TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The argon gas is charged for three times or more during medium-frequency indication sintering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of praseodymium/indium is 0.008-0.035.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first unit density is between 1.7 and 2.1 (g/cm3) and the second unit density is between 2.1 and 2.7 (g/cm3). The plasma generating units comprises a pair of electrodes. The gas flow creating units comprise material gas blocking units present on downstream side of the material gas introduction units with respect to the base film transport direction. The material gas introduction units act as the gas flow creating units, where the gas flow is created by introducing more material gas downstream side with respect to base film transport direction than upstream side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of CuPd or CuRh is greater than 6.4. The Cu/ZnO-based catalyst comprises a supported copper catalyst prepared with a co-precipitation method. The Cu/ZnO-based catalyst comprises Cu (10-35 wt.%); and ZnO (greater than 60 wt.%); and Pd (1-4 wt.%). The Cu/ZnO-based catalyst comprises a CuPd/ZnO catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water/methanol molar ratio in the aqueous methanol is 1-1.5. The oxygen/methanol molar ratio in the mixture is less than or equal to 0.5. The precipitating agent used in the co-precipitation method includes a NaHCO3 solution. Preferred Method: The oxygen is provided with pure oxygen or air. The pH value for the co-precipitation method is 6-9. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode collector and/or negative electrode collector contain active material in matrix of electroconductive substance. The active material is lithium magnate (Li2MnO3 or LiMn2O4) or lithium vanadate. The solid electrolyte is lithium-silicon-phosphate (Li3.5Si0.5P0.5O4), titanium-lithium phosphate (LiTi2(PO4)2), lithium-germanium phosphate (LiGe2(PO4)3), lithium oxide-silica (Li2O-SiO2), lithium oxide-vanadium oxide-silica (Li2O-V2O5-SiO2), lithium oxide-phosphorus pentoxide-boron trioxide (Li2O-P2O5-B2O3) and/or lithium oxide-germanium oxide (Li2O-GeO2), and contains polyanion oxide, lithium or its oxide, and does not contain polyvalent transition element. The reaction product of solid electrolyte and active material does not exist on the solid electrolyte layer. Preferred Property: The thickness of positive electrode collector and negative electrode collector is each 0.2-30 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture solution contains gallium or gallium trichloride, or indium or indium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A material of the passivation layer comprises a dielectric material, an insulating material or a compound material containing oxygen or nitrogen. The material of the passivation layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The first conductive layer is a transparent conductive layer, and the second conductive layer comprises reflective layer or transparent conductive layer. The second conductive layer is a transparent conductive layer, and the first conductive layer comprises reflective layer or transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sub-boundary occupation rate of polycrystal silicon wafer is 6% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy-type active material is silicon-type active material chosen from silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of hydrogen fluoride and fluoroethylene carbonate compound with respect to whole content of nonaqueous solvent is 0.1-5 %mass and 1-30 %mass, respectively. The fluoroethylene carbonate compound is chosen from 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and 4,4,5-trifluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The carbonate-type solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate ester. Preferred Property: The porosity of the negative electrode active material layer is 10-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least one of the particles contain sulfur, and selenium and/or tellurium. The average particle diameter of both particles is 1-50 nm. Or, the particles are composite particles containing all elements, and having an average particle diameter of 50 nm to 100 mu m. The lower electrode consists of molybdenum. A compound layer containing an oxide comprising silicon and sodium, is provided in the gaps of porous structure of anodized film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silicon monooxide layer is amorphous. The silicon layer contains crystalline silicon, authentic silicon or conductive silicon. The photoelectric conversion elements are crystalline or amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxygen concentration of reflective layer is analyzed by plasma chemical vapor deposition method using gas containing silicon and gas containing oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen in the carbon material is 0.5-20 weight%. Preferred Process: The carbon material is obtained by carbonizing raw material containing organic substance, metal and carbonized material. Preferred Property: The stable electric potential at the time of maintaining the cathodic current with respect to the carbon material by 1000 mA/g is -1.28 V or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer (3) comprises metal oxide, metal sulfide or metal nitride. The buffer layer (4) comprises metal oxide. A reflection prevention layer (6) is provided on surface of transparent electrode layer. The diameter of spherical electrode is 100 mu m to 10 cm. The compound semiconductor layer has thickness of 5 nm to 500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor gas comprises silane, silicon chloride, tetrafluorosilane, trichlorosilane or germane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The carbide comprises an alloy of carbon, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, scandium, yttrium, zirconium, silicon, and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The linear structure is silver nanowire or carbon nanotubes. The protective layer contains 2 or more types of photoinitiator having maximum absorption wavelength of 20 nm or more. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive laminate has total light transmittance of 80% or more, based on JIS K7361-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The high molecular compound is polyfunctional acrylic-type high molecular compound or polyfunctional methacryl-type high molecular compound, and has crosslinked structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tributyl phosphate is preferably 0.5-1.5 wt.%, the content of Ceridust (RTM: wax) is 1-2 wt.%, and the ratio of Ceridust (RTM: wax) and tributyl phosphate is 1:2. The average grain diameter of aluminum powder is 8-10 mu m, preferably 3-5 mu m. Preferred Method: The Ceridust (RTM: wax) is dissolved in the organic solvent to obtain a gel substance, and the gel is added to the organic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The triazene derivative is obtained reacting diallyl amine or monoallyl amine with cyanic chloride and allyl alcohol in organic solvent in presence of a base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The crosslinked polymer is a crosslinked elastomer, preferably fluororubber or substituted polyolefin (preferably ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer). Preferred Properties: The rate of change in tensile strength of molded product before thermal deterioration test and tensile strength of molded product after deterioration test is -55% to 0%, which is measured based on ASTM D 638. The thermal-deterioration test is carried out by punching test sample to form dumbbell No.3 based on JIS K6251, and processing using handling gear at 250 degrees C for 70 hours. EXAMPLE - (In moles) sodium carbonate (0.2) and cyanuric chloride (0.1) were added to 1,4-dioxane (140 g). Then, diallyl amine (0.2) and caustic soda (0.2) were gradually added to obtained mixture and stirred at 60 degrees C for 2 hours. The reaction liquid was cooled, sodium chloride was filtered and byproduct of the reaction mixture was removed. The obtained filtrate was vacuum-distilled and solvent was recovered, to obtain 4,6-bis(diallyl amino)-2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine. Then, caustic soda (0.09) and 4,6-bis(diallyl amino)-2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine (0.09) were added to 1,4-dioxane and allyl alcohol (0.09) and stirred at 80 degrees C for 8 hours. The reaction product was cooled, sodium chloride was filtered and byproduct of the reaction mixture was removed, to obtain 4,6-bis(diallyl amino)-2-allyloxy-1,3,5-triazine having purity of 99% and yield of 80%. Then, DAI-EL G-902 (RTM: low viscosity terpolymer), Sir max MT N990 (RTM: carbon black), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 4,6-bis(diallyl amino)-2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine, 4,6-bis(diallyl amino)-2-allyloxy-1,3,5-triazine and triaryl isocyanurate were mixed, to obtain polymeric composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder powder contains silver, copper, bismuth, zinc, tin and lead, and has melting point of 130-300 degrees C and particle size of 0.2-50 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The activator is chosen from lauric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, palmitic acid, 3-boron fluoride ethylamide complex, butyl amine hydrobromide, butyl amine hydrochloride, ethylamine hydrobromide, pyridine hydrobromide, cyclohexylamine hydrobromide, ethylamine hydrochloride, 1,3-diphenylguanidine hydrobromide, 2,2-bis-hydroxymethyl propionate and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol. The solvent is glycidyl ether, glycol ether, vegetable oil, ( alpha )-terpineol and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin (a) is gum rosin, rosin ester, polymerized rosin ester, hydrogenated rosin ester, disproportionated rosin ester, dibasic acid modified rosin ester, rosin-modified phenolic resin, phenol-modified rosin ester, maleic-acid modified resin and acrylic-modified hydrogenated resin. The binder further contains resin (b) is chosen from urethane resin, acrylic resin, phenolic resin, vinyl resin, cellulose resin and alkyd resin, ester resin. The solder ink further contains thixotropic agent, curing agent, tackifier and thickener. The thixotropic agent is chosen from hydrogenated castor wax, polyamide wax, polyolefin wax, dimer acid, monomeric acid, polyester-modified polydimethyl siloxane, polyamine amide carboxylate, carnauba wax, colloid phase silica, bentonite-type clay. The content of solder powder, binder and solvent is 70-90 weight%, 3-10 weight% and 4-12 weight%, respectively. Preferred Property: The solder ink has viscosity of 30-200 Kcps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of racemic mixture with respect to total is 30-80%. The solvent is non-halogen type solvent. The composition contains isomer of bicyclo porphyrin compound obtained by cyclization-reaction and oxidizing bicyclo pyrrole compound of formula (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal chelate compound is compound of formula CnMRm.M=zirconium, titanium or aluminum as metal;C=ligand of ( beta )-diketone type or ligand of ketoester type chelating agent;R=substituent except alkoxy;n=1-8; andm=0-16.Provided that total of coordination number (nC) of C and coordination number (nR) of R as coordination number (nM) of M satisfies formula nM=nC+nR. Preferred Parameter: The melting point of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer measured by JIS method based on JIS K6924-2 (1997) is higher than melting point of polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 0.01-0.05 part weight of phosphate ester metal salt of formula (I) and/or (II), and 0.001-5 parts weight of carbodiimide compound (C) of formula (III) with respect to 100 parts weight of polylactic acid (A), and further contains phosphorus quencher (D) in an amount of 10 times or less the amount of the components (A,B).R11=H or 1-4C alkyl;R12-R16=H or 1-12C alkyl;M1,M2=alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, zinc or aluminum atom;p=1 or 2;andQ=aliphatic, alicyclic and/or aromatic bonding group with valence of 2-4 optionally containing heteroatom.(i) When M1, M2 are alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or zinc, q is 0; and (ii) when M1, M2 are ammonium ion, q is 1 or 2. The number of atoms which form cyclic structure in the carbodiimide compound is 8-50. The phosphorus quencher is meta phosphoric acid type quencher or phosphono fatty acid ester quencher.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The composition has difference in melting point of 10 degrees C or less, reduced viscosity decreasing rate of 20% or less and stereo complex crystallinity degree of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous acid is preferably gallium nitrate aqueous solution (1.5 mol/L or less) containing quaternary ammonium compound of formula: (R4-N+(-R1)(-R3)-R2).(OH)-.R1-R4=H, 1-4C alkyl or alkoxy, where R1-R4 are not hydrogen simultaneously.Preferred Process: The method further involves using fluorine-containing resin during heat treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanometer conductive particles are chosen from alpha-iron oxide particles, silicon dioxide particles and aluminum oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The silicon nitride layers are silicon nitride layer (A) and silicon nitride layer (B). The refractive index of the silicon nitride layer (A) is higher than refractive index of the silicon nitride layer (B). Silicon and ammonia are used in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide solution having concentration of 10-20%. The metal nanoparticles are silver, platinum or palladium particles, and have purity of 99.9-99.99% and size of 10-40 nm. The acid solution is hydrogen fluoride solution (10%) or mixed solution of hydrogen fluoride (10%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%). The ratio of hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen peroxide in the mixed solution is 10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen source gas is ammonia. The silicon source gas is silicane or dichlorosilane. The silicon slice is P type silicon slice, and doped element is phosphorus or arsenic. The silicon slice is N type silicon slice, and doped element is boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride salt, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium chloride salt or 1-amyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium chloride salt. The solvent is hydrazine hydrate or ethylene diamine. The microporous metal chalcogenide has cell parameters as given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The one-dimensional grating or two-dimensional grating is sorted by shaft cross section shape and includes rectangular grating, triangular grating, trapezoidal grating and/or blazed grating. The solar battery includes: crystalline silicon solar cells, microcrystalline silicon solar cells, non-crystalline silicon solar cells and multijunction solar cells; or germanium solar cells, germanium-silicon solar cells and multijunction solar cells; or II-VI series copper indium gallium selenide solar cells, cadmium-selenide solar cells, cadmium-telluride solar cells and multijunction solar cells; or dye-sensitized battery, organic battery and multijunction batteries; III-V series gallium arsenide/indium phosphide or multijunction batteries. Preferred Method: The step (i) includes metal self-assembling, electronic beam exposure, interference etching, nano-sphere etching, anode oxidization or nano-embossing. The step (ii) includes wet corrosion, dry etching and nano-embossing. The step (iii) includes wet washing by organic solvent, acid solution or alkali solution, washing by ion beam or dry washing by plasma. The step (v) includes metal self-assembling, electronic beam lithography, interference etching, anode oxidization, lithography or tilt angle deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The materials of the first semiconductor layer, the further semiconductor layer and/or the additional semiconductor layer consist of zirconium orthosilicate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, aluminum trioxide, silicon and/or graphite. The materials of the encapsulating layer consist of silicon carbide, silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate contains aluminum, silver, copper, tin, zinc, indium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: At least a portion of the surface is a 111(A) crystalline plane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atoms of the group III element are covalently bonded to a group V element. The group V element is phosphorus (preferred), nitrogen, or arsenic. The group III element is gallium (preferred), indium or aluminum. Preferred Method: The method further comprises etching the surface with sulfuric acid or an alkaline metal hydroxide. In the method: at least some of the atoms of the group III element are covalently bonded to phosphorus and the step of halogenating further comprises reacting at least one of the atoms of the group III element with phosphorus pentachloride; at least some of the atoms of the group III element are covalently bonded to arsenic and the step of halogenating further comprises reacting at least one of the atoms of the group III element with hydrochloric acid in ether; or at least some of the atoms of the group III element are covalently bonded to nitrogen and the step of halogenating further comprises reacting at least one of the atoms of the group III element with phosphorus pentachloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic group is an optionally substituted 1-50C, preferably 16-18C alkyl or aryl group. The organic groups are bonded to the atoms of the group III element via reaction with a Grignard reagent. The Grignard reagent is of formula (R-M-X).R = optionally substituted 1-50C, preferably 16-18C alkyl or aryl;M = an alkaline or alkaline earth metal; andX = a halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflective coating includes a silicon oxide layer, silicon nitride layer and thin silicon oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolessly and/or electrolytically coatable particles have (in at least one direction) a dimension which differs from the dimension in the other directions. The electrolessly and/or electrolytically coatable particles are carbon nanotubes or graphenes. The metal is copper, silver, gold, palladium, nickel, platinum, chromium or tin. Preferred Process: The application of the seed layer by printing is preceded by application of a primer to the substrate. The seed layer is printed onto the substrate by a screen printing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is water, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and/or glycols.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyurethane, polyacrylate or their copolymers. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alumina has several peaks in particle size distribution. The ratio of peaks of alumina with small particle size with respect to peaks of alumina with large particle size is 10 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The phosphate ester is mixture of two or more types of phosphate ester having different composition and molecular weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylic ester monomer in the presence of another (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylate compound (I) is preferably of formula (II). The naphthyl group is coupled in alpha -position, in (meth)acrylate compound (II). Preferred Properties: The hardened material has refractive index of 1.55-1.65, and glass transition temperature of 100-300 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    X=group of formula (i)-(viii);    a=2 or 3;    b=0 or 1;    R1=H;and    R2=methyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 (Meth)acrylate compound (I) i.e. 3-(naphthalen-1-yl-carbonyloxy)-2,2-bis((prop-2-enoyloxy)methyl)propyl prop-2-enoate of formula (IA) is specifically claimed.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell further contains p-n junction structure having conductive-type silicon carbide layer (C) and conductive-type silicon carbide layer (D) or conductive-type silicon-germanium layer (E) and conductive-type silicon-germanium layer (F). The silicon layer further contains single-crystal or a polycrystal (b). The silicon layer is an intrinsic-semiconductor layer. The thickness and resistivity of the silicon-crystal substrate are 180 mu m or less and 10 Omega .cm or less, respectively. The content of hydrogen in the mixture of gas used in manufacture of solar cell is 30% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide sintered component comprises zinc oxide phase and zinc titanate phase, and does not contain crystal phase of titanium oxide. The valency of titanium is less than tetravalence. The oxide sintered component further contains gallium, aluminum, tin, silicon, geranium, zirconium and/or hafnium. The titanium oxide powder is powder of low valence titanium oxide of formula: TiO2-x, where x is 0.1-1. The low valence titanium oxide is bivalent titanium or trivalent titanium. Preferred Process: The oxide sintered component is obtained by sintering molded product (a) at 600-1500 degrees C under oxidizing atmosphere and annealing under inert atmosphere, vacuum or reducing atmosphere. The annealing process is carried out under atmosphere containing nitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent base material is glass plate, resin film or resin sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sealing laminate film has a water absorptive layer (F) and a gas barrier layer (G). The sealed functional element further has filled layer (Y). The base material layer is a glass substrate which contains gas-barrier films. The gas-barrier films are a transparent base film, inorganic thin-film layer and a transparent-resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent-resin layer contains polymer containing unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The duplex-stainless steel material further contains (in %mass) molybdenum (4 or less), copper (3 or less), titanium (0.05 or less), niobium (0.2 or less), vanadium (0.5 or less), tungsten (1 or less), cobalt (2 or less), boron (0.005 or less), calcium (0.005 or less), magnesium (0.003 or less) and/or rare-earth metal (0.1 or less). Preferred Property: The duplex-stainless steel material has yield strength of 400-700 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The texture structure of solar cell is formed by wet-etching using acidic etching liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic active layer is formed by coating method. Preferred Condition: The heating process is carried out at 50-280 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high-reflecting metal thin-film layer contains silver, aluminum, copper, gold and their alloys, and has thickness of 50-500 nm. The tin-oxide-type protective layer contains tantalum, antimony, niobium and/or fluorine, and has thickness of 1-50 nm. The substrate is chosen from glass material, metal, alloy, plastics, silicon and compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier layer comprises oxide, oxynitride and nitride of silicon, aluminum, tantalum, niobium, zinc, tin and/or niobium. The transparent conductive film is obtained by laminating conductive oxide-containing transparent layer on main surfaces of silver-palladium-copper type alloy layer (40).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective layer comprises siloxane-type thermosetting resin material containing polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene butadiene copolymer, vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetal resin, acrylate resin, acrylamide-type resin and/or polyester-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structural unit of para-aromatic group is compound of formulae -(C(=O)-R1-C(=O))a-, -(C(=O)-R2-C(=O))b-, -(NH-R3-NH)c-, -(NH-R3-NH)d-, (V), (VI) (VII), (VIII) and (IX). The aromatic rings are bonded with para-position. The rigid unit rate (R) of aromatic polyamide is 30-100 as satisfied by R=100-(100asteriskdasteriskk)/(a+b+c+dasteriskk). The fluorine rate (F) of aromatic ring adjacent to carbonyl group is 10-400 as satisfied by F=(100asteriskaasteriskp)/(a+b). The aromatic polyamide film has haze of greater than or equal to 5%, light transmittance in wavelength of 400 nm of greater than or equal to 70%, thermal expansion coefficient of direction of less than or equal to 10 ppm/ degrees C and Young's modulus of greater than or equal to 5 GPa. The dissolution of aromatic polyamide film in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is 5 mass%.e=1-4;f+g=1-8;h+i+j=1-12;R1-R3=para-orientation aromatic group;R4=para-orientation group which contains -CH2-, -O-, -SO2-, -C(CF3)2- and -SiO2-;a+b+c+d=100;a=5-50;b=0-45;c=35-50;d=0-15;k=total per unit structure of R4;p=e+f+g+h+i+j; andR5=-CH2-, -O-, -SO2-, -C(CF3)2-, -SiO2- or -O-Ph-SO2-Ph-O-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains (in %mass) molybdenum (0.05-0.5), copper (0.05-0.5), vanadium (0.05-0.5) and/or zirconium (0.05-0.5) and rare-earth elements (0.001-0.05) and/or calcium (0.001-0.01) and titanium. The content of titanium is 3 times less than the total content of carbon and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The paste is fired at 450-900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The metal particles include ruthenium, palladium or platinum particles, and the metal alloy is silver/palladium alloy or nickel/molybdenum alloy. The paste comprises a third conductive particle (less than 2 wt.%), which is different form the silver particle and the added particle. EXAMPLE - Silver pastes were prepared by mixing the compositions (in parts by weight) of silver particle (70.30), lead borosilicate glass frit (5.25) or lead-free bismuth glass frit (5.25), ethyl cellulose resin (2.5), terpineol solvent (21.95). Then metal pastes of nickel, tungsten, palladium, silver-palladium alloy, platinum, gold, ruthenium and rhodium respectively represented as paste A-paste H were prepared by adding the respective metal particles (10 parts by weight), ethyl cellulose resin (1.3 parts by weight) and terpineol (8.7 parts by weight) and stirring for 2 minutes in a rotary mixer. Then paste I was prepared by adding platinum loaded graphite (5 parts by weight), ethyl cellulose resin (1.95 parts by weight) and terpineol (13.05 parts by weight) and stirring for 2 minutes in a rotary mixer. Then silver paste and the paste-C (i.e. palladium metal paste) were mixed at a weight ratio of 1% for 2 minutes in a rotary mixture to obtain the paste. The paste was then applied onto a 4-inch single crystal silicon wafer and fired at 600 degrees C using a infrared heating belt furnace at a belt speed of 370 cycles/minute, to obtain the solar cell electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diamine compound (I) is 2,4-bis (4-amino anilino)-6-anilino-1,3,5-triazine. The component comprises diamine compound (I) (10-100 mol%, preferably 25-100 mol%). The diamine component comprises phenylenediamine or diamino diphenylether. The tetracarboxylic dianhydride component comprises 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and/or pyromellitic dianhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyimide layer (a)-forming polymer fluid is coated on surface(s) of self-supportive film of polyimide layer (b)-forming polyamide acid solution and heated. An adhesive bond layer is laminated on the surface of the polyimide layer (a), or a metal layer formed on the polyimide layer (a) by dry or wet plating method. Preferred Composition: The polyimide layer (a)-forming polymer fluid is polyamic acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano-dot contains germanium, gallium nitride, indium arsenide, indium-gallium arsenide, silicon, ion silicide, tin, indium, indium-tin, silver-tin, bismuth and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Transparent conducting oxide is used to manufacture film solar cell, where oxide includes zinc oxide, zinc oxide:boron, zinc oxide:aluminum, tin dioxide:fluorine and indium tin oxide. Silver is coated on the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A paste is also used for manufacturing solar cell module, where the past contains metals selected from silver, copper, tin, nickel, aluminum, zinc, gold, lead, molybdenum or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is chosen from acetic acid or hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The manufacture of cellulose fiber further involves disentaglement process of fiber before acid-treatment. Preferred Properties: The molded product has thickness of 10-2000 mu m, preferably 30 mu m, thermal expansion coefficient of 0.4-50 ppm/ degrees C at 30-150 degrees C and light transmittance of 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal film deposition process involves depositing single layer of A1 film on the surface of the silicon wafer, and depositing single layer of silver film on the A1 film, where the thickness of the A1 film is 2-10 nm, and thickness of the silver film is 2-8 nm. The annealing treatment involves placing the silicon wafer deposited with metal film in thermal annealing furnace, filling inert gas as protection atmosphere, and annealing the metal film at 500-700 degrees C for 10-30 seconds. The corrosion process involves placing the annealed silicon wafer in the anti-corrosion container, corroding the wafer with mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 0-40 degrees C for 30 minutes-5 hours. The cleaning process involves using nitric acid solution to soak the silicon wafer to remove the metal layer on the surface of the silicon wafer, and using hydrofluoric acid solution to rinse oxide on the surface of the silicon wafer. Preferred Component: The silicon wafer of solar battery is p-type or n-type doped structure including solar silicon substrate, integrated circuit silicon substrate and silicon substrate of crystal plane indices (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The temperature during deposition is 350-400 degrees C and refractive index of the multiple layers of the progressive film is 2-2.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solid fluorocarbon compound (I) (where n is 1), is provided in an evaporation chamber. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 19 Compounds are specified claimed as the compound (I) e.g. C6F12, C6F14, C7F14, C7F16 and C11F20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane or germane products comprise monosilane, monochlorsilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, tetrachlorosilane, disilane, hexachlorodisilane, trisilane, octachlorotrisilane, tetragermane and tetrachlorogermane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The highly transparent glass plate (after molding) contains (in %mass) silica (65-80), alumina (0-5), magnesium oxide (0-12), calcium oxide (0-15), sodium oxide (5-20), potassium oxide (0-10), sum of sodium oxide and potassium oxide (5-20), sulfur trioxide (0.05-0.5), ferric oxide (0-0.04), antimony trioxide (0.0001-0.3), and tin oxide (0.005-0.2). The mass ratio of bivalent iron converted into ferric oxide and total iron converted to ferric oxide, is 30% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ions are lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), hydrogen ion (H+), magnesium ion (Mg2+), aluminum ion (Al3+) or calcium ion (Ca2+).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The IIIB group element is chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium. The IB group element is chosen from copper and silver. The VIB group element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The acidic washing liquid contains 300 g/L or more of sulfuric acid. Preferred Process: Intermetallic compound which exists on surface of substrate is removed by washing the substrate using acid. The substrate is obtained by forming an aluminum layer (14) on surface of metallic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic substrate is stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base layer contains boron-doped zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide and/or gallium-doped zinc oxide. The electroconductive zinc oxide membrane layer is formed using reaction liquid containing zinc ion, nitrate ion and borane-type compound. The buffer layer is zinc compound layer containing contains zinc sulfide and zinc oxide, and/or zinc sulfide and zinc hydroxide. The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer contains group Ib element chosen from copper and/or element, group IIIb element chosen from aluminum, calcium and/or indium and group VIb element chosen from sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is formed of aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer is made up of copper, gold, sulfur, selenium or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The single-crystalline ferroelectric comprises bismuth ferrite. Preferred Property: The thickness of single-crystalline ferroelectric is 70 ma or less, 80 ma or less, or 90 ma or less. The electrode comprises gold or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass solder is present as an amorphous glass after a soldering operation. The glass solder is present as a partially crystalline glass ceramic containing not more than 50 wt.% of crystalline material after a soldering operation. The crystalline material contains no trydimite. The glass solder has a hemisphere temperature of 820-1100 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass solder further comprises: boron oxide (0-15 wt.%), calcium oxide (0-5 wt.%), magnesium oxide (0-6 wt.%), titanium dioxide ( less than or equal to 10 wt.%); and up to 2 wt.% of each of at least one oxide ingredient comprising chromium oxide, lead oxide, vanadium pentoxide, tungsten (VI) oxide, tin oxide, copper (II) oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide and antimony trioxide. The crystalline material contains at least one member comprising strontium barium silicon oxide (SrBa2Si3O9), barium strontium silicon oxide (Ba(0.8)Sr(3.2)SiO3), barium strontium silicon oxide (Ba(0.8)Sr(0.2)SiO3), barium silicon oxide (BaSi2O5), barium silicon oxide (Ba2SiO3), barium silicon oxide (Ba2SiO4), barium silicon oxide (Ba4Si6O16), barium silicon oxide (Ba2Si3O8), and strontium magnesium silicon oxide (Sr2MgSi2O7). EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): barium oxide (44); silicon dioxide (26); strontium oxide (15); (10), cesium oxide (2); magnesium oxide (2); and aluminum oxide (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali in etching material is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A mixing solution of a set of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, aqueous solution of ammonia and tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The junction solar battery element has at least one group composed of gallium arsenide, germanium, silicon carbide, silicon, indium phosphide, germanium silicide, zinc oxide, gallium nitride, glass, metal and sapphire. The junction solar battery element has at least one material selected from III group nitride, III group phosphide and III group arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The catalyst produced by carbon nanotube used as carrier is 0.5-2 mu m long and 10-20 nm wide. The pre-treatment comprises processing in 2-4 M mixed acid, 4-8 M peroxide water or sodium hypochlorite solution, putting purified multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) into mixed acid comprising 2-4 M nitric acid (HNO3, 50-150 mL) and 2-4 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4), making volume ratio of nitric acid and sulfuric acid at 1:1-1:3, performing ultrasonic oscillation for 5-20 minutes, refluxing for 4-8 hours at 120-140 degrees C, filtering, washing solid by distilled water to adjust pH to neutral, and vacuum drying for 12-24 hours at 60-80 degrees C at vacuum drying box; or mixing purified MWNTs with 4-8 M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbon nanotube (1 g) and H2O2 (50-150 ml) at room temperature, stirring mixture for 36-96 hours, filtering mixture, washing solid by distilled water to adjust pH to neutral, vacuum drying for 12-24 hours at 60-80 degrees C in vacuum drying box; or mixing purified MWNTs with NaClO, carbon nanotube and 50 to 150ml H2O2 at room temperature; stirring mixture for 12 to 36h and filtering the mixture; washing the solid by the distilled water to adjust pH to neutral, and vacuum drying for 12-24 hours at 60-80 degrees C in vacuum drying box.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is load type noble metal catalyst, with content of active component of 0.5-90%; and the active component is alloy catalyst formed by Pt and/or transitional metal or other noble metal. The two metal elements are platinum-palladium (PtPd), platinum-nickel (PtNi), platinum-iron (PtFe) or platinum-cobalt (PtCo). The content of the active component is 20-40%; and the diameter of the grain of the active component is 1-3 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The I-II-III-VI group compound is chosen from copper-zinc-indium-gallium selenide, copper-zinc-gallium selenide and/or copper-zinc-indium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: In the thin film solar cell, where each of the first photovoltaic layer and the second photovoltaic layer is: a group IV thin film, a III-V compound semiconductor thin film, a II-VI compound semiconductor thin film or an organic compound semiconductor thin film; or a positive-negative semiconductor layer or a positive-intrinsic-negative semiconductor layer. In the thin film solar cell, a material of the interlayer is an intrinsic semiconductor or a metal oxide. The intrinsic semiconductor comprises amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, monocrystalline silicon and/or polycrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide semiconductor comprises at least one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide or fluorine tin oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is copper, silver, gold, palladium, nickel, platinum, chromium or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolessly and/or electrolytically coatable particles have, in at least one direction, a dimension which differs from the dimension in the other directions. The electrolessly and/or electrolytically coatable particles are carbon nanotubes or graphenes. The solvent is selected from water, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and/or glycols.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is selected from polyurethane, polyacrylate and their copolymers. Preferred Method: In the method, the application of the seed layer by printing is preceded by application of a primer to the substrate; and the seed layer is printed onto the substrate by a screen printing process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one of the monomer is fluorine-containing (meth)acrylate monomer or fluorine-containing (meth)acrylate monomer and another copolymerizable monomer. The fluorine-containing (meth)acrylate monomer is of formula: H2C=C(-X)-C(=O)-O-Y'-Rf (I), the copolymerizable monomer is of formula: H2C=CA1COOA2 (II) and the alkoxy amine is of formula: R11-O-N(-R21)(-R22) (III) or (-R)2-C(-COOR2)-O-N(-C(CH3)3)-CH(-P(=O)(OEt)2)-C(-CH3)2-CH2R1 (IV).X=H, methyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CFX1X2, cyano, 1-20C optionally branched fluoroalkyl, or benzyl or phenyl (both optionally substituted);Y'=1-10C aliphatic group, 6-10C aryl, cycloaliphatic group, -H2CCH2N(R1)SO2- or -CH2CH(OY1)CH2-;R2=H, 1-8C optionally branched alkyl, phenyl, alkali metal or R204N+;Y1=H or acetyl;Rf=1-21C optionally branched fluoroalkyl;A1=H or methyl;A2=CnH2n+1;n=1-30;R11,R21,R22=2-15C alkyl;R21+R22=ring;R=1-3C optionally branched alkyl;R1=H or -OC(=O)-R3;R3=1-20C optionally branched alkyl;andR20=H or 1-10C hydrocarbyl.The surface treating agent further contains water-and-oil repellent, antifouling agent or mold release agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymerization is performed in the absence of solvent. The polymerization of the polymer with the other monomer is performed by heating at temperature 20 degrees C more than the initial polymerization reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal particles are selected from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, tungsten, and platinum particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The nickel:aluminum alloy connection layer is formed using sputtering target containing (in wt.%) aluminum (90.000-99.999 or 99.1-99.9) and nickel (0.001-10.000 or 0.1-0.9).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: An organic resin chosen from novolak resin is used in the semiconductor device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (a) comprises microcrystalline silicon. The layer (a) comprises a stack of microcrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. The doping agent (d1) is p-dopant, preferably boron. Preferred Process: The oxygen with flow volume of l00 sccm is carried for 60-120 seconds, during manufacture of silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The viscosity of the foamable solution is optionally adjusted by lowering its pH. The sintering is done by high voltage electrical discharge in a vacuum; or using microwave energy. Preferred Components: The sinterable particulate material has an average particle size below one micron; and is selected from metals or its alloys, oxides, nitrides and/or carbides, including cemented carbides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The sinterable particulate material is tantalum, niobium, titanium, zirconium or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The foam enhancing agents comprises methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The foamable solution optionally contains foam enhancing agents (such as polyethers or polyglycol ethers, and polypropylene glycol methyl ethers); foam stabilizers and/or viscosity modifiers (such as guar gum, gum arabic and polyurethanes). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substance is a carbonate or oxide of one of the element Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La or lanthanoids or a mixed oxide of at least two of the elements Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La and lanthanoids or an oxide ceramic with a perovskite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The surfaces (2,3) of the glass ribbon are fire-polished surfaces. The glass ribbon contains transition element. Preferred Properties: The thickness deviation of glass ribbon is less than 20% of the thickness. The aspect-ratio of width with respect to thickness of glass ribbon is 25-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second species are each selected from aluminum, boron, gallium, indium, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. The majority of ions is greater than 90% of boron ions. Preferred Method: The method comprises applying a passivation agent to a surface opposite the surface of the substrate during the thermal activation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell substrate comprises monocrystalline or multicrystalline silicon. The powder system comprises at least one component selected from a silver powder, copper powder, and metal oxide powder. The metal oxide powder is one that binds with the aluminum powder and shrinks during firing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The peeling paste comprises: a powder system (30-80 wt.%) having a particle size of 0.1-5.0 microns; a glass frit (3-20 wt.%) having a particle size of 0.1-4.5 microns and glass transition temperature (Tg) of 300-800 degrees C; and an organic vehicle (10-30 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material contains nickel as main component, and inorganic component having ion conductivity. The ion conductive film is formed using perovskite-type oxygen ion conductor having compositional formula: Ln1-xAexBO3-d.Ln = lanthanoid;Ae = strontium, barium and/or calcium;B = metallic element forming perovskite-type structure, and preferably includes Fe;x = 0-1; andd = electric charge neutral value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oxide film has light ray transmittance of 60% or more at wavelength of 400-780 nm. The target has relative density of 75% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The compound semiconductor has bandgap of 2.2 eV or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal foil comprises at least one metal, a metal compound or a metal alloy. The metal comprises copper or aluminum. The metal compound comprises copper or aluminum, which is coated with at least one further metal comprising tin or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The combined structure exhibits an insulating layer, which is located on the metal foil and exhibits recesses, where the respective recesses of the combined structure extend through the insulating layer and the circumference of the recess in the metal layer, is at least as large as the circumference of the recess in the insulating layer. The insulating layer comprises a solder mask. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made with two disparate semiconductor materials with different band gaps like cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride/cadmium-zinc telluride, copper-indium-gallium selenide, and gallium arsenide/aluminum-gallium arsenide. The transparent conductor is indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wet etching is carried out using etching liquid containing formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glycolic acid, ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, ammonium citrate, ammonium lactate, ammonium malonate, ammonium succinate, triethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine and/or ammonium glycolate. The alkaline aqueous solution containing potassium hydroxide and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution are further provided after wet etching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinkable elastomer is substituted polyolefin, preferably ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal fiber is metal nanowire. The metal layer is removed by physical removal method or chemical etching method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The polymer layer is fixed by heat-processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticles contain magnesium fluoride hydroxide (MgF2-x(OH)x), where x is 0.01-0.5. The molar ratio of refractive index adjustment material and magnesium fluoride hydroxide is 0.5:10-30:10. The hydrophilic low-reflection film further contains silica, alumina, ceria, zirconia, titania, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide and/or lanthanum trioxide as refractive index adjustment material. Preferred Properties: The hydrophilic low-reflection-film surface has water contact angle of 30 degrees or less and surface resistance value of 1x 1010 Omega .cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic component doped in the composite membrane is silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic-inorganic composite proton exchange membrane is Nafion (RTM: perfluorinated membrane)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) composite membrane, Nafion (RTM: perfluorinated membrane)/titanium dioxide composite membrane, Dow (RTM: proton exchange membrane)/SiO2 composite membrane, Dow (RTM: proton exchange membrane)/TiO2 composite membrane, Aciplex (RTM: proton exchange membrane)/SiO2 membrane and Aciplex (RTM: proton exchange membrane)/TiO2 membrane. The sulfonating agent is sulfuric acid (50-98%), analytically pure chlorosulfonic acid or analytically pure 1,3-propane sultone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The proton exchange membrane is Nafion (RTM: perfluorinated membrane), Dow (RTM: proton exchange membrane) and/or Aciplex (RTM: proton exchange membrane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal salt comprises iron (III) chloride, cobalt (II) chloride, or copper (II) chloride. The reducing gas is argon or nitrogen. The mol ratio of transition metal salt to disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetate is 1:1. The metal content in microbiological fuel cell catalyst is 10-30% of mass of carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal salt is a soluble salt of at least one transitional metal group of IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB and IIB. The soluble salt is at least one of a nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, acetate, halide, dinitroso diamine salt, an acetylacetone compound, or a macrocyclic complex porphyrin, phthalocyanine and a polymer. The transition metal element is at least one of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, iridium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium and tungsten. The acid is nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, where the mass concentration of the formaldehyde solution is 30-40%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of resorcinol to formaldehyde is 2:1 and the molar ratio of resorcinol to the metal salts is 10:1 to 500:1. The solvent is at least one of water, ethanol, isopropanol and ethylene glycol in the step (iii). Preferred Method: The graphitizing temperature of the metallic organic gel is 1500-2800 degrees C. The agitation in the step (iii) is performed at 20-80 degrees C, when the solvent is water and the agitation of the ethanol solvent is performed at 20-78 degrees C. The agitation of isopropanol solvent is performed at 20-82 degrees C and the agitation of ethylene glycol solvent is performed at 60-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen purifier mainly comprises a hydrophobic breathable film and a shell, where the shell is provided with a material entrance, a gas outlet and a liquid outlet, and the hydrophobic breathable film is arranged between the material entrance and the gas outlet. The liquid outlet and the gas outlet are respectively arranged at two sides of the hydrophobic breathable film and the hydrophobic breathable film comprises a fluorine-containing macromolecular microporous film and supporting components. The fluorine-containing macromolecular microporous film comprises several micropores having a diameter ranging from 20-500 mu m. The hydrogen using device is a fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing macromolecular microporous film comprises a fluorine-containing macromolecular polymer film having a thickness of 1-1000 mu m, which is polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifluorochloroethylene, polychlorodifluoroethylene and/or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The cobalt-carbon film has thickness of 60-120 nm, and alumina film has thickness of 2-10 nm. Preferred Process: The cobalt-carbon target is obtained by mixing cobalt powder and carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrical resistance of the deionized water or ultrapure water is more than 16 ~o.cm. The temperature of the water bath in the step (ii) is 80 degrees C. The concentration of the glucose in the step (iii) is 5-10 wt.%. The concentration of the acetaldehyde is maintained at 15-25 wt.% to ensure the control of the degree and corrosion effect of the reaction. The acid corrosive of catalyzing and etching with the precious metal nano particle utilizes absolute ethyl alcohol, hydrofluoric acid (49%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%) in a volume ratio of 1:1:1 to ensure the invariability of the corrosion and antireflection performance of the light trapping structure. The silicon wafer is (100) or (111) orientation monocrystalline silicon piece, and the electrical resistivity is 8-13 ~o.cm. The precious metal nano particle is sliver particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thiophene derivative monomer is 3,4-alkylene dioxothiophene or 3-alkyl thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-crystal structure of hausmannite nano-particle comprises a nano-wire, a hollow nano-sphere, a hollow nano-cube, a hollow microsphere, a hollow microcube or a nano-sheet. The metal salt is chlorides of cobalt, magnesium or zinc, nitrate or sulfate. The molar ratio of hausmannite nano-particle to metal salt is 2-1:1. The reducing agent is a solution of sodium borohydride, ammonia monohydrate or disodium hydrogen phosphate with concentration of 0.1-4 M having the pH adjusted to 10-12 with sodium hydroxide, where the volume ratio of the added amount to the volume of turbid liquid is 0.3-0.4:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The tungstate gadolinium silver upconversion material (I) is prepared by (A) preprocessing the raw materials; presintering gadolinium oxide, ytterbium oxide, and erbium oxide at high-temperature of 850 degrees C for 2 hours; and removing moisture and impurity; (B) weighing silver oxide, silver nitrate, or single silver powder, gadolinium oxide or gadolinium nitrate, ytterbium oxide or ytterbium nitrate, erbium oxide or erbium nitrate, tungsten oxide, tungstic acid, or ammonium tungstate, and molybdenum oxide, molybdenum acid, or ammonium molybdate; mixing in the grinding bowl; and grinding for 20 minutes; (C) sintering by containing the mixture obtained in step (B) in corundum crucible; arranging the corundum crucible in high-temperature furnace at 950-1150 degrees C for 2-6 hours; and cooling the corundum crucible to room temperature; and (D) grinding the product sintered in step (C) by grinding bowl into 100 mesh; and preparing (I). Preferred Preparation: In the sintering step (C), the mixture obtained in step (B) is contained in corundum crucible, which is arranged in high-temperature furnace at 1100 degrees C for 4 hours; and the corundum crucible is cooled naturally to room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy particles further contain iron. The weight ratio of platinum particles, nickel particles and iron particles is 1:0.05-0.7:0.05-0.7, preferably 1:0.1-0.3:0.05-0.02. The carbon support contains carbon nano powder, carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanohorn. The catalyst contains 10-70 wt.% of the alloy particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A 20% sodium hydroxide or 1% hydrogen fluoride or hydrogen chloride solution is employed to clean in step (A). A 2.5% sodium hydroxide solution % is employed to etch texture in step (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen-containing material is water. The zinc-containing material is diethyl zinc or dimethyl zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The buffer layer further contains sulfur-oxide compound of formula: A2S3(1-x)O3.x=more than 0 to less than 1.
Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl or benzoimidazolyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 10 Compounds (I) or (II) are specifically claimed e.g. 5,8-bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-diphenyl-quinoxaline (Ia), 5,8-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dipyridin-2-yl-quinoxaline, 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-bis(3-pyrimidin-5-yl-phenyl)quinoxaline, 5,8-bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dipyridin-2-yl-quinoxaline and 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-bis(3-pyridin-4-yl-phenyl)quinoxaline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nitrogen supply layer contains tungsten nitride, aluminum nitride and indium nitride. The seed layer contains zinc oxide, cobalt oxide and copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface of copper substrate is polished. The concentration of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution is 1x 10-3 to 20 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent (A) comprises ethanol, acetone or ether. The organic solvent (B) comprises methanol, ethanol, glycol, or glycerol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The growth guiding agent comprises polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ammonia water, ethane diamine or polyvinyl alcohol, with concentration of 1x 10-4 to 5 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (A), the used graphite raw material has transverse crystal particle size of greater than or equal to 10 mu m and thickness of 1-500 mu m. Step (A) is conducted at 0-80 degrees C for 10 minutes-10 hours. Step (B) is carried out using weak ultrasonic-assisted method at 50-600 W for 20 seconds-1 hour; or oscillating method at oscillating frequency of 80-250 times/minute for 1-36 hours. Step (C) is conducted using three steps of centrifuging method, comprising (A) removing graphite oxide, which is not stripped completely, by centrifuging at 1000-5000 revolutions/minute (rpm) for 1-30 minutes ; (B) removing small-size graphene from liquid supernatant obtained in step (A) by centrifuging at 5000-10000 rpm for 1-30 minutes; and (C) diluting sediment containing large-size graphene oxide with distilled water; and centrifuging sediment at 2000-6000 rpm for 3 minutes-1 hour to remove the small-size graphene. In step (D), the dispersed large-size graphene oxide is deposited on the base and reduced by hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate at 20-200 degrees C for 1-30 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal precursor is mixture of 2 or more metal salts. The metal of metal salt is chosen from silver, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, barium, strontium, titanium, zirconium, platinum, palladium and ruthenium. Preferred Property: The size of metal nanoparticles is 1-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is alcohol, glycol-based solvent, or water. Preferred Property: The pH of complex compound is 3-11.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer compound has functional groups chosen from carbonyl group, oxygen, ester group, nitro group, amino group, sulfonic acid group, mercapto group, carboxylic acid group, phosphonic acid group, hydroxyl group, benzyl group and aldehyde group. The molar ratio of polymer compound to metal precursor is 1:0.1-1:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer on the polymer substrate is formed of zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer substrate is made of polystyrene, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive component comprises silver and an added metal consisting of ruthenium, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The infrared radiation highly-reflective material comprises stainless steel, molybdenum, gold, nitride, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, diffuse-highly reflective thermoplastic material or similar material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The impurity compounds comprise cuprous selenide and copper sulfide. The aqueous solution comprises sulfur and cadmium. The CIGSSe powder comprises powders of copper-indium alloy, copper-indium-gallium compound, copper-indium selenide, copper-indium-gallium selenide, copper-indium sulfide, and copper-indium-gallium sulfide. The impurity scavenger comprises sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, and bromide. The aqueous solution comprises chloride, ammonia and thiourea, where the chloride comprises cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, cadmium iodide, and cadmium diacetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises alcohol and amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ceramic bond material comprises manganese-cobalt oxide (Mn1.5Co1.5O4, Mn2CoO4 or MnCo2O4). The ceramic bond material includes a dopant of rare-earth metal, preferably ceria dopant, or rare-earth metal oxides. The ceramic bond material includes a dopant chosen from iron, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and zinc oxide. The ceramic electrode comprises strontium-doped lanthanum manganite or strontium-doped lanthanum cobalt-doped ferrite. The metallic interconnect comprises ferritic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel coated with manganese cobalt ferrite with or without dopants, nickel-based alloy or nickel-based alloy coated with manganese cobalt ferrite with or without dopants. Preferred Process: The manganese-cobalt-oxide starting material is chemically reduced to form ceramic precursors including manganese oxide and cobalt. The ceramic precursors are prepared from powder of manganese oxide and powder of cobalt, cobalt alloy with rare-earth elements or cobalt alloy with iron, chromium, nickel, copper and/or zinc, or powder of manganese oxide, powder of rare-earth metal oxide or iron oxide, chromium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and/or zinc, and powder of cobalt. The ceramic electrode, metallic interconnect and ceramic bond material are heated in oxygen-containing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pre-casting template particles are processed by hydrothermal treatment, preferably supercritical state hydrothermal treatment. Preferred Components: The magnetic cage-shaped structure comprises iron-platinum alloy, iron-palladium alloy, cobalt-platinum alloy, magnetite, and maghemite. The coating layer comprises biocompatible material, and a lipid membrane. The medical agent comprises a material for producing compound which forms coating layer and an aggregate. The magnetic cage-shaped structure has thickness of 5-50 nm. The pre-casting template particle is silica, apatite, or titanium oxide. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinkable compound is at least one compound comprising polybenzimidazole, polybenzothiazole or polybenzoxazole. EXAMPLE - Polybenzimidazole (100 parts by weight) was dissolved in dimethylacetamide (900 parts by weight) to prepare a polybenzimidazole solution. Phenol (1 mol), p-formaldehyde (2.2 mol) and aniline (1.1 mol) were mixed and stirred for 1 hour at 110 degrees C to obtain a crude product. The crude product was washed with 1N sodium hydroxide solution for 2 times and then with distilled water for 1 time, and then was dried using magnesium sulfate. The resultant was filtered to remove a solvent and vacuum dried to acquire a benzoxazine monomer. The benzoxazine monomer (185 parts by weight) was dissolved in the polybenzimidazole solution and was stirred for 4 hours at 80 degrees C. Then, the resultant mixture was filtered to remove impurities. The mixture was cast onto a polyethylene terephthalate film to form a membrane and was dried. The dried membrane was exfoliated from the polyethylene terephthalate film and heated at a rate of 20 degrees C/hour for 8 hours until the temperature reached 230 degrees C. Then, thermal curing was performed at 230 degrees C. The resultant obtained through the thermal curing was impregnated with an 85 wt.% phosphoric acid solution for 2 hours and 30 minutes at 80 degrees C to obtain an electrolyte membrane formed of polybenzimidazole crosslinked with the polybenzoxazine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transfer support applied to the coherently-strained single crystalline layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of waxes, greases, polymers, adhesives and adhesive tapes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilizer is thiourea or its derivatives, thiocyanate, acetic compounds of lead(II) ion, antimony(III) ion and bismuth(III) ion, nitric compounds of lead(II) ion, antimony(III) ion and bismuth(III) ion, or water-soluble organic material having thiol group. The content of chloride ion is less than 1000 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution further comprises: a buffering agent comprising ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, boric acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid and/or tartaric acid; and an accelerating agent comprising hydrofluoric acid, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride and/or ammonium fluoride. Preferred Components: The alkylol amine is diethanol amine and/or triethanol amine. The reducing agent is: sodium borohydride, dimethylamine borane, diethylamine borane and/or morpholine borane, where the content of the reducing agent is 0.5-20 g/l; or sodium hypophosphite, ammonium hypophosphite, phosphinic acid or hydrazine, where the content of the reducing agent is 5-40 (preferably 5-30) g/l. The content of the buffering agent is 1-20 g/l. The content of the accelerating agent is 2-12 g/l. EXAMPLE - Typical electroless nickel plating solution comprised (in g/l) of: nickel sulfate (34); sodium hypophosphate (18); ammonium citrate (50); ammonium chloride (8); triethanolamine (10); sodium fluoride (4); and thiourea (0.0009).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hard-coat layer (4) is obtained by curing an ionizing-radiation-hardening-type (meth)acrylate-type resin composition containing fluorine-containing reactive polymer with polymerizable double bond and/or (meth)acrylate having fluorine-containing functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A positive electrode stores and releases the lithium ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Condensation reaction of compound having one substituent, is carried out with reactive compound (III) to obtain compound having trimethylene structure (I). Preferred Compound: The compound having trimethylene structure (I) is of formula (IV). The high molecular compound has repeating unit of formula (V), (VI) or (VII). The high molecular compound has number average molecular weight of 1000-500000, preferably 2500-100000. The reactive compound is of formula (VIII)-(X).Z3,Z4=Z1,Z2;Ar1-Ar4=bivalent aromatic ring consisting of C and H, and/or bivalent aromatic ring consisting of C, H and/or X;andZ5-Z9,Z18-Z20=Z11-Z17. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R3=H.    EXAMPLE - Liquid mixture of ethyl 2-benzyl-3-phenylpropane acid ethyl (805 mg) and tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) are added in reaction container, deaerated, and argon substitution was carried out. After cooling liquid mixture to -40 degrees C, ether solution (6.1 mL) of methyl lithium is added and stirred for 30 minutes. Extraction was carried out using ethyl acetate, after adding saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution to liquid mixture and stopping reaction. After washing the obtained organic layer with water, the product was dried and filtered using anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The residue obtained by concentrating filtrate under reduced pressure, was purified. 3-Benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenyl-butan-2-ol (670 mg) was obtained at yield of 88% as a colorless liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor substrate is a polycrystalline silicon. The electrolyte comprises hydrofluoric acid and organic addition agent having mass ratio of 1-10:1    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic addition agent is 1-10C alcohol and/or ketone selected from ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, isopentyldiol, glycerol, acetone or butanone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - 9-Naphthalen-2-yl-10-(4-vinyl-phenyl)-anthracene (2.5 g) was dissolved in dry toluene (200 ml). Then styrene (0.64 g) was added and sec-butyl lithium (1.4 M, 0.4 ml) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. Within 5 minutes, the color was changed from pale yellow to brown color. After 16 hours, the reaction was stopped by adding methanol. The reaction mixture was evaporated on a rotary evaporator and the residue was added in tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was added with methanol to precipitate corresponding polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is ferric chloride or ammonium persulfate. The usage amount of oxidizing agent is 1-5 times the mass of pyrrole monomer. The content of ferroferric oxide in ferroferric oxide-carbon-nitrogen composite is 10-80 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium oleate, ammonium oleate, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reducing atmosphere is hydrogen, charcoal, carbon monoxide or mixed gas of nitrogen and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reduction reflecting film is made of silicon nitride, titanium oxide, silicon oxide and silicon nitride compound film or silicon oxide and titanium oxide compound. The solution for chemical polishing is potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), tetramethylammonium hydroxide or ethanediamine. The heavily doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon film is deposited by doping phosphor or boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conducting oxide film is made of indium tin oxide or aluminum doped zinc oxide. The back surface of solar battery in made of aluminum or silver aluminum alloy. The metal conducting electrodes are silver grid line, aluminum grid line or silver aluminum alloy grid line. The crystal silicon basal is a p-type or n-type mono crystal or poly crystal silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reversible hydrogen storage material comprises a catalyst titanium trifluoride, cerium trifluoride or niobium pentachloride, where the molar ratio of the catalyst to the lithium borohydride is 0.1-0.5:6. Preferred Method: The method comprises adding catalyst titanium trifluoride, cerium trifluoride or niobium pentachloride in the step (i). The revolving speed for ball milling is 500-1000 revolutions per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The paste is produced using solvent chosen from diethyl amine, ethylene diamine, toluene, ethylene glycol and triethanol amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The growth substrate is conductive glass coated with 100-200 nm thick zinc oxide film, metal or conductive substrate of compound conductive film. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of aluminum in aluminum sol to water is 1:100-1:200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrocatalysts (a2) and (b2) are chosen from tantalum, lead, ruthenium, iridium, tin, barium, silver, platinum, palladium and its oxide. The multilayered hollow electrode is formed using precursor solution containing titanium isopropoxide and niobium methoxide, and catalyst precursor chosen from tin chloride, ruthenium chloride and dihydrogen hexachloroiridate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises synthesizing unbridged precursor molecule, which carries Y1a group in the concerned position, transferring the Y1a group into Y1b group, which optionally undergoes a ring closure reaction, and performing cyclization reaction, thus Y1 bridging is introduced, where Y1a and Y1b are not defined. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 99 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 8,8-dimethyl-N,N-diphenyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridin-6-amine of formula (Ia), 6-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine, 6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine, 8,8-dimethyl-N,N-diphenyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridin-10-amine and 10-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mass ratio of carbon carrier to copper ion is 7-9:1. The carbon carrier is XC-72 (RTM: conductive carbon black pellet or powder), XC72R (RTM: activated carbon powder), BP2000 (RTM: benzyl alcohol), BP3000 (RTM: carbon black), or L-MWNT-2040 (RTM: carbon nanotube), L-MWNT-4060 (RTM: carbon nanotube), L-MWNT-6010 (RTM: carbon nanotube). The active metal is the substance by adopting 2-30 (preferably 5-15)% copper as core and 5-30 (preferably 5-20)% platinum as shell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal element contained in metal catalyst is platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, MxAy or MxAyOz, wherein M and A are platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, copper, titanium, tin, vanadium, gallium, and molybdenum, preferably platinum, x, y and z are 0-100, x+y is 100 and x+y+z is 100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive ceramic supporter is silicon carbide, titanium oxide, titanium sub-oxide (Ti4O7), zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, ruthenium oxide, titanium silicide, titanium boride, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium carbide, or boron carbide. The grain size is 10-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalytic agent is noble metal simple substance or noble metal alloy. The noble metal alloy is MxNy or MxNyOz. At least one noble metal is platinum. The noble metal simple substance is platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, or osmium.M, N, O=Pt, Ru, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Ti, Sn, V, Ga, or Mo;x, y, z=metal atom ratio in the catalytic agent, preferably 0-100; andx+y=100 or x+y+z=100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The platinum bis(acetylacetonate) is dissolved in a diphenyl ether solvent at 80-100 degrees C. Hot treatment is performed to the carbon black at 300-500 degrees C for 1-5 hours, or in the argon at 500-900 degrees C for 1-5 hours. The polyatomic alcohol is 1,2-dodecyl glycol or 1,2-cetyl glycol. The reflow temperature is at 230-249 degrees C. The acetyl acetone is chemically bonded on the surface of the carbon black, and is reduced to nano platinum on carbon by the polyatomic alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A hydrophilic pattern layer containing silicon-type material is formed on the hydrophobic pattern layer. Preferred Composition: The transparent base film contains oxide, nitride, carbide, oxynitride, oxycarbide, carbonitride or oxycarbonitride of silicon, aluminum, indium, tin, zinc, titanium, copper, cerium and/or tantalum. The hydrophilic pattern layer contains silica, silicon oxide and/or titania. Preferred Property: The hydrophilic pattern layer has surface energy of 70-100 mN/m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The hydrophobic pattern layer has surface energy of 1-40 mN/m. Preferred Composition: The transparent base film contains polyethylene naphthalate, (meth)acrylate-type resin, polyester resin, styrene resin, transparent fluororesin, polyimide-type resin, polyamide resin, polyetherimide resin, cellulose acylate resin, polyurethane resin, polyetheretherketone resin, polycarbonate resin, cycloaliphatic polyolefin resin, polyallylate resin, polyethersulfone resin, polysulfone resin, cycloolefin copolymer, fluorene-modified polycarbonate resin and/or polyethylene-modified polycarbonate resin. The hydrophobic pattern layer contains acrylic resin, perylene or melamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Haloalkyl acrylate of formula: H2C=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-R2X (1) is reacted with polysiloxane-silazane of formula: M-O-Si(-R3)(-R4)-O-(Si(-R5)(-R6)-O)m-(Si(-R7)(-R8)-N(-Ar)-Si(-R9)(-R10))n-R11 to obtain compound (I).X=halo, preferably bromo, chloro or iodo;andM=alkali metal, preferably sodium, potassium, lithium or cesium.Preferred Conditions: The reaction is performed at 25-80 degrees C in inert atmosphere for 30 minutes to 5 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The block copolymer has average molecular weight of 40000-150000 and glass transition temperature of 90-100 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H or methyl;    R2=-C2H4- or -C3H6-;    R3-R10=methyl or ethyl;    R11=t-butyl;    R12,R13=methyl;    R14=H;and    R15=butyl, pentyl or hexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: In the solar cell, the recombination velocity is 50-500 cm/second, preferably less than 100 cm/second. The grain boundaries have been hydrogen passivated. The oxygen content in the silicon active layer is less than 1018 at/cm3. The grains exhibit a preferred orientation along the (110) or (100) axis. The solar cell further comprises a barrier layer (307).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The beam for heating is a: spot of radiation rapidly scanned over the zone so that more than 50% of the zone irradiated by the spot is equal to or greater than the predetermined temperature; or linear array of radiation projected onto the zone so that at least 50% of the zone irradiated is equal to or greater than the predetermined temperature. The spot of radiation is generated by optics comprising a rapidly rotating mirror or rapidly vibrating galvanometrically controlled mirror. The method comprises an initial step of heating a portion of the layer material to within 20 degrees C of the predetermined temperature before heating the zone, where the predetermined temperature is 1420 degrees C. Preferred Components: The layer material: is substantially silicon; and being recrystallized is the active layer of a solar cell. The layer material is in an environmentally controlled chamber, where the ambient temperature, pressure and gas composition is controlled to predetermined values and constituents. The heated zone width, N, is less than 100 mu wide. The layer advancing rate, M, is greater than 1 mm/second. The substrate is silicon or silicon composite with graphite and carbon. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst material is iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive metal paste comprises: a particulate electrically conductive metal (50-92 wt.%) consisting of silver; particulate p-type dopant (0.5-10 wt.%) consisting of boron, aluminum and p-type silicon alloys that consists of eutectic aluminum/silicon alloy, alloys comprising silicon and boron, alloys comprising silicon and aluminum and alloys comprising silicon, boron and aluminum; and other particulate metal consisting of particulate iridium, particulate platinum and particulate palladium in a total proportion of 0.5-5 wt.% based on the total of particulate metals contained in the conductive metal paste. The glass frit component of the conductive metal paste consists of: lead-free glass frits with a softening point temperature of 550-611 degrees C and containing 11-33 wt.% of silicon dioxide, 0-7 wt.% of aluminum oxide, 2-10 wt.% of boron trioxide and 40 to 73 wt.% of bismuth oxide; and lead-containing glass frits with a softening point temperature of 571-636 degrees C and containing 53-57 wt.% of lead oxide, 25-29 wt.% of silicon dioxide, 2-6 wt.% of aluminum oxide and 6-9 wt.% of bismuth oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In producing the catalyst, the metal salt solution for impregnating the carbon-comprising support is added in a substoichiometric amount. The metal of the metal salt solution is tungsten or molybdenum or a mixture or alloy comprising at least one of these metals. The metal salt solution is a tungstate solution. The heating in step (b) is carried out in an inert atmosphere. The catalytically active metal is a metal of the platinum group or an alloy comprising at least one metal of the platinum group, where the alloy comprising the metal of the platinum group is selected from PtNi, PtFe, PtV, PtCr, PtTi, PtCu, PtPd, PtRu, PdNi, PdFe, PdCr, PdTi, PdCu and PdRu. The metal of the platinum group is platinum or palladium. The catalytically active material is applied by reductive precipitation or decomposition and reduction in an H2/N2 gas mixture to the carbon-comprising support provided with the metal carbide layer. The carbon-comprising support has a BET surface area of not more than 250 m2/g. Preferred Catalyst: The metal of the metal carbide layer comprises tungsten and/or molybdenum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the compound containing phosphorus is introduced at 160-190 degrees C. The method further comprises growing the indium phosphide, where the growing is performed at 180-220 degrees C for 25-35 minutes. Preferred Components: The compound containing indium is at least one of indium acetate and indium chloride. The compound containing phosphorus is tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is octanol. EXAMPLE - Indium acetate (300 mg) and oleic acid (1.5 milliequivalents) were added to octanol (25 ml) to form a solution. The resultant solution was slowly heated, and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine was introduced at 180 degrees C. Then the mixture was reacted at 200 degrees C for 30 minutes, to form indium phosphide quantum dots.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The absorber is a chalcogenide-containing absorber comprising copper, indium, and optionally gallium. A transparent conductive layer is provided on the light incident surface. The adhesion promoting region comprises chromium, titanium, tantalum, titanium nitride (TiNx), tantalum nitride (TaNx), titanium carbide (TiCx), tantalum carbide (TaCx), or is a multilayer structure comprising a combination of chromium, titanium, tantalum, TiNx, TaNx, TiCx, and TaCx. The electrical contact comprises silver or silver nitride. The dielectric barrier region is silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and/or silicon carbide. The device further comprises a buffer layer between the transparent conductive layer and the absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and their mixture. The metal of reflection layer is silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The film mirror has corrosion inhibitor layer containing thioether, thiol, nickel-type organic compound, benzotriazole, imidazole, oxazole, tetrazainden, pyrimidine and/or thiadiazole group compounds, and a copper layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The thickness of polymer film layer is 10-125 mu m. The polymer film layer contains ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) exhibits an emission decay time of 2-20 (preferably 2-15) microseconds, as measured at 300 K, and an emission quantum yield of at least 35 (preferably at least 95)%. The quantity of (I) in an emitter layer of optoelectronic device is 2-100 (preferably 3-20 or 100)%, based on the total weight of the emitter layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 2 complexes (I) is disclosed i.e. gold-complexes of formulae (Au(C2B9H10(P(C3H7)2)2)(P(C6H5)3)) (Ia) and (Au(C2B9H10(P(C6H5)2)2)(P(C6H5)3)) (Ib).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An equalizing layer and/or a diffusion barrier layer applied on the substrate are made of titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, Titanium nitride, titanium-oxy-nitride, titanium oxide, molybdenum, chromium, cobalt, nickel-cobalt, nickel or Invar. An electrical insulating coating on the equalizing layer and/or a diffusion barrier layer are made of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon hydroxide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride. A front contact layer made of zinc oxide is applied on a molybdenum layer in the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal strip or metal sheet consists of copper or copper alloy belt, aluminum or aluminum alloy belt, iron or iron alloy belt, titanium or titanium alloy belt, nickel or nickel alloy belt or high-grade steel strip.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer used as starting material of condensation polymerization structure (1)-(3) is bifunctional monomer of self-polycondensation type of formula (6) or 1,4-dibromo-2,5-diethynyl benzene derivative of formula (7). The palladium type catalyst is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)/tri-tert-butylphosphine (Pd2(dba)3/P(tBu)3) catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The condensation polymerization structure (1)-(3) can also be of formula (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles contain alloy having gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum, nickel and/or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The equivalent weight of perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin is 200-800. Preferred Composition: The coating material further contains fluorine-containing polymer having a hardenable functional group, photocatalyst, polyazole compound and transition metal multi-charged ion. The content of polyazole compound is 0.001-50 %mass with respect to total mass of perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin and polyazole compound. The polyazole compound is poly(2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzo imidazole). Preferred Layer: The laminated material has a primer layer containing fluorine-containing polymer having hardenable functional group between base material and hydrophilic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nano-scale patterned back contact layer is metallic. It comprises a metal from silver, gold, copper, and/or aluminum. The spacer layer comprises zinc oxide: aluminum. The semiconductor layer comprises a-silicon: hydrogen, copper indium gallium diselenide, or cadmium telluride. The transparent conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide. Preferred Method: The method further comprises constructing the nano-scale patterned mold including patterning a silicon wafer using electron beam lithography; applying a non-stick treatment to a surface of the silicon wafer; molding a bilayer composite polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp from the silicon wafer; embossing a silica sol-gel on a glass substrate with the bilayer composite PDMS stamp using substrate conformal imprint lithography; releasing the sol-gel from the stamp; and post curing the sol-gel to form the nano-scale patterned mold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bilayer composite PDMS stamp comprises a thin high modulus PDMS layer having nanopatterns and a low modulus PDMS layer configured to bind the thin high modulus PDMS layer to a glass support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): An anthracene derivative and an organic metal reagent are reacted to manufacture dibenzo fluoranthene compound.Preferred Compound: The dibenzofluoranthene compound is preferably of formula (II) or (III).R1-R10, R12-R14 = group (G); andR15-R27 = H, or 1-40C alkyl, 6-40C heteroaryl, 3-40C aryl or 1-40C alkoxy (all optionally substituted).Preferred Layer: The organic thin film solar cell has p-layer containing dibenzofluoranthene compound, and n-layer containing fullerene derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 Dibenzo fluoranthene compounds e.g. N,N-diphenylhexacyclo(11.10.1.02,7.09,24.014,23.016,21) tetracosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13(24),14(23),15,17,19,21 -dodecaen-8-amine of formula (A), N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-N-phenylhexacyclo(11.10.1.02,7.09,24.014,23.016,21) tetracosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13(24),14(23),15,17,19,21- dodecaen-8-amine, N-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)hexacyclo(11.10.1.02,7.09,24.014,23.016,21) tetracosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13(24),14(23),15,17,19,21 -dodecaen-8-amine, N,N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)hexacyclo(11.10.1.02,7.09,24.014,23.016,21) tetracosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13(24),14(23),15,17,19,21 -dodecaen-8-amine and N,N-diphenylhexacyclo(11.10.1.02,7.09,24.014,23.016,21) tetracosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13(24),14(23),15,17,19,21 -dodecaen-10-amine are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - A bromine-containing metal complex of formula (Ia) (in g) (2.8), diphenyl amine (1.5), tris(dibenzylidene acetone) dipalladium (0.1) and sodium t-butoxide (1.1) were added to anhydrous toluene (19 ml). Tri-t-butyl phosphine/toluene solution was added and refluxed for 11 hours. The reaction mixture was filter-separated, and washed with toluene. Solvent distillation of filtrate was carried out, and purified to produce dibenzo fluoranthene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains (meth)acrylate compound (g) having ethylenically unsaturated group and alicyclic structure and/or aromatic ring structure. The (meth)acrylate compound (b) has three ethylenically unsaturated groups and does not have ring structure. The (meth)acrylate compound (c) is of formula (III) and/or (IV).R6-R11=H or methyl;X=6-30C organic group having aromatic ring;ande-h=0-3.The usage amount of silane compounds (e,f) is each of 5-40 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of silica particles. Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of polymer of (meth)acrylate compounds (b,c,g) is each of 80 degrees C or more. The viscosity of curable composition at 25 degrees C is 30-10000 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The alicyclic epoxy group of the alicyclic epoxy compound is cyclohexene oxide group. Preferred Compound: The alicyclic epoxy compound is 7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)hept-3-ylmethyl 7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane-3-carboxylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable epoxy resin composition contains hardening accelerator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal or metallic compound contained in the barrier layer is chosen from metal oxide, metal oxynitride and metal nitride. Preferred Process: The gas barrier film is formed by film-forming method chosen from vacuum evaporation method, ion-plating method, sputtering method and chemical gaseous-phase method. Preferred Property: The barrier layer has thickness of 20-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer are silicone(meth)acrylate monomer and/or prepolymer, and silicon-not-containing vinyl-type monomer and/or a prepolymer. The silicon-not-containing vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer are urethane (meth)acrylates. The weight ratio of silicone (meth)acrylate monomer and/or prepolymer, and silicon-not-containing vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer is 1/99-30/70. The base film is film containing polyester-type resin and/or polycarbonate-type resin. The gas barrier film further has hard-coat layer containing cured material of polymerizable composition containing vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer on other surface of base film, overcoat layer containing organic material and conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The light emission quantity (y) is 0.7 or more. The blue luminescent compound has molecular weight of 5000 or less. Preferred Compound: The blue luminescent compound has condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure. The content of the blue light emitting portions with respect to sum total content of the conjugated system site and the blue light emitting site is 0.1-10 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conjugated site of the polymer is bivalent aromatic-amine residue, preferably fluorene diyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The platinum microcrystal particles are obtained by mixing platinum complex, acid, 2-12C primary alcohol and hydrophilic polymer in a polar solvent. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the platinum microcrystal particles is 15 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode layer is selected from silver, gold, aluminum, calcium, platinum, palladium, copper, and/or nickel. The deposition of the cathode layer is conducted in the presence of a catalyst (preferably tin, palladium, barium, magnesium, calcium, and yttrium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The HIL is selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT/PSS) and poly(thiophene-342-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxyl-2,5-diyl). The light-emitting polymer is selected from poly (2-methoxy-5-(3, 7-dimethyl-octyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MDMO-PPV), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO), phenyl-substituted PPV, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyl-oxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene (MEH-PPV), and other light emitting polymers (preferably MEH-PPV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The production of solar cell material is done in an enclosed chamber, where a semiconductor deposition zone for applying the semiconductor material to the moving substrate is located in the enclosed chamber adjacent the first chamber, the semiconductor material being applied by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition; the semiconductor material in the semiconductor deposition zone being at a pressure of 0.1-20 Torr. A conductive material deposition zone located in the enclosed chamber adjacent the second chamber, the conduct material deposition zone is disposed for applying a transparent conductive oxide layer on the surface of the semiconductor material that is spaced apart from the substrate, the transparent conductive oxide being applied by sputtering; the transparent conductive oxide being applied in the conductive material deposition zone at a pressure of 0.001-0.02 Torr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The piece is made of polyethylene, polypropylene or PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphene sheets have: a surface area of at least 300 (preferably at least 500) m2/g; and a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of at least 20:1 (preferably at least 125:1). Preferred Method: In the method, a coating comprises graphene sheets and/or and at least one organic compound having at least one charged functional group. Preferred Composition: (I) has an electrical conductivity of at least 10-3 S/cm, preferably at least 102 S/cm. (I) is in the form of a film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C2) and (C1) further comprise a cosolvent. After heating the composition (C1), has a molecular signature characterized by Raman spectrum as shown in FIG. 4 of the specification. Preferred Film: The thin film is heated to 150-250 (preferably 180-250) degrees C. The film comprises copper selenide partially or entirely in the form of CuSe; contains no oxygen or oxygen containing compounds; is amorphous or crystalline; and has X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in FIG. 3 of the specification. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves: combining the solvent and a co-solvent with the solute. The method (M2) further involves: heating the precursor composition to a temperature favoring the formation of CuSe; and further involves conducting the heating step for a time to favor the formation of CuSe. Preferred Components: The primary amine is selected from hydrazine and liquid alkylamines (preferably hydrazine). The primary amine is present in greater than a stoichiometric amount. The cosolvent is selected from secondary amines, lower, alkanols, and glycols (preferably ethylene diamine). The amount of the cosolvent is up to the amount of the primary amine. EXAMPLE - A preliminary precursor composition based on copper selenide was prepared by adding commercial grade copper selenide (CuSe) powder (1.42 g) to hydrazine (80 ml) under stirring for 3 days. A precipitate comprising Cu2Se was formed. A solution having a clear green color and comprised of CuSe2 in hydrazine was isolated by removing the precipitate by filtration and/or centrifugation to form a precursor composition. Sample of precursor composition was heated to 200 degrees C and analyzed for copper selenide content. The amount of copper was approximately 39% and the amount of selenium was approximately 61%, representing a mixture of CuSe2 and CuSe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyhydric carboxylic acid is citric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and/or malic acid. The content of polyhydric carboxylic acid is 0.1-3 wt.% with respect to total amount of water and solvent. The content of carboxylic acid with respect to solvent is 0.01-10 wt.%. The solvent is polyoxyalkylene addition product of formula: R1O-(AO)n-R2.R1,R2=H or alkyl;AO=2-4C oxyalkyl;andn=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The removal portion allows component continuously to pass through layer including raw fuel for transition metal oxide, activated carbon layer does not containing bromine, and bromine-impregnated charcoal layer, and removes mercaptan and cyclohexene as odorization component in raw fuel, by absorption. The removal portion allows component continuously to pass through layer including raw fuel for transition metal oxide, and bromine-impregnated charcoal layer, and removes mercaptan and cyclohexene as odorization component in raw fuel, by absorption. The removal portion allows component continuously to pass through layer including raw fuel for transition metal oxide, activated carbon layer does not containing bromine, and silver-supported zeolite layer, and removes mercaptan, cyclohexene, sulfide and/or thiophene as odorization component in raw fuel, by absorption. The removal portion allows component continuously to pass through layer including raw fuel for transition metal oxide, activated carbon layer does not containing bromine, silver-supported zeolite layer, and bromine-impregnated charcoal layer, and removes mercaptan, cyclohexene, sulfide and/or thiophene as odorization component in raw fuel, by absorption. Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent consists of copper-zinc group desulfurizing agent, nickel-group desulfurizing agent, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, copper oxide and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (I), the diazonium phenyl azide is prepared from 4-azidoaniline, where the diazonium ion of 4-azidoaniline is prepared in the presence of the carbon surface by reacting 4-azidoaniline with three equivalents of hydrochloric acid and one equivalent of sodium nitrate at 0 degrees C. In method (III), contacting the carbon surface with halogen azide is performed in acetonitrile at room temperature. The method (III), further comprises removing halogen atoms bound to the carbon surface by elimination of hydrogen halide, where the elimination of hydrogen halide is accomplished using potassium tert-butylate. Preferred Components: The carbon surface includes carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon plates, carbon cloth, activated carbon, vitreous carbon, charcoal, activated charcoal, graphite powder, graphite fibers, carbon nanotubes and/or fullerenes. In method (II), the nitro-bearing group is a nitrophenyl group. In method (III), the halogen azide is iodine azide. EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution containing 4-azidoaniline (1 mM), potassium chloride (100 mM), and hydrochloric acid (3 mM) was purged with nitrogen and stirred in an ice bath (0-4 degrees C). To the azidoaniline solution 1 M sodium nitrite (25 mu l) in water was added to form the diazonium ions. The mixture was stirred with nitrogen purging for 15 minutes in the ice bath. The ice cold solution was transferred to an electrochemical cell with carbon surface as working electrode for 10 seconds to obtain the modified carbon surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the organic electrolyte solution, a metal in the metal-ligand coordination compound is at least one type selected from nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mg), cerium (Ce), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V), where the metal is nickel (Ni).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the organic electrolyte solution, a ligand in the metal-ligand coordination compound is at least one selected from dipyridyl, terpyridyl, ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, phenanthroline, and N-heterocyclic carben (NHC). The NHC is selected from 2,6-bis(methylimidazole-2-ylidene)pyridine, 1,3-dimesitylimidazole, 1,3-bis(2,5-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole, 1,3-dimethylimidazole, 1,3-di-tert-buthylimidazole, 1,3-dicyclhexylimidzole, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole. The metal-ligand coordination compound performs a reversible oxidation-reduction reaction. The metal-ligand coordination compound is at least one compound selected from Formulas 1-38. The metal-ligand coordination compound further comprises boron tetrafluoride (BF4-), phophofluoride (PF6-), carbo fluoro sulfate (CF3SO3-), or (CF3SO2)2N- as a counter anion. The solvent is an aqueous solvent, a non-aqueous solvent, an ionic liquid or a mixture. The non-aqueous solvent is at least one type selected from dimethyl acetamide, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, acetonitrile, Y-butyrolactone (GBL), propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), fluoroethylene carbonate, and N,N-dimethylacetamide. Preferred Battery: In the redox flow battery, the catholyte and the anolyte comprise a redox couple of Fe2+/Ni0 or Ru2+/Ni0. The redox flow battery further comprises: a catholyte tank and an anolyte tank respectively connected to the cathode cell and the anode cell to transfer a fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of transparent conductive film (I) is 6-50 nm, and the thickness of transparent conductive film (II) is 50-150 nm. The transmittance of light in the whole region with a wavelength of 800-2500 nm of the laminate is 80% or more. Preferred Components: Transparent conductive film (II) comprises tin, titanium, antimony, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, zinc, cerium, gallium, silicon, zirconium, magnesium, aluminum, gold, silver, copper, palladium, tungsten, and/or their oxides. The crystal is indium oxide (In2O3) or indium-tin oxide (In4Sn3O12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition comprises SiO2 (70.5-71.6 wt.%), B2O3 (11.8-13.5, (preferably 11.8-13.1) wt.%), Al2O3 (5.9-6.8 wt.%), Na2O (6.4-7 wt.%), K2O (2-2.5 wt.%), CaO (0.5-1 wt.%), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0.001-0.25 wt.%), lithium oxide (Li2O) (0.001-0.20 wt.%), and barium oxide (BaO) (0.001-2 wt.%). The composition comprises an oxide comprising MgO (0.01-1%), Li2O (0.01-1%), and/or BaO (0.01-2%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass of the tubular body has a soft-segment glass transition temperature less than 600 degrees C, preferably less than 550 degrees C. The metal support is made of an iron, nickel and cobalt alloy (Kovar). EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): silicon dioxide (71.35); boron trioxide (11.8); aluminum oxide (6.8); sodium oxide (6.8); potassium oxide (2.5); and calcium oxide (0.75).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of transition element with respect to copper, when the number of atoms of copper is 1, the number of atoms of transition element is 0.5-3. Preferred Properties: The oxide film has an electroconductivity of 1 S/cm or more, a transmittance of 40% or more with respect to light ray of wavelength 400-800 nm, and a surface root mean square roughness of 1-50 nm. The valence of copper is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The compound (b) is formed by adding and precipitating low solvent which is more basic than the Lewis base (b2) to solution containing Lewis base (b2), chalcogen compound-containing organic compound (c2) and group III-B element (e2), or adding fatty amine to solution comprising aromatic amine, chalcogen compound-containing organic compound (c2) and group III-B element (e2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The carrier support layer is formed by polymerizing tricyclic compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    at least one of X1-X8=N;    A=-L-C(=CH2)-R31;    R31=H or methyl;and    Z2=optionally substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The silicon tetrachloride gas and zinc gas are reacted at 800-1200 degrees C, preferably 907-1100 degrees C. Preferred Apparatus: Discharge port (24) of waste gas containing zinc chloride produced by reaction is provided in lower portion of reactor lower side main component and reactor upper side main component. Recovery units in which silicon produced by the reaction is recovered, is provided on both sides of the reactor. A downward portion is supported with trolley (12) and reactor upper side main component moves rail (14) top to horizontal direction with trolley. The connection portion of reactor upper side main component and reactor lower side main component is sealed through heat-resistant packing (8). A zinc chloride condensing apparatus (26) is connected to discharge port of waste gas provided in lower portion of reactor lower side main component or reactor upper side main component. A door is provided on side wall of collection receptacle (30), such that silicon recovery apparatus is provided without inlet and outlet. Top plate (16) of reactor upper side main component is equipped with several silicon tetrachloride gas supply nozzles inserted toward in downward direction, and zinc gas supply nozzle (18) inserted toward in downward direction. The reactor upper side main component, reactor lower side main component and recovery unit are equipped with heating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step (b) comprises adding the second reactant into the first reactant persistently and slowly. The method further comprises: stopping adding the second reactant if the characteristic value of the fuel cell is higher than a maximum value; and proceeding the (d), if the characteristic value of the cell is lower than a minimum value, where the characteristic value of the fuel cell comprises one of a temperature, an output voltage, an output current, and an output power. The control unit controls the supplying device to stop adding the second reactant into the first reactant if the characteristic value of the fuel cell is higher than a maximum value; and the control unit performs the step (d) if the characteristic value of the fuel cell is lower than a minimum value.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first reactant comprises a chemical hydrogen storage material and sodium borohydride. The second reactant comprises a chemical hydrogen storage material and water. The fuel comprises hydrogen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound semiconductor comprises Ib group element chosen from copper and silver, IIIb group element chosen from aluminum, gallium, and indium, and/or VIb group element chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The compound semiconductor has chalcopyrite structure. The diffusion prevention layer is made of nitride chosen from titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, boron nitride and aluminum nitride, preferably aluminum nitride. The alkali supply layer has molybdenum layer containing sodium and/or sodium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound semiconductor comprises Ib group element chosen from copper and silver, IIIb group element chosen from aluminum, gallium, and indium, and/or VIb group element chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The compound semiconductor has chalcopyrite structure. The diffusion prevention layer is made of nitride chosen from titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, boron nitride and aluminum nitride, preferably aluminum nitride. The alkali supply layer has molybdenum layer containing sodium and/or sodium compound. The sodium compound comprises sodium fluoride or sodium-molybdenum oxide (Na2MoO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric transformation unit includes at least one p-type semiconductor layer, at least one n-type semiconductor layer and at least one i-type semiconductor layer. The transparent electrode contains aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The buffer layer has single-layered structure formed using silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy, where x and y are not defined), silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx) and/or multi-layered structure including silicon oxynitride layer, silicon oxide layer and silicon nitride layer. Preferred Properties: The refractive index of the buffer layer is more than the refractive index of the substrate and less than refractive index of the transparent electrode. The thickness of the buffer layer is less than the thickness of the transparent electrode. The buffer layer has refractive index of 1.5-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The finger structure comprises conductor material such as silver or copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer (A) comprises a monomer component chosen from thiophene, aniline, pyrrole and their derivatives. The dopant (B) is sulfo group, or compound having alkali metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer (A) is poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene). Preferred Process: The dopant (B) is obtained by reacting resin (B1) having hydroxyl group with sultone (B2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The buffer layer is formed using sputtering target comprising zinc sulfide and sputtering target comprising zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal film of island-like structure is made of tin, indium, bismuth and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of light-reflection agent in the elastic layer is 30-75 %mass. The light-reflection agent is chosen from titanium oxide, alumina, barium sulfate, magnesia, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silica, barium titanate, kaolin, talc and aluminum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal foil is copper foil, silver leaf, gold foil or aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The covalent bond is ether bond which is directly bonded with polysiloxane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elastic rubber is chosen from silicone rubber, fluororubber, ethylene-propylene-diene-methylene copolymer, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer and styrene-butadiene rubber. Preferred Properties: The thickness of elastic layer is 3-100 mu m. The reflective sheet is flexible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner wall of piping unit, in which the condensed water is collected, is coated with the fluorine-type material in the alumite process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolytic substrate is mixed cerium oxide ceramic wafer or mixed ytterbium mixed zirconia ceramic wafer with cerium oxide. The cathode powder body is ferrocobalt silicate cathode material Ln(1-x)SrxFe(1-y)CoyO(3-delta).x, y=0.2-0.8.Preferred Methods: The cathode slurry material is obtained by mixing and ball grinding adhesive, dispersion agent, solvent, hole forming agent and cathode powder. The cathode powder body is prepared by using EDTA- citric acid system, metal ion nitrate as raw material, and ammonium monohydrate for adjusting pH value of the solution to 6-10. The material is steamed and concentrated to obtain red-brown gel. The gel is heated for 5-8 hours at 200-400 degrees C to obtain the precursor; and the precursor is roasted for 2-10 hours in air at 700-1000 degrees C and at 5-20 degrees C/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The cathode slurry material comprises 1-5 wt.% of cathode powder body, 1-5 wt.% of polyvinyl butyral, 1-5 wt.% of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 1-10 mL of terpinol and 1-5 wt.