medium further comprises heating the metal and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil, the filter medium, or both. The step of producing a low metal, low water biomass-derived pyrolysis oil by distilling the low-metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil comprises: distilling the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil and an azeotrope-forming liquid to form an azeotrope; and removing the azeotrope. The step of recovering the azeotrope as vapors further comprises: separating the acidic aqueous stream from the azeotrope-forming liquid in the vapors and recycling the acidic aqueous stream as the acidic ion-exchange regenerant and/or the azeotrope-forming liquid as the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant; and condensing the vapors to form a water-rich distillate. The step of contacting the spent ion-exchange resin with the first and the second ion-exchange regenerant comprises contacting the spent ion-exchange resin with an alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and an acidic ion-exchange regenerant. The step of recovering and recycling the first ion-exchange regenerant and/or the second ion-exchange regenerant, comprises: recovering and recycling the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and/or the acidic ion-exchange regenerant. The step of recovering and recycling the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and/or the acidic ion-exchange regenerant, comprises: using the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant in the step of removing the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil from the spent ion-exchange resin, contacting the spent acidic ion-exchange resin with a first and a second ion-exchange regenerant to produce a regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin, or both; and reusing the acidic ion-exchange regenerant in the step of contacting the spent acidic ion-exchange resin with the first and the second ion-exchange regenerant to produce the regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin. The step of recovering and recycling the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant and/or the acidic ion-exchange regenerant, further comprises using the alcohol ion-exchange regenerant as an azeotrope-forming liquid in the step of producing the low metal, low water biomass-derived pyrolysis oil by distilling the low-metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil and the azeotrope-forming liquid to form an azeotrope, and removing the azeotrope. The step of recovering and recycling the regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin comprises reusing the regenerated acidic ion-exchange resin in the step of contacting the metal- and water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil with the acidic ion-exchange resin having sulfonic acid groups to produce the low metal, water-containing biomass-derived pyrolysis oil and the spent ion-exchange resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.