% of graphite powder, which are added with absolute ethyl alcohol to be ground for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The controller comprises a single chip computer, a resistor, a triode and a relay. The fuel concentration sensor is connected with the single chip computer in signals. The single chip computer is for receiving the output signal of the fuel concentration sensor and logically comparing and judging the signal with the fuel concentration value set in the single chip computer. The output signal of the single chip computer is sent to the base of the triode. The emitter of the triode is grounded while the collector of the emitter is connected to the control end circuit of the relay. The triode controls the main loop of the relay to conduct. The solenoid valve or the miniature pump with cut-off function is connected to the main loop of the relay, and the relay controls the solenoid valve or the miniature pump with cut-off function to open or close. The controller comprises a single chip computer, a field effect tube and a relay. The output signal of the single chip computer is sent to the grid of the field effect tube. The source or drain of the field effect tube is grounded. The drain or source of the field effect tube is connected to the control end circuit of the relay. The field effect tube controls the main loop of the relay to conduct. The fuel is methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propyl alcohol, formic acid and/or acetic acid. The molar concentration of the fuel in the fuel tank is higher than the fuel molar concentration in the gas-liquid separator. The fuel feeding concentration of the anode of the electric pile of the direct liquid fuel cell system is monitored and controlled by the concentration sensor on the feeding pipeline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The milky suspension is obtained after reacting for 2 hours. In the step (a), the zinc nitrate solution is added into the sodium carbonate solution at a speed of 5 ml/minute. The milky suspension in the step (b) is washed with deionized water or ethanol. The washing time is 3-5 hours. Preferred Components: The volume ratio of the zinc nitrate solution to sodium carbonate solution is 1:1-1.5. The zinc nitrate solution is zinc nitrate hexahydrate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The high-refractive oxide comprises niobium pentoxide, titanium oxide (Ti2O3), tantalum pentoxide, and/or zirconia. The low-refractive oxide comprises silica, magnesium fluoride, barium fluoride, and/or aluminum trifluoride. A conductive oxide comprises indium oxide, indium-zinc oxide, tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and/or antimony-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate/polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate/polycarbonate/polymethylmethacrylate, and/or polycarbonate/polymethylmethacrylate/polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerization solvent is chosen from 1,3-dimethylimidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexane and acetonitrile. The chain extender is chosen from diamine compound, dianhydride compound, polyester amine and diisocyanate compound. The molar ratio of diamine compound and dianhydride compound is 1:0.5-1:1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding surfactant and acidized carbon nanotube to the solvent, dispersing the mixture by applying ultrasound for 30 minutes to 2 hours, adding monomer to the dispersion, agitating the mixture for 10-24 hours and polymerizing the monomer at 50-90 degrees C for 12-48 hours using initiator. Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is multi-wall nanotube, thin-wall nanotube or single-wall nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid for acidizing reaction is chosen from nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and perchloric acid. The surfactant is chosen from Triton X-100 (RTM: t-Octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol), sodium lauryl sulfate, lithium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, ammonium lauryl sulfate, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium chlorate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and polyethylene oxide. The solvent is chosen from water, acetone, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, methylpyrrolidone, chloroform, dimethylformamide, toluene, benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerine, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride, butanone and xylene. The initiator is chosen from azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The monomer is styrene, acrylic acid, pyrrole, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate or acrylamide. The polymer is polystyrene, polyacrylic acid, polypyrrole, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl acetate or polyacrylamide. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anodic oxide film contains aluminum oxide as a principal ingredient. The bottom electrode layer contains molybdenum as a principal ingredient. The transparent conductive layer contains boron-doped zinc oxide as a principal ingredient. The zinc compound layer contains zinc (sulfur, oxygen) and/or zinc (sulfur oxygen, hydroxide ion) as a principal ingredient. The reaction mixture contains an ingredient that comprises zinc source, an ingredient that comprises a sulfur source, an ingredient (0.001-0.25 M) that comprises a citrate compound, and an ingredient (0.001-0.40 M) that comprises members consisting of ammonia and ammonium salts, and water, where a pH of the reaction mixture before beginning of the reaction is 9-12. The reaction mixture contains zinc ions, nitrate ions, and a borane type compound such as dimethylamine borane. The principal ingredient of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer is a compound semiconductor comprising: a group-Ib element consisting of copper and silver; a group-IIIb element consisting of aluminum, gallium and indium; and a group-VIb element consisting of sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer contains sodium. The Cd source comprises cadmium sulfide, cadmium acetate, cadmium nitrate, cadmium citrate and/or their hydrates. The alkaline agent comprises compound containing ammonia ion and/or sodium ion, preferably ammonia and/or sodium hydroxide. The main component of photoelectric conversion comprises group IB selected from copper and/or silver; group IIIB element selected aluminum, gallium and/or indium; and at least one group VIB element selected from sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium. The substrate comprises anodized substrate provided by forming anodized film which contains aluminum oxide as main component on at least one side of aluminum (Al) substrate which contains Al as main component, or iron (Fe) material which contains Fe as the main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stack comprises p-type layer and n-type layer. The silicon wafer has a porous silicon surface layer. The silicon wafer is chosen from polycrystalline silicon wafer and single crystal silicon wafer. The epitaxial solar cell layers comprise silicon-germanium layer, silicon carbide layer, gallium nitride layer and silicon layer. The handling layer comprises glass, glass-bonded ceramic and glass-ceramic, preferably cordierite glass ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulation layer is made of alumina. The metal bases include a metal base (a) which is made of aluminum. The thin-film solar cell has a soda lime glass layer formed between insulation layer and back electrode. The back electrode is made of molybdenum. The photoelectric conversion layer formed on back electrode, is made of copper-indium-gallium-selenide based semiconductor compound. Preferred Properties: The insulation layer is an anodized film having a thickness of 5-18 mu m. The front surface of insulation layer on the side opposite to metal base, has linear thermal expansion coefficient of 7-12 ppm/K. The photoelectric conversion layer has sodium concentration of 1018 atoms/cm3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Another electroconductive zinc oxide thin film layer (13) is formed on the formed electroconductive zinc oxide thin film layer. The other thin film layer contains boron-doped zinc oxide, and is formed using a reaction mixture containing zinc ions, nitrate ions, and a borane type compound, preferably dimethylamine borane. The fine particles of the underlayer have a mean particle diameter of 1-50 nm. The fine particles of the underlayer contain boron-doped zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and/or gallium-doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The double-agent etchant comprises dilute acetic acid and ammonium chloride, where the ratio of ammonium chloride to acetic acid in an aqueous solution is (0.1-5%) to (0.5-10%); dilute acetic acid and phosphoric acid, where the ratio of phosphoric acid to acetic acid in aqueous solution is (0.1-5%) to (0.5-10%); and at least two weak acids. The layer comprising zinc oxide is doped with at least one of Al, Ga, and B.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous cutting fluid cuts silicon ingot using fixed abrasive wire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine (B) is 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7, 1,5-diazabicyclo-(4,3,0)nonene-5, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,3-triazole or 1,2,3-benzotriazole. The carboxylic acid (C) is citric acid. The water miscible solvent (A) is polyoxyalkylene adduct having hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of 10-45. The polyoxyalkylene adduct is of formula: R1-O-(AO)n-R2.R1,R2=H or alkyl;AO=2-4C oxyalkyl;andn=average added mole number of alkylene oxide.Preferred Property: The weight ratio of amine (B) and carboxylic acid (C) is 20/80-80/20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A p-conducting layer and an n-conducting layer of the middle sub-cell are formed from microcrystalline silicon. An intermediate reflective layer is formed from transparent conducting oxide (TCO) or silicon dioxide. The p-conducting layer and the n-conducting layer of the lower sub-cell are formed from material selected from a group consisting of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, amorphous germanium and microcrystalline germanium. The p-conducting layer and the n-conducting layer of the upper sub-cell are formed from amorphous silicon. A back reflective layer is formed from TCO or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The photoelectric conversion element contains two or more pigments.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor which forms the semiconductor layer is titanium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    m=1;    R5=Y'-(-C(-R6)(-R7)-)n;    R6,R7=H, halo, hydroxy, thio, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, alkoxy, amino, or heterocyclyl;    R6+R7=cyclic structure;    n=0 or more;    Y'=sulfur;    R4=H;    Z=group of formula (i or ii);    R8,R9=H, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, acyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl;    asterisk=bonding position with arylamine;and    asteriskasterisk=bonding position with imidazolin-5-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nucleophilic compound is HOR5, HNR5, HX, HNHR5Z2 or HOR5Z2.Z2 = -SO3H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base polymer further includes a polymer unit having a structure of formula (-(E2-P3-Q2-P4)j-).E2 = E1;P3, P4 = P1;Q2 = Q1; andj = 1-10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises acid, mixture of acids, iron salt and conjugated acid, or mixture of iron salts and conjugated acids. The gas comprises hydrogen. The catalyst comprises carbon powder or at least one precious metal with carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode or second electrode further comprises a binder material to bond the graphene platelets together to form a cohered nanocomposite layer. The second electrode comprises a lithium foil or lithium-intercalated material. The binder material comprises a conductive material selected from conducting polymer, polymeric carbon, amorphous carbon, petroleum pitch or its derivative, coal tar pitch or its derivative, and/or meso-phase pitch. The graphene platelets contain single-layer graphene or graphene oxide. The electrolyte comprises a room temperature ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous medium contains a gas such as phosphoryl trichloride (PoCl3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen or hydrogen containing additive is mixed with solution containing dopant atoms selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, boron, arsenic and antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous medium contains a gas such as phosphoric acid (H3Po4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is exposed to phosphorus dopant source which includes phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The drive-in ambient is composed of at least 50% oxygen (O2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resist pattern contains alkali chemicals, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and water. The inorganic alkali chemical contains acid chosen from phosphoric acid, glycine and/or aspartic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is polythiophene or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sacrifice layer is sodium fluoride layer, sodium silicide, and sodium sulfide layer. The adhesion process in step (C) can be performed at room temperature or under roasting condition in the presence of adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cadmium salt is cadmium acetate, cadmium chloride and cadmium iodide. The sulfur source is sodium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium disulfite and/or sodium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur source is thiourea, thioacetamide, thioacetic acid and/or thiobenzamide. The sulfide synthetic adjuvant comprises aqueous ammonia, cyanic acid compound and/or thiocyanic acid compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte formulation comprises the anion difluorodicyanoborate in molar concentration of 0.1-5.5 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device comprises a semiconductor, the electrolyte formulation, and a counter electrode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst carrier is carbon-72. The concentration of the chloroplatinic acid solution is 1.93-19.3 mmol/L. The concentration of the sodium borohydride is 0.01-0.3 mol/L. The ratio of chloroplatinic acid solution to the sodium borohydride is 1:(1-10). Preferred Method: Functionalization treatment comprises adding the active carbon in 30 mass % hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution, where the mass volume ratio of the active carbon to H2O2 is (300-500) mg:(100-500) mL; stirring for 1-5 minutes, and performing ultrasonic vibration for 0.5-6 minutes at 60-80 degrees C, and using deionized water and the absolute ethyl alcohol to clean until the filtering solution is neutral; and drying for 2-6 hours at 80-100 degrees C. Cleaning comprises using deionized water and absolute ethanol at 60-80 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, or n-butanol. The mass volume ratio of the catalyst carrier to the alcohol solvent is 50 mg:(20-100) mL.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nonionic surfactant containing hydroxide radical and ether bond is a three-embedded section polymer ethylene oxide (EO)20- propylene oxide (PO)70-(EO)20, polyoxyethylene sorbierite monolaurate, or polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether. The mass volume ratio of the three-embedded section polymer (EO)20-(PO)70-(EO)20, polyoxyethylene sorbierite monolaurate, polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether, and chloroplatinic acid is (0.01-0.1g):(0.005-0.5g):(0.005-0.5g):(25-50) mL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent is divinylbenzene, whose mass is 2-12% of the sum of mass of monomer and polymeric ionic liquid. The initiator is benzoin ethyl ether, azodiisobutyronitrile, diphenyliodonium borontetrafluoride salt, diphenyliodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate or diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (V) and the amount of the initiator is 1-6% of the sum of mass of monomer and polymeric ionic liquid. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: soaking the prepared alkali anion exchange membrane in an alkali liquor at 50-80 degrees C to exchange the ions, where the polymeric ionic liquid has an aromatic heterocyclic structure and the alkali liquor is an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide (1-10 M).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic solvent is N, N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide or pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The marine structure further comprises steam electric decomposition portion for electrolyzing the steam generated from the fuel cell and steam supply portion for supplying the steam generated from the fuel cell. The submarine eruption hydrothermal vent further comprises thermal aberration generator for generating electricity and stirling engine. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The thermal graphite epoxy is chosen from graphite, grapheme, expanded graphite, carbon fiber and flaky graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyester, polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyamide 12, polyamide 11, polyphenylenesulfide, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The microcrystal silicon film is manufactured using source gas containing silane gas and diluent gas containing hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas is nitrogen and/or oxygen. The dosage of gas is 1x 1010-1x 1019 cm-2. The energy used for implanting gas on semiconductor substrate surface is 10-200 keV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type or i-type semiconductor layer contains niobium oxide, oxide of group IV elements, and titanium-zirconium oxide ((Ti1-xZrx)O2, where x is more than 0 to less than 1). The n-type or i-type semiconductor layer contains a compound containing group XII elements and group XVI elements, or a compound containing group XIII elements and group XVI elements. The p-type semiconductor layer contains a compound containing group XI elements, group XIII elements and group XVI elements, or compound containing group XII elements and group XVI elements, and has chalcopyrite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of cerium with respect to indium in the entire sintered component is 0.001-0.538. The atomic ratio of cerium with respect to indium in the thin film is 0.004-0.056. Preferred Property: The electroconductive transparent film of the thin film has specific resistivity of 3.5asterisk10-4 ~ocm, concentration of 3.3asterisk1020 cm-3 and hall mobility of more than 80 cm2/V.second. The average transmittance of the thin film in the wavelength of 800-1200 nm is 80% or more. The high refractive index of the electroconductive transparent film in the wavelength of 550 nm is 2.15 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus-containing compound is chosen from phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate, phosphate and cyclic phosphazene. The paste composition further contains silver particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactant product comprises halogen acid, mixture of halogen acids, iron salt and conjugated acid or mixture of iron salts and conjugated acids, and the gas comprises hydrogen. The solid electrolyte membrane comprises proton conducting membrane. The anode comprises support and catalyst (preferably precious metal), and the cathode comprises support and catalyst (preferably carbon powder or precious metal with carbon powder).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The pore diameter between two peaks of magnitudes is 0.1-0.7 mu m. The total density of positive electrode compound-material layer is 1.5-2.8 g/cm3. Preferred Composition: The total pore volume per unit mass of electroconductive material is 0.18-0.8 cm3/g. The ratio of pore volume of pore diameter peak (B) with respect to total pore volume is 0.4-1. The electroconductive material is acetylene black, furnace black, Ketchen black and graphite powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The pore diameter between two peaks of magnitudes is 0.1-0.7 mu m. The lithium secondary battery has pore diameter of 0.2-1.2 mu m. The ratio of pore diameter (Pa) in a maximum value of large-pore-diameter peak (A) and pore diameter (Pb) in a maximum value of diameter peak (B) is 0.1-0.8. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode compound-material layer contains lithium-transition metal composite oxide has positive electrode active material having average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m. The electroconductive material is acetylene black, furnace black, Ketchen black and graphite powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Polycrystalline silicon is deposited on a silicon-carbide precipitation rod. Silicon-tetrachloride vapors and zinc vapors are supplied from the upper portion of an insertion container installed in the reactor, and exhaust gas is discharged from the lower portion of the insertion container. Silicon-tetrachloride vapors and zinc vapors are reacted within the insertion container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-copper, Group IB-indium alloy phase comprises gold-indium (Au-In) and silver-indium (Ag-In).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The back electrode layer is formed by a transparent conductive oxide layer made of a material selected from the collection of tin dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and indium zinc oxide, where the back electrode layer further comprises a metal layer made of a metal selected from the collection of silver, aluminum, chromium, titanium, nickel and gold. Te front electrode layer is made of a transparent conductive oxide selected from the collection of tin dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and indium zinc oxide, and the conductive material of the conductive groove is one selected from the collection of tin dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and indium zinc oxide, and the absorber layer is made of a material selected from the collection of a crystalline silicon semiconductor, an amorphous silicon semiconductor, a semiconductor compound, an organic semiconductor and a sensitized dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The p-type dopant is selected from a group consisting of boron, aluminum, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanocarbon is carbon nanotube. Preferred Properties: The nanocarbon thin film has surface resistivity of 106 ~o/square or less and visible-light transmittance of 60% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cast liquid further contains dispersing agent. The dispersing agent is organic polymer chosen from thermoplastic resin and thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mineral: The chlorite group mineral is chlorite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin is polyphenylene-ether resin, styrene resin, polyolefin-type resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin, methacrylate resin, acrylonitrile-styrene resin and/or thermoplastic elastomer. The thermoplastic resin preferably contains (in parts mass) polyphenylene ether resin (5-100) and styrene resin (95-0), such that the total amount is 100 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas for oxidation is oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and/or ozone. The intermediate glue layer contains silicon oxycarbide of formula: SiOxCy, where x is greater than 0 and less than 2.2, and y is greater than 0 and less than 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic silicon compound is hexamethyldisiloxane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: The photogalvanic cell has a photoelectric conversion element and a counter electrode comprising semiconductor fine particles adsorbed with dinuclear ruthenium complex, and layer of electrolytic solution containing redox couple provided between the photoelectric conversion element and counter electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor fine particles are titanium oxide, zinc oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligands: The nitrogen-containing bidentate ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-dimethyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-t-butyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-nonyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-dodecyl)bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline. The nitrogen-containing bidentate ligands having two carboxyl groups are 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid. The nitrogen-containing tetradentate ligands are 2,2'-biimidazole or 2,2'-bibenzimidazole. Preferred Definitions:    X=hexafluorophosphate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, nitrate ion or iodide ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In manufacturing the silicon substrate, the silicon substrate was sliced using the fixed abrasive wire saw from a crystal silicon ingot. The oxidizing agent is an iodine or iodide, and the concentration is 0.001-5 g/L in conversion of the amount of iodines. The blend ratios of nitric acid and a glacial acetic acid of the process liquid are 1:2-1:7 in a volume ratio of 69%, and further comprising an acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal carbide film is a silicon carbide film, and the metal oxide film is a silica film. The insulating layer is a silica layer formed on a silicon substrate, preferably quartz substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The sulfur source is thiourea, thioacetamide, thioacetic acid, thiobenzamide, sodium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium disulfite, and/or sodium sulfite. The sulfide synthetic adjuvant is aqueous ammonia, cyanic acid compound, and/or thiocyanic acid compound. The concentration of cadmium acetate is 0.001-0.05M, the concentration of sulfur source is 0.05-3M, the concentration of sulfide synthetic adjuvant is 1.7-5.5M, and the concentration of ammonium salt is 0.1M or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The inner surface of storage container is provided with a fluororesin coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The electrochemical device contains electrolyte substance and electrochromic compound between vanadium oxide electrode and counter electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film further contains electroconductive fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrochromic compound is of formula (II).L1=optionally substituted aryl;L2-L4=H or substituent;andX1=oxygen, sulfur or group of formula (a). Preferred Definitions:    n,m,a=2 or 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are metallic compound containing alumina, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide and/or magnesium oxide. Preferred Property: The film density of the layer (A) in inorganic layer is 1.40-2.05 g/cm3. The film density of the layer (B) in inorganic layer is 1.55-2.20 g/cm3. The film thickness of the single layer is 10-1000 nm. The spherical equivalent diameter of the nanoparticle is 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Liquid: The liquid containing silicon compound is liquid containing polysilazane. Preferred Method: The base material or film is heated at 30-150 degrees C, preferably 50-100 degrees C simultaneously during wettability improving process. The wettability improving process is dry surface treatment, preferably light irradiation, plasma exposure and corona discharge performed in oxidizing gas atmosphere. The contact angle of wettability improved surface with respect to water is 0-45 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of coated electroconductive particles is 0.001-0.5 mu m. Preferred Layer: The ion exchange layer is anion exchange layer. Preferred Component: The sheet-like component is adhesion sheet having hardenability or pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet which does not have adhesiveness with respect to electroconductive film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles contain gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium and/or iron, preferably silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protective substance contains a compound having anionic functional group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and phosphoric acid group, preferably organic acid having carboxyl group. The organic acid is (un)saturated linear or branched 3-22C fatty acid. Preferred Process: The dispersion further is obtained by mixing coated electroconductive particles, polybasic acid polyhydrazide of formula: R(-C(=O)-NHNH2)n, carbodihydrazide and metallic compound in a liquid medium and reducing metallic compound.R=polybasic acid residue;andn=2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The moisture-content adsorptivity substance is chosen from alkali metal oxide, alkaline-earth metal oxide, sulfate, metal halide, perchloric acid and organic substance. The content of moisture-content adsorptivity substance is 80-40 parts mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material of the peeling film contains biaxial stretched polyester-type resin film or biaxial stretched polyamide-type resin film. The binder resin is acrylic-type thermoplastic elastomer having melt flow rate of 5-40 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under load of 2.16 kg. The content of binder resin is 20-60 parts mass. The adhesion layer contains acrylic-type thermoplastic elastomer as main component, and rosin-type tackifier. Preferred Properties: The release film has film thickness of 50-2000 Angstrom . The adhesion layer has thickness of 5-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-absorptive substance contains alkali-metal oxide, alkaline-earth metal oxide, sulfate, metal halide, perchloric acid and organic substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The support layer contains polyethylene resin, and has thickness of 25-60 mu m. The binder resin of the moisture-absorption layer is acrylic-type thermoplastic elastomer, and has melt flow rate of 5-40 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under load of 2.16 kg. The adhesive layer contains acrylic-type thermoplastic elastomer and rosin-type tackifier, and has thickness of 5-20 mu m. The content of water-absorptive substance and binder resin is 80-40 parts mass and 20-60 parts mass, respectively. Preferred Properties: The release layer has thickness of 5-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the colloidal silica particles to the PFA polymer particles is greater than or equal to 0.3. The colloidal silica particles have a mean particle size of 4-45 (preferably 4-20) nanometers. The composition (C1) consists essentially of the PFA polymer particles, the colloidal silica particles, and the vaporizable aqueous liquid vehicle; and has solid content of 1-10%. The vaporizable aqueous liquid vehicle is free of vaporizable organic solvent. Preferred Article: The article further comprises fluoropolymeric layer coated on the primer layer. Preferred Method: The method further involves coating a fluoropolymeric layer on the primer layer. EXAMPLE - A primer composition comprising: NALCO 1115 (RTM: colloidal silica) (0.3 part solid) and DYNEON PFA 6900 (RTM: perfluoroalkoxy power form) (1 part solid) was prepared (test composition). A comparative composition comprising NALCO 2337 (RTM: colloidal silica) (0.64 part solid) and DYNEON PFA 6900 (RTM: perfluoroalkoxy power form) (1, part solid) was prepared. The test/comparative composition showed peel strength to glass of 108/34.5 ounces/inch (N/cm), respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The host material consists of zinc oxide and indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of one of an indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide and indium-tin-zinc oxide, aluminum-tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, cadmium-indium oxide, cadmium-zinc oxide, gallium-zinc oxide or a tin-fluoride oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The square resistance of boron tribromide liquid and phosphorus chloride oxide liquid is 60 ohms-2 and 40 ohms-2, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The boron-nitrogen poly-compound is of formula: M(NH2BH3), where M is IA, IIA, IIIA, IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB, preferably hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium or aluminum in main group element and titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc in subgroup element, and x is valency of M. The transition metal element in transition metal inorganic metal is IB, IIB, IIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB group elements, preferably titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, platinum and gold. The salt of transition metal is chloride ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion, nitrite ion, fluoride ion, bromide ion, phosphate ion and acetate ion. The transition metal alloy is titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, platinum, gold, phosphorus, carbon, boron and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and/or triethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element of group I is silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The silicon block is heated and pulverized in an inert-gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon source is silicon powder (3). The silicon source is added into mixed powder, to equalize the number of atoms in silicon source with the number of atoms in carbon source of silicon carbide powder. Preferred Property: The silicon powder has particle size of 1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The odorization agents in fuel gas are sulfur compound and cyclohexene. The sulfur compound is sulfide, thiophenes, and/or mercaptans. The odorization agent containing fuel gas is town gas or liquified petroleum gas. Preferred Composition: The residual sulfur compound concentration in fuel gas which removed sulfur compound in fuel gas is less than or equal to 10 ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal-mold substrate comprises silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous nickel in cathode plate is converted into lithiated nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of silicon-containing compound is 0.8-1.5 mol times with respect to 1 mol of hydroxyl group of hydroxyl-containing fluoropolymer. The hydroxyl-containing fluoropolymer contains a repeating unit (a) based on fluoroolefin, a repeating unit (b) based on hydroxyl-containing monomer, a repeating unit (c) based on monomer having alkyl group and polymerizable unsaturated group connected by ether or ester bond, and repeating unit (d) based on monomer having oxetanyl group. Preferred Definitions:    M=zinc, tin, lead, aluminum, titanium and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The photogalvanic cell consists of a photoelectric conversion element and a counter electrode. The semiconductor fine particles are fixed on the electrode. A layer of electrolytic solution is provided between the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor fine particles are of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and/or tin oxide. The electrolytic solution contains a redox couple. Preferred Definitions:    X(power)(n'-)=hexafluorophosphate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, nitrate ion, or iodide ion;    group (iii)=2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-dimethyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-t-butyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-nonyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-dodecyl)bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline;    group (i)=2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid;    group (ii)=2,2'-biimidazole or 2,2'-bibenzimidazole;and    A-=tetracyanoborate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate anion, or bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support is glass support. Preferred Process: The area having high surface roughness and area having low surface roughness are formed on at least one of contact surface of glass film and contact surface of support. Preferred Properties: The surface roughness of area having low surface roughness is 2 nm or less. The difference of surface roughness of area having high surface roughness and surface roughness of area having low surface roughness is 0.1 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Halogenated aromatic compound of formula (1) is subjected to Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction with terminal alkyl compound of formula: ZCCH (2) to obtain phenyl acetylene of formula (3). The compound (3) is acetylized to obtain phenyl acetylide anion of formula (4). The compound (4) is reacted with perfluorodiphenyl acetylene to obtain the acetylene compound of formula (Ia).Z=H or alkyl silane of formula: -SiR'3;andR'=methyl or ethyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. 4,4'-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorodiphenyl acetylene of formula (A), 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-(4-(4-phenylethynyl-phenylethynyl)-phenylethynyl)-benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3-(4-trifluorom ethyl-phenylethynyl)-6-(4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylethynyl)-phenylethynyl)-benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3-phenylethynyl -6-(4-p-tolylethynyl-phenylethynyl)-benzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3-(phenylethynyl)-6-((2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)ethynyl)benzene.    EXAMPLE - (In g) tetrakis triphenyl phosphine palladium (0.12), pentafluoroiodobenzene (0.59) dissolved in toluene (10 ml), diisopropylamine (1 ml) and phenyl acetylene (0.26 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain 4,4'-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro diphenyl acetylene (456 mg) with yield of 86%. 4-(Phenylethynyl)phenylacetylene (0.17 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml), n-butyl lithium and tetrahydrofuran solution of the obtained intermediate (0.18) were heated up to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. Saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution was added to the reaction liquid and extracted with dichloromethane to obtain 4,4'-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorodiphenyl acetylene (180 mg) with yield of 59%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methanol is obtained by reacting gas containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is additionally protected by a hermetically sealed, ionically conductive moisture-proof ceramic layer and faces the cathode inner surface. The cell having a lithium-ion conductive non-aqueous liquid electrolyte layer is placed between the anode and ceramic layer. The oxygen-selective permeable membrane has additional permeable adhesive layer(s) to further retard ingress of water and egress of electrolyte, in which the additional layers are made of adhesive materials comprising silicone, acrylic, polyurethane or epoxide. The oxygen-selective permeable membrane with the adhesive layer(s) covers the opening in overlaying relation, and is applied directly to the cathode outer surface, where the oxygen-selective permeable membrane is flexible. The non-aqueous electrolyte (polymer electrolyte) includes a salts of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, tri(pentafluoroethane sulfonate)lithium nitride, lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonates and/or lithium perchlorate. The oxygen selective permeable membrane additionally includes air-permeable adhesive layer(s): to further retard the ingress of water and egress of the electrolyte; and applied directly to the semi-fuel cell surface, where the membrane is flexible.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte (polymer electrolyte plasticizers) solvents includes propylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxy ethane, an ionic liquid e.g. 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium imide, 1-ethyl-3 methyl imidazolium-bisperfluoroethylsulfonylimide and/or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator is a polymer electrolyte, in which the host polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride, ethyl methyl methacrylate and/or polyacrylonitrile, or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic electronic device is in the form of an organic LED having emitter layer or an organic solar cell having absorber layer, where the amount of (I) in the emitter layer is 20-100 (preferably 50-100) wt.%. In the device, the light irradiation side facing of the organic solar cell of a first solar cell unit absorbs only the blue and/or the ultraviolet spectral component, the direction of light rays disposed below a second solar cell unit absorbs the green component and a third solar cell unit absorbs the red/infrared components, where the first solar cell unit is transparent for green and red light and infrared radiation and the second solar cell unit is transparent for red light and infrared radiation. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of platinum-dicyano-bis-2-isocyanooctane of formula (NC-Pt((CN-CH(CH 3)-C 6H 13) 2)-CN) (Ia), platinum-dicyano-bis-1-isocyano-3-isopropoxypropane, platinum-dicyano-bis-1,3-dimethylbut-1-ylisocyanide and platinum-dicyano-bis-2-isocyanobutane is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - 2-Isocyanooctane (2.2 mmole) was added dropwise to a suspension of platinum(II) cyanide (1 mmole) in ethanol/water mixture (40 ml, 3:1 volume ratio). The suspension was stirred for 7 days at room temperature. The solvent mixture was removed under vacuum. The residual solid was washed with water and extracted thrice with dichloromethane. The solvent was evaporated, and the obtained crude product was purified to obtain crystals of platinum-dicyano-bis-2-isocyanooctane, which showed a strong blue luminescence on irradiation with UV light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive metal is silver. The electroconductive fine particles are metal oxide particles having a particle diameter of 0.005-0.12 mu m. The metal oxide is tin oxide, zinc oxide, titania, alumina, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, barium oxide, and/or molybdenum oxide, their composite oxides, and/or metal oxide containing heteroatom, preferably antimony-doped tin oxide. The content electroconductive fine particles in the layer is 0.05-0.99 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear electrode is made of aluminum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The barrier layer comprises niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr) and Mo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication unit comprises signal conditioning interface (SCI) module such as RS232 interface and RS485 interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The back field aluminum slurry comprises (in parts by wt.) aluminum powder (65-80), inorganic bonding agent (1-5), organic carrier (10-30) and additive (0.1-1). The silicon aluminum alloy powder is composed of silicon and aluminum, and the content of the silicon is 10-80%, preferably 10-20%. The content of the silicon aluminum alloy powder is 1.5-2 parts by weight. The average grain diameter of the modifying agent is not greater than 3 microns. The aluminum powder is processed by surface treatment through mixed coupling agent, which is composed of titanate and borate, where the mixed coupling agent does not contain phosphorus and the weight ratio of the titanate to the borate is 20:80-80:20. The use amount of the mixed coupling agent is 0.5-3% of the weight of the aluminum powder. The inorganic bonding agent comprises (in parts by wt.) bismuth oxide (55-90), silica (12-25), boric acid (10-25), zinc oxide (4-25), alumina (0-10), zirconium dioxide (0-5), titanium dioxide (0-5), vanadium pentoxide (0-5), barium carbonate (0-8) and calcium carbonate (0-8). The weight ratio of the zinc oxide to the boric acid is 1:1-1:4 and the parts of them are not greater than 20% of the total parts of the inorganic bonding agent. The inorganic bonding agent comprises (in parts by wt.) zirconium dioxide (1), titanium dioxide (1), vanadium pentoxide (1), barium carbonate (1) and calcium carbonate (1). The inorganic bonding agent is divided into component A and component B according to the grain diameter, where D50 (grain size) value of the component A is 1-2 mu m and D50 value of the component B is 2-4 mu m. The components of the component A and component B are the same and the weight ratio of them is 20:80-80:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, plastic, metal and rubber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hard coating is metal-nitride coating that is selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and tantalum nitride. The metal-oxide coating is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide and aluminum oxide. The water-repellent coating comprises fluorine compound. The precursor is selected from the group consisting of fluoroalkyl group-containing trichlorosilane, fluoroalkyl group-containing trialkoxysilane, fluoroalkyl group-containing triacyloxysilane, fluoroalkyl group-containing tri-isocyanatesilane and fluoroalkyl group-containing acrylatesilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): An anthraquinone derivative of formula (II) is reduced, to obtain 9,10-dihydroanthracene compound of formula (III). The obtained compound (III) is dehydrogenated, to obtain an anthracene derivative (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds are disclosed i.e. 2,7-dimethyl-1,5-dimethoxy-3,6-bis(methoxymethyl)anthracene-2,7-dicarboxylate of formula (IA), 2,7-diethyl-1,5-diethoxy-3,6-bis(ethoxymethyl)anthracene-2,7-dicarboxylate, and 2,7-dimethyl-1,5-diethoxy-3,6-bis(methoxymethyl)anthracene-2,7-dicarboxylate.    EXAMPLE - 2,3,6,7-Tetraethyl-1,5-dimethoxy-9,10-dioxo-4a,9,9a,10-tetrahydroanthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylate (in mmol) (1), zinc (15), water (10 ml) and pyridine (2 ml) were added and stirred at 100 degrees C for 6 hours. The reaction product was filtered, and zinc was removed. The resulting product was extracted using chloroform, to obtain 2,7-diethyl-3,6-bis(ethoxymethyl)-1,5-dimethoxyanthracene-2,7-dicarboxylate. 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone was added to xylene solution obtained by dissolving 2,7-diethyl-3,6-bis(ethoxymethyl)-1,5-dimethoxyanthracene-2,7-dicarboxylate in xylene, and stirred at 130 degrees C for 3 hours. The reaction product was purified by column chromatography, to obtain 2,7-dimethyl-1,5-dimethoxy-3,6-bis(methoxymethyl)anthracene-2,7-dicarboxylate (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alum is chrome alum. The emulsion layer further contains a binder, with the volume ratio of silver and binder being 1/1. The amount of silver in the emulsion layer is 5 g/m2 or more. The swelling rate of layer containing alum is 90% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solution contains mixed solvent chosen from ethylenediamine, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, glycerol and/or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The polyhydric carboxylic acid which is in dissolved state in a solvent, is added to material silver powder. The dissolution concentration of polyhydric carboxylic acid is 1-20 %mass. The material silver powder has specific surface area of 6 m2/g or less and average particle diameter of 0.1-50 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyhydric carboxylic acid is adipic acid, succinic acid, diglycolic acid, glutaric acid or maleic acid. The solvent is alcohol, acetone or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The imidation agent is beta -picoline. The dehydrating agent is acetic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first side comprises a front side of the bifacial solar cell, the second side comprises a back side of the bifacial solar cell, the first species of n-type dopant comprises phosphorus, and the first species of p-type dopant comprises boron. The heavily doped contact regions are created on the first side of the substrate, and the additional dopant comprises phosphorus. The method further comprises using selective implantation to create heavily doped contact regions on the second side of the substrate, using a second species of p-type dopant, where the second species of p-type dopant comprises boron or aluminum. The heavily doped contact regions are created on the second side of the substrate, where the additional dopant comprises aluminum or boron. The contacts on the front side comprise a metal that is predominantly comprised of silver. The contacts on the back side comprise a metal that is predominantly comprised of aluminum or silver. The first side comprises a back side of the bifacial solar cell, the second side comprises a front side of the bifacial solar cell, the first species of n-type dopant comprises phosphorus, and the first species of p-type dopant comprises boron. The heavily doped contact regions are created on the first side of the substrate and the additional dopant comprises phosphorus. The method further comprises using selective implantation to create heavily doped contact regions on the second side of the substrate, using a second species of p-type dopant, where the second species is boron or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc is doped with aluminum. The oxygen-containing gas is oxygen. The nitrogen-containing gas is nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopants are n-type selected from Al, In, Ga, Cl, Br or I; or p-type selected from N, P, As, Li, Cu, or LiN; or selected from Mn or Cu.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perovskite type oxide is BaZr0.6Ce0.2In0.2O3- alpha , BaZr0.5Ce0.3In0.2O3- alpha , BaZr0.4Ce0.4In0.2O3- alpha , or BaZr0.6Ce0.3In0.1O3- alpha when M is In, x is 0.2-0.6, y is 0.2-0.5 and 1-x-y is 0.1-0.2. The perovskite type oxide is BaZr0.6Ce0.2Gd0.2O3- alpha , BaZr0.5Ce0.4Gd0.1O3- alpha , or BaZr0.4Ce0.5Gd0.1O3- alpha when M is Gd, x is 0.4-0.6, y is 0.2-0.5 and 1-x-y is 0.1-0.35. The perovskite type oxide is single-phase sintered compact. Preferred Parameter: The sintered compact has densities of greater than or equal to 96%. The diameter of granular lump of sintered compact is 0.1-30 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.15-0.6;    1-x-y=0.1-0.35;    y=0.2-0.65; and    M=In and/or Gd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adsorbent (300) is hydrophobic zeolite. The adsorbent (400) is hydrophilic zeolite. The oxidation catalyst contains platinum or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The fibrous sheet layer with volume density of 0.6-1 has aromatic polyamide-type fiber sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is chosen from ceric salt, indium salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, titanium salt, zirconium salt, barium slat, and strontium salt, preferably cerium nitrate. The solvent is removed using a moisture absorption component, preferably filter paper. The substrate is chosen from fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, glass, silicon, metal, ceramics, polymer, paper, rubber, and low heat-resistant base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-polar solvent is chosen from toluene and hexane, preferably toluene. The organic surfactant is chosen from carboxylic acid including oleic acid and decanoic acid, polyethylenimine, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and polyethylene sorbitan trioleate, preferably oleic acid. The basic organic compound is chosen from tert butylamine, heptyl amine, octyl amine, dodecyl amine, hexadecylamine, oleyl amine, and hexamethylene tetramine, preferably tertiary butyl amine. The ratio of oleic acid and cerium is 7:1-12:1. The solution is heated at 180-220 degrees C for 30-60 hours. The ratio of region arranged in shape of tetragonal lattice and region arranged in shape of hexagonal lattice is 3:1-1:3.
Preferred Definitions:    R 1=4-12C perfluoro alkyl group;    n=0; and    R 3, R 4=4-14C alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of germanium compound and manganese compound with respect to 1 mol of zinc is 0.05-3 mol and 0.001-3 mol, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyhydric alcohol is chosen from polypropylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active energy ray-curable composition further contains photoinitiator. Preferred Property: The active energy ray-curable composition has viscosity of 100 Pa.second or less at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalytic material layer is made of iron, cobalt, or nickel. It can be cobalt-substituted phospho-tungstate, nickel phosphide, or nickel phosphomolybdate. The first transparent conducting layer is made of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, and/or tin oxyfluoride. The second conducting layer includes a reflecting layer and/or a transparent conducting layer. It includes indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, and/or tin oxyfluoride. The first conducting layer includes a reflecting layer and/or a transparent conducting layer. The carbon nanostructure includes carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers. The essential layer includes noncrystalline silicon layer and/or a microcrystal silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Silicon-quantum-dots are selected from the group silicon nitride and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is selected from the group consists of glass, resin and plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The enhanced reflecting film material is made of metallic oxide, metallic sulfide or nitride material. The metallic oxide includes calcium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, chrome oxide, tin dioxide, nickel oxide or antimony pentoxide. The metallic sulfide includes titanium disulfide, ferrous sulfide, chrome sulfide, copper sulfide, zinc sulfide, tin disulfide, cobalt sulfide, antimony sulfide, lead sulfide, lanthanum sulfide, cerium sulfide and zirconium sulfide. The nitride includes silicon nitride or aluminous nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stainless steel is austenitic stainless steel or ferrite austenite two phase group stainless steel. The stainless steel contains nitrogen or molybdenum, has carbon content of 0.3 %mass or less, and contains titanium, niobium or tantalum. The liquid electrolyte contains 1 mass ppm or less of fluoride ion and chloride ion. The liquid electrolyte contains lithium salt chosen from hexafluoro lithium phosphate, hexafluoro lithium borate, hexafluoro lithium aluminate, hexafluoro lithium arsenate, and hexafluoro lithium antomonate. The concentration of lithium salt is 0.1M or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid electrolyte contains vinyl carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate or 1,3-propane sultone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula: LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ethylenically unsaturated monomer having keto group is 10-100 wt.% in the monomer. The monomer further contains carboxyl-group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer and/or amide-group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer (0.1-5 wt.%). The surfactant has an ethylenically unsaturated group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide are used in a ratio of 1:4 with the mass concentration of 8% and 24% respectively. Preferred Method: The method comprises placing the unpolished mono-crystalline silicon sheet in the mixed solution and heating to 15 degrees C, adding chloroauric acid (0.2 mmol), after 4.5 minutes, taking out the silicon sheet, washing and cleaning, naturally airing and preparing the black silicon material. The two parts of the same mixed solution are prepared with the mass concentration of hydrofluoric acid is 20% and of hydrogen peroxide is 0.5%, where the ratio between two is 1:6. The method comprises placing the unpolished mono-crystalline silicon sheet in the first part of mixed solution and heating to 25 degrees C, adding silver nitrate (1 mmol), after 1 minute, taking out the silicon sheet, and then heating the other part of solution to 50 degrees C, placing the silicon sheet into the solution, adding iron nitrate (2 mmol), after 50 minutes, washing and cleaning, naturally airing, preparing the black silicon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid citric acid (1 g) should be fully dissolved in 65-80 ml deionized water before mixing with 3-4 ml hydrogen peroxide. The pH of the citric acid aqueous solution is regulated by amino water to 6-9 after dissolving 1 g solid citric acid in 65-80 ml deionized water. The purity of the solid citric acid is high grade. The concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The thicknesses of zinc oxide seed crystal layer and zinc oxide nanometer array buffer layer are 0.01-0.1 mu m and 0.2-2.5 mu m, respectively. Preferred Components: The antireflection conducting film with thickness of 0.05-0.1 mu m is indium tin oxide conductive film, aluminum doped zinc oxide conductive film or zinc sulfide/magnesium(II) fluoride film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: The electro concentration of n-type doped silicon substrate is 5E14-2E20/cm3. The n-type doped gallium nitride buffer layer has thickness of 0.5-3 mu m and electro concentration of 1E16-1E19/cm3. The n-type doped indium gallium nitride layer has thickness of 0.05-0.3 mu m and electro concentration of 5E17-5E19/cm3. The involuntary doped indium gallium nitride layer has thickness of 0.2-0.6 mu m. The p-type doped indium gallium nitride layer has thickness of 0.05-0.2 mu m and hole concentration of 1E17-1E19/cm3. The p-type heavy doped gallium nitride window layer has thickness of 0.05-0.2 mu m and hole concentration of 5E17-5E19/cm3. Preferred Components: The positive electrode with thickness of 0.2-5 mu m is gold electrode, nickel electrode or chromium gold electrode. The back surface electrode with thickness of 0.5-10 mu m is silver electrode or silver chromium electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The interface barrier layer comprises silicon and carbon. The conductive index matching layer comprises a material consisting of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxycarbide, silicon oxycarbon nitride, and indium tin oxide. The first transparent conductive oxide layer comprises a doped tin oxide comprising less than 10 wt.% of indium or iron. The metal back electrode comprises silver and palladium (0.25-7 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sets of layers comprise layers of which each comprises copper, indium and gallium, where the layers comprising copper is in direct contact with the layers comprising indium and gallium. During the first time period, the heating is performed either in vacuum or in the presence of gas consisting of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen selenide hydrogen sulfide. The sets of indium-gallium layers comprise (indium, gallium)selenide layer, and the sets of copper layers comprise copper selenide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon is purified by directional solidification. Preferred Composition: The aluminum trioxide has concentration of 1-30 volume%. The purity of silicon halide is 4N or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the screen printing step, drying is carried out at 150-200 degrees C for 4-6 minutes. The phosphosilicate glass cleaning uses 5-6% hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic dicarboxylic acid is 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. The diol (I) is chosen from 5,5-dimethylol-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane, 5,5- dimethylol-2-(2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(1-naphthyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-dioxane and 5,5-dimethylol-2-(9-anthracenyl)-1,3-dioxane, preferably 5,5-dimethylol-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 5,5-dimethylol-2-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3-dioxane or 5,5-dimethylol-2-(1-naphthyl)-1,3-dioxane, more preferably 5,5-dimethylol-2-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3-dioxane and/or 5,5-dimethylol-2-(1-naphthyl)-1,3-dioxane. The content of units derived form diol (I) is 1-30 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The primary doped layer is removed using a cleaning gas chosen from nitrogen trifluoride, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, fluorine, tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, octafluoropropane, sulfur hexafluoride, chlorine, hydrogen-containing gas, ammonium and/or helium. Preferred Layer: The primary undoped layer is amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent film-type adhesive agent comprises silica particles, and has a support film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid dianhydride derived unit (B) comprises 25-50 mol% of unit (B1). The diamine derived unit further comprises unit derived from 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone. Preferred Properties: The transparent film-type adhesive agent has glass transition temperature of 210-270 degrees C. The transparent film-type adhesive agent is fused on a to-be-adhered component by heating at 60-120 degrees C, and further to glass transition temperature. The number of small-pieces of transparent film-type adhesive agent remained in the to-be-adhered component is 15 blocks or more, measured by cross-cut method based on JIS K-5600-5-6. The light transmittance of transparent film-type adhesive agent-containing film with thickness of 50 mu m, is 55% or more, preferably 60% or more at 420 nm after heat processing at 350 degrees C for 30 minutes in air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The back extraction liquid is hydrochloric acid. The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1-6N, preferably 3N. The process liquid further contains indium. The concentration of copper and indium are greater than the concentration of gallium. The initial stage pH value of the process liquid is 0.5-1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of organic solution and aqueous-phase back extraction liquid is 2:1. The extractant is di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid. The concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid is 10-70 volume%, preferably 30-50 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The SHG element is comprised from the group consisting of cesium-lithium borate (CLBO), lithium borate (LBO) and barium borate (BBO) crystallization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metallic substrate is metal foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic layer comprises a P-type semiconductor layer and an N-type semiconductor layer. The materials of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer comprise a metal material. The material of the insulating layer is a transparent material. The material of the insulating layer comprises silicon dioxide or silicon carbide. The light-transparent conductive layer comprises transparent conductive oxide. The light-transparent conductive layer comprises nano wires.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The photovoltaic device (D1) further comprises i) a conductive film (F1) containing nickel and ii) adhesion promoting conductive film (F2) , interposed between the electrical contact and the via and transparent conducting oxide layer and further comprises at least one additional barrier layer. In the device (D1), the cap of the electrical contact is wider than the base of the electrical contact in at least one dimension; a buffer layer is incorporated into the device between the absorber and the transparent conducting oxide layer. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves interposing films (F1) and (F2) between the electrical contact and at least one of the via and the transparent conducting oxide layer; and further involves incorporating at least one additional barrier layer that overlies the dielectric barrier layer and the electrical contact; positioning the buffer layer between the absorber and transparent conductive oxide. The step (b) involves forming the dielectric layer at a temperature of less than or equal to 100 degrees C, where the dielectric barrier layer has a thickness of 10-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic absorber is a chalcogenide-containing photovoltaic absorber. The dielectric layer incorporates at least silicon and nitrogen. The dielectric layer comprises a silicon compound of formula SiOyNz. The transparent conducting oxide incorporates at least one of indium, zinc, tin, and aluminum. The electrical contact incorporates at least one of Ag, Al, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Ti.y=less than about 0.05;andz=1.1-1.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium and/or potassium. The Ib group element is copper and/or silver. The IIIb group element is aluminum, gallium and/or indium. The VIb group element is sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium. The atomic ratio of gallium with respect to total amount of gallium and indium is 0-0.4. The atomic ratio of Ib group element and IIIb group element is 0.6-1.1. The concentration of alkali metal is 1016-1018 cm-3. Preferred Property: The sputtering target has relative density of 90% or more and bulk resistivity of 5 ohm.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The copper-gallium-based sputtering target has relative density of 97% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium and/or potassium. The concentration of alkali metal is 1016-1018 cm-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal sulfide-type substance is tin sulfide. The metal substrate contains stainless steel to which catalyst is not coated. Preferred Property: The two-dimensional nanostructure has thickness of 10-15 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The organic layer is chosen from light emitting layer, electron transport layer, hole implant layer and hole transport layer. Preferred Definitions:    L=14 claimed groups e.g. group of formulae (a)-(e);    k,m,n=1-3;and    Q1-Q3=H, D, 1-40C alkyl, 3-40C cycloalkyl, 2-40C alkenyl, 1-40C alkoxy, 1-40C alkylamino, 6-40C aryl, 5-40C heteroaryl, or 6-40C aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic aliphatic or heterocyclic aromatic condensed ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 48 Triphenylene derivatives are disclosed e.g. 5-(4-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-15,22-diazapentacyclo(12.8.0.02,7.08,13.016,21)docosa-1(14),2(7),3,5,8(13),9,11,15,17,19,21-undecaene of formula (Ia), 4-(4-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-15,22-diazapentacyclo(12.8.0.02,7.08,13.016,21)docosa-1(14),2(7),3,5,8(13),9,11,15,17,19,21-undecaene, 2-phenyl-3-(3-(4-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)pyrazine, 2-phenyl-3-(4-(4-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)pyrazine and 2-phenyl-3-(4-(4-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)quinoxaline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In controlling the operation of the reformed-gas manufacturing apparatus, when the production of the reformed gas is interrupted, after purging the inside of the modifier, the CO-modifying device and the CO selective-oxidation device, or the methanation device with the water vapor generated by stopping supply of the hydrocarbon fuel and supplying only the water, when the water vapor condenses and the inside of the modifier, the CO-modifying device and the CO selective-oxidation device, or the methanation device becomes a negative pressure from atmospheric pressure, the gaseous hydrocarbon fuel is supplied. Preferred Apparatus: In the reformed-gas manufacturing apparatus, the inflow chamber and the catalyst filling chamber are section formed with the division board having several holes which can circulate the reformed gas, and were provided in the state to which the catalyst filling chamber is located above a perpendicular direction with respect to the inflow chamber. The modifier is equipped with a combustor which burns at least any one of a hydrocarbon fuel, a source gas, or the reformed gas, and heats the modification catalyst; the CO-modifying device was stacked by radial direction, and it formed in the multilayered structure in which the combustion gas of the combustor circulates between the CO-modifying device, the CO selective-oxidation device, or the methanation device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The tempered glass board and non-tempered glass board have surface roughness of 10 Angstrom or less. The outer dimension of non-tempered glass board is lower than the outer dimension of tempered glass board. The difference of thermal expansion coefficient of tempered glass board and non-tempered glass board is 50x 10-7 / degrees C or less. The compressive stress layer of tempered glass board has thickness of 20 mu m or more and compressive stress value of 50 MPa or more. The tempered glass board has liquid phase viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more, Young's modulus of 67 GPa or more and internal tensile stress of 20 MPa or more. The non-tempered glass board has thickness of 200 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The laminated glass contains glass composition including (in %mass) silica (45-75), alumina (1-25), lithium oxide (0-9), sodium oxide (0-20) and potassium oxide (0-8), and does not contain arsenic oxide, fluorine and lead oxide. Preferred Process: The tempered glass board and non-tempered glass board are attached by resin. The tempered glass board and non-tempered glass board are molded by down-draw method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The luminescent metal complex comprises a metal consisting of aluminum, zirconium, iridium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second subcell is formed from semiconductor material chosen from cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, zinc telluride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, magnesium telluride, cadmium-selenium telluride, cadmium-zinc telluride, cadmium-manganese telluride, cadmium-magnesium telluride, cadmium-mercury telluride and their composites. The first subcell is formed from semiconductor chosen from silicon, strained silicon-germanium, and silicon-germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The linear structure contains silver nanowire or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective layer contains polyfunctional acrylic-type high molecular compound or polyfunctional methacryl-type high molecular compound containing sulfur, phosphorus, metallic element, metal ion or nitrogen as functional group, and 2 or more photoinitiators. The high molecular compound has crosslinked structure. Preferred Properties: The protective layer has contact angle of 80 degrees with respect to pure water, and contact angle of 13 degrees with respect to oleic acid. The total light transmittance of protective layer is 80% or more, measured based on JIS K7361-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layers: The organic thin film layer is light-emitting layer (130), hole-transport layer, hole-implant layer, electron-transport layer, electron-injection layer, and/or hole-blocking layer. Compound (I) is included in the electron-transport layer or electron-injection layer or light-emitting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    m=2 or 3;    X1,X2=N;    Ar1=optionally substituted phenyl;and    Ar2=optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted biphenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 27 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole of formula (IA), 3-(2,6-diphenyl-pyridin-4-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 3-(2,6-diphenyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 9-biphenyl-4-yl-3-(2,6-diphenyl-pyridin-4-yl)-9H-carbazole, and 3-(2,6-di-p-tolyl-pyridin-4-yl)-6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazole.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 2-chloro-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (5), 9-phenyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (4.7), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.78) were suspended in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and toluene (100 ml). A solution obtained by dissolving potassium carbonate (2.8) in water (100 ml) was added to the suspension. The obtained mixture was heat-reflown and separated into layers. The organic layer was washed with sodium chloride saturated aqueous solution and dried. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized using toluene to obtain 3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (8) with a yield of 90%. The compound provided organic photoelectric device having excellent thermal/electrochemical stability, durability, and efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic thin film layer is chosen from light-emitting layer, hole-transport layer, hole-injection layer, electron-transport layer, electron-injection layer and hole-blocking layer, preferably light-emitting layer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=imidazolylene, thiazolylene, oxazolylene, oxadiazolylene, triazolylene, pyrimidinylene, pyridinylene, quinolinylene, isoquinolinylene, acrydinylene, imidazo-pyridinylene or imidazo-pyrimidinylene (all optionally substituted);    Ar2-Ar5=phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pyrenyl, perylenyl or chrysenyl (all optionally substituted);and    L1,L2=phenylene, naphthylene, anthracenylene, phenanthrenylene, pyrenylene, perylenylene or crycenylene (all optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The amount of residual alkoxy groups in the modified resin composition is 5% or less. The fusing rate of alkoxysilane compound is 80% or more. Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, aliphatic type epoxy resin, polyfunctional epoxy resin consisting of glycidyl etherified material of polyphenol compound, and/or polyfunctional epoxy resin consisting of nucleus hydride of aromatic epoxy resin. Preferred Conditions: The mixing index is 0.01-1.4 as measured by, ((content ( beta n2) of alkoxysilane compound in which n is 2)/(content ( beta n0) of alkoxysilane compound in which n is 0)+(content ( beta n1) of alkoxysilane compound in which n is 1)). (( beta n0)/( beta n0)+( beta n1)+( beta n2)) = 0-0.1. The mixing index is 0.02-15 as measured by, ((mass (g) of alkoxysilane compound in which n is 2)/(mass (g) of epoxy resin)). Alternately, the epoxy resin is coexisted during dehydration-condensation. The temperature during reflux process without distillation is 50-110 degrees C. The fusing rate of intermediate is 70% or more. An alkoxide type organic tin is used as catalyst during cohydrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Fullerene C60 and N-methylglycine are reacted with reaction product of p-formyl benzoic acid and phthalocyanine complex of formula (VIII) to produce phthalocyanine compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R18=6C or more alkoxy, and at least 6-12 pieces are 1-20C alkoxy.    EXAMPLE - A phthalocyanine complex of formula (g) was dissolved in toluene (30 ml), and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Fullerene C60 (20.6 mg) was added under nitrogen atmosphere. N-methyl glycine (5.2 mg) was added and heated at 100 degrees C. Toluene was distilled under reduced pressure, and resulting product was extracted. Solid-liquid extraction of residue was carried out with methanol, ethanol and acetone, and reprecipitation was carried out to produce phthalocyanine compound at yield of 59 mol%.    R=OC12H25;and    M=copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive nanoparticle is linked to the conductive monomers. The conductive monomers include a 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. The conductive monomers have the structure (1a), (2a), or heterocyclic structures of formula (3a)-(5a) or their analogs or derivatives. The polymer has a degree of polymerization of 100-1000. The polymer is linked to the nanoparticle through a linker. The conductive polymer includes one or more cationic or anionic monomers. (I) comprises one or more styrene sulfonate monomers.Either R2-R4, R2a, R3a, R4a = substituents, where one or more of the substituents is linked to the nanoparticle, and the substituents are preferably H or T; orR2R2a, R3R3a, R4R4a = 4,-7-membered aromatic or alicyclic ring having carbons or heteroatoms of N, S, or O, which is optionally substituted; andX1-X3 = NH, O, S or PH.Preferred Composition: The composition comprises one or more monomers (1a)-(5a). Preferred Components: The conductive nanoparticle has one or more solvent compatible groups. The solvent compatible groups are hydrophilic moieties. The hydrophilic moieties are ammonium salts or a compounds of formula (-C(R5)(R6)(R7)). The linker includes an alkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, or alkoxythio (all optionally substituted).One of R5-R7 = -(Q-O)d-R8 and the others are H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy;Q = 1-5C alkylene;d = number; andR8 = carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or alkyl (substituted with a thiol).Preferred Components: The device comprises one or more monomers (3a)-(5a) or their analogs or derivatives. The device further comprises a polymeric acid doped into the conductive polymer. EXAMPLE - No preparative examples are given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidation catalyst comprises palladium, platinum, tricobalt tetraoxide, palladium oxide, chromium trioxide, manganese trioxide, copper oxide, iron trioxide, vanadium trioxide, nickel oxide, molybdenum trioxide and titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Device: The electroactive layer further comprises the second host material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a second host material. The weight ratio of the first host material to the second host material is 99:1-1.5:1. The first host and the second host each have a solubility in toluene of greater than or equal to 0.6 wt.%. Preferred Compounds: The first host material comprises a compound of formula (Ia).R1=D, alkyl, alkoxy, silyl, or siloxane;oradjacent R1 groups joined together=5-6-membered aliphatic ring;a'=0-6;b=0-2;c=0-3.The dopant material is an organometallic complex (preferably a cyclometalated complex of Ir). The second host material is selected from phenanthrolines, quinoxalines, phenylpyridines, benzodifurans, difuranobenzenes, indolocarbazoles, benzimidazoles, triazolopyridines, diheteroarylphenyls, metal quinolinate complexes, and/or their substituted derivatives, or deuterated analogs. Preferred Definitions:    Q'=anthracenes, chrysenes, pyrenes, phenanthrenes, triphenylenes, phenanthrolines, naphthalenes, anthracenes, quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, phenylpyridines, dibenzofurans, difuranobenzenes, indolocarbazoles, their substituted derivatives or analogs;    Ar1-Ar4=phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, quarterphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, naphthylphenyl, or phenanthrylphenyl (where at least one of Ar1-Ar4 has at least one substituent selected from alkyl, alkoxy, and silyl);    m=1-2.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. compounds of formula (Ia) and (Ib).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Film: The metal film is formed using thermal spray material chosen from nickel alloy, copper alloy, and iron alloy, preferably nickel-aluminum alloy containing 5 wt.% of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is gold, which covers approximately 5-80%, preferably 20-70% of the palladium core. The catalyst core is palladium alloy nanoparticles alloyed with one or more transition metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The method further involves stirring mixed powder at 30-400 degrees C in inert atmosphere to form copper-gallium binary system alloy layer in surface of copper powder, stirring mixed powder at 400-700 degrees C in inert atmosphere to from copper-gallium binary system alloy in inside of copper powder, or stirring and alloying mixed powder and at 30-400 degrees C in inert atmosphere and heat-processing alloying powder at 400-700 degrees C in inert atmosphere. Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of copper powder is 1-300 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of phase segregating material are made of material such as aluminum-silicon, aluminum-germanium, and aluminum-silicon/aluminum-germanium mixtures. The layer of phase segregating material is made of material such as aluminum-silicon alloy, aluminum-silicon alloy with silicon/aluminum ratio (by atomic percent) from 95:5 to 5:95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The content of impurities in polycrystalline silicon block material is 0.01-1 ppm, and has lifetime of 1 mu second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zigzag ends in electrode where magnetic graphene and magnetic graphite faces are modified by group chosen from hydrocarbon group, silyl group, nitrogen-containing group and phosphorus-containing group (PH2 group), or group chosen from methylene group, boron hydride group, aluminum hydride group, silylene group, silicon-containing group, imine group, oxygen-containing group, sulfur-containing group and phosphorus-containing group (PH group or PH3 group).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (A) comprises: condensation polymerization of diazocine diamines of formula (H2N-D1-NH2) with equimolar amounts of diacid of formula (HOOC-B1-COOH) to give diazocine polyamides of formula (-(C(O)-NH-D1-NH-C(O)-B1)n-) (representative of (A)). Preferred Components: In the polymer (A) the recurring units (I) are preferably of formula (-NH-C(=O)-B1-C(=O)-NH-D1-) (IX), (X) or (XI). The recurring units are a mixture of recurring units (I). The polymer (A) has a molecular weight of more than 5 x 103, preferably more than 10 x 103, and lower than 1000 x 103, preferably lower than 100 x 103. Preferred Definitions:    B1 = arylenes, trivalent groups of aromatic hydrocarbons, tetravalent groups of aromatic hydrocarbons, oxybis(phenyl), carbonylbis(phenyl) or (perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenyl) or (4,4'-(perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)bis(phenyl) acid, or ((5Z,11Z)-dibenzo(b,f)(1,5)diazocine-6,12-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene); and    D1 = ((5Z,11Z)-dibenzo(b,f)(1,5)diazocine-6,12-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene).    EXAMPLE - In a 2-neck 100 ml oven-dried round bottom flask was placed lithium chloride (0.8 g), isophthalic acid (0.69 g), NMP (12 ml), pyridine (6.3 ml) and triphenylphosphite (2.1 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and then 6,12-bis((4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl))dibenzo(b,f)(1,5)diazocine (2.20 g) dissolved in NMP (10 ml) added. The reaction mixture was stirred and warmed to 110 degrees C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 40 degrees C and poured in to a 1:1 v/v mixture of methanol and water (400 ml). The resulting solid was isolated by filtration and washed several times with warm methanol. The solid was then dried in a vacuum oven for several hours to give poly(N1-(4-(4-((5Z,11Z)-12-(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)dibenzo(b,f)(1,5)diazocin-6-yl)phenoxy)phenyl)isophthalamide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A halogenated pyrene compound and alkyl boronic acid compound are reacted to obtain precursor compound. The obtained precursor compound is subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction to obtain pyrene derivative (I). Preferred Definitions:    X6=H;    Ar1,Ar2=group of formula (i), preferably naphthyl, optionally substituted aryl having silyl or aryl having cyano;    S1-S8=single bond, H or aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl (all optionally substituted), preferably single bond;    or adjacent S1-S8=(un)saturated optionally substituted cyclic ring;and    T1,T2=H, or aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or silyl (all optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 34 pyrene derivatives e.g. 3-Biphenyl-3-yl-1,6-bis-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-pyrene of formula (Ia), 1,6-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-3-(phenanthren-2-yl)pyrene, 4-(6,8-diphenyl-4-(propan-2-yl)pyren-1-yl)benzonitrile, (4-(8-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(propan-2-yl)-6-(4-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl)pyren-1-yl)phenyl)trimethylsilane and 3,8-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1-(phenanthren-1-yl)-5-phenylpyrene are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (In mmol) iodine (7.9), chloromethane and intermediate component were reacted under argon atmosphere, fractionated, separated, filtered, washed and dried to obtain intermediate component (A). The obtained intermediate component (A) (7.6), 1(1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium (II) dichloride (0.23), potassium acetate and dimethylformamide were reacted at 80 degrees C for 7 hours, washed, filtered and dried to obtain intermediate (B). The obtained intermediate (B), 2-bromo naphthalene, and 9,9-dimethyl fluorene-2-yl boronic acid were reacted to obtain pyrene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The n-type semiconductor window layer material is deposited by atomic layer deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film material is made of material selected from a group consisting of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium titanate oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, zinc oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier pattern is made of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, and carbon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aryldiamine derivative is of formulae (III)-(XII). Preferred Method: The aryldiamine derivatives are doped, preferably with NDP-2 (proprietary Novaled p-type dopant). Preferred Definitions:    X = Ar2; either    Ar3 = phenyl or biphenyl (when m = 1); or    Ar3 = phenyl (m = 0 or 1);    Ar1 = phenyl; and    R, R5 = methyl (preferred), ethyl, propyl or phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The dehydration condensation reaction rate of non-electroconductive polymer is preferably 50-95%. Preferred Composition: The non-electroconductive polymer contains polymer (A) having hydroxyl group-containing repeating units of formulae: -(CH2C(-O-R1-OH)X1)-, (-CH2-C(-COO-R2-OH)-X2)m-, or -(-CH2-C(CONH-R3-OH)X3)n-. The conductive polymer further contains sulfo group-containing polyanion. The transparent conductive layer contains dehydration catalyst. The catalyst is acidic catalyst.X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;l,m,n=0-100;andl+m+n=50-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transition metal complex is obtained by mixing a transition metal compound and a ligand. Preferred Components: The transition metal compound is nickel compound. The ligand is nitrogen-containing bidentate ligand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aromatic dihalide compound (I) is dihalo biphenyl compound of formula (III).A=amino bonded with one or two 1-20C hydrocarbyl or 1-20C alkoxy (both optionally substituted by fluoro, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy, 2-20C acyl or cyano);R=fluoro, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy, 2-20C acyl or cyano (all optionally substituted by fluoro, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or and 6-20C aryloxy);or adjacent two R=ring;andk=0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The aromatic dihalide polymer has weight average molecular weight of 5000-50000. Preferred Process: The polyarylene is obtained by polymerizing mixture containing transition metal complex, aromatic dihalide compound (I), aromatic dihalide polymer (II), and zinc at 15-40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkoxysilane compound (I) further includes alkoxysilane compound (D) in which n is 0. Preferred Composition: The mixing parameter ( beta )1 of the alkoxysilane compound is 0.01-1.4, defined by the relations: mixing parameter ( beta )1= (( beta )n2/( beta )n0+( beta )n1), where ( beta )n2 is content (mol%) of alkoxysilane compound whose n is 2, ( beta )n0 is content (mol%) of alkoxysilane compound whose n is 0, ( beta )n1 is content (mol%) of alkoxysilane compound whose n is 1, and (( beta )2=( beta )n0/( beta )n0+( beta )n1+( beta )n2)0-0.1. The mixing parameter ( gamma ) of epoxy resin (A) and alkoxysilane compound is 0.02-15, defined by the relation: mixing parameter ( gamma )=(( gamma )a)/(( gamma )s), where ( gamma )a is mass (g) of epoxy resin, ( gamma )s is mass (g) of alkoxysilane compound whose n is 0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The epoxy resin (A) has epoxy equivalent of 100-600 g/equivalent, and viscosity of 1000 pa.second or less at 25 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The epoxy resin (A) is polyfunctional epoxy resin which is glycidyl etherified material of polyphenol compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second alkaline solution is made of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or combination sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction activator is made of isopropanol, ethanol or combination isopropanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The aluminum paste contains glass frit (0.01-5) formed using the glass composition, organic vehicle solution (20-34.9), and aluminum powder (65-75) having particle size of 0.01-5 mu m. The glass frit has softening point of 400-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The translucent resin composition further contains hydrosilylation catalyst. The hydrosilylation catalyst comprises platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium or their mixture. The encapsulating material has refractive index of 1.5 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The translucent resin composition further contains polyorganosiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar energy generating apparatus are provided with electrodes made of indium tin oxide (ITO). The N-type semiconductor is made of complex of tin oxide and iron (SnO2:Fe), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te) and selenium oxide (SeO3). The P-type semiconductor is made of bismuth oxide (BiO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type/n-type copper indium selenide (CIS) based alloy semiconductor absorber layer has sodium. The alkali element or alkali compound is selected from Li, Na, and K; the transition metal of the first transition metal layer is selected from Mo, W, Ta, V, Ti, Nb, and Zr; the lattice distortion element or the lattice distortion compound is selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, oxide, nitride, sulfide, selenide or organometallic compound. The lattice distortion compound or lattice distortion element is selected from MoO2 and MoO3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coating process is carried out in an atmosphere containing dry gas chosen from oxygen, nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution further contains n-type dopant and titanium alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide carrier is silica particle. The radical body of alkali metal is compound of formula NaC10H8. Preferred Definitions:    alpha =Pt; and    beta =Ti.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The enhancer is proton type solvent, sulfoxide type solvent, amine solvent, and/or saccharide, preferably ethylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and/or trehalose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The mixture is heat-processed at 70-90 degrees C for 30 minutes to 3 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silicon block is pulverized in a state in which water is thrown into the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The salt is present in an amount 0.1-5 mole/liter. The amount of salt and the moiety are present in the device as solid material before application of a sample to the device. The device further comprises a sample inlet connected to a sample chamber where the amount of salt is placed in the inlet. The inlet comprises filtration device comprising the amount of salt for filtering the sample. The device further comprises binding surface for binding the moieties and detection unit for detecting the presence of bound moieties. The device further comprises magnetic field generator for attracting the magnetic and/or magnetizable labels to the binding surface. Preferred Component: The salt is selected from alkali metal salts consisting of potassium chloride, potassium iodide, potassium bromide, sodium chloride, and/or sodium iodide (preferably potassium bromide and potassium chloride) or thiocyanate salt (preferably potassium thiocyanate and guanidine thiocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Device: The moiety is indicative for cardiac disorders and comprises mono-clonal and/or polyclonal antibody indicative for cardiac troponine I or T, N-terminal fragment of proBNP (NT-proBNP) or Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of the phosphorus or the phosphorus containing compound is present at less than 0.5 ppmw. The concentration of the boron or the boron containing compound is present at less than or equal to 1 ppmw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is silica. The metal oxide precursor is silicon tetrachloride. The fibers contain non-degradable nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction between organic or inorganic nanofibers and metal oxide precursor is performed in gaseous phase under pressure lower than the vapor pressure of the metal oxide precursor. The reaction product is reacted with gaseous water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nanofibers comprising functional groups are made of polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The nanoindentation elasticity modulus of transparent conductive layer is preferably 5.5-7 GPa. Preferred Component: The conductive polymer has ( pi )-conjugated-type electroconductive macromolecular component and poly anion component. The poly anion component is polysulfone acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric layer contains micro crystal silicon and the amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The granules are granules containing silicon dioxide with particle size of 5 mu m or less and granules containing carbon containing substance with particle size of 10 mu m or less. The purity of silicon dioxide is 98 wt.% or more and the purity of carbon containing substance is 90 wt.% or more. The polysilicon has purity of 6N or more. Preferred Process: The gaseous tetrachlorosilane and gaseous chloride impurity are separated. The gaseous tetrachlorosilane is purified by distillation and transferred to the reduction process. Solid-state polysilicon is precipitate-grown on the surface of another solid-state polysilicon by reacting the gaseous tetrachlorosilane and gaseous reducing agent. The metal chloride is transferred to the electrolysis process in the molten state. The gaseous chlorine produced in the electrolysis process is recycled after drying. Preferred Composition: The metal reducing agent is zinc, aluminum, potassium or sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic layered compound is smectite. The thin film layers (A,B) contain multi-component inorganic oxide containing silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The coupling agent is a silane coupling agent having one or more types of organic functional groups. The crosslinking agent is agent for crosslinking hydrogen bonding groups. The amount of additive with respect to total of 100 %mass of gas barrier resin, inorganic layered compound and additive is 0.3-20 %mass. Preferred Film: The laminate film an anchor coat layer (B) between thin film layer (A) and resin composition layer (C), and priming coat layer provided between plastic film and thin film layer (A). The anchor coat layer is formed using anchor coating agent composition containing silane coupling agent having one or more types of organic functional groups. The amount of silane coupling agent in the anchor coating agent composition with respect to 100 %mass is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The coefficient of variation of short-axis length of metal nanowire is 40% or less. The nanowire has cross-sectional sharp degree of 75% or less, average short-axis length of 50 nm or less, and average long-axis length of 5 mu m or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The immersion fluid is a solvent chosen from ethanol, ethylene glycol, methanol and water. The dispersing agent is ionic surfactant, which is quaternary alkyl ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pore volume is preferably 0.6 cm3/g or more. The pore volume is 0.32 cm3/g or more with respect to a pore diameter of 200 nm or less after baking for 5 hours at 800 degrees C. Preferred Components: The rare-earth metal is yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and/or neodymium. The cerium concentration in cerium solution is 5-100 g/L by ceria conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal oxide-carbon nanotube composite film has average granularity of 0.1-1 mu m, and thickness of 10-100 mu m. Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is copper oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide or vanadium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used during manufacture of metal oxide-carbon nanotube composite film is isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl formamide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volume average particle diameter of silicon-containing raw material powder is 0.1-20 mu m. Preferred Process: The silicon-containing powder (c) is dried at more than 450 degrees C under inert gas atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonionic surfactant is sorbitan-type surfactant, polyoxyethylene-type surfactant, glycerol fatty-acid ester and/or alkenyl succinic-acid ester. The anionic surfactant is alkenyl succinic acid. The acid wash solution further comprises inorganic acid(s) chosen from hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and compound(s) chosen from paraffin, azole derivative, and 5-35C morpholine derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is alcohol, screen washing water or isopropanol. The standard clean #2 (SC-2) solution is prepared from hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid and water according to volume ratio 1:2:8. Preferred Method: The ultrasonic cleaning of the wiped silicon sheet in pure water for 15-25 minutes is performed at the ultrasonic power of 100 W, where the temperature of the pure water is 30-50 degrees C. The washed silicon sheet is cleaned for 10-20 minutes in SC-2 solution, where the temperature of the SC-2 solution is 60-90 degrees C. The secondarily washed silicon sheet is dehydrated in anhydrous ethanol for 3-5 minutes. The dehydrated silicon sheet is dried in the oven for 15-25 minutes at 70-90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shield is made of material such as stainless steel, titanium, iron, chromium, nickel and copper. The shield is sprayed with materials such as aluminum, alumina, titanium, nickel, copper and yttria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is selected from the group of substrates which includes glass substrate, gallium nitride substrate, aluminum oxide substrate, silicon carbide substrate, gallium arsenide substrate, indium phosphide substrate and silicon substrate. The elements are selected from group IA, group IIA, group IIIB, group IVB, group VB, group VIB, group VIIB, group VIII, group IB, group IIB, group IIIA, group IVA, group VA, group VIA, group VILA and/or group VIIIA in the periodic table. The film consists of one of the alloys, which includes gallium nitride (GaN) alloy, indium nitride (InN) alloy, aluminum nitride (AlN) alloy, gallium-indium-nitride (GaInN) alloy, aluminum-gallium nitride (AlGaN) alloy, aluminum-indium nitride (AlInN) alloy, or aluminum-gallium-indium nitride (AlGaInN) alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal catalyst particles are selected from the group of gold (Au), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), indium (In), palladium (Pd), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first biomass fuel comprises methane, hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide. The second biomass fuel comprises methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic cobalt is exposed to oxygen-containing atmosphere during cooling so that surface of layer comprising metallic cobalt is oxidized to cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal silicide is selected from nickel silicide, cobalt silicide, copper silicide, silver silicide, chromium silicide, titanium silicide, aluminum silicide, zinc silicide, and iron silicide. The metal silicide comprises at least two different nickel silicide phases selected from Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2. The electrochemically active material is selected from crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon oxide, silicon oxy-nitride, tin containing material, germanium containing material, and carbon containing material. The nanostructured template comprises silicide containing nanowires. Prior to cycling the electrochemical active electrode material in the lithium ion cell, the layer of the electrochemically active material is doped with at least one of phosphorus, boron, gallium, and lithium. The electrochemically active electrode material further comprises shell formed over the layer of the electrochemically active material, where the shell comprises materials selected from carbon, copper, polymer, sulfide, lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON), metal oxide, and fluorine containing compound. The substrate comprises at least one material selected from copper, nickel, titanium, and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves contacting boron-containing gas with boron metal. Preferred Compound: The compound (I) contains boron (having atomic mass 10) at a concentration of higher than 19.9%; or boron (having atomic mass 11) at a concentration of higher than 80.1%. The concentration of boron isotope (having atomic mass 10) is greater than 19.9%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, and 99.99%. The concentration of boron isotope (having atomic mass 10) is selected from 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, 95-99% and 95-99.9%. The concentration of boron isotope (having atomic mass 11) is selected from greater than 80.1%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9% and 99.99%. The concentration of boron isotope (having atomic mass 11) is 81-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, 95-99%, and 95-99.9%. The compound (I) contains two boron atoms. The compound has 11B to 10B ratio of 4.1:10000. Preferred Method: The step of ionizing is carried out in an ionization chamber and the boron-containing compound is delivered through a conduit to the ionization chamber for ionizing, where the conduit is maintained at a temperature effective to suppress clogging of the conduit and/or decomposition of the compound in the conduit. The method further involves actively cooling at least one of the conduit and the ionization chamber. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Diborane tetrafluoride (I'), is specifically claimed as the compound (I).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (I): the acidic bath has a pH of 0-2; the sufficient temperature is 110-175 degrees C; and the sufficient time is 24-72 hours. The method (I) further comprises loading the bismuth titanate nanocubes with nanosized metal particles, after annealing the bismuth titanate crystals to form bismuth titanate nanocubes. In the method (II): the time sufficient for reacting the titanium dioxide nanotubes and the bismuth salt is 24-72 hours and the time sufficient for annealing the bismuth titanate crystals is 1-24 hours; and the temperature sufficient for annealing the bismuth titanate crystals is 100-500 degrees C. The method (II) further comprises: after annealing the bismuth titanate crystals to form bismuth titanate nanocubes, placing the bismuth titanate nanocubes in a metal salt solution and subjecting the mixture to ultrasonication for a time sufficient to load the bismuth titanate nanocubes with the metal salt; and annealing the loaded bismuth titanate nanocubes to reduce the metal salt, thus forming bismuth titanate nanocubes that are loaded with nano-sized metal particles. Preferred Components: The acidic bath has a bismuth salt concentration of 0.1-3 M. The bismuth titanate nanocubes define an elongated cube-like structure having a length of 200 nm to 1 mu . The nanosized metal particles: include palladium nanosized metal particles; and have a size of 10-20 nm. The metal salt solution is a palladium salt solution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting diamine monomer and dianhydride monomer in a polar solvent to form a poly(amic acid) (precursor of polyimide); and thermally imidizing poly(amic acid) or chemically imidizing to dehydrate to form polyimide. Preferred Components: The medium layer comprises liquid crystal or polymer. Preferred Definitions:    B1 = bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2,3,5,6-tetrayl, bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-1,2,3,6-tetrayl, bicyclo(2.2.2)octan-2,3,5,6-tetrayl, bicyclo(2.2.2)octan-1,2,3,6-tetrayl, bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-2-en-1,5,6,7-tetrayl, bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-2-en-5,6,7,8-tetrayl or bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-2-en-5,6,7,8-tetrayl;    A = diphenylether or 4,4'-bis-p-phenyl-biphenyl group; and    A1 = 2,2'-bis-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diyl, 4,4'-diphenoxy-biphenyl, 2,2-bis(phenoxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(phenoxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(phenoxyphenyl)sulfonyl, dicyclohexylmethyl or 2,2'-dimethyl-biphenyl group.    EXAMPLE - 4-(4-(1-(4-(4-Aminophenoxy)phenyl)-1-methyl-ethyl)phenoxy)aniline (0.0074 mole) and 4-(4-aminophenoxy)aniline (0.0074 mole) were completely dissolved in m-cresol (32.97 g) in a three necked flask under nitrogen at room temperature. 0.0150 mole of a dianhydride compound of formula (X) was then added to the flask. After (X) was completely dissolved, the resulting solution was continuously stirred for 1 hour to form a sticky poly(amic acid) solution. The poly(amic acid) solution was heated to 220 degrees C to react for 3 hours. Water was simultaneously removed using a water remover during the processes. Then the reaction solution was dropped into methanol to precipitate silk polyimide. The polyimide was then baked in a vacuum oven for 12 hours. The silk polyimide was then dissolved in dimethylacetamide with a solid content of 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of interlayer distance of silica layer to molecule length of organic sulfonic acid group is 1-3, preferably 1.8-2.2. The organic sulfonic acid group is perfluoro sulfonic acid of formula -(C(H,F)2)n-X-(CF2)m-SO3H.X=oxygen or direct bond;andn,m=1-3.Preferred Property: The lamella porous component electrolyte has acidic radical density of 0.52 mmol/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanoparticles are made of metal such as Gold, platinum, palladium, silver, indium, iron, zirconium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, zinc, titanium, silicon and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base substrate consists of a single crystal gallium arsenide. The sacrificial layer consists of an epitaxial crystal of indium-aluminum-gallium arsenide (InmAlnGa1-m-nAs, where m is 0 or more and less than 0.2, n is 0.8-1, and n+m is greater than 0.8 and 1 or less). The semiconductor substrate has an intermediate crystalline layer containing indium-gallium-arsenic phosphide (InyGa1-yAszP1-z, where y is 0 or more and less than 1, and z is greater than 0 and 1 or less) or gallium arsenide. Crystalline layer (II) contains aluminum-indium-gallium-arsenic phosphide (AlwIntGa1-w-tAsz'P1-z', w, t, w+t and z' are 0-1) or indium-gallium phosphide (In0.5Ga0.5P).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Metals (A) are gold and/or platinum. Preferred Composition: When the minor axis average length of metal nanowire is 5-40 nm, then the content of metals (A) in nanowire is 0.015-13 atomic%. When the minor axis average length of metal nanowire is 20-60 nm, then the content of metals (A) in nanowire is 0.013-6.7 atomic%. When the minor axis average length of metal nanowire is 40-80 nm, then the content of metals (A) in nanowire is 0.011-4.7 atomic%. When the minor axis average length of metal nanowire is 60-100 nm, then the content of metals (A) in nanowire is 0.01-3.9 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The secondary metal layer has lamination of one or more metal layers containing oxygen as main component, metal layer containing nitrogen and aluminum, and metal layer containing aluminum. The secondary layer has thickness of 50 nm or more. The amount of nitrogen in secondary layer is 20-50 atomic%. The secondary layer and tertiary layer contains element chosen from neodymium, silicon, nickel, tantalum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent conductive film is zinc oxide-type transparent conductive film having thickness of 300-700 nm. Preferred Property: The photocatalytic thin film has thickness of 50-250 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal wire has diameter of 100-150 mu m, and is made of aluminum, titanium, chromium, molybdenum and/or tungsten. The P-type layer is a hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film doped with P-type boron acceptor impurities or hydrogenated silicon oxide film formed by the injection of nitrogen oxide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second active layer includes a quantum dot layer (preferably a cadmium selenide quantum dot layer). The first active layer includes a quantum dot layer and a photosensitive dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic layer is selected from a group consisting of aluminum tri oxide (Al2O3), silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon dioxide (Si02), silicon oxinitride (SiON) and silicon carbide (SiC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sintered layer is a perovskite (preferably lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM)). The LSM has an in-plane CTE of 10.6x 10-6 degrees C-1 to 11.8x 10-6 degrees C-1 (preferably 11.0x 10-6 degrees C-1 to 11.4x 10-6 degrees C-1). The out-of-plane CTE of the LSM is 13.0x 10-6 degrees C-1 or 14.0x 10-6 degrees C-1, and the in-plane CTE of the LSM is 12.0x 10-6 degrees C-1 or 10.6x 10-6 degrees C-1. Preferred Method: The layer has a thickness of 0.5-4 mm; and is sintered at 1200-1400 (preferably 1270-1290) degrees C for a time period of 15 minutes to 3 hours (preferably 15 minutes to one hour). The pressure applied to the platens is 0.02-20 (preferably 0.02-12) MPa. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary microcrystal semiconductor film and secondary microcrystal semiconductor film contain silicon. Preferred Process: The etching is carried out using hydrogen gas, or mixed gas containing hydrogen gas and argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent electrode layer contains zinc oxide. The base layer comprises silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A photoelectric conversion layer formed on the substrate, comprises copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gallium (Ga), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or tellurium (Te) as main component. The lower electrode is made of molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The portions of surface of workpiece is removed using species selected from boron (B), and phosphorus and other species selected from noble gas, hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and fluorine (F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron-hole transport layer is poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrenesulfonate), and their derivative. The active layer contains poly(3-hexyl thiophene) as donor and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester as acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protrusions contains material of quartz, topaz, titanium nitride, alumina, silicon carbide, diamond and/or carbon-like diamond. The transparent conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, fluorine, gallium or boron, cadmium sulfide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, and/or fluorine-doped tin dioxide. The back electrode contains silver, aluminum, copper, chromium and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the method, before heating the mixture: the mixture of the ionic liquid and the polymer compound is stirred; and a surface of a base is coated with the mixture of ionic liquid and polymer compound. Preferred Components: The ionic liquid has compatibility with the polymer compound, where the polymer compound has thermoplasticity. The polymer compound is a copolymer of vinylidene difluoride and hexafluoropropylene. EXAMPLE - N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate (ionic liquid) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (polymer compound) including alpha -phase PVDF were mixed at ratio of 3:1 to form a mixture. The obtained mixture was then stirred for 1 hour in a vacuum by a magnetic stirrer. Then a surface of a glass slide was coated with the mixture so that the mixture had a thickness of 100 mu m and processing was performed on the mixture at 25 degrees C, to obtain the polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Cyano acetic acid derivative and aldehyde are subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction in presence of base, to obtain amide compound (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Amide compounds are disclosed e.g. 2-((2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)acetic acid of formula (Ia), 2-((2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)acetic acid, 3-((2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)propanoic acid, 2-((2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(5-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)acetic acid, and 3-((2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(5-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)-3-pentylthiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)propanoic acid.    EXAMPLE - ((Cyanoacetyl)amino)acetic acid (in mg) (100) and 5-(5-(5-(4-ethyl-4H-thieno(3,2-b)indol-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-3-hexylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde (160) were mixed in mixed solvent of acetonitrile (5 ml) and toluene (2 ml), heated, piperidine (0.5 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, refluxed for 15 hours, cooled, diluted using chloroform, washed using hydrochloric acid, water and saturated salt solution, and dried using sodium sulfate, to obtain 2-((2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive layer is made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) such as indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material is made of aluminum 8-hydroxyquinolinate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrically conductive layer is made of transparent and/ or conductive polymer such as Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salt (ii) is alternately a metal salt having cation portion which is an alkali metal and anion portion which is halogen. The alkali metal is lithium. The halogen of imidazolium salt (i) and halogen of salt (ii) are bromide or chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salt (ii) is imidazolium salt having cation portion of formula (III) and anion portion which is halogen.R3,R4=1-10C alkyl, where R3 is ethyl and R4 is methyl.Preferred Composition: The content of salt (ii) is 1-100 parts mol with respect to 100 parts mol of imidazolium salt (i). Preferred Definitions:    M=iron;    R1=ethyl;and    R2=methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The copper carboxylate is of formula (Cu(OOCR)n) (I) or (Cu(OOCR)2.L1L2) (II), preferably copper(II) carboxylate. The binding of the carboxylate to the copper atom is carried by only one oxygen atom.R = 1-15C-alkyl or -alkenyl, preferably -C(CH3)2C2H5, -CH(C2H5)2, -C(C2H5)CH3, -(C2H5)3, -C(CH3)=CH(CH3) or -C(CH3)=CH(C2H5);L1, L2 = ligands such as carboxylate group, where L2 is preferably a CH-acidic alkyne; andn = 1 or 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen atom with superior reactivity is a primary amino group. The polyamine is a diamine having a primary and a tertiary amino group, where the distance between the two nitrogen atoms of the amino groups is three or four. The diamine is N,N,2,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine. EXAMPLE - 2,2-Dimethylbutyric acid (5.5 mmole) was added to copper(I) mesitylide (5.5 mmole) under inert gas. After one hour of the reaction time, the obtained solution was added with N,N,2,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (5.5 mmole) to obtain corresponding copper(I) complex, which was formed in mesitylene as a pale green solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The packaging material is made up of mixture of polyethylene dioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sections are made up of material selected from aluminum or aluminum alloy such as aluminum manganese alloy or aluminum-silicon alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor developing substrate comprises germanium or gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support comprises alumina, cerium, zirconium and/or lanthanum. The weight ratio of palladium and nickel is 1:0-1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytically active material contains nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, cerium, alumina, zirconium and/or lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor material is selected from indium tin oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum indium oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I), comprises treating the non-deuterated compound with deuterated solvent (d6-benzene), in the presence of a Lewis acid hydrogen/deuterium exchange catalyst (e.g. aluminum trichloride). Preferred Components: (I) is at least 10%, 50% or 100% deuterated. The at least one D is on an aryl ring. Preferred Definitions:    R14, R18 = alkyl;    R1-R13, R15-R17, R19-R20 = H or D;    Ar3-Ar6 = deuterated aryl (preferably phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, phenyl-naphthylene, naphthyl-phenylene, or their deuterated derivatives); and    Ar1, Ar2 = deuterated diaryls (preferably phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, or their deuterated derivatives), where Ar1-Ar6 is at least 20% deuterated.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 10 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. deuterium substituted anthracene compounds of formula (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - To a mixture of 9-bromo-10-(4-naphthalen-1-yl)phenylanthracene-deuterium19 of formula (4h) (14.84 g) and 2-naphthalen boronic ester-deuterium of formula (4i) (10 g) in dimethyl ether (350 ml), potassium carbonate (12.8 g) and water (40 ml) were added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.45 g, 1.3%) was added. The mixture was refluxed for 12 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere and worked up to obtain deuterium substituted anthracene compounds (Ia) (15 g, 91%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The single quantum dot material consists of lead sulfide, lead selenide, cadmium selenide, lead telluride, silicon, germanium, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, and Group IV, Group III-V and Group II-VI semiconductor binary and ternary compounds and alloys or core-shell-like configurations. The first electrode is made of indium tin oxide. The second electrode is made of aluminum, gold, silver, magnesium or calcium, where the aluminum is an encapsulant over the second electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: At least one of the glass frits further comprises calcium (Ca), CaO, magnesium (Mg), MgO, strontium (Sr), SrO, barium (Ba), and/or BaO; or zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), and/or zirconium oxide (ZrO2). CeO2 is at 0.75-2.5 wt.%. The glass frits are at 4-8 wt.% of the total weight of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Na is selected from NaO and/or Na2F. Li is selected from Li2O and/or LiF. K is selected from K2O and/or KF. The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:hydrogen (H), silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The conductive material comprises silver. The conductive materials are at 75-85 wt.% of the total weight of the composition. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method includes chemical reaction selected from reacting water with aluminum/gallium/magnesium, reacting methanol-water with hydrogen peroxide over suitable catalyst or decomposing chemical hydride and sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves combining acidic leaching process by aqueous acids and basic leaching process by basic aqueous solution as pre-processing. The method involves bake-processing pulverized silicon raw material at 1000-1400 degrees C, and leaching and removing impurity after cooling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monomer (a1) is carbonyl group-containing monomer of formula: H2C=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH2-NH-C(=O)-O-N=C(-CH3)-CH2-CH3 (I) or pyrazole-containing monomer of formula (II).R1,R2=H or methyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (a) has repeating unit derived from monomer (a1) having block isocyanate structure and at least one polymerizable unsaturated group. The polysaccharide is chosen from chitosan, hydroxyalkyl chitosan, carboxyalkyl chitosan, caprolactone-modified chitosan, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and carboxyalkyl cellulose. The content of polymer (a) is 20-300 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polysaccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The concentration of iron in a silicon-nitride powder is reduced using hydrochloric acid or aqua regia. Preferred Properties: The concentration of iron contained as an impurity in the silicon-nitride powder is 1 at.ppm or less. The thickness of the mold release agent coated to the mold is 30-80 mu m. The product of the concentration of iron and thickness of the mold release agent coated to the mold is 30 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is one of quinary compounds and senary compounds of formula (CuIn1-a-b-cGaaZnbSncSe2-ySy). The ratio, (Zn+Sn)/(In+Zn+Sn), in (I) is greater than 0 and equal to or smaller than 0.5. (I) is greater than 0 and equal to or smaller than 0.5. Preferred Method: The step (b) and (b1) is performed using a vacuum co-evaporation method. In the method, a temperature in step (b) is 400-600 degrees C and a temperature in step (b1) is 300-400 degrees C.a-c = 0-1;a+b+c = 0-1; andy = 2. EXAMPLE - Molybdenum back contact with a thickness of 1 mu m was deposited on a soda lime glass substrate using a sputtering method. Copper (Cu), Zinc sulfide, and tin (Sn) were deposited on the substrate using a co-sputtering method to form a CZTS thin film. To prevent the delamination and the composition changes of the CZTS thin film during post heat treatment, a Cu capping film was deposited on the CZTS thin film using a sputtering method. The thickness and composition of the CZTS thin film were adjusted by varying the sputtering power and the time. The CZTS thin film were formed so that the thickness of the CZTS thin film was 1 ~Mm and the atomic ratio of Cu:Zn:Sn:S in the CZTS thin film was 40:22:20:18. indium (In) and selenium (Se) were deposited on the Cu capping film using a vacuum co-evaporation method to form a Cu-In-Zn-Sn-S-Se thin film for a solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound containing electron-attractive group(s) is of formula: Ar11-((N(-Ar13))p-(Ar12)q-Gr)s (II), preferably of formula (III)-(VIII). The electron withdrawing group is cyano group. The anthracene derivative is preferably of formula (Ia) or (Ib).Ar11=anthracene-containing group, pyrene-containing group, chrysene-containing group, benzo fluoranthene-containing group, or styryl-containing group (all optionally substituted);Ar12,Ar13,Ar21-Ar24,Ar31-Ar34,Ar41-Ar46,Ar51-Ar54,Ar61-Ar66,Ar71-Ar73=Ar1;R21-R28,R31-R38,R41-R46,R51-R60,R71-R79,R15-R19,R101-R105=R1;G=electron-attractive group;r11,r12,r21,r22,r31,r32,r41,r42,r51,r52,r71=1-5;p,q=0 or 1;r=1-5;ands=1-6.(i) When p and q is 0, r is 1; and (ii) When p is 1, q is 1. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=10-30C fused-aromatic-ring group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is an amine compound or a palladium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ambient temperature molten salt contains imidazolium salt (ii) (1 part mol or more). Preferred Definitions:    R1,R3=ethyl;and    R4=methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The secondary average particle diameter of microparticles is 3-10 times of primary average particle diameter. The metallic element contains I-B group element and III-B group element. The semiconductor layer contains I-III-VI group compound semiconductor. The average particle diameter of microparticles is 1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The target has volume resistivity of 1x 10-2 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, the elevated temperature of the shell-removal conditions is 220-600 degrees C. The inert gas atmosphere is selected from nitrogen and/or argon. Preferred Material: The catalyst material comprises platinum, cobalt, and at least one alloy metal selected from iron, nickel, iridium, chromium, molybdenum, palladium, rhodium, gold, copper and vanadium (preferably nickel) and having a composition PtxCoyNiz, and the catalyst material has an oxygen reduction reaction mass activity of greater than 2.5 (preferably 2.5-6) relative to an unalloyed platinum catalyst.x and y=20-60%;z=100-x-y;orx+y+z=100%.Preferred Components: The nanoparticles have an average particle size of 1-10 (preferably 3-6) nanometers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst material comprises platinum and at least one alloy metal selected from iron, nickel, cobalt, iridium, chromium, molybdenum, palladium, rhodium, gold, copper and vanadium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali control layer is formed using silica membrane having thickness of 3-12 nm. The refractive index of silica membrane is 1.45-1.5. The amount of alkali metal is 0.02-0.1 atomic%. The alkali metal is sodium. The thermal expansion coefficient of glass substrate is 8x 10-6-9x 10-6/( degrees C). The glass substrate includes sodium oxide (2-5 wt.%). The light absorption layer is made of copper, indium, gallium, selenium and/or sulfur. The light absorption layer is formed by selenizing or sulfurizing laminated structure having metal precursor film containing copper, indium, gallium or their mixed crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The film thickness of p-type layer (II) is 1-4.5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    M=copper or vanadium oxide.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophthalonitrile (10), thiophenol (10) and potassium fluoride (7) were charged in a flask. Acetonitrile (30 ml) was added and the contents were mixed at room temperature for 12 hours. Vanadium trichloride (2), 1-octanol (2) and benzonitrile (30) were added and reacted to obtain a phthalocyanine compound precursor. The obtained precursor (10) and pyrrolidone (50 ml) were reacted at 60 degrees C for 8 hours to obtain vanadium oxide phthalocyanine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticles contain gold or platinum. Preferred Process: The metal nanoparticles are obtained by reducing aqueous solution containing metal ion using organic solution containing aniline or its derivative as reducing agent, and electrolyzing electrolytic solution containing aggregate of metal nanoparticles. Preferred Property: The electrolytic solution has pH of 12-14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises conductive material (preferably silver) (90-99 wt.% of the solids).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insulating film comprises at least one component selected from: titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - A thick film glass composition comprising (wt.%): medium surfactant solid (8.85), flake silver powder (D50 of 1.9 mu m) (85.02) and glass frit (3.81) (comprising silica (13.32), alumina (10), lead oxide (70.47), zirconium oxide (2.09) and phosphorus pentoxide (4.12)), was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metals are platinum and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene is non functionalized fullerene or metallofullerene. The catalytic system is made up of metallofullerene. The carbon electronic conductor is carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles have a core of II-VI semiconductors, preferably made of cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide and/or cadmium telluride. The nanoparticles have a largest dimension of 1.5-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance-Y1 is: an amine compound of formula (N(R1)(R2)(R3)) or an ammonium compound of formula (N+(R1)(R2)(R3)(R4)); or carboxylic acid or a carboxylate compound.R4 = R1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (II) comprises indium trifluoride, indium trichloride, indium tribromide or indium triiodide. The amount of (II) is 0.1-50 wt.%. The composition comprising (II) further contains at least one inert liquid solvent or dispersion medium with respect to the reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of (III) is 50u99.9 wt.%. The amount of (IV) is at least twice the stoichiometric amount of (II). EXAMPLE - Indium(III) chloride (22.5 mmole) was dissolved in dried methanol (250 ml) by stirring under inert atmosphere in a flask (500 ml). Then dimethylamine (111 mmole) was added through a mass flow controller for 5 hours. Then the solution was completely evaporated, the remaining solids were added with dried methanol (250 ml), filtered, washed with dried methanol and dried for 12 hours under vacuum at room temperature to obtain indium(III) chlorodimethoxide with a yield of greater than 80 mol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The partial structure-containing cyclic compounds is preferably of formula (IV), (V) or (IV). The partial structure-containing cyclic compounds are high molecular compounds. The photoelectric converting layer contains electron-accepting fullerene compound, electron-donating p-type-semiconductor material and low molecular weight compound having partial structures (I), (II) or (III).m=polymerization degree.Preferred Process: The photoelectric converting layer is formed by solution coating method. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=sulfur or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film further contains (4-(dicyanomethylene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)malononitrile. The content of (4-(dicyanomethylene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)malononitrile with respect to 100 parts weight of carbon nanotube is 10 parts weight or more. Preferred Properties: The sheet resistance value of electroconductive region is 100-10000 ohm/square. The film thickness of the carbon nanotube and electroconductive composition is 10-500 nm and 40-600 nm, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive composition contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type organic compound is oxygen center radical molecule chosen from nitronyl nitroxide, diphenyl nitroxide and galvinoxyl radical, or nitrogen center radical e.g. 2,4,6-triphenyl verdazyl radical. The photoelectric conversion layer has layer containing organic salt or ionic liquid and n-type organic compound, a layer formed by mixing or dispersing n-type organic compound and p-type organic semiconductor, or layer containing n-type organic compound and layer comprising p-type organic semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The temperature of the glass substrate in 104 dPa.second is 1150 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomers: The monomers (a,b) are chosen from acrylic acid, its alkyl ester, methacrylic acid, its alkyl ester, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, methacrylamide which can be quaternized, N-t-butylacrylamide, maleic acid, its hemi ester, ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and 1-13C alcohol, maleic acid anhydride, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, acrylamide, hydroxylated (meth)acrylate, diaryl-dimethyl ammonium chloride, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl ether, maleimide, vinylpyridine, vinyl imidazole, heterocyclic vinyl compound, styrene sulfonate, allyl alcohol, vinyl alcohol, fluoroacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl propionate, ( alpha )-methylstyrene, t-butylstyrene, isoprene, butadiene, cyclohexadiene, ethylene, propylene and vinyl toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The block copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 1000-100000. Preferred Composition: The composition further contains arch forming polymer. The crosslinking agent is amino resin compound having two or more amino groups, polyfunctional epoxy resin or diacid anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of structural unit derived from polyfunctional (meth)acryl monomer in the crosslinking methacryl resin is 0.5-50 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The shadow mask is coated with silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide and/or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Baking in temperature region range (I) is carried out in the presence of inert gas, baking in temperature region range (II) is carried out in the presence of inert gas and oxygen, and baking in temperature region range (III) is carried out in the presence of inert gas and hydrogen. The calcination temperature in the heat burning process unit is set in a temperature region at which diamond burns and at which silicon in silicon solid content is not oxidized. Each process is carried out under conditions in which an oxide is not generated. At least one unit in the system is maintained in inert gas atmosphere, or process is carried out under vacuum. At least one unit is arranged in a sealed space. Preferred Arrangement: The system is provided with a washing apparatus (28) for removing metal contained in organic substance of coolant, or silicon solid content, between solid-liquid separator and heat-burning process unit. A molding unit (50) is provided for forming several solid substances of appropriate size, between the heat-burning process unit and heat-melting unit. The molding unit is provided with a pressurizing unit for applying pressure to silicon solid content after heat-burning.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of ozone gas and water vapor is 5000-35000 ppm and 5000-120000 ppm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precipitation rod in the insertion container is silicon carbide rod. Preferred Process: The silicon carbide rod is obtained by impregnating silicone to porous silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: condensing substituted 1,9-bis(N,N-dialkylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane compounds of formula (II) with substituted dipyrromethane compounds of formula (III) in an alcohol solvent containing a metal salt to produce a reaction product; oxidizing the reaction product with an oxidizing agent; and optionally demetallating the reaction product to give (I).R1a, R1b = lower alkyl. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube is single-walled carbon nanotube or multi-walled carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer ionic liquid contains imidazolium, alkylpyridinium, alkyl pyridazinium, alkyl pyrimidinium, alkyl pyrazinium, alkyl pyrazolium, alkyl piperidinium, alkyl thiazolium, alkyl oxazolium, alkyl triazolium, alkyl phosphonium, alkylammonium, trifluoroacetate, acetate, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, phosphorus-containing groups ((CF3)2PF4), ((CF3)3PF3), ((CF3)4PF2) and ((CF3)5PF), hexafluoromethane ((CF3)6), sulfur-containing groups (SF5CF2SO3) and (SF5CHFCF2SO3), fluorine-containing groups (CF3CF2(CF3)2CO), ((CF3SO2)2CH), (((SF)5)3C) or (O(CF3)2C2(CF3)2O)2PO as cation. The carbon nanotube-polymer ionic liquid composite is dispersed in organic solvent. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, N-propanol, isopropanol, N-butanol, isobutanol, hexanol, glycerol, chlorobenzene, nitromethane, toluene, ethylacetate, hexane, cyclohexane, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, xylene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone and/or n-butyrolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer used in the carbon nanotube-polymer ionic liquid complex is polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-dialkyl thiophene) and/or poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophene). Preferred Property: The polymeric ionic liquid has average molecular weight of 5000-500000 g/mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating of the protective film comprises nickel, gold, tin, zinc, silver and/or an alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The groups are consisting of gallium phosphate, gallium arsenide, indium phosphate, indium antimonite, indium arsenide, gallium antimonite, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride, aluminum gallium nitride and zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc antimonite, zinc telluride, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, mercury cadmium telluride and beryllium selenide and beryllium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bottom electrode is made of zinc oxide. The impurity is III group element, preferably boron. The semiconductor layers are polycrystal semiconductor film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Liquid nitrogen is also used in the manufacturing of organic solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron acceptor is poly(3-hexylthiophene). The hole acceptor is (6,6)-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The step of heating the crucible includes operating several electric heating elements positioned to the side of the crucible. The step of extracting heat from the crucible includes moving the insulation away from the support structure; where the insulation is lowered away from the support structure. The support structure and crucible are not moved during the crystal growing process, and the insulation is moved during the crystal growing process. The method further involves controlling at least one heating element to increase and decrease the heat provided to the crucible, and further controlling the extracting by causing the insulation to be moved to be closer to or further away from the crucible. Preferred System: The support structure includes a graphite support block. The support structure and crucible are configured to be kept in a stationary position while a crystal is grown, and the heat exchanger is movable while the crystal is grown. The system further comprises a controller for controlling the amount of heat provided from at least one heating element to the crucible, and for controlling the heat exchanger to cause the insulation to be moved to be closer to or further from the crucible while a crystal is grown. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic cell further has optical-window-electrode layer (a) containing n-type semiconductor comprising cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, indium selenide and/or indium sulfide, transparent conducting oxide comprising indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, amorphous zinc oxide, cadmium stannate, cadmium tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or indium oxide, and optical-window-electrode layer (b) comprising p-type transparent conducting oxide or p-type semiconductor. The ultrafine structures comprise p-type semiconductor, or n-type compound semiconductor comprising indium gallium arsenide, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, copper indium sulfide, or copper indium gallium selenide. The ultrafine structures comprise germanium, silicon, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, mercury-cadmium telluride and/or zinc telluride, material having semiconducting band-gap which is more than the semiconducting band-gap of n-type cadmium telluride and material having semiconducting band-gap which is equal to semiconducting band-gap of n-type cadmium telluride. At least one portion of ultrafine structures comprises nanowire, nanotube, quantum wire, quantum dot or nanowall. The photoactive absorber layer comprises polycrystalline photoactive absorber layer, or n-type compound semiconductor containing gallium arsenide. Preferred Properties: The photoactive absorber layer has thickness of 10 mu m or less. The carrier density of photoactive absorber layer is 1015-1017/cm3. The carrier density of ultrafine structures is 1017-1020/cm3. The dimension of portion of ultrafine structures is 1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The undercoating layer comprises oxides of silicon, titanium, zirconium, tin, aluminum, and/or phosphorus. The oxide of titanium is anatase titania with a thickness of 20-25 mm. The first coating comprises silica. The first coating comprises oxides of silicon, titanium, aluminum, tin, zirconium, and/or phosphorus. The second coating further comprises dopant materials including fluorine, indium, aluminum, phosphorus, or antimony. The second coating comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant is selected from fluorine, indium, aluminum, phosphorus and antimony. The conductive coating comprises fluorine doped tin oxide having a thickness greater than 470 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The passivation layer comprises aluminum oxide (Al2Ox or Al2OaNy), where x is 2.7-3, a is 2.5-2.9 and y is not defined. The passivation layer has average oxygen content of 50% or more. Preferred Layer: The hydrogen-containing cap layer is hydrogen-doped silicon nitride (SiNx:H) layer deposited between substrate and back contact layer (104). The substrate is n-doped silicon wafer. Preferred Properties: The passivation layer has refractive index of 1.55-2.1 and thickness of 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The insulating layer is made of spin-on-glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The core is made of group III-V atoms. The substrate is made of silicon having a crystalline structure with a crystal lattice mismatch with the group III-V atoms making up the core. The substrate is made of sapphire having a crystalline structure with a crystal lattice mismatch with the group III-V atoms making up the core. The substrate is made of gallium arsenide or silicon. The shell is made of gallium aluminum arsenide or indium gallium aluminum arsenide. The core is made of gallium aluminum arsenide or indium gallium aluminum arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating layer is made of benzocyclobutene. The group III and V sources are triethylgallium and tertiarybutylarsine; or trimethylindium, triethylgallum, and tertiarybutylarsine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The passivation layer is made of silicon nitride or silicon oxide. The transparent conductive oxide layer is made of tin oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide or indium zinc oxide. The metal film is made of gold, nickel, silver or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell further has optical-window-electrode layer (104) containing cadmium sulfide, and contact electrode layer (106).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ultrafine structures comprise n-type semiconductor and n-type material. The n-type material includes n-type transparent conducting oxide. The transparent conducting oxide is chosen from indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, amorphous zinc oxide, cadmium stannate, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, cadmium tin oxide or fluorinated tin oxide. The n-type semiconductor is chosen from cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, indium selenide, indium sulfide, or zinc oxyhydrate. The contact electrode layer comprises transparent conducting oxide, p-type material and p-type compound semiconductor. The p-type material comprises barium-copper fluoride (BaCuXF), lanthanum-copper oxide (LaCuOX), copper-sulfur-selenium oxide X'CuO(S1-y,Sey), strontium-copper-zinc oxysulfide (Sr2Cu2ZnO2S2), and strontium-copper-gallium oxysulfide (Sr2CuGaO3S), where X is sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, X' is praseodymium, neodymium, or lanthanide, and y is 0 and 1. The p-type compound semiconductor comprises gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper(indium-gallium-aluminum-silver)(sulfur-selenium) (Cu(In,Ga,Al,Ag)(S,Se)2), or copper-zinc-tin sulfide. Preferred Properties: The n-type material has carrier density of 1016-1018/cm3. The photo-active absorber layer has thickness of 10 mu m or less. The p-type material has carrier density of more than 5x 1017/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is made of a ceramic material or titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anodized layer is made of anodic aluminum oxide, and the pores are made of hexagonal porous aluminum oxide. The alkali halide precursor is selected from sodium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium sulfide or sodium selenide. The substrate is made of aluminum or aluminum oxide. The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide. The absorber layer is a copper-indium-selenide absorber layer or a copper-indium-gallium-selenide absorber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: (II) further comprises: a bypass line for allowing the discharged liquid fuel to bypass the mixer and to return to an upstream side of the fuel cell; allowance means for allowing the discharged liquid fuel to flow to the bypass line; and a buffer tank provided in the line in the bypass, where, when the mixer is detached, the allowance means allows the discharged liquid fuel to flow to the bypass line, where the liquid fuel in the buffer tank is supplied to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second fuel concentration is equal to the target fuel concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The base generating agent is a heat base generating agent, preferably urea or urea derivative, or a photo base generator, preferably 2-nitrobenzyl cyclohexylcarbamate, 2-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 2,5-dinitrobenzyl cyclohexylcarbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl-N-isopropylcarbamate, triphenylmethanol, O-carbamoyl hydroxyamide, N-cyclohexyl-4-methylphenylsulfonamide, or O-carbamoyloxime. The acid (derivative) is polyvalent organic acid (derivative), preferably acid anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The difference of densities of the films given by the formula: ( Delta )d=d1-d3, is 0.1 g/cm3 or more, where d1 is surface side density of the film having non-modified regions, d2 is inner side density of the film having non-modified regions and d3 is density of the modified layers. The sum total film thickness (L1) of the region having density of d1 and film thickness (L2) of the region having density of d2 in the modified layers is 30 nm or more. The ratio L2/L1+L2 is 0.4 or more. The surface roughness of the side to which modification process is carried out is 2 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The salt of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal is salt of aliphatic carboxylic acid. The metal of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal is cesium, potassium or calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The moisture proof film layer has thickness of 1-15 mu m. The primary and secondary layers have thickness of 0.5-50 mu m and 10-500 nm, respectively. The carbon-containing rate of primary and secondary layer is 1-30 mol% and 0-1 mol%, respectively. The primary and secondary layers have density of 2.3-3 g/cm3 and 2.8-3.1 g/cm3, respectively. Preferred Layers: The primary layer contains silicon oxycarbonitride (SiONC). The secondary layer contains silicon oxynitride (SiON).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide is of formula: Li1+xNiaCobMncMdO2, where x is 0.05-0.2, a is 0.3-0.6, b is 0.1-0.6, c is 0.1-0.5, d is 0-0.02, a+b+c+d is 1 and M is magnesium, strontium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, boron and/or aluminum. The lithium supply source is lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive element comprises indium-tin oxide (ITO) and indium-zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The auxiliary electrode and conductive film are made from chromium, nickel, aluminum, gold, silver, copper and alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A tin-comprising precursor gas is premixed with an oxygen-comprising precursor gas and/or alcohol (I), and mixed gas is mixed with carrier gas and supplied to reaction zone, or oxygen-comprising precursor gas is premixed with tin-comprising precursor gas and/or alcohol (I), and mixed gas is mixed with carrier gas and supplied to reaction zone. A fluorine-comprising doping agent is provided to reaction zone, or doping agent is premixed with tin-comprising precursor gas, oxygen-comprising precursor gas, alcohol (I) and carrier gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tin source comprises tin tetrachloride, monobutyltin trichloride and/or dimethyltin dichloride. The gaseous mixture comprises at least one carrier gas. The tin-comprising precursor gas and/or oxygen-comprising precursor gas comprises alcohol (I). Preferred Process: The gaseous mixture is formed by mixing tin-comprising precursor gas with oxygen-comprising precursor gas, alcohol (I) and carrier gas. The gaseous component in tin-comprising precursor gas and/or oxygen-comprising precursor gas is carrier gas. The fluorine-comprising doping agent is trifluoroacetic acid, nitrogen fluoride and/or hydrogen fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol (I) is branched or cyclic alcohol, preferably tert-butanol or cyclohexanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier layer contains oxide, oxynitride or nitride of silicon compound, aluminum, zirconium, tantalum, zinc, niobium, tin and/or indium. Preferred Layer: The gas barrier layer is formed by thin film formation method, and has thickness of 10 nm-5 mu m. The films (2A,2B) have same configurations. A transparent conductive film is formed in the outermost surface of the film (2A or 2B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier layer contains ultraviolet ray cured resin or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive particles (a) comprise at least one selected from silver (Ag), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhodium (Rh), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and indium tin oxide (ITO). The glass frit is a lead-free glass frit or a bismuth-based glass frit. The organic vehicle comprises an organic binder and a solvent. Preferred Composition: The PbO is added in an amount of greater than or equal to 0.1 to less than or equal to 1 wt% with respect to the total weight of the paste. The paste comprises greater than or equal to 60 to less than or equal to 90 wt% of the conductive particles, greater than or equal to 0.5 to less than or equal to 20 wt% of the glass frit, greater than or equal to 1 to less than or equal to 30 wt% of the organic vehicle, and greater than or equal to 0.05 to less than or equal to 1.5 wt% of the PbO. The paste further comprises zinc oxide, bismuth oxide or its mixture in an amount of greater than or equal to 1 to less than or equal to 10 wt%. The organic vehicle comprises greater than or equal to 5 to less than or equal to 40 wt% of the organic binder and greater than or equal to 60 to less than or equal to 95 wt% of the solvent. Preferred Parameter: The PbO has an average particle diameter (D50) of greater than or equal to 0.1 to less than or equal to 25 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition contains solvent (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulating layer is anodized film of aluminum having porous structure. The semiconductor device contains photoelectric conversion element comprising compound semiconductor and lower electrode made of molybdenum. The compound semiconductor contains group Ib element, group IIIb element or group VIb element, preferably copper, silver, aluminum, gallium, indium, sulfur, selenium or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reflector comprises aluminum, silver, copper, chromium or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The prismatic solar device further comprises a tube disposed inside the triangular space, where the tube comprises coolant flowing through. The coolant comprises a material selected from water, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zinc oxide type crystal is zinc oxide, and contains aluminum, gallium, magnesium, manganese and/or indium (1-6 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The etching liquid is an organic acid adjusted to a pH of 5-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is borate, aluminate, titanate, zirconate and/or aluminum-titanium complex. The weight ratio of micron spherical aluminum powder, organic solvent and surfactant is 1:2.5-3.5:0.01-0.05. The micron spherical aluminum powder is micron spherical aluminum powder having 50% average particle diameter of 2-8 microns. Preferred Process: A micron spherical aluminum powder, organic solvent and surfactant are provided to stirring barrel, dispersed and stirred, to obtain reaction mixture. The obtained reaction mixture is activated at 25-35 degrees C for 1-4 hours, filtered, and material is discharged and kneaded by kneading machine, to obtain aluminum paste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is terpineol, butyl carbitol, butyl carbitol acetate, octanol and/or dimethyl phthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell further comprises a fuel that contains at least one of the plant essential oil and the plant essential oil ingredient and a fuel that includes a biological nutrient source. Preferred Components: The plant essential oil and the plant essential oil ingredient: does not produce an adverse effect on enzyme activity and fuel cell performance; produces higher enzyme activity and fuel cell performance as compared to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide; and is applied to at least a portion of an enclosure of the fuel cell. The plant essential oil is orange flower oil, geranium oil, thyme white oil, thyme red oil, nutmeg oil, patchouli oil, palmarose oil, bitter orange oil, lemongrass oil, fragrant olive oil, sesame oil, cinnamon leaf oil, cinnamon bark, cassia, celery seed oil, tolu balsam, Peru balsam, oak moss, sandalwood oil, spearmint oil, laurel oil, garlic oil, coconut oil, dill oil, Anethum graveolens oil, birch oil, penyroyal oil, Nimes oil, vetiver oil, elemi oil, extract from seeds of Xylopia aethiopica, extract from Wikstroemia retusa A. gray, and/or extract from seeds of Aframomum melegueta. The plant essential oil ingredient includes at least one of terpenes including sesquiterpenes including elemol, beta -eudesmol and vetiselinenol, cinnamic amide derivatives isolated from seed extract of Xylopia aethiopica and its synthetic analogs, aflatoxin and their derivatives isolated from extract of Wikstroemia retusa A. gray, and ketones isolated from seed extract of Aframomum melegueta and its synthetic analogs. The amount of the plant essential oil and the plant essential oil ingredient in the fuel is 1% or less. ACTIVITY - Insect Repellent.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The second subcell is formed from group II-VI semiconductor material chosen from cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, magnesium telluride, cadmium selenide, cadmium selenium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, cadmium manganese telluride, cadmium magnesium telluride and cadmium mercury telluride. The first subcell and first layer of the tunnel heterojunction are formed from group IV semiconductor material chosen from silicon, strained silicon-germanium and silicon-germanium. The second layer of the tunnel heterojunction comprises group II-VI semiconductor material chosen from zinc telluride, zinc sulfide, magnesium telluride, and cadmium magnesium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) is an oxygen generating mixture of liquid and solid. (I) further comprises a catalyst. Preferred Components: The lithium chlorate is present at 70-96 wt.%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The temperature preserving device is made of aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The supply position of silicon-tetrachloride vapor is made closer to the precipitation rod than the supply position of zinc vapor. An insertion container is installed in the reactor. Section walls (131,141) are provided in the supply space (132,143) of both vapors for the supply units to divide the supply space of both silicon-tetrachloride vapors. The section walls are provided at the center of the reactor in concentric form. The supply units are installed in a feed chamber, and respective supply ports are formed. Preferred Components: The precipitation rod is silicon carbide rod (3). The silicon carbide rod is a silicon-impregnated silicon carbide rod formed by impregnating silicon into porous silicon carbide. The mass ratio of silicon carbide and impregnated silicon is 80:20-95:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of non-crystalline liquid contained in thermotropic liquid crystal composition other than the monomer is 5 %mass or less. The thermotropic liquid crystal composition contains dioxane compound. The monomer is heterocyclic compound. The electrode substrate used for polymerizing contains silane coupling agent. Preferred Properties: The isotropic phase transition temperature of thermotropic liquid crystal composition is 100 degrees C or more. The solid-liquid crystal phase transition temperature of thermotropic liquid crystal composition is 40 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The polymerization is performed at 50 degrees C or less by applying voltage of 3V and rate of 5-30% for 5 minutes. The thermotropic liquid crystal composition is orientated uniaxially, when voltages applied to the electrode substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The porous support is porous silica glass. Preferred Process: The silica glass film is formed by irradiating carbon dioxide laser, plasma arc, and oxyhydrogen burner gas, and then densifying the surface of porous silica glass. Manufacture of hydrogen-separation material involves adding rare-earth elements, 4B group element, and element chosen from aluminum and gallium to porous silica glass and/or silica glass film. Preferred Properties: The porous support has porosity of 20-70% and thickness of 0.2-5 mm. The thickness of the silica glass film is 0.01-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elements e.g. aluminum, gallium, indium, boron, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony, are used as source substances and ions of the elements are implanted in the semiconductor substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The olefin polymerization catalyst is obtained by mixing organoaluminum compound of formula: AlR11fT3-f as organometallic compound (B) with solid catalyst component (A). The solid catalyst component (A) is obtained by reacting organic magnesium compound of formula: M1eMggR1pR2qXrY's soluble in hydrocarbon solvent, and titanium compound of formula: Ti(OR10)wZ4-w.M1=metal atom contained in group chosen from periodic table group I, group II, group III, group XII, and group XIII;R1,R2=2-20C hydrocarbyl;X,Y'=functional group chosen from OR3, OSiR4 R5R6, NR7R8, SR9, and halo;R3,R9=1-20C hydrocarbyl;R4-R8=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl;e,g,p,q,r,s=0 or more;p+q=more than 0;(r+s)/(e+g)=0-2;ke+2g=p+q+r+s;k=valence of M1;R10=hydrocarbyl;Z=halo;w=0-4;R11=1-12C hydrocarbyl;T=H, halo, alkoxy, allyloxy or siloxy;andf=2-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The gel has melt viscosity of 10-200 Pa.second. The ultra high-molecular weight polyethylene has viscosity average molecular weight of 2000000-4000000 and average particle diameter of 10-400 mu m. Preferred Process: The ultra high-molecular weight polyethylene is polymerized using olefin polymerization catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mask ink contains 2 or more types of solvents differing in boiling point. The ink contains primary solvent having boiling point of 150 degrees C or less and viscosity of 30 mPa.second, and a secondary solvent having boiling point of 150-250 degrees C, and viscosity of 30 mPa.second or more. The ink contains a siloxane compound obtained by hydrolytic polymerization of alkoxysilane compound of formula: R14-nSi(OR2)n.R1,R2=1-10C aromatic hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyl;andn=2-4.The alkoxysilane is tetraethoxysilane. The content of siloxane compound and primary solvent is 10-25 wt.% and 5-25 wt.%, respectively. Preferred Properties: The ink has viscosity of 1-30 mPa.second. The thickness of mask layer in primary and secondary regions is 0.4 mu m or more and 1 mu m or less, respectively. The substrate is heated at 40-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric converting layer contains an electron-accepting fullerene derivative and the compound (I), which is a high molecular compound and low molecular compound, and electron-donating high molecular compound. The compound (I) has repeating unit of formula (II). Preferred Method: The compound (I) is produced by a solution coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compounds (IA-IC) are an electron-accepting fullerene compound, an electron-donating high molecular compound and a low molecular weight compound. Preferred Method: The photoelectric converting layer is produced by a solution coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfate is chosen from ammonium sulfate, alkali metal persulfide and alkaline-earth metal persulfide, preferably ammonium persulfate and/or potassium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mole ratio of tetrafluoroethylene monomer and 1-vinyloxy propane or 1-vinyloxy pentane is 1:0.2-0.8:0.2-0.8. The initiator is chosen from nitrogen fluoride, perfluoroalkyl peroxide and sulfate. The perfluoroalkyl peroxide is chosen from perfluoropropionyl peroxide, 3-chlorofluoropropionyl peroxide, perfluoromethoxy acetyl peroxide, -H-perfluorobutyryl peroxide, perfluoro-2,5,8-trimethyl-3,6,9- trioxa-hendecyl peroxide, propyl butaneperoxoate, 3-propoxypropanoyl-3-propoxypropaneperoxoate, butanoyl buteneperoxoate and 2-methoxyethyl-3-methoxypropaneperoxoate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): A tetrafluoroethylene monomer and 1-vinyloxy propane or 1-vinyloxy pentane are subjected to ternary copolymerization in presence of initiator, to obtain perfluorinated ion-exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium source in the step (a) is tetraisopropyl titanate or tetrabutyl titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution in the step (b) and (d) is muriatic acid, hydrogen nitrate, ethylic acid, oxalic, citric acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid or adipic acid. The filming in the step (e) is to film by spraying or spinning. The rotation speed of spinning is 1000-4000 revolutions/minute, and time is 10-30 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises: (a) replacing lithiated halogen atom of 3,10-dibromoperylene by butyl lithium, adding methyl borate, hydrolyzing using acid, generating boric acid, and esterifying using 1,3-propanediol to obtain 3,10-di(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)perylene; (b) carrying out Suzuki polymerization reaction by reacting 3,10-di(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)perylene with substituted dibromo-fluorene monomers of formula (III)-(V) in a molar ratio of 1:1 in the presence of tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, potassium carbonate and toluene; and (c) adding phase transfer catalysts including quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary ammonium alkali and crown ether, into the reaction system to obtain the product. The preparation of (II) comprises: (i) carrying out step (a) as mentioned above; (ii) carrying out Suzuki polymerization reaction by reacting 3,10-di(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)perylene with substituted dibromo-fluorene monomers of formula (VI)-(VIII) in a molar ratio of 1:1 in the presence of tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, potassium carbonate and toluene; and (iii) carrying out step (c) as mentioned above to obtain the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises: weighing the raw materials, mixing and grinding the oxides or corresponding salts of the elements in the formula, sintering the mixture at 1200-1400 degrees C for 2-6 hours in air, cooling the mixture to room temperature, taking out the product and grinding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of the sulfuric acid solution to the ethylene glycol is 1:(1-4). The molar ratio of the sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite to the total quantity of metal atom is 100-120. The reducing atmosphere in thermal treatment is a mixed gas, where the volume of the hydrogen is more than 2%. The other components in the mixed gas are in an inert atmosphere. The platinum-iron intermetallic compound is of formula (Pt1Fe1), when the precursor comprises platinum and iron in a ratio of 1:1 and the platinum-iron intermetallic compound is of formula (Pt3Fe1), when the precursor comprises platinum and iron in a ratio of 3:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon carrier is XC-72 or carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silver nanoparticles are rod shaped, network shaped, or granular.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of silver nitrate and titanium alkoxide is 0.2-2 in the polyhydric alcohol solution. The titanium alkoxide is titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium tetraethoxide, titanium tetra-n-propoxide, and/or titanium tetra-n-butoxide. The polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is immersed in a bath selected from group consisting of hydrofluoric acid. The layer deposited on the front surface of selective emitter layer is selected from a group consisting of silicon nitride layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back contacts is selected from a group consisting of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The middle reflection layer is formed using one of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon oxide (SiOx: H) and aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor window layer comprises zinc oxide (ZnC), tin oxide (TO), cadmium stannate, cadmium sulfide (CeS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadium telluride (CdTe), cadmium zinc telluride (Cd-Zn-Te) and alloy of cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide. The semiconductor absorber layer comprises dopant such as silica, germanium, chloride or sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plating layer is made of nickel. The conductive layer is made of copper, silver, aluminum, tin, zinc, indium, titanium, and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic device has a second p-type zinc telluride (ZnTe) or cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) layer comprising nitrogen (N) or arsenic (As) and a first n-type CdTe layer comprising indium (In), iodine (I) or chlorine (Cl). A first p-type CdZnTe layer has nitrogen (N) or arsenic (As).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fixed charge layer has aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (SiN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The zinc oxide-based thin film is gallium zinc oxide-based thin film or aluminum zinc oxide-based thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The titanium tungsten is formed on bottom surface of aluminum layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The passivation layer is formed of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The upper limit of concentration of impurity is 5x 1018 cm-3, 2x 1018 cm-3, 8x 1017 cm-3, and 7x 1017 cm-3, when Raman ratio is 3.5-4.5, 4.5-5.5, 5.5-6.5 and 6.5-7.5, respectively. The upper limit of concentration of impurity gas in film forming atmosphere is determined. The upper limit of concentration of impurity gas is 10 ppm, 8 ppm, 2 ppm and 1.5 ppm, when Raman ratio is 3.5-4.5, 4.5-5.5, 5.5-6.5 and 6.5-7.5, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluorine-containing linear ether is of formula: Rf1-O-Rf2 (I), preferably 1,1,2,2,4,4,5,6,6,6-decafluorohexan-3-one, 1,1,2,2,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentan-3-one, 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,5,6,6,6-undecafluorohexan-3-one, and/or 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,5,5-nonafluoropentan-3-one. The solvent (I) further contains cyclic carbonate and/or linear carbonate. The electrolytic salt (II) is spirobipyridinium salt, triethylmethylammonium salt or tetraethylammonium salt.Rf1=1-10C fluoroalkyl;andRf2=1-4C fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon-carbide rod is silicone-impregnated silicon carbide rod which is obtained by impregnating silicone with porous silicon carbide in mass ratio is 80:20-95:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silica in catalyst is greater than or equal to 0.5 weight part with respect to 100 weight part of alumina. The content of magnesium element in catalyst is 0.01-1.2 weight part with respect to 100 weight part alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polysilazane is perhydro-polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: In the dye compound, R1, R2, R3 is a hydrogen atom mutually independently; nitro group; cyano group; a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom, halogen atom selected from iodines; 20C or less chain-shaped alkyl group which may have a substituent; 20C or less cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent; the 20C or less alkoxy group or aryloxy group which may have a substituent; the 20C or less alkylthio group or arylthio group which may have a substituent; acyl group which may have a substituent; 20C or less alkoxycarbonyl group which may have a substituent; or heterocyclic group. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Inorganic fine particle is a metal oxide, such as titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum doped titanium oxide or niobium doped titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Polyhydric carboxylic acid resin with condensed ring structure has xanthene or fluorene, and contains an unsaturated group and radiation polymerizable functional group. The composition also contains photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of P3HT, the dye-dopant (I) and the PCBM in the composition is 15:2:15. Preferred Components: The electrode comprises aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given for the compound (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One compound i.e. 2-cyano-3-(5-(7-thiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl) acrylic acid (Ia) is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - 5-7-(Thiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4-yl)thiophen-2-carbaldehyde (0.9983 g) was placed into a rounded flask, cyanoacetic acid (0.26 g), ammonium acetate (62 mg) and acetic acid (20 ml) were added. The mixture was refluxed in an oil bath of 120 degrees C for at least 5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the oil bath was removed and the solution was allowed to cool down until its temperature had returned to room temperature to give 2-cyano-3-(5-(7-thiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl) acrylic acid (0.933 g, yield: 77.6%) as dark red color solid. A solar cell containing 2-cyano-3-(5-(7-thiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl) acrylic acid was prepared which had photo-voltaic converting efficiency of 1.70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal contained in the metal containing compound is chosen from two or more gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, titanium, silicon, bismuth, tungsten, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, antimony, cerium, cesium, gallium, germanium, magnesium, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, thallium, vanadium, yttrium and zirconium. The metal nanoparticles are chosen from gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, tungsten, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, germanium, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, yttrium and zirconium. The aluminum powder is a flake shaped aluminum powder, a granular aluminum powder and an indefinite shaped aluminum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic dispersion solvent is a non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer (4) has compositional formula: Cu(M11-xM2x)S2, where x is 0-1 and M1 and M2 are aluminum, gallium and/or indium. The compound semiconductor layer (4) consists of copper indium sulfide or copper gallium sulfide. The compound semiconductor layer (3) consists of copper indium sulfide or copper indium gallium sulfide. The buffer layer contains transparent oxide having zinc oxide as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound microparticles and inorganic compound binder comprise silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cell is provided with a passivation layer that is made of silicon dioxide, silicon carbide or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acenaphtho thiophene compound (A) is acenaphtho thiophene compound of formula (B).R11-R15=H, substituted or unsubstituted 1-40C alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted 2-40C alkenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted 2-40C alkynyl group, substituted or unsubstituted 6-40C aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted 3-40C alkoxy group, substituted or unsubstituted 1-40C heteroaryl group, and substituted or unsubstituted 6-40C aryloxy group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 Compounds (A) are specifically disclosed e.g. group of formulae (1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) are used as emitter compounds in emitter layers. (I) are used in combination with one or more matrix materials, which are ketones, phosphine oxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, triarylamines, carbazole derivatives, indolocarbazole derivatives, indenocarbazole derivatives, azacarbazoles, bipolar matrix materials, silanes, azaborols, boronic esters, triazine derivatives, zinc complexes, diaza- or tetraaza-silane derivatives or diazaphosphane derivatives. (I) are used as: matrix materials for emitter compounds in emitter layers; hole blocking materials in hole blocking layers; electron transport materials in electron transport layers; hole transport materials in hole transport- or injection-layer; and/or electron blocking materials in electron blocking layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of cerium in surface-protection film is 1-5 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conductive layer is a zinc containing material having dopants formed which are selected from a group consisting of aluminum containing materials, boron containing materials, titanium containing materials, tantalum containing materials, tungsten containing materials, alloys. The transparent conductive layer is an aluminum oxide doped zinc oxide layer. The conductive contact layer is a titanium containing material, a tantalum containing material or a aluminum containing material. The titanium containing material has dopants formed which are selected from a group consisting of aluminum containing materials, niobium containing materials, tungsten containing materials, alloys. The conductive contact layer is a niobium doped titanium oxide layer. The niobium doped into the titanium oxide layer has a dopant concentration less than 1 percent by weight. A barrier layer arranged between the substrate and the transparent conductive layer. The barrier layer is fabricated from a material selected from a group consisting of silicon oxynitride layer, silicon oxycarbide, carbon doped silicon oxynitride, silicon oxide layer, titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide layer, fluorinated tin oxide, and carbon doped hydrogenated silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is gallium, indium, zinc, cadmium, tin, lead and/or bismuth. Preferred Property: The thickness of graphene thin film is 5-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the chip passivation layer is made of silicon nitride. The material of the insulating protective layer is made of silicon oxide and photosensitive insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Preferably, the amine derivative has a partial skeleton of formula (II or III).R=H, 1-18C linear or branched cyclic alkyl, 1-18C linear or branched cyclic alkoxy, or aryl, aryloxy or arylamino (all optionally substituted);andarbitrary R groups=crosslinkable group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of lithium doping agent with respect to total of 100 %mass of positive electrode active material is 2-5 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic conductive polymer is chosen from polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene and poly isothianaphthene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (I) is preferably chosen from compounds of formulae (II)-(VI).Ar2,Ar3=optionally substituted aryl or heterocyclyl;R6=optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbonyl, aryl optionally substituted by X or heterocyclyl;Y'=-S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NR7-, -N=N-, -N=CR7- or -O-;R7=H, halo, OH, thiol, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino or heterocyclyl;n=0 or 2 more;R8,R9=H, halo, hydroxy, thiol, carboxy, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, carbonyl, aryl or heterocyclyl;or R4+R8+R9=cyclic structure;R10-R12=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, aryl or heterocyclic;andn10-n12=1-5.(i) When n10 and n11 are 2 or more, R10 and R11 connect to form a cyclic structure; (ii) when n11 and n12 are 2 or more, R11 and R12 may connect to form a cyclic structure. EXAMPLE - No suitable example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The maximum process difference of recessed portion and convex portion of fine corrugated structure is 50-150 nm. Preferred Component: The secondary electrode is porous component containing electroconductive fine particles, and has light-scattering reflecting structure. The electroconductive fine particle contains nanowire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The concentration of conformal doped silicon glass layer is increased by pre-flowing tetraethyl orthosilicate, triethylborate and triethylphosphate to SACVD chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group III element comprises indium, gallium, and/or aluminum. The substrate comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: In preparing the fuel battery cathode catalyst P-MCNTs, the reaction temperature is 700-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composition includes oxides of silicon, titanium, aluminum, barium or samarium. The solar receiver device further comprises oxide bond layer between metal conduit and the coating. The oxide bond layer is chromate or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The provided substrate is a monocrystalline, Czochralski silicon substrate. The dopant comprises phosphorus. The annealed substrate does not form a phosphosilicate glass. An amorphous silicon nitride layer is deposited on the front surface of the passivating oxide layer for forming an antireflection layer. An aluminum-doped p+ silicon layer is formed by liquid phase epitaxial regrowth at the interface of the back surface of the p-type base layer and the back contacts during the co-firing of the front and back contacts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole conductor layer includes sulfur, and an electrolytic salt comprising potassium chloride and sodium fluoride. The electron conductor layer includes zinc oxide and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole conductor layer includes low surface tension solvent comprising methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the device, the resistive transparent layer has a zinc concentration of 10-20 mole.%. Preferred Method: In the method, the resistive transparent layer is sputtered at 15-100 degrees C or 100-300 degrees C. The resistive transparent layer is direct current (DC) sputtered from a metal alloy target in an oxygen atmosphere. The oxygen atmosphere comprises greater than or equal to 99% oxygen. The oxygen atmosphere has a pressure of 1-20 (preferably 5-10) mTorr. The resistive transparent layer is radio frequency (RF) sputtered from a ceramic alloy target, where the ceramic alloy target comprises zinc oxide having a zinc concentration of 5-33 mole.% and tin oxide. The resistive transparent layer has a thickness of 0.01-1 (preferably 0.1-0.5) mu m. The resistive transparent layer has a zinc oxide concentration of 10-25 mole.%. Preferred Components: The metal alloy target comprises elemental zinc (5-20, preferably 10-20 wt.%) and element tin. The ceramic alloy target comprises zinc oxide having a zinc concentration of 5-20 (preferably 10-20) mole.% and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The doping pattern includes coating a silicon ink containing the impurity of the n-type conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive metal paste comprises particulate electrically conductive metal (50-92 wt.%) consisting of silver, and a glass frit component (0.25-8 wt.%) that consists of: lead-free glass frits with a softening point temperature of 550-611 degrees C containing 11-33 wt.% of silicon oxide, 0-7 wt.% of aluminum oxide, 2-10 wt.% of barium oxide and 40-73 wt.% of bismuth oxide; and lead-containing glass frits with a softening point temperature of 571-636 degrees C containing 53-57 wt.% of lead oxide, 25-29 wt.% of silicon oxide, 2-6 wt.% of aluminum oxide and 6-9 wt.% of barium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The graded alloy telluride layer is doped by a dopant such as copper (Cu), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), or antimony (Sb).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A gas is selected from the group having ammonia (NH3), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), hydrogen (H2), and nitrogen (N2) to perform oxide removal. Fluorine including gas is selected from hydrogen fluoride (HF), NF3, and fluorine (F2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises a fluorescent substance. The content of the silica-based filler is 5-150 parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of the curable resin composition. The silica-based filler has a refractive index of 1.45-1.55. The silica-based filler has a cristobalite structure; a particle size of 0.01-75 mu m; and a sphericity of 0.8-1. The composition (C1) is a curable silicone rubber composition, preferably an addition-curable silicone rubber composition. EXAMPLE - A silicone composition was prepared by thorough stirring of (parts by weight (pbw)): dimethyldiphenylpolysiloxane with terminal vinyl groups having a formula H2C=HC-Si(CH3)2-O-(Si(CH3)2)191-(Si(C6H5)2)37-Si(CH3)2-CH=CH2 (I) and having a viscosity of 3 Pa.s (100); methylhydrogenpolysiloxane having a viscosity of 15 mPa.s having formula H-Si(CH3)2-(Si(CH3)2-O)6-(SiH(CH3)-O)4-Si(CH3)2H (II) (2.5); a solution of chloroplatinic acid modified with 2-ethylhexylalcohol (0.03); ethynylcyclohexyl alcohol (0.05); and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (7). The cured product of the silicone composition had a refractive index of 1.51. A resin composition for encapsulating optical semiconductor element of light-emitting device (LED) comprising (pbw): the silicone composition mentioned above (100), cristobalite powder (having a refractive index of 1.53 and a mean particle diameter of 5 mu m) (30); and yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) (fluorescent substance) (5), was prepared by mixing the ingredients.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the second temperature is at least 60 degrees C higher than the first temperature. The method (M1) further involves annealing the coated substrate at a selected temperature in a selected atmosphere, where the selected temperature is 300-1000 degrees C, and the selected atmosphere is selected from Ar, N2, H2, O2 and/or air. The method (M1) further involves treating the zinc oxide film by ion implantation of a species selected from In, Ga, Al, or N. Preferred Components: The source of Zn comprises a soluble Zn salt. The soluble Zn salt is selected from chlorides; nitrates; citrates; sulfates; and acetates. The reagent solution further comprises a soluble salt of a dopant species having a valence different from that of Zn(II). The soluble salt is selected from: In(NO3)3; InCl3; Ga(NO3)3; Al(NO3)3; Al2(SO4)3; salts of other group III elements; LiNO3; AgNO3; salts of other group I elements; or salts of other group IV elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The two ligands are selected from acetic acid; triethanolamine; citric acid; potassium nitrilotriacetate; sodium citrate; ammonium hydroxide; ammonium chloride; or hydantoin (preferably sodium citrate, ammonium hydroxide, or potassium nitrilotriacetate). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystallizing body is made up of silicon carbide and/or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The contaminating material from the melt is deposited on the crystallizing body in a crystalline form. The crystallizing body comprises the contaminating material, and is provided as a part of an inner surface of the crucible (11). A movement device connected with the crystallizing body is formed to move the crystallizing body parallel and/or vertically to a phase boundary (31) in the melt. Preferred Method: The crystallizing body is at least partially immersed in the melt through a crucible opening. The section of the crystallizing body immersed in the melt is moved or executes a parallel movement, preferably rotational movement of the crystallizing body around a rotational axis parallel to the phase boundary between the melt and the crystallizing semiconductor crystal body, or a cross-movement perpendicular to the phase boundary in such a manner that the distance between one end of the crystallizing body and the phase boundary is maintained constant, during the crystallization of the semiconductor crystal body. The generation of the semiconductor crystal body comprises directional solidification of the semiconductor crystal body from the melt or contraction of the semiconductor crystal body from the crucible by Czochralski method. The concentration of a contaminating element in the melt is maintained in an Ostwald-Miers range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The anode material particles are further coated with carbon generated from carbonization of polymers. The step of producing cathode material particles comprises: making a mixture comprising lithium ferrous phosphate, a conductive carbon and a transition metal oxide; forming particles using the mixture; and converting the particles into composite crystalline particles. The method of making battery cathode material is followed by a process comprising the step of depositing amorphous silicon onto the composite crystalline material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode material comprises crystalline silicon, carbon, lithium titanate, aluminum, and tin. The cathode material comprises LFP, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium cobalt manganese compound of formula (LiCo(0.333)Mn (0.333)Ni(0.333)O2), (LiNi(0.8)Co(0.15)Al(0.05)O2), and lithium manganese oxide, conductive carbon, and a transition metal oxide. The transition metal oxide is titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 55 Disclosed charge transporting compounds are contained in the charge transporting film, e.g. 2-(3-(4-(bis-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-propionyloxymethyl) -acrylic acid methyl ester of formula (IA), 2-methylidene-3-oxopentyl 3-(4-((4-(4-(bis(4-(3-((2-methylidene-3-oxopentyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)(4-(3-((2-methylidene-3-oxopentyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)propanoate, 2-(3-(4-(biphenyl-4-yl-(4-(2-(2-methoxycarbonyl-allyloxycarbonyl)-ethyl)-phenyl) -amino)-phenyl)-propionyloxymethyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester, 2-(3-(4-(di-p-tolyl-amino)-phenyl) -5-(1-methoxycarbonyl-vinyloxy)-pentyloxy)-acrylic acid methyl ester and 2-(4-(2-(4-(di-p-tolyl-amino)-phenyl)-ethyl)-phenoxymethyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester.    EXAMPLE - (In g) N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetraphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (97.7) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was brominated with N-bromosuccinimide (150) to obtain tetrabromo N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetraphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine. The obtained compound was reacted with butyl acrylate in presence of tris(t-butyl)phosphine (0.32) and palladium acetate, and reduced. The reduced compound was reacted with triethylamine to obtain 2-methylidene-3-oxopentyl 3-(4-((4-(4-(bis(4-(3-((2-methylidene-3-oxopentyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)(4-(3-((2-methylidene-3-oxopentyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)propanoate (2.78). The charge transporting film formed using the obtained compound as charge transporting compound had excellent solvent resistance, flaw resistance and thermal polymerizability without using deoxidation environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrolytic bath further comprises a second substitutional metal-containing species and the metallic film further comprises a second substitutional metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor film further comprises a second substitutional metal, where the first substitutional metal and the second substitutional metal are selected from silver (Ag), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), or calcium (Ca). The first substitutional metal is Ag and the second substitutional metal is selected from Fe or Co. The chalcogen is sulfur and/or selenium. The semiconductor film has a thickness of no greater than 10 microns. The semiconductor film is of formula Cua(M1)bZncSne(Ch1)f(Ch2)g or CuaZnc(M2)dSne(Ch1)f(Ch2)g or Cua(M1)bZnc(M2)dSne(Ch1)f(Ch2)g, where: M1=Ag; M2=Fe or Co (preferably Fe); a=0.01-2; b=0.01-2; c=0.15-1.40; e=0.5-1.5; f=0-4; g=0-4; d=0.01-0.6; or the sum of a+b+c+e=4; or the sum of a+c+d+e=4; or f+g=4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent electroconductive particles are selected from the group comprising gallium, indium, boron, yttrium, silicon, zirconium, titanium and fluorine, and the particle size is 0.1-10 mu .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a borosilicate/borofloat glass or a soda-lime glass. The substrate includes a base portion composed of glass, plastic or metal. The substrate comprises one or more layers including a film of silicon nitride (SiN)/silicon oxide (SiO2)/silicon (Si) coated on a base portion. Preferred Parameter: The irradiation step is performed with a laser having a wavelength of 500-600 nm, preferably 515-532 nm. The method further comprises annealing at 200-450 degrees C for less than 45 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The organic electroluminescent element composition further contains electron-accepting compound. The organic electroluminescent element has substrate (1), anode (2) provided on the substrate and organic layer formed using the organic electroluminescent element composition between anode and cathode (9).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Halogenated aryl compound of formula (III) and (IV) is reacted with arylamine of formula: NH2-Ar2 (V), to obtain secondary amine compound of formula (VI) or (VII). The obtained compound is reacted with halogenated aryl compound (III) and (IV), to obtain arylamine polymer.X=iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro. EXAMPLE - 9,9-Dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (in g) (0.799), aniline (0.268), 3-(bicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-3-yl)aniline (0.48) and 1-bromo-4-(4-bromophenyl)naphthalene (1.38) were reacted in presence of tert-butoxy sodium, toluene, tri-t-butyl phosphine and toluene solution of tris-(dibenzylidene acetone) dipalladium complex, heated, refluxed and ethanol was dripped, to obtain crude polymer. The obtained crude polymer was dissolved in toluene, bromobenzene, tert-butoxy sodium, tri-t-butyl phosphine and toluene solution of tris-(dibenzylidene acetone) dipalladium complex, heated, refluxed and ethanol and water were dripped. The obtained crude polymer was dissolved in toluene, precipitated, filtered, cleaned, reprecipitated and purified, to obtain arylamine polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    Ar7-Ar9=phenylene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Amine compounds are disclosed e.g. 4-(3-(4-(cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl(phenyl)amino)phenyl)-5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline of formula (Ia), 9-(4-(3-(4-(9,9a-dihydro-1H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole, 3-(3,5-bis(3-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline, 6-(3,5-bis(6-(diphenylamino)naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)-N-(cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)-N-phenylnaphthalen-2-amine and N-(4-(3,5-bis((4-(naphthalen-1-yl(phenyl)amino)phenyl))-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine.    EXAMPLE - 50% Aqueous solution of hexahydrotriazine (in g) (1.7), 4-chloro-triphenylamine (8.4), sodium tert-butoxide (4.3), tris(diphenylidene acetone) palladium (92 mg), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.2), ortho xylene (30) and distilled water (10 mL) were mixed and reacted at room temperature. The mixture was separated, washed, distilled and refined to obtain 4-(3-(4-(cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl(phenyl)amino)phenyl)-5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (4.2), with yield of 50% and purity of 98.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Diels-Alder reaction of anthracene compound of formula (II) and diacrylate compound of formula: CH2=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O(-CH2-CH2-O)m-Ar-(O-CH2-CH2)n-O-C(=O)-C(-R1)=CH2 is carried out to manufacture monoacrylate compound having 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethano-anthracene structure (I). Alternately, Diels-Alder reaction of 9,10-dihydroxy anthracene compound of formula (III) and diacrylate compound is carried out to manufacture monoacrylate compound having 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethano-anthracene structure of formula (IV). Preferred Definitions:    Ar=group of formula (i) or (ii).    EXAMPLE - 9,10-Dihydroxy anthracene (in g) (2.1) was added to autoclave. 1,4-Diacryloyl oxynaphthalene (3.66) and toluene (25) were added and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated, concentrated and filtered. Hexane (10 ml) was added, and precipitated crystals were filtered and dried to produce 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-ethano-anthracene-11-carboxylic acid-(4-acryloyl oxy)-1-naphthyl at yield of 40 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon atom in the compound (a) and compound (b) is 10-30 weight%. The content of silicon atom in the liquid component of the curable composition is 10-30 weight%. The compound (a) is organic compound of formula (I). The compound (b) is silicon compound of formula (II) which can perform hydrosilylation reaction, and form compound having carbon-carbon double bond which is reactive with respect to ( alpha )-silyl group in a molecule.R1=H or 1-50C monovalent organic group which does not contain carbon-carbon double bonds which is reactive with respect to silyl group;andR2=1-50C monovalent organic group which does not contain carbon-carbon double bonds which is reactive with respect to silyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent glass substrate contains potassium oxide (0.5 weight% or less). The functional film is an antireflective film (113) or an alkali diffusion prevention film (112). The antireflective film and/or alkali diffusion prevention film contain translucent insulation microparticles and translucent binder. The transparent conductive film is a zinc oxide-type transparent conductive film. The photoelectric conversion unit comprises an amorphous silicon, or an amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of gallium nitride, silicon carbide, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium antimonide, indium arsenide, gallium antimonide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride, aluminum gallium arsenide, indium gallium nitride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, mercury cadmium telluride, beryllium selenide, beryllium telluride and/or mercury sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metals within the regions are aluminum, silver, copper, iron, gold, cobalt, nickel, platinum, chromium, vanadium, titanium or mixture of silver and aluminum, and the substrate is made of silicon or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sensibilizer comprises a neutral silver nitrate solution with an addition of sulfates or nitrates of the metal iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium or platinum such as cobalt sulfate. The catalyst has a nearly neutral solution of a metal salt of palladium, platinum, rhodium, bismuth, ruthenium, nickel, tin and/or gold such as palladium chloride with nickel sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The layer material comprises a nearly neutral solution of a metal salt of the metal such as titanium, samarium, zinc, tin, indium, copper, nickel, silver, lead, lanthanum, zirconium, vanadium, yttrium, iron, cobalt, aluminum, silicon, cobalt, iron, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and/or alloys such as indium-tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is made of indium sulfide or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of metal elements in metal salt with respect to metal elements in coordination compound is 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyatomic alcohol is glycol, propanediol, glycerol, 1,3-butanediol or pentaerythritol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is inert gas, preferably argon or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system control unit communicated with human-machine interface by a based on RS 485.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The inorganic fine particles have average particle diameter of 0.1 nm-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is fluorine-containing aromatic compound, aliphatic compound having carbonyl group(s) or hydrofluoroalkyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of sum total of the copolymer and inorganic fine particles with respect to solvent is 1/99-90/10. The mixture produced is dispersed in a solvent to obtain a dispersion liquid. The mixture contains higher amount of solvent. The molar ratio of repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene and repeating unit derived from ethylene is 90/10-35/65. The total amount of the repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene with respect to all the repeating units is more than 80 mol%. The nanocomposite contains 0.1-30 %mass of the inorganic fine particles. Preferred Process: The heating temperature is temperature less than the melting point of the copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass plate contains (in %mass) silica (60-80, preferably 66-72), alumina (2-10, preferably 5-10), magnesium oxide (0-10, preferably 4-8), calcium oxide (1-18, preferably 6-15), sodium oxide (5-20, preferably 7-17) and potassium oxide (0-5, preferably 0-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compositions (I) and (II) further comprise graphite. Preferred Components: The crosslinking agent is at least one peroxide. The weight ratio of graphite to graphene sheets is 50:50-95:5, where the graphene sheets have a surface area of at least 300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The olefin polymer: is at least one poly(vinyl acetate), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(acrylic acid), ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(vinyl butyral), or ionomers; and has been crosslinked using a radical initiator. Preferred Method: The composition comprising graphene sheets and the substituted olefin polymer is applied to a substrate and subsequently crosslinked, where the radical initiator is used to crosslink the composition. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: Graphene-90 (40); and A-C 5120 (RTM: Ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer) (60).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sequence of layers is separated by forming an upper sub cell made of aluminum gallium indium phosphide, and another sub cell made of a gallium arsenide emitter region, a gallium indium phosphide emitter region, gallium indium arsenide emitter region, a gallium arsenide antimonide emitter region, and a gallium arsenide base region, a gallium indium arsenide base region, a gallium arsenide antimonide base region or gallium arsenide nitride base region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antireflective layer is composed of silicon nitride (Si3N4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective layer is composed of aluminum and fritless silver paste is applied on back surface of the solar cell to connect to back contacts. The substrate is composed of germanium (Ge) or silicon-germanium (SiGe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer of solar cell is made of silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon oxynitride, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, alloys of hydrogenated amorphous silicon with germanium or carbon, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The self-doping metal paste is made of phosphorus, antimony, silver or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of material selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO), fluorine doped tin dioxide (SnO2:F), and Indium tin oxide (ITO). The optical layer is made of silica and the titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back conductive layer is made of material selected from the group consisting of silver, aluminum, copper, chromium and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The luminescent material is selected from the group consisting of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB), oxazine-4-perchlorate, 3-phenyl-fluoranthene, GF ORANGE RED (RTM: luminescent material), GF CLEAR (RTM: luminescent material), FLUOROL 555 (RTM: exciton laser dye), LDS 730 (RTM: 2-(4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-butadienyl)-1,3,3- trimethyl-3H-indolium perchlorate), LDS 750 (RTM: 2-(4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-butadienyl)-3-ethyl-naphtho(2,1-d)thiazolium perchlorate), BASF 241 (RTM: perylene derivative) and BASF 339 (RTM: perylimide derivative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert sputtering gas is argon, boron or xenon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated etching gas is chosen from sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride and carbon fluoride (CFx, CHFx and CxFy, where x and y are not defined). The feature dimensional control gas is chosen from nitrogen, hydrogen bromide, carbon monoxide and carbon fluoride (CFx, CHFx and CxFy). The etching is anisotropic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dielectric film comprises silicon nitride (SiN). The metal ions comprise nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), or cobalt (Co).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The clean oxidation process is conducted while supplying reaction gas atmosphere containing oxygen gas and hydrogen chloride gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive modified polyolefin resin composition further contains aromatic vinyl monomer (f) (0.01-10 parts weight). The mold release polyester film layer is a polyethylene-terephthalate resin film layer. The polyethylene-terephthalate resin film is fluorine-coated or silicone-coated. The polyethylene terephthalate contains filler. The epoxy group-containing vinyl monomer (c) is glycidyl (meth)acrylate. The monomer (d) is silicon-containing compound of formula: -SiX3. The aromatic vinyl monomer (f) is styrene.X=hydrolyzable group or hydroxy, preferably methoxy.Preferred Property: The adhesive modified polyolefin resin composition has melting temperature of 125 degrees C or less, based on JIS K7121. Preferred Process: The base paper of base paper layer is obtained by carrying out fluorine coating or silicone coating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer particle is obtained by polymerizing a hydrolysable silicon compound and vinyl monomer in presence of water and emulsifier. The base material is organic base material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyol (A) is chosen from polyol containing polycarbonate structure, polyol containing polyether structure and polyol (A-1) containing acrylic polyol. The composition comprises polyol (C) chosen from polyol containing polyolefin structure and polyol containing fluoro olefin structure. The content of polyol (A) is 50-100 wt.% or more. The content of polyol (C) is 5-30 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polyol (A). The composition further comprises epoxy resin (D) (20-50 parts weight) and silane coupling agent (E) (0.1-5 parts weight) with respect to 100 parts weight of polyol (A). The epoxy resin (D) has average molecular weight of 300-5000. The content of isocyanate group in component (B) is 10-30 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound layer contains silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The other surface of base material contains organic compound layer and inorganic compound layer. The polyester-type resin base material is polyethylene naphthalate film or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer in presence of (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The functional group is thiol group, sulfonic acid group or fluoroalkyl group. Preferred Process: An aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride having amino group or carboxyl group at terminal, and aromatic diamine and/or aromatic triamine are reacted to obtain polyamic acid. The alkoxy compound or derivative of silicon, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium or titanium having amino group or carboxyl group is reacted with acid anhydride group or amino group contained in the terminal of obtained polyamic acid to obtain polyamic acid having alkoxy groups at the terminal. The obtained polyamic acid having alkoxy groups at the terminal and alkoxide compound of formula: R1mM(OR2)n are subjected to sol-gel reaction to obtain reaction product. The obtained reaction product is imidated to obtain organic-inorganic polymer hybrid.R1=thiol, sulfonic acid or fluoroalkyl;R2=hydrocarbyl;M=silicon, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium or titanium;m,n=positive integer;andm+n=valence of M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper-indium-gallium-selenium quaternary alloy sputtering target contains chalcopyrite-type copper-indium-gallium-selenium quaternary alloy phase measured by qualitative analysis by powder X-ray diffractometer, and/or copper-gallium binary alloy and/or copper-indium-gallium ternary alloy measured by component analysis using electron probe microanalyzer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The foam metal comprises titanium, copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The skeleton of the foam metal contains titanium, copper, nickel, aluminum, silver or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer is made of lanthanum trioxide, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide and scandium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The organic electronic device has layered structure and at least one layer comprises compound (I) or (II). Preferred Definitions:    Ar1-Ar4=benzyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, 1,2-pyrrole, biphenyl, thiophene, methylbenzyl or bromobenzyl;and    Ar=1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2,6-pyridine, 2,5-pyridine, 4,4'-biphenyl, 6,6'-bipyridine, 3,3'-biphenyl, 5,5'-bipyridine, 2,5-thiophene, 2,4-thiophene, 5,6'-bipyridine, 5',6-bipyridine, 4,4'-binaphthalene, 1,2,5-pyrrole, 1,2,4-pyrrole, 2,5-oxadiazole or 6,6'-bipyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Layer: The organic layer has hole-implant layer, hole-transport layer, light-emitting layer and electron injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 33 Indenofluorene-type compounds (I) e.g. 9,9-dimethyl-6-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)phenyl)pentacyclo(10.6.1.02,10.03,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene of formula (Ia), 9,9-dimethyl-6-(naphthalen-1-yl)pentacyclo(10.6.1. 02,10.03,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene, 9,9-dimethyl-6-(naphthalen-2-yl)pentacyclo(10.6.1. 02,10.03,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene, 6-(4-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)-9,9-diphenylpentacyclo(10.6.1. 02,10.03,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene and 9,9-dimethyl-6-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)naphthalen-1-yl)pentacyclo(10.6.1. 02,10.03,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 6-(4-Bromophenyl)-9,9-dimethylpentacyclo(10.6.1.02,1 0.03 ,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene (25 ml), naphthyl-2-boronic acid (25 ml), and potassium carbonate (50 mol) were mixed tetrahydrofuran (75 ml) and water (25 ml), and reacted. The organic layer was separated from the resultant mixture, dried using magnesium sulfate, cooled at room temperature, and solvent is removed. The resultant mixture was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain 9,9-dimethyl-6-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)phenyl)pentacyclo(10.6.1.02,10.03,8.015,19)nonadeca-1(19),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,15,17-octaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound is oxide of titanium, zinc, tungsten, barium, iron, zirconium, cobalt and/or manganese, preferably metal alkoxide, metal acetate, metal nitrate or chlorinated metal. The metal oxide of metal oxide nanocrystals is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, barium oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide, cobalt oxide and/or manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The polymer (0.5-10 %mass) having linear polyethyleneimine structure, is dissolved in hot-water solution at 70-100 degrees C, before adding ice. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of linear polyethyleneimine structure-containing polymer with respect to ice is 10:90-90:10. Preferred Properties: The thickness of silica nanofiber is 5-20 nm. The size of metal oxide nanocrystals is 2-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: separating (I) from the ionic liquid; cooling the composition; precipitating (I) by adding water or an alcohol to the composition after cooling; and isolating (I) by filtration or centrifugation. The composition is heated to 150-200 degrees C. The chalcogen source comprises a sulfide anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid comprises a cationic component and an anionic component, where the cationic component is pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, triazolium, isoquinolium, quinolium, choline, phosphonium choline, guanidinium, sulfonium, phosphonium or tetraalkylammonium cations. The ionic liquid comprises tributylmethylammonium methylsulfate, 1,2,4-trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfate, or 1,2,3-trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfate. The alcohol is 1-6C saturated alcohol. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Preparation of copper-zinc-tin sulfide of formula (Cu2ZnSnS4), copper-zinc-tin selenide and copper-zinc-tin telluride is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - Tributylmethylammonium methylsulfate (20 g) was heated with stirring at 180 degrees C under nitrogen. Copper acetate monohydrate (0.9086 g) was added and dissolved, followed by zinc acetate dihydrate (0.4995 g), and then tin(II) chloride dihydrate (0.5135 g). After dissolution of the metal salts, tetraethylammonium sulfide (2.96 g) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was kept at 180 degrees C for 5 hours, during which time the formation of solids was observed. The reaction mixture was cooled and then diluted with methanol (100 ml). The reaction mixture was filtered and the solid product dried to give copper-zinc-tin sulfide (1.12 g, 56%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises isolating copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4). The precursor mixture is heated to a temperature of 600-800 degrees C. The precursor mixture is heated for 6 hours to 5 days. The step of heating, the inert atmosphere is flowed over the precursor mixture. The heating is carried out at ambient atmospheric pressure. Preferred Components: The precursor mixture comprises a copper sulfide, a zinc sulfide, copper tin sulfide, and a tin sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The heating is carried out in an open container. EXAMPLE - Copper(II) sulfide (3.26 g), zinc(II) sulfide (1.65 g) and tin(II) sulfide (3.21 g) were mixed together and placed into a 20 ml alumina boat. The boat was then placed in a tube furnace with nitrogen flow at ambient temperature. The boat was heated from ambient temperature to 600 degrees C over 15 minutes, and kept at this temperature for 1 day. The sample was cooled to ambient temperature and analyzed to give copper zinc tin sulfide with good purity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal thin film is made of beryllium (Be), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic-semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting of aromatic compound of pi-electron conjugated system, chain compound, organic pigment, organosilicon compound and acene-type compound containing pentacene, perylene-type compound, oligothiophene, polythiophene, phthalocyanine containing copper phthalocyanine and porphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pi - pi interaction is formed between the surface modifier and the crystalline carbon and hydrophilic property is provided by a hydrophilic functional group of the surface modifier. Preferred Components: The crystalline carbon is selected from carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanocoil and carbon nanocage. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 13 compounds are specified as the surface modifier, e.g. 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (IA); 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid; fluorene-1-carboxylic acid; 1-pyrenebutyric acid; and 1,4-benzodioxane-6-carboxylic acid. (Structure (IA),    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises an apparatus for separating water from the liquid hydrocarbon producer and circulating it to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer or an apparatus for desalinating seawater. The internal power generator is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, a solid oxide fuel cell or a molten carbonate fuel cell. The reforming reactor is one or more reactors including a steam reforming reactor, a partial oxidation reactor, an autothermal reforming reactor, a carbon dioxide reforming reactor, a steam carbon dioxide reforming reactor and a tri-reforming reactor, where the reactors are made compact as a fixed bed. The liquid hydrocarbon producer is one or more reactors including a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, a dimethyl ether reactor and a methanol reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon produced by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, dimethyl ether produced by a reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen to give methanol, and to give dimethyl ether with water or methanol produced by a reaction of carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen to give methanol. The method: comprises adjusting the composition of the synthetic gas suitable for the production of the liquid hydrocarbon by the water-gas shift reaction or the reverse water-gas shift reaction; and further comprises separating the upgraded hydrocarbon and returning hydrocarbons with 1-4C to the reforming reactor and stabilizing and storing hydrocarbons with 5 or more carbon atoms in a fuel storage of FPSO facility. The liquefied petroleum gas components with 3 or 4C are separated form the hydrocarbons with 1-4C and only hydrocarbons with 1-2C are recycled to the reforming reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layer is made of indium-tin oxide, gallium-zinc oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide or antimony or fluorine-doped indium-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The normal pressure plasma enhanced vapor deposition process is performed using precursor type hexamethyldisilazane, tetraethoxysilane or hexamethyl siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is oxidized metal, halogenated metal or nitrided metal. The initiating agent is light and/or heat initiating agent. The heat initiating agent is radical initiating agent. The radical initiating agent is hyperoxide or azo-compound. The light initiating agent is cation initiating agent or cyclopentadiene transition metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of epoxy-acryl resin monomer, silicon acryl resin monomer and double functional group urethane acryl resin monomer is 1:1-3:1-3. Preferred Components: The epoxy-acryl resin monomer comprises compound of formula (I). The double functional group urethane acryl resin monomer comprises compound of formula (R6-CH=CH-C(O)-O-R4-OC(O)NH-R3-NHC(O)O-R5-O-C(O)-CH=CH-R7). The silicon acryl resin monomer comprises compound of formula (R9-Si(R8)(R10)-R11-O-C(O)-C(CH2)-R12).R1-R11=Ph, 1-12C alkylPh, 1-12C alkyl, ether, alkoxy or naphthene oxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoinitiator comprises 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propane-1-one, 2- hydroxy-2-methyl-1-pheny-1-propanone, 2-methyl-1-(4-(methylthio) phenyl)-2-morpholino-propane, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl-phenylketone, diethoxyacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propane-1-one, 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-(morpholinyl)phenyl)-1-butanone, benzoin methyl ether, benzyl dimethyl ketal, benzophenone, 4-phenyl benzophenone, hydroxy benzophenone, isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, and/or 2-ethylanthraquinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable phosphide monomer is present at 5-90 wt.%, and ethylenically unsaturated monomer at 10-99.5 wt.%. Preferred Components: The ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer contains acrylate copolymer. The acrylate copolymer contains epoxy acrylate, alkylacrylate, urethane acrylate, amine acrylate, silicon acrylate, polyester acrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentylglycol diacrylate, neopentylglycoldimethyl acrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A glycol dimethyl acrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritoltriacrylate, ethoxylatedtrimethylolpropane triacrylate, glycerylpropoxytriacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, glycidylacrylate, glycidylmethyl acrylate, or dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate. The polymerizable phosphide monomer is ethenyl(diphenyl)phosphane oxide, ethenyl(diphenyl)phosphane or ethenyl(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic conjugated molecule is of formula (IV).R=1-12C alkyl on 3, 4 position of thiophene. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Organic conjugated molecule is specifically claimed, compound (I-a).
Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, furyl or pyridyl;and    Ar2,Ar3=groups chosen from 254 groups e.g. phenyl, tolyl, 3-methyl phenyl, 3,5-methyl phenyl, methoxy phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorophenyl, dimethylcarbazolyl and 2-naphthyl phenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 272 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. N,N-diphenyl-4-(4-(4-(pentadeutero-phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)aniline of formula (A), N,N-diphenyl-4-(3-(4-(pentadeutero-phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)aniline, N,N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-4-(4-(4-(pentadeutero-phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)aniline, pentadeutero-N-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-4-(4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)aniline and pentadeutero-N-phenyl-N-(4-(4-(4-phenylphenyl)phenyl)phenyl)naphthalen-2-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of carbon nanotube to ruthenium trichloride and potassium permanganate is 1:0.15-0.3:0.2-0.35; the reflux temperature is 70-90 degrees C; and reflux time is 5-7 hours. The mass ratio of Pt/MnO2-RuO2/CNTs to chloroplatinic acid is 1:0.06-0.3; and reflux temperature is 130-140 degrees C. The active ingredient is Pt/MnO2-RuO2; and carrier is carbon nanotube. Preferred Processes: The ultrasonic time is 1-3 hours; and ultrasonic power is 100-200 W. The pH is regulated to natural by potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nanoparticles are disposed on shell region of core-shell nanowire. The nanowire comprises uneven surface structure produced by oxidizing surface of nanowire using hydrogen peroxide, potassium dichromate, or potassium permanganate. The nanoparticles are provided on surface of shell region by dipping nanowire in a solution containing metal precursor and fluoric acid. The shell region is oxidized by wet oxidization process using hydrogen peroxide gas or dry oxidization process using oxygen gas. Preferred Composition: The core region or shell region comprises semiconductor of group IV, semiconductor of group III-V, semiconductor of group II-VI, oxide semiconductor, nitride semiconductor, or metal of group VI and at least one of element of group IV and group V. The core region comprises p-type impurity or n-type impurity. The nanoparticles contain metal having high electronegativity or silver, gold, platinum and/or copper. The shell region comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate consists of silicon. The first junction consists of silicon germanium. The cap layer consists of doped or undoped silicon. The contact comprises an alloy of silicon and a metal comprising titanium, copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum, and/or tungsten. The sub-cells comprise silicon germanium having a different germanium concentration than the other sub-cells. The tunnel junction comprises silicon germanium and gallium arsenic phosphide. The second layer of the cap layer consists of doped or undoped gallium phosphide and/or doped or undoped aluminum phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanostructure is nanotube or nanowire. The nanostructure contains IV group semiconductor, III-V group semiconductor, II-VI group semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, nitride semiconductor, VI group element and IV group element and/or V group element. The nanostructure comprises silicon, and nanoparticles comprise silver, gold, copper and plutonium. The nanostructure is oxidized using hydrogen peroxide, potassium chromate and potassium manganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (1a) is aluminum trichloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is conducted in the substantial absence of organic compounds other than (1b). Preferred Components: (1b) is acetamide or urea. The mixture has a freezing point of up to 80 degrees C. The additive is diluents, electrolytes or brighteners. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = methyl, -NH2 or -N(H)CH3;    R2 = H or methyl; and    R3 = H.    EXAMPLE - Aluminum chloride (2.1 g) was mixed in a 1:1 mole ratio with acetamide (0.93 g) in test tube under blanket of dry nitrogen gas. The aluminum chloride reacted immediately after complete mixing was achieved, evolving a small amount of white fumes and forming clear liquid. The reaction was exothermic and the liquid was left to cool gradually to room temperature, producing clear, pale yellow, free-flowing liquid. The resulting liquid was found to be miscible with some organic solvents (e.g. toluene). It was also found, by visual observation of the relative rates of hydrolysis, to be less sensitive to air than chloroaluminate ionic liquids formed from aluminum chloride and either 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium or 1-butylpyridinium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound semiconductor substrate consists of aluminum-gallium-indium phosphide layer (AlxGayInzP, where x is greater than 0 and 1 or less, y and z are 0 or more and less than 1, and x+y+z is 1). The epitaxial growth process involves growing aluminum-gallium-indium phosphide layers (Alx1Gay1Inz1P, where x1 is greater than 0 and 0.35 or less, y1 and z1 are 0 or more and less than 1, and x1+y1+z1 is 1, Alx2Gay2Inz2P, where x2 is greater than 0.35 and 1 or less, y2 and z2 are 0 or more and less than 1, and x2+y2+z2 is 1). Phosphine is used as group V raw material of compound semiconductor. The base substrate is gallium arsenide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least approximately 50 vol.% (preferably at least approximately 80 vol.%, especially at least approximately 90 vol.%) of the target body composition of CuSe and CuSe2 phases. Preferred Composition: The sputter target composition includes at least one dopant selected from phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), boron (B), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb). The sputter target composition contains up to approximately 5 atomic% of at least one element of Na, potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), or magnesium (Mg). The sputter target composition contains up to approximately 10 atomic% of at least one element of Al, Si, Ti, V, Zn, Ga, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Pd, In, Sn, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, and Bi. The sputter target composition contains at least one of insulating oxides, nitrides, carbides, and/or borides. Preferred Method: In method (M1), the cooling rate is less than approximately 4000 degrees C per minute. The method (M1) further involves applying at least one post-casting densification operation to at least one of the at least one ingot. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide is soluble in an organic solvent chosen from at least one of amide-type solvent, ketone solvent and ether solvent. Preferred Properties: The optical film has glass transition temperature of 250 degrees C or more, total light transmittance of 85% or more, and transmittance of 10% or more in the light having wavelength of 400 nm. Preferred Definitions:    Af,B'=group of formula (i), preferably of formula (ii) or (iii);    D'=functional group, C(R)2, CO, SO2, Si(R)2, O or S;    R=H, fluoro, 1-20C alkyl or 6-20C aryl, in which H of alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted by fluoro;    Two R+C=ring;    E=fluoro or organic group containing fluoro;and    m,l=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heteropolyacid salt structure-containing catalyst (I) is preferably of formula: (M12O)(MO2)(P2O5)(H2O)y (Ia). The heteropolyacid salt structure-containing catalyst (II) is preferably of formula: (ZrO2)(P2O5)(H2O)y (IIa). The heteropolyacid salt structure-containing catalyst (III) is preferably of formula: (K2O)0.5(TiO2)(P2O5)0.5 (IIIa). The heteropolyacid salt structure-containing catalyst (IV) is preferably of formula: M1m(PM3kOl) (IVa). The heteropolyacid salt structure-containing catalyst (V) is preferably of formula: M1m(SiM3kOl) (Va), more preferably Kl(SiW1.2O1.6) (Va'). Preferred Definitions:    y=1.3-3;    x,z=0.5;    M=titanium;    M1=potassium;    M2=phosphorus;and    n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing cerium complex oxide contains silicon (5-20 %mass, based on conversion of silica), and has cerium concentration of 5-100 g/L based on conversion of cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process: the composition is heated to a temperature of 300-400 degrees C for 6 hours to 5 days; and the inert atmosphere is flowed over the reaction mixture during the heating. The process further comprises: cooling the reaction mixture; isolating the CZTS; and separating the CZTS from the ionic liquid. The separating step comprises: filtration or centrifugation; or rinsing the CZTS with water and/or an alcohol. Preferred Components: The copper-containing sulfide comprises a copper sulfide, the zinc-containing sulfide comprises zinc sulfide, and the tin-containing-sulfide comprises a tin sulfide. EXAMPLE - Mixture of copper sulfide (2.176 g), zinc sulfide (1.11 g), tin(IV) sulfide (2.08 g) and 1,2,3-trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfate (10 g) was placed in a 20 ml alumina boat, which was then placed in a tube furnace under a nitrogen flow. The boat was heated in 100 degrees intervals up to 400 degrees C, and maintained at 400 degrees C under a nitrogen flow for 24 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature under a flow of nitrogen, the boat was submerged in distilled water (250 ml) in a beaker. The resulting black precipitate was filtered, washed twice by distilled water (100 ml), and dried for 12 hours in 1 mm vacuum, to obtain copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) (3.2 g, 64%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorosulfonyl amide salt further contains amide compound (FSO3NH2) and/or fluorosulfuric acid (30000 ppm or less) as impurities, silicon, boron, iron, chromium, molybdenum and nickel (1000 ppm or less), zinc, copper and bismuth (1000 ppm or less) and chlorine (10000 ppm or less). The content of zinc in the fluorosulfonyl amide salt is 500 ppm or less. The aqueous alkali solution is aqueous ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon catalyst is obtained by carbonization of raw material containing organic substance and metal. The metal is transition metal. The raw material further comprises carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fine particle (a-1) is chosen from group which consists of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and titanium oxide. The inorganic fine particle (a-2) is chosen from group which consists of tin oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium fluoride, cerium oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, apatite, fluorite, and iron oxide. The inorganic fine particle (a-3) is chosen from group which consists of antimony oxide, cryolite, calcite, gypsum and talc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The curable resin composition further contains hardening agent (0.1-10 wt.%). The base material is synthetic resin film, glass substrate, ceramic substrate, semiconductor substrate or metal board. The hard-coat layer is laminated on both surfaces of single side of base material, or base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: initiating a directional solidification silicon crystallization process using a predetermined amount of silicon feedstock material; initiating a directional solidification silicon crystallization process using a predetermined amount of upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG) silicon feedstock material; initiating a czochralski (CZ) silicon crystal pulling process using an electronic grade (EG) silicon feedstock material; initiating a CZ silicon crystal pulling process using an solar grade (SOG) silicon feedstock material; and initiating an FZ silicon crystallization process using an EG silicon supply rod. The step of adding the quantity of germanium to the silicon feedstock material includes adding germanium with a minimum purity level of 99.999% purity. The step of adding the quantity of germanium to the silicon feedstock material includes adding germanium in a silicon-germanium alloy of formula (SixGe(1-x)). The step of adding the quantity of germanium to the silicon feedstock material includes adding germanium in a concentration of 10-40 ppmw. The method further comprises adding the quantity of germanium of 30-40 ppmw to the silicon feedstock material; and adding a combination of germanium and gallium, to the silicon feedstock material. The step of adding a combination of germanium and gallium to the silicon feedstock material includes adding gallium at a concentration of 0-10 ppmw gallium.x = 0-1. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of cerium is 0.004-0.051 in cerium/indium atomic ratio. The oxide evaporation material further comprises tungsten with tungsten/indium atomic ratio of 0.001-0.020 and/or molybdenum with molybdenum/indium atomic ratio of 0.001-0.05. A solar cell formed using the oxide evaporation material has a light-absorbing layer consisting of copper-indium selenide, copper-indium sulfide, copper-gallium selenide, copper-gallium sulfide and/or their solid solution, and cadmium telluride, an intermediate layer and window layer. The intermediate layer is cadmium sulfide layer or (cadmium, zinc)sulfide layer. The window layer is zinc oxide layer or (zinc, magnesium)oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive oxide fine particles further contain dopant metallic compound. The dopant metallic compound is tin oxide, titanium oxide, germanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, and/or vanadium oxide. Preferred Process: The baking process is further performed under neutral atmosphere or reducing atmosphere. The neutral atmosphere contains nitrogen gas and/or inert gas. The reducing atmosphere contains hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, low-refractive-index transparent conductive film is formed using a coating liquid containing organometallic compound (A) and organometallic compound (B) in the molar ratio of 99.9:0.1-66.7:33.3. The organometallic compound (B) is organic tin compound, organic titanium compound, organogermanium compound, organozinc compound, organic tungsten compound, organic zirconium compound, organic tantalum compound, organic niobium compound, organic hafnium compound and/or organic vanadium compound, or organic indium compound, organic antimony compound, and/or organophosphorus compound, or organoaluminum compound, organic indium compound and/or organic gallium compound. The organic indium compound is acetyl acetone indium. Preferred Method: The coating liquid is coated on the heat-resistant substrate by inkjet printing method, screen-printing method, gravure method, offset printing method, flexographic-printing method, dispenser printing method, slit coat method, die coat method, doctor blade coat method, wire bar-coat method, spin coat method, dip-coat method, or spray-coating method. Preferred Properties: The low-refractive-index transparent conductive film has average surface roughness of 1 nm or less, and maximum surface roughness of 10 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide solution comprises a metal alkoxide. The metal alkoxide is titanium alkoxide or niobium alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide solution comprises a solution. The solution is ethanol, isopropanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluid medium contains 6-10C aliphatic compound having one carbonyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer contains ethylene-based repeating unit (A), tetrafluoroethylene-based repeating unit (B) and repeating unit (C) based on monomer of formula: H2C=CX(CF2)nY'.X,Y'=H or F;andn=2-8.The molar ratio of the repeating units (A,B) is 25/75-45/55. The ratio of the repeating unit (C) is 0.4-4 mol%. The concentration of the copolymer in the stock solution is 1.5-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition contains polycarbonate polyol and/or polycarbonate urethane polyol (5-20 parts weight), and silane coupling agent (0.1-5 parts weight) with respect to 100 parts weight of acrylic polyol. The acrylic polyol has a structure in which at least one portion is chemically bonded with polycarbonate polyol and/or polycarbonate urethane polyol. The polyisocyanate is derived from isophorone diisocyanate or trimethyl xylene diisocyanate. The polyisocyanate contains block isocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The condensate (c) of alkyl trialkoxysilane is a condensate obtained by performing hydrolysis condensation of methyl trimethoxysilane and/or methyl triethoxysilane. Preferred Composition: The ultraviolet absorber (D) is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide, benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber, triazine-type ultraviolet absorber, indole-type ultraviolet absorber and/or azomethine-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total content of polysiloxane segment (B) and polysiloxane segment (C) in composite resin (ABC), is 15-85 weight%. The content of polysiloxane segment (C) in the composite resin (ABC) is 5-50 weight%. The polymer segment (A) and polysiloxane segment (B) are coupled through a coupling group of formula: -C(-CH3)2-Si(-CH3)2-O-Si(-CH3)2- (I). The polymer segment (A) is derived from vinyl polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed gas contains hydrogen gas and material gas comprising semiconductor atom, or hydrogen gas and inert gas. The surface of semiconductor particles is modified.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mechanical processing is blasting process carried out using blast material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or low-k material. The substrate further comprises an anti-reflective layer formed between the titanium nitride layer and the photoresist layer. The secondary plasma further comprises inert gas. The ratio of reactive gas to inert gas of the secondary plasma is 2:1-5:1. The amount of fluorocarbon gas is 200-800 sccm. The tertiary plasma further comprises oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The first electrode is formed of a reflective metal and a transparent conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is made of silicon, III-V compounds and II-VI compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive group contained in compounds (A) and (B) contain double bond or aromatic condensed ring. The compound (A) is preferably of formula (II) or (III). The compound (B) is of formula (IV) or (V). The liquid repellent group contained in compound (B) is of formula: -Z-(Ak)t2-(Ar2)x2-(Rb1)y2, -C(=O)-O-(Ak)t2-(Ar2)x2-(Rb1)y2 or -C(=O)-O-(Ak)t2-(Ar2)x2-((K)k-(CH2)r-(CF2)s-(CF3))y2.Ra,Rb=H or substituent;adjacent Ra,adjacent Rb=saturated-hydrocarbon ring, unsaturated-hydrocarbon ring, aromatic-hydrocarbon ring or heterocyclic ring (all optionally substituted);n1,n2,p1,p2,m1,m2=0 or more;X1,X2,Y1,Y2=-(Ra)2-, -N(Ra)-, -O-, -S-, -Si(Ra)2-, -B(Ra)- or -C(Ra)=C(Ra);Ar2=Ar1;Rb1=Ra1;t2=t1;x2=x1;y2=y1;K=-O-, -S-, -NH-, or -NR-;R=alkyl or aryl;k=0 or 1;r=0-6;ands=0-16.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Oxetane compound (II) and alcohol compound (III) are reacted in presence of alkali in liquid phase system, to obtain oxetane ring-containing (meth)acrylate compound (I). EXAMPLE - (In g) 3-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybutyloxy methyl)oxetane (30), methylene chloride (300), and triethylamine (24.8) were mixed, stirred, and then cooled to 2 degrees C. Then, acrylic acid chloride (18.7) was dripped to the obtained solution for more than 1 hour. The reaction liquid was mixed with ion-exchange water (300), and methylene chloride layer was fractionated. The water layer which remained was further re-extracted with methylene chloride (150). The methylene-chloride layer was collected, concentrated, and purified by silica gel column chromatography, to obtain 3-ethyl-3-(4-acryloyl oxybutyl oxy methyl)oxetane (74% of yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: adding a soluble transition metal salt to the organic solvent, and the formed particles comprise an alloy of platinum and the transition metal; and resuspending the formed particles in a non-polar organic solvent. The process is conducted under anoxic conditions. The solvent is heated at 170-240 degrees C. Preferred Components: The soluble platinum salt is platinum (II) acetylacetonate. The shape control agent comprises tungsten hexacarbonyl (preferred), molybdenum hexacarbonyl and/or chromium hexacarbonyl. The organic solution comprises oleylamine and oleic acid. The formed particles are substantially monodisperse nanopolyhedra, preferably monodisperse nano octahedral catalytic particles. The transition metal salt comprises at least one of nickel, preferably nickel (II) acetylacetonate, copper, preferably copper (II) chloride, bromide, iodide and cobalt, and the formed particles comprise platinum and copper, and platinum and nickel (Pt3Ni1). EXAMPLE - Platinum (II) acetylacetonate (20 mg), nickel (II) acetylacetonate (10 mg), oleylamine (9 ml) and oleic acid (1 ml) were loaded into a three-neck flask under airless conditions, and heated to 130 degrees C under an argon stream. Tungsten hexacarbonyl (50 mg) was added into the vigorously stirred solution, and the temperature was subsequently raised to 230 degrees C and maintained for 40 minutes with vigorous agitation. The resultant products were isolated by centrifugation after adding a sufficient amount of absolute ethanol, and washed with anhydrous hexane for several cycles. The platinum and nickel (Pt3Ni) nano octahedral were finally re-dispersed in hexane, forming a colloidal suspension (yield: 80%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): N,N,N-tris(4-bromophenyl)amine and naphthalen-1-yl-borane are reacted in the presence of palladium phosphine and potassium carbonate in tetrahydrofuran to obtain 1-tris(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The carbon thin film is formed by sputtering, atomic layer deposition, physical vapor deposition, and/or chemical vapor deposition. The irradiated laser is excimer laser of argon fluoride (193 nm), krypton fluoride (248 nm), xenon chloride (308 nm), or xenon fluoride (353 nm). The intensity of irradiated laser is 0.5-50 mJ/cm2 and irradiation time is 5-100 nanoseconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protective film further contains inorganic layer containing silicon nitride, silicon oxide and alumina on organic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light scattering particles are Al2O3 particles. The top contact is a transparent contact made of indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The container is made of carbon whose thermal expansion coefficient is less than quartz or silicon crystal material. The inner ring is made of silicon carbide, alumina or magnesia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graded buffer layer composition is graded silicon germanium. The absorber layer composition is silicon germanide Si(1-x)Gex, where x is 0.2-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin-film layers comprise (Cu/In1-xGax)(A)/Se1-y-zSyTez, where x less than or equal to 0.7, 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1, 0 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 1 and N less than or equal to 100, 20 atomic% of aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, zinc, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, palladium, indium, tin, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold, lead and bismuth, ((In1-xGax)(1- alpha )(Se1-y-zSyTez)( alpha )/Cu(1- beta )(Se1-y-zSyTez)( beta ))N, where x less than or equal to 0.7, alpha less than or equal to 0.8, beta less than or equal to 0.8, 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1, 0 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 1 and N less than or equal to 100, Cu( alpha )(In1-xGax)( beta )(Se1-y-zSyTez)(1- alpha - beta ), where 0.1 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 0.4, 0.1 less than or equal to beta less than or equal to 0.4, alpha + beta less than or equal to 0.7, x less than or equal to 0.7, 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1 and 0 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 1, and (Cu( alpha )(In1-xGax)( beta )(Se1-y-zSyTez)(1- alpha - beta )), where 0 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 1, 0 less than or equal to beta less than or equal to 1, x less than or equal to 0.7, 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1 and 0 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 1. The atmospheric gases include argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen selenide. The doping elements comprise sodium, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, arsenide and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material contained in the light-sensitive material is selected from gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium telluride, germanium, indium gallium phosphide, or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first junction consists of silicon germanium. The first layer of the cap layer consists of doped or undoped silicon in contact with the second junction. The contact layer comprises an alloy of silicon and the metal. The second layer of the cap layer consists of doped or undoped gallium phosphide and/or doped or undoped aluminum phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process (M1): the additive contains silica (SiO2) sand. The crucible has a coating made of the same material as the additive. The additive contains less than 1 ppm-wt. impurities. The additive has a particle size distribution with a maximum range of 50-500 (preferably 100-300) mu m. The contaminants are segregated from the melt by at least one of the following processes: chemical reaction with the additive to form a gas; physical reaction with the additive to from aggregates; physical removal from the surface (20) of the melt; and segregation in the melt during crystallization of the melt due to a segregation coefficient smaller than 1. The crucible is placed inside the process chamber, which is evacuated thereafter, or to which an inert process gas is introduced. The melt is kept at a temperature, at which the additive reacts with the contaminants to form a gas, which is removed from the process chamber. The additive reacts with the contaminants to form carbon mono oxide. The melt is kept at a temperature greater than 1500 degrees C for at least 1 hour (in particular for 3-5 hours). The additive acts as a binder fusing non-dissolvable contaminants to from larger lumps. The excess additive disappears from the melt by reacting with it to form a gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The nanosize structure is photoconductive nanotube. Preparation (Disclosed): The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene is prepared by dissolving mixture of (4-(5-ethyl-4-(2-(2-ethyl-5-phenylthiophen-3-yl)-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-enyl)thiophen-2- yl)phenol) and compound (13) in tetrahydrofuran, heating and refluxing suspension liquid which added and generated potassium hydroxide in argon atmosphere for 24 hours, carrying out evaporation drying up of reaction mixture after cooling to room temperature, drying with magnesium sulfate after dissolving with dichloromethane and cleaning residue with water. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 of 2 Compounds (1) are specifically claimed, e.g. compound of formulae (4) and (5).    EXAMPLE - The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene was prepared by dissolving mixture of (4-(5-ethyl-4-(2-(2-ethyl-5-phenylthiophen-3-yl)-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-enyl)thiophen-2- yl)phenol) (0.018 mmol) and compound (13) (0.02 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml), heating and refluxing suspension liquid which added and generated potassium hydroxide (2 mg) in argon atmosphere for 24 hours, carrying out evaporation drying up of reaction mixture after cooling to room temperature, drying with magnesium sulfate after dissolving with dichloromethane and cleaning residue with water obtaining colorless solid (32 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The amount of hardenable composition which has fluorine-containing compound (preferably nonionic surfactant containing fluorine) is 0.001-5 weight part with respect to 100 weight parts of total amount of components (A) and (B). The component (B) is compound of formulae (I) or (II).R1,R2=organic group which may be substituted by 1-50C, N, S or halo atom.Preferred Parameters: The solubility of hardenable composition which has fluorine-containing compound to methanol at 25 degrees C is greater than or equal to 1%. The light transmittance of cured material which consists of curable composition with wavelength of 400 nm is greater than or equal to 70% and at 280 degrees C in air is less than or equal to 10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The hydrogen concentration and oxygen concentration supplied to fuel cell are 70-99% and 21-90%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The oxide film has thickness of 1.5-6.0 mu m, preferably 2.5-4.0 mu m. Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains active component chosen from ruthenium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The indium-tin oxide thin film is patterned with an etching liquid containing aqueous solution of oxalic acid. The target material is sputtered in a mixed gas atmosphere containing argon and oxygen. Preferred Composition: The component (c) comprises dysprosium, boron or its oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide platinum composite catalyst is obtained using metal-containing material and platinum salt. The metal-containing material is colloidal silica. The platinum salt is chlorinated tetra-ammine platinum (II) monohydrate. Preferred Properties: The activation-control electric current value per platinum surface area at the time of 0.85 V evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry of conditions with a rotation speed of 500-3000 rpm in sulfuric acid electrolyte solution saturated with oxygen gas is 0.2 mA/cm2 or more. The activation-control electric current value per platinum mass at the time of 0.85 V of 40 hours is 50% or more, measured with oxygenation electrolyte solution using acceleration deterioration test by repetition electric potential scan of 0.6-1.4 V at scanning speed of 50 mV/second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate contact layer is made of Zn1-xMgxO2 (where x lies between 0.096 and 0.183).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Compound: The acridine-type compound (I) is preferably chosen from 16 compounds e.g. compounds of formula (II)-(VI).Ra1,Ra2,R11-R26,R31,R32,R,R'=R1;adjacent Ra1,Ra2,R11-R26,R31,R32,R,R'=aliphatic ring, aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring;andx,y=1-4.Preferred Layer: The organic layer contains acridine-type compound (I). The organic electronic device further comprises electron-transport layer comprising a compound containing imidazole group, oxazole group and thiazole group, quinoline and phenanthroline. Preferred Definitions:    R3,Ra,Rd=aryl;    t=2;and    Rb,Rc,Re-Rg,R1,R2=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 Acridine-type compounds (I) e.g. 2'-N,7'-N,10-triphenyl-2'-N,7'-N-bis(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-10H-spiro(acridine-9,9'-fluorene)-2',7'-diamine of formula (IA), 10-(1-pyridin-1-yl)-2'-N,7'-N-diphenyl-2'-N,7'-N-bis(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-10H-spiro(anthracene-9,9'-fluorene)-2',7'-diamine, 10-(1-pyridin-1-yl)-2'-N,7'-N-diphenyl-2'-N,7'-N-bis(9-(4-phenylphenyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-10H-spiro(anthracene-9,9'-fluorene)-2',7'-diamine, 2,7-bis((phenyl(9-(4-phenylphenyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methyl))-1'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(10.7.1.02,7.08,20.014,19)icosane)-2'(7'),3',5',8',10',12'(20'),14'(19'),15',17'-nonaene, and 2,7-bis(phenyl(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methyl)-1'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(10.7.1.02,7.08,20.014,19)icosane)-2'(7'),3',5',8',10',12'(20'),14'(19'),15',17'-nonaene are specifically claimed.    EXAMPLE - 3-Bromo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (46.55 mmol) and aniline (139.66 mmol) were dissolved in (150 mmol) to obtain N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine. The obtained compound was reacted with 2',7'-dibromo-10-phenyl-10H-spiro(acridine-9,9'-fluorene) (13 g), and processed to obtain 2'-N,7'-N,10-triphenyl-2'-N,7'-N-bis(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-10H-spiro(acridine-9,9'-fluorene)-2',7'-diamine (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersion medium is liquid nitrogen. The liquefied inert gas is liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid argon, liquid krypton or liquid xenon. The crushed material is zirconia, agate, quartz, titania, tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, stainless steel, soda glass, low soda glass, soda less glass, high-density glass, or carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide. The dispersion medium does not contain dispersing agent. Preferred Properties: The crushed material has particle size of 0.03-25 mm, preferably 0.03-2 mm. The granular dry ice is solid particle of carbon dioxide having particle size of 0.01-25 mm, preferably 0.03-0.3 mm and average particle diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm. The volume ratio of the liquid nitrogen in the liquefied gas storage container and the dry ice is 2:1. The dry ice has diameter of 3 mm and length of 5-30 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The to-be-ground material is raw material free from pharmaceutical or mixture of raw material of pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical additive. The water-soluble pharmaceutical additive or dispersion promoters used during manufacture of fine powder contains hydroxypropyl cellulose-acetate succinate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Eudragit L100 (RTM: (meth)acrylic acid polymer), carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystal cellulose, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or lactose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction product of transition metal complex is obtained by reacting organic solvent having carbonyl group and/or hydroxyl group, and transition metal oxide. The hole transportable compound is hole transportable high molecular compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic component (ABO'2) is chosen from lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, rubidium oxide, cesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide and radium oxide. The metallic component (AB'2O2 or AB'2O4) is compound of formula: (A1-x-yM1xM2y)B'O2, A(B'1-x-yM1xM2y)2O2 or A(B'1-x-yM1xM2y)2O4, where M1 and M2 are metallic component, and x and y are 0.001-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) comprises: providing six substrates, which are on the six sides of a regular prism column, and the shaft in the vertical direction is the center shaft of the regular prism column. The constant temperature of the reaction solution in the step (b) is 60-96 degrees C. The preparation of reaction liquid comprises: adding cadmium salt and ammonium salt in the container, adding deionized water to form a solution, adding ammonium water to form solution (A) and preparing a thiourea solution, heating to set temperature and dropping in the solution (A) to form the reaction solution when depositing. Preferred Components: The substrates include a gap, where the width of the gap is 5-15% of the edge length of the substrate. The rate of rotation is 100-1200 radian per second, preferably 300-600 radian per second. The deposition time is 8-40 minutes. The ultrasonic time is 10-30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crystalline silicon substrate is processed with a solution containing hydrogen fluoride and silver nitrate. A protruded portion is formed in the crystalline silicon substrate by etching substrate with a solution comprising hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen peroxide. The oxide film of substrate is removed by buffered oxide etchant or hydrogen fluoride. The cut damage of substrate is removed by processing with a solution containing sodium hydroxide. The organic material is cleaned using solution containing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Preferred Composition: The crystalline silicon substrate contains silver, gold, iron, platinum, and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crystalline silicon substrate is surface textured using a solution containing isopropyl alcohol and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, or solution comprising isopropyl alcohol and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The surface-textured crystalline silicon substrate is washed ultrapure water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The palladium compound is chosen from palladium chloride, palladium bromide, palladium iodide, palladium nitrate, palladium acetate and palladium sulfate. The reducing agent is lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, hydrogen or methanol. The metal oxide is oxide of tungsten, titanium, tin, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, molybdenum, ruthenium, osmium and iridium. The conductive substrate is carbon black, activated carbon, carbon nanotube or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal salt is chloroplatinic acid, ammonium chloroplatinate, chloropalladite, ammonium chloropalladite and/or ruthenium chloride. The transition metal salt is stannic chloride, cobalt trichloride, ferric trichloride, nickel chloride, copper chloride, and/or tungsten chloride. The carbon nanotubes contain single-wall carbon nanotubes and/or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volatile aprotic polar solvent is furan and/or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture of solid electrolyte involves mixing boron precursor, lithium precursor and nitrogen-containing compound. Preferred Components: The boron precursor is chosen from boron nitride, boron hydroxide and boron trioxide. The lithium precursor is chosen from lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium oxide, lithium borate, lithium oxynitride and lithium nitrate (LiNO or LiNO3). The nitrogen-containing compound is chosen from melamine, urea, ammonia, lithium oxynitride and group of formula: RONH2 or NH3-aRa.R=linear or branched 1-3C alkyl;anda=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low refractive index film layer is made of silicon dioxide or magnesium fluoride materials. The transparent conductive film of the glass is made of Indium tin oxide, Selenium dioxide or aluminum zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin of biaxially-oriented thermoplastic resin film (A) layer is polyester or polyarylene sulfide. The composition which has polyester as main component further contains 5-30 wt.% of polyether imide with respect to whole quantity of composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methane gas is supplied to reactor to form buffer layer having thickness of 7-11 nm. Preferred Property: The intrinsic absorber layer has thickness of 100-600 nm, preferably 150-300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The aluminum paste comprises at least one antimony oxide of 0.05-1.5 wt.% based on total aluminum paste composition, where the at least one antimony oxide is present (i) as separate particulate constituent(s), (ii) as glass frit constituent(s) or (iii) as separate particulate constituent(s) and as glass frit constituent(s). Preferred Method: The aluminum paste is applied by printing. Firing is performed as cofiring together with other front-side and/or back-side metal pastes that have been applied to the silicon wafer to form front-side and/or back-side electrodes on them during firing. Preferred Components: The particulate aluminum is present in a proportion of 50-80 wt.%, based on total aluminum paste composition. At least one lead-free glass frit contains Bi2O3 (40-73 wt.%). The total content of glass frit selected from types (i) and (ii) in the aluminum paste is 0.25-8 wt.%. The other back-side metal paste(s) is/are selected from silver pastes having no or only poor fire-through capability and silver/aluminum pastes having no or only poor fire-through capability.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Cell: The PERC silicon solar cell further comprises a silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic vehicle is present in an amount of 20-45 wt.%, based on total aluminum paste composition. EXAMPLE - Aluminum paste comprising air-atomized aluminum powder (d50 = 6 mu m) (72 wt.%), organic vehicle (26.5 wt.%) of polymeric resins and organic solvents, antimony Trioxide (Sb2O3) (0.5 wt.%) and glass frit (1 wt.%) was prepared. The glass frit composition was (wt.%): silica (SiO2) (28), alumina (Al2O3) (4.7), boron trioxide (B2O3) (8.1), lead(II) oxide (PbO) (55.9) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) (3.3); the glass had a softening point temperature of 573 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver paste comprises at least one glass frit selected from (i) lead-free glass frits with a softening point temperature of 550-611 degrees C and containing 11-33 wt.% of SiO2, 0-7 wt.% of Al2O3 and 2-10 wt.% of B2O3 and (ii) lead-containing glass frits with a softening point temperature of 571-636 degrees C and containing 53-57 wt.% of PbO, 25-29 wt.% of SiO2, 2-6 wt.% of Al2O3 and 6-9 wt.% of B2O3. Preferred Process: In the process, at least one of the lead-free glass frits contains 40-73 wt.% of Bi2O3. The total content of glass frit selected from types (i) and (ii) in the silver paste is 0.25-8 wt.%. The particulate silver is present in a proportion of 50-92 wt.%, based on total silver paste composition. The organic vehicle content is 20-45 wt.%, based on total silver paste composition. The silver paste comprises 0.05-1.5 wt.% of at least one antimony oxide, based on total silver paste composition, where the at least one antimony oxide is present (i) as separate particulate constituent(s), (ii) as glass frit constituent(s) or (iii) as separate particulate constituent(s) and as glass frit constituent(s). The silver paste is applied by printing. The firing is performed as cofiring together with a back-side aluminum paste and/or front-side metal pastes that have been applied to the silicon wafer to form an aluminum back electrode and/or front metal electrodes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrically conductive material is zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The application device is a printing plate, a flexographic printing plate or an inkjet printing device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The second solvent has a vapor pressure that is less than 1\5th of the vapor pressure of the first solvent. The second solvent: has a vapor pressure that is less than 1\10th of the vapor pressure of the first solvent; is soluble in the first solvent at greater than 40 wt.%; is miscible with the first solvent; is a polyol; and contains at least one carboxy group. The first and second solvents have a molecular weight independently less than 200 g/mol. The first solvent is at least one isopropyl alcohol, water, methanol, ethanol or acetone. The second solvent is at least one glycerol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propanoic acid or succinic acid. Preferred Method: The inorganic thin film is: deposited on the substrate by atomic layer deposition; and either a metal or a metal containing compound, where the deposition inhibitor material has an inhibition power of at least 200 Angstrom during use. In the method, step (a) is depositing a pattern of the composition comprising the deposition inhibitor material, where the deposition inhibitor material is deposited by inkjet printing, gravure, flexography, donor transfer, micro-contact printing or offset lithography. In the method of treating a substrate, the deposition inhibitor composition is provided to an intermediate substrate and then it is provided to the application device, where the deposition inhibitor composition is provided to the substrate in a pattern-wise fashion. EXAMPLE - Typical deposition inhibitor composition comprised of (in g): stock solution (made by combining Luviskol K-80 (RTM: Polyvinylpyrrolidone) (8) and isopropyl alcohol (72)) (1.5); ethylene glycol (1); and ethanol (7.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material of the interlayer and the protection layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first conductive layer comprises at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO), zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide (ATO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), cadmium indium oxide (CIO), cadmium zinc oxide (CZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and fluorine tin oxide (FTO). The material of silicon substrate comprises amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon. The Group IV thin film comprises at least one of amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film, microcrystalline silicon ( mu c-Si) thin film, amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe) thin film, microcrystalline silicon germanium ( mu c-SiGe) thin film, amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) thin film, microcrystalline silicon carbide ( mu c-SiC) thin film, tandem silicon thin film, and triple silicon thin film. The III-V compound semiconductor thin film comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs), or indium gallium phosphide (InGaP). The silicon substrate of semiconductor device is P-type polysilicon gate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: at least one silicon compound of formula (SiX4) or (RSiX3); at least one alkytrialkoxysilane, preferably methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane; and 0.5-10 wt.% of water. The screen printing medium is a mixture of solvent, film former or binder and an organic thickener or a rheology modifiers.X = hydrolyzable group or hydroxyl group; andR = non-hydrolyzable group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The indium compound is indium(III) acetylacetonate, indium trichloride, indium nitrate or their complexes. The tin compound is tin(II)chloride, tin tetrachloride or their complexes, preferably tin chloride acetylacetonate (SnCl2(acac)2). EXAMPLE - Indium(III) oxide (2.50 g) was dissolved in 38% concentrated hydrochloric acid. The solution was dried at 120 degrees C and the obtained solid substance comprised hydrated indium chloride of formula (InCL3.1.5H2O) (A). Stannous chloride dihydrate (4.5 g) was dissolved in ethanol (10 ml). Acetylacetone (4.5 g) was added and further worked up to give stannous chloride acetylacetonate. (A) (4.58 g) and stannous chloride acetylacetonate (0.776 g) were dissolved in glycol ether (20 g). After cooling the solution, methyltriethoxy silane (0.40 g) and glycolether were added to obtain a solution (25 g). Subsequently, 10% solution of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (25 g) was added to obtain a screen printable paste having an indium concentration equivalent of 5% indium oxide.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=aromatic group.    When R2 and R3 connects, a 5 or 6- saturated membered ring may form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single crystal of semiconductor material is made of III-V type semiconductor material. The glass bonding layer is comprised of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG). A non-glassy bonding layer made of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxy-nitride, is formed in the semiconductor substrate. The seed structure is made of compressively strained gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Another carrier substrate is made of an electrically and thermally conductive material, and another non-glassy bonding layer is made of metal or metal alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of manganese and lithium is 1-1.25. Preferred Method: Inorganic-type binder (in parts weight) (2-40) chosen from aluminum oxide and silica, and water are mixed with spinel-type oxygen surplus lithium manganate (100), and obtained mixture is molded into cord-like or granular molded product having diameter of 0.5-6 mm. The molded product is sintered at 450-550 degrees C for 0.5-3 hours. Alternately, organic-type binder (0.5-20) chosen from chitin and polyvinyl chloride, and water are mixed with respect to spinel-type oxygen surplus lithium manganate (100), and obtained mixture is molded into granular molded product having diameter of 0.5-6 mm and grain size of 1-3 mm. The molded product is dried at 50-100 degrees C for 0.5-4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme. The glucose-responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. The glucose-responsive enzyme further comprises an enzyme cofactor. The enzyme cofactor is pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). The cathode further comprises a cathode enzyme. The cathode enzyme is laccase or cytochrome C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode comprises platinum. The mediator comprises a transition metal complex. The transition metal complex comprises ruthenium or osmium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer comprises at least one heterocyclic nitrogen-containing moiety selected from pyridine, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, and/or pyrazole. The polymer comprises at least one heterocyclic nitrogen-containing moiety selected from 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 1-vinylimidazole, 2-vinylimidazole and 4-vinylimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst in the second catalytic layer is platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon atoms of the first to third vinyl monomers are bonded to the principal chain and an acidic functional group, a basic functional group and each of the organic metal complexes is bonded to the carbon atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ternary metal-containing copolymer is a compound of formula (I), where (i)-(iii) represent the first, second and third vinyl monomers, respectively.R1=organic metal complex of formula (ia) and consists of an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a vinyl bond and platinum bonded to two vinyl-bonded carbons;R2=organic metal complex of formula (ib), in which a metal M1' is bonded to a heteroaromatic ring;R3=organic metal complex of formula (ic) and in which a metal M2' is ionically bonded to acetic acid;l,m,n=degrees of polymerization of the first, second and third vinyl monomers and are 100-300, 70-200 and 3-40, respectively (preferably 140-250, 100-160 and 10-30, respectively);M1'=Sn, Zn, Ni, Fe or Co;M2'=metal selected from Eu and La. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The perforated metal plate comprises stainless steel, nickel, iron, copper, gold or platinum, preferably steel or nickel. A metal sheet is placed on tilted nonconductive support to supply an anode current collector in addition to anode current collector in integrated separator-electrode assembly. The metal sheet comprises stainless steel, nickel, iron, copper, gold or platinum. Preferred Process: The catalyst-coated carbon paper is manufactured by mixing amorphous carbon, manganese oxide and/or cerium oxide as catalyst substance, and Nafion (RTM: perfluorosulfonic acid copolymer solution) as binder in the weight ratio of 1.2-1.4:1.2-1.4:1, spraying obtained mixture on carbon paper, and drying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator comprises a nylon net filter. The tilted nonconductive support comprises acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polystyrene, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene or polyimide. Preferred Property: The tilted nonconductive support has tilt angle of 2-4 degrees with respect to separator-electrode assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal expansion buffer layer is made of cuprous sulfide (Cu2S) or cuprous selenide (Cu2Se).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is made of zinc oxide, magnesium fluoride and indium trioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transition metal is made of iron or nickel, and substrate is made of copper foil, aluminum foil, glass wafer and silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Chemically modified hydroxyl group is 0.5-15 mmol/g with respect to the weight of cellulose fiber. Functional group is acetyl group, propanoyl group, butanoyl group, iso-butanoyl group, pentanoyl group, hexanoyl group, heptanoyl group, octanoyl group, nonanoyl group, decanoyl group and/or methacryloyl group. The molded object contains resin component. Preferred Process: Chemical modification is by reacting with a compound with hydroxyl group reactive functional group.. Preferred Parameters: Crystallinity degree of cellulose fiber is greater than or equal to 30%. The 10% weight reduction temperature of cellulose fiber is greater than or equal to 150 degrees C. Total light transmittance in 30 mu m thickness is greater than or equal to 60%. Heat ray coefficient of expansion in 30-150 degrees C is 0.4-50 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The organic electroluminescent element has light-emitting layer (5) formed using the anthracene ring-containing compound between anode (2) and cathode (9), and positive hole transport layer (4) formed by crosslinking a crosslinkable compound by wet film forming method, adjacent to the light emitting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    n=0;and    ring A=benzene ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 44 Anthracene ring-containing compounds are disclosed e.g. 6-(10-(3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaene of formula (Ia), 6-(10-(3-(2-phenylphenyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaene, 6-(10-(3-(2,3-diphenylphenyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaene, 6-(10-(3-(2-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaene and 6-(10-(3-(2-(3-phenylphenyl)phenyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaene.    EXAMPLE - 9-Bromo-10-(3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)phenyl)anthracene (in g) (2.64) and 8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-6-ylboranediol (1.46) were dissolved in toluene (50 ml)/ethanol (25 ml) mixed solvent. Then, aqueous sodium carbonate solution and tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium were added, reacted and stirred at 80 degrees C for 3.5 hours. The obtained product was separated and purified, to obtain 6-(10-(3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The sputtering target further contains oxygen (200 weight ppm or less). Preferred Properties: The sputtering target has bulk resistance of 50-100 Omega .cm, variation in bulk resistance of less than plus minus 5% in target inner surface, average particle diameter of 20-100 mu m and relative density of 98% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The infrared reflective black pigment is a complex oxide.The mixing rate of one or more element chosen from magnesium, aluminum, calcium, silicon, strontium, and barium is 20-300 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of iron-manganese complex. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises oxidizing the catalyst supported on the cleaned carrier. Preferred Components: The catalyst precursor is thermally reduced. The catalyst precursor is a metal complex or metal alkoxide. The catalyst is gold, copper, silver, platinum, iron, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, nickel, tantalum, bismuth, tin, zinc, titanium, aluminum, manganese, cobalt, iridium, osmium, molybdenum, chromium, or vanadium. The carrier is a honeycomb structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The supplying unit serves as the cleaning unit and bypasses the dissolving tank to supply the subcritical or supercritical carbon dioxide to the supporting tank. A heating unit in the supporting tank that thermally reduces the catalyst precursor dissolved in the subcritical or supercritical carbon dioxide, is provided in the supporting tank. EXAMPLE - Palladium(II) acetate (1 g) and honeycomb shaped carrier (5 g) were placed into a dissolving tank having a volume of 50 ml and the supporting tank having a volume of 50 ml. Air in inside of the system was replaced with supercritical carbon dioxide. The temperatures in the dissolving tank and the supporting tank were respectively raised to 60 degrees C and 350 degrees C. The supercritical carbon dioxide was supplied to the dissolving tank and the palladium(II) acetate was dissolved in the supercritical carbon dioxide. The palladium(II) acetate dissolved in the supercritical carbon dioxide was supplied to the supporting tank for 2 hours to obtain palladium-particles-supporting carrier. The supercritical carbon dioxide was supplied to the supporting tank to obtain cleaned palladium-particles-supporting carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution further contains quaternary amidinium salt and quaternary ammonium salt. The non-aqueous solvent is gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystal is the sintered compact contains hexagonal crystal layer compound of formula: In2O3(ZnO)3-5. The atomic ratio of indium with respect to the total amount of indium and zinc is 0.2-0.92. The sintered compact further contains element chosen from 20 atomic% or less of tin, aluminum, antimony, gallium and/or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive layer contains carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The glycol structure is polyethylene glycol structure and/or polypropylene glycol structure. The acrylate site of urethane acrylate resin is coupled with other acrylate site by polymerization. Preferred Properties: The ratio of thickness of undercoat resin layer and thickness of substrate is 0.04-0.08. The electroconductive laminate has total light transmittance of 80% or more based on JIS K7361-1(1997).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: During electrolysis reduction, an electric current is supplied between electrolytic reduction anode (12) having an exhaust pipe (11) for exhausting gas, and electrolytic reduction cathode (10) in a container with mesh-like material made of conductor, in which raw material is held. During electrolysis purification, impurity is separated out from molten salt and silicon chloride is recovered as gas by setting it as anode. Electrorefining of reduced product and anodic dissolution are carried out. The molten salt is reduced at the cathode (14) side, and metal is deposited at cathode. During distillation purification, silicon chloride and impurity having differing boiling point are separated by contacting the gas recovered during electrorefining with aggregation boards set at different temperature. During reduction process, silicon chloride is contacted with metal precipitated at the cathode and chemical reduction is carried out. Preferred Composition: The molten salt is lithium chloride, calcium chloride, and/or magnesium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The fullerene is synthesized by mixing N,N-dimethylformamide, fullerene and dichlorobenzene solution in nitrogen atmosphere, deaerating, carrying out returned pressure with nitrogen, adding tetrahydrofuran solution, deaerating saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution, concentrating after dissolving in toluene after concentrating obtained solution and letting silica gel filtration column pass. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=substituent of formula Cf-R7-Si(R8)(R9)-R10;    R7=alkylene;    Cf=fullerene;    R8-R10=H, alkyl or aryl group;    R6=alkyl, alkoxy and amino groups; and    R3=methylene group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 of 11 Compounds are specifically disclosed e.g. compounds of formulae (4-1)-(4-5).    EXAMPLE - The fullerene was synthesized by mixing N,N-dimethylformamide (6.45 ml), fullerene C60 (2 g) and 2-dichlorobenzene solution (500 ml) in nitrogen atmosphere, deaerating, carrying out returned pressure with nitrogen, adding tetrahydrofuran solution of (9.8 ml) at 25 degrees C, stirring 10 minutes, deaerating saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution (1 ml), stirring, concentrating after dissolving in toluene (200 ml) after concentrating obtained solution, letting silica gel filtration column pass and reciprocating methanol obtaining fullerene compound (1.99 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation method is given. Preferred Compound: The carbazole derivative (I) is preferably of formula (II, III, IV or V).Ar5=Ar1, preferably 6-12C aryl;Ar6=Ar3;andR5,R6=R1.Preferred Layer: The organic thin layer is light-emitting layer (130), hole-transport layer, hole-injection layer, electron-transport layer, electron-injection layer and/or hole blocking layer. The carbazole derivative is included in light-emitting layer, electron-transport layer or electron-injection layer. The carbazole derivative is used as fluorescence or phosphorescence host material (preferably, fluorescent blue dopant material) in light emitting layer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar2=6-30C arylamine, aminoaryl, carbazole group, pyridine group, pyrimidine group or 6-30C triazine group (all optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 78 Carbazole derivatives are specifically claimed e.g. 6,9,6',9"-tetraphenyl-9H,9"H-(3,3',9',3")tercarbazole of formula (Ia), 9-biphenyl-4-yl-6,6',9"-triphenyl-9H,9"H-(3,3',9',3")tercarbazole, 9-naphthalen-1-yl-6,6',9"-triphenyl-9H,9"H-(3,3',9',3")tercarbazole, 9-phenanthren-9-yl-6,6',9"-triphenyl-9H,9"H-(3,3',9',3")tercarbazole and diphenyl-(4-(6,6',9"-triphenyl-9" H-(3,3',9',3")tercarbazol-9-yl)-phenyl)-amine.    EXAMPLE - 3-Bromo-6-phenyl carbazole (in g) (5), 3-phenyl-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (6.3), tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and 2M potassium carbonate aqueous solution were mixed and reacted. 3-Bromo-N-phenyl carbazole (3.8), cupric chloride (0.2), potassium carbonate (3.4), 1,10-phenanthroline (0.37) and dimethyl sulfoxide (80 ml) were added to the obtained intermediate, and reacted. Then, organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure, to obtain 3-phenyl-6-(6-phenyl-9-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole (3) in yield of 77%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: A tribromo compound of formula: A(-Br)3 is reacted with amino compound of formula: HN(-Ar2)(-Ar3) in presence of palladium compound, t-butyl phosphorus compound, toluene and sodium compound to obtain bromine-containing compound of formula (V). The obtained compound (V) is reacted with nitrogen-containing compound of formula (VI) in presence of palladium triphenylphosphine, tetrahydrofuran and sodium hydroxide to obtain carbazole derivative (I). Preferred Compound: The carbazole derivative (I) is preferably of formulae (II)-(IV).R5-R26,X=R;Ar6=Ar1;ando,p=4-n. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 102 Carbazole derivatives e.g. 1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetraphenyl-5-(21-phenyl-21-azapentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosa-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12,15(20),16,18-decaen-17-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetraphenyl-5-(21-phenyl-21-azapentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosa-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12,15,17,19-decaen-18-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetraphenyl-2-(21-phenyl-21-azapentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosa-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12,15(20),16,18-decaen-17-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine, 1-N-(4-methylphenyl)-1-N,3-N,3-N-triphenyl-5-(21-phenyl-21-azapentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosa-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12,15(20),16,18-decaen-17-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine and 1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)-5-(21-phenyl-21-azapentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosa-1(14),2,4,6,8,10,12,15(20),16,18-decaen-17-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The protective atmosphere is argon or nitrogen. Preferred Process: The growing process of the tin-doped crystalline silicon is carried out by placing the polycrystalline silicon into a quartz crucible and doping boron and tin, and heating the crucible in a monocrystalline or polycrystalline furnace at 1400-1500 degrees C to melt polycrystalline silicon, tin and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acceptor molecule is tetracyano group containing compound, preferably tetracyano ethylene, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2-fluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,5-difluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 11,11,12,12-tetracyano naphth-2,6-quinodimethane or anthracene type 2,5-dimethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. Preferred Process: The azido-alkyne cyclo addition is carried out in the presence of copper catalyst. The addition reaction of alkyne tetracyano group-containing compound is carried out at 20-200 degrees C. EXAMPLE - (In mg) poly(4-azidomethyl styrene) (31) and 4-((4-ethynyl phenyl)ethynyl)-N,N-dihexadecyl aniline (130) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (8 ml) and stirred after adding sodium ascorbate (3.9) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (2.25). The polymer precipitated was filter-collected, washed with methanol, water and dimethylformamide to obtain polymer having number average molecular weight of 49000, glass transition temperature of -33 degrees C and decomposition temperature of 381.5 degrees C, with yield of 85%. The obtained polymer (24.34) dissolved in chloroform (3 ml) and 1,2-dichloroethane solution of tetracyano ethylene were stirred for 1 hour. The solvent was removed and high molecular weight compound having number average molecular weight of 50000, decomposition temperature of 345.6 degrees C and glass transition temperature of -47.8 degrees C was obtained with yield of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal with low-power function is calcium, magnesium, cerium or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal silicate is sodium silicate, lithium silicate and/or potassium silicate. The coating composition comprises primary particles having particle size of 1-10 nm and porosity of 60% or more. The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and/or phosphoric acid. The acidic salt is phosphate and/or silicate. Preferred Property: The antireflection layer has thickness of 0.1-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic acid is para-toluenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid and/or formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The cover glass substrate of thin-film solar cell module has thickness of 0.2-2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in weight%) silicon dioxide (64-66), boron trioxide (20-22), alumina (4-6), lithium oxide (0.5-1), sodium oxide (0.1-3.5), calcium oxide (0.3-0.8), barium oxide (0.5-2) and iron oxide (0.001-0.015).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The aluminum oxide powder as raw material is pressed and shaped under 1-5 MPa using single shaft of stainless steel die and processed at 100-300 Mpa of cold isostatic pressure, and sintered in vacuum furnace at 1500-1900 degrees C. Aluminum oxide ceramic is annealed under oxygen at high temperature, cut and polished to obtain aluminum oxide target material with high quality. The ratio of amount of aluminum with respect to total amount of aluminum and zinc in transparent conductive film is less than 40%. The transparent conductive film is prepared by magnetic control sputtering method on transparent substrate chosen from alkali-containing glass, quartz glass, sapphire, gallium nitride and zinc oxide, using working gas chosen from pure argon, argon-hydrogen mixed gas and argon-oxygen mixed gas, and has thickness of 5-2000 nm. The transparent conductive film is formed using aluminum oxide ceramic target and zinc oxide ceramic target. The zinc oxide ceramic target and aluminum oxide ceramic target have purity of more than 99.9% and relative density of more than 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw materials containing (in %mass) bismuth oxide (50), zinc oxide (25), boron oxide (21), silica (0.5), lanthanum oxide (3) and strontium oxide (0.5) are injected to thermal high temperature furnace at 1000 degrees C for 50 minutes and sieved using 250-mesh sieve. The raw materials containing (in %mass) bismuth oxide (45), zinc oxide (30), boron oxide (20), alumina (0.5), silica (0.5), lanthanum oxide (1) and strontium oxide (3) are injected to thermal high temperature furnace at 1200 degrees C for 30 minutes and sieved using 400-mesh sieve. The raw materials containing (in %mass) bismuth oxide (50), zinc oxide (22), boron oxide (20), alumina (4), silica (2), lanthanum oxide (1) and strontium oxide (1) are injected to thermal high temperature furnace at 1100 degrees C for 40 minutes and sieved using 300-mesh sieve. Preferred Composition: The raw materials preferably containing (in %mass) bismuth oxide (22), zinc oxide (20), boron oxide (20), alumina (4), silica (2), lanthanum oxide (1) and strontium oxide (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal particles are gold particles, silver particles, copper particles, palladium particles or ruthenium particles. The average particle size of metal particles is 2-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high boiling point polar solvent is dimethylformamide, glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide or N-methyl pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive coating layer comprises (pts. wt.): film forming resin (0.4-1.5), conductive high molecular polymers (60-90), metal particles (0.2-2), high boiling point polar solvent (2-10) and surface active agent (0.1-1). The conductive high molecular polymers are conductive high molecular polymer water solution based on polythiophene radical. The film forming resin is polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyurethane resin, melamine resin and polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iridium precursor is hexachloroiridium acid hydrate, iridium chloride hydrate and iridic chloride. The platinum precursor is chloroplatinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The amorphous metal-oxide layer has thickness of 10-20 nm. Preferred Layer: The single crystal seed layer is ternary alloy film containing magnesium zinc oxide of formula: MgxZn1-xO.x=more than 0 and less than 1.Preferred Process: A magnesium-containing precursor and gas comprising oxygen, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, steam and/or carbon dioxide are supplied during manufacture of zinc oxide two-dimensional nanostructure. Preferred Composition: The magnesium-containing precursor comprises bis(cyclopentadienyl magnesium) and/or dimethyl magnesium. The zinc-containing precursor comprises dimethyl zinc, diethyl zinc, zinc acetate, zinc acetate anhydride and/or zinc acetyl acetonyl. The substrate contains silicon, sapphire, gallium nitride, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, zinc oxide and/or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas consists of diboron trioxide, boron oxide hydrate, borohydride, diborane, boron trihydride, trimethyl borate, metaboric acid, perboric acid, hydroxyborane, boric acid (H3BO2), boron hydroxide, boric acid (H2B4O7), and boron oxide ((B2O2), (B4O3) or (B4O5)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gallium-arsenic-based base layer comprises indium-gallium-arsenic or gallium-arsenic. Preferred Properties: The valence band and conduction band of gallium-arsenic-antimony base layer is higher than that of gallium-arsenic-based base layer. The band gap of gallium-arsenic-antimony base layer is less than that of gallium-arsenic-based base layer. The conduction band of gallium-arsenic nitride base layer is higher than that of gallium-arsenic based base layer. The band gap of gallium-arsenic nitride base layer is less than that of gallium-arsenic based base layer. The conduction band of gallium-arsenic-indium base layer is higher than that of gallium-arsenic based base layer. The band gap of gallium-arsenic-indium base layer is less than that of gallium-arsenic based base layer. The solar cell further has a back surface field layer (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The Group VI chalcogenide precursor is selected from sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium. The natural oil is a vegetable oil selected from soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, grape seed oil, castor oil, rice bran oil, apricot kernel oil, coconut oil, almond oil and camellia oil. In step (a), a fatty acid is further added, where the fatty acid is selected from oleic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, and tradecylphosphonic acid. Preferred Parameter: The increasing temperature is carried to the range of 150-320 for 30 seconds to 48 hours. The quantum dots have a size of 3-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tunnel junction diode uses p-type gallium arsenide and n-type gallium nitride. The junction (1) comprises dilute nitride material lattice matched to substrate. The junctions (2) and (3) comprise gallium arsenide and indium-gallium phosphide. At least one of the junctions comprise silicon-germanium material lattice matched to substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front passivation layer and the back passivation layer are made of silicon dioxide. The antireflective layer is made of silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front contacts are made of silver and the back contacts and sputtered reflective layer are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic glass comprises copper, titanium, nickel, zirconium, iron, magnesium, calcium, cobalt, palladium, platinum, gold, cerium, lanthanum, yttrium, gadolinium, beryllium, tantalum, gallium, aluminum, hafnium, niobium, lead, silver, phosphorus, boron, silicon, carbon, tin, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, erbium, chromium, praseodymium, thulium, and their mixture. The metallic glass comprises at least one of an alloy of copper, zirconium, nickel, iron, titanium, magnesium, and their mixture. The glass transition temperature of metallic glass is lower than eutectic temperature of silicon and the conductive powder. The eutectic temperature of conductive powder and metallic glass is lower than eutectic temperature of silicon and the conductive powder. The eutectic temperature of silicon and the metallic glass is lower than eutectic temperature of the silicon and the conductive powder. The metallic glass is a solid, a supercooled liquid, and a liquid at a sintering temperature of the conductive powder. The conductive powder comprises at least one of silver, aluminum, copper, nickel and their mixture. The conductive paste comprises (in wt.%) conductive powder (50-90), metallic glass (1-20), and remaining amount of organic vehicle based on total amount. The conductive paste further comprises glass frit (1-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of gold or gold alloy-plated layer is 0.005-1 mu m. Preferred Process: The gold or gold alloy-plated layer is plated using gold or gold alloy-plating bath containing cyan group-containing trivalent gold ion, and cyan group-containing gold-potassium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The Lewis acid compound and/or basic compound are alkali metal salt compound or alkaline-earth metal salt compound of aliphatic carboxylic acid, preferably lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and/or calcium compounds. The organophosphorus compound is organic phosphate compound, organic phosphite compound, or organic phosphonite compound. The organic phosphate compound is of formula: (R1-O)2P(=O)OH.R1=8-30C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolyester resin consists of two or more types of dicarboxylic acid components and diol components. 1-50 Mol% of dicarboxylic acid component is naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component. The dicarboxylic acid component in the copolyester resin is naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component and other aromatic dicarboxylic acid component, preferably naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component, and isophthalic acid component, terephthalic acid component, and/or phthalic acid component. The diol component is aliphatic diol component, preferably ethylene glycol component or 1,4-butanediol component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat insulation layer is made of element chosen from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, calcium oxide and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electroconductive particles are process in reducing gas containing nitrogen and/or inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Compound: The tungsten compound is chosen from tungsten hexachloride, ammonium tungstate and tungstic acid. Preferred Property: The electroconductive fine particles have peak corresponding to tungsten-nitrogen bond, which is measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis using energy of 396.4 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound particles are copper-indium-gallium selenide particles (CuInxGa1-xSe2 where x is 0-1), silver-indium-gallium selenide particles (AgInxGa1-xSe2) and copper-indium-gallium-selenium sulfide particles (CuInxGa1-x(SeyS1-y)2, where y is 0-1), preferably copper-indium-gallium selenide particles. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of selenium particles and compound particles is 1-200 nm, each.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The height of zinc oxide-type pellets is 60 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silicon oxide has particle diameter of 5-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The activated carbon has average pore width of 1-2 nm or 2-50 nm and mesopore volume of 0.1-0.5 cm3/g. The ratio of mesopore volume of activated carbon to total pore volume of activated carbon is 0.2-0.5. The ratio of ultra micropore volume with pore width of less than 0.7 nm to super micropore volume with pore width of 0.7-2 nm is 1-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The trace component is aromatic compound, preferably benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene. Preferred Process: The trace component is removed from the liquid by using solid-acid type catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of host compound (A) to host compound (B) is 50:1-2500. The host compound (A) is of formulae (V)-(XI), preferably compound chosen from 29 compounds e.g. 4,8,10,14-tetraphenyl-8,10-diazatetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.011,166)hexadeca-1(9),2,4,6,11(16),12,14-heptaene, 8,16-diphenyl-8,16-diazatetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.010,15)hexadeca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10(15),11,13-heptaene, N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)-4-(10-phenyl-8,10-diazatetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.0116,16)hexadeca-1(9),2(7),3,5,11,13,15-heptaen-8-yl)aniline, 4,8,12,16-tetraphenyl-8,16-diazatetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.010,15)hexadeca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10(15),11,13-heptaene and 8,10-diphenyl-8,10-diazatetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.011,16)hexadeca-1(9),2,4,6,11(16),12,14-heptaene. The host compound (B) is chosen from 2-phenyl-5-(4-(9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-(3-(4a,9a-dihydro-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-7-yl)-5-(9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2-yl)phenyl)-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1-phenyl-2-(3-(9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,3-benzodiazole and 1-phenyl-2-(3-(3-(triphenylmethyl)phenyl)phenyl)-1H-1,3-benzodiazole.R'1,R'2=amino, carbazolyl, 1-30C alkyl or 6-30C alkyl;andR3,R4,R9,R10=H, amino, carbazolyl, 1-30C alkyl, or 6-30C aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent comprises a superacid (preferably chlorosulfonic acid). The carbon nanostructure is selected from single walled nanotubes (SWNTs), double walled nanotubes (DWNTs), multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs), graphene, and/or graphite. Preferred Method: The substrate is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid. The treating of carbon nanostructure with at least one dispersing agent involves sequential treatment of the carbon nanostructure with chlorosulfonic acid and organic solvent. Preferred Film: The carbon film produced by the method (M1) has a thickness of (less than 20, preferably less than 10) nm; and comprises carbon nanostructures with lengths of more than 500 nm. The carbon film (F1) is a monolayer or multiple layers, floats freely in water, has thickness of less than 10 nm, and comprises carbon nanostructures with lengths of more than 500 nm. The carbon film (F1) is substantially free of polymers, surfactants, and dispersing agents. The carbon film (F1') comprises SWNTs, floats freely in water, is a monolayer, has thickness of less than 10 nm, and comprises carbon nanostructures with lengths of more than 500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is an organic solvent selected from chloroform, and dichloromethane. The carbon nanostructure is selected from fullerenes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dopant metallic compound is tin oxide, titanium oxide, germanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide and/or vanadium oxide. Preferred Process: The plasma processing is carried out under pressure-reduced non-oxidizing gas atmosphere chosen from nitrogen gas atmosphere, inert gas atmosphere and reducing gas atmosphere. The plasma processing is process of forming electroconductive oxide fine particle layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organo metallic compound with respect to dopant is 99.9:0.1-66.7:33.3. The organo metallic compound contains organo indium compound, organo tin compound or organo zinc compound. The dopant is organo tin compound, organo titanium compound, organo germanium compound, organo zinc compound, organo tungsten compound, organo zirconium compound, organo tantalum compound, organo niobium compound, organo hafnium compound, organo antimony compound, organo phosphorus compound, organo indium, organo aluminum compound, organo gallium compound and/or organo vanadium compound. The organo indium compound is indium acetyl acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The identification unit comprises copper, nickel, iron, silver, zinc lead and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type conducting film may be a zinc oxide (ZnO), a titanium oxide (TiO2) or a cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) conducting film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc oxide conducting film is prepared to have a thickness of 10-200 nm in a manner in which a mixed solution of zinc acetate, 2-methoxyethanol and ethanolamine is spin-coated at 500-5000 revolutions/minute (rpm) and thermally-treated at 100-250 degrees C for 1-30 minutes. The titanium oxide conducting film is fabricated in a manner in which a mixed solution of titanium isopropoxide, 2-methoxyethanol and ethanolamine is spin-coated at 500-5000 rpm and thermally treated under atmospheric condition at 80-250 degrees C for 1-120 minutes. The Cs2CO3 conducting film is fabricated in a manner in which a mixed solution of Cs2CO3 and 2-methoxyethanol is spin-coated under atmospheric condition at 500-5000 rpm and thermally treated at 100-200 degrees C for 1-30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of sodium fluoride is 5 mu m or less. The gallium is in the form of the copper-gallium binary alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group IB material includes copper. The group IIIB material includes indium and/or gallium. The group VIA material includes selenium and sulfur. The group IA material includes sodium, potassium and lithium. The partially reacted precursor layer further comprises metallic phases of copper, indium, gallium, copper-indium alloy, indium-gallium alloy, copper-gallium alloy and copper-indium-gallium alloy, and a non-metallic phase consisting of copper-indium-selenide/sulfide, copper-gallium-selenide/sulfide and copper-indium-gallium-selenide/sulfide, where the metallic phase has less than 50% of the chemical composition of the precursor layer. The contact layer of the base includes molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, iridium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of absorbing layer in solar cell comprises silicon oxide, silicon carbide or silicon germanium. The transparent electrode layers in solar cell are made of aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO), titanium oxide, indium tin oxide or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The adhesive is partially cooled and/or heated, or completely cooled and/or heated while transferring it on the fuel cell components. The adhesive is transferred to predetermined positions completely or partially in a predetermined pattern. The adhesive has three-dimensional structure and is applied on at least one of the fuel cell components. The transferring of the adhesive is carried out as a continuous or timed process. The adhesive is transferred on an ion exchange membrane, a gas diffusion layer, a framework, a catalyst layer and/or a bipolar plate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The peak height of alpha -type iron silicide crystal in (002) plane with respect to peak height of alpha -type iron silicide crystal in (001) plane is 50% or less, which is measured by X-ray diffraction pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal thin film is chosen from copper, aluminum, silver, zinc, tin, chromium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ammonia is vaporized ammonia. The vaporized tin chloride is tin tetrachloride. The mole ratio of vaporized ammonia and tin tetrachloride is 0.05-1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting-type solvent-soluble imide resin is of formula (I). The resin composition further contains epoxy resin, polyfunctional epoxy resin of formula (II) or (III), cycloaliphatic epoxy resin which has 3,4-epoxy cyclohexenyl skeleton, and cyanate resin.R1=bivalent aromatic group, or alicyclic group;R2=trivalent aromatic group or alicyclic group;R1=H or methyl;R2=divalent organic group;R3-R10=H, substituent or epoxy group-containing molecular group;R=organic group having m valence;andm,n=positive integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further contains flame-retardant thermally-conductive inorganic compound. The polymer is (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer which is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer in presence of polymerization initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The arithmetic mean roughness between top portion of protrusion and bottom portion of groove is 2 nm or less. The glass substrate has thickness of 0.3 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is preferably of formula (II), more preferably of formula (III) or (IV). The aromatic amine compound has molecular weight of 500-2000.Y'=S, O or Se;R6,R7=H;R8,R9=optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or heterocyclyl;n8,n9=1-5;n=1 or more;andX=acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R12=H;and    X=N-oxide.    EXAMPLE - Dihydrodiaza pentacene (in g) (0.56) and chloranil (0.49) were added to xylene (50 ml) and dimethyl formamide (40 ml), and stirred at 70 degrees C for 2 hours. The solid was filtered, and an intermediate component (0.6) was produced. The obtained intermediate component (0.1) and chloroform solution (5 ml) of 3-chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid (0.41) were mixed and stirred at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and washed with acetone to produce pentacene structure-containing compound at yield of 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layers: The active layer has an electron-accepting layer (44) containing the fullerene derivative, and an electron-donating layer (42) containing the electron donor, joined to the electron-accepting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron donor is a high molecular compound. The fullerene derivative (I) is of formula (II).ring A=60C or more fullerene skeleton;R=group of formula (i);R1=alkyl, alkoxy (preferably methoxy), aryl, monovalent heterocyclic group, or halo;r=0-5, preferably 1;andp=0. Preferred Definitions:    m,n=2;and    Q=single bond.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) 60C fullerene (500 mg) of formula (Ia), (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethylamino)-acetic acid (1) and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (470) are added into a flask (200 mL), and chlorobenzene (100 mL) was added, heated and refluxed for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and solvent was removed. Subsequently, the obtained residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography, to obtain 60C fullerene derivative (237) of formula (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The repeating unit (A) is bivalent aromatic group of formula (i)-(viii). The tricyclic repeating unit (I) is preferably of formula (ix).Q3-Q15=Q1, R40-R50=R1;R40+R41,R42+R43=optionally ring;Y1-Y6=N or =CH-;andR50=alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The polymeric compound is manufactured by performing Suzuki coupling reaction of a polymeric compound of formula (II) in presence of base and palladium catalyst.W1,W2=H, halo, alkylsulfonate, aryl sulfonate, aryl alkyl sulfonate, borate residue, sulfonium methyl, phosphonium methyl, phosphonate methyl, boric acid residue, formyl, vinyl or organic tin residue.Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of polymeric compound is 3000 or more, based on polystyrene conversion. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R1,R2=-S-;and    at least one of R1,R2=alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 4,10-Dibromo-7-tetradecylidene-3,11-dithiatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraene (150 mg), 4,7-bis-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (107 mg), and methyl trialkyl ammonium chloride (100 mg) are dissolved in toluene (5 ml). Palladium acetate (2 mg), tris(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (10 mg) and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (4 ml) were added to the obtained toluene solution, stirred at 100 degrees C for 5 hours, and phenyl boric acid (30 mg) was added. Sodium diethyldithio carbonate (1 g) and water (10 ml) were further added to the resultant mixture, and aqueous layer was removed. The resultant mixture was dried, washed using methanol to obtain polymeric compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (B) is electron donor or electron-accepting compound, preferably electron-accepting compound. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is chosen from 1,2-hexadecanediol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The surfactant is chosen from oleylamine and oleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal carbonate is chosen from calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The semiconductor layer comprises metal oxide chosen from titania, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, and titanium strontium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal ion is lithium ion, magnesium ion or zinc ion. Preferred Process: The halogen terminal fluorine-containing sulfonyl chloride is reacted with liquid ammonium to generate the halogen terminal fluorine-containing sulfamide under the nitrogen protection, and is treated with alkali to separate out sodium salt of halogen terminal fluorine-containing sulfimide. The sodium salt is converted to sodium sulfinate salt and chlorinated to obtain fluorine-containing monomer containing sulfonyl chloride and sulfamide double-terminal activity. The reaction is carried out by one-boiler method to generate ammonium salt of halogen terminal fluorine-containing sulfamide. The film forming method is casting method, calendering method, rotary coating method, spray coating method, mesh reinforcing method, gel compounding method, solution casting method or melt extruding method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing anion is of formula: -(SO2N-SO2Rf)n-. The organic molecule is alkyl substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, preferably 2-methyl pyrroline, 1-methyl pyrazole, 1-methyl imidazole or 1-ethyl imidazole.Rf = -(CF2CF2)nOCF2CF2- or -CnF2n-; andn=1-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The heterocyclic ring-containing compound (I) is obtained from aromatic compound of formula: (Ar)n-Q-B(OR)2, bromine-containing compound of formula (1) and hydroxyl-containing compound of formula (2). Preferred Layer: The organic layer is hole implant layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron injection layer and/or electron transport layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 87 Heterocyclic ring-containing compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 3'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,21'-pentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosan)-2',4',6',8',10',12',17',19'-octaene of formula (Ia), 2,7-diphenyl-3'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,21'-pentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosan)-2',4',6',8',10',12',17',19'-octaene, 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-3'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,21'-pentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosan)-2',4',6',8',10',12',17',19'-octaene, 2-(4-phenylcyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)-3'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,21'-pentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosan)-2',4',6',8',10',12',17',19'-octaene and 7-(4-(1-phenyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)cyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)-3'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,21'-pentacyclo(12.7.0.02,7.08,13.015,20)henicosan)-2',4',6',8',10',12',17',19'-octaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium source is titanyl sulfate, titanic sulfate and/or titanium tetrachloride; alkaline hydrolysis reaction liquid is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia water or ammonium bicarbonate; organic acid is oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid, adipic acid or acetic acid. The refractive index of the micro glass bead is 1.8-2.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The sintered compact further contains zirconium in addition to additional element. The ratio of number of atoms of zirconium with respect to total of number of atoms of all metallic elements in sintered compact is 0.5-8%. The indium(III) oxide-zinc oxide-gallium(III) oxide sintered compact with relative density of greater than or equal to 98% is of formula InxGayZnzOa.x/(x+y)=0.2-0.8;z/(x+y+z)=0.1-0.5; anda=(3 divide by 2)x+(3 divide by 2)y+z.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate includes glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano-pillar array includes TiO2 or ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate includes polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is formed as aluminum doped zinc oxide layer, and sputter deposited from zinc oxide-aluminum oxide ceramic target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The power adjusting device is a saturable reactor. Arc is produced from the electrode buried in the silica raw material and carbon material. The arc furnace is operated by setting the hearth electric power density of the arc furnace to 90 W/cm2 or more. The arc furnace is equipped with a transformer (30) whose capacity is 1.5 times or more of the operating power of the arc furnace.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ash content of carbon material is 1 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The polyethylene dioxythiophene has polymerization degree of 3 and 11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metal microparticles contain palladium, vanadium and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound has an aromatic ring, and is of formula (I). Two or more methyl microparticles are bonded through the organic compound. At least one portion of the ligand is converted into the organic compound by ligand substitution reaction with respect to the metal microparticles coupled with the ligand.X=carbon or silicon;Y'=single bond or group of formula (i or ii);R1=H, methyl, ethyl or phenyl;R2-R4=H, methyl or ethyl;n=1 or 2;andm=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer comprises pi -conjugated group electroconductive macromolecular component and a polyanion component. The polyanion component is polysulfone acidic radical. The binder consists of an amide-containing polymer of formula: -(-CH2-CX1(-OR1-OH)-)l-(-CH2-CX2(-COOR2-OH)-)m-(-CH2-CX3(-CONH-R3-OH)-)n-.X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;andl+m+m=50-100 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas permeable shell comprises a material consisting of porous alpha -alumina, coarse alpha -alumina base coated with finer layers of alpha -alumina and a top layer of gamma -alumina, porous synthetic silica membranes, perforated metal, microporous network polymers, vitreous silica glass membranes, microporous crystalline zeolites, microporous metal-organic frameworks with interconnected pores, templated ceramics, and/or microporous expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material. The solid-state hydride material is hydrogen rich material consisting of lithium aluminum hydrides (LiAlH4 and Li3AlH6) and/or aluminum hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The specific surface areas of silicon carbide particle are 1-400 m2/g. Preferred Process: The silicon oxide layer is generated by oxidizing after making silicon carbide particle carry metal particle in oxidative atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silica in silica membrane is 70 weight% or more. The base material contains glass, aluminum, magnesium, magnesium alloy and/or stainless steel. Preferred Properties: The silica has Brunauer-Emmet-Teller specific surface area of 50-700 m2/g. The silica membrane has thickness of 20-25000 nm. Preferred Process: The steel-curing process is carried out at 50-160 degrees C and pressure of 120-6500 hpa for 10-360 minutes. The method further involves removing alkali carbonate metal salt using water are slightly acidic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anti-reflectance material is a stable non-crystal composite oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The inorganic particles have average particle diameter of 1 nm-20 mu m. Preferred Composition: The main component is a compound semiconductor having chalcopyrite structure, which consists of Ib, IIIb and/or VIb group elements. The Ib group element is copper and/or silver. The IIIb group element is aluminum, gallium and/or indium. The VIb group element is sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating agent further contains inorganic solvent and/or organic solvent. The organic component contains an organic dispersing agent. The residual volume of organic component after pressurized heating process of coating layer is 100 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises displacing the metal to form free base porphine. The self-condensing step is carried out by microwave irradiation. The self-condensing step is carried out in a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating solvent in the presence of a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating base. Preferred Components: The metal salt is magnesium or zinc salt. The metal salt is a magnesium halide. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer comprising the organic material having the conjugated system has a face-on orientation in which a pi electron band of the organic material is oriented parallel to the basal plane or (0001) plane of the graphene. The layer comprising the organic material layer having the conjugated system comprises a self-assembled structure comprising the organic material having the conjugated system. The organic material having the conjugated system comprises a pi electron system delocalized along a polymeric backbone. The organic material having the conjugated system comprises at least one organic material comprising phthalocyanine, pentacene, oligothiophene, polythiophene or polyphenylene. The graphene has a sheet form comprising a surface having an area of equal to or greater than 1 square millimeter. The coating comprises spin coating, dip coating, spraying, printing or using a doctor bladed method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The conductor pattern has thickness of 0.5 mu m or more. Preferred Component: The cellulose-acetate alkylate is chosen from cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose-acetate-propionate butyrate. Preferred Process: The conductor pattern is formed by heat-processing electroconductive paste with water vapor, pressurizing electroconductive paste or pressing the electroconductive paste using the roll.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron acceptor is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition and a solvent are contained in an ink.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The polymeric compound has structural units chosen from formulae (A-1) to (E-1), preferably (A-2) to (E-2).Q1-Q9=S, O, Se, -NR30-, -CR31=CR32;R20-R25,R30-R32,R40-R49=H or substituent;or R20+R21,R40+R41 or R42+R43=cyclic structure;ring G-ring N=aromatic ring;andY1-Y4=N or =CH-. EXAMPLE - 4,7-Bis-(5,5-bis-(3,7-dimethyl-octyl)-5H-4-oxa-1,8-dithia-as-indacen-7 -yl)-5,6-difluoro-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole was brominated with N-bromosuccinimide (230 mg), and the brominated compound (191.3 mg) and methylene chloride (24 ml) were polymerized in presence of tris(dibenzylidene acetone)palladium (2.75 mg), tri(t-butyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate (3.48 mg) and potassium phosphate aqueous solution (0.8 g) to obtain high molecular compound with weight average molecular weight of 25000 and number average molecular weight of 10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No generation preparation given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 7,18-Bis(3-(dodecyloxy)propyl)-7,18-diazaheptacyclo(14.6.2.22,5.03,12.04,9.013,23.020,24)hexacosa-1(23),2,4,9,11,13,15,20(24),21,25-decaene-6,8,17,19-tetrone of formula (Ia) is disclosed as perylene tetracarboxydiimide derivative.    EXAMPLE - Perylene tetracarboxylic acid anhydride (in g) (3.92) and 3-(n-dodecyloxy)-n-propylamide (9.72) were dispersed in imidazole (40), stirred at 160 degrees C under nitrogen stream for 4 hours, cooled and filtered. The obtained filter cake was washed using methanol and dilute hydrochloric acid, to obtain 7,18-Bis(3-(dodecyloxy)propyl)-7,18-diazaheptacyclo(14.6.2.22,5.03,12.04,9.013,23.020,24)hexacosa-1(23),2,4,9,11,13,15,20(24),21,25-decaene-6,8,17,19-tetrone in yield of 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal complex is of formula: (L1-R1-Z1(-R2-L2)-R5-Z2(-R4-L4)-R3-L3)(M)(X)m(L)n (IV) or of formula (V). The metal ion is cerium ion.M=metal ion chosen from cerium, praseodymium, ytterbium and lutetium;X=counter ion;L=ligand having four coordination seats or less;m=0-4;n=0 or more;R15=bivalent group;andR16-R19=H or substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hetero aromatic ring is imidazole ring or condensed imidazole ring. The multidentate ligand is of formula: L1-R1-Z1(-R2-L2)-R5-Z2(-R4-L4)-R3-L3 (I), of formula (II) or (III).R1-R5=bivalent group or direct bond, preferably bivalent group of formula: -(A1)a-Q1-(A2-Q2)b-(A3)c-;Q1,Q2=bivalent hydrocarbyl or bivalent heterocyclyl group (both optionally substituted);A1-A3=-O-, -S-, -S(=O)2-, -N(-R100)-, -Si(-R101)(-R102)-, -P(-R103)(=O)-, -N(-R104)-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-N(-R105)-C(=O)-, -C(=O)- or -C(=O)-O-;Z1,Z2=nitrogen, phosphorus or trivalent group;L1-L8=coordination group of formula (i) or (ii) or H, where at least one of L1-L4 and at least one of L5-L8 are coordination group of formula (i) or (ii);R6,R11-R14=H or substituent;R7,R8=substituent;j=0-2;or R6+R7=ring;R100,R104,R105=optionally substituted hydrocarbyl;R101-R103=hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyloxy (both optionally substituted);a,c=0 or 1;b=0-10;k=0-3;andR9,R10=bivalent group.(i) When j is 2, R7+R7+C is ring; (ii) When k is 2, C+R8 is ring; and (iii) When k is 3, 4th position or 5th position R8+C is ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layers: The organic-semiconductor layer of the field effect transistor is provided on a hydrophilic film. The p-type semiconductor layer of the solar cell is provided on a hydrophilic film. The field effect transistor further has a gate electrode (2), a gate insulating film (3), a source electrode (4) and a drain electrode (5). The organic-semiconductor layer is provided on the gate insulating film. The organic-semiconductor layer of the solar cell contains p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material. The p-type semiconductor material contains compound (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Naphthalene-2,3-diamine and naphthalene-2,3-diol are reacted at 180 degrees C, to obtain 6,13-dihydro-6,13-diazapentacene. The obtained compound is reacted with sodium hydride and 1-bromohexane to obtain 6,13-dihexyl-6,13-dihydro-6,13-diazapentacene of formula (IA). Preferred Composition: The composition (a) and composition (b) preferably contain toluene. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=optionally substituted 6-20C aliphatic hydrocarbyl, preferably n-hexyl;and    R3-R14=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Dihydrodiazapentacene-containing compound is disclosed i.e. 6,13-dihexyl-6,13-dihydro-6,13-diazapentacene (IA).    EXAMPLE - Sodium hydride (in g) (0.13) was added to anhydrous dimethylformamide solution of 6,13-dihydro-6,13-diazapentacene (0.42) and maintained at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, 1-bromohexane (0.5) was added, stirred for 2 hours and solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted using methylene chloride, and recrystallized, to obtain 6,13-dihexyl-6,13-dihydro-6,13-diazapentacene (IA) (0.28) with yield of 41%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 60C fullerene derivative is of formula (I).L1,L2=single bond, bivalent coupling group chosen from alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene or silylene;andA,B'=substituent or optionally pigment mother nucleus with absorption maximum wavelength of 400-600 nm, preferably cyanine structure containing imidazole ring, pyrazolo triazole structure containing squaric acid structure.The organic photoelectric conversion element has bulk heterojunction layer (14) consisting of n-type-semiconductor material and p-type-semiconductor material. The bulk heterojunction layer is formed of solution process. The n-type-semiconductor material contains fullerene derivative and another fullerene derivative in the ratio of 50:50-95:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method is carried out in sealed environment connection with pressure container, channel and valve under protection of nitrogen, and completely resolving ozone of gas to form oxide. Preferred Parameter: The volume ratio of nitrogen with ozone to powdered aluminum is 5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The raw materials of spherical powdered aluminum are not less than 99.8% of aluminum, not greater than 0.08% of silicon, not greater than 0.1% of iron and 0.005-0.01% of gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The element of group I is copper or silver. The element of group III is indium, gallium or aluminum. The element of group VI is selenium, tellurium or sulfur. The light absorption layer contains copper-indium-gallium-selenium alloy (Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2) or copper-indium-gallium-selenium-sulfur alloy (Cu(InxGa1-x)(SeyS1-y)2), where x and y are 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by weighing oxides or salts of strontium, barium, calcium, molybdenum, ytterbium and lithium; fully milling the oxides or salts of the elements and mixing uniformly; sintering for 10-14 hours in air at 500-700 degrees C; cooling and milling; sintering for 10-14 hours in air at 800-1000 degrees C; cooling and milling uniformly using an agate mortar; finally, sintering for 20-28 hours in air at 1000-1200 degrees C; and cooling and milling uniformly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weak alkali is alkyl ammonium or betaine. The content of weak alkali in the aqueous solution is 0.1-10%. The content of surfactant in the aqueous solution is more than 0.1%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The surfactant is polydimethylsiloxane, polyether modified silicon oil, phosphate and/or high-grade alcohol-ether compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dopant is n-type dopant or p-type dopant. The n-type dopant is aluminum, gallium, silicon, carbon, indium and titanium. The p-type dopant is nitrogen, phosphorus or arsenic. The content of dopant and sulfur is 0.1-5 mol% and 0.1-10 mol%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The corresponding rare earth element fluoride is weighed as raw material, evenly mixed and ground, and anhydrous ethanol is added. The mixture is ground evenly, dried, and ammonium hydrofluoride (NH4HF2) is added. The mixture is burnt at 900-1300 degrees C, and naturally cooled to obtain the light conversion property material by high-temperature solid phase method. The rare earth element fluoride is dissolved in an acid, mixed magnetically. Ammonium fluoride solution is added to the obtained solution and magnetically stirred. The contents are hydro-thermally reacted at 140-160 degrees C, naturally cooled to room temperature, and centrifugally separated and dried to obtain the material by hydrothermal method. The material is further annealed at 400-600 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The rare earth element fluoride is dissolved in an, and mixed with ammonium fluoride or ammonium hydrofluoride, and magnetically stirred to obtain a white deposit. The deposit is ultrasonically washed, dried and burnt at 600-900 degrees C for 2-6 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the material by co-settling method. Preferred Property: The material is excited with ultraviolet light with wavelength of 340-400 nm, preferably 373 nm or 365 nm or infrared light with wavelength of 970-1064 nm or 1500-1600 nm, preferably 980 nm or 1453 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The germanium stripes have a form of rectangles, perpendicularly to the rectangles rectangular electrocontact platforms with width equal to the width of the germanium stripes are implemented, and the distances between the platforms exceed the width of the stripes more than in 10 times. Electrocontact platforms lie on lower surface of the stripes, between germanium and initial wafer. The electrocontact platforms lie on upper surface of the stripes. The single-crystalline germanium film is formed by deposition on the substrate and subsequent recrystallization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor metal chalcogenide material is selected from semiconductor metal oxides, semiconductor metal sulfides, semiconductor metal selenides, or semiconductor metal tellurides. The first and second substrate members are transparent substrate such as glass, quartz, fused silica, and others.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The laminating material is ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The narrow band semiconductor quantum dot is selected form the group containing cadmium sulfide (CdS), mercury sulfide (HgS), tin sulfide (SnS2), antimony sulfide (Sb2S3), cadmium selenide (CdSe), copper indium sulfide (CuInS2), copper indium selenide (CuInSe2), lead selenide (PbSe), lead sulfide (PbS), iron sulfide (FeS) and greigite (Fe3S4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The multi-component material comprises 25 atom% of copper, 20-35 atom% of indium, aluminum or gallium, 40-55 atom% of selenium and sulfur. The container is made of lined aluminum oxide ceramic, zirconium oxide ceramic or enamel or reaction autoclave.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The needed raw materials are copper, indium, aluminum or gallium. The container is aluminum oxide-lined ceramic, zirconia ceramic or enamel high pressure kettle or chemical reaction kettle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal small particles have particle size of 1 nm to 100 mu m. Preferred Composition: The metal lump is gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, rhodium, aluminum, zinc, cobalt, nickel, iron, indium and/or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent used during manufacture of metal small particles is water, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, linear hydrocarbon and/or fatty acid. A reducing agent chosen from lithium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, borane, hydrazine and/or potassium hydride is further added during manufacture of metal small particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound containing indium and sulfur is indium sulfide or indium-sulfur hydroxide. The lower electrode contains zinc oxide-type compound doped with aluminum. The compound semiconductor contains copper-indium-gallium selenide. The buffer layer has thickness of 50-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is graphite, fullerene, fullerene derivative and/or carbon derivatives. The metal oxide in metal oxide nanoparticles is n-type-semiconductor material chosen from titanium, niobium, zinc and tin. The organic photoelectric conversion element is manufactured using mixed solution of slurry containing metal oxide raw material and raw material of carbon material. The raw material of carbon material is saccharides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline metal salt and alkaline-earth metal salt consist of chloride or fluoride, bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline metal salt and alkaline-earth metal salt consist of acetate, oxalate and carbonate. The active layer contains fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution further contains p-type semiconductor material (B). The content of p-type semiconductor material (B) is 50 weight% or less with respect to 100 weight% of p-type semiconductor material (A). Preferred Property: The difference between the solubility parameter of the p-type semiconductor material (B) and the solvent is 2.8-6.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wavelength conversion layer contains inorganic fluorescent substance. Preferred Process: An ultraviolet absorption layer is formed between electrode (2) and wavelength conversion layer. A functional layer (3) is formed between active layer and electrode (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The getter layer contains alkoxide chosen from aluminum sec-butoxide and titanium isopropoxide. Preferred Process: The getter layer is formed by coating solution containing alkoxide and an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chalcogen compound semiconductor layer contains I-III-VI compound. The concentration of chalcogen element in the atmosphere is 1 ppm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metallic element is group element of I-B or III-B.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The buffer layer (4a) contains indium sulfate. The buffer layer (4b) contains zinc sulfide. The light absorption layer contains chalcopyrite-type material. Preferred Properties: The buffer layer (4a) and buffer layer (4b) have thickness of 10-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is ethanol or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the crucible main component and transparent-silica-glass layer is 5 mm or more and 0.5 mm or more, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition is amorphous-type glass composition. The mass ratio of boron oxide and alumina/zirconium oxide is 0.4-5. Preferred Properties: The powder form of the glass composition has D50 particle diameter of 0.3-2.5 mu m and maximum particle diameter of 10 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductor-forming composition further contains solvent and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises tin as an additive. The ratio of the number of tin atoms relative to the total number of atoms of all the metal elements contained in the sintered material is 0.01-0.2% and its relative density is 99.5% or less and bulk resistivity is 0.9 m Ohm.cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic semiconductor microparticles contain inorganic fluorescent substance, or oxide semiconductor or compound semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic active layer further contains an antioxidant, an electron donor and an electron-accepting compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multi-exciton generating agent contains compound including element chosen from copper, indium, gallium, selenium, sulfur, tellurium, zinc, and cadmium. The organic active layer further contains p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel piping (b) comprises SUS316L which is subjected to electrolytic polishing or chromium oxide-film passivation processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate side is coated with silane coupling agent such as alkoxysilane containing fluoroalkyl group or carbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coupling agent is alkoxy silane or alkoxy titanium, and has acryl group or methacryl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fibrous filler comprises cellulose fiber having average fiber diameter of 4-1000 nm. Hydroxyl groups in cellulose fiber are substituted by aldehyde group and/or carboxyl group. The composite complex composition further comprises a resin material. The resin material is a plastic resin and/or curable resin, preferably acrylic resin. The content of fibrous filler is 0.1-99.9 weight%. Preferred Properties: The ratio of weight decreasing rate (A) with respect to weight decreasing rate (B) is 0.9 or less. The composite complex has thermal expansion coefficient of -30 ppm/ degrees C to -50 ppm/ degrees C, and humidity expansion coefficient of less than 100 ppm/humidity%. Preferred Process: The cellulose fiber is obtained by oxidizing natural cellulose in presence of N-oxyl compound as oxidation catalyst. The thermal decomposition suppression process involves acetylating at least one portion of hydroxyl group in the cellulose molecule of cellulose fiber, or introducing hydrolyzate(s) of coupling agent and coupling agent with respect to cellulose fiber, or introducing antioxidant with respect to cellulose fiber process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The high-melting-point metal is molybdenum or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon black is 0.1-10 wt.%. Preferred Component: The carbon black is furnace black or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin comprises polyester and polyimide. Preferred Components: The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate, and their copolymers. The polyimide is polyetherimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The amount of carbon black in the film is 0.1-10 wt.%. The average primary particle diameter of the carbon black is 100 nm or less. The crystallinity degree of the film is 39% or more. Preferred Components: The carbon black is furnace black or acetylene black. The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liner of the primary containment structure is made of a material consisting of stainless steel, steel, iron alloy, nickel alloy, cobalt alloy and copper alloy. The protective shell is made of a material consisting of stainless steel, steel, an iron-based alloy, aluminum, aluminum-based alloy, nickel, nickel-base alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The liner of the primary containment structure is made of a material consisting of polyurethane, Kevlar (RTM: Para-aramid synthetic fiber), vinyl, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy-based paint, silicone-based sealant, ceramic tile, grout, or porcelain. The protective shell is made of a material consisting of Kevlar (RTM: Para-aramid synthetic fiber), polycarbonate, polyurethane, vinyl, polyvinyl chloride, carbon fiber, ceramic fiber, composite or multilayer structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The conductive paste comprises surfactant ( less than or equal to 10%). Preferred Definitions:    M1=Al, Ti, Zr, or Si;    R=alkyl oxide group (-O-CmHn), carbonyl group (-(C=O)-CmHn), carboxyl group (-O-(C=O)-CmHn), carbonyloxy group (-(C=O)O-CmHn), amido group (-(C=O)NH-CmHn), alkoxylene group (-O-CmHn-O-) or carboxylic ester group (-O-(C=O)-CmHn-O-);    m=1-6;    n=3-13;    Q'=N, O, P, S, vinyl group, aliphatic epoxy group, styryl group, methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, aliphatic amino group, chloropropyl group, aliphatic mercapto group, aliphatic sulfido group, isocyanato group, aliphatic ureido group, aliphatic carboxy group, aliphatic hydroxyl group, cyclohexyl group, phenyl group, aliphatic formyl group, acetyl group or benzoyl group.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises silicon, silicon carbide and/or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon black comprises primary particles having average size of 8-100 nm and particles having average size of 8-500 nm. The electrode has thickness of 50 microns or less, preferably 10 microns or less and density of 0.3-0.9 g/cm3. The carbon black has crushed oil adsorption number of 50-300 mL/100 g. Preferred Process: An element of group IA or its ion and/or element of group IIA or its ion is added to a reactor to etch carbon black, before quenching.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon black has attached at least one organic group comprising aromatic group or alkyl group, or electron donor group and/or electron acceptor group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The redistribution layers are made of nickel, nickel-vanadium and copper. The passivation layer formed over one of the redistribution layers is made of silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4) or silicon oxy-nitride (SiON).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The intermediate layers are made of indium, gallium, arsenic, aluminum, phosphorus, nitrogen and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate contains aluminum, silver, copper, tin, zinc, indium or iron. Preferred Composition: The silicon powder is P-type silicon powder containing boron or N-type silicon powder containing phosphorus or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Phenol and anthracene-9-carboaldehyde are reacted in the presence of non-reactive oxygen containing organic solvent and acidic catalyst to obtain the anthracene derivative. Preferred Definitions:    X,Y'=hydroxyphenyl.    EXAMPLE - (In g) phenol (112.8), anthracene-9-carboaldehyde (49.4) and methanol (11.3) were dissolved at 40 degrees C. Concentrated sulfuric acid (5.6) was added and the contents were further reacted. The reaction liquid was dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone (169.2) and washed with water. Xylene (169.2) was further added and reacted. The obtained precipitate was separated and dried to obtain 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-10-(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthracene (48.3) with yield of 53.3% and purity of 99.4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solution obtained by dilution process is diluted with organic solvent chosen from benzene, toluene or hexane. The solvent used during precipitation process is chosen from water, 2-propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol and/or 2-phenyl-ethanol. The crystals of phthalocyanine complex are crystals of beta -type phthalocyanine complex. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles are silica particles. The content of particles having average particle diameter of 50-250 nm in transparent resin sheet is 5-50 volume%. Preferred Properties: The standard deviation of particle size of primary particles is 100% or less of average particle diameter of primary particles. The total light transmittance of transparent composite sheet is 70% or more. The distance between the primary particles in the transparent composite sheet is 100-220 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A benzodiimidazole compound of formula (1) is reacted with a compound containing reactive residue of alkyl or aryl, of formula: X3-Y'-X4 (2) to obtain the polymer or oligomer having the repeating unit (I).X1-X4=Cl, Br, I, boron derivative, methine hydrogen, tin derivative, Grignard reagent, lithium or polymerizable group. Preferred Definitions:    Y'=benzene ring, fluorene ring or their substituted derivatives.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 1,2,4,5-tetraamino benzene hydrochloride (1.3), octal aldehyde methanol (2.34) and p-toluenesulfonic acid were reacted at 70 degrees C for 24 hours. The reaction solution was mixed with water and washed. The reaction solution was extracted with methanol and dried to obtain 2,6-diheptyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(1,2-d;4,5-d')diimidazole (0.25) with yield of 15%. The obtained compound (2.9), sodium acetate (3.6) and bromine (3.3) were reacted to obtain dibromo 2,6-diheptyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(1,2-d;4,5-d')diimidazole (2.1). The obtained derivative (0.0774), dimethylamino pyridine (5.5), spin-dried tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) and di-t-butyl dicarbonate (0.10) were reacted to obtain di-t-butyl dicarbonate substituted dibromo 2,6-diheptyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(1,2-d;4,5-d')diimidazole (0.064) with yield of 60%. The obtained derivative (0.632), deaerated toluene (16.6 ml), 9,9-dioctyl fluorene-2,7-di(propylene boronate) (0.495) and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium (30.7 mg) were polymerized to obtain polymer having benzodiimidazole unit (0.835) with yield of more than 99%. The obtained polymer had number average molecular weight of 1000, weight average molecular weight of 6700 and molecular weight distribution of 6.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): (Meth)acrylation of 10-(1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthyl) anthracene-9(10H)-one compound of formula (II) is carried out to obtain 10-(1,4-di(meth)acryloyloxy 2-naphthyl) anthracen-9(10H)-one compound (I). EXAMPLE - 9-Anthrone (in g) (3.88), 1,4-naphthoquinone (2.95) and toluenesulfonic acid (60 mg) were added to flask and toluene (14) was added and immersed in 105 degrees C oil bath. The solution was heated and precipitated crystal was separated by filtration. The solution was further filtered, separated and dried. 10-(1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthyl)anthracene-0(10H)-one (4.96) was obtained in the form of light yellow white color, and 1,4-naphthoquinone yield of 75 mol%. 10-(1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthyl) anthracen-9(10H)-one (52) was added to an agitator and 300-ml three-necked flask, 70 ml of acetone was added. Acryloyl chloride (5.4) was added, and flask containing slurry was soaked in ice water, and cooled. 10 ml of Acetone solution of triethylamine (5.05) was added and stirred. Acetone (20 ml) and water (40 ml) were added, vacuum concentration was carried out and 9,10-(1,4-diacryloyl oxy-2-naphthyl) anthracen-9(10H)-one (3.5) of pale yellowish-white color was obtained. The yield of raw material to 10-(1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthyl) anthracen-9(10H)-one was 75 mol%. A polymer with high refractive index was manufactured using the obtained compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ultrafine particle powder contains alumina, magnesium oxide, silica or cerium oxide. The promoter contains alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition (a) is thermoplastic resin composition containing (in parts weight) polypropylene resin (100), polyphenylene-ether resin (5-90) and chemical admixture (1-20), and has sea island structure including sea portion containing polypropylene resin, and island portion containing polyphenylene-ether resin. The chemical admixture is hydrogenated block copolymer including polymeric block (a1) having structural unit derived from vinyl aromatic compound, and polymeric block (a2) including structural unit derived from conjugated diene compound. The total amount of 1,2-vinyl bond and 3,4-vinyl bond is 40-90%. The resin composition (b) is polyethylene-type resin composition. Preferred Property: The particle size of the island portion is 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Process: The annealing of resin film (A) is performed at (TmA-50) degrees C to (TmA-2) degrees C. The annealing of laminate is performed at (TmB-30) degrees C to (TmB-2) degrees C. The thermocompression-bonding is performed at 120-140 degrees C. The cold-drawing process is performed at -20 degrees C to (TmB-60) degrees C. The hot stretching is performed at (TmB-60) degrees C to (TmB-2) degrees C. The method further includes heat-setting of hot-stretched laminate at (TmB-30) degrees C to (TmB-2) degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid solution preferably contains hydrofluoric acid (2.3% or 3.1%), nitric acid (21% or 20.3%), acetic acid (33% or 38%) and remainder of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Pt-W alloy is in nano grade. The grain size of the nano-grade Pt-W alloy is 1-10 nm. The metallic oxide is iridium oxide, titanium dioxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and tantalum oxide. The carbon is conductive carbon black, active carbon and/or nano pipe. The Pt alloy is chloroplatinic acid or potassium chloroplatinate. The W alloy is ammonium tungstate, ammonium paratungstate, tungstic acid, sodium tungstate and/or tungsten carbonyl. The dissolvent is ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Titanium dioxide precursor chosen from titanium VI isopropoxide and titanium VI isobutoxide is used in the manufacturing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silicon-containing alkoxide chosen from tetraethyl orthosilicate and monomethyl triethoxy silane is used for manufacturing the photoelectrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cutting material is silicon or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antimony tin oxide sol contains (in weight%) antimony tin oxide (3-15), distilled water (27-40) and alcohol (50-70). Preferred Property: The colloidal particles have diameter of 10-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid catalyst is p-toluene sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The deboronating material is chosen from hydrogen, oxygen, water, and nitrogen. The silicon is manufactured further using an inactive material chosen from argon or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc precursor is zinc nitrate hexahydrate or zinc acetate dihydrate. The aqueous solvent (I) is water. The aqueous solvent (II) is ammonia solution. The precipitating agent is sodium hydroxide. Preferred Process: Fabrication of zinc oxide thin film further involves using additive chosen from stabilizer, dispersant and aqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano metal carbon catalyst is palladium carbide, platinum carbide or silver carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further includes pyrolysis process performed using plasma containing gas chosen from helium and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is deionized water. The platinum precursor is platinum chloride, potassium tetrachloroplatinate, tetraammine platinum chloride, and/or chloroplatinic acid hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon base nanomaterial is carbon nanotube or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic compound is cobaltocene, tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane or copper hexadecafluoro phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The medium target material is made of zinc sulfide, silicon nitride or silicon. The phase varying target material is made of silver, indium, antimony, tellurium, germanium or germanium, antimony, tellurium or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating is processed through thermocouple, or microwave for 30 minutes. The hot-drying is processed in vacuum at 100 plus minus 10 degrees C. Preferred Components: The powder of SiO2 is a powder of SiO2 having a scale bigger than nanometers. The electro-catalyst precursor is chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6). The metal catalyst particles are platinum (Pt) catalyst particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous acid is nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and/or sulfuric acid. The concentration of aqueous acid is 5-60 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel plate further contains nitrogen (30-45 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon ingot is single crystal silicon ingot or polycrystal silicon ingot. The abrasive grain consists of silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing gas comprises ammonia gas and/or nitrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum precursor comprises trimethylaluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric coating comprises titanium oxide, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide material contains titanium dioxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, manganese oxide, tin dioxide, germanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, cupric oxide, and zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bottom electrode consists of indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-doped zinc oxide, molybdenum-doped zinc oxide, indium, gallium-codoped zinc oxide and/or graphene. The electrode consists of aluminum, gold, copper, platinum, silver, tungsten, nickel, zinc, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, cadmium, palladium, graphene and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second insulators consist of poly vinyl pyrrolidone, polystyrene, poly methyl methacrylate and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: Argon gas is introduced as inert gas in the flow volume of 5 l/minute. The crucible containing silica is used in the melting furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanowire is made of compound semiconductor materials (preferably III-V semiconductor material, more preferably aluminum). The p-doped and n-doped semiconductor region comprises compound semiconductor materials selected from gallium, phosphorus, indium, arsenic, or antimony and at least one of the regions comprises antimony-based compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroactive layer is a charge transport layer or a photoactive layer. The charge transport layer is a hole transport layer. The photoactive layer further comprises a host material and a photoactive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The polymer is a homopolymer. The polymer is of formula (IV) or (V), preferably dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene polymer of formula (5a), (4-(1,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalen-7-yl)-phenyl)-naphthalen-2-yl-phenyl-amine polymer of formula (6a), or dithia-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene polymer of formula (7a) (where n is not defined).Ar1 = aryl unit, preferably phenylene, naphthylene, biphenylene, binaphthylene, anthracenylene, fluorenylene, and/or diarylamine; anda, b = mole fractions such that a+b is 1. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. 3,6-diphenyl-1,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene of formula (Ia), 2,7-di-naphthalen-1-yl-3,6-diphenyl-1,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene, 2,7-bis-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-3,6-diphenyl-1,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene and 2,3,6,7-tetraphenyl-1,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron based alloy is iron-nickel type alloy. The mass ratio of nickel and iron in iron-nickel alloy is 0.05-0.4. The catalyst contains a complex containing metal or nickel-iron group alloy supported to oxide. The mixing rate of carbon dioxide in mixed gas is 1-70%, when catalyst is iron metal. The mixing rate of carbon dioxide in mixed gas is 1-30%, when catalyst is nickel metal. The mixing rate of carbon dioxide in mixed gas is 2-70%, when catalyst is iron-nickel based alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon contains ethylene, ethane, propane and/or acetylene, preferably ethylene. The volume ratio of ethylene and hydrogen is 1/4-4/1. The source gas contains carbon monoxide. The reaction temperature is 450-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating further comprises graphite. Preferred Components: The graphene sheets have a surface area of at least 300 (preferably at least 500) m2/g. The graphene sheets have a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of at least 25:1, preferably 75:1. The ratio by weight of graphite to graphene sheets is 10:95 to 95:5. The coating forms an electrical circuit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polyamide or acrylate polymer. The surface of the article comprises: paper or cardboard; or polymer. The polymer is poly(ethylene terephthalate), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, silicone, polystyrene, poly(lactic acid) or biaxially-oriented polypropylene. Preferred Method: The coating first applied to the substrate comprising a composition comprising at least one binder and no graphene sheets. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon nitride powder is 0.1-1 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of paste composition. The average particle size of silicon nitride powder is 10-100 nm. Preferred Component: The glass frit powder is chosen from silicon dioxide-lead oxide (SiO2-PbO), SiO2-PbO-boron oxide (B2O3), bismuth oxide powder (Bi2O3)-B2O3-SiO2 and PbO-BiO2-B2O3-SiO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic binder is chosen from butyl carbitol acetate, toluene, cellulose, solvent and their mixture. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon wafer is P type or N type monocrystalline silicon. The mixed gas of silane and ammonia is in the ratio of 1:5-1:1. The mixed gas of silane and nitrogen is in ratio of 1:5-1:1. Preferred Property: The resistance rate of silicon wafer is 0.2-10 ohm cm. The thickness of film is 50-300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method further involves depositing an antireflective layer on the surface of the substrate; depositing a conductive layer comprising at least one of Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, Cu, on the surface of the substrate; depositing the conductive layer on antireflective layer deposited on the surface of the substrate. The method further involves prior to applying the contact metallization, depositing a passivation layer comprising SiN and/or SiO; where applying the contact metallization comprises depositing a seed layer comprising Ni and/or Pd, to provide a seed grid defined by the openings of the grid mask.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The masking agent includes a copolymer comprises at least two immiscible polymeric block components which is separated into self assembled phases by heating. The copolymer is selected from polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA), polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI), polystyrene-block-polybutadiene (PS-b-PBD), polystyrene-block-polyvinylpyridine (PS-b-PVP), polystyrene-block-polyethyleneoxide (PS-b-PEO), polystyrene-block-polyethylene (PS-b-PE), polystyrene-b-polyorganosilicate (PS-b-POS), polystyrene-block-polyferrocenyldimethylsilane (PS-b-PFS), polyethyleneoxide-block-polyisoprene (PEO-b-PI), polyethyleneoxide-block-polybutadiene (PEO-b-PBD), polyethyleneoxide-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PEO-b-PMMA), polyethyleneoxide-block-polyethylethylene (PEO-b-PEE), polybutadiene-block-polyvinylpyridine (PBD-b-PVP), and polyisoprene-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PI-b-PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sodium doped first p layer is deposited at a lower temperature than the second p layer; and the sodium doped first p layer contains a lower copper to indium and gallium ratio than the second p layer. Preferred Components: The wire core comprises a copper indium gallium alloy comprising the sodium compound, and the sputtering target comprises an alloy (95-99.9 wt.%) of copper, indium and gallium, which includes the sodium compound (0.1-5 wt.%), where the sodium compound comprises a sodium halogen, transition metal or chalcogen salt, which is present as inclusion regions in the alloy. The sodium compound comprises one or more sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium molybdate, sodium selenide, sodium hydroxide, sodium oxide, sodium sulfate, sodium selenate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium tungstate, sodium titanate, sodium metavanadate or sodium orthovanadate. The target excludes non-trace amounts of selenium prior to being used in a sputtering apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The misfit rate of the zinc oxide structure is 48% or less as measured using a relationship given by, ((A-A0)/A0)x 100, where A is the lattice constant of a-axial direction of the substrate, and A0 is the lattice constant of a-axial direction of zinc oxide crystal deposited on the crystal plane. The zinc oxide crystal is needle-shaped or rod-shaped. Preferred Components: The crystal plane comprising metal-containing material contains zinc oxide, sapphire, or metal nitride, preferably gallium nitride formed by organometallic chemical vapor deposition method. The zinc oxide deposited on the crystal plane has wurtzite type crystal. The reaction solution contains zinc, or its salt, hydroxide or hydrate, and a complex agent. Preferred Method: The precipitated zinc oxide crystal is separated by cutting from the root of the crystal, or by dissolving from the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate and the conductive pattern are immersed in an etchant solution comprising hydrofluoric acid and an oxidant having hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The stamp comprises silver sulfide (Ag2S).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred: The material is selected from noble metals and alloys. Pores (90%) in the material are interconnected. Dispersion comprises (in wt.%) water (50-97), nanoparticles (1-50) and surfactant (0.06-10). The nanoparticles (41,42) are chosen from noble metals, semi-noble metals, salt materials and their alloys. The surfactant is chosen from amphiphilic tenside group, polymers-functional group and thiol-functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxyl group-containing monomeric unit is maleic acid mono n-butyl unit. The component (b2) is 2,2-bis(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl) propane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The component (b1) and component (b2) are mixed at temperature above the melting point of component (b2). Preferred Composition: The component (A) contains 10-60 weight% of ( alpha ),( beta )-ethylenic unsaturated nitrile monomeric unit, 0.1-20 weight% of carboxyl group-containing monomeric unit and 20-89.9 weight% of saturated conjugated-diene monomeric unit and conjugated diene monomeric unit. The component (b1) contains 10-60 weight% of ( alpha ),( beta )-ethylenic unsaturated nitrile monomeric unit and 40-90 weight% of saturated conjugated-diene monomeric unit and conjugated diene monomeric unit. The content of component (B) is 0.1-40 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of component (A). The weight ratio of component (b1) and component (b2) is 20:80-90:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanowires comprises vanadium or semiconductor. The metallic nanoparticles comprise gold. The metallic nanoparticles comprise silver, copper, or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The conductive-carbon compound is processed with fuming sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The aryl group is phenyl group. The proton exchange group is sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass plate has average thermal expansion coefficient of 85x 10-7/ degrees C or less, glass transition point temperature of 560 degrees C or more, and ( beta )-hydroxyl value is 0.2-0.5 mm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first heat treatment is performed at 200-300 degrees C. The second heat treatment is performed at 180-250 degrees C. In the step (b): the palladium precursor and the second metal precursor are added into the solution in sequence; the reduction reaction of the palladium precursor and the second metal precursor are performed at 150-300 degrees C; and the pH value of the solution is adjusted to 6-12. Preferred Components: The catalyst carrier is a carbon nanotube or a carbon black. The palladium precursor is palladium salts, palladium hydrates or palladium chloride. The second metal precursor is metal salts, metal hydrates or metal chlorides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing gas is a mixture of hydrogen gas and argon gas. The ratio of the hydrogen gas to the reducing gas is 1-10 mol.%. The reducing agent is polyol solvent, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or butylene glycol. EXAMPLE - Multi-wall carbon nanotubes were dispersed in ethylene glycol to form a solution. The solution was heated up to 170 degrees C. Palladium chloride was added to the heated solution, followed by stirring for 20 minutes. Then, aurochlorohydric acid was added and the pH value was adjusted to 8 by using potassium hydroxide, followed by stirring for 20 minutes, and then powder (multi-wall carbon nanotubes with palladium and gold deposited on it) was collected. Subsequently, in the presence of argon protection gas, the multi-wall carbon nanotubes with palladium and gold deposited were subjected to a first heat treatment at 250 degrees C for 90 minutes. Then, a second heat treatment was performed in the presence of hydrogen gas/argon mixture, at 200 degrees C for 60 minutes, such that a metal solid solution was formed from palladium and gold on the surface of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes to give a catalyst composition (i.e. palladium-gold/multi-wall carbon nanotubes).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first conductivity is n-type and the second species of dopants is boron, aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium. The surface passivation layer comprises an oxide. The emitter is n-type and the second species is silicon, carbon, helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and/or hydrogen. The emitter is p-type and the second species is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or nitrogen. The second species is sodium, lithium, calcium, potassium, group 1A element, and/or group 2A element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The porous organometallic complex has specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more, measured by BET method. Preferred Ion: The metal ion is chosen from magnesium, calcium, aluminum, titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. Preferred Method: Water content of gas is removed, and then introduced into container. The desiccant is chosen from silica gel, molecular sieve, calcium chloride and diphosphorus pentoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dicarboxylic acid compound is aromatic dicarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (A) is bis(acetoacetanato)palladium. The compound (B) is triphenyl carbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. The compound (C) is tricyclohexyl phosphine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of number average molecular weight with respect to weight average molecular weight of cyclic olefin addition polymer is 1-4. The cyclic olefin addition polymer has glass transition temperature of 200-400 degrees C. The oxygen permeability coefficient of cyclic olefin addition polymer cast film is more than 40 barrer, measured by differential pressure method. The solubility of cyclic olefin addition polymer is more than 10 %mass with respect to isododecane, methyl tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, or decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl;    i=0;    s=0 or 1;and    A1-A4=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type semiconductor is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon B is aromatic hydrocarbon containing secondary alkyl group or tertiary alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The conductive fiber is silver nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive high molecular compound further contains thiophene compound as structural unit of formula (II).A=1-4C alkylene group which may have a substituent; andQ=O or S. Preferred Definitions:    R1=SO3M;    R2,R3=H; and    M=H or Na.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier film further has hard coat layer (13,14) containing ultraviolet ray-curable acrylic resin and having surface hardness of more than HB on both surfaces of film sheet and transparent electrode having surface resistance of 500 Omega /square or less on the hard coat layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogen-containing solvent is fluorine-containing solvent, preferably fluorine-containing alcohol. The non-halogen solvent is alcohol solvent, preferably 4-9C alcohol. Preferred Layer: The difference of solubility parameter of solvent used for photoelectric conversion layer, and solvent used for electric charge transport layer is 1.6-4. The material used for electric charge transport layer is nitrogen-containing compound of formula (I or II).Z1=optionally substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic 6-membered ring;Z2=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring;R'=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and/or heteroaryl;R1,R2=H, 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C haloalkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 3-14C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 3-14 membered cyclo heteroalkyl, or 5-14 membered heteroaryl;andR3-R6=H, halo, -CN, -NO2, -N+(Rb)3, -S(O)2Rb, -S(O)2ORb, -CORb, -COORb, -(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH, 1-20C haloalkyl, 3-14C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 3-14 membered cyclo heteroalkyl and 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photoelectric conversion element has inorganic ultraviolet absorber that is made of zinc or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The microporous film has shutdown temperature of 100-150 degrees C and porosity of 20-70%. The island portion has particle size of 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin further contains 1-20 %mass of chemical admixture. The chemical admixture is hydrogenated block copolymer obtained by hydrogenating block copolymer having polymeric block (A) having vinyl aromatic compound as main constituent and polymeric block (B) having conjugated diene compound as main constituent. The total amount of 1,2-vinyl bond and 3,4-vinyl bond is 5-55%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. EXAMPLE - Toluene solution of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidin-1-oxy-4-yl acetoacetate (in mg) (500), trimethylol propane triacrylate (385) and 1,8-diazobicyclo (5.4.0) undeca-7-en (9) were stirred at room temperature, heated at 80 degrees C or more, reacted for 2 hours, cooled, filtered and dried, to obtain poly radical component of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Compound (A) has methylene group or amino group coupled with two electron-attractive groups. The methylene group is coupled with electron-attractive groups chosen from acetoacetate group, malonate group, beta -diketone group, and beta -cyanoacetate group. The radical portion is nitroxide group, aminium group, phenoxy group, and/or galvinoxy group. The nitroxide group is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxy group, 4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-1-oxy-3-oxide group, or 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-1-oxy group. The radical portion is preferably triphenyl aminium radical of formula (I).R1,R2=1-3C alkyl or alkoxy.Compound (B) has two or more (meth)acryloyl groups. Preferably, compound (B) is trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, and/or 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate. The catalyst is ammonia in which hydrogen atom(s) is substituted by alkyl or aryl (with carbon atom(s) being optionally substituted by nitrogen atom, and alkyl or aryl coupling to form ring structure), and/or trialkylphosphine. The catalyst is tertiary amine, imidazole compound, diazabicyclo compound, and/or trialkylphosphine having 5-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group. Preferably, the catalyst is tetramethylguanidine, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undeca-7-ene, or 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)nona-5-ene. EXAMPLE - In toluene solution of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl acetoacetate (in mg) (500) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (385), toluene solution of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undeca-7-ene (9) was added in 10 minutes and stirred at room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was heated to 80 degrees C and reaction was continued for 2 hours. After cooling, the precipitate was filtered and dried, to obtain a polyradical compound (840) of formula (II) with a yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal of metal nanoparticle is gold, silver, copper or nickel. Preferred Property: The number average particle diameter of primary particle of metal nanoparticles is less than 50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyalkylene oxide group of organic compound has 2-4C alkylene portion. The mole number of polyalkylene oxide group is 2-30. The organic compound has double bond(s), and alkoxy polyoxyethylene glycol maleate as main structure. The polar solvent is diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon carrier is carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, or carbon mesopore. Preferred Property: The size of platinum particles is 1-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gel electrolyte is added between an optical anode dye titanium film and a platinum electrode when it is hot, heated and vacuumized to completely permeate in the titanium film, and packed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ARC layer comprises a silicon nitride material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary conductive layer conductive layer is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) comprising one or more of zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin-oxide, indium zinc oxide, tin antimony oxide, and zinc gallium aluminum oxide or one or more of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, and/or tin oxide or cadmium sulfide (CdS) and the secondary layer has cadmium telluride (CdTe). A tertiary layer comprises zinc oxide and/or zinc aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of silicon. The passivation layer is made of silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride. The AR layer is made of silicon carbon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of thin film is 20-1000 nm. Preferred Composition: The sintered compact target further contains element(s) chosen for gallium, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, tin and niobium. The composition used for forming thin film is same as that of target used as base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanowire is made up of indium, silver, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The activation treatment is conducted at a temperature of 350-450 degrees C. The inert gas is added to the mixture, where the partial pressure of the inert gas is 104 and 0 Pa (100 and 0 mbar), to reach a total mixture pressure of 5x 104 Pa (500 mbar). Preferred Components: The chlorinated hydrocarbon is selected from 33 compounds as given in table 1 of the specification, e.g. dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane. The chlorinated hydrocarbon is selected from CnH2n+2-mClm or Cn'H2n'-mClm. The chlorinated hydrocarbon is 1-chlorobutane, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene or dichloromethane. The hydrofluorocarbon is selected from 11 compounds given in table 2 of the specification, e.g. trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The hydrofluorocarbon is trifluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane or 1,1-difluoroethane. The two compounds are present in the mixture with the following partial pressure of: chlorinated hydrocarbon (50- 2000 Pa), and hydrofluorocarbon (1x 104 to 5x 104 Pa). The partial pressure ratio is preferably 200 Pa/2x 104 Pa, when a mixture of 1-chlorobutane and 1,1-difluoroethane is used.n= less than or equal to 17;m=1-4;n'= less than or equal to 15. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surrogate substrate is made of silicon aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the quaternary ammonium hydroxide to the alkali metal hydroxide is 2:1-1:2 (preferably 1:1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mid-range alkoxylates are ether compounds of formula (R1-O-((CH2CH(R2)-O)x(CH2CH2O)y)z-H) or (R1-O-((CH2CH(R2)-O)x(CH2CH2O)y)-H).x = 0-11, provided that, in at least one occurrence, x is greater than 0;y = 0-20, provided that, in at least one occurrence, y is greater than 0;z = 1-50;R1 = 6-10C alcohol; andR2 = -CH3 or -CH2CH3.Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises one or more chelating agents. The pH of the aqueous alkaline cleaning and micro-etching composition is 11 or greater. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal layer is made of material selected from silver, aluminum (preferably), copper, chromium, zinc, molybdenum, calcium, titanium, tin, and/or nickel. The transparent conductive oxide is made of material selected from zinc oxide (preferably), aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, antimony tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, indium tin oxide and/or barium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wind turbine comprises material, particularly aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst system (S1) further comprises ruthenium and/or cerium. The catalyst material comprises nickel (preferably Ni-Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ)). The reactant is a fuel for a fuel cell and the catalyst system is contained in an electrode of the fuel cell; or the reactant is a hydrocarbon and the catalyst system is contained in a hydrocarbon reformation device. The hydrocarbon reformation device is a hydrogen generator. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polycrystalline zinc oxide comprises at least one of aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, chromium, cadmium, silver, sodium, lithium and boron. The semiconductor layer comprises at least one of intrinsic semiconductors comprising a group IV semiconductor, a group III-V compound semiconductor, a group II-VI compound semiconductor and a chalcopyrite-type compound semiconductor. The etching solution comprises nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water that are mixed at a ratio of 1:X:Y1:Z, where X is 100-200, Y1 is 5-20, and Z is 100-200.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The weak acid is mixed in the etching solution at a mixture ratio of 20-80%. The nitric acid is mixed in the etching solution at a mixture ratio of 0.01-5%. The hydrogen peroxide is mixed in the etching solution at a mixture ratio of 0.1-30%. The forming of the semiconductor layer comprises: forming a p-type semiconductor layer on the polycrystalline zinc oxide film; forming an intrinsic semiconductor layer on the p-type semiconductor layer; and forming an n-type semiconductor layer on the intrinsic semiconductor layer. Preferred Components: The etching solution further comprises weak acid. The weak acid comprises at least one of acetic acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid and formic acid. The etching solution further comprises alcohol. The alcohol comprises at least one of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, where the alcohol is mixed in the etching solution at a mixture ratio of 0.1-30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The front or back TCO layer is made of zinc oxide-based material. The primary light absorbing layer is made of I-III-VI compound, which comprises copper-indium-gallium-selenium, copper-gallium-selenium, copper-gallium-selenium, or silver-indium-gallium-selenium. It is made of amorphous silicon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal thin film layer is made of silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic component comprises p-type amorphous silicon layer, intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, and n-type amorphous silicon layer. The solar cell device further comprises infrared filter layer disposed between the transparent conductive layer and transparent layer. The infrared filter layer comprises fluorine and aluminum-co-doped zinc oxides, which have fluorine doping concentration of 0.1-2.0 at.% and aluminum doping concentration of 1-5 at.%; or lithium and fluorine-co-doped tin oxides, which have lithium doping concentration of 1.5-3.5 at.% and fluorine doping concentration of 0.5-3.5 at.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrode layer comprises molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises CoTMMP (3-15 (preferably 7) wt.%), silver (3-20 (preferably 7) wt.%), tungsten carbide (88%) (WC)/cobalt (12%) (Co) (0-20 (preferably 3.5) wt.%), manganese dioxide (MnO2) (0-4 (preferably 2) wt.%), carbon (50-80 (preferably 73) wt.%), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (3-20 (preferably 6) wt.%) and perfluorosulfonic acid material (3-20 (preferably 5) wt.%). The composition further comprises: hydrophilic bonding agent and hydrophobic bonding agent, where the hydrophilic bonding agent is a perfluorosulfonic acid material (3-20 wt.%), and the hydrophobic bonding agent is PTFE (3-20 wt.%); MnO2, and/or WC/Co. Preferred Components: The catalyst support comprises nickel foam or mesh. The MPL comprises carbon (70 wt.%) and PTFE (30 wt.%), where the carbon is carbon black. Preferred Method: In step (a), MPL is formed by dispersing carbon and PTFE in a mixture of isopropanol and water. The method comprises: cold pressing the catalyst support with the wet MPL, and following step dissolving the catalytically active material in a solvent to form a solution, dispersing carbon in the solution and heat treating the dispersion to form a catalytic ink, spraying the catalytic ink on MPL, and hot pressing the catalyst support, MPL and the catalytic ink to form the air cathode. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass frit has a softening point of 400-600 degrees C. The glass frit comprises (mol.%) bismuth oxide (20-30), alumina (5-15), silica (25-35), strontium oxide (1-10), and boron trioxide (20-40).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The paste further comprises glass frit and an organic vehicle solution. The aluminum paste comprises (wt.%) aluminum powder (65-75 ), glass frit (0.01-5), and organic vehicle solution (20-34.9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer substrate is selected from the group consisting of fluoropolymer resin, polyester, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyimide, and polycarbonate. The polymer substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is selected from zinc oxide, gallium oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, lead oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating agent containing element of group IB, element of group IIIB and element of group VIB comprises compounded particles containing element of group IB, element of group IIIB and element of group VIB. The coating agent further contains antimony. Preferred Process: A spacer (13,23,33) containing metal, glass and/or ceramic is provided between substrates, during manufacture of compound semiconductor thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Element: The element of group IB is copper and/or silver. The element of group IIIB is indium, gallium and/or aluminum. The element of group VIB is sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The network structure of the fine metal wire in the transparent conductive layer contains at least one metal nanowire. The transparent conductive film is laminated in the order of transparent barrier layer, transparent resin layer and transparent conductive layer on the transparent film base material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The pillars include an attractant that is sensitive to a specific substance or attractant that is provided by an antibody for attracting an antigen. The attractant may be provided by an oxide for attracting a gaseous molecular, or provided by a DNA sequence for attracting a certain DNA sequence.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pillars are formed of silicon. The array of nanowire pillars is fabricated by providing using silicon/silicon dioxide/silicon wafer, etching the top silicon layer to form the nanowire pillars and etching to remove a portion of the bottom silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is 1-5C alcohol. The 1-5C alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol or bio-ethanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The amount of insoluble infusible substrate (A) having pores with size of 20 Angstrom or less, is 0.05 cc/g or less. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode further non-fibrous electroconductive material. The content of fibrous electroconductive material is 2-13 weight%. The total content of fibrous electroconductive material and non-fibrous electroconductive material is 7-20 weight%. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of active material is 7 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (k2) are (a1) fullerene or its derivatives, preferably C60 fullerene (preferred), (b1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or its derivatives, preferably naphthalene or its derivatives, rylene, preferably perylene, terrylene or quaterrylene, or their derivatives, acene, preferably anthracene, tetracene, preferably rubrene, pentacene or their derivatives, pyrene or its derivatives, coronene or hexabenzocoronene or their derivatives, (c1) quinone, quinone-dimethane, quinone-diimine or their derivatives, (d1) phthalocyanine, subphthalocyanine or their derivatives, (e1) porphyrin, tetraazaporphyrin, tetrabenzoporphyrin or their derivatives, (f1) thiophene, oligo-thiophene, condensed/fused thiophene, such as thienothiophene or thienothiophene, or their derivatives, (g1) thiadiazole or their derivatives, (h1) carbazole, triarylamine or their derivatives, (i1) indanthrone, violanthrone, flavanthrone or their derivatives, (j1) fulvalene, tetrathiafulvalene, tetraselenafulvalene or their derivatives, or (k) diketopyrrolopyrrole or their derivatives. The amount of the components (k1) and (k2) is 10-90 (preferably 20-80) mass-% and 90-10 (preferably 80-20) mass-%, respectively. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The conductive film has resistance of 10 Omega /square or less, central line average roughness of 1 nm or less and transmittance of 80% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium dioxide has a nanoparticle size of at least 10 nm. The titanium has a nanoparticle size selected to provide activation energy of 5-50 kJ per mole of the lignin residue. The titanium dioxide nanocatalyst is immobilized on a support material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lignin residue is phenol, syringol and guaiacol. The lignin residue is present in an aqueous waste stream. The waste stream is a recalcitrant efficient stream rich in lignin model compounds. The oxidizing agent is dissolved oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and ozone. The aqueous solution has a pH of less than 7. Preferred Process: The process carried out in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The pH is 1-3. The process is a batch process and a semi-continuous mode. EXAMPLE - Phenol solution (40 mg/l) was exposed to monochromatic UV radiation of 300 nm wavelength in the presence of 10 nm titanium dioxide particles of concentration 1 gram per liter in an aqueous solution containing 31 mg/l dissolved oxygen at a reaction temperature of 50 degrees C for 60-90 minutes. The analysis of the liquid extracts from the reaction mixture by a high performance liquid chromatography to obtain at least one formic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid or maleic acid on comparison with standards made from pure compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The microporous film has thermal contraction rate of preferably 0-10% along machine direction at 140 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The microporous film is formed using thermoplastic resin composition containing 100 parts mass of polypropylene resin and 5-90 parts mass of polyphenylene ether resin. The film further contains chemical admixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin composition further contains chemical admixture whose content is 1-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polypropylene resin. The chemical admixture contains hydrogenated block copolymer which is obtained by adding hydrogen to polymeric block containing vinyl aromatic compound as main component and/or polymeric block containing conjugated diene compound as main component. The total content of 1,2-vinyl bonds and 3,4-vinyl bonds of conjugated diene compound is 40-90%. The resin composition (a) is polypropylene resin composition. The resin composition (b) is polyethylene-type resin composition. Preferred Property: The particle size of island portion of microporous layer (C) is 0.01-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic molecule is an ammonium salt, preferably alkylol ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid. The carbonaceous filler comprises graphene sheets and graphite. The weight ratio of graphite to graphene sheets is 10:90-98:2. The graphene sheets have a surface area of at least 300 m2/g, preferably at least 400 m2/g, and have a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of at least 25:1, preferably at least 75:1. The substrate is poly(ethylene terephthalate), indium tin oxide coated poly(ethylene terephthalate), silicone, paper, cardboard, metal or poly(lactic acid).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises a liquid dispersant. (I) has an electrical conductivity of at least 10 S/cm or 102 S/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer binder comprises a polyamide, and a polyamide copolymer having a melting point of below 150 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: graphene sheets having a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of approximately 96:1; 230 graphite; and BYK-ES80 (RTM: Alkylolammonium salt of an unsaturated acidic carboxylic acid ester).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aliphatic and/or alicyclic tetracarboxylic dianhydride is a compound (a) having 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure and crosslinking ring structure which forms acid anhydride structure, and does not contain 6-membered ring acid anhydride, compound (b) having 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure and 6-membered ring acid anhydride structure, and its reactive derivative, and/or compound (c) having 6-membered ring acid anhydride structure, and does not contain 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure. The molar ratio of components (A) and (B) is 0.95:1-1.05:1. The polyimide-type material further contains solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active layer contains benzoporphyrin compound of formula (II) or (III) as electron donor formed by thermal conversion from a soluble precursor of formula (IV) or (V).Z 1a-Z 4a,Z 1b-Z 4b=H, halo, OH or monovalent organic group;Z 1a+Z 1b,Z 2a+Z 2b,Z 3a+Z 3b,Z 4a+Z 4b=ring;R 9-R 12=H, halo, OH or monovalent organic group;M=bivalent metal atom or atom group containing metal and another metal more than trivalent;andY 1-Y 4=monovalent atom or atom group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The element of group IB is copper. The elements of group IIIB are indium and gallium. The element of group VIB is selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste further contains 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, ethylene glycol or glycerol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The sugar compound is derived from starch. The sugar compound is powder starch syrup or maltodextrin having DE value of 5-60. The sugar compound is water-soluble dietary fiber. The amount of sugar compound is 2-40 %mass with respect to solid content of metal colloid liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Dipyrromethane, sodium nitrite and metal complex are reacted to produce diazabicyclo porphyrin compound. Preferred Definitions:    R 5,R 6=H.    EXAMPLE - Dipyrromethane (in g) (4.48) and ethylene glycol solution (100 ml) of sodium hydroxide were added to a reaction container, and heated at 175 degrees C in argon atmosphere for 1 hour. The reaction solution was cooled, and organic layer was washed with water and salt solution. The washed product was dried to produce dipyrromethane. The obtained compound (0.91) and dichloromethane solution of bis(acetylacetonato)copper (0.2) were mixed. Acetic acid (1.02) and sodium nitrite aqueous solution (0.21) were added and stirred. The resultant material was washed with water and salt solution, and dried to produce diazabicyclo porphyrin copper complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains tackifying resin, polyphenylene ether resin and filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aliphatic and/or alicyclic tetracarboxylic dianhydride (A-2) is chosen from compound (a-1) having 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure and does not having 6-membered ring acid anhydride structure and crosslinking ring structure, compound (a-2) having 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure and crosslinking ring structure, and does not having 6-membered ring acid anhydride structure, compound (a-3) having 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure and 6-membered ring acid anhydride structure, and compound (a-4) having 6-membered ring acid anhydride structure and does not having 5-membered ring acid anhydride structure. The aromatic imino formation compound is of formula (III).X=-NH2, -N=C=O or -NHSi(R25)(R26)(R27);Y'=single bond, -CH2-, -O-, -S- or -C(CH3)2-;Z=single bond, -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -C(CH3)2-, -C=O, -SO2-;R1'-R16'=H, alkyl, vinyl, aryl or halo;andR25-R27=1-5C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of dianhydride compounds (A-1) and (A-2) is 0.1-10. The molar ratio of compounds (A,B) is 1:0.95-1:1.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles are layered organosilicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamic-acid solution contains polyamic acid, ortho-ester compound and organic solvent, and further contains inorganic particles dispersed in organic solvent. The polyimide is molded in the form of film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The composite dispersion liquid further contains a silane coupling agent chosen from aminosilane, isocyanate silane, epoxy silane, and ureido silane. The tetracarboxylic dianhydride is aliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The diamine compound is aromatic diamine. 0.1-100 Parts mass, preferably 11-100 parts mass, of organized phyllosilicate is added with respect to 100 parts mass of dianhydride and diamine compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The composite dispersion liquid is molded into a film and then imidated by heating, to obtain a polyimide type composite film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises: synthesizing a backbone, which carries a reactive leaving group instead of the group R; and introducing the group R, preferably by a coupling reaction. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 175 Compounds (A) are disclosed e.g. 2,5-bis(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-7,7,11,11-tetramethyl-7H,11H-benz(1,8)indolo(2,3,4,5,6-de)acridine of formula (Aa), 8-(4,6-diphenyl-pyrimidin-5-yl)-8H-8,12b-diaza-benzo(a)aceanthrylene, 8-(4,6-diphenyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-8H-8,12b-diaza-benzo(a)aceanthrylene, 8-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-10-phenyl-8H-8,12b-diaza-benzo(a)aceanthrylene and 6-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-8-phenyl-8H-8,12b-diaza-benzo(a)aceanthrylene.    EXAMPLE - 7,7,11,11-Tetramethyl-7H,11H-benz(1,8)indolo(2,3,4,5,6-de)acridin-2,5-bisboronic acid (55 mmole), 2-chloro-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (110 mmole) and tripotassium phosphate (210 mmole) were suspended in toluene (500 ml), dioxane (500 ml) and water (500 ml). The obtained suspension was added with tri-o-tolylphosphine (3 mmole) and palladium(II) acetate (0.5 mmole), and the reaction mixture was heated for 16 hours under reflux. After cooling, the organic phase was separated, filtered, washed thrice with water (200 ml) and then evaporated to dryness, and purified to obtain 2,5-bis(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-7,7,11,11-tetramethyl-7H,11H-benz(1,8)indolo(2,3,4,5,6-de)acridine with a yield of 30 g (38 mmole) and with a purity of 99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali is chosen from lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The content of pair of metal solids is 1-10 parts weight with respect to 1 part weight of any one metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The islands of nanoparticles comprise gold, silver, cobalt, yttrium, lanthanum, tantalum, palladium, copper, iron, titanium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum or platinum. The core of nanoparticles comprises: silica or titania; or metal oxides in their reduced state. The nanoparticles of the isolated nanoparticles or islands of nanoparticles comprise: a metal alloy comprising at least two of gold, silver, cobalt, cerium, gadolinium, yttrium, lanthanum, tantalum, palladium, copper, iron, titanium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum and platinum; a metal compound comprising at least two of silicon, titanium, carbon and nitrogen; or a metal oxide comprising at least two of lanthanum, manganese, cerium, gadolinium, strontium, magnesium, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, tantalum and aluminum. The core comprises a first element, and the nanoparticle of the isolated nanoparticles and the islands of nanoparticles comprises a second element and a third element. Preferred Method: The method further comprises collecting the nanoparticles-on-nanoparticles into a liquid or onto a surface. The aerosolized powders of the first composition and the micrometer-sized particles of the second composition are ablated using a laser beam having a wavelength of 0.15-11 mu m, where an absorption depth of the laser beam is larger than a size of the nanoparticles of the first composition. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The condensed heterocyclic compound (I) is preferably of formula (II) or (III).X1-X8=optionally substituted carbon or nitrogen.Preferred Property: The condensed heterocyclic compound (I) has molecular weight of less than 3000. Preferred Definitions:    Q=oxygen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus has a sterile ion free water storing tank, electrode holders connected to isolated supporting structures, at least one pair of electrodes fastened in detachable way to the electrode holders, a rectifying device connected to one end of the electrode holders, a controlling and regulating unit connected to it and an electro-mechanic tool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is of formula (II) (when n=1) and (III, IV or V) (when n is 2 or more).R=group of formula (ii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of activated carbon and cobalt-nickel complex oxide is 60-70% and 30-40%, respectively. The content of hydrogen in hydrogen-rich gas is more than 90 volume%. The cobalt salt is cobaltous nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The impure silicon is boron-containing heavily-doped semiconductor waste material. The semiconductor waste material is a cutting mixture obtained during cutting of semiconductor material. Preferred Process: The inert gas is filled into the furnace during heating to prevent silicon from oxidizing. The heating temperature is not less than boiling point of impure silicon such that the silicon is sublimated and impurity is not evaporated out. The heating method is an induction heating method and temperature is controlled using infrared temperature-sensing control induction heating device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second element includes a graphene oxide or a hexagonal boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The second electrode is a metal electrode. The main component of the separate photoelectric conversion semiconductor particles is a compound semiconductor comprising a group Ib element, a group IIIb element or a group VIb element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ions are chosen from inert gas, nitrogen containing gas, hydrogen containing gas, argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and fluorine containing gas. The hydrogen containing anti-reflection/passivation coating is chosen from hydrogen doped semiconductor compound layer, hydrogen doped semiconductor nitride layer, and hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiN:H) layer, and deposited in gas atmosphere such as silicon containing gas and silicon hydride (SiH4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium and fluorine-co-doped tin oxides have a lithium doping concentration of 0.2-2.3 (preferably 0.2-1) at% and a fluorine doping concentration of 0.2-2.5 (preferably 0.5-1) at%. The solar cell device further comprises an infrared filter layer A disposed between the transparent conductive layer and the transparent layer; and an infrared filter layer B and an anti-reflection layer sequentially disposed over a surface of the transparent substrate opposite to the transparent conductive layer. The infrared filter layer comprises lithium and fluorine-co-doped tin oxides or fluorine (preferably lithium and fluorine-co-doped tin oxides); and aluminum-co-doped zinc oxides. The lithium and fluorine-co-doped tin oxides have a lithium doping concentration of 1.5-3.5 at % and a fluorine doping concentration of 0.6-3.5 at%. The infrared filter layer B comprises lithium, gallium, fluorine or antimony doped tin oxides. The anti-reflection layer comprises silicon dioxides or magnesium fluoride. The infrared filter layer B comprises fluorine doped tin oxides that are further doped with lithium atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic layer is made of a monocrystalline material or a polycrystalline material selected from silicon, gallium arsenide and/or indium phosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The passivation layer is made of a paint; an insulation material; and/or a compound comprising oxygen and/or nitrogen element selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic device further comprises n-type microcrystalline silicon layer formed over the intrinsic type amorphous silicon layer. The p-type amorphous silicon layer is boron doped silicon carbide layer. Preferred Method: Forming the intrinsic type amorphous silicon layer further comprises providing a gas mixture to the surface of the substrate in a processing chamber, where gas mixture includes a ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas of less than 6; controlling substrate temperature at 220-250 degrees C; and controlling process pressure in the processing chamber at 1-2 Torr. The ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas supplied in the gas mixture is controlled at 2-5. Forming the barrier layer further comprises supplying a gas mixture to the surface of the substrate, where gas mixture includes carbon containing gas, preferably methane (CH4) and silicon containing gas, preferably silane (SiH4). The p-type amorphous silicon layer is a boron doped silicon carbide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive seeds contain silver. The electrically insulating layer is optically transparent. The electrically insulating layer comprises one layer or a stack of layers made of materials selected from magnesium fluoride (MgF) and other optically transparent Fluor compounds, SiNx, zinc sulfide (ZnS), titanium oxide (TiO2), silicon oxide (SiO2), SiOxNy and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (where x and y are not defined). The plating layer is made of a material selected from silver (Ag) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A positive hole transport layer is a molybdenum-oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electron carrying layer contains silver and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The antimony oxide is present at 8-15 wt.%. The proportion of pentavalent antimony relative to the total antimony is greater than or equal to 20%. The glass viscosity of the glass frit is 100 poise at 850-1150 degrees C. The viscosity of the glass frit is 30-300 poise at 1050 degrees C. The glass frit comprises (in wt.%): silicon dioxide (45-64); aluminum trioxide (0-10); boron trioxide (0-5, preferably 0); calcium oxide (5-20); magnesium oxide (0-10); sodium oxide (5-20); potassium oxide (0-10); barium oxide (0-5, preferably 0); lithium oxide (0-5); and antimony trioxide (5-30). The glass frit is in the form of fragments whose maximum dimension is not exceeding 10-2 mm. The glass sheet has a composition such as silica-soda-lime having iron oxide ( less than or equal to 0.020 (preferably 0.01500) wt.%). Preferred Method: The step of forming the sheet of glass oxide is made by rolling between several rollers. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %): silicon dioxide (55); nitrate (10); carbonate (15); calcium oxide (9); antimony trioxide (10); and lithium oxide (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma contains sulfur hexafluoride and oxygen in the ratio of 5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The indium oxide sintered compact further contains tin, and magnesium and/or calcium. The atomic ratio of content of tin with respect to total content of indium, tin and zirconium is 0.015-0.5. The atomic ratio of content of magnesium or calcium with respect to total content of metallic elements in indium oxide sintered compact is 0.5-2. Preferred Property: The indium tin oxide sintered compact has relative density of preferably 99.5 or more. The indium tin oxide transparent conductive film has transmittance of 85% or more, preferably 90% or more at 1200 nm, and has crystallization temperature of 150-260 degrees C. The resistivity of indium tin oxide transparent conductive film is preferably 4x 10-4 ohm.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 1-50 parts mass, preferably 1-30 parts mass of dimer acid with respect to 100 parts mass of ionomer and dimer acid. The ( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The copolymer is ethylene-( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated carboxylic acid-( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated carboxylic ester copolymer. The ( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester is 1-8C alkyl ester of unsaturated carboxylic acid. The ionomer is zinc, sodium or magnesium ionomer of ethylene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The leakage current density at the time of applying 4 MV/cm electric field to the barrier layer is 10 mu A/cm2 or less. Preferred Process: The conversion process is performed by plasma processing or light irradiation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The back reflector comprises an array of metallic islands disposed on the gallium arsenide material, and apertures disposed between the metallic islands and extending into the gallium arsenide material. The gallium arsenide material comprises a gallium arsenide cell. The gallium arsenide cell comprises a p-type gallium arsenide stack (730) disposed above an n-type gallium arsenide stack (720). The metallic islands, the metallic reflector, and reflector protrusions comprise silver, gold, aluminum, nickel, copper, platinum, palladium, and/or their alloys and derivatives. The back reflector further comprises adhesion layer disposed between the gallium arsenide material and the metallic reflector layer. The adhesion layer comprises nickel, titanium, chromium and/or their alloys and derivatives. The reflector may comprise a dielectric layer (820) comprising dielectric material(s) from silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and/or their derivatives. The dielectric material may comprise zinc sulfide, silicon nitride and/or their derivatives. It may comprise aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, silicon oxide, and/or their derivatives. Preferred Method: The adhesion layer is deposited by a vapor deposition process including chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, or plasma vapor deposition. The annealing process further comprises exposing the thin film stack to nitrogen gas within a processing system; and heating the thin film stack at 200 degrees C during in an annealing process. The gallium arsenide material is disposed on or over a sacrificial layer comprising aluminum arsenide, and the sacrificial layer is disposed on over a substrate. The metallic layer is deposited by a vapor deposition process. The metallic reflector layer is deposited by a vapor deposition process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each nanowire comprises doped silicon (Si). Each coating layer comprises amorphous Si or amorphous Si germanium. Each nanowire comprises crystalline Si doped with boron. The p-layer comprises a-Si doped with boron, and the n-layer comprises a-Si doped with a dopant from phosphorus or arsenic. Each nanowire comprises crystalline silicon doped with a dopant from phosphorus or arsenic boron. The planar first electrode layer comprises a first conductive layer. The solar cell further comprises a planar second electrode layer. The first conductive layer or the second electrode layer comprises a reflective material, and the other of the first conductive layer or the second electrode layer comprises a transparent material. The reflective material comprises aluminum or silver, and the transparent material comprises Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing elastomer is a not-crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer or a crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer. The fluorine-containing elastomer further comprises filler. The fluorine-containing elastomer is a perfluoroelastomer. The protective layer is provided at least on a surface of an edge portion exposed to plasma in (I). The protective layer is provided at least on a surface profiling a small space exposed to plasma in (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous conductive substrate comprises graphite foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The semiconductor film has a thickness of 200 nm or less. The semiconductor fine particles have a distribution median diameter of 100 nm or less. The surface wave plasma is produced in a reducing-gas atmosphere containing hydrogen. The semiconductor is germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carboxylic anhydride has succinic anhydride skeleton. The dispersion contains primary amine, secondary amine, carboxylic acid, and/or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen fluoride and silicon fluoride gases are used for the anisotropic etching of plasma. The hydrogen bromide and oxygen gases are used for the isotropic etching of plasma.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inclination refractive index layer consists of silicon dioxide-zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide-titanium oxide and silicon dioxide-cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound semiconductor layer is made of indium-antinomy, gallium-antimony, indium-gallium-antimony, indium-aluminum-antimony, indium-arsenic, indium-gallium-arsenic, indium-arsenic-antimony, gallium-arsenic-antimony and indium-gallium-arsenic-antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier film contains silicon oxide film and/or vinyl alcohol type resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalyst layer: has the film thickness 0f 0.5-3 mu m; and is substantially free from the hydrolyzable silicone. The photocatalyst layer further comprises a surfactant (0-10 parts by mass). In the photocatalyst layer, the photocatalyst particles are present at 1-15 (preferably 5-15) parts by mass. The photocatalyst particles are titanium oxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles are silica particles. The inorganic oxide has a number average particle diameter of 10-40 nm calculated by measuring lengths of 100 particles randomly selected from particles located within a visible field magnified 200000 times by a scanning electron microscope. The substrate has at least a surface comprising an organic material. The photocatalyst layer (photocatalyst coating liquid) is applied directly on the substrate. The photocatalyst coating liquid is used for: applying a coating to the substrate; and for coating the exterior material i.e. photocatalyst-coated body. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The main component of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer comprises at least one compound semiconductor comprising at least one group Ib element selected from copper (Cu) and silver (Ag), at least two group IIIb elements including Ga selected from aluminum (Al), Ga and indium (In), and at least one group VIb element selected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te). The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer comprises sodium (Na) as the alkaline-earth metal. The substrate comprises the alkaline-earth metal. The first electrode comprises molybdenum (Mo) as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Metallic ligand (M(L)) is detached from metal complex (III), and cyclopara(hetero)arylene compound is manufactured.Preferred Compound: The cyclopara(hetero)arylene compound is preferably of formula (II). EXAMPLE - Cycloparaphenylene (246 mg) and 4(di- mu (1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyldichlorobis((1,2,5,6- eta )-1,5-cyclooctadiene)diplatinum) (416 mg) were dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was stirred at 50 degrees C for 7 days, and filtered to produce cyclopara(hetero)arylene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The diarylpyrene compound has deuteration of at least 50%, preferably at least 20%. The diarylpyrene compound is of formula (I).Either R1-R4 = H, D, alkyl, alkoxy, oxyalkyl, silyl, siloxane or aryl (preferably deuterated aryl) (where R1-R4 is at least 20% deuterated and deuteration is present on a pyrene core); orat least one of R1-R4 = diaryl moiety of formula (II);R5-R10 = H or D (where at least one of R5-R10 is D);R11 = D, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, silyl, siloxane or adjacent R11 optionally joined to form aromatic ring;a = 2-4;b = 2-5; andm = 0-6.Provided that: at least two of R1-R4 are aryl; at least one of R1-R10 is D; when R1, R4 is aryl, then R2, R3 is H or D; when R1, R3 is aryl, then R2, R4 is H or D; or when R1, R2, R4 is aryl, then R3 is H or D. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 1,8-bis-(4-d7-naphthalen-1-yl-d4-phenyl)-d8-pyrene of formula (Ia), 1,8-bis-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-d8-pyrene, 1-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-8-(3-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-pyrene d8, 1-(4-(d7-naphthalen-1-yl)-d4-phenyl)-8-(3-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-d8-pyrene and 1-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-8-(3-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-pyrene d30.    EXAMPLE - Potassium carbonate (6.63 g) and water (16 ml) were added to a mixture of 1,8-dibromo-pyrene d8 (2.94 g) and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-d7-naphthalen-1-yl-d4-phenyl)-(1,3,2)dioxaborolane (6.28 g) in dimethyl ether (100 ml). The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.46 g) was added to the reaction mixture, refluxed for 18 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled and poured into methanol. The solid was filtered and purified to give 1,8-bis-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-pyrene d30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfonamide-compound metal salt is 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide metal salt. The phosphorus antioxidant is of formula (I), preferably bis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite or bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite. The crystal nucleating agent is of formula (I), preferably benzene sulfonamide metal salt, toluene-4-sulfonamide metal salt, N-phenyl-4-benzene sulfonamide metal salt, N-phenyl-4-methyl-benzene sulfonamide metal salt or 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide metal salt.R1-R4=H, optionally branched 1-8C alkyl, optionally substituted 6-12C aryl, or 6-12C aralkyl;A=1-8C alkyl or 1-8C alkoxy (both optionally substituted), 1-5C alkylthio, halo, nitro or cyano;m=0-4;X=metal atom, preferably sodium;andn=1-4, preferably 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester resin composition further contains crystal nucleating agent, and does not contain phenolic antioxidant. The polyester resin is polyethylene terephthalate resin. Preferred Properties: The polyester fiber has thermal contraction rate of 15% or less measured based on DIN 53866 T3. The half value width of maximum peak of polyester fiber at vicinity of 1730 cm-1 is 18 cm-1 or less observed from microscopic Raman spectrum. The polyester resin molded product has carbon-dioxide-gas permeability coefficient of 1x 10-17-5.3x 10-17 mol.m/m2.second.Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent insulating material is selected from one or combination of a group consisting of silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is 2-4C alkylene glycol monophenyl ether, 2-4C alkylene glycol mono- or di- 1-4C alkylphenyl ether or 2-4C alkylene glycol mononaphthyl ether. The acidic catalyst is sulfuric acid. The thiol is mercapto 2-6C carboxylic acid. The usage amount of thiol is 5-30 parts weight, preferably 7-20 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of fluorenone, and 4-25 parts weight, preferably 6-18 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of acidic catalyst. The usage amount of alcohol is 3-15 mol with respect to 1 mol of fluorenone. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent containing aromatic hydrocarbon, which is 6-10C arene. The content of solvent is 0.3-10 parts weight, preferably 0.5-5 parts weight with respect to 1 part weight of alcohol and fluorenone. The alcohol having fluorenone structure is 9,9-bis(hydroxy 2-4C alkoxy mono- or di- alkyl phenyl)fluorene having hue of 20 or less, or 9,9-bis(hydroxy 2-4C alkoxy naphthyl)fluorene having hue of 60 or less. Preferred Properties: The color difference value of polyester resin, poly(meth)acrylate resin and epoxy resin is 20 or less, 50 or less and 40 or less, respectively. Preferred Definitions:    Z=benzene or naphthalene ring;    R2=2-4C alkylene;    m=1;    p=0-3;and    R3=alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 9-Fluorenone (in g) (45), 2-phenoxy ethanol (138) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (1) were added to a flask, and heated at 60 degrees C. Sulfuric acid (54) was added and maintained at 60 degrees C for 5 hours. Caustic soda solution was added, neutralized, and xylene (400) was added. The crystals were deposited, filtered and dried to produce 9,9-bis(4-(2-hydroxy ethoxy)phenyl)fluorene at yield of 75%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) contains (in parts mass) expanded graphite powder (60-1800), condensed phosphate (100-300) and polymer (100). The adhesive composition further contains phosphate and/or foaming agent. The polymer is methacrylate polymer. Preferred Process: The laminated sheet is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer in presence of (meth)acrylate polymer. Preferred Property: The layer (B) and layer (C) has thickness of 1-600 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent resin is hydrolysis condensate product of thiol group-containing silane of formula: R1Si(OR2)3.R1=1-8C organic group having thiol group and optionally containing aromatic ring;andR2=H or 1-8C organic group optionally containing aromatic ring.The transparent resin further contains compound having isocyanate group and epoxy group or compound having carbon-carbon double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The basic potassium salt is potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silver ultrafine particles-containing composition further contains polymer latex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent resin contains hydrolysis-condensation product of thiol-group-containing silane compound of formula: R1Si(OR2)3, compound(s) having isocyanate group and compound(s) having epoxy group, and compound having carbon-carbon double bond.R1=1-8C organic group having a thiol group and not having aromatic ring, or organic group having a thiol group and an aromatic ring;andR2=H, 1-8C organic group not having aromatic ring, or organic group having aromatic ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The glass fiber is woven fabric or nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aqueous electrolyte solution is formed from sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Pt is at 21-69 wt.% of the total weight of produced Pt/MWNTs nanomaterial, where particle size distribution of Pt nanoparticles is 6-25 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The MWNT does not need pretreatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The electrode having layer containing conductive polymer has an auxiliary electrode (22) consisting of a conductive portion and a translucent window portion of opaque property. The applied coating liquid is dried by heat-processing at 100-200 degrees C for 5 minutes or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Polymer (A) has a number average molecular weight of 5000-100000, and the content of homolog having a molecular weight of 1000 or less is 0-5 %mass. Polymer (A) is soluble in an aqueous medium. The polyanion has a sulfo group as anionic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains more than 10% of calcium, and melting point lower than that of A-site double ion doped or single ion doped strontium-cobalt-iron oxide. The composition has solid perovskite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particular carbon material contains carbon black, carbon micro balloons, or mesoporous carbon. The linear carbon material contains carbon fiber or carbon nanotube. The metal oxide contains tin oxide, cerium oxide, nickel oxide or cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation is compound cation formed by organically combining hydrogen ion, lithium ion, magnesium ion or zinc ion, and organic molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic molecule is alkyl-substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from 2-methylpyrrolidine, 1-methylpyrazole, 1-methylpyrrolidine, 1-methylimidazole, or 1-ethylimidazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer containing aromatic benzene ring is polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyphenyl ether, polyphenyl thioether, polyaromatic amide, and/or polyaromatic imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is manufactured using oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, silicon oxynitride, titanium-nitride-oxide, aluminum-nitride, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by mixing magnesium powder and anhydrous ethyl ester in nitrogen atmosphere controlled at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/minute; stirring for 10 minutes; dripping mixture of benzyl chloride and anhydrous ethyl ester at a speed of 1-3 drops/second; agitating and reflux heating at 35-37 degrees C for 2 hours; dripping mixture of 2,6-difluorocyanophenyl and anhydrous ethyl ester at a speed of 2-3 drops/second; reflux heating and stirring at 35-37 degrees C for 4 hours; cooling to room temperature; washing with distilled water for neutralization; adding hydrochloric acid (1 mol/l); hydrolyzing at 100 degrees C for 6 hours; cooling to room temperature; washing with distilled water for neutralization; adding ethyl ester; extracting for 3-4 hours; combining the extracts; distilling; collecting distilled fraction at 100-105 degrees C and pressure of 20 Pa; mixing copper bromide and obtained product A; adding dimethyl sulfoxide and ethyl acetate; stirring at 90 degrees C for 12 hours; cooling naturally to room temperature; washing with distilled water; adding methylene dichloride; extracting; washing obtained extract with distilled water until formed water phase turns colorless; filtering; evaporating obtained filtrate; and re-crystallizing. Preferred Components: The mass ratio of magnesium powder and anhydrous ethyl ester is 1:10. The mass ratio of benzyl chloride and anhydrous ethyl ester is 1:2. The mass ratio of 2,6-difluorocyanophenyl and anhydrous ethyl ester is 1:2. The mole ratio of benzyl chloride, magnesium powder and 2,6-difluorocyanophenyl is 1:1.1:0.95. The mole ratio of obtained product A, copper bromide, dimethyl sulfoxide and ethyl acetate is 1:1.8-2.3:11-12:14-15 (preferably 1:2.1:12:15). The sulfonated polyether ketone is of formula (I). The sulfonated polyether sulfone is of formula (II).Ar'=group of formulae (i)-(iii);x=1;andy=0.25-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second organic semiconductor materials are made of poly (vinyl carbozole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive layer and the transparent electrode are formed of a metal oxide selected from tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and/or indium tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkoxysilane has the structure of formula ((R1)lSi(OR2)4-l). The alkoxy titanium has the structure of formula ((R3)mTi(OR4)4-m). The alkoxy zirconium has the structure of formula ((R5)nZr(OR6)4-n). The mass ratio of the mass of the solid in terms of silicon dioxide (SiO2) based on the whole composition, to the mass of the solid in terms of titanium dioxide (TiO2) based on the whole composition (the amount of the solid in terms of SiO2:the amount of the solid in terms of TiO2) is 85:15-98:2. The impurity-diffusing component contains a compound of a V group element.R1 = H, alkyl or phenyl;R2 = alkyl or phenyl;R3-R6 = alkyl; andl, m, n = 0-2. EXAMPLE - Ethanol (1440 g), tetraethoxysilane (2565 g), water (445 g), and concentrated hydrochloric acid (3.9 ml) were mixed to prepare a silicon based coating liquid for forming coated layer. Ethanol (486 g), tetrapropoxytitanium (185 g), acetic acid (67 g), and acetylacetone (131 g) were mixed to prepare a titanium dioxide based coating liquid for forming coated layer. The obtained composition had a concentration of silicon dioxide solid of 4.90%, titanium dioxide solid of 2.10%, phosphorus pentaoxide solid of 5.40% and dipropylene glycol 25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separation membrane is composed of palladium, and the supporter of the support layer is made of alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The main component of photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer comprises compound semiconductor(s) comprising group IB element(s) selected from copper or silver; group IIIB element(s) selected from aluminum, gallium, or indium; and group VIB element(s) selected from sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer comprises sodium as alkaline(-earth) metal. The substrate comprises alkaline(-earth) metal. The photoelectric conversion device further comprises alkaline(-earth) metal supplying layer(s) provided between the substrate and the photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer, and supplying the alkaline(-earth) metal to the photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer during formation of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer. The first electrode comprises molybdenum as main component. The photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer is formed through vapor deposition by depositing metal elements at 350-550 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multi-walled carbon nanotube is thiol-group-containing multi-walled carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silica precursor used in manufacture of multi-walled carbon nanotube is N(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)aniline, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetra-ethyl orthosilicate, tetrapropyl orthosilicate, tetrabutyl orthosilicate or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The change rate of crystalline diameter of silver fine particles is 150% or more when the particles are heated to 150 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnesium oxide powder has activity of 20-2000 seconds, chlorine content of 500 mass ppm or less and purity of 99.9 %mass or more. The half-power bandwidth of X-ray diffraction intensity peak of plane (111) of magnesium oxide powder is 0.1-1 degrees , as measured by X-ray diffraction using copper-K alpha -ray. Preferred Process: The magnesium oxide aqueous slurry (A) is prepared as follows. A magnesium chloride aqueous solution is prepared, added with aqueous alkali solution and reacted, to obtain slurry containing magnesium hydroxide and other impurities. The addition amount of aqueous alkali solution is 5-30 mol% of reaction rate of magnesium chloride. A flocculant is added to the slurry such that the impurities are adsorbed or coagulated and sedimented, and magnesium salt aqueous solution is obtained as filtrate or supernatant. An aqueous alkali solution is further added and reacted with magnesium salt aqueous solution to obtain pure magnesium oxide slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal nanowire has average diameter of 10-800 nm and average length of 0.2-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin is cellulose derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polycrystalline silicon has mesh-shaped wall surface which passes air. The air is supplied with electromagnetic wave in state in which container (14) having opened surface is filled with silicon. The irradiation is stopped based on humidity raise of air discharged from wall surface. The air supplied to silicon is heated at room temperature or temperature more than room temperature. Electromagnetic wave is intermittently irradiated to silicon, after stopping irradiation of electromagnetic wave.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanocarbon material is chosen from fullerene, carbon nanotube and graphene or their derivatives. Preferred Property: The complex exhibits diffraction peak at 3.6+/-0.2 degrees , 6.2+/-0.2 degrees and 7.2+/-0.2 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The active metal is platinum-type element and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode comprises a lithium alloy containing aluminum and/or indium (10-30 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer consists of a film containing a material selected from a group including dialuminum trioxide (Al2O3), hafnium dioxide (HfO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (c) is obtained by subjecting the raw materials to epichlorohydrin reaction. The aromatic epoxy resin is chosen from polyphenol compound, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, phenol novolac and cresol novolac. The unsaturated carboxylic acid is chosen from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid and cinnamic acid. The carboxylic anhydride is chosen from maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid anhydride, phthalic anhydride, anhydrous tetrahydrophthalic acid, trimetallitic anhydride and pyrometallic dianhydride. The electroconductive particle is a metal type powder chosen from aluminum powder, aluminum alloy powder and aluminum complex. The total amount of the electroconductive particle and glass particle is 35-75 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The smoothed conductive metal portion is brought into contact with the pressurized vapor for less than or equal to 5 minutes, preferably 20-120 seconds or with the superheated vapor for 40-120 seconds. In the conductive metal portion forming step: an emulsion layer containing a silver salt is formed on the support to prepare a photosensitive material and then photosensitive material is exposed and developed to form the conductive metal portion on the support; and a paste containing the conductive substance and the binder is printed on the support to form the conductive metal portion on the support. In the smoothing treatment step, the conductive metal portion is smoothed under a line pressure of greater than or equal to 1960 N/cm (200 kgf/cm). The superheated vapor has a temperature of 100-160 degrees C, preferably 100-125 degrees C at 1 atmospheric pressure. The superheated vapor is supplied at 500-600 g/m3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support comprises polyethylene terephthalate. The emulsion layer has a silver/binder volume ratio of greater than or equal to 1/1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide of the single-oxide atomic layer and the multi-oxide atomic layer consists of zinc oxide, hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, boron oxide, indium oxide and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid. The metallic boride particles have impurity oxide content of 0.5 %mass or less by conversion of oxygen and impurity carbide content of 0.05 %mass or less by conversion of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The anchor layer and gas-barrier layer each have a thickness of 10-1000 nm. Preferred Composition: The content of silane coupling agent in anchor layer is 0.01-20 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isocyanate compound(s) is chosen from tolylene diisocyanate type compound, diphenylmethane diisocyanate type compound, xylene diisocyanate type compound, and/or hexamethylene diisocyanate type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polyvinyl acetal with respect to polyester polyol is 99/1-10/90. Preferred Property: The glass transition point of polyvinyl acetal and polyester polyol is each 50-130 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Type (I) transparent conductive oxide layer is p-type transparent conductive oxide layer, and type (II) transparent conductive oxide layer is n-type transparent conductive oxide layer. The p-type transparent conductive oxide layer comprises cuprous oxide, zinc oxide, nitrogen-doped zinc oxide, nitrogen-doped zinc oxide-aluminum, nickel oxide, ferrous oxide, delafossite, copper-gallium oxide (CuGaO2), copper-scandium oxide (CuScO2), copper-chromium oxide (CuCrO2), copper-indium oxide (CuInO2), copper-yttrium oxide (CuYO2), silver-indium oxide (AgInO2), or strontium-copper oxide (SrCuO2). The n-type transparent conductive oxide layer comprises indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, antimony-zinc oxide, or gallium-doped zinc oxide. The transparent substrate comprises glass, quartz, transparent plastic, monocrystal alumina, or flexible transparent material. The fluorescent layer comprises cerium ion-doped lanthanum phosphate or manganese ion-doped zinc silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The electrically conductive support applied with the semiconductor fine particle dispersion liquid is heated at a temperature of 100-250 degrees C. The temperature for heating the electrically conductive support is 120-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The content of solids excluding semiconductor fine particles is 0.5% by mass or less based on the total amount of the semiconductor fine particle dispersion liquid. The electrically conductive support is formed of an electrically conductive polymeric material, which is at least one of polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate and polyether imide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 24 compounds (A) is disclosed e.g. (2Z,4E)-2-cyano-5-(5-hexyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid, ((E)-3'-ethyl-5-((E)-3-(5-hexyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-prop-2-en-(E)-ylidene)-4,4'-dioxo-2'-thioxo-(2,5')bithiazolidinyliden-3-yl)-acetic acid, (2Z,4E)-2-cyano-5-(5-octadecyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid, (2Z,4E)-5-(8-((1E,3Z)-4-carboxy-4-cyano-buta-1,3-dienyl)-5-hexyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-2-cyano-penta-2,4-dienoic acid and cyano-(5-((E)-3-(5-hexyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-prop-2-en-(E)-ylidene)-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-(2Z)-ylidene)-acetic acid of formula (AA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low energy surface film includes silicon oxide or aluminum oxide. The metal alloy nanoparticle is made of gold-tin. The n-type dopants consist of aluminum, indium, gallium, chlorine, bromine or iodine. The p-type dopants consist of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, lithium, copper or lithium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The graphene thin film has electroconductivity of 3000 S/cm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron-acceptor organic molecules comprise tetrathiafulvalene, tetraselenafulvalene, tetratellurium fulvalene or organic molecules having tetrathiafulvalene, tetraselenafulvalene or tetratellurium fulvalene structure. The electron donor organic molecules comprise tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetracyanoethylene or organic molecules having tetracyanoquinodimethane or tetracyanoethylene structure. The addition amount of electron-acceptor organic molecules and addition amount of electron donor organic molecules are 3-6 wt.%, preferably 4-5.5 wt.%. The organic solvent is N-dimethylformamide or N-methylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion of tellurium of the light absorption layer is substituted by selenium and/or sulfur. The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide, oxide, sulfide or hydroxide of zinc (Zn(O,S,OH)), or magnesium-doped zinc oxide. The transparent electrode layer is made of zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide or boron-doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zeolite contains potassium. The waste zeolite or waste catalyst is used as said zeolite. The carbon-containing substance contains ashes produced from industrial process. The ashes generated from the power generation equipment are converted into electric power by burning the organic substance. Preferred Process: A carbonization process is further preformed after chlorinating. The zinc chloride produced during manufacture of silicon is separated and recovered as zinc and chlorine. Preferred Property: The purity of the silicon tetrachloride is 99.99% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ultrafine particle film contains an oxide, a compound semiconductor, and an elemental semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: n is preferably 3 or more. The thickness of layered glass substrate is 0.4 mm or less. The thickness of each resin layer is 1-50 mu m. The thickness of each glass film layer is 0.01-0.05 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin layer is a layer of silicone resin containing addition-reaction type silicone obtained by the combination of organoalkenylpolysiloxane having an alkenyl group, and organohydrogenpolysiloxane having hydrogen atom bonded with silicon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The shell comprises gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, cobalt, ruthenium and/or rhodium. The particles contain down-converting particles having yttrium oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, magnesium sulfide, calcium sulfide, manganese-erbium-zinc selenide, manganese-erbium-magnesium sulfide, manganese-erbium-calcium sulfide, manganese-erbium-zinc sulfide, manganese-ytterbium-zinc selenide, manganese- ytterbium-magnesium sulfide, manganese-ytterbium-calcium sulfide, terbium doped manganese-ytterbium-zinc sulfide, terbium doped zinc sulfide, terbium doped yttrium oxide, manganese doped zinc sulfide and erbium and manganese doped zinc sulfide. The particles contain dopant chosen from erbium, europium, ytterbium, thulium, cerium, neodymium and terbium, and up-converting particles having yttrium oxide, yttrium oxysulfide, yttrium aluminum garnet, lanthanum fluoride, lanthanum chloride, lanthanum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide and neodymium oxide. The light conversion device has an upconverter containing thulium doped fluorozirconate glass, erbium doped ytterbium phosphate nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxide optionally doped with thulium, ytterbium, holmium, erbium or praseodymium, ytterbium doped barium zirconate, zirconium fluoride glass and metal-to-ligand charge transfer material. The light conversion device further has down converter containing down-converting particles. The radiant source of energy contains cobalt-60 source, cesium-137 source, iridium-192 source, krypton-85 source, radium-226 source and strontium-90 source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p1 layer of top battery is hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide doped with boron. The i1 layer of top layer is intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon and n1 layer is hydrogenated microcrystal silicon doped with phosphorus. The p2 layer of bottom layer is hydrogenated microcrystal silicon carbide doped with boron. The i2 layer is intrinsic polycrystalline silicon, and n2 layer is hydrogenated microcrystal silicon doped with phosphorus. The transparent electric conductive film is fluorine doped tin oxide, aluminous zinc oxide or tin indium oxide. The back electrode is composite back electrode composed of aluminous zinc oxide layer and metal layer. The metal layer is made of metallic aluminous or silver. The mixing gas II is composed of phosphine, silicane and argon. The mixing gas I is composed of borane, silicane, methane, and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionic liquid contains imidazolium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic liquid in the polyurethane gel molded product is 150-300 wt.%. Preferred Process: The molded product of polyurethane resin is further subjected to crosslinking reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is surfactant, coupling agent, block copolymer, monomer, oligomer, vinyl compound, lactic compound, lactone compound, silicon compound, silane compound, wax compound, fluorine type agent, ether, and/or alcohol. The solvent is water, alcohol, cellosolve, ketone, amide, ester, ether, aromatic solvent, and/or hydrocarbon solvent. The content of nanocarbon in the dispersed liquid is greater than 2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass frit has average particle diameter 0.3-3 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of glass frit is 1-20 volume% with respect to total content of paste composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive powder is silver powder having average particle diameter of 0.3-3 mu m. The silver powder has spherical shape or scale-type shape. Preferred Property: The paste composition has viscosity of 160-200 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The band gap of p-type-semiconductor material in secondary bulk heterojunction layer is 1-1.5 eV. Preferred Composition: The n-type-semiconductor material of secondary bulk heterojunction layer is a fullerene-type compound of formula (I). The fullerene-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (II). The p-type-semiconductor material is cyclic compound of formula (III), preferably of formula (IV).W'1=electron withdrawing substituent;L1,L2=single bond or bivalent conjugated-type coupling group chosen from alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene and heteroarylene;R1-R3=monovalent substituent;p=0-1;q,r=1-5;Rf=1-20C fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl;Q=carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur or germanium (all optionally substituted);Z1=(un)substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic 6-membered ring;Z2=(un)substituted aromatic-hydrocarbyl 6-membered ring or aromatic heterocyclyl 6-membered ring;X1-X6=carbon or nitrogen (both optionally substituted), in which at least one of X1-X6 is nitrogen;andR4=H, halo, (un)substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. Preferred Definitions:    W'1=fluorinated alkyl;    L1,L2=nitrogen-containing heteroaryl;    Q=(un)substituted nitrogen;and    X2,X5=nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conjugated compound is an aromatic compound. The content of conjugated compound is 1 wt.% or more. The silver-conjugated-compound complex further contains a nonconjugated compound. The conjugated compound has a monovalent group containing hetero atom of formula (I) and repeating unit of formula (II). The monovalent groups containing the hetero atom is chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, cyano group, amino group and group of formulae: -P(=O)(OH)2, -SO3M, -NR3M', -O-(R'O)m-R', -COOM or group of formula (a1).Ar1=aromatic group of valence n1+1, preferably group chosen from 57 groups e.g. (a)-(e);R1=single bond or group having valence of m1+1;X1,X2=monovalent group containing hetero atom;Ar2=aromatic group of valence n2+1, preferably group chosen from 57 groups e.g. (a)-(e);R2=single bond or group having valence of m2+1;R=H or optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl;M=metal cation or optionally substituted ammonium cation;M'=anion;m1,n1=1 or more;andm,m2,n2=1 or more.Preferred Properties: The silver particles have number average Feret diameter of 1100 nm or less. The conjugated compound has band gap of 2.1 eV or more, which is calculated by ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectroscope, ionization potential of 5.2 eV or more, which is calculated by optoelectronic spectroscope in air and weight average molecular weight of 3x 102 or more, and is water-insoluble.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The upper surface of silicon nitride film is provided with silver gate lines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of compound (B) and compound (C) with respect to 1 mol of fullerene is 1-10 mol and 1-10 mol, respectively. The usage amount of compound (B) and compound (C) with respect to total content of 100 %mass of compound (B) and compound (C) is 25-75 %mass and 25-75 %mass, respectively. Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative is of formula (I). EXAMPLE - Palladium compound (160 mg) of formula (PdCl2(P(OPh)3)2), fullerene (C60) (in g) (1.44) and anhydrous o-dichlorobenzene (130 ml) were added to a flask, and allyl chloride (5 mmol) and allyl tributyl tin (4.9 mmol) were added, mixed, heated at 50 degrees C and reacted at 50 degrees C for 11 hours. The reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature, and adsorbed to silica gel. Toluene was added and mixed. The resulting toluene solution was concentrated and purified using high performance liquid chromatography, to obtain fullerene derivative having molecular formula of (CH2=CHCH2)4C60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The volume of the reaction tank is 350 l, the depth is 320 cm and the rear wall of the reaction tank is equipped with a liquid level sensor and a temperature sensor. The cooling water tank is provided with a spherical liquid level sensor. The outer surface of the condensing pipe is provided with a protective layer resistant to corrosion by strong acid. The drug liquid circulation pump is an anti corrosion pump and uses an anti corrosion automatic diaphragm valve. The secondary liquid injecting pipe is provided with a uniform liquid flow plate. The upper part of the reaction tank is equipped with an overflowing tank, which is connected with the side surface of the refrigerating tank through a liquid conveying pipe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The refrigerating liquid of the refrigerating liquid circulation system is a mixture of ethylene glycol and water. The refrigerating medium of the compression refrigerating device is Freon (RTM: Chlorofluorocarbons).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The material used in the reaction tank is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back contact electrode is formed of copper. The front electrode is formed of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing inorganic compound is chosen form hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride and lithium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the fuel cell, the proton is neutralized by the hydroxyl ion in the substrate sludge; the electron is neutralized by the proton in the water body; the electrode is made of carbonaceous material; the anode is circular a carbon fiber felt; the cathode is a graphite disc; and the external resistance is 200-800 ohms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A material of the second conductive layer comprises aluminum, gold, silver, or copper. A material of the electrode layer comprises indium tin oxide or indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type semiconductor material comprises (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The functional organic material comprises polyethylene glycol, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, or poly(ethylene oxide). The p-type semiconductor material comprises poly (3-hexylthiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insulation layer is formed of anodized aluminum. The photoelectric conversion unit comprises thin-film solar cells selected from copper indium silicon (CIS) based thin-film solar cells, copper indium germanium silicon (CIGS) based thin-film solar cells, thin-film silicon-based thin-film solar cells, cadmium telluride based thin-film solar cells, III-V group based thinfilm solar cells, dye-sensitized thin-film solar cells, and organic thinfilm solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The insulation layer is oxide film, nitride film or oxynitride film made of one of aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and iron (Fe). The photoelectric conversion layers are formed of compound semiconductor made of element selected from a group consisting of copper (Cu), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier pattern is made of silicon nitride. The dopant is selected from phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The comprehensive film thickness of the first and second films is 60-80 nm and the comprehensive refractive index is 2.06-2.18. The titanate precursor is n-butyl titanate, isopropyl titanate or titanium tetrachloride, and the alcohol is absolute ethanol, isopropanol or n-butyl alcohol in step (i). The weight ratio of titanium dioxide in step (ii) and gel in step (i) is 1:15-30. Preferred Method: The step (i) of preparation is carried out at 800-900 degrees C in the presence of nitrogen and oxygen gases with a flow rate of 10-30 liters/minute for 10-60 minutes. The step (ii) comprises: (i) mixing and stirring titanate precursor and alcohol solvent to form transparent solution, adding distilled water and stirring to obtain light yellow gel; (ii) adding titanium dioxide particles to the gel, and ultrasonically scattering for 30-60 minutes to form coating paste where titanium dioxide particles are fully scattered; and (iii) printing a titanium dioxide film on the surface of the silicon dioxide film by the titanium dioxide coating paste by screen printing to form a titanium dioxide film with a refractive index of 2.15-2.45 and a thickness of 50-60 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The auxiliary layer provided between the protective layer and one electrode is provided with amorphous silicon, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxynitride and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In step (c), sputtering is performed repeatedly by varying its work pressure to form several sub-layers that constitute the compound film layer and that have different compositions and different energy gaps. The step (c) is conducted at a work pressure of 3-60 mTorr of argon. The method (M1) further involves depositing at least one interlayer on the back electrode such that the compound film layer is deposited on the at least one interlayer in the step (c). Preferred Cell: In the thin film solar cell (C1), the columnar grains tilt vertically relative to the substrate, where each of the columnar grains has an oblong section having a length equal to or smaller than a thickness of the compound film layer. The columnar grains are in a form of a p-type semiconductor. In the cell (C2), the compound film layer includes several sub-layers that have different compositions and different energy gaps, where the energy gap has 1.02-1.68 eV. The thin film solar cell (C1) further comprises at least one interlayer disposed between the back electrode and the compound film layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The interlayer is made using a material of formula Ax'Se1-x'.x'=0-0.7;andA=Cu, In, Ga, CuIn, GaIn, or CuGa. Preferred Definitions:    B' and C'=Al, Ga, and In.    Provided that one of B' and C' is In, and the other of B' and C' is Al or Ga.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarbonate resin composition further contains a phosphorus-based stabilizer, and hindered phenol-based stabilizer. The polycarbonate resin composition comprises the compound (I) (0.05-3 parts by mass) and the phosphorus-based stabilizer is (0.0005-0.3 parts by mass). Preferred Components: The viscosity average molecular weight of the polycarbonate resin is 10000-50000. The pKa of the compound (I) is -5 to -7. Preferred Definitions:    R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1g, R1h, R1i, R1j, R1k, R1m, R1n and R1p=COORr, CON(Rs)2, cyano, CF3, nitro or SO3M;    Rr and Rs=H or monovalent substituent;and    M=H or an alkali metal.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 190 Compounds are disclosed as compound (I) e.g. 4-(4,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (Ia); 4-(4,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-benzonitrile; 4-(4,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-benzamide; 4-(4,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-benzoic acid; 3-(4,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester.    EXAMPLE - A test polycarbonate resin composition comprising (part by mass) 4-(4,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (0.5), Sandostab P-EPQ (RTM: Phosphonite-based heat stabilizer) (0.05), and Irganox 1076 (RTM: hindered phenol-based antioxidant) (0.05) was prepared. A test polycarbonate resin composition comprising (part by mass) CYASORB UV-1164 (RTM: light stabilizer) (0.5), Sandostab P-EPQ (RTM: Phosphonite-based heat stabilizer) (0.05), and Irganox 1076 (RTM: hindered phenol-based antioxidant) (0.05) was prepared. Both compositions were subjected to evaluation of change in color Hue of molded article. The test showed no change in color hue, same time comparative composition showed serious coloring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The upper diodes are formed of single crystal group II-VI semiconductor selected from the group consisting of zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium sulfide (Cds), zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe), cadmium-magnesium telluride (CdMgTe), zinc telluride (ZnTe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), magnesium telluride (MgTe), cadmium oxide (CdO), cadmium-telluride-selenide (CdTeSe), cadmium zinc selenide (CdZnSe), cadmium-zinc-telluride-selenide (CdZnTeSe). The epitaxial layer in group II-IV region is doped with arsenic or iodine using dopant source of cadmium arsenide or cadmium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic material contained in ash produced in power-generating equipment is combusted, and combustion energy produced is converted into an electric energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of polycondensed aromatic hydrocarbon in carbon black is less than 0.5 ppm. The content of volatile components in carbon black at 950 degrees C is greater than 0.6%, preferably greater than 2%. The toluene extract in carbon black is less than 0.04%. The starting carbon black comprises gas black. Preferred Method: The electromagnetic radiation used in the method is microwave radiation. The method makes use of inert atmosphere. EXAMPLE - Pelletized starting carbon black (having a statistical thickness surface area of 83 m2/g and an oil value of 460 g/100 g, measured by yield point method according to DIN EN ISO 787-5) was treated in a microwave system at a temperature of 400 degrees C to obtain the carbon black with reduced polycondensed aromatic hydrocarbon content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preferably, the preparation process of the nano composite zinc oxide slurry comprises: (a) heating the deionized water at 60-100 degrees C and adding the surfactant, and maintaining for 30-40 minutes, adding the precipitator and blending for 10-15 minutes to obtain the solution A; (b) dissolving the zinc salt in the deionized water to obtain the solution B; and (c) mixing the solution A and the solution B and maintaining for 50-70 minutes, filtering and using the absolute ethyl alcohol for washing; and volatilizing the absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain the zinc hydroxide solid powder. The solar cell anode is prepared by coating the nano composite zinc oxide slurry on the conductive substrate of the solar cell anode for forming the film; drying and thermal processing at 140-400 degrees C; and soaking the light anode in the dye solution; where the concentration is 2-6 mM for 60-180 minutes; the dye solution is cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis-(2,2'-bipyridy-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)bis-tetrabutylammonium (N719 dye solution); and the conductive substrate of the solar cell anode is the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The chemical gas-phase deposition technique is depositing the thin film at the backlight surface at 200-400 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The silicon piece is a P-shape or an N-shape monocrystal silicon; where the resistance ratio of the silicon piece is 0.2-10 Omega .cm. The gas of starting chemical gas-phase deposition technique is the mixture of SiH4 and N2O at the ratio of 1:10 to 1:1; and NH3 is gradually added into the gas mixture. The thickness of the thin film is 50-300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of alkaline earth metal oxide-doped zirconia nanoparticles in dispersion liquid is 1-70 %mass. The amount of alkaline earth metal oxide-doped zirconia nanoparticles in complex is 1-80 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A pressure control unit is provided in downstream of flow control unit. The flow control unit is orifice or needle valve. The pressure control unit is automatic pressure control apparatus. The orifice or needle valve is metal. The mixed gas is stored in a buffer tank and supplied from buffer tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silicon close layer is formed by providing a plate-shaped silicon raw material to bottom face portion of crucible. The crucible is mounted on cooling plate, and heater is arranged on lower side and upper side of crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The semiconductor fine particles contain titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. EXAMPLE - (In g) 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (5.44), concentrated sulfuric acid (10 ml) and ethanol (130 ml) were refluxed and the obtained precipitate was filter-separated to obtain 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester (4.92). The obtained compound (2.64), ruthenium chloride (1.18) and ethanol (500 ml) were refluxed to obtain ruthenium complex (1.64). The obtained complex (1.37) and silver salt of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (1.09) in dichloromethane (140 ml) were heat-refluxed. The precipitate obtained was filter-separated to obtain single nuclear ruthenium complex. The single nuclear complex (0.176), ruthenium bipyridyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-2,2'-dibenzimidazole (0.200) and dimethylformamide were heat-refluxed. The refluxed mixture was liquid separated to obtain dinuclear ruthenium complex (0.154).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of hydrogen chloride in hydrochloric acid is 1 mol/l or more. Preferred Method: The method further involves washing the gel-like silica using water. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    X(power)(n'-)=hexafluorophosphate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, nitrate ion, or iodide ion;    group of formula (iii)=2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-dimethyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-t-butyl)bipyridine, 2,2'-(4,4'-di-n-nonyl)bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline;    group of formula (i)=2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid;and    group of formula (ii)=2,2'-biimidazole or 2,2'-bibenzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves annealing the obtained film. Preferred Composition: The chalcogen is chosen from selenium, sulfur and tellurium, preferably selenium. The target (B) has higher concentration of chalcogen than the target (A). The target (B) comprises 60 atomic% or more of chalcogen. Targets (A) and (B) further includes dopant chosen from sodium, lithium, chromium, nickel or titanium. The target (A) has oxygen concentration of less than 10 ppm. The CIGS material is of formula: Cua(Z)My.Z=In, Ga or Al;a=0.8-1;andy=1.6-2.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: smoothing the cleaved surface region; and forming an epitaxial material overlying the thickness of material while maintaining attachment of the handle substrate to the thickness of material. The dispensing step comprises: applying the fluid mixture using a spin coating process; dispensing a first liquid layer followed by a second liquid layer; and dispensing a third liquid layer over the second liquid layer. The first liquid layer is designed to cause a donor/substrate interface to exhibit a specific property including electrical conductivity, porosity, indentation hardness, indentation elastic modulus, Young's modulus or bonding strength. The second liquid layer is designed to provide mechanical support. The thermal or mechanical properties of the fluid mixture are compensated to match the thermal and mechanical properties of the donor during processing step. The processing step comprises: evaporating a solvent from the fluid mixture; or baking the fluid mixture to remove the solvent. Preferred Components: The donor substrate comprises a silicon substrate material, which is a single crystal silicon material. The fluid mixture comprises a solvent and many particles, where the particles comprise silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide species or nanoparticles. The thickness of the handle substrate is at least 1 mm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The compound (I) is present in the device as hole transport, hole injection, emitter, electron transport, electron injection, charge blocking and/or charge generation layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent-providing structural element B1 comprises substituted (1,1';3',1'')terphenyl derivative of formula (II). The formulation comprises aromatic or heteroaromatic solvent (at least 80 wt.%). The molecular weight of (I) amounts to at least 800 g/mol. The compound (I) exhibits a glass transition temperature of at least 70 degrees C. The functional structural element A in (I) is an unit, which exhibits: hole injection- and/or hole transport properties; electron injection- and/or electron transport properties; light-emitting properties; and phosphorescent properties. The functional structural element A in (I) is a unit, which comprises at least one heavy atom with an atomic number of greater than 36. The functional structural element A in (I) is a unit, which improves the transition from singlet- to triplet state of light emitting compounds. The weight ratio of structural element A to solvent-providing structural element B1 in (I) is 2:1-1:20. The molecular weight of the functional compound is at least 900 g/mol.Either R3-R6 = linear 1-40C alkyl, 1-40C alkoxy or 1-40C thioalkoxy, or branched or cyclic 3-40C alkyl, 3-40C alkoxy or 3-40C thioalkoxy, or 1-40C silyl, or substituted 1-40C keto, 2-40C alkoxycarbonyl, 7-40C aryloxycarbonyl, -C(=O)-H, CF3, Cl, Br, F, a cross-linkable group, or optionally substituted (hetero)aromatic ring with 5-60 ring atoms, and/or aryloxy or heteroaryloxy with 5-60 ring atoms; or R3R4R5R6 = monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system; orR3R4R5R6 with other ring = monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;m = 0-3; andn, o = 0-5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic-type repeating unit (I) is preferably of formula (IV) or (V). The molar ratio of content of aromatic-type repeating unit (I) with respect to total content of aromatic-type repeating unit (I) and aromatic-type repeating unit (IV) is 1:100-100:100. The molar ratio of content of aromatic-type repeating unit (I) with respect to total content of aromatic-type repeating unit (I) and aromatic-type repeating unit (V) is 1:100-100:100.P'=group of formula (iv).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): 9-N,9-N,10-N-tris(4-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenyl)anthracene-9,10-diamine is reacted with polystyrene polymer of formula (III) in presence of solvent and catalyst to obtain pendant-type polymer. EXAMPLE - 9-N,9-N,10-N-tris(4-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenyl)-10-N-(4-(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)propan-2-yl)phenyl)anthracene-9,10-diamine (0.2 g) was reacted with bromine-containing compound (0.13 g) of formula (VI) and tetrahydrofurane (14 ml). Potassium carbonate aqueous solution (4.2 ml) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (20 mg) were to the resultant mixture, stirred at 70 degrees C for 6 hours, and cooled to obtain pendant-type polymer.    m,n,x=not defined.    N.B. m, n and x are not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film (9) contains hydrogen and tungsten. The amount of hydrogen is 1021 atoms/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is glass cloth or glass particles having refractive index of 1.55-1.61 at wavelength of 589 nm. The glass cloth or glass particles are E glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The structural unit (a) is of formula (Ia). The structural unit (b) is of formula (IIa) or (IIb). The molar ratio of polyimide containing structural unit (Ia) and polyimide containing structural unit (IIa) or (IIb) in the polyimide mixture is 5:95-30:70. The transparent polyimide composition further contains glass filler and is used as optical medium. Preferred Properties: The light transmittance of transparent substrate having thickness of 100 mu m in visible region at wavelength of more than 550 nm is 80% or more. The amount of thermoplastic polyimide with respect to 100 parts mass of inorganic filler is 90-250 parts mass. Preferred Substrate: The transparent substrate further has a layer (14,14') containing another transparent thermoplastic polyimide with same refractive index, and which does not contain inorganic filler on a base material. The thickness of base material and layer (14,14') is 30-70 mu m and 10-100 mu m, respectively. The total thickness of base material and layer (14,14') is 200 mu m or less. The glass transition temperature of thermoplastic polyimide is 180-300 degrees C. The softening point of transparent substrate is 300 degrees C or more. Preferred Definitions:    X=group of formulae (f-l);and    Y'=13 claimed groups e.g. (m-q).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant element contained in target is chosen from niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, tellurium, antimony, iron, ruthenium, germanium, tin, bismuth, aluminum, hafnium, silicon, zirconium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, vanadium, manganese, rhenium, cerium, yttrium, phosphorus and boron. The transparent conductive film contains anatase-type crystal. The substrate consists of inorganic material or polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of cerium is 1x 1020-1x 1021 atoms/cm3. The amount of hydrogen is 10x 21 atoms/cm3. A p-type amorphous silicon layer (4) containing single crystal silicon is provided between substrate and conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal cation soluble compound is nitrate, chloride, acetate, and/or metal organic alkoxide. The substrate comprises electrolyte component of solid oxide fuel cell, sapphire, corundum, quartz, silicon, strontium titanate single chip, and/or lanthanum aluminate single chip. The cathode material comprises different sorts of perovskite structural oxide and perovskite-like structural oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is deionized water, ethanol, acetone, dimethylformamide, and/or dimethylacetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymerizer is citric acid, EDTA, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl acetate, and/or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base layer contains glass, plastics and/or silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains resin chosen from polymethylmethacrylate, cyclic polyolefin and/or polystyrenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coating of part(s) of the surface of the self-organizing film with the resin layer forms a corrugated shape in the resin layer by heat nanoimprinting method. The metal layer is formed by a plating method. Preferred Components: The substrate layer contains glass, plastic and silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal layer contains gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, tin, palladium, rhodium, chromium and/or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin layer contains polymethylmethacrylate, cyclic polyolefin and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The organic compound is synthesized by reacting halogenated aryl compound of formula: A-HAL and arylamine compound of formula: A-NH2.A=aryl;andHAL=halo.Preferred Composition: The organic compound has partial structure of formula (III), (IV) or (V). The solvent is aromatic compound or aliphatic ketone compound. The organic electroluminescent element-forming composition further contains phosphorescence-emitting material.ring D'-ring F'=optionally substituted benzene ring;andor substituents of ring D'+ring E+ring F'=ring.(i) Benzene ring of partial structure (IV) is optionally substituted; and (ii) Benzene ring and benzofuran ring of partial structure (V) are optionally substituted. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 23 Organic compounds are disclosed e.g. (3'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-bis-(3'-dibenzofuran-4-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-amine of formula (Ia), bis-(3'-dibenzofuran-4-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-(1,1';3',1'')terphenyl-4-yl-amine, bis-(3'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-(4-dibenzofuran-4-yl-phenyl)-amine, (3'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-(3'-dibenzofuran-4-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-(1,1';3',1'')terphenyl-4-yl-amine and (3'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-(4-dibenzofuran-4-yl-phenyl)-(1,1';3',1'')terphenyl-4-yl-amine.    EXAMPLE - Bis-(4-bromo-phenyl)-(3'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-amine (in g) (3.72), (3-(8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-6-yl)phenyl)boranediol (4), toluene (57.6 ml), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.33), 2M aqueous solution (14.4 ml) of sodium carbonate and ethanol solution (28.8 ml) were mixed. The reaction mixture was washed, dried, and refined to obtain (3'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-bis-(3'-dibenzofuran-4-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-amine (4.78) having glass transition temperature of 577 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The pellet (I) further contains polycarbonate resin (50-200 parts mass) with respect to 100 parts mass of noncrystalline polyarylate resin. The polyester (a) and polyester resin (b) contain terephthalic acid component (50 mol% or more) as dicarboxylic acid component, and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol component (50 mol% or more) as diol component. Preferred Properties: The molded material having thickness of 3 mm has total light transmittance of 50-90% and diffuse transmission factor of 10-30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains organic solvent, compound having ethylenically unsaturated group(s) in a molecule, photoinitiator, compound which sensitizes photodimerization reaction of maleimide group or thermosetting type crosslinking agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The dry film has 25 degrees C storage elastic modulus (G') of 5x 104-5x 109 Pa, and the hardened material formed by hardening the composition by irradiating active energy ray has 85 degrees C storage elastic modulus (E') of 1x 105-5x 109 Pa. Preferred Composition: The polymer has maleimide group of formula (I). The polymer has polyimide group and ethylenically unsaturated group other than the maleimide group. The polymer is a copolymer of 5-50 wt.% of monomer (a) of formula (II), 5-50 wt.% of compound (b) having hydroxyl group and ethylenically unsaturated group and 0-90 wt.% of compound having ethylenically unsaturated group other than the group in the compound (b).R1,R2=H, halo, alkyl or aryl;or R1+R2=5 or 6 membered hydrocarbyl;R3=alkylene;R4=H or methyl;andn=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass filler is contained in an amount of 1-90 wt.% with respect to the transparent composite sheet. The glass filler is glass tissue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The epoxy compound contains 4 wt.% or less of isomer of formula (Ia), (Ib) or (Ic) with respect to the whole epoxy compound. The epoxy compound contains 3,4,3',4'-diepoxy bicyclohexyl group. The hardening agent contains cationic curing catalyst. The composition further contains compound having cationic polymerizable group. The compound having cationic polymerizable group is compound having epoxy group, compound having oxetanyl group or compound having vinyl ether group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The transparent composite sheet has light transmittance of 80% or more in the wavelength of 400 nm and mean coefficient of linear expansion of 20 ppm or less at 30-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aggregation solvent is chosen from 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane. The solvent used in the solution polymerization is hydrofluorocarbon of formula: Cn+mF2n+1H2m+1.n=2-8;andm=0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The swelling degree of fluoropolymer with respect to aggregation solvent is 0.75 or less. Preferred Compound: The fluoropolymer is copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and monomer of formula: CF2=CF-(O)p-(CF2)q-(CF2-CFX)r-(O)s-(CF2)t-(CF2-CFX')u-A.p,s=0 or 1;q,t=0-12;r,u=0-3;X,X'=-F or -CF3;andA=carboxylic-type functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is a mixture of hydrofluoroether of formula: CnF2n+1-O-CxH2x+1 and non-fluorine type solvent in weight ratio of 100/0-90/10.x,n=1-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-type polymer is 0.01-5 wt.%. Preferred Property: The liquid repelling-lyophilic pattern has thickness of 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst layer contains 85 %mass or more of hardened material of curable silicone emulsion. Preferred Layer: The photocatalyst layer is transparent layer, and has thickness of more than 2 mu m and less than 20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The photocatalyst layer has a film thickness of greater than 2 mu m and less than 20 mu m, and is transparent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: 85 %Mass or more of cured material of the curable silicone emulsion contained in the coating liquid is contained in the photocatalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-electrolytic primary plating layer further contains tungsten (0.1-15 weight%). The electroless plating solution comprises water-soluble nickel salt, reducing agent, complexing agent, and stabilizer (0.1-100 g/L). The content of water-soluble nickel salt is 0.1-100 g/L with respect to the content of complexing agent and reducing agent. The reducing agent is chosen from hypophosphorous acid, sodium hypophosphite, dimethylamine borane, trimethylamine borane and hydrazine. Preferred Properties: The porosity of primary plating layer is 0.1-25%. The thickness of primary plating layer is 25-75% with respect to whole film thickness. The whole film thickness is 2-200 mu m. Preferred Condition: The temperature of plating bath solution is 30-95 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complexing agent is chosen from malic acid, succinic acid, carboxylic acid e.g. lactic acid and citric acid, and amino acid e.g. glycine, alanine, iminodiacetic acid, arginine and glutamic acid. The stabilizer is chosen from lead acetate and thiodiglycolic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid is chosen from 1-ethyl-4-methoxy pyridine alkyl sulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-isopropyl 3-methylimidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-allyl-3-butyl imidazolium allyl sulfonate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium allyl sulfonate and 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methylpiperidine. The compound is chosen from formulae (I), (III) and (IV). The ionic liquid comprises anion of formulae (III)-(IV). The ionic liquid comprises cation of formula (III). The anion is allyl sulfonate or 2-methyl-allyl sulfonate. The cation is chosen from formulae (V), (VIII), (X)-(XII), (XIII) and (XIV)..R9=alkyl, aralkyl or allyl (all optionally substituted by hydroxy or alkoxy);R10,R11,R15-R17=H, alkyl, or aralkyl;R12-R14=H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alkoxy;k=0-5;m=0-10;andp,q=0-8. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    X-=anion having highest occupied molecular orbital value of 5.6 eV or more;    R12=1-8C linear or branched alkyl;and    R13=pentafluorophenyl or trifluoromethylphenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Diimmonium compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(isobutylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-bis(iminium)bis((2-isopropyl-2-sulfonyl)(((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene)sulfonyl))azanide) of formula (A), 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(isobutylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-bis(iminium)bis((2-ethyl-2-sulfonyl)(((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene)sulfonyl))azanide), 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(n-butylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-bis(iminium)bis((2-methyl-2-sulfonyl)(((4-(pentafluoro)phenyl)sulfonyl))azanide), 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(n-butylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-bis(iminium)bis((2-methyl-2-sulfonyl)(((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene)sulfonyl))azanide) and 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(isobutylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-bis(iminium)bis((2-n-butyl-2-sulfonyl)(((4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl))azanide).    EXAMPLE - (In g) p-trifluoromethyl benzene sulfonamide (2.25), acetonitrile (10 ml), potassium carbonate (2.76) and isopropyl sulfonyl chloride (1.43) were heat-refluxed for 2 hours. Isopropyl sulfonyl chloride (0.71) was further added and reacted to obtain an intermediate (1.66). 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(diisobutylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine (1.38), acetonitrile (15 ml) and distilled water (2 ml) were cooled to 0 degrees C. OXONE (RTM: potassium peroxomonosulfate) (0.92) was further added and stirred at 30 degrees C for 2 hours. The solid was filter-separated and the obtained intermediate was added and reacted. The solid deposited was filter-separated to obtain 1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetrakis(4-(isobutylamino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-bis(iminium) bis((2-isopropyl-2-sulfonyl)(((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene)sulfonyl))azanide) (1.59) having melting point of 167-169 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is a homopolymer e.g. 1,6-diphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene compounds of formulae (a)-(c). The electroactive layer is a charge transport layer (hole transport layer) or a photoactive layer. The photoactive layer further comprises a host material and photoactive material. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 39 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 1,6-diphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene of formula (Ia), 1,2,6,7-tetraphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene, 2,7-bis-(4a,8a-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-1,6-diphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene, 2-(4-tert-butyl-cyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)-7-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-1,6-diphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene and 2-cyclohexa-1,3-dienyl-4,9-bis-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-1,6,7-triphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene.    EXAMPLE - Potassium carbonate (45 g) powder was added to a mixture solution of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene (16 g) and bromoacetophenone (41.8 g) in acetone (400 ml). The mixture was heated to reflux for 18 hours. The white solid was formed during the reaction. The solids were filtered off and washed with water, diluted and dried to give 2-(6-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-1-phenyl-ethanone (intermediate A) (38.4 g). The intermediate A (40 g) was added to a rubidium fluoride (500 ml), dichloromethane (2300 ml), and then methanesulfonic acid was added drop wise (50 g). The suspension mixture became pink in color then a dark brown solution, and refluxed for 1 hour to give 1,6-diphenyl-3,8-dioxa-dicyclopenta(a,f)naphthalene (28 g, 78%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching gas used in the reactive ion etching of the solar cell includes fluorine or chlorine.
Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=1,4-phenyl, 2,7-fluorenyl or 2,7-carbazolyl;    Ar2-Ar3=Ph, 2-fluorenyl, 1-naphthyl, 9-anthracyl, 1-pyrenyl or 2-carbazolyl (optionally substituted);    Ac'=2-cyanovinyl;and    Y'=mono-carboxyl group or 2-cyano acrylic group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, i.e. compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Id).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic oxide is selected from zinc oxide, aluminum or aluminum oxide, boric oxide, gallium oxide or indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer is made of platinum, aluminum, copper, nickel, stainless steel, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves miniaturizing the highly crystalline single wall carbon nanotube, dispersing the obtained single wall carbon nanotube into solvent and carrying out evaporation using solvent. The method involves purifying the heated soot containing the produced single wall carbon nanotubes in air and processing the purified nanotubes in acid by carrying out combustion oxidation process. The heated temperature of the vacuum is 1000 degrees C or more. The single wall carbon nanotubes comprise highly crystalline single wall carbon nanotubes obtained by spraying and adsorbing H2 or D2 as adsorption gas, measuring temperature-programmed-desorption spectrum and analyzing the highly crystalline single wall carbon nanotubes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal ion is copper ion or nickel ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (a) is of formula (I), (II) or (III).Z1=atomic group which forms aromatic hydrocarbon ring or 5-6 membered optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic ring;Z2,Z3=atomic group which forms nitrogen-containing 5-6 membered optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic ring;R1-R3=H or monovalent substituent;X1=O or S;X2,X3=C or N;Y1,Y2=Z2, preferably group of formula (a);Y3=Z1, preferably group of formula (a);X4-X6=optionally substituted C or N;andR4=R1.When X4 is N, X5 and X6 are C. The compound (a) has molecular weight of 5000 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of layer (224,244) is 10-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mounting device is formed of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The selenide species comprises hydrogen selenide gas. The carrier gas comprises nitrogen gas. The sulfide species comprise hydrogen sulfide gas. The substrates comprise gallium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The same parameter sets are provided for structuring of the layer assembly of the thin-layer solar cells with respect to the trenches A and B. The structuring takes place with a scriber with laser beams or photolithographically. The trenches are filled with the electrically conductive or the electrically insulating paste, where the paste system of polymer-based or based on silicone or acrylate is introduced. The filling of the trenches is carried out by screen printing, template printing, ink-jet or spraying method under the use of a mask. The insulating effect of the trench is achieved by a vacuum deposition or a galvanic deposition of an electrically insulating material. The methods are combined for introducing an insulating layer into the two trenches to be filled, by treating the trench A with the paste application by a dispenser, and the trench C with silicon oxide by the vacuum deposition. The electrical connection in the trench that connects the back contact layer of a segment with the front contact layer of a following segment is achieved by a vacuum deposition or a galvanic deposition of an electrically conductive material. The electrically conductive polymer paste is extended widely over the non-conductive filling of the trench C so that the electrical contact is made with the front contact layer. The electrically conductive polymer paste is applied as a contact finger on an active solar cell area. The left side of the trench B is filled with an additional insulating paste. The trench A is subsequently introduced through the layer assembly up to the back contact. Preferred Components: A dispenser with a pressurized cartridge or a spindle valve or a jet valve is used for filling the generated trenches with the electrically conductive or the electrically insulating paste. The contact finger consists of a conductive material other than the electrically conductive polymer paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains polarizing carbon material. The negative electrode contains a material capable of reversibly occluding and discharging lithium ion. The electrolyte solution contains organic solvent containing lithium salt. The positive electrode contains potassium hydroxide activated non-reinforcing carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crucible contains material comprising graphite as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of cerium is 1x 1020 to 1.4x 1021 atoms/cm3. The content of hydrogen is 1021 atoms/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell contains boron, sodium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, silicon, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, cadmium, barium, tantalum, lead, bismuth, tin and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coating of part(s) of the surface of the self-organizing film with the resin layer forms a corrugated shape in the resin layer by heat nanoimprinting method. The metal layer is formed by a plating method. Preferred Components: The substrate layer contains glass, plastic and silicon wafer. Preferred Property: The substrate layer is transparent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal layer contains gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, tin, palladium, rhodium, chromium and/or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin layer contains polymethylmethacrylate, cyclic polyolefin and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon compound (II) is 1,3,5-tris(3-trialkoxy silyl alkyl)isocyanurate of formula: (NCO-R4Si(OR3)3)3, preferably 1,3,5-tris(3-trimethoxy silyl propyl)isocyanurate.R4=(CH2)n.Preferred Properties: The film thickness (Xa) of gas barrier layer (a) and film thickness (Xb) of gas barrier layer (c) are each 0.005-0.5 mu m. The film thickness (Ya) of gas barrier layer (b) and film thickness (Yb) of gas barrier layer (d) are each 0.05-3 mu m. The total film thickness of the gas barrier layers satisfies the relation: XaYa+(Xa+Xb)Yb less than or equal to 0.4, where XaYa and XbYb are 0.001 or more. Preferred Process: The gas barrier layer (c) is formed by plasma-chemical-vapor-deposition method. A primer layer containing acrylic polyol, isocyanate and silane coupling agent is further formed between base material layer and gas barrier layer (a). Preferred Definitions:    R1=C2H5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound (I) or (II) is chosen from 12 compounds e.g. compounds of formulae (a-l).R21-R27,R29,R30,R32=substituent;n21,n25,n26,n27,n32=0-3;n22,n23,n30=0-2;n24=0-1;andn29=0-4.Preferred Composition: The content of compound (I) or (II) is 1-70 %mass. The compound (I) or (II) contains acrylate derivative, (meth)acrylate derivative, acrylamide derivative or (meth)acrylamide derivative as copolymer component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent electrode further contains conductive polymer. The conductive fiber is silver nanowire. Preferred Property: The polymer has number average molecular weight of 1000-50000. Preferred Definitions:    R101=unsaturated ethylenic polymeric group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst layer contains 85 %mass or more of cured material of curable silicone emulsion. Preferred Property: The photocatalyst layer has thickness of 2-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, alkylsulfonic acid or alkylphosphoric acid is added to a benzene ring of urethane (meth)acrylate compound having benzene rings as side chains, to obtain compound (I). EXAMPLE - (In g) phenylglycidylether acrylate hexamethylene diisocyanate urethane prepolymer (86.85) was dissolved in 450 ml of dichloroethane. Chlorosulfonic acid (33.09) was dripped into resulting solution at 10 degrees C or less and reacted at room temperature for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the solvent in the supernatant of the solution was removed by decantation, and dichloroethane (450 ml) was added to the solution. The resulting solution was stirred and aged. The supernatant of the solution was removed by decantation. The residual glutinous product was dissolved in water (200 ml) and dried, to obtain sulfonic acid group-containing compound (83.04) of formula (III). A monomer solution was prepared by mixing compound (III) (9) with vinylsulfonic acid (20). This solution was applied to the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate film, to obtain a coating having a thickness of 50 mu m, and the formed coating was irradiated with electron beam. The coating was peeled from the polyethylene terephthalate film, to obtain solid polymer electrolyte membrane. The obtained solid polymer electrolyte membrane had excellent proton conductivity and mechanical strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Product: The solar battery further comprises reflection barrier layer present on the surface of silicone substrate. Preferred Method: The method involves mechanically polishing the silicone substrate in specific direction. The substrate is etched using etching solution containing hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid and acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode of the solar cell comprises silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solvent in the step (i) is methanol, ethanol, propanediol, propanetriol, glycol and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The alcohol is prepared according to the concentration of metal which is equal to 1-15 mol/l. The reducing agent is methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, sodium borohydride and/or hydrazine hydrate. Preferred Method: The molar ratio of phosphoric acid or citric acid to metal is 1:(0.5-10). The ultrasonic energy is controlled at 10-40 W/cm2. The carrier carbon in the step (ii) is cooled at -5 to 20 degrees C. The adsorbing temperature of the platinum-metal active precursor is -5 to 20 degrees C. The adsorbing time is 24-36 hours. The temperature for dehydrating to constant weight by microwave is 50-80 degrees C. The concentration of reducing agent is 0.01-5 mol/l. The reducing temperature is 50-100 degrees C. In step (iii), 1g of metal uses 1-20 ml of reducing agent. The cleaning process uses deionized water to repeatedly wash catalyst until there is no traces of chlorine when detected by silver nitrate. The dehydrating temperature in microwave is 80-110 degrees C and the duration is 0.5-6 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Preferably, the preparation method of PS-TiO2-ATP organic/inorganic composite thin film comprises: (1) using co-precipitation method to obtain TiO2/ATP composite powders with different weight ratios; where the weight ratio of TiO2 to ATP is 5-15:85-95; (b) dissolving PS into C6H12 to obtain solution A; dispersing TiO2/ATP composite powder into C6H12 to obtain solution B; where 1 g of solute needs 15 ml of C6H12; (c) fully mixing the solution A and the solution B under the strong blend condition; vibrating the mixed liquid for 1-2 hours under the action of supersonic; obtaining PS-TiO2/ATP-C6H12 multiple-phase mixed liquid C; where the weight ratio of PS to TiO2/ATP composite powder is 45-65:35-55; (d) mounting the cleaned thin film sheet on the film rotating instrument; paving the multiple-phase mixed liquid C uniformly on the thin sheet and rotating to form film; naturally cooling at room temperature; and (e) putting the dry thin sheet into the heating furnace to thermally treat; heating at 100-110 degrees C and maintaining temperature for 20 minutes; and obtaining PS-TiO2-ATP organic/inorganic composite thin film. The reaction materials are mixed by the supersonic with power of not less than 500 W. The co-precipitation method of TiO2/ATP composite powder comprises: (a) selecting the attapulgite clay mineral; milling; sieving; extracting by the suspension method to obtain attapulgite clay powder; (b) preparing TiO2 sol by the hydrolysis method; (c) compounding attapulgite clay powder and TiO2 sol to obtain TiO2/ATP composite precursor; where the weight ratio of ATP to TiO2 is 5-15:85-95; and (d) thermally treating TiO2/ATP composite precursor at 450 degrees C to obtain TiO2/ATP composite powder. Preferred Composition: The thin sheet is thin film, polishing silicon sheet, or metal thin sheet. The grain size of the PS is 1-10 mu m; and the grain size of said TiO2 is 20-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The granular carbon material includes carbon soot, carbon microsphere or mesoporous carbon. The linear carbon material includes carbon fiber or carbon nanometer tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The one or more alkaline compounds are selected from hydroxides and alkanolamines. One or more metal layers are gold, silver, copper or nickel. The silicon containing substrate is a photovoltaic device, electrodes, ohmic contact, interconnection line, Schottky barrier diode contact, an optoelectronic component, components for optical and electrochemical detectors/sensors, catalysts, ohmic contacts, and interconnection lines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One or more compounds selected from alkoxylated glycols, their mono-methyl ether and mono-methyl ether acetate derivatives comprise RO(CxH2xO)mY.R=-CH3 or -H;Y=-H or -C(O)CH3;m=an integer of 3 or greater; andx=3-6.The alkoxylated glycols comprise HO(CH2CH2O)nH.n=an integer of 3 or greater.Preferred Method: Texturing semiconductor substrates further comprises one or more alkali metal chlorides or one or more silicates, or its mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capping layer comprises undoped dielectric material (preferably silicon oxide) and applied by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The semiconductor substrate comprises silicon-based material having monocrystalline crystal structure. Method involves applying doped silicate glass layer using aqueous solution comprising phosphoric acid to form the phosphorus doped silicate glass layer at the front side of substrate; or using liquid dopant source material comprising phosphoryl chloride or boron bromide for application of phosphorus/boron atoms at the back side of an n-type or p-type monocrystalline silicon-based substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The first functional layer is a hole transport layer, or an electron blocking layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper complex (c1) is a polynuclear complex. The ligand L1 of the copper complex is bridging two copper atoms. The copper atoms contained in the copper complex are at least partially in the oxidation state +2 or +1. The polynuclear copper complex (c2) comprises 4 or 6 copper atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The matrix material of the first functional organic layer comprises an organic compound and the organic compound partially coordinates to the copper complex. The organic compound contains at least two coordination sites, where at least two coordination sites of at least a part of the organic compound coordinate to a copper atom so as to form a catenarian structure or a netlike structure of copper complexes and molecules of the organic compound. The first functional organic layer is obtainable by simultaneous evaporation of the copper complex and the matrix material. Preferred Definitions:    R=alkyl and/or aryl group bearing at least one electron withdrawing substituent;    R'a=optionally substituted, branched, linear or cyclic at least 2C alkyl or aryl bearing at least one electron withdrawing substituent, and particularly fluorinated or perfluorinated aromatic or aliphatic substituents.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive material used in intermediate layer, includes material selected from zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The tempered glass comprises (%mass) silicon dioxide (45-70), alumina (15-24), sodium oxide (11-20) and phosphorus pentoxide (1-9), and further comprises lithium oxide (0-10, preferably 0-8), potassium oxide (0-10, preferably 1-9), magnesium oxide (0-8, preferably 0-6), calcium oxide (0-8), magnesium oxide and calcium oxide (0-9, preferably 0-8, in total), strontium oxide and barium oxide (0-5, preferably 0-3, in total), titanium dioxide (0-4, preferably 0-1), and boron trioxide (0-3). Preferred Properties: The compressive stress layer has compressive stress value of 300 MPa or more, and thickness of 30 mu m or more. The tempered glass has density of 2.6 g/cm3, liquidus temperature of 1180 degrees C or less, and liquid phase viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mesh-shaped metal microparticle layer is processed with an organic solvent, and heated at 100 degrees C or more for 10 seconds or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The doped semiconductor film is selected from one of the following a doped amorphous silicon, a doped amorphous silicon carbide, a doped polycrystalline silicon and a doped polycrystalline silicon carbide. The transformed film is selected from one of the following a primarily silicon oxide, a borosilicate glass, a phosphosilicate glass, a silicon nitride, a silicon oxynitride, a silicon oxycarbide and a silicon carbon nitride. The transformed film is provided with an electrically passivating surface interface layer selected from one of the following silicon nitride, intrinsic amorphous silicon, silicon oxide, intrinsic polycrystalline silicon, aluminum oxide, doped amorphous silicon carbide, doped polycrystalline silicon carbide, intrinsic polycrystalline silicon carbide, intrinsic amorphous silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, phosphorus nitride, titanium nitride, titanium dioxide, doped amorphous silicon and/or doped polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic device has thin-film silicon solar cell. The electrode comprises transparent conductive oxide deposited on the substrate comprising zinc oxide, tin oxide or indium titanium oxide. The junction comprises hydrogenated microcrystalline or amorphous silicon. The surface is exposed in hexafluoroethylene, carbon dioxide, oxygen or sulfur hexafluoride-containing atmosphere. The oxidation is performed with an oxidizing agent which accepts electron chosen from oxygen, fluorine, sulfur, chlorine and nitrogen. The junction is asteriska-silica:hydrogen p-i-n stackasterisk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The method comprises performing the first vacuum treatment process as a vacuum plasma treatment process in an atmosphere containing silane (SiH4) and hydrogen gas (H2) and a gaseous dopant in a concentration of 0-80% of the concentration of a gaseous dopant present in the atmosphere of the second vacuum process, preferably 0-20%, thus preferably depositing by the second vacuum process the positively doped semiconductor layer. The first time span is selected to be 5-20% of the sum of the first and second time spans and where preferably the second vacuum process is a vacuum plasma process and there is valid at least one of: the one doped semiconductor layer deposited by the second vacuum process is the positively doped semiconductor layer, the one doped semiconductor layer is deposited in an atmosphere comprising a SiH4 to H2 concentration of 0.-10%, preferably of 1-5%, the one doped semiconductor layer is deposited in an atmosphere comprising SiH4 and the dopant to SiH4 concentration in the atmosphere is 0.1-10%, preferably 0.05-0.5%, the one doped semiconductor layer is deposited at a power density of 10 mW/cm2 to 1 W/cm2, preferably 50 mW/cm2 and 300 m/cm2, the one doped semiconductor layer is deposited at a total pressure of 0.5-12 mbar, the one doped semiconductor layer is deposited at a process temperature of 150-280 degrees C, the one doped semiconductor layer is deposited with an Rf power at a frequency of 13.56-82 MHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solar cell (I) epitaxial wafer matched with the lattice on gallium arsenide substrate is grown by metal organic chemical gas deposition method to obtain cell composition with band gap energy of 1.9/1.4 eV. The solar cell (II) epitaxial wafer matched with the lattice on indium phosphide substrate is grown by metal organic chemical gas deposition method to obtain the cell composition with band gap energy of 1.05/0.72 eV. A gallium arsenide tunneling joint is grown at top end of gallium-indium phosphide cell on gallium arsenide substrate. An indium phosphide tunneling joint is grown at top end of indium-gallium-arsenic phosphide on indium phosphide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The processed waste of high purity silicon has specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more. The fine powder has D50 of 0.7 mu m or less and D90 of 2 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The total content of iron, aluminum and calcium contained in fine powder is 40 ppm or less. Preferred Method: The processed waste of high purity silicon is ground using a wet jet mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of hydroxyl group and/or alkoxy group bonded to the silicon atom of silica particles is less than 6 mmol/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic group-containing compound is silicone and/or silane. The content of cured silicone emulsion is 80 %mass or more with respect to total content of silicone emulsion, photocatalyst metal particles and silica particles. Preferred Properties: The thickness of photocatalyst layer is 2-20 mu m. The average particle diameter of curable silicone emulsion is larger than average particle diameter of photocatalyst metal oxide particles and silica particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable composition further contains a bisphenol skeleton-containing (meth)acrylate compound (b). The layer (A) has the same composition as the composition of the layer (B). The content of compound (a) and compound (b) contained in the polymerizable composition is 0.1-20 weight% and 50-99.9 weight%, respectively. Preferred Compounds: The compound (a) is an acidic monomer. The epoxy-type adhesive has a bisphenol skeleton. The compound (b) is of formula (I), preferably (II). The compound (a) is a (meth)acrylate compound (a1) having a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group and/or a carboxylic group, preferably phosphorus-containing compound of formula: Ac1-O-X1-O-P(=O)(-O-Z2)-O-Z1 (III).Z1=Ac2-O-X2-, substituent not having polymerizable group, or H;Z2=Ac3-O-X3-, substituent not having polymerizable group, or H;or at least one of Z1 and Z2=H;Ac1-Ac3=acryloyl or (meth)acryloyl;X1-X3=alkylene, alkyleneoxy, alkyleneoxy carbonyl or alkylenecarbonyloxy;R1,R2=H, alkyl or aryl;or R1+R2=ring;R3,R4=substituent, where at least two of groups represented by R3 and R4 comprise (meth)acryloyloxy group;m,n=0-5;R1',R2'=H, alkyl or aryl;andL1,L2=linking group.(i) When m is not less than 2, each R3 is same or different; and (ii) when n is not less than 2, each R4 is same or different.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of dipropylamine to sodium tellurite is 21-23:1. The mass ratio of cupric acetate to sodium tellurite is 2:1. The content of mixed solution (A) is 70% of the volume of high-pressure reaction container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The washing process is carried out using ethanol solution and deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive materials for producing transparent electrodes comprise one or more of indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide with tin, fluorinated indium tin oxide, zinc oxide with aluminum, zinc oxide with gallium, silver, nickel, aurum, titanium, aurum-germanium alloy, palladium, zinc, chrome, poly electric substance, and poly electric substance with carbon pipes. The structure of the solar battery at least comprises a single junction, double-junction and more than double-junction cascade structure, a complex double-junction and double-junction cascade structure, a complex three-junction and single-junction cascade structure, a complex double-junction and a double-junction cascade structure, a complex three-junction and double-junction and a single-junction cascade structure, and a complex multi-junction and multi-junction cascade structure. The epitaxial wafer is a structure which contains one or more overlapped PN junctions and is serially connected with one or more overlapped PN junctions constructed by III-V family elements. Preferred Process: In (b), the process of producing the conductive front electrode or the bottom electrode from transparent conductive materials comprises at least one of vaporization, sputtering, spin coating, and printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The Cu-Ga alloy is deposited by continuous sputtering on the CuInGaSe2 film and the selenization is carried out by exposing the so obtained system to a Se vapor for 5-30 minutes at a temperature of 520-550 degrees C in a vacuum chamber. The CuInSe2 film is obtained by sequential sputtering deposition of In2Se3 and Cu on the Mo-coated substrate from a polycrystalline In2Se3 and Cu targets, vacuum annealing and subsequent selenization. The In2Se3 is deposited by RF sputtering, while Cu is deposited by continuous sputtering. The overlying Mo, In2Se3 and Cu layers are heated to a temperature of 400-450 degrees C in about 20-30 minutes and kept interacting with one another for other 20-30 minutes and then exposed to Se vapor for 5-30 minutes at a temperature of 520-550 degrees C in a vacuum chamber. The In2Se3 film is deposited from a polycrystalline target obtained by melting In and Se at moderate pressure and inert atmosphere, followed by re-solidification. The pressure is higher than 10 atm. When the substrate is soda-lime glass, the coating Mo film is deposited by continuous sputtering. In method (P1), a film of pure ZnO is deposited on the CdS film by continuous sputtering from a Zn target and in the presence of oxygen and subsequently a ZnO(Al) film by continuous sputtering. Preferred Components: The CuInGaSe2 layer has a Ga content higher at its surface than at its inside. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon layer comprises amorphous carbon or crystalline carbon. The titanium oxide layer comprises a component selected from titanium dioxide, titanium suboxides, and/or titanium oxide hydrate. The titanium oxide layer comprises an amphorous titanium oxide or polycrystalline titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The c-Si substrate comprises a multicrystalline substrate. The concentration of KOH is approximately 0.2 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is textured for a time to produce pyramids having a height of 2-10 um measured from height to base and a random distribution. The method further involves maintaining temperature of the texturing solution to 70-90 degrees C during the texturing of c-Si substrate; pre-cleaning the c-Si substrate with a pre-cleaning solution to remove organic contaminants before texturing the c-Si substrate with the texturing solution; applying a dilute acid rinse to the c-Si substrate after applying the texturing solution to neutralize the texturing solution; applying a hydrofluoric acid (HF) post-treatment to the c-Si substrate after texturing the c-Si substrate; and applying a water rinse to the c-Si substrate after texturing the c-Si substrate. The pretreating the c-Si substrate involves applying the hydrogen fluoride solution having a ratio of water:HF (hydrogen fluoride) of approximately 100:1. The screening involves measuring the roughness, pyramid/texture distribution (density), pyramid/texture size, kurtosis, and optical reflectance, etch thickness, and pyramid/texture uniformity. The first subset of texturing solution is selected to etch less than 30 um of silicon from the surface of the c-Si substrate. Preferred Formulation: The temperature of the formulation is approximately 90 degrees C. The formulation further comprises silica in an amount to increase the texturing rate (or to initiate pyramid formation). Preferred Components: The butanol comprises 1-butanol or 2-butanol (preferably 1-butanol having a concentration of approximately 5%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The argon and hydrogen are used as carrier gas in the film forming process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electroconductive oxide layer comprises oxides of zinc, indium and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive substrate comprises germanium (Ge) and a gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The first subcell includes Ge. The strained epitaxially-grown semiconductor layers includes strained indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) quantum dot layers intercalated with GaAs, aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) and gallium phosphide arsenide (GaPAs) layers. The third subcell includes gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), AlGaAs and aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Passivation layer is made of silicon oxide and intrinsic amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 35-75 (preferably 45-65) wt.% of glass, 20-65 (25-55) wt.% of mica, and 0-15 (preferably 4-12) wt.% of a mineral filler such as alumina having a glass transition temperature of greater than 600 degrees C. Preferred Components: The glass comprises: 0.5-15 (preferably 1-12) mol.% of bismuth oxide; 5-15 mol.% of sodium oxide; 1-5 mol.% of aluminum oxide; less than 0.011 mol.% of lead oxide; less than 15 mol.% of lithium oxide, or less than 10 mol.% of lithium oxide, or less than 8 mol.% of lithium oxide. The coating is derived from hydrolysis of an alkylalkoxysilane. The glass comprises: barium oxide (more than 20 mol.%); bismuth oxide (less than 10 mol.%); and fluorine (less than 8 mol.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The insulator comprises an undulating surface. The ratio of the creepage distance over the height of the insulator is greater than 1.55. The material surface is coated with an organic coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating is of polysiloxane or epoxy or polyurethane or polysilazane type. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: glass frit (48 mass%) (comprising silicon dioxide (21.55%), barium oxide (36.62%), boron trioxide (28.07%), bismuth oxide (10.87%) and aluminum oxide (2.9%)), where the sum of zinc oxide, alkaline oxide and alkaline earth oxide was 36.62%; alumina (4 mass%); and mica (48 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nanoparticles are silver nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The average thickness of at least one thin film glass is 5-100 mu m. The average thickness of thin film glasses is 5-100 mu m. The difference of average thickness of thin film glasses is less than 1 mu m or 1-90 mu m. The total average thickness of thin film glasses is less than the thickness of intermediate layer. The sum of total average thickness of thin film glasses and thickness of intermediate layer is 3 mm or less, preferably 1 mm or less, more preferably 0.5 mm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin in intermediate layer is thermosetting resin. The intermediate layer consists of several resin layers having adhesiveness with respect to glass. Preferred Components: The substrate is formed by overflowing method, and has surface roughness of 1 mm or less. The illumination component has organic electroluminescent element as light source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ultraviolet absorber with respect to 100 parts weight of resin is 0.01-0.5 part weight. The ultraviolet absorber is benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber or benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin particles contain polyolefin-type resin (100 parts weight) or polystyrene-type resin (120-560 parts weight). Preferred Property: The foam-molded product has transmittance of 3% or less at wavelength of 365 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cap has thickness of 150-300 Angstrom , preferably 250 Angstrom . The dielectric layer is boronphosphosilicate glass layer. The cap comprises silicon oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass substrate is rectangular or belt-shaped. The width direction dimension of the glass substrate is 2000 mm or less. The thickness of the glass substrate is 0.3 mm or less. The support plate of the glass/resin laminate has a thickness of 0.3 mm or more, and consists of glass plate, silicon wafer, plastic plate, or metal plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The glass substrate and resin layer are laminated through an adhesive bond layer made of thermoplastic polyimide and/or thermoplastic polyamidoimide. The thickness of resin layer is 0.1 mm or less. The glass-substrate laminate consists of a peelable resin layer containing acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, polyurethane resin, and/or silicone resin. The thickness of glass/resin laminate is 50-400 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The rear electrode has a layer comprising titanium and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Etching is carried out using reaction gas chosen from oxygen, nitrogen, moisture, argon, helium, fluorocarbon and carbochlorine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The transparent polymer film is made of fluorinated ethylene propylene, perfluoroalkoxy compound, polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass comprises silicon dioxide (75-85 wt.%), boron oxide (10-17 wt.%), sodium oxide (2-6 wt.%), potassium oxide (0.2-1 wt.%), alkali metal oxide (1-8 wt.%), aluminum oxide (10 wt.%), alkali earth metal oxide (6 wt.%) transition metal (0.001 wt.%), uranium, lead, chromium and manganese or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier film comprises an adhesive layer on the gas barrier layer and the adhesive layer is in contact with the protective film. The protective film has an antistatic layer which has an antistatic function. Preferred Components: The antistatic layer contains one at least chosen from electroconductive nanocarbon materials, metal nanoparticles, conductive polymer, electroconductive oligomer, and electroconductive monomer as an antistatic agent. The average surface roughness (Ra) of gas barrier layer of protective film is 25 nm or less. The surface resistance of the protective film is 1x 1012-1x 105 Ohms/cm2. The composite film seals the electronic device. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is copper substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoacid generator has halomethyl s-triazine structure. The radical photopolymerization initiator is oxime ester compound. The oxetane compound contains 2 or more oxetane rings per one molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive resin composition further contains 1-70 %mass of carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Phosphine chloride is reacted with metallic compound obtained by reacting aryl dihalide and metal reagent chosen from butyl lithium and magnesium in organic solvent chosen from diethylether or tetrahydrofuran to obtain phosphine derivative of formula (II). The compound (II) is reacted with sulfur in organic solvent chosen from acetone or tetrahydrofuran at 0-110 degrees C to obtain phosphine sulfide compound (I).Ar=not defined.Preferred Material: The electrode buffer material has glass transition temperature of 90 degrees C or more and electron mobility of 10-7 cm2/Vs. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 76 Phosphine sulfide compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. phenylbis(pyren-1-yl)-phosphanethione of formula (Ia), (4-methoxyphenyl)bis(pyren-1-yl)-phosphanethione, bis(pyren-1-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)-phosphanethione, bis(pyren-1-yl)(pyridin-4-yl)-phosphanethione and bis(pyren-1-yl)(pyridin-2-yl)-phosphanethione.    EXAMPLE - Hexane solution of n-butyl lithium (3 mL) was dropped into tetrahydrofuran solution of 1-bromo pyrene (in g) (1.4) after cooling to -78 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 30 minutes, dichlorophenyl phosphine (440 mg) was slowly added, heated at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The obtained deposit was filtered, washed with hexane and dissolved in dichloromethane. Insoluble material was removed and crude product was recrystallized. Tetrahydrofuran solution of obtained product and sulfur were heat-refluxed and phenylbis(pyren-1-yl)-phosphanethione (1.53) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: In the transparent electrode, the transparent conductive layer comprises: a first transparent conductive layer containing a conductive fiber; and a second transparent conductive layer containing a conductive polymer and a water soluble binder resin. At least one hydroxyl group is contained in a recurring unit which forms the water soluble binder resin. Preferred Method: The transparent conductive layer is produced by the sequential steps of: applying a first coating liquid containing a conductive fiber on a transparent substrate to form a first transparent conductive layer; and applying a second coating liquid containing water, a conductive polymer and a water soluble binder resin on the first transparent conductive layer to form a second transparent conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water soluble binder resin is of formula (I). The conductive fiber is a silver nanowire.R1=a group which contains at least one hydroxyl group;R2=H or methyl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Salt: The zwitterion-type organic salt (I) is preferably imidazolium organic salt of formula (II).R11,R21 = H, alkyl, alkenyl or -L11-V11N-V21-R31, preferably H or -L11-V11N-V21-R31;R22-R24 = H, alkoxy, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, carbonate, amide, carbamoyl, phosphonyl, heterocyclic group, aryloxy, alkylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, acyloxy, sulfonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkenyl, alkyl or -L11-V11N-V21-R31, preferably H or -L11-V11N-V21-R31;X11 = X1;n21 = 0;L11 = bivalent coupling group which connects the imidazolium ion in the compound (II) with V11, and contains alkylene, arylene, alkyleneoxy and/or arylene oxy;V11,V21 = -SO2-;andR31 = alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl or perfluoroalkyl.At least one of R11 and R21-R24 is -L11-V11N-V21-R31. Preferred Definitions:    Q = imidazole ring or pyridine ring together with nitrogen atom;and    V1,V2 = -SO2-.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 Zwitterion-type organic salts are disclosed e.g. compound of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole (in g) (0.4) and lithium ion((difluoromethoxy)sulfinyl)azanidyl butane-1-sulfinate fluoromethane (1.5) were dissolved in acetonitrile (10 ml) and reacted for 8 hours. The obtained product was concentrated under reduced pressure, methylene chloride was added and insoluble lithium chloride was removed and purified, to obtain ((trifluoromethoxy)sulfinyl)azanidyl-2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethane-1-sulfinate (Ia) having viscosity of 990 cP at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The linear fluoropolyether compound is of formula: CH2=CH-(X)a-Rf-(X')a-CH=CH2.X=-CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2-O-CH2-, or group of formula: -Y'-NR1-CO-;Y'=CH2 or m or p-dimethylsilyl phenylene group of formula (I);R1=H or optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl;X'=-CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2-O-CH2 or -CO-NR1-Y'-;Y'=-CH2- or m or p-dimethylsilyl phenylene group of formula (II);Rf=bivalent perfluoropolyether group;anda=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge generating layer is made of oxide, chloride, bromide or iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reflection barrier layer is made of silicon oxide film or silicon nitride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stirring is done at 70-90 degrees C for 2-3 hours. The drying is done at 200 degrees C for 3 hours with a temperature gradient of 5-20 degrees C/minute in the presence of hydrogen (5-80 wt.%), and inert gases (balance). Preferred Components: The metal particles in the load type catalyst have a diameter of 2-5 mu m. The metal comprises platinum (5-100), and ruthenium, palladium, iridium, iron, cobalt and/or nickel (balance). The inert gas is argon and/or nitrogen. The carbon carrier is activated carbon, conductive carbon, graphite, carbon nanotube or carbon nanofiber. The metal active component is chloroplatinic acid (5-100 wt.%), and ruthenium chloride, palladium chloride, iridium chloride, ferric nitrate, cobalt nitrate and/or nickel nitrate (balance).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The copper and indium composite structure comprises a copper layer and an indium layer of material. The copper and indium composites structure forms a copper indium alloy material in the furnaces. The selenide species comprises hydrogen selenide (H2Se) gas. The carrier gas comprises nitrogen gas. The sulfide species comprise hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. The substrate further comprises gallium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode is made of tin oxide (SnO2) and boron doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The third layer of the solar cell is made of silicon oxy-nitride, hydrogenated silicon and titanium oxide. The fourth layer of the solar cell is made of indium-tin-oxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The insulator comprises an undulated surface. The ratio of the length of the leakage path over the height of insulator is greater than 1.55. In the insulator, the material surface is coated with an organic coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises glass (35-75 (preferably 45-65) mass%), mica (20-65 (preferably 25-55) mass%), and mineral filler (0-15 (preferably 4-12) mass%) having a glass transition temperature of greater than 600 degrees C. Preferred Components: The mineral filler is alumina. The glass comprises: Bi2O3 (1-12 mol.%); sodium oxide (Na2O) (5-15 mol.%); aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (1-5 mol.%); lead oxide (PbO) (less than 0.011 mol.%); and lithium oxide (Li2O) (less than 15 (preferably less than 8) mol.%). The glass comprises: more than 20 mol.% of barium oxide; less than 10 mol.% of Bi2O3; and less than 8 mol.% of fluorine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating is polysiloxane or epoxy or polyurethane type. The coating is derived from the hydrolysis of an alkylalkoxysilane. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of (in mass%): glass frit (comprising (in mole%) silicon dioxide (21.55), barium oxide (36.62), boron trioxide (28.07), bismuth trioxide (10.87), aluminum trioxide (2.90), and combination of zinc oxide, alkali oxide and alkaline-earth oxide (36.52)) (48); alumina (4); and mica (48).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The thickness of transparent silica glass layer and crucible main component is 0.5 mm or more and 5 mm or more, respectively. Preferred Component: The composite crucible further has an opaque silica glass layer containing several micro bubbles formed between the crucible main component and transparent silica glass layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt is a sodium salt or a potassium salt. The metal ion is silver (preferred), calcium, magnesium, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper or aluminum ions. The metal ion is present at 10-60 g/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises: another complexing agent besides the iminodisuccinate derivative, where the iminosuccinate derivative is contained in it at 2-40 g/l, preferably 5-20 g/l; a hydantoin (50-250 (preferably 100-175) g/l) in addition to the iminodisuccinate derivative; and a citrate (20-75 (preferably 30-50) g/l). (I) has a pH of 8-12, preferably 9.5-11. Preferred Components: The iminodisuccinate derivative has a structure of formula (R7-C(=R6)-C(CH2-C(=R1)-R8)-NH-C(CH2-C(=R2)-R3)-C(=R5)-R4). The iminodisuccinate derivative is present in the form of a salt. The iminodisuccinate derivative is an alkali metal iminodisuccinate. The iminodisuccinate derivative is a main complexing agent in (I) and is present at 50-250 g/l, preferably 150-225 g/l. The hydantoin is 5,5-dimethyl hydantoin.R1, R2, R5, R6 = O, S or NH; andR3, R4, R7, R8 = OH, NH2, SH, O- or S-. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of (in g/l): silver as silver methane sulfonate (30); tripotassium citrate monohydrate (40); potassium hydroxide (65); 5,5-dimethyl hydantoin (130); and tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the photoconductor, the layers are a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, where at least an under layer, the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer are laminated in this order on the conductive support, and where the charge transport layer comprises the structure three-dimensionally crosslinked through Diels-Alder reaction. The layers are a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, where at least an under layer, the charge generation layer, the charge transport layer and a protective layer are laminated in this order on the conductive support, and where the protective layer comprises the structure three-dimensionally crosslinked through Diels-Alder reaction. The structure three-dimensionally crosslinked through Diels-Alder reaction is formed through Diels-Alder reaction between a furan derivative serving as diene and maleimide derivative serving as a dienophile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Compounds: The furan compound (I) is compound of formula (II). The furan derivative comprises a triarylamine partial structure. The maleimide derivative comprises at least three maleimide functional groups.R2 to R11=1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy group or aryl group (all optionally have substituent). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 17 compounds are disclosed as compound (I) e.g. 4-(2,2-bis(4-(furan-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)vinyl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (I'), 4-(2,2-bis(4-(furan-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)vinyl)-N,N-dip-tolylaniline, N-(4-(2,2-bis(4-(furan-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)vinyl)phenyl)-N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3,4-dimethylaniline, N-(4-(2,2-bis(4-(furan-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)vinyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-N-m-tolylaniline, N-(4-(2,2-bis(4-(furan-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)vinyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-N-phenylaniline.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The product (50) of charged carbon dioxide is hydrocarbon, preferably methane. The charged carbon dioxide is an oxygenated hydrocarbon. The charged carbon dioxide has high critical temperature than hydrogen. The charged carbon dioxide has a low critical pressure than hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reforming catalyst is copper-zinc catalyst (cupric oxide-zinc oxide/alumina), platinum catalyst (platinum/alumina), and/or palladium catalyst (palladium/alumina). The heat source is an oxidation zone having oxidizing catalyst chosen from platinum catalyst, palladium catalyst, platinum-cobalt catalyst (platinum-cobalt/alumina), boron nitride-promoted platinum catalyst (platinum-hexagonal boron nitride/alumina), and/or boron nitride-promoted platinum-cobalt catalyst (platinum-cobalt-hexagonal boron nitride/alumina). The carbon monoxide reaction zone of the hydrogen generating device contains oxidizing catalyst chosen from boron nitride-promoted platinum catalyst (platinum-hexagonal boron nitride/alumina), platinum-cobalt catalyst (platinum-cobalt/alumina), platinum-ruthenium catalyst (platinum-ruthenium/alumina), boron nitride-promoted platinum-cobalt catalyst (platinum-cobalt-hexagonal boron nitride/alumina), and/or boron nitride-promoted platinum-ruthenium catalyst (platinum-ruthenium-hexagonal boron nitride/alumina).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: Medium (I) is aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, and/or graphite, preferably aluminum alloy or copper alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-producing raw material is 1-12C hydrocarbon and/or their oxides, preferably methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor comprises a metal consisting of iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, rhodium, platinum and gold, and a metal carbonyl. The gas carrier comprises helium, neon and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative is 70C derivative. The 70C fullerene is an optical carrier generating agent, and the fullerene derivative is a charge transport agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The p-type organic semiconductor is a thiophene type conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The deposition gas used for deposition process of ARC layer contains silane (SiH4). The ARC layer includes silica (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiNx).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear electrode formed on rear surface of semiconductor substrate includes aluminum (Al).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An etchant used for etching process contains organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The prepared silver powder has: particle size of 0.9-1.3 mu m; and stack density of 4.6-5 g/ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is one of hydrazine hydrate solution, formaldehyde solution, sodium thiosulfate solution or sodium borohydride. The weight ratio of the reducing agent solid to the sodium carbonate solid is 6:(1-4). The concentration of the reducing agent solution is 50 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron source is boron slurry comprising borate substance, adhesion-phase glass powder and organic solvent. The borate substance is elemental boron, boron trioxide, boric acid or borate, and is existed in a solid particle form. The size of the borate substance solid particle in the boron source is 0.5-10 mu m, preferably 1-5 mu m. The boron source is boron trioxide organic solution or organic boron compound. The mass percent of the boron element in the boron source is 0.028-1.3% of the aluminum element in the aluminum paste. Preferred Method: The sintering temperature is 700-875 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide includes at least one or two selected from iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), antimony (Sb), and zinc (Zn). The inorganic filler includes at least one or two selected from Fe-based oxide, Fe-Cr-based oxide, Co-Al-based oxide, Co-Al-Ti-based oxide, Co-Cr-Al-based oxide, Co-Al-based oxide, Mn-Sb-Ti-based oxide, Fe-Zn-Ti-based oxide and Co-nickel (Ni)-Zn-Ti-based oxide. The glass frit includes at least one selected from lead oxide (PbO)-silicon dioxide (SiO2) based material, PbO-SiO2-boron oxide (B2O3) based material, zinc oxide (ZnO)-SiO2 based material, ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 based material, and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3)-B2O3-ZnO-SiO2 based material. The electrode includes a rear electrode (13). Preferred Composition: An amount of the inorganic filler is 1 to 10 wt.% based on a total amount of the paste composition. An amount of the glass frit is 1 to 10 wt.% based on a total amount of the paste composition. An amount of the organic vehicle is 20 to 30 wt.% based on a total amount of the paste composition. Preferred Parameters: The aluminum powder includes a spherical aluminum powder having a grain size of 0.1 to 2 mu m and a spherical aluminum powder having a grain size of 0.5 to 20 mu m and a plate type aluminum powder having a mean size of long lateral sides in a range of 20 to 50 mu m. Aluminum powder includes 34 to 50 wt.% of a spherical aluminum powder having a grain size of 0.1 to 2 mu m, 17 to 50 wt.% of a spheric aluminum powder having a grain size of 0.5 to 20 mu m, and 0 to 33 wt.% of a plate type aluminum powder having a mean size of long lateral sides in a range of 20 to 50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group III dopant includes at least one selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. The group V dopant includes at least one selected from phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. The dopant diffusion solution includes group V dopant is used to form an emitter of a solar cell; and group III dopant is used to form a BSF (back surface field) layer of a solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent includes a volatile solvent. Preferred Composition: Amount of the dopant diffusion solution is about 2 to 12 wt.% based on a total amount of the paste composition; or amount of the dopant diffusion solution is about 4 to 6 wt.% based on the total amount of the paste composition. Preferred Components: The paste composition further comprises an organic vehicle, where the dopant diffusion solution is included in the organic vehicle, or where the dopant diffusion solution is included in the additive. Preferred Method: The dopant diffusion solution is prepared on the substrate by dipping the substrate in the dopant diffusion solution or coating the dopant diffusion solution on the substrate. Preparing dopant diffusion solution on the substrate includes coating an N type diffusion solution including the group V dopant on a first surface of the substrate; coating a P type diffusion solution including the group III dopant on a second surface of the substrate; and thermally the group III dopant and the group V dopant into the substrate, thus forming an emitter and a back surface field (BSF) layer, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The DC/DC converter comprises a diode which is a Schottky diode, and a first power switch which is a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) transistor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer are made of an element or an alloy of the element, where the element comprises group IV element, group III element or group V element. The group IV element comprises silicon or germanium. A front side of the wafer and a rear side of the wafer separately have a metal contact to direct electric power to an external circuit. A metal contact is coated on a surface in the etched region or flat region at a side of the wafer; and a back surface field (BSF) (19) is obtained at an opposite side of the wafer. The side of the wafer having the etched region and the flat region is further covered with an anti-reflective film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of glass or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cell further comprises an intrinsic layer disposed between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer. The intrinsic layer is made of undoped amorphous silicon or undoped microcrystalline silicon. The p-type semiconductor layer is made of amorphous silicon. The first electrode is made of transport conductive oxide (TCO). The second electrode is made of TCO or metal. The substrate is made of oxide, nitride, boride or carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The linear fluoropolyether compound is of formula: ROOC-Rf-COOR'.Rf=divalent perfluoroalkyl ether structure, preferably of formulae: -CtF2t(OCF2CF(-CF3))pOCF2(CF2)rCF2O(CF(-CF3)CF2O)qCtF2t-, -CtF2t(OCF(-CF3)CF2)u(OCF2)vOCtF2t- and -CtF2t(OCF2CF2)x(OCF2)yOCtF2t-;p,q=1-150;p+q=2-200;r=0-6;t=2 or 3;v,y=1-50;u,x=1-200;andR,R'=optionally substituted 1-8C monovalent hydrocarbyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The siloxane polymer is chosen from formulae (I)-(IV).n,a=3-50;b=1-50;a+b=4-100;c=0-100;andz=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorinated cyclic carbonate and/or linear or cyclic fluorinated phosphazene is 5-80 mole% and 1-20 mole%, respectively. The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is preferably 4,5-difluoro-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one or 4,5-difluoro-4,5-dimethyl-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one. The fluorinated phosphazene is preferably 2-ethoxy-2,4,4,6-tetrafluoro-6-methyl-2,4,6-(1,3,5,2,4,6)triazatriphosphinine, 2,2,4,4,6-pentafluoro-6-methyl-2,4,6-(1,3,5,2,4,6)triazatriphosphinine, or 2,2,4,4,6-pentafluoro-6-phenoxy-2,4,6-(1,3,5,2,4,6)triazatriphosphinine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic-layer coating liquid further contains silazane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nickel is contained in modification catalyst of modification-catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflecting electrode is provided with metal layer made of material such as magnesium, titanium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, palladium, platinum, and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst for the kinetic absorption and desorption of hydrogen comprises: iron and at least one of titanium or vanadium; iron and titanium, where the atomic% of iron equals the atomic% of titanium plus minus 5 atomic% of the iron-titanium total; or iron and vanadium, where at least or more than 50% or more than 5/7 of the material by atomic% comprises magnesium, and at least some of the iron and vanadium forms a dispersed cesium chloride-type phase or forms a dispersed sigma phase in the magnesium. The ratio of iron to vanadium in atomic percent is 3:1 and 1:9. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from titanium, zinc, indium and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises PF6 anion, preferably tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6). The solution is a solvent chosen from high polar organic solvent or mixed solvent of acetonitrile and O-dichlorobenzene. The high polar organic solvent has dielectric constant of 10 or more. The volume ratio of mixed solvent is 2:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The flow control unit is an orifice or needle valve made of metal. The hydrogen selenide mixed gas is stored in a buffer tank (2), and mixed gas of desired concentration is supplied from buffer tank. The flow volume of hydrogen selenide gas after reducing pressure in flow path is adjusted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The anodization of base material surface for forming barrier-type alumina layer and porous alumina layer is formed using different electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution has pH of 3-8. The electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution containing acid or salt chosen from boric acid, ammonium borate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium citrate, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, citric acid, ammonium tartarate and sodium potassium tartarate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semi-conducting material consists of amorphous silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, microcrystalline silicone, and nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen reduction catalyst comprises a material resulting from: pyrolysis of at least one transition metal porphyrins, transition metal tetrabenzoporphyrins, transition metal tetraphenylporphyrins, transition metal tetraazaporphyrins, transition metal tetraazamacrocycles, transition metal phthalocyanines, transition metal naphthalocyanines, transition metal bis(phthalocyanines) and/or transition metal bis(naphthalocyanines) (all optionally substituted), where the transition metal is cobalt; or pyrolysis of at least one transition metal-macrocyclic compound of formula (I) and/or their structural isomers. (I) are transition metal-macrocyclic complexes of formulae (II)-(VI). The carbonaceous material is graphene, graphite, amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes and/or carbon fibers. The anode and the cathode are disposed upon same or opposite sides of the ion exchange membrane, and are exposed to a different or same gaseous environment. The electrochemical sensor further comprises a desiccant for retaining a liquid. The cathode comprises a cathodic material which includes a carbonaceous material, and an oxygen reduction catalyst associated with the carbonaceous material.M = transition metal ligated by a tetraaza-macrocycle, preferably Co, Cu, Fe, Ir, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru, or Zn;R1-R16 = H, NO2, NH2, NHR17, N(R18)2, CO2H, CO2R19, 1-10C alkyl, OR20, SH and/or SR21, where R3, R7, R11 or R15 is H, NO2 or NH2;R17-R21, R34-R38, R59-R63, R92-R96, R105-R109 = 1-10C alkyl;R22-R33 = H, NO2, NH2, NHR34, N(R35)2, CO2H, CO2R36, 1-10C alkyl, OR37, SH and/or SR38;R39-R58 = H, NO2, NH2, NHR59, N(R60)2, CO2H, CO2R61, 1-10C alkyl, OR62, SH and/or SR63;R64-R91 = H, NO2, NH2, NHR92, N(R93)2, CO2H, CO2R94, 1-10C alkyl, OR95, SH and/or SR96; andR97-R104 = H, NO2, NH2, NHR105, N(R106)2, CO2H, CO2R107, 1-10C alkyl, OR108, SH and/or SR109.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Chemical corrosion uses silk net printing or spray printing. Chemical corrosion is carried out at normal temperature or 100-450 degrees C for 30 seconds and 20 minutes. The square resistance of doped N region is 50 and 150 ~o/square. The square resistance of N+ region is 10-40 Omega /square.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The selective emitter junction of crystalline silicon solar battery is prepared by:(A) sampling boat at 850-920 degrees C for 6-13 minutes and controlling nitrogen flow rate at greater than 10 L/minute;(B) stabilizing temperature at 850-920 degrees C for 10-20 minutes and controlling nitrogen flow rate at greater than 10 L/minute;(C) diffusing at 850-920 degrees C for 30-60 minutes, and controlling nitrogen flow rate at 10-35 L/minute, oxygen flow rate at 500-4000 L/minute, and flow rate of nitrogen with phosphorus oxychloride at 400-3000 ml/minute;(D) propelling at 850-920 degrees C for 5-10 minutes, and controlling nitrogen flow rate at 10-35 L/minute, and oxygen flow rate at 500-4000 ml/minute;(E) stabilizing temperature at 800-850 degrees C for 5-15 minutes, and controlling nitrogen flow rate at greater than 10 L/minute;(F) propelling at 800-850 degrees C for 10-20 minutes, and controlling nitrogen flow rate at 10-35 L/minute, and oxygen flow rate at 500-4000 ml/minute; and(G) taking out boat at 800-900 degrees C for 6-13 minutes, and controlling nitrogen flow rate at greater than 10 L/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste further contains organic binder and surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst for catalyzing and reforming process comprises platinum/aluminum oxide or copper/aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio (I1(N-H)/I1(Si-N)) between a peak intensity I1(N-H) of an absorption caused by N-H stretching vibration in the vicinity of 3350/cm in the Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrum, and the peak intensity I1(Si-N) is 0.03-0.07, and the peak intensity I1(Si-H) is 0.5-1.5. The gas barrier has a density of 2.1-2.7 g/cm3. The peak of the absorption caused by Si-N stretching vibration in the vicinity of 840/cm occurs at a wave number of 820-860/cm in the Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrum. The mean Si-N bond length is 1.69-1.73 Angstrom . The gas barrier coating has: an oxygen content of not greater than 15 atomic percent; a thickness of 10-150 nm; and visible light transmittance of not less than 95% as a single layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The nitriding process is performed for 2-40 minutes. The nitride film is formed with a thickness of 10-300 nm. The nitride film is immersed in sulfuric acid at 40-70 degrees C for 30 seconds to 5 minutes. Preferred Component: The stainless steel is ferric type or austenite type. Preferred Composition: The ferric-type stainless steel comprises (in wt.%): carbon (0.02 or less), nitrogen (0.02 or less), silicon (0.4 or less), manganese (1 or less), phosphorus (0.04 or less), sulfur (0.02 or less), chromium (15-35), molybdenum (0-4), titanium (0.3 or less) and niobium (0.3 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The baffle is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanocrystals (601) and nanocrystals (602) have band gap. The nanocrystals (601) and nanocrystals (602) contain semiconductor material. The shared ligand comprises conjugated molecules, non-conjugated molecules and metal center. The nanocrystals (601) comprise anatase titania, tantalum oxynitride, tantalum nitride, samarium-titanium oxysulfide, lanthanum-titanium oxynitride, chromium-tantalum-doped strontium titanate, indium-zinc oxide (In2Zn9O12), indium niobate, copper oxide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide and/or indium tantalate. The nanocrystals (602) comprise rutile titanium, platinum-tungsten oxide, tantalum nitride, tantalum oxynitride, samarium-titanium oxysulfide, lanthanum-titanium oxynitride, tungsten oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, hematite, bismuth-vanadium oxide, copper-tungsten oxide, nickel-tungsten oxide and/or strontium-tungsten oxide. The fuel source of chemical fuel is water (604) or carbon dioxide. Preferred Process: The nanocrystals (601) and nanocrystals (602) absorb visible light or ultraviolet light. The shared ligand chemically bonds to nanocrystals (601) and/or nanocrystals (602).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The nontransparent zones (311) cover 10-90% of the area of the mirror layer (310) and/or that they are shaped as dots or stripes distributed in a regular or irregular pattern. The transparent zones (312) and/or the nontransparent zones (311) of the mirror layer (310) have a diameter of 1-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The illumination device (1000) comprises a mirror layer (310), where the mirror layer (310) has a structure with at least one nontransparent zone (311) comprising a metal, preferably silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) and/or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are spherical in shape. The spherical particle exhibits a diameter of 2-100 nm. The amount of the nanoparticle in spherical shape is 0.5-12 wt.%. The nanoparticle prism has an edge length of 15-1000 nm and a height of 3-100 nm. The nanoparticles are prism plasmon resonator whose absorption behavior is adjusted to the wavelength of the used lasers. The amount of the nanoparticle as prism is 3-10 wt.%. The nanoparticle is stabilized by a long chain amine. At least one portion of the nanoparticle is enclosed in the glass of the glass frits. The electroconductive particle includes silver, gold, aluminum, platinum, palladium, tin, nickel, cadmium, gallium, indium, copper, tin, iron, bismuth, cobalt, manganese, chromium, vanadium, titanium and/or their alloys and exhibits an average particle size of 1 nm to 100 mu m. The glass frits include bismuth oxide-based, lead-free glass comprising 0.01-10 wt.% of tellurium oxide. The laser is infrared laser and the semiconductor substrate is a silicon semiconductor. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The to-be-joined object is metal, metal oxide or plastic. The joining material is in powder form or paste form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The functional group-containing compound is an inorganic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The joining material further contains hydrophilic polymer and functional group-containing compound which can react with nitrogen atom of polyethyleneimine. The hydrophilic polymer is chosen from polyethylene glycol, polyethyleneimine, polyvinyl alcohol, amino methacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxazoline and their copolymers. The plastic is flexible film or sheet-like base material.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Specifically claimed are 10 quinoxaline derivatives comprising 5,8-bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline, 5,8-bis(9,9-bis(4-methylphenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline, 5,8-bis(4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline, 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-bis(3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)quinoxaline, and 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-bis(3-(pyrimidin-5-yl)phenyl)quinoxaline. All compounds are given in the specification.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: The soda-lime glass contains (in wt.%) 0-0.6 molybdenum oxide, 0.1-0.8 bismuth oxide + tungsten oxide and additionally 0-2 zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a substrate wafer (2), preferably an epitaxial wafer selected from an oxidized substrate wafer or a non-oxidized substrate wafer including silicon(100) wafers, silicon(110) wafers, or silicon(111) wafers. A growth promoter (4) is applied to the substrate to facilitate the growth of a non-metallic nanowhisker. The non-metallic nanowhisker is a semiconducting nanowhisker which is grown by a vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism, a metal halide reduction growth mechanism, or a deposition growth mechanism, where the growth promoter is selected according to the growth mechanism.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first metal and the second metal are selected from silver, gold, copper, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, palladium, platinum, tantalum, vanadium, and/or tungsten. The first metal and the second metal are different from each other. The first metal has a higher rate of diffusion into the second metal than vice versa. Preferred Method: The first metal and the second metal are deposited by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The second metal forms a polycrystalline coating on the nanowhisker. Heat treatment is carried out in air or in an inert gas atmosphere at 120-600 degrees C for 50-100 hours, or at approximately 145-155 degrees C for approximately 65-75 hours for a structure comprising silver core and gold shell, or approximately 140-150 degrees C for approximately 20-30 hours for coated nanowhiskers, or approximately 200-250 degrees C for approximately 100-130 hours for copper core/nickel shell coated nanowhiskers. During heat treatment, the first metal is diffused into a grain boundary of the second metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The n-type adulterant heavy doped in substrate of wafer is phosphorus glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The annealing process involves filling nitrogen to high temperature furnace device at 600-1000 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process of depositing polysilicon layer on surface of substrate of wafer involves putting wafer to high temperature furnace device and filling silicon tetrahydride to high temperature furnace device by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method. The quick annealing process involves dispersing n-type adulterant heavy doped in substrate of wafer to deposited polysilicon layer to make deposited polysilicon layer conducted. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of deposited polysilicon layer is 200-1000 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation comprises grinding and tableting lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide and chromium oxide, sintering at 1200 degrees C and grinding into powder; taking sieved powder with 360 meshes, adding in 3% polyvinylbutyral as adhesive, 10% ethyl cellulose as hole expanding agent, performing ball grinding for 5 hours, drying at 50 degrees C, dispersing material in terpenic oil used as anode slurry of La0.8Pr0.2CrO3; and coating anode slurry on one surface of the solid electrolyte substrate and sintering coated substrate at 1400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The copper-indium-gallium alloy preformed membrane with thickness of 0.4-2 mu m is prepared with copper-indium alloy and copper-gallium alloy double target sputtering technology or copper-indium-gallium alloy single target sputtering technology. The copper-indium alloy and copper-gallium alloy double target sputtering technology involves using copper-indium alloy target material with copper/indium atomic ratio of 0.6-1.3 and copper-gallium alloy target material with copper/gallium atomic ratio of 0.8-1.2 in which sputtering power of copper-indium alloy target is 0.1-0.8 W/cm2, sputtering power of copper-gallium alloy target is 0.1-0.7 W/cm2 and thickness of membrane is 0.4-2 mu m. The copper-indium-gallium alloy single target sputtering technology involves using copper-indium-gallium alloy target material with copper/indium and gallium atomic ratio of 0.5-1.4 and gallium/indium and gallium atomic ratio of 0.1-0.5 in which sputtering power of copper-indium-gallium alloy target is 0.2-0.8 W/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic device has organic semiconductor film formed by coating composition containing organic solvent and polymeric compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from dichloromethane, trichloromethane, toluene and N-methylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymeric compound is chosen from poly( alpha )-methylstyrene, amorphous polycarbonate and polycarbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises formulating the silicon powder containing impurities into fluid, and treating residual impurities in silicon powder by oxidation with hydroxy radical that can be generated through decomposition by strong oxidant or adding energy and stimulating a solvent. Preferred Components: The silicon powder comprises high-content impurities selected from silicon oxide, metal impurities, dust, mud and water. The metal impurities comprises phosphorus or boron impurity (0.00000001-1, preferably 0.0001-1%). The oxidant is Fenton's reagent. The solvent is water or inorganic water. The strong oxidant is ozone, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, oxygen and/or Fenton's reagent. The hydroxy radical can be generated by combined action of negative-type semiconductor material and light at a wave length of less than or equal to 400 nm. The negative-type semiconductor material is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, ferric oxide, tin oxide, cadmium sulfide or tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic pollutants are reduced by using lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, ethanol or sugar under alkaline conditions. The power generation is performed by lactic acid, glucose, sugar, starch, succinic acid, maltose or xylose under alkaline conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst material includes molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles. The matrix material is a ceramic. The catalyst material has particle size of 1-200 nm or 200-1000 nm. The catalyst material has a surface area of at least 10 square meters per gram. The catalyst material comprises a mixture of a first group of the metal oxide nanoparticles and at least one different group of metal oxide nanoparticles (MO2), where M in the first group is a different material compared to M in the second group. (I) is a solid oxide fuel cell. The second and third ceramic materials are the same. The nanoparticles have an average particle size of less than 500 nm, preferably 200 nm. The substrate is zeolite, silicon dioxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide or cerium zirconium oxide. The hydrocarbon is Jet-A jet fuel or an oxygenated hydrocarbon. Preferred Method: The nanoparticles are substantially immobilized on a matrix material. The matrix material includes at least one of yttrium stabilized zirconia and samarium doped ceria. The electrolyte is formed from a solid oxide. The catalyst material is doped with another metal. The catalyst material is doped with at least one dopant comprising silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide, cobalt, nickel, copper, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium or palladium. The cathode is formed from a first ceramic material, where the catalyst material comprising the metal oxide nanoparticles is carried by a second ceramic material, and has an average particle size of less than 1000 nm, and the electrolyte is formed from a third ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas mixture is chosen from hydrogen gas, water vapor, nitrogen gas, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, argon gas, helium gas, boron-containing gas and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The copper complex is formed by reacting copper compound and carboxylic acid derivative in aqueous solvent. Selenium is added to the complex aqueous solution and copper-selenium complex is formed. An indium compound is further added and the nanoparticles are obtained. The reaction is carried out at 0-80 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The selenium compound is sodium selenide or ammonium selenide. The copper compound is chloride, iodide, bromide, oxide, hydroxide, acetate, nitrate, carbonate or sulfate. The copper compound, indium compound and selenium compound are added in the mole ratio of 1:1:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carboxylic acid derivative is monocarboxylate derivative, dicarboxylate derivative, tricarboxylate derivative, tetracarboxylate derivative or amino acid derivative, preferably trisodium citrate, triammonium citrate, citric acid, alanine, arginine, cysteine, asparagine, aspartic acid, benzoyl aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenyl alanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and/or valine. The addition amount of the carboxylic acid derivative is 0.01-80 wt.%. The polyelectrolyte contains sulfuric acid ester salt, alkyl phosphate, alkyl sulfate, alkyl aryl ether sulfate, alkylamide sulfate, alkyl ester phosphate, fatty acid alkali salt, acrylamino salt, alkyl ester carboxylate, acylated peptide salt, alkylbenzene sulfonate salt or alkylnaphthalene sulfonate salt. The polyelectrolyte is contained in an amount of 0.1-80 wt.% of the total amount of the indium compound and copper compound. The water-based solvent is water and/or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microcrystal silicon layers of the absorption layer are formed by depositing metal seeds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first liquid precursor comprises at least one salt selected from zinc salts and indium salts. The second liquid precursor comprises at least one source selected from a sulfur source and a selenium source. The cadmium-free thin film comprises a buffer material, where the buffer material is an n-type material. The n-type material is selected from zinc oxide (ZnO), Zn(O,S,OH)x, zinc sulfide (ZnS), Zn(Se,OH), zinc selenide (ZnSe), InxSey, ZnInxSey, Inx(OH,S)y, In2S3ZnS, indium sulfide (InS), InxSy, and InxSyZnS, where x and y are integers. Preferably, the buffer material is ZnS. The first liquid precursor comprises a solution of zinc sulfate and ammonium hydroxide. The second liquid precursor comprises a solution of thiourea and ammonium hydroxide. The substrate comprises a thin film of a p-type material, where the p-type material is selected from copper indium gallium selenide and copper indium selenide. It further comprises a thin film of an electrode material, where the electrode material is comprised of molybdenum. Preferred Process: Forming cadmium-free thin film further comprises conducting the dispensing step at a reaction temperature for a sufficient time to enable the first and second liquid precursors to react with each other. It also comprises maintaining a temperature uniformity within a range of no more than about 2 degrees C between the coating solution and the substrate during the dispensing step. Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature is from about 60 degrees C to 90 degrees C; or the reaction temperature is from about 65 degrees C to 85 degrees C, preferably about 75 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfide group comprises 1-6 sulfur atoms. The sulfide group is expressed in inner wall of the mesopore.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of dopant (I) in the melt solution is adjusted so that the resistivity in the head portion of the silicon ingot is 20 Omega .cm or more. The silicon ingot is raised so that the resistivity is 8-16 Omega .cm in the tail terminal of the silicon ingot. The residue has a resistivity of 3-6 Omega .cm. The resistivity of polycrystal silicon ingot obtained from the residue is adjusted to 1-2 Omega .cm by adding dopant (II) which provides conductivity type different from conductivity type (I). Formation of ingot using the residue is carried out by manufacturing polycrystal silicon ingot of p-type by casting method. Preferred Components: Dopant (I) is phosphorus and dopant (II) is boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphorus-containing cyclic structure (I) is a low-molecular weight compound of formula (II), (III), (IV) or (V).R2=R1;andn2=n1.Preferred Arrangement: The layer containing phosphorus-containing cyclic structure is provided between bulk heterojunction layer and cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron trihalide is boron trichloride or boron trifluoride. The solvent is diglyme or triglyme. The inert gas is nitrogen, helium or argon. Preferred Method: The method involves reacting 0.12-0.16 mol of 3 boron trihalide at -10 to 40 degrees C with respect to 1 mol of sodium borohydride and then reacting with 0.17-0.21 mol of 3 boron trihalide at 20-60 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plate further comprises (in %mass): iron (0.04-0.1). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The support powder is impregnated in platinum salt solution, and then platinum-impregnated powder is impregnated in addition metal salt solution. The addition metal is chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, niobium or molybdenum. The support is supported with metal oxide containing IVA group metal, VA group metal, VIA group metal and/or VIIA group metal, and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid contains hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wafer is formed of silicon or a silicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The zinc oxide layer is etched with: at least 0.01 N (0.02 wt.%) hydrofluoric acid or up to 2 N (4 wt.%) hydrofluoric acid; or a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and another acid, preferably hydrochloric acid. The etching is carried out for a time period of 1-300 seconds. The zinc oxide layer is etched through at least one additional etching step. The zinc oxide layer prior to or after etching with hydrofluoric acid is etched with another acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid or citric acid, or another, optionally organic acid. The zinc oxide layer is etched: by two etching steps in different concentrated hydrofluoric acids; and with a specific resistance of less than 10-2 Ohm.cm. The zinc oxide layer is deposited with a static deposition rate of at least 5 nm/second on a substrate. Preferred Components: The large craters are more than 300 nm diameter in size. The small craters are less than 300 nm diameter in size. The crater density of the large craters is 0.3-3 mu m-2. The crater density of the small craters is 5-100 mu m-2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): An aromatic compound of formula (II) is reacted with a halogen atom-containing compound of formula (III) in the presence of a basic compound, and heterocyclic compound is manufactured.Y'=halogen atom. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=benzene or naphthalene;    R2=1-4C alkyl or halo;    m=0-2;    q=0;    A2=single bond or methylene;    ring (Het)=4-6 membered heterocyclic ring optionally having heteroatom chosen from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;    X=derivative or precursor derivative of carboxy, amino, hydroxy or thiol;and    n=1.    EXAMPLE - 9,9-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene (in g) (4), dimethyl sulfoxide (50 ml) and potassium t-butoxide (2.68) were mixed and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. 5-Chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (4.8) was added and heat-stirred at 100 degrees C for 24 hours. The reaction product was precipitated, filtered, dried and recrystallized with hexane to produce 9-9-bis(4-(5-ethoxycarbonyl-2-thienyl oxy)phenyl)fluorene at yield of 5.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic light-emitting device consists of hole implant layer (103), hole transport layer (104), light emitting layer (105), electron transport layer (107) or electron injection layer (106) as organic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. EXAMPLE - 8-Phenyl-8H-5,13-dithia-8-aza-indeno(1,2-a)anthracene was brominated with N-bromosuccinimide in dichloromethane to obtain 11-bromo-8-phenyl-8H-5,13-dithia-8-aza-indeno(1,2-a)anthracene. The bromo compound was reacted with phenyl boronic acid to obtain 11,8-diphenyl-8H-5,13-dithia-8-aza-indeno(1,2-a)anthracene with yield of 72%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises cadmium oxide, indium oxide, or cadmium indium oxide. The dopant comprises titanium, gallium, tin, yttrium, scandium, niobium, or molybdenum. The buffer layer tin oxide, zinc oxide, or zinc tin oxide. The substrate comprises glass. The barrier layer comprises silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The five-membered heterocyclic compound is preferably of formula (Ia).R15-R18=H, or 5-60C aryl, 5-60C aryloxy, 1-50C alkyl optionally including sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and/or silicon, or 5-60C heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy including sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or silicon (all optionally substituted) .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for the preparation of the compound (I) is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 Compounds are specifically claimed as compound (I) e.g. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine of formula (Ia), N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine, N,N'-bis-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-N,N'-bis-(3,4,5-trimethyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine, N,N'-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N,N'-bis-(3,4,5-trimethyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine, and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(3,5-diisopropyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine.    EXAMPLE - Under the atmosphere of argon gas, into a three neck flask of 300 ml equipped with a condenser, 6,12-dibromochrysene (3.8 g), bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)amine (5.6 g), palladium acetate (0.03 g), tri-t-butylphosphine (0.06 g), t-sodiumbutoxide (2.4 g) and dried toluene (100 ml) were placed, and then stirred over night at 100 degrees C. After completion of the reaction, the crystal precipitated was separated by filtration, followed by washing it with toluene (50 ml) and methanol (100 ml) to obtain N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-chrysene-6,12-diamine (6.2 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The organic layer further comprises: at least one arylamine compounds or styrylarylamine compounds; and at least one metal(s) comprising organic metals of group 1, group 2, 4th and 5th period transition metals, lanthanide metals or d-transition elements. The organic electroluminescent device is an organic electroluminescent display, where the organic layer further comprises a compound having the electroluminescent peak with wavelength of 480-560 nm, or a compound having the electroluminescent peak with wavelength of not less than 560 nm, in addition to (I). The organic layer comprises a charge generating layer as well as the electroluminescent layer. The mixed region of reductive dopant and organic substance, or a mixed region of oxidative dopant and organic substance is placed on the inner surface of one or both electrode(s) among the pair of electrodes. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 2-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-7-(4-(10-phenyl-10H-phenoxazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-10-phenyl-10H-phenoxazine of formula (Ia), 2-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-7-(4-(10-phenyl-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-10-phenyl-10H-phenothiazine, 3-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-7-(4-(10-methyl-10H-spiro(acridine-9,1'-cyclopentane)-6-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-10-methyl-10H-spiro(acridine-9,1'-cyclopentane), 2-(4-(7-(4-(5,10-diphenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-5,10-diphenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and 5'-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-7-(4-(9'-methyl-9'-azaspiro(silinane-1,2'-tricyclo(8.4.0.03,8)tetradecane)-1'(10'),3',5',7',11',13'-hexaen-6'-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-9'-methyl-9'-azaspiro(silinane-1,2'-tricyclo(8.4.0.03,8)tetradecane)-1'(10'),3',5',7',11',13'-hexaene.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of IB group element to IIIA group element to VIA group element is 1:1:2-4 (preferably 2). The multi-stage grinding involves using first size of grinding unit to perform first-stage grinding on final mixed powder; and using second size of grinding unit to perform second-stage grinding step on final mixed powder to form nanometer-level solar absorption layer powder paste. The first size of grinding unit is aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide grinding ball with grain diameter of 1-5 mm; and second size of grinding unit is aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide grinding ball with grain diameter of 0.1-0.5 mm. The IIIA group element is indium and/or gallium. The VIA group element is selenium and/or sulfur. The solar absorption layer powder paste is copper-indium-gallium-selenium paste or copper-indium-gallium-selenium(sulfur) paste. Preferred Process: The second-stage grinding involves adding easily volatile solvent into final mixed powder to form solar absorption layer powder paste with average grain diameter of less than 500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The N3 dye is cis-dithiocyanate-di(4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-dipyridyl) compounded ruthenium dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. The mass concentration of tungsten trioxide to perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin is 1-30% tungsten trioxide and 70-99% perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the second impurities contained in the first field region is 1x 1016 to 1 x 1021 atoms/cm3. Preferred Parameter: The first field region has a thickness of 1-20 nm. Preferred Component: The first field region is formed of amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon oxide, or amorphous silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes are made of high conductivity silver metal material. The transparent conductive thin film is made of indium tin oxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises treating the carbon nanotubes with a solution of a compound which reacts with a carboxyl group to produce cobalt chloride (-COCl), before treating the acid-refined carbon nanotubes with the solution of a compound having an amino group or ammonia water. The compound having an amino group is a compound of which the amino group reacts with a carboxyl group to substitute the hydroxyl group in the carboxyl group. The treatment with the solution of a compound having an amino group is: performed at a temperature greater than or equal to 25 degrees C and lower than the boiling point of the solvent of the solution of a compound having an amino group; or performed at a temperature not lower than 25 degrees C and not higher than 90 degrees C. Preferred Components: The compound which reacts with a carboxyl group to produce -COCl is at least one of thionyl chloride (SOCl2), oxalyl chloride ((COCl)2), phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide contains manganese cobalt oxide (MnCo2O4) or copper manganese oxide (CuMn2O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first gas and second gas each independently include oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), water (H2O) and/or hydrogen (H2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric membrane has permeance of greater than 6000 GPU. The first flow field plate and second flow field plate each independently include peripheral sealing section. The polymer segment is repeated from 1-10000 times. The polymeric membrane comprises polymer segments of formulae (E1(Z1)d)-P1-Q1-P2 (2), E2-P3-Q2-P4 (3), E1(R8(Z1)d)-P1-Q1-P2 (4), E2-P3-Q2-P4 (5), E1(SO2X)d-P1Q1-P2 (6) and E2-P3-Q2-P4 (7) connected by a linking group L1 to form polymer unit to form polymer unit -(E2-P3-Q2-P4)j-L1-(E1(SO2X)d-P1-Q1-P2)i- (8) and -(E1(Z1)d-P1-Q1-P2)i-L1-(E2-P3-Q2-P4)j- (9), E1(Z1)d-P1-Q1-P2 (10) and E2(Z1)f-P3 (11). The polymeric membrane further comprises second polymer blended with first polymer to form polymeric blend. The second polymer is fluoroelastomer. The second polymer is perfluorosulfinic acid polymer. The first polymer is in an amount of 30-95 wt.% of the total weight of the polymeric blend.Z1=SO2X, PO3H2 or COX;E1=aromatic compound;E2=unsulfonated aromatic-containing and/or aliphatic-containing compound;X=-OH, halo, ester, ester or -NH-S(=O)=O-R4;P1, P2, P3, P4=-O-, -S-, -SO-, -CO-, -SO2-, -NH-, -NR2- or -R3-;R4=trifluoromethyl, 1-25C alkyl, 1-25C perfluoroalkylene, 1-25C aryl or another E1;Q2=fluorinated cyclobutyl compound;R8(Z1)d=is a moiety having d number of protogenic group;i=number representing the repetition of polymer segment 6;j=number representing the repetition of polymer segment 6;d=number Z1 functional group attached to E1;f=number of Z1 functional group attached to E2;andQ1=fluorinated cyclobutyl.With the proviso that when d is greater than zero, f is zero and when f is greater than zero, d is zero.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The exterior surface composition of the active wall member is a metal phosphate compound conductive of lithium ions and a lithium titanium phosphate compound conductive of lithium ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The moisture content of tertiary amine is 300 ppm or less. Preferred Compounds: The tertiary amine is of formula: NR3. The tertiary amine is triethylamine, ethylmethyl propylamine, triphenylamine, tri-n-hexylamine and/or tri-n-octylamine.R=aryl, optionally substituted linear or branched 2C or more alkyl or linear or branched 1C or more alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copolymer of ethylene and carboxylic acid derivative is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The amount of polypropylene wax is 5-30 parts weight with respect to total weight of the other components. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica-type adsorbent is silica gel which has average particle diameter of 40-1000 mu m, specific surface area of 450 m2/g or more and particle diameter of 75% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ion-exchange resin has functional group of formula: -CH2NR1R2. The ion-exchange resin and silica adsorbent have moisture content of 2% or less.R1,R2=H or alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The diffusion of the dopant of the first conductivity type is optimized to create a thickness of the first conductivity-type doped layer (2c) in the textured front surface of 0.3 or 0.7 micron or less. A thickness of the first conductivity-type doped layer (2c) is less than an average height of a texture feature on the textured front surface, where the average height of the texture feature on the textured front surface is at least 2 micron and the thickness of the first conductivity type doped layer is 0.3 or 0.7 micron or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The method comprises preceding the removal (105) of the first conductivity-type doped layer from the textured front surface: removing (104b) the dopant containing glassy layer from the front surface and the back surface, and creating (108a) a protective layer (5a) on the BSF layer (4); where the protective layer (5a) comprises a coating layer containing at least one material selected from aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon nitride (SiNx), a dielectric, and a resist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: Texturing the front surface and texturing the back surface includes creating a pyramidal shapes containing front surface and a pyramidal shapes containing back surface, where the partial smoothening includes broadening intermediate valleys between pyramidal shapes to provide valleys with widths of 50-2000 nm. The partial smoothening includes rounding intermediate valleys between pyramidal shapes to provide valleys with curvatures having radii of 25-1000 nm. The diffusion of the dopant of the first conductivity type is optimized to create a thickness of the first conductivity-type doped layer in the textured front surface which is 0.3 or 0.7 micron or less. A thickness of the first conductivity-type doped layer is less than an average height of a texture feature on the textured front surface, where the average height of the texture feature on the textured front surface is at least 2 micron and the thickness of the first conductivity type doped layer is 0.3 or 0.7 micron or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The method further includes creating a passivation layer, such as selected from silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide, and optionally other materials, on one or both doped layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is formaldehyde, glucose, dextrose, glyoxal (preferably), sugar inverted by nitric acid, hydrazine or hydrazine sulfate, aldonic acids, aldonic lactones, Rochelle's salts (preferably), cobalt ions, sulfide salts, sulfite salts, thiosulfate salts, hypophosphite salts, borohydride salts, alkylamine borane, hydrazineborane and/or cyanoborohydride salts. The concentration of the reducing agent is 15-60 g/L. The complexing agent is cyanide, optionally substituted succinimide, optionally substituted hydantoin (preferably), uracil, thiosulfate and/or amines. The concentration of complexing agent is 40-80 g/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The electroless plating composition comprises complexing agent for silver ions. The source of soluble silver ions is silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver methanesulfonate (preferably), silver acetate (preferably) and/or silver sulfate. The concentration of the source of soluble silver ions is 15-35 g/L. The pattern comprising metal comprises printed silver paste. The light source is quartz halogen lamps, incandescent lamps and mercury lamps. Preferred Process: The photovoltaic cell contacting with electroless plating composition comprises immersing photovoltaic cell in electroless plating composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The division by oxygen which the zinc chloride contains uses 100 ppm of oxygen for division value. Zinc chloride of less than 100 ppm of oxygen is processed by the process of obtaining metal zinc and gaseous chlorine by electrolysis process. Zinc chloride of 100 ppm or more of oxygen is processed by the process of obtaining crude zinc oxide. The process of obtaining metal zinc and gaseous chlorine by electrolysis involves separating into metal zinc and gaseous chlorine. Fused-salt electrolytic decomposition process is carried out using fused zinc chloride as an electrolyte solution, or electrowinning is carried out using aqueous solution obtained by dissolving zinc chloride as an electrolyte solution. Deoxidation is carried out by dehydration and separated gaseous chlorine is collected. Crude zinc oxide is obtained by adding water to zinc chloride. Alkali chemicals containing sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate are added for alkali treatment. The slurry obtained by alkali treatment is solid-liquid separated, and solid content and liquid component are separated by filtration. The separated solid content is baked and air-dried, and separated into crude zinc oxide and chlorine component which volatilizes from the solid content. The separated liquid component is separated into gaseous chlorine, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide by electrowinning using ion-exchange membrane. The gaseous chlorine is used for chlorination of metallic silicon. Sodium hydroxide is used for alkali treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass film has preferable film thickness of 100 mu m or less, dielectric loss tangent of 0.5 or less, and liquid phase viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more. The glass roll is wound with minimum curvature radius of 500 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The glass film contains (in %mass) silicon dioxide (40-80, preferably 55-70), aluminum oxide (0-20, preferably 10-20), boron trioxide (0-30, preferably 13-20), magnesium oxide (0-15, preferably 0-2), calcium oxide (0-15, preferably 6-10), strontium oxide (0-15, preferably 0-3), barium oxide (0-15, preferably 0-3), and lithium oxide, sodium monoxide and potassium oxide (0-10, preferably 0-0.1, in total).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The annealing treatment of transparent electrode is performed at 1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Cyanuric halide, amine and alcohol are reacted in organic solvent, to form 1,3,5-triazine polymerizable monomer (I). Preferred Component: The other monomer is chosen from vinylic monomer, acrylic-type monomer, methacrylic-type monomer, allyl-type monomer and maleic acid-type monomer. EXAMPLE - (4,6-Dichloro-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-diphenyl-amine (in g) (15.65), allylamine (9.72) and triethylamine (17.51) were dissolved in dioxane (100 ml), reacted at 80 degrees C for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was heated, and again reacted for 20 hours. Then, the reaction product was dissolved in chloroform (500 ml), concentrated, washed using pure water (500 ml), the organic layer was extracted, dried and recrystallized, to obtain N,N'-diallyl-N",N"-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine-2,4,6-triamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average diameter (d) (in mm) of spherical molten silicon grains and critical supercooling temperature (SL) (in degrees C) satisfy relation given by: SL=-5d2+50d+20. The cooling rate of raw material is adjusted such that solidification start temperature of raw material is measured as difference of melting point and temperature less than melting point by SL degrees C. The raw material is maintained for 0.5-10 seconds at temperature range of melting point and temperature more than melting point by 100 degrees C. The average diameter of spherical silicon grain is 0.5-5 mm. The raw material is a molded product formed by press-hardening silicon powder with a press. Preferred Apparatus: The gas floating furnace has solenoid valve for opening and closing gas supply cylinder portion, a sensor for confirming floating state of raw material, and a radiation thermometer for measuring temperature of raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrated form comprises 3.2-28% of water with respect to the total weight of the aluminosilicates. The molar ratio of silica and alumina is 2-2.5. The bivalent metallic ion is chromium ion and/or manganese ion. The aluminosilicates are zeolites including faujasite X, faujasite Y or linde type A. The aluminosilicates exchanged with bivalent metallic ions are used in the form of micrometric or nanometric powders dispersed in a polymeric matrix, where the particle size of the nanometric powder is less than 400 nm. Preferred process: The thermal treatment is carried out at 120-300 degrees C for 5-30 minutes. EXAMPLE - Faujasite X was exchanged with chromium ion, where the ion exchange reaction was performed in degassed, oxygen free water under inert atmosphere (argon) by using chromium chloride (1 mol/l) for 10 minutes under stirring. The solid was rinsed with degassed deionized water under inert gas atmosphere and then dried at ambient temperature overnight. The zeolite changed its color from white to light blue. The sample was stored in atmospheric air for 1 week to obtain a batch of oxygen scavenger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic layer further comprises: at least one compound comprising arylamine compounds or styrylarylamine compounds; at least one metal comprising organic metals of group 1, group 2, fourth and fifth period transition metals, lanthanide metals and d-transition elements. The organic electroluminescent device is an organic electroluminescent display, where the organic layer further comprises a compound having the electroluminescent peak with wavelength of 480-560 nm, or a compound having the electroluminescent peak with wavelength of not less than 560 nm, in addition to (I). The organic layer comprises a charge generating layer as well as the electroluminescent layer. In the organic electroluminescent device, a mixed region of reductive dopant and organic substance, or a mixed region of oxidative dopant and organic substance is placed on the inner surface of at least one of both electrode(s) among the pair of electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 3,3'-(4,4'-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(5-phenyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine) of formula (Ia), (10Z,10'Z)-3,3'-(4,4'-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(5-phenyl-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine), 2,7-bis(4-(5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-3-yl)phenyl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene), 2,7-bis(4-((Z)-5-methyl-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-3-yl)phenyl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene) and 3,3'-(4,4'-(1E,1'E)-2,2'-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative (I) is fullerene derivative chosen from 11 fullerene derivatives e.g. derivatives of formulae (IV)-(VIII).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The electron donor is high-molecular compound having cyclopentadiene-containing structural unit of formula (XII) or (XIII).R6-R15=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy or 6-60C aryl. Preferred Definitions:    ring D'=benzene ring;    R=1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-60C aryl, halo, thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyrrolyl, piperidyl or -CH2-(CH2)p-C(=O)-O-(CH2)q-CH3;and    p,q=0-10.    EXAMPLE - 2-Methoxy benzaldehyde (in g) (0.07), (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (0.07), 60C-fullerene-containing compound of formula (XX) (0.23 mmol) and chlorobenzene (30 ml) were mixed at 130 degrees C for 8 hours. The reaction liquid was purified, concentrated, washed and dried to obtain fullerene derivative (IV) (66 mg) and fullerene derivative of formula (XXII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Coupling reaction of compound having trindene partial structure (I) is carried out, to obtain polymer compound. Preferred Compound: The polymer compound having structure (I) is oligomer or dendrimer. The polymer compound has two or more partial structures of formula (II).at least one of R1-R6=group capable of coupling with other partial structure and forming polymer, and remaining is aromatic hydrocarbyl, aliphatic hydrocarbyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylthio, boronic acid group, nitro, amino, amide, acyl, carboxy, acyloxy, cyano, sulfo, sulfamoyl, alkyl sulfamoyl, carbamoyl, alkyl carbamoyl, alkyl tin, aryl tin or H.The polymer compound(s) is preferably of formulae (III)-(VII).X4-X78=X1-X3;R7-R116=aromatic hydrocarbyl, aliphatic hydrocarbyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylthio, boronic acid group, nitro, amino, amide, acyl, carboxy, acyloxy, cyano, sulfo, sulfamoyl, alkyl sulfamoyl, carbamoyl, alkyl carbamoyl, alkyl tin, aryl tin or H;A=group of formula (A);andB'=group of formula (B'). Preferred Definitions:    X1-X3=sulfur atom.    EXAMPLE - Benzo(1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b")trithiophene (369 mg) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (6 ml) were added to a flask in nitrogen atmosphere, and hexane solution (1.1 ml) of n-butyl lithium was dripped and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) (349 mg) was added and stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. 2N hydrochloric acid solution was added, precipitated and filtered. The product was dried, purified and washed to obtain 2,2'-dibenzo(1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b")trithiophene in the form of yellow solid. Organic semiconductor material was obtained using the obtained compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The medium target is made of ZnS-SiO2, SiN, or SiO2. The metal target is made of silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), or palladium (Pd). Preferred Method: The preparation method of the laser direct writing film also comprises: (a) using a nipper to place the laser direct writing film on a worktable controlled by computer program, sequentially opening the computer program, laser and signal generator; (b) selecting the two dimensional moving direction of the worktable which is X-axis and Y-axis according to the laser direct writing micro-nano graph structure to be prepared, determining the moving speed as 10-100 mu m/second, corresponding laser power as 3-5 mW, and pulse width as 50-200 ns; and (c) synchronously controlling the worktable and the laser to work in accordance by the computer, and obtaining a series of micro-nano graph structure arrays.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The solar cell has dimensions of 1 cm by 1 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group I element is copper, the group III element is aluminum, gallium or indium, and the group VI element is sulfur, selenium or tellurium. The first, second and third light absorption layers have a composition of copper indium selenide/copper indium selenium sulfide (CuIn(Se1-xSx)2)/copper indium sulfide, where x is 0-1, copper indium sulfide/copper indium gallium sulfide (Cu(In1-yGay)S2)/copper gallium sulfide, where y is 0-1, copper gallium selenide/copper gallium selenium sulfide (CuGa(Se1-xSx)2)/copper gallium sulfide, where x is 0-1, copper indium selenide/copper indium gallium selenide (Cu(In1-yGay)Se2)/copper gallium selenide, where y is 0-1, or copper indium selenide/copper indium gallium selenium sulfide (Cu(In1-yGay)(Se1-xSx)2)/copper gallium sulfide, where x and y are 0-1.
Preferred Definitions:    x = 0.84-1;    y = 0.02-0.1;    z = 0.02-0.04;    M1a = Mg; and    M1aa = Mo.    EXAMPLE - Powders of lithium carbonate, manganese carbonate, magnesium nitrate, tetrakis(isopropyloxy) zirconium(IV)tetraisopropoxide (C15H36O5Zr) and ammonium phosphate were mixed in a molar ratio of 0.5:0.88:0.1:0.02:1.0, and then Ketjen Black 600JD (RTM: Carbon black) (10 wt.%) was mixed to the mixture. The mixture was reacted at 600 degrees C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours to give cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The processing gas comprises silane and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Forming the quaternary heterovalent compound semiconductor alloy epilayer comprises epitaxially growing a ZnSe(x)GaAs(1-x) alloy epilayer, where 0 not less than x not less than 1, on a zinc selenide (ZnSe) base layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion barrier layer is deposited under utilization of chromium electrolytes of mixture composition such as chromium trioxide, sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The passivation layer comprises alumina (Al2Ox, where x is 2-3), and has average oxygen content of 40 atomic% or more by oxide conversion. The passivation layer has aluminum oxynitride layer and refractive index of 1.55-2.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferric stainless steel further contains (in %mass) boron (0.0003 or less), rare-earth metal (0.08 or less), zirconium (0.50 or less), vanadium (0.5 or less, preferably 0.001-0.5), cobalt (0.5 or less), nickel (0.5 or less), titanium (0.5-0.15 or 0.01 or less) and/or cobalt (0.5 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass has thermal expansion coefficient of (10-14)x 10-6 K-1. Preferred Composition: The oxide ceramic with perovskite structure comprises lanthanum complex oxide (Ln1-xAxMO3), where A is strontium, calcium or barium, M is metallic element having perovskite structure, and x is more than 0 to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal powder has average particle diameter of 4-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: In apparatus for producing hydrogen, the endothermically decomposable compound comprises methanol. The fuel (20) comprises up to approximately 10 or 25 wt.% water. The fuel comprises approximately 5 wt.% water and approximately 95 wt.% methanol. Water cleans the permselective membrane. The catalyst is selective for methanol decomposition over a reaction selected from a water-gas-shift reaction, formation of methane, formation of methyl formate, and formation of dimethyl ether. The primary byproduct comprises carbon monoxide. The reactor, the membrane, and the burner are thermally integrated within a single module. The apparatus further comprises a variable pressure and/or variable flow rate pressurized fuel source; a heat exchanger; a pressure regulator for regulating a pressure of the separated hydrogen; a pressure regulator for regulating a pressure of the separated primary byproduct; a compressed air source for supplying an oxidizing gas to the burner; and a venturi ejector for drawing air into the burner together with the separated primary byproduct. The venture ejector comprises an orifice restrictor (35) disposed in a nozzle (12), where the orifice restrictor restricts flow of the separated primary byproduct, thus increasing a back-pressure in the reactor. The venture ejector is configured so that expansion of pressurized separated primary byproduct provides force to drive the air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises condensation polymerization of phenyl compounds of formula (1a) with phenol compounds of formula (2a).D = halide comprising F, Cl, Br or I;E = -SO2-, -C(=O)- or -P(=O)(aryl)-;Z = direct bond or -C(CX3)2-;X = H or F; eitherR1, R2 = H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C cycloalkyl, 1-10C alkenyl, 1-10C aryl, 1-10C aralkyl or 4-20C heterocyclic group; orR1R2 = -(CH2)2-, -(CH2)3-, -(CH2)4-, -(CH2)5-, -CH=CH- or -CH=CH-CH=CH-;A1-A4 = H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C cycloalkyl, 1-10C alkenyl, 1-10C aryl, 1-10C aralkyl, 4-20C heterocyclic group or a residue comprising (-R3-N(R4)-S+(N(R4)(R5))-N(R4)-R5)(Q-), (-R3-N(R4)-S+(=O)(N(R4)(R5))-N(R4)-R5)(Q-), (-R3-N(R4)-C+(N(R4)(R5))-N(R4)-R5)(Q-), (-R3-N(R4)-P(N(R4)(R5))(=N+(R5)-R6)-N(R4)-R5)(Q-) or (-R3-N(R4)-P(N(R4)(R5))(=N-R5)-N(R4)-R5);R3 = direct bond or a group comprising -(CH2CH2)- , -(C6H4)- , -(CF2CF2)- or -(CH2CH2CH2)-; eitherR4, R5 = 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C cycloalkyl, 1-10C alkenyl, 1-10C aryl, 1-10C aralkyl or 4-20C heterocyclic group; orR4R5 = -(CH2)2- , -(CH2)3-, -(CH2)4-, -(CH2)5-, -CH=CH- or -CH=CH-CH=CH-; andR6 = H, alkyl or cycloalkyl. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon is less than 0.1 %mass. The dispersion medium is alcohol. The metal source is metal hydroxide powder or mixture of metal oxide powder, metal hydroxide and an oxide. The metal source contains gallium. The content of chalcogen compound powder in the chalcogen compound paste is 20-80 %mass. The reducing gas is hydrogen or mixed gas of hydrogen and an inert gas. The reducing gas contains hydrogenated selenium or hydrogenated sulfur. Preferred Condition: The reducing gas and metal source are heated at 220 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The surface-treating group is reactive silicon-containing functional group. Preferred Compounds: The charge-transporting compound is of formula: (P1)n-A-(R3-Si((R2)3-m)-(Q)m)l or A(-R3-Si((-P1)n)((-R2)3)-(Q)m)l.A=hole transportable group of formula: -(R4-N(-R6)-R5)-;P1=organic group having chain-polymerizable functional group;n=1 or more;Q=hydrolyzable group or hydroxy;R2=optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl;R3=optionally substituted alkylene or arylene, preferably -(CH2)h-;m=1-3;l=positive integer;h=1-18;andR4-R6=optionally substituted phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The byproduct composition is: calcined at 800-950 degrees C; and preheated prior to calcination. The cooled solid phase mixture is mixed with water at 80-90 degrees C. The process further comprises recycling the oleum to a silicon tetrafluoride production process. The dissolved product is filtered using a rotary filter. The dissolving tank contains water at a temperature of 80-90 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The byproduct composition further comprises calcium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ruthenium catalyst is manufactured using ruthenium precursor. The ruthenium catalyst is activated in presence of reductant gas containing hydrogen. The ruthenium precursor is ruthenium carbonyl, ruthenium chloride and/or ruthenium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparing (I) comprises: carrying out solid-phase reaction method, where the MX2 and Q powder are sealed in vacuum and then heated to synthesize a single crystal. Preferred Components: The material is corderoite, where the space group is R3 (NO.146) and the unit cell parameter is: a=b=12.654(3) Angstrom , c=7.753(4) Angstrom , Z=6, and the unit cell volume is 1075.1(6) Angstrom 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite semiconductor material is specifically represented as (Cd4(SeO3)2Cl4(H2O) and its space group is Fmmm (69) with parameters: a is 15.5165 Angstrom ; b is 17.5090 Angstrom ; c is7.3318 Angstrom ; alpha=beta=gamma=90 degrees ; Z is 8; and the unicellular volume, V is 1991.9 (2) cubic angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The precipitation of the silicon nitride or monox masking film comprises covering a silicon layer by a group of PTFE thin sheet, metal plate and a screw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The derivative (I) is preferably of formula (II), (III) or (IV).R11-R20,R21,R22,R31,R34=R2;andor adjacent R11-R20 or R21,R22 or R31-R34=ring. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 Disclosed thienoacene derivatives (I) are contained in the material, e.g. 2-phenyl-anthra(2,3-b)thiophene of formula (A), anthra(2,3-b)thiophen-2-yl-diphenylamine, 5,10-diphenyl-anthra(2,3-b)thiophene, 2,5,10-triphenyl-anthra(2,3-b)thiophene and 5,12-diphenyl-1-thiacyclopenta(b)naphthacene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thienoacene derivative (I) is preferably of formula (II).R11-R14=R1;andor R11+R12, R12+R13, R13+R14=ring. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=arylamino.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and/or phosphoric acid. The inert atmosphere comprises argon, nitrogen and/or helium. The alkali metal hydrate gas comprises calcium hydride and/or sodium hydride. The reducing agent contains sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, boron, aluminum and/or alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reduction reaction is carried out by injection of hydrocarbon gas or alkali metal hydrate gas. Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon gas comprises methane, ethane and/or propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains silicone elastomer and water-soluble surface active agent. The water-soluble resin is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyethyleneimine, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylamine and polyallylamine. The content of water-soluble resin is 3-60 weight%. The silicone elastomer is polydimethyl siloxane. The silicone elastomer is of formula: CH3-SiO(-CH3)2-(-SiO(-R)(-R1))n-(-SiO(-R2)(-R3))n-CH3 (I).R,R1-R3=H, amino, epoxy or allyl or 1-12C alkyl or 6-30C aryl (both optionally substituted);andm,n=1-20.Preferred Property: The water-soluble resin has average molecular weight of 1000-300000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves annealing monocrystalline silicon piece to be processed under 900-950 degrees C nitrogen atmosphere for 4-6 minutes; oxidizing monocrystalline silicon piece after annealing under 950-1050 degrees C oxygen atmosphere to generate 5-10 nm thick silicon dioxide film on surface of piece; and generating 68-72 nm thick layer of silicon nitride film on surface of silicon dioxide film at 400-450 degrees C with silane and ammonia as air source through chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The wafer is washed by deionized water by dividing main corrosive liquid into two sections, the wafer is washed by deionized water at 50-60 degrees C twice, and washed by deionized water at 20-30 degrees C twice.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogenated silicon compound is chloride of silicon compound, bromide of silicon compound, or tetrachlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is chosen from ricinolic acid, 2-methoxy phenoxy acetic acid, 4-acetoxy benzoic acid, 4-amyloxy benzoic acid, 2-phenoxy propionic acid, phenoxy butyric acid, 4-methoxy cinnamic acid, 2,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxy cinnamic acid, 3-acetyl phenoxyacetic acid, 4-acetyl phenoxyacetic acid, cinnamic acid, formylphenoxy acetic acid, 4-methoxyphenoxy acetic acid, 3-ethoxy propionic acid, 2-butoxy ethoxy acetic acid, mono(2-acryloyloxyethyl)succinic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamic acid, nitro phenoxyacetic acid, 4-octyloxy benzoic acid, gallic acid, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-butoxy benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, tannic acid, citric acid, acetylsalicylic acid, 4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, 10-undecenoic acid, 2-hydroxy benzoic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, 3-hydroxy benzoic acid, hexanoic acid and/or aminobenzoic acid. The polyhydric alcohol ether is diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The skidproof structure comprises metal or insulating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The single-layer insulating structure comprises epoxy, polyimide, or butylcyclobutene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst film contains 50-57 %mass or 65-75 %mass of silicon oxide particles, 30-40 %mass or 13-23 %mass of titanium oxide particles and 8-14 %mass or 10-16 %mass of binder component. The glass article contains 4 or more protruded particles existing in square area. The protruded particles are fixed to the glass plate through silicon oxide particles which are not protruded particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound is zinc. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transparent electrode is formed using n-type semiconductor material. The carbon nanotubes are formed using p-type semiconductor material, or n-type semiconductor material doped with element of group 3 in periodic table. The side portion of carbon nanotubes is doped with element of group 5 in periodic table, and metal-electrode side portion of carbon nanotubes is doped with element of group 3 in periodic table. A p-type semiconductor material layer is provided between metal electrode and carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal electrode layer comprises molybdenum. It also includes a titanium/gold/molybdenum sequence of layers or a molybdenum/silver/gold sequence of layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal seed layer of each of the first and second electrodes contains nickel, where the metal seed layer of each of the first and second electrodes is formed of at least one of nickel silicides: Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2. The metal seed layer of each of the first and second electrodes contains vapor deposited aluminum. Each of the first and second electrodes further includes at least one conductive layer, where the at least one conductive layer of each of the first and second electrodes is formed of at least one selected from copper (Cu), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), and their combination. Each of the first and second electrodes further includes a diffusion barrier layer, where the diffusion barrier layer of each of the first and second electrodes contains nickel. Preferred Parameter: The metal seed layer of each of the first and second electrodes has a thickness of 50-200 nm. At least one conductive layer of each of the first and second electrodes includes a copper layer and a tin layer, where the copper layer has a thickness of 10-30 mu m, and the tin layer has a thickness of 5-15 mu m. Each of the first and second electrodes further includes a diffusion barrier layer, where the diffusion barrier layer of each of the first and second electrodes has a thickness of 5-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic barrier layer is silicon-oxide type barrier film formed by atmospheric pressure plasma system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The deaeration degree of polymer-layer-forming coating liquid is 30% or less. The polymer layer contains particles with average particle diameter of 7-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The polymer layer is formed by acrylate-type resin, methacrylate-type resin and/or polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The epoxidization rate is 20% or more. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The zirconia particles have primary particle diameter of 10-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains reactive diluent. The reactive diluent is bifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer of formula (I).R1,R2=H or alkyl;X=H or OH;andm,n=0-5.The polymerization initiator is photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymeric compound has structure obtained by reacting epoxy resin having 1,1'-binaphthalene structure and radically polymerizable unsaturated double bond containing monocarboxylic acid. The epoxy resin is obtained by reacting 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol and epihalohydrin. The epoxy resin has epoxy equivalent of 200-500 g/eq.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The alumina layer is formed by anodic oxidation and is subjected to hydration process after anodization. Preferred Conditions: The nickel spinel intermediate layer is formed by baking at 700 degrees C. Nickel for intermediate layer and/or catalyst layer is adhered by impregnation. Adhesion of nickel for intermediate layer is carried out by impregnating a nickel aqueous solution having a pH of 3.7-6.7. The catalyst layer is baked at 500 degrees C or more. Baking during noble metal doping is carried out at 500 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The plate-shaped substrate is obtained by anodizing a metal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is hydrogen. Oxygen and hydrogen are obtained by electrolyzing water. The manufacturing apparatus has a furnace for carrying out unidirectional solidification of reduced silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves crystallizing silicon from the melt solution after unidirectional solidification, evaporating alkali metal in melt solution and recycling the alkali metal by producing intermetallic compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organometallic compound comprises carboxylate and/or alkoxide. The organic solvent comprises saturated hydrocarbon and/or benzene derivative, or octane and/or toluene. The copper- and indium-containing precursor raw material comprises indium 2-ethylhexanoate or indium triisopropoxide. The copper-containing precursor raw material comprises copper 2-ethylhexanoate. The gallium-containing precursor raw material comprises gallium tetraethoxide. The chemical-solution-deposition composition further contains phenyl selenol as organoselenium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, Nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride. The solar cell is manufactured by removing silicon oxide in the surface of the wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid hydrocarbon is light oil, kerosene, gasoline, and/or naphtha.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Disclosed anthracene derivatives (I) are contained in the organic thin film solar cell material, e.g. 6,12-diphenyl-12bH,12eH-dibenzo(def,mno)chrysene of formula (A), 4,10-bis-(4-butyl-phenyl)-12bH,12eH-dibenzo(def,mno)chrysene, 4,10-dihexyl-12bH,12eH-dibenzo(def,mno)chrysene, 6,12-dihexyl-12bH,12eH-dibenzo(def,mno)chrysene and N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-12bH,12eH-dibenzo(def,mno)chrysene-4,10-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The partial structure of compound is of formulae (III), (IV) and (IVa). The solvent is aromatic compound or aliphatic ketone compound. The composition for organic electroluminescent elements contains phosphorescence emitting material. The layer formed by wet film forming process using composition for organic electroluminescent elements is light emitting layer.D=benzene ring which may have substituent.
Preferred Definitions:    R13=cyano.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor particles are titanium oxide particles. Preferred Definitions:    LL2 = (2,2')bipyridinyl, 1H,1'H-(2,2')biimidazolyl or (2,2')biquinolinyl (all optionally substituted), where the sum of b1 and b2 is 1-4, and the sum of c1 and c2 is 1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of copper particles is 35-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The group XIII element is gallium, indium, and/or tellurium. The chalcogenide contains sulfur and/or selenium. Chalcopyrite-type particles are of formula: CuXP'2.X=group XIII element;andP'=chalcogen element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes is 1-30 weight% and 0.1-1 weight%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenol-based polar organic solvent is chosen from metacresol, orthocresol and paracresol. The aromatic diamine is chosen from paraphenylenediamine, metaphenylenediamine, 4,4-methylene diamine, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane, meta-2,2-bis(4-(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, para-2,2-bis(4-(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, bisaminophenoxybenzene, 4,4-bisaminophenoxyphenylpropane, 2,2-bis(4-(-aminophenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoropropane and diaminobenzoate. The tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride is chosen from pyromellitic acid dianhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, oxydiphthalic acid dianhydride, bisphthalic dianhydride and hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic acid dianhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The metal back electrode is 10-15 microns in thickness, the single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon is 10-300 microns in thickness, the black silicon layer is 0.1-10 microns in thickness, the passivating layer is 50-200 nm in thickness, the metal grid is 2-10 microns in thickness, and the grid width is 30-150 microns, and the interval is 2-3 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystal silicon is a single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal back electrode and metal grid are made of aluminum, copper, silver, gold or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is tin oxide or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture of photoelectric conversion element material further involves using soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes. The soluble single-walled carbon nanotube is obtained by introducing 4C or more long-chain alkyl group into the open end of both sides of acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotube. Preferred Compounds: The porphyrin structure-containing compound is of formula (I). The porphyrin-fullerene compound is (1Z,4Z,9Z,15Z)-5,10,15-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-phenyl)-20-(4-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-phenyl)-porphyrin fullerene. The organic solvent is o-dichlorobenzene. The poor solvent is acetonitrile. The side chain portion of porphyrin coupled with side chain portion of groups R1-R20 of porphyrin structure-containing compound has alkyl or alkoxy.R1-R20=H, 1-15C alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, nitro, amino, sulfonyl, cyano, silyl, phosphonic acid group, diazo group or mercapto group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Layer (13) is formed by spraying rare-earth iron oxide into powder form, or by mixing the powder with a specific solution and applying the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: A sealing material (36) is provided following a periphery in one surface of one transparent substrate, and the curable resin composition is supplied to the region enclosed by the sealing material, thus forming a sealed space accommodating the curable resin composition between a pair of transparent substrates. The other transparent substrate is pressed towards the surface of the transparent substrate and the curable resin composition is spread in the reduced-pressure atmosphere. The reduced-pressured atmosphere is at 1 kPa or less with respect to the atmosphere where pressure is higher than reduced pressure. At least one transparent substrate is a glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Compound (B) contains a compound of formula: P(O)(R11)(R12)(R13).R11=H2C=C(R)C(O)O-R1-(OR2)n-O-;R12,R13=hydroxy, 12C or less alkoxy, or H2C=C(R)C(O)O-R1-(OR2)n-O-;n=0-15;R1=2-10C alkylene;andOR2=2-6C oxyalkylene or 4-6C oxycarbonylalkylene.Compound (A) is polyol (a1) in which portion of or all hydroxyl groups is substituted by group (X) directly or through a coupling group having urethane bond. Polyol (a1) is polyoxyalkylene polyol having 2-4 hydroxyl groups per molecule and a hydroxyl value of 15-280 mg potassium hydroxide/g. Compound (A) is a reaction product of polyol (a1), polyisocyanate compound (A2), and unsaturated hydroxy compound (A3). Compound (A3) is a compound having group (X) and a hydroxyl group. The curable resin composition further contains an ester monomer of formula: H2C=C(R)C(O)O-R3, an ester monomer of formula: H2C=C(R)C(O)O-R4, and a photoinitiator.R3=3-8C hydroxyalkyl with number of hydroxyl groups being 1-2;andR4=8-22C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The flexible optoelectronic device further comprises hole transporting layer disposed between organic layer and anode. The material of n-type oxide semiconductor layer comprises at least one material selected from tungsten oxide, titanium oxide, and/or zinc oxide. The material of organic layer comprises polythiophene or its derivatives. The material of organic layer comprises Plexcore PV 2000 (RTM: organic photovoltaics).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Forming cross-linked, non-discotic backbone polymer coating on substrate further comprises repeating steps (b) to (c) at least once to produce substrate having an extended, cross-linked, non-discotic backbone polymer coating formed; and repeating step (b) at least twice and repeating step (c) at least once to produce a substrate having an extended, partially cross-linked, non-discotic backbone polymer coating formed. Coupling step (c) comprises a beta or meso coupling step. Preferred Components: The porphyrinic macrocycles are selected from the porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, isobacteriochlorins, oxochlorins, dioxobacteriochlorins, dioxoisobacteriochlorins, pyrophorbins, bacteriopyrophorbins, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, tetraazaporphyrins, core modified porphyrinic derivatives, and expanded or contracted porphyrinic derivatives. The non-discotic backbone polymer comprises a double-decker sandwich coordination compound coupled to the substrate. The substrate is transparent, opaque, or reflective. It comprises an electrode. The non-discotic backbone polymer is oriented substantially perpendicularly to the substrate. It is an intrinsic rectifier of excited-state energy or an intrinsic rectifier of holes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 29 Compounds are disclosed as trimetallic hydride complexes; e.g. AlLi2MgH7; VLi2MgH6; FeLi2MgH4; CoLi2MgH7; and AgLi2MgH5.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first metal is made of cobalt (CO), ferrous (Fe), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), or titanium (Ti) and the second metal is made of gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The other polymerizable monomer is chosen from vinylic monomer, acrylic type monomer, methacrylic type monomer, allyl type monomer and maleic acid type monomer. The resin composition further contains 0.1-20 parts mass of crosslinking agent chosen from epoxy compound, isocyanate compound and aminoplast compound with respect to 100 parts mass of the resin. EXAMPLE - (In g) cyanuric chloride (15.0), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (12.7) and tetrahydrofuran (150) were cooled. Sodium hydride (3.9) was added and the contents were stirred for 3 hours. 2-Naphthol (11.3), sodium hydroxide (3.1) and water (120) were added. 15 %Mass ammonium chloride aqueous solution was further added, and the contents were extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and purified to obtain 2-(4-chloro-6-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yloxy)-ethyl methacrylate as intermediate (14.1). The intermediate (13.8), acetone (260 ml), 2-naphthol (5.7), sodium hydroxide (1.6) and water (13) were refluxed and the crystals produced were filter-separated after adding 15 %mass ammonium chloride aqueous solution, and purified to obtain 2-(4,6-bis-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yloxy)-ethyl methacrylate (12.3) as polymerizable monomer. The obtained monomer (21), cyclohexane (69), butyl acrylate (7.5) and acrylic acid (1.5) were mixed. 1,1-Di(t-hexylperoxy)-3,3,5-cyclohexane (0.3) was added as polymerization initiator and the contents were polymerized to obtain a resin composition. The composition had favorable refractive index and formed coating film with excellent solvent resistance and peeling resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic electronic device has light-emitting layer(s) provided between the functional film and electrode, and is luminous.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The functional film contains a complex formed with compound (I) and metal ion of the metal salt. The molar ratio of compound (I) and metal ion is 0.3-5. Preferred Definitions:    J=bipyridyl, terpyridyl or phenanthrolinyl;and    Ar=phenylene and/or diyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent inorganic material is a transparent electrode containing silicon. Preferred Properties: The in-plane linear expansion coefficient of the layer (A) is 40 ppm or less at 100-200 degrees C. The dimensional change rate of the laminated film is 0.1% or less, when heated at 40-230 degrees C and cooled at 40 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    R1=tetravalent organic group of formula (v);    R2=divalent organic group of formula (xiii);and    R3=trifluoromethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst used in methanation process is chosen from nickel, cobalt, iron, ruthenium and rhodium. The adsorption agent is chosen from activated charcoal, zeolite and alumina. The adsorption agent comprises copper. The catalyst used in the oxidation process is ruthenium or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous alkaline solution contains sodium hydroxide and/or sodium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diamine is 2,4-toluene diamine and/or 2,6-toluene diamine. The amount of diamine-containing compound (I) is 3-35 mol% with respect to 100 mol% of diamine component. The tetracarboxylic acid component contains 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic anhydride and/or pyromellitic dianhydride. The diamine component further contains p-phenylene diamine and/or diaminodiphenyl ether. Preferred Process: The polyimide film is surface-treated by spraying water or aqueous alkaline solution on the surface. The adhesive bond layer is laminated on the surface-treated polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The diamine is 2,4-toluene diamine and/or 2,6-toluene diamine. The content of diamine (I) is 3-35 mol% with respect to 100 mol% of diamine component. The tetracarboxylic acid component contains 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and/or pyromellitic dianhydride. The diamine component contains p-phenylenediamine and/or diaminodiphenylether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Compound: The piperidine-containing dye (I) is of formula (II).R4-R11=H, substituent or -L1=B';L1=bivalent coupling group chosen from alkenylene, alkylene and arylene;B'=methylene substituted by heterocyclic acidic nucleus or electron withdrawing group, preferably group of formula (a), or =C(-R17)-R18, preferably group of formula (b), group of formula (c) or =C(-CN)-COOH;R12,R13,R19,R20=aliphatic group, aromatic group or heterocyclic group (all optionally having acidic group);m1=0 or 1;R14=sulfur or =C(-R15)-R16;andR15-R18=cyano or acidic group. Preferred Definitions:    X=sulfur or CR2(R3).    EXAMPLE - Thiomorpholine compound (in g) (0.51) of formula (Ib) and cyanoacetic acid (0.14) were added to acetic acid (40 ml) and stirred for 5 minutes. Further, ammonium acetate (0.32) was added to the resulting mixture and stirred at 90 degrees C for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was precipitated and the crude crystal was re-crystallized and purified, to obtain a piperidine-containing dye of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier contains zinc oxide. Preferred Definitions:    R14,R24,R31,R36,R41=(-CH2-CH2-);    R1=group of formula (xi);    ring A=benzene ring, naphthalene ring, phenanthrene ring, or their derivatives;    at least one of R15 and R16=benzyl or alkyl;and    Q=coupling group having cyano group introduced into 5C methine chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dopant metallic compound is chosen from tin oxide, titanium oxide, germanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, vanadium oxide and hafnium oxide. The dry film is further heated in hydrogen atmosphere, hydrogen gas atmosphere, organic-solvent vapor or inert gas atmosphere after the plasma processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dry coating film further contains organometallic component and dopant metallic compound. The organometallic component is chosen from organo tin compound, organo titanium compound, organo germanium compound, organo zinc compound, organo tungsten compound, organo zirconium compound, organo tantalum compound, organo niobium compound, organo hafnium compound and organo vanadium compound. The organo indium compound is indium acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The monomethine compound (I) is chosen from compounds of formulae (II)-(V), or monomethine dye of formula (XV) or (XVI). The pyrazolone-containing partial structure (a) is chosen from formulae (VII)-(XIV).R1=-NR4R5 or hydroxy;R4,R5,R8,R9=H, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;B1,B3,B11,B12=(=C(R6))- or =N-;R2,R3,R6,R7,R207,R208,R210,R211=H or substituent, where R207 is -COOM, and R211 is -N(R301)(R302);or R2+R3, R3+R4, R4+R5, R5+R6, R6+R7=ring;Y'=oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;R63,R64,=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, acylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxy, aryloxy, ureido, alkoxycarbonylamino, carbamoyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl;R65,R67=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, acylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxy, aryloxy, ureido, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or carbamoyl;R71=H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, silyl, acylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, amino, ureido, alkoxy, carboxy, or alkoxycarbonylamino;a,e=0-3;c,d,f=0-4;R74=carbamoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, cyano, sulfamoyl, acylamino, ureido, alkoxycarbonylamino, or alkyl or aryl sulfonylamino;R75=halo, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, acylamino, alkyl or aryl sulfonylamino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy, ureido or alkoxycarbonylamino;R85,R86=H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, acylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxy, aryloxy, ureido, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or carbamoyl;R87,R88=H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, carbamoyl, alkoxycarbanoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, carboxy, cyano, sulfamoyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl or nitro;andR89,R212,R301,R302=H, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group.Preferred Property: The absorption maximum wavelength of monomethine compounds (I)-(V) in methanol solution is 480 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fibrous carbon is carbon fiber or carbon nanotube obtained by gaseous-phase method. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is complex oxide containing element chosen from titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc and tungsten, and lithium element. The content of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 10-60 %mass, preferably 10-50 %mass. The content of carbon material is 10-50 %mass. The content of fibrous carbon and electroconductive adjuvant in positive electrode layer is 2-40 %mass and 20-75 %mass respectively, with respect to lithium-containing transition metal oxide. The content of fibrous carbon and electroconductive adjuvant in negative electrode layer is 2-40 %mass and 20-75 %mass respectively, with respect to carbon material. Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbon is carbon fiber (V) having powder resistance value of 0.02 Omega .cm or less, average fiber diameter of 1-500 nm and specific surface area of 10-20 m2/g or carbon fiber (A) having powder resistance value of 0.05 Omega .cm or more, average fiber diameter of 1-500 nm and specific surface area of 100-1000 m2/g. The carbon material has true density of 1.45-1.6 g/cm3 measured by liquid phase substitution method. The electroconductive adjuvant has hollow shell structure, porosity of 55-85% and specific surface area of 700-1400 m2/g. The crystalline activated carbon has specific surface area of 800-2200 m2/g. The ratio of capacitance of negative electrode layer and capacitance of positive electrode layer is 1.1-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material powder comprises aluminum (10-500 weight ppm), lithium, sodium and/or potassium (60 weight ppb or less), and titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum and/or tungsten (30 weight ppb or less). The content of oxygen in mixed gas is 1-40 vol.%. The silica substrate has carbon concentration of 30 weight ppm or less, and hydroxyl group concentration of 30 weight ppm or less. The silica substrate contains aluminum (10-500 weight ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boro substances are 1-20% of e.g. colemanite pentahydride, borax, datolite, priceite, ulexite mineral, boracite or hydroboracite, further 80-99 % of carbon dioxide or difluorochloromethane including e.g. trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, tetrahydrofluoro ethane, difluorochloroethane, trifluoroethane, pentane, acetylene, petafluoropropane, hexafluoropropane, butane and propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali liquor is a deionized solution of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The dual layer film inactivating layer is made of silica/silicon nitride (SiO2/SiNx), silicon carbide/silicon nitride (SiC/SiNx), a-silicon/silica (a-Si/SiO2) or a-silicon/silicon carbide (a-Si/SiC).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali liquor is a deionized solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide or quadrol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light absorption layer contains group III elements, preferably copper-indium-gallium-selenium alloy. The buffer layer contains group I element. The group VI element is selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The strained layer in the cell is made of silver. The back surface electrode layer in the cell is made of molybdenum, copper, tantalum, indium, tin, aluminum, gold and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back contact electrode in the cell includes sodium selenide, sodium fluoride, sodium sulfide and sodium chloride compounds. The buffer layer contains molybdenum selenide or molybdenum disulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and/or hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reacted target physical deposition (RTPD) compound semiconductor thin-film includes II-VI compound semiconductor materials (preferably Cd-S, Cd-Se, Cd-Te, Cd-Zn-Te, Cd-Hg-Te, and Cu-In-Se).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first gas injection mechanism provides a first process gas or a first process gas compound, and the second gas injection mechanism provides a second process gas or a second process gas compound. The first process gas or the first process gas compound is a gas to be ionized, and the second process gas or the second process gas compound is a gas to be activated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The rough surface is formed by etching process. The method further involves cooling the bristle glass. The crystal nucleus is beta -spodumene, alpha -quartz, beta -cristobalite or lithium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deviation portion comprises microparticles. The conductive components (a), photosensitization layer, conductive components (b), and deviation portion contain indium-gallium-aluminum-nitride of formula: InxGayAl1-x-yN, where x is 0 or more and y is 1 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent contains carbonate-type solvent as main component. The amount of boric acid ester with respect to 100 parts mass of structural component of electrolytic solution other than ester is 0.01-1 part mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper-aluminum alloy powder comprises (in wt.%) aluminum (50 or less) and remainder of copper and unavoidable impurities. The alloy paste comprises powder chosen from silver powder, aluminum powder, silicon powder, and gold powder, and oxide powder of alkali metal, and/or carbonate. Preferred Properties: The copper-aluminum alloy powder is spherical and flake shaped, and has average particle diameter distribution is 30 mu m or less, an average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less, and a maximum particle size distribution of 5 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chalcogen compound powder preferably comprises 0.5 %mass or less of carbon. The dispersion medium is alcohol. The content of chalcogen compound powder in alcohol is 20-80 %mass. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol. The solvent contains 70 %mass or less of water. The metal source is complex oxide of copper and indium, mixture of copper salt and indium salt, or composite hydroxide of indium and copper. The mixture further comprises gallium salt. The composite hydroxide further comprises gallium salt. Preferred Properties: The boiling point of the solvent is preferably 200 degrees C or less. Preferred Process: The heating process is performed in a pressurized container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface of the diffusion layer is provided with an antireflection coating that is adopted to silicon nitride film, titanium dioxide film or zinc oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The P-N layer is made of zinc sulfide, zinc selenide or zinc indium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first deposition solution comprises cadmium and sulfur. The second deposition solution comprises zinc and sulfur. The first section of the buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide. The second section of the buffer layer is made of zinc sulfide and cadmium zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The partial pressure ratio of gaseous chlorine and oxygen gas is 15-71.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation film consists of amorphous-silicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metals are placed in a determined sequence during the galvanic attachment or application of front contact metal, particularly nickel as diffusion barrier to prevent diffusion of copper in the silicon and copper and tin are placed to prevent the oxidation of copper. The metal particles in the paste have nanoparticles with silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Nickel silicide is formed by the diffusion of nickel into the semiconductor substrate. Multiple layers of copper, nickel, silver, aluminum or connections of these elements are provided for thickening.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The powder (A) comprises zinc oxide powder as essential component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion concentration in molten salt (20) is 500 ppm or more. The lithium ion concentration in molten salt (22) is 0-2000 ppm. The molten salt (20) further comprises sodium ion and potassium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal oxide is copper oxide. The fire-resistant filler powder further contains cordierite. The sealing material contains fire-resistant filler powder (0.1-70 volume%), and further contains oxide pigment (0-10 volume%). The glass powder contains transition metal oxide (0.1 %mass or more) as a glass composition. The sealing material does not contain lead oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon layer is formed of material chosen from silicon, amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, and copper indium selenide. The front contact layer is made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The back contact layer is made of material chosen from TCO and metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves adding quaternary alkyl ammonium compound (TAA) so that molar ratio (MAR)/(MT+MZ) of number-of-moles of quaternary alkyl ammonium compound (MAR) and sum total of number-of-moles of titanium oxide (MT) and number-of-moles of zirconium compound (MZ) is 0.05-5. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio (MT)/(MZ) of number-of-moles of titanium oxide (MT) and number-of-moles of zirconium compound (MZ) is 4-100. The weight ratio (H2O2)/(TiO2+ZrO2) of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and titanium oxide and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is 1-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compatibilizing agents are chosen from unsaturated acid, unsaturated acid anhydride and their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polypropylene ether resin comprises (in wt.%): polyphenylene resin (30-90) and styrene resin (10-70). The polyphenylene ether resin composition comprises 0.05-5 parts weight of compatibilizing agents with respect to 100 parts weight of resin mixture. The resin mixture comprises (in wt.%): polyphenylene ether resin (20-90) and polyamide resin (10-80). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film is formed by coating resin solution containing particles for refractive index control. The particles for refractive index control are magnesium fluoride, silsesquioxane, silicon dioxide, zirconia, alumina, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, or Indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin solution comprises resin chosen from polyurethane, polyacrylic acid, polysilicon, polyacrylate, polysilane, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyolefin, fluorine polymer, polyamide, polyimide, polynorbornene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, and their mixture. The average particle diameter of the particles for refractive index control is 5-100 nm, and content of the particles for the refractive index control in resin solution is 0.5-50% mass in conversion of solid content. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further includes forming a textured surface on the front surface; and forming an antireflection coating, preferably nitride coating or titanium oxide coating over the textured surface. It further includes after forming textured surface, forming a front surface diffusion in the textured surface and a silicon oxide layer over the textured surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Forming the first and second interdigitated metal contacts respectively ohmically contacting the regions of first conductivity type and the regions of second conductivity type comprises forming a first metal layer on the back surface contacting the regions of first conductivity type and the regions of second conductivity type through the thermally grown oxide and serving as an infrared reflector; forming a barrier metal layer over the first metal layer; forming a base metal layer over the barrier layer that functions as a base to initiate metal plating; printing a plating resist over the base metal layer to define the geometries of the first and second metal contacts; plating an electrically conductive metal layer over the base metal layer; stripping the plating resist; and etching the exposed base metal layer. The contact metal layer comprises aluminum. The barrier metal layer comprises titanium tungsten; and the plating base and electrically conductive layers comprise copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic element (M) is preferably titanium. The oxide sinter does not contain tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The indium oxide phase with bixbyite-type structure comprises crystal grains having average particle diameter of 2 mu m or less and crystal grains having average particle diameter of 2.5 mu m or more. The content of cerium in ion-plating tablet is 0.3-5 atomic%. The ion-plating tablet further contains oxide of element (M) chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum and tungsten, preferably oxide of titanium. The ratio of content of cerium to total content of indium, cerium and element (M) is 0.3-9 atomic%. The ratio of content of element (M) to total content of indium, cerium and element (M) is 1 atomic% or less. The ratio of total content of cerium and element (M) to total content of indium, cerium and element (M) is 9 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The single-phase of the copper-metal-tin sulfide is copper-zinc-tin sulfide. The inorganic acid salt is chosen from sulfate, nitrate, acetate and chloride. The inorganic acid is chosen from sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor powder is obtained using aqueous solution of sulfide chosen from ammonium sulfide, ammonium polysulfide, sodium sulfide, thiourea, and thioacetamide, and inorganic acid or its salt of copper, metal and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The aldehyde group-containing compound of formula (X) and amine compound of formula: H2N-Ar' are reacted in presence of ethanol to obtain hydroxyl group-containing compound of formula (XI). The hydroxyl group-containing compound (XI), dichloromethane, diethyl ether, boron trifluoride and triethylamine are reacted to obtain Schiff base-type compound (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 56 Schiff base-type compounds are disclosed e.g. 2,2-difluoro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaborinin-3-ylium-2-uide of formula (Ia), 7-(diethylamino)-2,2-difluoro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaborinin-3-ylium-2-uide, 2,2-difluoro-3-(4-methylphenyl)-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaborinin-3-ylium-2-uide, 7-(diethylamino)-3-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)-2,2-difluoro-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaborinin-3-ylium-2-uide and 7-(diethylamino)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2,2-difluoro-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaborinin-3-ylium-2-uide.    EXAMPLE - 2-((E)-(Phenylimino)methyl)phenol (in mol) (0.01), diisopropyl ethylamine (0.012), dichloromethane (12 g) and boron trifluoride (0.012) were mixed. To the mixture, water (20 ml) was added and reacted. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and vacuum dried to obtain 2,2-difluoro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaborinin-3-ylium-2-uide, with yield of 83%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantum dots are crosslinked. The composition is a solid and the catalyst is adsorbed upon and/or dispersed among the quantum dots. The quantum dots comprise a III-V semiconductor. The quantum dots comprise a material including indium phosphide, copper indium disulfide, copper indium diselenide, silver indium disulfide or silver indium diselenide. The quantum dots have an absorption maximum of the first excitonic peak of 450-760 nm. The catalyst comprises a di-iron dithiolate catalyst of formula (a). The catalyst comprises diiron(I) dithiolate complex (Fe2S2(CO)6). The conducting substrate comprises gold. The quantum dots are bound to a surface of the conducting substrate by a linker moiety. The linker moiety is a dithiol compound. The proton source comprises a protic solvent. Preferred Method: The quantum dots have been crosslinked prior to the contacting with the catalyst. The method of making the device comprises forming a layer of crosslinked quantum dots upon a surface of the conducting substrate, and contacting the layer of crosslinked quantum dots with the catalyst. The contacting step in making the composition and the device comprises contacting the quantum dots with a liquid medium comprising the catalyst for a sufficient time for the catalyst to adsorb onto and/or disperse among the quantum dots.R1, R2 = alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted) or absent;L1, L2 = at least one terminal ligand, which may be the same as or different from each other, and attached to a single Fe atom; andL3 = absent or at least one bridging ligand, which may be the same as or different from each other, each attached to both Fe atoms. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric films are selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide film, silicon nitride film, titanium oxide film, aluminum oxide film, tin oxide film, zinc oxide film and magnesium-fluoride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive composition further contains silver carboxylate, silver powder and glass frit. The silver carboxylate is silver-2-methyl-propionate. The organic solvent is ( alpha )-terpineol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Alternately, 10-100 mol% of dihalide monomer having ionic group and diol monomer having ionic group are dissolved in solvents. Heat-dehydration is carried out when the dehydrating quantity reaches 50% of stoichiometric value and sum total content of dihalide monomer having ionic group and diol monomer having ionic group is 0-20 mol%. Or, diol monomer having ionic group, dihalide monomer having ionic group, and diol monomer having hydrolyzable group are dissolved in solvent, contacted with basic compound, and heat-dehydrated to obtain solution (A). Diol monomer having ionic group and dihalide monomer having ionic group are dissolved in solvent, contacted with a basic compound, and heat-dehydrated to obtain solution (B). Both dehydrated solutions are mixed. A porous material is bonded together before the coating surface dries such that the polymer fluid is impregnated into the porous material. A crosslinked compound having a group of formula: -(-CH2OR1) is mixed in the polymer fluid before being made into membranous substance. The electrolytic membrane is heat-crosslinked above 50 degrees C after contacting with aqueous acids.R1=H or organic group.Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of polymer in solution (A) during mixing process is 30000 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium fluoride hydroxide is of formula: MgF2-x(OH)x, where x is 0.01-0.5, preferably MgF1.89(OH)0.11. The hydrophilic low-reflection component further contains metal oxide as refractive index regulator. The molar ratio of metal oxide and 10 mol of magnesium fluoride hydroxide is 10/0.5-10/30. The metal oxide is chosen from silica, alumina, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, antimony oxide and lanthanum oxide. Preferred Process: The hydrophilic low-reflection component is obtained by hydrolyzing solution of magnesium fluoride hydroxide ultrafine particles and metallic compound on transparent substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low-refractive index particle is hollow particle. The film thickness of the transparent conductive film is 50-150 nm. The transparent conductive film has transparent color degree of greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of particle diameter of translucent particle and length of metal nanowire is greater than or equal to 0.005 and less than 1. The volume ratio of matrix resin in the transparent conductive film and translucent particle is greater than or equal to 5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing gas contains 5-100 volume% of oxygen. The reducing gas contains 0.5 volume% or more of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorption component comprises copper, gallium, selenium and sodium doped indium. The buffer layer component comprises ZnS-O.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrical contact is formed from platinum, gold, nickel, graphite, or copper. The electrode is formed from titanium, platinum, copper, or phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The masking plate is formed from glass, plastic, or ceramic. The apparatus further comprises polymeric material disposed at least partially on the first surface of the masking plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises an adhesion layer positioned between the protective layer and the inside surface of the chamber. In the method, heating the fluidized bed reactor with the at least one reactor heater to a temperature sufficient for thermal decomposition of silicon comprises heating the fluidized bed reactor at 500-1200 degrees C. The fluidized bed reactor is heated at 700-900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The metal alloy is: an iron-based alloy including at least one a stainless steel alloy and a chromium-nickel alloy; and a nickel-based alloy including at least one a nickel-molybdenum alloy and a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy. The ceramic protective layer comprises at least one alumina (Al2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and zirconium dioxide yttrium stabilized. The adhesion layer comprises a nickel alloy layer, or a nickel-chromium-yttrium alloy layer. The protective layer is deposited on the inside surface of the chamber by at least one thermal projection, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, sol gel, electrophoretic deposition and aerosol thermal spraying. The external surface of the chamber is sandblasted to improve the thermal power transfer efficiency of the chamber compared to an untreated external surface. The fluidizing gas is at least one hydrogen, helium, argon, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide and silicon tetraiodide. The silicon-bearing gas is at least one monosilane, disilane, trisilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane, monochlorosilane, tribromosilane, dibromosilane, monobromosilane, triiodosilane, diiodosilane or monoiodosilane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Solar Panel: The solar panel is a monocrystalline silicon solar panel, a polycrystalline silicon solar panel, an amorphous silicon solar panel, a flexible gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar panel, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar panel, or a multi-junction tandem solar panel. Preferred Battery: The battery is a nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H) battery, an alkaline battery, a mercury battery, a nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery, a lithium battery, or a lithium-polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of a material selected from silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum oxide (A12O3) gallium nitride (GaN) and indium phosphide (InP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first ink comprises silver-copper alloy and/or silver-germanium alloy. The second ink comprises copper and/or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The spherical graphite has volume average particle diameter of 0.1-50 mu m. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of spherical graphite and carbon black in the conductive adhesive layer is 0.05-1.0. The carbon black contains 0.01-20 wt.% of hetero element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is acrylate polymer or diene polymer. The binder has polar group. The polar group is nitrile group, acidic radical or carboxylic acid group. The conductive adhesive layer further contains carboxymethyl cellulose salt or surfactant. The surfactant is anionic surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectrochromic film(s) comprises transition metal oxide, transition metal, or Prussian blue. The transition metal oxide is tungsten oxide, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, nickel oxide, tin oxide, iron (III) oxide, cobalt oxide, iridium (III) oxide, rhodium (III) oxide, or manganese dioxide. The transition metal is a metal, alloy, hydride, sulfide, or telluride formed from a transition metal group comprising manganese, magnesium, cobalt, copper, nickel, zinc, vanadium, chromium, iron, bismuth, antimony gold, zinc, platinum, silver, titanium, niobium, tellurium, or selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The photoelectrochromic film(s) comprises a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pulse/pulse reverse electric current further comprises an off-time interspersed after the anodic on-time and before the cathodic on-time. The electric current is a pulsed electric current consisting of an anodic on-time and an off-time. The anodic on-time is 10 microseconds to 100 milliseconds, preferably 100 microseconds to 10 milliseconds. The off-time is 100 milliseconds to 10 microseconds, preferably 10 milliseconds to 100 microseconds. The pulsed electric current has anodic voltage amplitude, where the anodic voltage amplitude is 1-20 (preferably 2.5-10) volts. Electrodynamic boundary layer conformal to the spaces in the etch-resist layer pattern is formed. Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is copper, titanium, 440C stainless steel, gold, silver, or nickel. The non-active electrolyte solution or electrolyte solution is an electrolyte solution chosen from sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, and a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride. The electric current is pulse/pulse reverse electric current comprising anodic on-time and cathodic on-time. The metal is chosen from copper, gold, silver, nickel and their combinations. Preferred Method: The method (M2) further involves providing an etch-resist material, where the etch-resist material covers a portion of the metal substrate for forming exposed portions and covered portions of the metal and the exposed portions of the metal are removed. The covered portions of the metal are retained and form a pattern on the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The step of depositing the thin film of nanotubes over the substrate involves: transferring the thin film from the filtration membrane to an elastomeric stamp; and pressing the elastomeric stamp onto the substrate to transfer the thin film from the elastomeric stamp to the substrate. The step of preparing the suspension of nanotubes involves agitating the suspension. The suspension is agitated ultrasonically. The step of preparing the suspension involves functionalizing the nanotubes in the suspension. The method further involves spin-coating a smoothing layer on the thin film. The thin film is smoothed to reduced (rms) roughness of not greater than 3.1 nm. The method further involves doping the thin film. The thin film is doped with a conductivity-enhancing dopant to a resistance of not greater than 160 Omega . The method further involves patterning the thin film to form several pixels; depositing an organic layer over the substrate; and depositing an electrode over the organic layer. The film of nanotubes is doped. The film of nanotubes is doped with thionyl chloride (SOCl2). Preferred Components: The nanotubes are arc discharge nanotubes. The organic layer is an emissive layer or photoactive layer. The first electrode has an rms roughness of not greater than 3.1 nm. The first electrode has a sheet resistance of not greater than 500 (preferably 160) Omega . The first electrode has a transparency of at least 75 (preferably 87)%. The nanotubes are single-walled nanotubes. The organic layer comprises an organic emissive material. The organic layer comprises an organic photosensitive donor-acceptor heterojunction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The smoothing layer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A fluorine-containing adamantane derivative (II) is reacted with hydroxyl-group reactive compound having functional group of formula: -C(=O)-C(-R5)=CH2 and group of formula (iii) or (iv), and obtained product is reacted with (meth)acrylic acid anhydride, to obtain fluorine-containing adamantane derivative (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains thermal polymerization initiator and/or photoinitiator. Preferred Definitions:    a=2;    d=1;    G1=single bond;    X1=-O-C(=O)-C(-R5)=CH2;and    c=3.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Fluorine-containing adamantane derivatives (I) are disclosed, i.e. perfluoro-1,3-bis(2,3-dihydroxy-1-propoxy)adamantane of formula (Ia) and perfluoro-1,3-bis(2,3-diacryloyloxy-1-propoxy)adamantane.    EXAMPLE - Perfluoro-1,3-adamantanediol (in g) (8.4), 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (22.4), potassium carbonate (8.4), potassium iodide (1.6) and 28 ml of dioxane were mixed in flask, heated and stirred for 4 hours. Then, mineral salt was removed from obtained product, filtered, concentrated and obtained concentrate was diluted using ethyl acetate. The resultant product was washed using potassium phosphate (3 %mass) and obtained organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate, to obtain perfluoro-1,3-bis(2,3-dihydroxy-1-propoxy)adamantane (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises coupling, preferably Suzuki coupling of a spirobifluorene or its derivative (whose 4,4'-position is substituted by a reactive leaving group, preferably chlorine, bromine, iodine, triflate, tosylate, boronic acid or boronic acid ester) with a functionalized aromate or with a mono- or disubstituted amine, under palladium catalysis or through palladium catalytic Hartwig-Buchwald coupling reaction. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 55 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 4,4'-bis(naphth-1-yl)-1,1'-dimethoxy-9,9'-spirobifluorene of formula (Ia), 4,4'-bis(naphth-1-yl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, 4,4'-bis(diphenylamino)-1,1'-dimethoxy-9,9'-spirobifluorene, 4,4'-bis(diphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene and 1,1'-dimethoxy-9,9'-spirobifluoren-4,4'-boronic acid.    EXAMPLE - A suspension of 4,4'-dibromo-1,1'-dimethoxy-9,9'-spirobifluorene (26.7 g) and 1-naphthalene boronic acid (22.4 g) was reacted with tripotassium phosphate in a mixture of toluene (300 ml), dioxane (100 ml) and water (400 ml), tri-o-tolylphosphine (913 mg) and palladium(II)acetate (112 mg), and subsequently heated under reflux for 16 hours. The unusual solid material was removed, washed three times with toluene (50 ml), three times with ethanol:water (50 ml) and three times with ethanol (100 ml) and subsequently crystallized using dimethylformamide (approximately 10 ml/g) to obtain 4,4'-bis(naphth-1-yl)-1,1'-dimethoxy-9,9'-spirobifluorene (20 g, purity 99.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The IB-group metallic compound is copper chloride (I), copper chloride (II), copper acetate (II) and/or copper iodide (I). The IIIB-group metallic compound is indium chloride, indium nitrate, trimethyl indium, tris(2,4-pentanedionate)indium, indium formate and/or indium octylate. The IVB-group compound is thiourea, thioacetamide, selenoacetamide, sodium thiosulfate and/or ammonium thiosulfate. Preferred Properties: The IB-group metallic compound, IIIB-group metallic compound and VIB-group element have average crystal diameter of 2-20 nm and single crystal ratio of 80% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material solution further contains water. The polar organic solvent is chosen from 1-6C alcohol and 1-6C nitrile, preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or acetonitrile, more preferably ethanol and/or acetonitrile. The mass ratio of 1-6C alcohol and 1-6C nitrile is 10:90-90:10. Preferred Process: The polar organic solvent containing chalcopyrite-type microparticles is cooled using a cooler (4), pressurized, and then mixed with a poor solvent. The raw material solution is heated at 450 degrees C or less. The supercritical state of organic solvent is maintained for 30 minutes or less. The entire process is carried out continuously in a flow-through type reaction apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The buffer layer contains silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The organic thin-film layer is light-emitting layer (130), hole transport layer (140), hole implant layer (170), hole blocking layer, electron transport layer (150), electron injection layer (160), and/or electron blocking layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 340 Compounds (I) to (XI) are specifically claimed e.g. 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(4-(4-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidine of formula (IA), 2-(4-(4-(4,6-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-4,6-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)pyrimidine, 2-(4-(4-(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 3-(2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-6-(4-(4-(2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)quinoline, and 2-(4-(4-(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-4,6-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)pyrimidine.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 2-chloro-4-(2-naphthyl)-6-phenylpyrimidine (35), potassium carbonate, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (19.5), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (3.4) were mixed. Tetrahydrofuran (600 mL) was added and reacted at 80 degrees C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The solid was filtered, washed with tetrahydrofuran, water and methanol thrice, and dried to obtain 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(4-(4-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidine of formula (IA). The compound provided organic photoelectric device having a luminance of 7.69 lm/W and low drive voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Condition: The weight percentage of the polymerizable solvent is selected to control the final porosity of a ceramic part. The weight percentage of the polymerizable solvent is selected in dependence on the pressure used during the casting of the ceramic suspension. The polymerizable solvent is polymerized at elevated temperatures. The solidified ceramic green body is treated at elevated temperatures in the presence of an inert gas to carbonize the polymerized solvent at a high carbon yield. Preferred Method: Ceramic casting further includes a dispersant dissolved in the polymerizable solvent. Preferred Components: The ceramic particles are selected from nickel oxide (NiO)/yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and YSZ.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas includes nitrogen or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerizable solvent is polymerized under acidic conditions; or the polymerizable solvent is polymerized with an initiator (catalyst). It is furfuryl alcohol (FA). The polymerizable solvent is selected from epsilon-caprolactone, methyl vinyl ketone, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and styrene acrylonitrile. The dispersant is polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) or another surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Silicon hydride and dichlorosilane are used as a source of silicon for the film. Nitrogen and ammonia are used as a source of nitrogen for the film. Oxygen and nitrous oxide are used as a source of oxygen for the film. The silicon nitride is in the form of silicon nitride (Si3N4). The silicon oxide is in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction solution comprises a metal source material and a complexing agent. The metal source material comprises a metal consisting of cadmium, zinc and/or indium. The complexing agent comprises ammonia, hydrazine, an alkanol amine and/or an alcohol. The reaction solution further comprises an anion source material. The anion source material comprises sulfur, selenium, tellurium, oxygen and/or hydroxyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The entire supporter or only the surface of the supporter is immersed in the reaction solution. The supporter is heated to a temperature of 20-100 degrees C. The heating treatment is carried out by electric heating or lamp heating the loader. In the method, each of the loader and the supporter has thermal conductivity of 30% or more, preferably 50% or more. Preferred Components: The supporter is a substrate or an electrode, and comprises a light absorbing layer. The reaction chamber further comprises an agitator and an ultrasonic wave vibrator. The loader is disposed in the upper part of the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber further comprises an electric heating device or a lamp for heating the supporter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The deformation textured metal comprises at least one of nickel or copper. The textured intermediate epitaxial film comprises at least one of vanadium, chromium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, or tungsten. The semiconductor layer comprises germanium; or at least one III-V compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The oxide has average diameter of 10-50 nm, and is provided at a density of 20-70 particles/ mu m2. The elevation difference of convex portion and recessed portion of recesses and projection in the tin oxide layer is 0.1-0.5 mu m. The pitch between convex portions of recesses and projection is 0.1-0.75 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The photoelectric conversion element consists of electric power generation laminate(s) (22) provided between electrode layers (20,26). The laminate has a p-type-semiconductor layer (223), an i-type semiconductor layer (222), and an n-type-semiconductor layer (221). The i-type semiconductor layer is formed of crystalline silicon, microcrystal amorphous silicon, or amorphous silicon. The portion of n-type-semiconductor layer contacting electrode layer (20) is formed of amorphous silicon including zinc oxide. The p-type-semiconductor layer contacting electrode layer (26) is formed of amorphous silicon. The thermal radiation portion is a heat sink comprising a material containing aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon carbonitride is Si3N4 to which carbon (2-40 atomic%) is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The convex portion is present in a number of 1-100 per mu m2, and has an average diameter of 20-1000 nm with respect to bottom face, an average coverage of 3-90% in the surface of silicon-oxide layer, and an average height of 10-200 nm. The C light source haze rate is 5-40%. A titanium oxide layer (12) is provided between the substrate and silicon-oxide layer. Preferred Composition: The convex portion is formed using water and tin tetrachloride, with quantity of water with respect to tin tetrachloride being 60 times or less by molar ratio. The crystalline thin film is a titanium oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is selected from molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), or zinc (Zn). The alkali metal comprises sodium (Na). The salt is selected from sodium chloride, sodium fluoride, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, sodium titanate, sodium metavanadate, sodium orthovanadate, sodium hydroxide, sodium oxide, sodium fluoride, sodium selenide, sodium selenate, sodium selenite, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, or sodium sulfite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The second substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The expungement ions include hydrogen, helium or hydrogen and helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first substrate is monocrystalline silicon (Si), alloys of Si and germanium, silicon on insulator (SOI) structures, Group III-V compound semiconductors or Group II-VI compound semiconductors. The second substrate is metal. The Group II-VI semiconductor layer is cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), ZnTe, ZnS, CdTeSe, cadmium magnesium telluride and/or cadmium mercury telluride. The highly conductive layer is heavily doped semiconductor, tunnel junction structure, silicide or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second substrate is polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element is gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The materialized composition further contains inorganic laminar compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silica particles are further added to the photocatalyst-coated component. The metal oxide particles are contained in an amount greater than 0 %mass and less than 5 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substance having hydrophobic group is silicone and/or silane having hydrophobic group. 85 %Mass or more of the cured material of curable silicone emulsion contained in the coating liquid is contained in the photocatalyst layer. Preferred Properties: The photocatalyst layer has a film thickness greater than 2 mu m and less than 20 mu m. The average particle diameter of curable silicone emulsion is larger than that of the metal oxide particles. The photocatalyst layer is transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed layer is formed between electron-donating material-containing layer (32) and electron-accepting material-containing layer (36).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The N number of layers have same crystal structure, which is chalcopyrite-type structure, and contain 11 group, 13 group and 16 group elements. The N-layers contain 11 group element, 16 group element, indium and gallium or aluminum as main elements, or 13 group element, 16 group element, copper and zinc as main elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The p-type cadmium telluride slurry is prepared by mixing cadmium telluride powder and cadmium powder, using ball milling method to mix for 6-8 hours, and uniformly blending in absolute ethyl alcohol/dimethylformamide solution (or polar solution) to form into slurry. The p-type cadmium telluride slurry is coated on the metal plate and baked in annealing furnace to remove alcohol or dimethylformamide solution in the p-type cadmium telluride film layer. The method further comprises using silk screen printing method to coat the p-type cadmium telluride slurry; locating the metal plate coated with the slurry in the annealing furnace; annealing under protection atmosphere at 600 degrees C for 30-60 minutes; and heating to 800-900 degrees C for 1-2 hours. The p-n junction is annealed at 750-790 degrees C for 1-2 hours. Preferred Component: The p-type cadmium telluride slurry comprises mixture of cadmium telluride and cadmium at weight ratio of 100:1. The protection atmosphere is inert gas or nitrogen gas. The middle transition layer is cadmium telluride nanolayer which is formed on the cadmium telluride p-type film layer by vacuum evaporating method. The n-type cadmium sulfide window layer is 200-250 nm-thick cadmium sulfide layer formed by vacuum evaporation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The phosphorus diffusion comprises coating phosphorus source on surface of crystalline silicon chip, and putting the crystalline silicon chip in oxygen to perform high temperature treatment at 800-870 degrees C. Preferred Component: The phosphorus source is slurry of metaphosphoric acid and phosphoric acid. Flow ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is 100:1-1:10, preferably 50:1-1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The precursor comprises a metal or semiconductor compound, preferably trimethylaluminum (Al(CH3)3) or aluminum chloride (AlCl3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic cell can be made of single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), thin film materials, or nanostructured materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer is made of copper or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles are spherical gold fine particles having diameter of 100 nm or less, or rod-shaped gold fine particles having length of 400 nm or less and aspect ratio of 1 or more. The water-dispersible organic protective agent which adsorbs to metal microparticles is trisodium citrate or hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution which dissolves organic protective agent adsorbed to metal microparticles contains acetonitrile and/or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The metal microparticles-containing polymer film is obtained by laminating sheets. Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles-containing polymer film contains conductive polymer or non-electroconductive polymer. The conductive polymer is poly(3-dodecyl)thiophene. The non-electroconductive polymer is polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive thin film is formed of nickel or its alloy. Preferred Method: The nickel oxide is: formed by the above thermally treating step; or deposited using physical vapor deposition process or chemical vapor deposition process, where the formation NiO is performed at 50-1400 degrees C, and a content of oxygen contained in the reaction gas increases or decreases. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): 1-Chloroanthraquinone is reacted with a boronic acid compound of formula: X-Q-B(OH)2, to obtain an anthraquinone derivative of formula (II). Compound (II) is reacted with a bromo compound of formula: R1-Br or R2-Br, to obtain a dialcohol compound of formula (III). Compound (III) is reacted with potassium iodide and sodium hypophosphite, to obtain compound (I). Preferred Definitions:    Q=phenylene, naphthalenyl or biphenylene;and    R1,R2=phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, biphenyl, triphenyl, 1-tetralinyl, 2-tetralinyl, stilbenyl, fluorenyl, diphenyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, or carbazolyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 9,10-diphenyl-1-(4-(10-phenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-anthracene of formula (IA), 9,10-diphenyl-1-(3-(10-phenyl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-anthracene, 1-(4-(10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-9,10-diphenyl-anthracene, 1-(3-(10-naphthalen-2-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-9,10-diphenyl-anthracene, and 1-(4-(10-naphthalen-1-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-9,10-diphenyl-anthracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The organic thin-film layer is light-emitting layer (130), hole blocking layer, electron blocking layer, electron transport layer (150), electron injection layer (160), hole implant layer (170), and/or hole transport layer (140).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The new compound is chosen from compounds of formulae (IV)-(IX). The compound has a thermal decomposition temperature of 350-600 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    n=0-2.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 6-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-diphenyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene of formula (IA), 6-(2,6-diphenyl-pyridin-4-yl)-12,12-diphenyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene, 6-(4,6-diphenyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-12,12-diphenyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene, 6-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-di-p-tolyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene, and 6-(2,6-diphenyl-pyridin-4-yl)-12,12-di-p-tolyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 12,12-diphenyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene (5) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml). n-Butyllithium (9.2 mL) was added and stirred for 30 minutes at -78 degrees C and for 20 minutes at room temperature. 2-Chloro-4,6-diphenyltriazine (2.59) was added and stirred at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled and extraction was carried out using methylene chloride. The organic layer was washed with water. The organic solvent was removed and the residue was purified using methylene chloride and hexane, to obtain 6-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-diphenyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene (4) of formula (IA) with a yield of 51.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pure ferrous powder and titanium powder in weight ratio of 1:4 are evenly milled in planetary ball mill machine in presence of argon, to obtain mixed powder. The powder is added into a vacuum smelting furnace and smelted. The obtained product is sliced into ferro-titanium alloy foil having thickness of 1 mm by electric spark numerical control line. The obtained ferro-titanium alloy foil is ultrasonically treated in acetone and distilled water for 10 minutes and impurities such as surface oil stain are removed. The cleaned foil is placed in the mixed solution of hydrogen fluoride, nitrous acid and distilled water, chemically polished and the surface oxide is removed. The cleaned and dried foil as anode, and platinum sheet as cathode are placed in glycol solution comprising ammonium fluoride (0.25 wt.%) and water (1 wt.%), reacted at normal temperature and voltage of 10-30 V for 10-60 hours, to form iron ion-doped titanium dioxide nanotube. The distance between anode and cathode is 4 cm. The obtained nanotube is placed in a reaction kettle with 12-14 mol/l of sodium hydroxide solution. Then, the nanotube is sealed, reacted at 180 degrees C for 10 hours, naturally cooled to room temperature and the nanotube is cleaned. The ferric oxide in nanotube is converted into ferrous oxide with strong magnetism, to obtain doped titanium dioxide nanotube. Then, the nanotube is roasted at 400-500 degrees C for 2-4 hours and cooled in air, ethanol or water, to obtain anatase doped titanium dioxide nanotube. Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of hydrogen fluoride, nitrous acid and distilled water is 1:1:6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The X-ray diffraction peak intensity of the copper-gallium alloy is 5% or less with respect to the main peak intensity. Preferred Composition: The copper-gallium alloy composition has reduced amount of ( gamma ) phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit further contains 0.1 %mass of lead, and boron oxide, bismuth oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, phosphorus oxide, manganese oxide, barium oxide, antimony oxide, lithium oxide, sodium oxide and/or potassium oxide. The content of transition metal oxide in glass frit is 10-95 %mass. The content of glass frit in the paste composition is 0.03-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The ten-point irregularity height (Rz) of metal layer is less than or equal to 1 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    B1=bivalent aromatic group of formula (3); and    B2=bivalent aromatic group of formula (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The interlayer comprises zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The lead-free glass further comprises alumina, phosphorus pentoxide, additive, alkaline-earth metal oxide and other glass components. The content of glass frit with respect to total content of lead-free electroconductive composition is 2-6 wt.%. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of glass frit is less than 3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive powder is 64-90 parts weight. The electroconductive powder is silver powder. The content of vehicle in the composition is 5-20 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The vapor deposition material contains organic compound or inorganic oxide, preferably iridium complex or platinum complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A planarizing film is provided between the base material and gas-barrier moisture-absorption film. A gas-barrier film is provided on the gas-barrier moisture-absorption film. The regions are formed as films by sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium oxynitride crystal has crystallinity exhibiting X-ray diffraction peak in same position as diffraction point (200) of titanium oxide or titanium nitride of face-centered-cubic lattice structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is nickel, copper and/or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing surfactant comprises perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl phosphates, perfluoroalkyl amines, perfluoroalkyl oxides and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, a selenious acid, ruthenium trichloride and tungsten hexachloride are used as the nanometer catalyst precursor. The step of heating is conducted: via microwave irradiation; with an oven; or with an electric heater. The step of mixing oven used generates vacuum. The step of drying oven used operates at 100 degrees C. The step of hydrogen reduction takes place at 100-400 degrees C for no longer than 1 hour. The step of drying is conducted with an oven or a drying box. Preferred Components: The additive is sodium bisulfite or sodium borohydride. The carrier is carbon nanotube powder. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The pattern electrode is formed silver (Ag), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), or its alloy. The surface electrode is formed of a transparent conductive material such as zinc oxide (ZnO), ZnO:B, ZnO:Al, ZnO:H, tin dioxide (SnO2), SnO2:F, or indium tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-electricity transformation unit is made of group III-V compounds including gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, and indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The second metal chalcogenide material is selected from a semiconductor metal oxide, a semiconductor metal sulfide, a semiconductor metal selenide, or a semiconductor metal telluride, or a semiconductor metal silicide. The first P type absorber layer comprises an iron disilicide material and the second P type absorber layer comprises a copper oxide material. The first N+ type window layer comprises a zinc sulfide material and the second N+ window layer comprises a zinc sulfide material. The first and second conductor layers comprise a transparent conducting oxide material selected from zinc oxide aluminum (ZnO:Al), fluorine tin oxide (SnO:F), indium tin oxide (ITO), and others.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The base material is ceramic base material or glass board material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent electroconductive component comprises organo indium compound, organic tin compound and/or organo zinc compound. The electroconductive oxide fine particles contain indium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide, preferably indium oxide. The binder component comprises inorganic binder component containing silica sol. The binder matrix is inorganic binder matrix containing silica matrix which crosslinks to form silica sol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photocatalyst coating liquid further contains silica particles. The photocatalyst layer contains photocatalytic metal oxide particles (0-5 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substance having hydrophobic group is silicone having hydrophobic group and/or silica having hydrophobic group. The photocatalyst layer contains cured material (85 %mass or more) of curable silicone emulsion. Preferred Properties: The thickness of photocatalyst layer is 2-20 mu m. The average particle diameter of curable silicone emulsion is more than the average particle diameter of photocatalytic metal oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is zero-valent copper, nickel, ruthenium or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The olefin compound has a functional group. The olefin compound is of formula: C(-R2)(=CH2)-R1-R3.R3=hydroxy, amino, epoxy, carboxylic acid group, silyl, -C(-R4)(=CH2), or 1-20C hydrocarbyl which does not contain polymerizable olefin;R4=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl;R1=1-20C alkylene or -C(-R6)2-R5-C(-R6)2-;R5=oxygen or nitrogen;andR6=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The living radical polymerization is atom-transfer radical polymerization or single electron transfer polymerization. The transition metal is disproportionated in the presence of catalyst containing monovalent, divalent or trivalent transition metal, and an amine compound. Preferred Polymer: The principal chain of (meth)acrylic type polymer has reactive functional group at the terminal. The polymer has a number average molecular weight of 3000 or more and a molecular weight distribution of less than 1.8 as measured by gel permeation chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate type compound and photoinitiator. The polyfunctional (meth)acrylate type compound is compound having alicyclic skeleton. The antibacterial agent and/or antifungal agent are organic compounds with molecular weight of 100 or more and have acute oral toxicity (LD50) of 1 g/kg or more. The antibacterial agent and/or antifungal agent is chosen from quaternary ammonium type compound, phthalimide type compound and isothiazoline type compound. The composition further contains antiviral agent or antiallergic agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin molding has light transmittance of 80% or more, pencil hardness of more than 2H and bending elastic modulus of 3 GPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermocouple is provided with a coating that is made of aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid is present at 0.2-1 vol.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid is present at 10-50 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phenolic compound (I) with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic polymer is 0.001-5 parts weight.The sealing material further contains piperidine-type compound of formula (II), (III) or (IV), sulfur-containing compound of formula: (R5-Y"-S-CH2-CH2-CO)m-Z (V), oxalic acid dianilide type-compound of formula (VI) as ultraviolet absorber, organic peroxide-type crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant and silane coupling agent.The phenolic compound is 3,9-bis-(2-3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionyloxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5.5)undecane, pentaerythrityl tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate.R4 = H, 1-20C alkyl, or 1-20C alkoxy;A = 1-10C alkylene;Y' = O or N;R5 =12-18C alkyl;Y" = single bond or -CH2-CH2-CO2-;R11-R16 = H, halo, hydroxy, 1-10C alkyl or 1-10C alkoxy;R17 = H, methyl or ethyl; andm = n.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic polymer further contains vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The particulate fillers are selected from silica particles, glass beads, glass microspheres, glass fibers, barium titanate particles, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, mica, clay, talc, iron oxide, carbon black, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate, zinc sulfite, cobalt aluminate blue, sodium aluminosulfosilicate, magnesium hydroxide, antimony trioxide, organophosphates, brominated compounds, and/or preferably titanium dioxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymers are selected from PTFE, polyvinylidenefluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/ethylene copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidenefluoride copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene/ethylene copolymers, ethylene/trifluoroethylene copolymers, ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymers, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers, and/or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a first oxide ( less than or equal to 20 wt.%). The composition comprises (wt.%): zircon 43-97 or 4-85 (preferably 5-79), silicon dioxide less than 34 or 4-60 (preferably 4-55) and alumina less than 57 or 10-80 (preferably 6-69). Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a glass phase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the device substrate, the substrate has a first crystal phase of zircon and a second crystal phase selected from silicon dioxide, alumina and zirconium oxide. The substrate has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 2-7x 10-6/ degrees C at a temperature from room temperature to 900 degrees C. The device substrate further comprises a non-insulating film deposited on the substrate, where the non-insulating film has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 1-8x 10-6/ degrees C at a temperature from room temperature to 900 degrees C. The second crystalline phase further comprises a mullite crystalline phase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first oxide is selected from magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and glass. The non-insulating film is selected from Si, Ge, SiGe, InGaN, GaN, GaAs, CuInGaSe (CIGS), ITO, AZO and GZO. EXAMPLE - A ceramic powder composition comprising (wt.%): zircon (5), silicon dioxide (26) and alumina (60) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The heat-processing temperature is 450-1000 degrees C. The longest length of both raw materials is 0.5-10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane contains palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal includes consists of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridum, platinum, gold and mercury.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound containing the amine group consists of methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, tetradecylamine, pentadecylamine, hexadecylamine, heptadecylamine, ammonia, dimethylamine, trimethylamine and aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: In apparatus for producing multicrystalline silicon ingots by induction method, the central section of each wall of the cooled crucible has a width of from 1/6 to 1 of the dimension of the side of the melting chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The precursor layer has a copper layer and an indium layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The portion of (IA) is 1-95 mol.%. The molecular weight of the (I) is 1000-2000000 g/mole. Preferred Definitions:    M = 9H-fluorene group of formula (II) or (III), 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene) group of formula (IV) or (VI), 11,12-dihydro-indeno(2,1-a)fluorene group of formula (VI)-(XV), 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene group of formula (XVI) or (XVII), phenanthrene group of formula (XVIII)-(XIX), anthracene group of formula (XX) or (XXI), 7H-benzo(de)anthracene group of formula (XXII) or (XXIII), triphenylene group of formula (XXIV) or (XXV), (1,1')binaphthalenyl group of formula (XXVI) or (XXVII), naphthalene group of formula (XXVIII) or (XXIX), benzene group of formula (XXX) or (XXXI), 7H-benzo(c)fluorene group of formula (XXXII), 7H-dibenzo(c,g)fluorene group of formula (XXXIII) or 13H-dibenzo(a,g)fluorene group of formula (XXXIV); and    R1f = OCF3, SCF3, N(CF3)2 or a terminal aliphatic trifluoromethyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low-refractive-index layer consists of silicon oxide. The high-refractive-index layer consists of zirconium oxide. The base material consists of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The peak intensity of copper-gallium alloy is 5% or less, measured in X-ray diffraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The microcrystalline silicon layer has grain size of 50-500 Angstrom . The microcrystalline silicon layer has a thickness of 500-1000 Angstrom and the amorphous silicon layer has a thickness of 50-200 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The insulation grains comprises alumina powder, magnesia powder, titanium powder and silica powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - the solvent of paste for insulation particle layer contains n-hexane, n-pentane, n-octane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethane, and cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The total content of phosphorus oxide and tin oxide in glass is 85-99 mol%. The glass contains phosphorus oxide (30-32 mol%) and calcium oxide (1-3 mol%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous base material contains magnesium oxide and/or calcium oxide. The catalyst material is perovskite-type oxide of formula: La1-xAxMO3-e, where A is strontium, barium or calcium, M is cobalt, iron, nickel, titanium or manganese, x is 0-1 and e is neutral electric charge value.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves impregnating main component with carboxylic acid solution, before impregnating with resinate solution. Preferred Composition: The carboxylic acid is formic acid. The resinate solution contains octylic acid salt (1-30 %mass) as metallic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises coupling, preferably Sonogashira coupling of an aryl- and an alkynyl-group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 51 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 1,1,5,5,9-pentamethyl-3-phenylethynyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(mno)aceanthrylene of formula (Ia), and substituted naphthalene compounds of formulae (Ib)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - Trimethyl((4,6,6,10,10-pentamethyl-6,10-dihydrobenzo(mno)aceanthrylen-8-yl)ethynyl)silane (18.9 mmole) was dissolved in a degassed mixture of water (200 ml) and methanol (200 ml) and mixed in 5 portions with potassium fluoride-dihydrate (68.4 mmole) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction solution was diluted with water, extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, and worked up to give 3-ethynyl-1,1,5,5,9-pentamethyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(mno)aceanthrylene as brown oil. 3-Ethynyl-1,1,5,5,9-pentamethyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(mno)aceanthrylene (37.23 mmole) was dissolved in degassed triethylamine (81 ml) and mixed with bromobenzene (44.7 mmole). The obtained reaction solution was added with dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) (1.45 mmole) and copper iodide (0.55 g), and refluxed for 2 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was added in water, extracted with dichloromethane and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, and worked up to give 1,1,5,5,9-pentamethyl-3-phenylethynyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo(mno)aceanthrylene (4.2 g, 11.1 mmole) as white solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material of core particles contains silica, alumina, titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide. The quantum dot nanoparticles comprise core/shell structure having core structure containing group II-VI semiconductor, group III-V semiconductor and/or group IV-IV semiconductor. The functional group chosen from silane group, amino group, sulfone group, carboxy group and hydroxy group in core particles are bonded with other group chosen from sulfur and nitrogen in core particles. Preferred Properties: The diameter of core particles is 2-1000 mu m. The diameter of the quantum dot nanoparticles is 1-20 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic organic solvent, a reactive compound and core particles are mixed. The functional group chosen from thiol group and amino group is bonded with hydrophilic substitution group chosen from silane group, amino group, sulfone group, carboxy group, isocyanate group, azide group, carbene group and hydroxy group, preferably silane group. The silica shell is formed using tetramethoxysilane solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric material of core particles contains polystyrene or polymethylmethacrylate. The quantum dot nanoparticles are fixed on core particles by covalent bond, ionic bond and/or physical adsorption. An inorganic material or polymeric material-containing shell is coated on the quantum dot nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of hydroxyl group and alkoxy group bonded with silicon atom in hydrophilic silica particles, is less than 6 mmol/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic group-containing substance is silicone and/or silane having hydrophobic group. The content of curable silicone emulsion is 80 %mass or more with respect to total content of photocatalytic metal oxide particles, hydrophilic silica particles and curable silicone emulsion. Preferred Properties: The photocatalyst layer has thickness of 2-20 mu m. The average particle diameter of curable silicone emulsion is more than average particle diameter of photocatalytic metal oxide particles and hydrophilic silica particles. The photocatalyst layer is transparent layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The soldering layer comprises nickel, nickel-vanadium (Ni93V7) and/or nickel-doped silicon. The oxidation reducing layer comprises silver, gold, copper, palladium and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles are chosen from particles of silica, alumina, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, magnesia, silicon carbide, boron carbide and smectite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organometallic compound is of formula: (R1)nM, and is chosen from tri(dodecyl)aluminum, tri(hexadecyl)aluminum, tri(tetramethyl-hexadecyl)aluminum, tri(1-phytyl)aluminum, tri(3-cyclododecyl-propyl)aluminum and tri(2,2-bis(aryloxy methylbutoxy))aluminum. The organometallic compound has element (M)-carbon bonding and/or element (M)-oxygen bonding.R1=H or organic group;M=bivalent or trivalent metal atom, preferably aluminum;andn=2 or 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic particles or organic particles in the composition is 0.1-20 %mass. The organic polymer particles are crosslinked styrene-butadiene rubber particles. The binder component is chosen from methacrylic-type polymer, polyether polymer, styrene-type elastomer, compound having cyclic ether structure and compound having silicon-hydrogen bond. Preferred Property: The moisture-absorption value or oxygen-absorption value of the composition is 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic alloy is an alloy of platinum, nickel, and cobalt. The catalyst metals comprise ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and/or gold. The leachable metals comprise nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, tungsten, thorium, zinc, copper, and/or lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon alloy is calcium aluminum silicide of formula (CaAl2Si2). The size of the silicon alloy is 0.2-0.9 mm, preferably 0.2-0.5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aprotic solvent is tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Method: The tetrahydrofuran solution containing hydrochloric acid is injected to permanently remove the surface of silicide or silicon alloy, chlorides formed during the reaction step. The reaction step is conducted at 20-130 degrees C and a pressure of 1-10 bars. The process further comprises recycling the unused aprotic solvent in the reacting step by heating it to temperatures of greater than 170 degrees C. The process comprises: (a') mixing hydrochloric acid with a crown ether such as tetrahydrofuran; (b') mixing the silicon alloy with the mixture obtained in the (a') step; and (c') fractional distillation at a pressure close to ambient pressure for separating the monosilane from the upper silanes and other volatile compounds. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer has a crystalline portion and an amorphous crystalline portion. The molar ratio of sulfur atom with respect to total number of moles of sulfur atom and oxygen atom in buffer layer is 0.2-0.8. The cadmium-free metal is chosen from zinc, indium and tin, preferably zinc. The photoelectric conversion element has a substrate containing metal capable of forming hydroxide ion and complex ion. The Ib group element is chosen from copper and silver. The IIIb group element is chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium. The VIb group element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbonyl ion is ion having several carbonyl groups, preferably citrate ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises water or water soluble salt, methanol, ethanol, glycol and/or glycerin, formic acid and/or acetic acid, and a liquid consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, glycol, glycerin, and methyl formate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The semi-crystalline polyamide is a homopolyamide of polyamide 46, polyamide 26, polyamide 4, and polyamide 36.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second gas is carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first fuel is methyl alcohol, and the second fuel is methyl alcohol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The foam sheet and/or film contains slipping agent, antioxidant and filler. The polyethylene-type resin (A) contained in the film is ethylene homopolymer and/or copolymer of ethylene and ( alpha )-olefin. The polyethylene-type resin (A) contains 90-50 weight% of metallocene-type high density polyethylene and 10-50 weight% of branched low density polyethylene. Preferred Properties: The foam sheet has thickness of 0.3-1.5 mm and apparent density of 18-180 g/L. The film has thickness of 20-100 mu m, density of 935-970 kg/m3 and melt flow rate of 0.1-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C and load of 2.16 kg. The paper has surface resistivity of 1x 108-1x 1014 Omega .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves performing sputtering deposition, electron-beam evaporation (E-beam evaporation), thermal evaporation, laser molecular beam epitaxy (L-MBE) or pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The thickness of deposited metal particle is 2 nm or less. The thermal process of metal nanoparticle catalyst is performed at 300-600 degrees C for 30 minutes-10 hours. Preferred Components: The metal nanoparticle catalyst comprises metal alloy which is chosen from platinum, gold, titanium, iron, silver, palladium, and nickel. The size of metal nanoparticle catalyst is 0.5-50 nm and particle number density is 1-5x 1012/cm2. The silicon oxide nanowire and silicon monoxide powder (SiO) has the atomic ratio of 1:1.7. The diameter of silicon oxide nanowire is 50-100 nm and length is 0.1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The n-type dopant element is obtained from sulfate, acetate, nitrate, citrate and/or their hydrate of cadmium or zinc. The photoelectric conversion layer contains compound semiconductor having chalcopyrite structure, and containing Ib group element chosen from copper and silver, IIIb group element chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium, and VIb group element chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium, as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The organic photoelectric conversion element has bulk heterojunction layer (14) containing n-type semiconductor material and p-type semiconductor material. Preferred Process: The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by solution process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative is 60C fullerene derivative of formula (I) or (II) having maximum absorption wavelength of 1000 nm or more. The content of fullerene derivative (I) or (II) to other fullerene derivatives in the organic layer is 5:95-20:80.A=fullerene;L1=single bond, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, or silylene;D1=pigment mother nucleus having oxocarbonic acid structure, squaric acid structure, or thiopyran structure;L2=alkylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene or arylene;X1,X2=O, N, or S;R1-R3=optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or alkylsilyl;p=1-2;andm,n,q,r=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic compound microparticles and inorganic compound binder are silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective coating layer comprising silver, aluminum metal, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide or dielectric material is on front side of the light-guiding plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second light absorption layer includes a semiconductor compound consisting of copper indium selenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium selenium sulfide and/or copper indium gallium selenium sulfide.
Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=aromatic group chosen from 12 groups e.g. groups of formulae (a)-(e).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The conductive film is made from nano material. The nano material has a cluster of interconnected nano units along predetermined direction. The nano units are carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube bundles or nanoparticles. The thickness of conductive film is less than 300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is chosen from photocurable adhesive, heat curable adhesive and light-heat curable adhesive. The substrate is made of polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The organic silicone particles have average particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The organic silicone particles are spherical organic silicone particles containing polysiloxane crosslinked structure material. The polysiloxane crosslinked structure material contains siloxane unit of formulae: R1SiO1.5 (I), R2R3SiO (II) and SiO2 (III).R1-R3=organic group having carbon atom coupled directly to silicon atom.The molar ratio of siloxane unit (I) with respect to the sum total of the siloxane unit (II) and siloxane unit (III) is 100/0-50/50. The surface layer contains 5-60 %mass of the organic silicone particles. Preferred Process: The polyolefin resin, organic silicone particles and plasticizer are melt-kneaded. The melt-kneaded material is molded and biaxially stretched, and the plasticizer is extract-removed, to obtain microporous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises coupling a carbazole derivatives or fluorene derivatives with a benzene derivative and arylating the carbazole-nitrogen for the introduction of Ar2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 110 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-dimethyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene of formula (Ia), 12,12-dimethyl-6-(4-naphthalen-1-yl-6-naphthalen-2-yl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene, 6-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-diphenyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene, 6-(4,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-dimethyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene, and 6-(4,6-difluoro-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-dimethyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2-(2-nitro-phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene and triethylphosphite (290.3 ml) was heated for 12 hours under reflux. Subsequently, the remaining triethylphosphite was distilled at 72 degrees C to 76 degrees C/9 mm of mercury. The residue was transferred with water/methanol (1:1), the solid material was filtered and crystallized to obtain 12,12-dimethyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene (61.3 g). To sodium hydride (1.5 g) in dichloromethane (150 ml), a solution of 12,12-di-methyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene (8 g) in dichloromethane was added. After 1 hour, 2-chloro-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)-triazine (8.5 g) was added and stirred for 8 hours. The unusual solid material was crystallized using toluene, and the unusual crystals were washed with methanol and dried to obtain 3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-12,12-dimethyl-6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene (11.6 g, 99.9%).
Preferred Definitions:    R13=cyano.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 66 Nitrogen-containing compounds are disclosed e.g. (2E)-3-(10-(4-((E)-2-(4-(bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-3,7,11-trithiatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraen-4-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid of formula (Ia), (2E)-3-(5-(4-((E)-2-(4-(bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)ethenyl)phenyl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-3-(11-(4-((E)-2-(4-(bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-3,7,10,14-tetrathiatetracyclo(6.6.0.02,6.09,13)tetradeca-1(8),2(6),4,9(13),11-pentaen-4-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-3-(14-(4-((E)-2-(4-(bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-3,7,10,13,17-pentathiapentacyclo(9.6.0.02,9.04,8.012,16)heptadeca-1(11),2(9),4(8),5,12(16),14-hexaen-6-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid and (2E)-3-(16-(4-((E)-2-(4-(bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-3,7,10,13,17,20-hexathiahexacyclo(9.9.0.02,9.04,8.012,19.014,18)icosa-1(11),2(9),4(8),5,12(19),14(18),15-heptaen-6-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor material is made of oxides of the element which is selected from the group consisting of zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), indium (In), gallium (Ga), tellurium (Te), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and strontium (Sr).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rubber layer of molding die is made of silicon resin material or fluorine compound resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas includes hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin film is made of silicon, copper, indium, zinc and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium-based alloy film is formed by providing titanium film (22) or titanium film and amorphous silicon film (23) on substrate and depositing dichlorosilane on titanium film. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the titanium film is 500-5000 Angstrom . The thickness of amorphous silicon film is 1000-10000 Angstrom . The titanium-based alloy film has thickness of 1000-5000 Angstrom and sheet resistance of 0.5 ohm/cm2 or less. The thickness of n+ type emitter is 1000 Angstrom or less. Preferred Composition: The titanium-based alloy film contains titanium disilicide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium diboride and/or titanium carbonitride (TiCxNy), where x and y are not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The discharge pipe is made of tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic material comprises crystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, micromorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, indium oxide, indium arsenide, III-V-based photovoltaic material, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, active organic photovoltaic material, dye-sensitized solar cell material, or active quantum dot ensemble.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The selective light transmission material of interlayer is selected from the group consisting of metal oxide, semi-metal oxide, semi-metal nitride, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The active layer located below the interlayer, consists of amorphous silicon. The active layer located above interlayer, consists of amorphous silicon, doped amorphous silicon, nanocrystalline silicon and microcrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating comprises e.g. porous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano cube comprises oxide. The oxide is magnesium oxide or cupric oxide. The metal is platinum or palladium. The thickness of metal particle coated on the nano cube is 1-100 nm. The metal is palladium when the nano cube is magnesium oxide and the metal is platinum when the nano cube is cupric oxide. The electrocatalyst layer further comprises cerium oxide and zeolite. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The t-butyl-type film-forming material is obtained by reacting silicon-containing compound (t-C4H9SiX3) and reactive compound. The film is formed by chemical vapor deposition. Preferred Composition: The reactive compound is azide, amine, hydrazine, and/or hydride, preferably alkyl azide chosen from methyl azide, ethyl azide, n-propyl azide, isopropyl azide, n-butyl azide, secondary butyl azide, t-butyl azide and phenyl azide. Preferred Definitions:    X=H, halo, alkoxy, alkylamino or azide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The austenitic stainless steel comprises manganese of 9-25 wt.%, preferably 19-23 wt.%. The bipolar plate further comprises (a) a layer of electrically conductive material disposed on the austenitic stainless steel, (b) a substrate, where the austenitic stainless steel is disposed on the substrate as a thin layer and (c) a layer of electrically conductive material disposed on the thin layer of austenitic stainless steel. The electrically conductive material is chosen from gold, platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium and their alloys or their mixture. The substrate comprises a material chosen from austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, carbon steel and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etched thin film solar module is cleaned using hydrochloric acid solution before coating sodium hydroxide solution. The concentration of hydrochloric acid solution is 15-25%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble ink paste comprises water-soluble acrylic resin (25-35%), water (15-25%), ethanol (5-15%), triethylamine (5-10%), pigment (10-30%), and additive (1-3%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The film thickness of cathode layer (4a) is less than the film thickness of cathode layer (4b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent for doping the PEDOT is iron (III) paratoluenesulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidant is phosphomolybdic acid. The solvent is acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The solvent is removed by evaporation. The PEDOT is formed by spin coating. The method (M1) further involves doping the PEDOT with an oxidizing agent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acene-type compound is of formula (I). The acene-type compound is pentacene, pentacene derivative, tetracene and/or tetracene derivative.R1-R10=H or functional groups chosen from at least one of aliphatic hydrocarbyl, aromatic hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, halo, acyl, ester, ether, amino, amide, cyano, silyl and photoreactive group, in which at least one of R1-R10 does not contain H;andn=2-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer is made up of copper indium gallium selenide, copper gallium selenide, copper indium selenide and silver indium gallium selenide. The buffer layer is made up of indium diselenide, cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: Layer (106) is a selenium-rich layer containing at least 50 atomic% of selenium. Metallic layer (105) is formed on the base before formation of selenium-rich layer. Metallic layer (105) includes copper, indium and/or gallium. Metallic layer (III) is electrodeposited on interlayer (II), and comprises copper, indium and/or gallium. The interlayer has a thickness of 5-500 nm. The selenium-rich layer has a thickness of 500-5000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high energy absorbing cells are obtained from zinc sulfur telluride, zinc cadmium selenide, zinc selenide and/or zinc-magnesium-sulfur selenide. The n-p junction is partially obtained from gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, germanium, gallium indium nitrogen arsenide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, silicon, zinc sulfur telluride, zinc selenide, zinc sulfur selenide, zinc selenium telluride, cadmium telluride, and/or cadmium sulfide. The barrier layer is constructed from zinc selenide, gallium indium phosphide or aluminum gallium arsenide. The primary quantum layer is constructed from gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide and secondary quantum layer is constructed from gallium indium phosphide, zinc selenide and aluminum gallium indium phosphide. The primary quantum well barrier is constructed from zinc selenide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, aluminum arsenide or zinc sulfur telluride. The secondary quantum well barrier is constructed from gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide and aluminum gallium arsenide. The final quantum well barrier is constructed from aluminum gallium indium phosphide, zinc selenide or zinc sulfur telluride. The primary quantum barrier layer is constructed from zinc sulfur telluride and zinc selenide and secondary quantum barrier layer is constructed from zinc sulfur telluride, zinc cadmium selenide or aluminum gallium indium phosphide. The final quantum barrier layer is constructed from the zinc selenide or zinc magnesium sulfur telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of fluorine atom of the active material layer reduces continuously towards the interface of the positive electrode collector and the active material layer from the outer surface of the active material layer. The concentration of fluorine atom of the active material layer of 10 mu m is 3-9 %mass towards the interface of the positive electrode collector and the positive electrode active material layer from the outer surface of the positive electrode active material layer. The concentration of fluorine atom of the active material layer of 10 mu m is 0.5-3 %mass towards the outer surface of the active material layer from the interface of the positive electrode collector and the active material layer. The olivine type lithium phosphate is iron lithium phosphate. The content of crosslinked functional group is 0.1-100 mmol/g with respect to fluororesin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinked functional group is carboxyl group. The fluororesin is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 1-500 parts by weight of the hydrocarbon solvent per part by weight of the polymer (P1), and 0.1-10 parts by weight of the alcohol having an ethynyl group per total 100 parts by weight of the components the polymer (P1) and the hydrocarbon solvent. Preferred Components: The polymer (P1) further has repeating units of formula (II). The polymer (P1) has a number average molecular weight (Mn), reduced to polystyrene, of 50000-500000 and a dispersion (Mw/Mn) of 2-4.R3 and R4=H or monovalent organic groups (preferably H);c=0, 1 and/or 2 (preferably 0). Preferred Definitions:    R1 and R2=methyl;    a=0 or 1.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front surface electrode is formed of aluminum doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The aluminum material is diffused on a buffer layer of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The copolymerizable polymer having nitrogen-containing repeating unit (I) is manufactured by carrying out dehalogenation polycondensation of halogen compound of formula (II), 2-(4-(1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 2-(3-(1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, or reacting halogen compound (II), 2-(4-(1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, 2-(3-(1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and boron-containing compound of formula (III).X=halo;andR=H or linear or branched alkyl. EXAMPLE - 1,4-Phenylene diboronate (in g) (6.03), 1,3-phenylene diboronate (6.01), tris(4-bromophenyl)amine (29.1), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.63), toluene (550 ml), ethanol (550 ml) and 2M aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (444) were mixed, heated at 80 degrees C and reacted at argon gas atmosphere for 21 hours. To the mixture, phenylboronate (17.9) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.41) were added, mixed, filtered, washed and concentrated. The obtained solid substance (196) was dissolved, filtered and purified to obtain copolymerizable polymer (12.9) having nitrogen-containing repeating unit (I) and having number average molecular weight of 2886 and weight average molecular weight of 3705.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The baking ambient is inert ambient or oxidizing ambient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The P-type dopant sources comprise boron and N-type dopant sources comprise phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon-containing particle is a silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer binder is at least one selected from carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structural unit is optionally substituted trans-indenofluorene, benzo-trans-indenofluorene, dibenzo-trans-indenofluorene, cis-indenofluorene, benzo-cis-indenofluorene, dibenzo-cis-indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, dihydrophenanthrene, phenanthrene, fluorene, dibenzofuran, benzofluorene, benzochromene, dibenzoxepin or anthracene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (A) comprises other structural units comprising hole injection, hole transport, hole blocking, electron injection, electron transport, electron blocking, emitter, exciton generating unit or a backbone unit. (A) is a conjugated or partially conjugated polymer and/or a block copolymer. The further polymeric compound comprises structural units comprising hole injection, hole transport, hole blocking, electron injection, electron transport, electron blocking, emitter, exciton generating unit and/or a backbone unit. Preferred Composition: The blend comprises (A), a polymeric compound containing an emitter unit and a polymeric compound containing a hole-blocking unit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic material of the top and bottom layers is made of copper, aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, tungsten, silicon, zinc oxide, silicon nitride, titanium, molybdenum, or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive unit comprises carbon, graphite, nickel and/or an alloy of nickel, steel and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glycol ether compound is chosen from ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The polar organic solvent is chosen from N-methyl pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and N-methylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dielectric layer silicon nitride, amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon carbide, or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particle material comprises a superconductor or components that can be converted to a superconductor by processing the biscrolled yarn. The particle material comprises a catalyst, and a biologically active material, particularly titanium dioxide. The biscrolled yarn comprises boron and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sheet platform comprises carbon nanotubes. The platform is selected from a carbon nanotube sheet wedge that results from direct twist-based spinning from a carbon nanotube forest or a self-suspended nanotube sheet or sheet stack obtained by sheet draw from a carbon nanotube forest. The particle material comprises nanoparticles in powder form. The nanofibers comprise nitrogen doped nanotubes or graphene ribbons.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: The method further comprises densifying the biscrolled yarn using liquid absorption and subsequent evaporation; introducing a twist during formation of the biscrolled yarn; and removing the carbon nanotube sheet. Preferred Components: The biscrolled yarn has a specific strength of greater than or equal to 50 MPa/(g/cm3). The particle material comprises greater than or equal to 50 (preferably greater than or equal to 90) wt.% of the biscrolled yarn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfide type solid electrolyte layer contains sulfide type solid electrolyte glass and/or glass-ceramic having Li, P and S. The photovoltaic cell is sealed on the first surface of the board, and the lithium cell is sealed on the second surface of the board. The photovoltaic cell and lithium cell are sealed on the first surface of the board. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell module includes photoelectric conversion element that is made of polycrystal type silicon, single-crystal type silicon, amorphous type silicon, or spherical silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compositional ratio of oxygen and silicon in the surface-layer side of the gas barrier layer is 1.95-2.30, preferably 2-2.3. The gas barrier layer is formed by coating silicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The material (M) is a compound having partial structure of formula (I), preferably of formula (II) or (III). The compound having partial structures (I)-(III) is low molecular weight compound. The layer containing material (M) is formed by solution coating method.Z,Z'=atomic group required to form optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic ring with nitrogen atom;Z1,Z3=atomic group required to form optionally substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic 6-membered ring with -C=C-;Z2,Z4=atomic group required to form optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring with -C=C-;andX1-X7=optionally substituted carbon atom or nitrogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The optical refraction rate of the oxide film is 2 or more and transmittance of film is 96% or more determined at wavelength 500-600 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The modification catalyst contains one among nickel, lanthanum, gold, tungsten, copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film includes crystallized zinc oxide containing aluminum and also includes tin oxide. The solution used for etching the transparent conducive film includes hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the electroconductive composition comprises solvent, pi -conjugated conductive polymer and phenolic compound of formula (II). The doped pi -conjugated conductive polymer is protonated (un)substituted polyaniline, protonated (un)substituted polypyrrole or protonated (un)substituted polythiophene, preferably protonated (un)substituted polyaniline. The dopant of pi -conjugated conductive polymer is sulfonic acid derivative of formula: M(O3SCH(CH2COOR12)COOR13)m (III). The weight ratio of phenolic compound with respect to solvent is 0.0004-0.75.R2=1-20C alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl;M=H, organic free radical or inorganic free radical;m=valency of M;R12,R13=hydrocarbyl or -(R14O)r-R15;R14=hydrocarbyl or silylene;R15=H, hydrocarbyl or R163Si-;R16=hydrocarbyl;andr=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition further comprises resin composition formed by epoxy resin and/or carbodiimide resin on basis polyester polyol. Preferred Component: The resin composition is an epoxy resin having number average molecular weight of 300-5000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass substrate is alkali-free glass or soda-lime glass. The sealing glass contains bismuth-type glass or tin-phosphate glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of laser-absorbing material is 2-10 volume%. The amount of low-expansion filler is 0-40 volume%, preferably 10-40 volume%, with respect to the total amount of sealing glass, laser-absorbing material and low-expansion filler. The low-expansion filler is silica, alumina, zirconia, zirconium silicate, cordierite, zirconium-phosphate type compound, borosilicate glass and/or soda-lime glass. The laser-absorbing material is iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and/or copper. Preferred Property: The total surface area of laser-absorbing material and low-expansion filler is 0.5-6 m2/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal impurity is iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt and/or manganese, silicon and/or aluminum, or heavy metal chosen from lead, bismuth and cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compound: The aliphatic compound has boiling point of 50-230 degrees C. The melting temperature is the minimum temperature corresponding to 230 degrees C or less. The aliphatic compound is chosen from ketone, ester and carbonate, preferably cyclic ketone. Preferred Property: The vapor pressure of the solution is 3 MPa or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer contains a repeating unit derived from ethylene and a repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene in the mole ratio of 70/30-30/70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric layer comprises silicone compound. The primer layer comprises silicon-containing compound. The silicon-containing compound is chosen from polysilicate, polysilazine, polycarbosilane, polysilane and silane coupling agent. The gas barrier film is obtained by injecting ion into polymeric layer using plasma ion implantation. The gas barrier film has water vapor permeation of 90% and relative humidity of 0.5g/m2/day or less at 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The injecting piping is provided with a pressurizing unit which pressure-injects the hardening agent. The metal mold is equipped with a heating apparatus for heating the accommodation portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening agent is mercaptan-type hardening agent and/or thiol-type hardening agent. The hardening agent having low initial-hardening temperature and hardening agent having high initial-hardening temperature are successively injected to the pre-fiber reinforced plastic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The main ingredient-impregnated fiber is prepreg fiber in semi-hardened state. The main ingredient is epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene. The photoactive region further combines with at least a semiconductor material, preferably fullerene and/or its derivative, 60C, 70C, (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methylester or (6,6)-phenyl-71C-butyric acid methylester. Preferred Definitions:    Either X=phenyl, (3,5-dimethylphenyl), (2,6-dimethylphenyl), substituted phenyl group of formula (a), 1-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, (2,2')bithiophenyl-5-yl, (2,3')bithiophenyl-5-yl, (2,2')bithiophenyl-4-yl, or (2,3')bithiophenyl-4-yl, preferably optionally substituted pyridinyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl group; and    Y 1=X, -C(R 3)=C(R 3)-C(R 3)=C(R 3)-, a phenyl group of formula (b), a naphthyl group of formula (c) or a diphenyl group of formula (d); or    XY 1=a substituted phenyl group of formula (VI);    R 3, R 4=H, F, Cl, Br, CN, nitro or optionally substituted alkyl or (hetero)aryl, where R 3is preferably H; and    y=1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorbent layer is a composition of copper, indium, gallium and selenium. The composition of zinc and tin (ZnSn) is substituted for indium; or composition of sulfur is substituted for selenium. The gas comprises argon, hydrogen selenide, and hydrogen sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The process chamber further comprises a dual sputtering target in the process chamber for simultaneous deposition of elements forming an absorbent layer of thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hole transfer material contains arylamine compound of formula (I), (II) or (III).R=linear or branched 1-20C alkyl or optionally substituted 6-50C aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive oxide layer comprises at least one or more metal chosen from aluminum, gallium, silicon, boron and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Aluminum is added to silica ash, pulverize-mixed with ball mill, and heated at 1000-1414 degrees C, preferably 1300-1400 degrees C to obtain metallic silicon powder. Silicic acid plant is heated in inert gas atmosphere to obtain carbonized material. Heating combustion of carbonized material is carried out in oxygen-containing atmosphere to obtain silica ash. The silicic acid plant is chaff or rice straw of Oryza sativa. Alkali metal salt (1-30 atomic%) is added to mixture of silica ash and aluminum with respect to silica and heated in inert gas atmosphere, to obtain metallic silicon. The alkali metal salt is chosen from carbonate, bicarbonate, oxalate, acetate, sulfate, chloride and hydroxide of potassium or sodium. The alkali metal salt contained in reaction residue of silica and aluminum is recycled and used for mixture of silica ash and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper powder further contains silver (0.1-10 atomic%) and phosphorus (0.01-0.5 atomic%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution is an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate, potassium hydroxide or zinc acetate. The nano-wire layer for generating and improving p-conductivity is exposed in argon plasma, where the nano-wire layer is prepared by using an aqueous solution of zinc chloride and potassium chloride. An electrically conductive or conductive-coated support material, preferably conductive or conductive-coated glass, fluorine doped transparent oxide, indium-transparent oxide, indium tin oxide or high-chlorine-doped zinc oxide layer is used as conductive layer or a metal foil for forming the seed layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution is an aqueous solution of ethanol or diethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has a separator, positive electrode, negative electrode and nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer containing lithium-containing complex oxide as positive electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The swelling degree of water-soluble polymer compound (A) is 10% or more with respect to nonaqueous electrolyte. The swelling degree of water-soluble polymer compound (B) is less than 10% with respect to nonaqueous electrolyte. The binding strength of negative electrode active material layer is more than 10 N. The softening temperature of the negative electrode collector is 130-230 degrees C. The viscosity of 1 %mass aqueous solution of water-soluble polymer compound (A) is 50-2000 mPa.second at 25 degrees C. The viscosity of 1 %mass aqueous solution of water-soluble polymer compound (B) is 1500-10000 mPa.second at 25 degrees C. The rubber binder has volume average particle diameter of 0.1-2 mu m. Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer compound (A) is polyvinyl alcohol and/or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of polishing material composition powder having Stokes' diameter of 10 mu m or more is 1000 mass ppm or less. The clay mineral powder is chosen from kaolin, bentonite, ball clay, montmorillonite, talc, agalmatolite, clay, silica clay and sericite. The content of clay mineral powder with respect to 100 parts mass of cerium-type polishing material powder is 1-20 parts mass. Preferred Properties: The polishing material composition powder has volume-based median diameter of 0.1-3.5 mu m and maximum particle size of 30 mu m or less measured using laser diffractometry particle size distribution measurement. The volume-based median diameter of cerium-type polishing material powder and clay mineral powder is 0.3 mu m or less and 0.1-6 mu m, respectively. The ratio of volume-based median diameter of cerium-type polishing material powder and volume-based median diameter of clay mineral powder is 0.2-30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive film further comprises 2-20 wt.% of zinc oxide, and 1000 weight ppm or less of tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Thermally conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive composition further contains phosphate (250 parts mass or more). The polymer is (meth)acrylic ester polymer which is obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylic ester monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The thickness of glass film and support glass is 300 mu m or less and 400 mu m or more, respectively. The difference of thermal expansion coefficient of glass film and support glass is less than 5x 10-7/ degrees C. The GI value of surface of glass film and support glass is less than 1000 pcs/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The alkali-free glass contains (in mol%) silica (66-70), alumina (12-13.5), boron oxide (0.7-1.5), magnesium oxide (6-9.5), calcium oxide (4.5-6), strontium oxide (4-7), barium oxide (0 or more to 1) and zirconia (0-0.5), or silica (66-70), alumina (13-15), boron oxide (0-0.7), magnesium oxide (6-9.5), calcium oxide (5-8), strontium oxide (2-6) and barium oxide (0 or more to 1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen plasma is generated by applying electric power between electrode (1) and solid silicon. The residence time in hydrogen plasma region is controlled by controlling hydrogen gas supply flow rate to hydrogen plasma region, hydrogen gas suction flow rate from hydrogen plasma region, length of hydrogen plasma region with respect to distance of electrode and solid silicon, and flow direction of hydrogen gas. The residence time of hydrogen gas passing through hydrogen plasma region is controlled by controlling high frequency electric power. The residence time is controlled to 20 microseconds or less. Preferred Apparatus: The monosilane generation apparatus has solid silicon installation portion having a cooling unit for cooling solid silicon, and a pressure maintenance unit for maintaining pressure of 1-200 Torr in reaction container used for producing monosilane from solid silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The copper compound is copper acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine does not contain hydroxyl group, and is chosen from benzylamine and N-propylamine. The content of amine in the copper raw material solution is 3 times or more of the content of copper compound. The solvent is ethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, methanol or benzyl alcohol, or hydrophobic solvent chosen from cyclohexane and benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preprocessing of nanotubes is carried out using nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The transition metal solution is obtained by dissolving transition metal salt chosen from cobalt chloride, cobalt oxalate, ferric chloride, ferric oxalate, copper chloride, copper oxalate, zinc chloride, zinc oxalate, nickel chloride and nickel oxalate in ethanol, glycol or propyl alcohol. Preferred Component: The inert gas is chosen from argon, helium and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from methanol, ethanol, glycol, propanol, isopropanol and acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic solvent is pure water or distilled water. Silicon ester compound and titanic ester compound, pure water, methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol and butyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrogen nitrate or aqueous ammonia as catalyst, are used to obtain mixed sol of silicon and titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is alcohol, ether and/or ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type microcrystal silicon thin-film layer is n-type microcrystal silicon layer (6) which does not contain impurity other than hydrogen and phosphorus, or is a laminated material having n-type microcrystal silicon layer, and n-type microcrystal silicon layer which does not contain impurity other than hydrogen and phosphorus. The crystalline-silicon solar cell has electroconductive oxide layer containing indium oxide formed in contact with electroconductive oxide layer comprising zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The n-type microcrystal silicon thin-film layer has film thickness of 1-15 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An absorbent material layer is deposited above the bottom electrode, and comprises chalcopyrite crystal structure and a composition of copper, indium and selenium or a composition of copper, indium, gallium and selenium (CIGS). An insulating layer is deposited and coupled to the absorbent material layer. The insulating layer coupled to the absorbent material layer comprises a composition of cadmium selenium or a composition of zinc oxide. The metal layer is a composition of aluminum. Preferred Method: The method further comprises depositing the first conductive layer to the first substrate forming the bottom electrode where the first conductive layer includes a composition of molybdenum; anodizing a metal layer to increase thickness of the oxide based insulating layer; and forming, through anodization of the metal layer, the oxide based insulating layer on the composition of molybdenum to selectively remove pinholes in the absorbent material layer. The composition of molybdenum is etched to increase efficiency of the solar cell. The step of etching further comprises using a mineral acid etchant with an etch mask. The step of etching, further comprises reactive ion etching, and removing an oxide film produced from the selective etching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intrinsic semiconductor comprises amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, monocrystalline silicon, and/or polycrystalline silicon. The metal oxide semiconductor comprises indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and fluorine tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The LIP process involves immersing the silicon wafer into a LIP bath and illuminating the front-side of the immersed silicon wafer with the seed grid cathode on it. Preferred Components: The at least one glass frit is selected from glass frits containing 50.3 to 61.5 wt.% of PbO, 25.2 to 30.8 wt.% of SiO2, 4.2 to 5.2 wt.% Of Al2O3, 3.0 to 3.6 wt.% of TiO2 and 7.3 to 8.9 wt.% of B2O3; or glass frits containing 53.1 to 58.7 wt.% of PbO, 26.6 to 29.4 wt.% of SiO2, 4.5 to 4.9 wt.% of Al2O3, 3.1 to 3.5 wt.% of TiO2 and 7.7 to 8.5 wt.% of B2O3. The total of the weight percentages of PbO, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2 and B2O3 is 100 wt.%. The inorganic content comprises 92 to 98 wt.% of the at least one electrically conductive metal powder and 1.5 to 4 wt.% of the at least one glass frit. The at least one electrically conductive metal powder is silver powder. The metal paste contains 40 to 95 wt.% of inorganic components and 5 to 60 wt.% of organic vehicle. The metal paste is applied by a method selected from pen-writing, jet printing, stencil printing and screen printing. The front-side grid electrode pattern comprises thin parallel finger lines and at least two parallel busbars intersecting the finger lines at right angle. The LIP bath is an aqueous bath having a pH of 8 to 11 and containing silver in cathodically depositable form. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thickness of alkali layer is 2-7 nm. The refractive index of alkali layer is 1.470-1.490. The glass substrate is wrapped at 560 degrees C or more and annealed at 610 degrees C or more in high strain point. The thermal expansion coefficient of glass substrate is 8x 10-5-9x 10-6?/oC. The density of glass substrate is 2.7-2.9 g/cm3. The glass substrate comprises (in wt.%) sodium oxide (1-7 or 3-5), potassium oxide (5-10), and calcium oxide (1-15, preferably 1-10). The light absorption layer is formed into thin film having laminated structure containing mixture of crystals of copper, indium, gallium, selenium and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises metal containing an element selected from periodic table of the elements platinum metals group, preferably group 10, which comprises nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The viscid fluid comprises hydrogen-rich fuel and electrolyte comprising alkali and acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte layer comprises a compound consisting of lithium oxide-boron oxide, lithium oxide-vanadium pentoxide-silicon oxide, lithium sulfate-lithium oxide-boron oxide, lithium phosphate, lithium oxide-lithium tungstate-boron oxide, lithium phosphorus oxynitride, and lithium boron oxynitride. The nickel-containing alloy comprises Hastelloy (RTM: Nickel based alloy) or Inconel (RTM: Single-phase, austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first conductor layer is an electron conductor layer (314). The second conductor layer is a hole conductor layer (318). The active layer is disposed on and follows a top surface of the pattern of projections. The active layer partially or completely fills in the gaps between the projections. The second conductor layer partially fills in the gaps between the projections. The second conductor fills in the gaps between the projections. The active layer includes poly(2,7-(9,9-di-n-octyl-silafluorene)-alt-5,5''-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)), and a polymer blend comprising (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The second conductor layer includes a conductive polymer, which comprises 2,3,2',3'-tetrahydro-(5,5')bi(thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxinyl) compound of formula (I) or 4-butyl-benzenesulfonic acid compound of formula (II). The projection is nanopillars. The active layer is disposed on and traces a top surface of the nanopillars. The pattern of nanopillars forms a structured or random array or pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The palladium based material is a ferric based solution combined with palladium. The chemistries used to develop the imaged substrate comprise any chemistry used to develop an image on paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises developing the imaged substrate and processing the developed image by subjecting the imaged substrate to a metal bath. The coated substrate is baked at 40 degrees C in a conventional oven or a conveyor oven. Processing the developed image in a metal bath results in metallizing the image left after photo plotting. The imaging step comprises imaging fine lines down to 0.00025 inches. Preferred Components: The printed circuit board comprises fine line images down to 0.00025 inches.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-metallized substrate or the non-metallized pre-tooled substrate comprises at least one of a liquid crystal polymer, a polyimide, a paper, a silicon wafer, a polyetheretherketone, an epoxy based laminate, a polyethylene terephthalate, a filled polytetrafluoroethylene, an unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene, a polytetrafluoroethylene woven glass, a polytetrafluoroethylene non woven glass, a low temperature co-fired ceramic, and a high temperature co-fired ceramic, preferably liquid crystal polymer, Kapton (RTM: Poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide)), Speedboard C (RTM: Sheet of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene impregnated with thermoset resin), polyethylene terephthalate, Ultralam (RTM: Liquid crystalline polymer circuit material), and Duroid (RTM: High frequency laminates). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic electronic device comprises layers of one or more hole injection-, hole transport-, hole blocker-, electron injection-, electron transport-, electron blocker-, charge producing- or emitting layer, and/or a layer having exciton producing units.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is chosen from imide derivative, quinone derivative, viologen derivative and phenoxyl derivative. The positive hole transport layer contains azaadamantane-N-oxyl derivative (I). The azaadamantane-N-oxyl derivative contains azaadamantane-N-oxyl or 1-methyl-2-azaadamantane-N-oxyl.R1,R2=H, fluoro or optionally substituted alkyl;andX1=N-oxyl, methyl or group of formula (a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gel layer further contains electroconductive auxiliary comprising fibrous electroconductive material. Preferred Property: The fibrous electroconductive material has porosity of 50-95%. The ratio of mean fiber length and average fiber diameter of the fibrous electroconductive material is 1000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The device further comprises a container made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat reflective film consists of gold, aluminum, silver or copper. The reaction device main body includes a first reaction unit including a reformer supplied with a vaporized liquid fuel of hydrocarbon type as the first reaction material and generating gas that includes hydrogen as a product material from the first reaction material; and a second reaction unit including a carbon monoxide remover supplied with the product material as the second reaction material and removing carbon monoxide that is included in the product material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises operably connecting a first electrode to the first transparent conductive layer; and operably connecting a second electrode to the second transparent conductive layer. The p-n junction is arranged to convert an ultraviolet portion of the incident light into the electrical signal while permitting a visible portion of the light to pass through it. Either of the first or second doped diamond layers have a thickness of 0.5-3 mu or 0.1-10 mu . Either the first or second transparent conductive layer comprises at least one of indium tin oxide and/or at least one of metallic antiglare coatings. Either depositing the first or second doped diamond layer with ions of groups Ia (e.g. lithium) and/or Va or IIIa (e.g. boron) via chemical vapor deposition with methane gas and hydrogen gas. The concentration ratio of methane gas to hydrogen gas is 0.08%. Preferred Components: The solar cell further comprises a first electrode and a second electrode. The solar cell comprises at least one of: a windshield, a window, a lens and/or a container. The apparatus comprises at least one of: a vehicle, an eyewear, a building and/or a container. The apparatus further comprises the first and second electrode which are operably connected to the first and second transparent conductive layers respectively and to the electrical system. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor element comprises silicon and/or germanium. The semiconductor compound comprises a group II-VI compound, group III-V compound, group IV-VI compound, group IV compound and/or a semiconductor metal oxide. The semiconductor carbon material is carbon nanotube and/or graphene. The nanostructure: has a substantially one-dimensional linear structure, a substantially two-dimensional flat structure or a three-dimensional cubic structure; and includes nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, nanotrees, nanotetrapods, nanodisks, nanoplates and/or nanoribbons. The nanostructure is treated to have a surface roughness or a hydrophilic surface. The nanostructure is present at 0.1-50% of an entire volume of the photoactive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic solar cell further comprises a hole blocking layer disposed between the cathode and the photoactive layer. Preferred Method: The method further comprises providing a hole blocking layer between the cathode and the photoactive layer. In the method, the nanostructure is treated by at least one pretreatment process, which is selective etching to provide surface roughness or hydrophilic surface treatment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module is connected in the photovoltaic array via Ethernet, RS232 communication protocol, RS485 communication protocol and Zigbee or controller area network (CAN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises an inorganic material (preferably a metal, or silica).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Article: The article comprises a second polymer having a number average molecular weight of greater than 5000 g/mole disposed upon the substrate. In the article, each polymer is separated from a neighboring polymer by an average distance of 2.5-5000 Angstrom . Preferred Method: The step of disposing involves reacting covalently the polymer with the substrate. The method further involves disposing upon the substrate a reactive group; where the reactive groups are disposed upon the substrate prior to disposing the polymer. Preferred Components: The substrate comprises an organic polymer. The polymer is hydrophobic. The substrate is functionalized with a reactive group, where the reactive group is silane, carboxylic acid group, amine group, vinyl group, and/or epoxide group. The polymer is a copolymer derived from greater than or equal to 2 (preferably greater than or equal to 3) monomers that have a different chemical structure from each other prior to forming the copolymer. The polymer is a copolymer derived from acrylic acid (1-60 wt.%), acrylamide (1-60 wt.%), methyl acrylate (1-60 wt.%) or acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonate (preferably acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonate acrylate) (1-60 wt.%). ACTIVITY - Antifouling. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The anaerobic output water enters the pre-aeration pool and depositing pool, and the water output after precipitation enters sequencing batch reactor pool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The doping is selected from aluminum, gallium, Indium or a combination of two of the aluminum, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of hydrofluoric acid is 1-10 mol/L, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 0.02-2 mol/L, and the concentration of iron nitrate is 0.05-0.20 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass barrier comprises silazane, or preferably siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ribbed sheet is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The groove is V-shaped or arc-shaped. The rack has a vertex angle of 90-175 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The grounding washer is a bent piece of a sheet metal i.e. steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The c-Si solar cell is at least 20% efficient. The lens has convex top and bottom surfaces when viewed in side cross-section. The lens has: a focal length of 20-200 mm; a width of 10-100 mm; a minimum thickness of 2-4 mm; and a maximum thickness of 4-8 mm. The lens is a plano-convex lens. The system further comprises: a single-axis tracking system, which is configured to move the lens array and/or many elongate solar cells so as to substantially match the east-west movement of the sun; and an antireflective coating wet-applied to the lens array. The solar cells are formed using chip on glass manufacturing techniques and are connected to one another using interconnecting wires and/or copper tape. The lens array is patterned from a single low-iron glass substrate. The antireflective coating comprises silicon oxide having an index of refraction of 1.3. The lens array comprises first and second sub-lens arrays, where each sub-lens array comprises plano-convex lenses, the first and second sub-lens arrays are laminated to one another so that the planar sides of the first and second sub-lens arrays are adjacent to one another. The building product further comprises: a frame structured to maintain the lens array and the cover glass substrate in parallel spaced apart relation; a backsheet provided on the cover glass substrate so that many elongate solar cells are sandwiched between them; and a single-axis tracking system configured to cause the lens array and/or the solar cells to move to match the east-west movement of the sun. The backsheet is opaque. The building product is a window or skylight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The solar power producing system comprises concentrator device having concentrator lens and photovoltaic cell, where a very small focal region is formed by concentration of the entering rays to more than 1000 suns, which focal region is incident on the entry side of preferably square glass body, which is optically connected to the photovoltaic cell. The entry side of the glass body is more than 10 times larger than the cross-section of the focal area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device has a catalyst bed comprising palladium or molybdenum as a catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The first photovoltaic array switch comprises a field effect transistor. The battery comprises a lithium ion battery. The power system further comprises: a second photovoltaic array circuit coupled to the return side, where the second photovoltaic array circuit comprises a second photovoltaic array and a second photovoltaic array switch in parallel with the second photovoltaic array, and the second photovoltaic array switch is configured to open if the supply side is depleted of power; and a second photovoltaic array diode connected in series with the second photovoltaic array circuit, where a cathode of the second photovoltaic array diode is coupled to the supply side and an anode of the second photovoltaic array diode is coupled to the second photovoltaic array circuit, and the switch control module is coupled to the second photovoltaic array switch. The switch control module is further configured: to open the battery switch if a charge remaining in the battery drops below an over-discharge threshold which is 5% of a charge capacity of the battery; to close the battery switch if a charge remaining in the battery is greater than a closing threshold which is 20% of a charge capacity of the battery; and to open or close the field effect transistor or first and second photovoltaic array switch based on the battery parameters. The load comprises communication devices, cameras or motors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active layer is nanostructured inorganic thin film. The nanostructures of the first electrode are metallodielectric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active layer is nanostructured organic thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The lead-free glass powder is hyperfine glass powder having diameter of 0.5-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dual functional semiconductor material contains carbon and/or nitrogen, and phosphorus do-pant. The content of phosphorus do-pant in the dual functional semiconductor material is 1-5%. The substantially intrinsic layer contains a hydrogenated silicon-germanium alloy material or nano-crystalline silicon-hydrogen material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lifting body is made of polyurethane foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The TV signal receiving circuit module is a digital TV signal receiving and processing circuit with a standard of CMMB, DMB-TH, DVB-T/H, ISDB-T, ATSC-M/H or T-DMB/S-DMB.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Sensitizing dye is obtained by mixing a thiophene-containing compound, rhodanine 3-acetic acid, and piperidine in toluene, stirring, heating, cooling, filtering solids, dispersing in aqueous acetic acid solution and stirring to crystallize, and filtering to obtain crystals. Preferred Components: Sensitizing dye is of formula (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) or (7).R5, R6=acidic group, or optionally substituted, alkyl or aryl, provided that greater than or equal to 1 of R5 and/or R6 is an acidic group;p, q=1-3;r=0-2;R7-R11=H, halo or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxy, aryloxy or NH2, or mono- or di-substituted NH2;R12-R27, R30-R33=H, halo, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, NH2 or alkoxy; andR28, R29=H or optionally substituted alkyl or aryl. Preferred Definitions:    n=2-4.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 56 Compound (1) are specifically disclosed e.g. formula (A-5)-(A-10).    EXAMPLE - Compound (B-1) (0.6 g), rhodanine 3-acetic acid (0.3 g), and piperidine (0.4 g) in 30 ml of toluene were mixed and heat-stirred for 6 hours. Obtained solid was filtered after cooling to room temperature, dispersed in aqueous acetic acid solution to crystallize and filtered to obtain sensitizing dye (A-5) (0.3 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The template base material is a tetrafluoroethylene fabric. The template is installed on a heating pad.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of plating silver includes plating silver via photoinduction, electrically plating silver or chemically plating silver. The plating liquid when plating silver is cyanogens-free plating liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The strands in the first, second, third and fourth layers are made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene resistant to stretching, or coated with a polymer resin. The polymer resin comprises an emulsion coating of water-based polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxides are selected from boron oxide, aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide. The metal oxide semiconductor fine particles are selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten-oxide, niobium oxide, strontium-titanate and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The outermost layer has pencil hardness of H-7H and dynamic friction coefficient of 0.15-0.25. Preferred Components: The film mirror further has a gas barrier layer. The resin base material contains ultraviolet absorber. The silver corrosion inhibitor is contained in a layer adjacent to the silver reflective layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The array comprises a mesh fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The distributed array devices and control component are addressable or networked together in local area network such as WiFi network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The lens is made of high-transmission optical glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The linearly reciprocating moving device is a cylinder or a linear motor. The frame is equipped with an aluminum belt transmission wheel or the frame is equipped with a chute along the same direction of the linearly reciprocating moving device, and the machine body is equipped with a slider, which is matched with the chute or the frame is equipped with a slider along the same direction of the linearly reciprocating moving device, and the machine body is equipped with a chute, which is matched with the slider or the frame is equipped with a hollow pipe connected to compressed air, and the air outlet end of the hollow pipe is arranged under the outlet of the aluminum belt. The device is controlled by a programmable logic circuit (PLC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second coating comprises silicon oxide. The transparent conductive coating consists of tin oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, indium oxide, and/or mixed oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The array voltage scanning gathering device is connected with a digital signal processor control circuit through a RS485 communication port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of dopant in luminescent material is less than 5%, preferably 0.1-1%. The dopant contains anion having oxygen. The anion contains O-2 and/or OH-1. The source of group IA element and group VIIB element contains compound of formula: AX, and subjected to electron beam deposition and thermal evaporation. The source of group IVB element contains compound of formula: B'Y', and subjected to thermal evaporation. Preferred Definitions:    A=potassium, rubidium or cesium, preferably cesium;    a,b=1 or 2;and    x'/(a+2b)=2/3 or more.    (i) When a is 1, b is 1 or 2; and (ii) When a is 2, b is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The syngas comprises hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide. The hydrocarbonized charge comprises sulfur. The catalyst comprises cobalt and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer and photo electrode are formed of titanium oxide and fluorine-doted tin oxide (PTO), respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The performance data of power generation devices connected to the system is viewed via a IEEE 802.16. The system utilizes network adapters such as Ethernet cards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The soleplate, the back plate and the left plate are made of PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The galvanically separated metal is selected from a group comprising silver, copper, gold, nickel, titanium and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bottom ends of the light-transmitting cover and shell are sealed with e.g. organic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductive material is metal oxide expressed as MxOy, where M is titanium, zinc, tin, strontium, calcium, indium, nickel, yttrium, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, scandium, vanadium, lanthanum, neodymium and/or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film comprising the p-dopant comprises boron oxide. The film comprising the n-dopant comprises phosphorus pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-reflective coating comprises a substance consisting of silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container is formed of a flexible polymeric material, such as silicone, polyurethane or synthetic rubber. The braid tube is coated with flexible elastic material, preferably a polymeric material such as silicone or flexible plastic such as polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Parameter: Each conduit has an opening with a diameter of 0.1-0.4 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The metal oxide layer comprises transparent conductive oxide, chlorine-doped tin oxide, fluorine and chlorine doped tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, cadmium doped tin oxide or antimony doped tin oxide. The porous semiconducting layer comprises metal oxide, titania and/or zinc oxide. The nano-whiskers have average diameter of 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The printing block is made of high-alloyed steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless transmission module is 2.4 gigahertz wireless transmission module, an infrared wireless transmission module, a Bluetooth wireless transmission module or a wireless fidelity (WiFi) wireless transmission module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The apparatus is provided with a global system for mobile communication (GSM) module for transmitting and receiving mobile communication messages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nonferromagnetic drum is constructed from an aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: Each of the PV cells comprise two lower contact pads, where the lower contact pads are within 10 mm of one another. Each of the PV cells has a surface area which is less than 8 cm2. Each of the PV cells has a length which is less than 27 mm. The module is configured to concentrate incident light by a factor not exceeding 10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive material is ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), crosslinkable thermoplastic olefin-based elastomer, acrylate compound, polyurethane polymers and silane-terminated polymers. The bulkhead layer is a thermoplastic layer of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor consists of titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper(I) coordination compound comprises 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonate, is copper(I)bis(2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonate), and contains an additional ligand consisting of isothiocyanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless protocol for initiating a communication exchange with the host system uses one of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication, developed by the IEEE local area network-metropolitan area network (LAN/MAN) Standards Committee in the 5 GHz public spectrum bands.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The profile is made of aluminum alloy such as EN AW6000, EN AW2000 or EN AW7000 type aluminum alloy, conforming to DIN 573-3 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-reactive barrier layer is titanium-tungsten, titanium nitride, tungsten, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, nickel, molybdenum and/or zirconium. The low-resistance layer is silver, cobalt, tungsten and/or or an alloy comprising 90 atomic% of silver. The contact layer is either titanium silicide or titanium in unreacted regions and reacted regions. The receiver element comprises glass. The adhesion layer comprises titanium or an alloy. The unreacted regions of the contact layer are titanium or an alloy of titanium, which is 90 atomic% of titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: The first metallic medium is formed with regions of noble metal and ferromagnetic material for reducing scattering losses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: A gap between the reflectors of adjacent collectors in the collector row is less than approximately 10 mm. Each solar receiver includes one or more photovoltaic cells; and a gap between the reflectors of the adjacent collectors is less than at least one of (1) approximately 30% of the width of one of the photovoltaic cells; (2) approximately 20% of the width of one of the photovoltaic cells; and (3) approximately 10% of the width of one of the photovoltaic cells. The reflectors of the collector row are arranged to have a range of tilt angles that are at least one of (1) at least plus minus 85 degrees around the pivot axis; (2) at least plus minus 80 degrees around the pivot axis; (3) at least plus minus 75 degrees around the pivot axis; and (4) at least plus minus 70 degrees around the pivot axis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The casing member of the electric power generation unit is made from reinforced aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soda-lime glass contains silicon dioxide (50-76 wt.%), aluminum oxide (0.5 wt.%), alkali oxide (R2O) (6-25 wt.%), alkaline oxide (R'O) (6-25 wt.%) and further constituents (0-10 wt.%), where R is an element containing lithium, sodium and potassium and R' is an element containing magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and zinc. The borosilicate glass contains silicon dioxide (70-83 wt.%), aluminum oxide (1-8 wt.%), barium oxide (6-14 wt.%), alkali oxide (R2O) (3-9 wt.%) and further constituents (0-10 wt.%), where R is an element containing lithium, sodium and potassium. The aluminosilicate glass contains silicon dioxide (55-70 wt.%), aluminum oxide (10-25 wt.%), barium oxide (0.5 wt.%), alkali oxide (R2O) (0.2 wt.%), alkaline oxide (R'O) (3-25 wt.%) and further constituents (0-10 wt.%), where R is an element containing lithium, sodium and potassium and R' is an element containing magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic junction material is made of microcrystalline silicon, polymorphic silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride associated with a buffer layer of cadmium sulfide, chalcopyrites expressed as CuIn1-xGax(Se,S)2, where x is 0-1 associated with a buffer layer of cadmium sulfide or indium sulfide, hydrogenated group of amorphous silicon and germanium expressed as SixGe1-x and/or organic materials made of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-methyl butyrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Module: In the array of modules, each shell incorporates a hole to allow air and/or water to move in and out of the formed module. The array includes modules and flotation modules to provide stability to the array. The chains of modules are connected together using chain connectors that also incorporate electrical conductors Also, in which flotation devices and ballast devices are included in the array to optimize the stability of the array in all weather conditions. The array of flotation modules further comprises a control system for optimizing the electrical power output of the array.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high-thermal-conductivity reinforcing material comprises metal material including aluminum or graphite; or a non-metal material including silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, magnesium oxide, or carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high-thermal-conductivity reinforcing material is a synthetic organic material. The additive comprises a mixture of chlorinated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, and dicumyl peroxide, at a weight ratio of 10-20:2-6:1. The wood flour comprises rice-chaff powder, straw powder, shell powder, or bamboo powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The wood-flour composite is prepared by:(A) intensely stirring French chalk of 1000-3000 meshes or illite powder at 90-110 degrees C and at 1000-3000 revolutions/minute (rpm), adding 0.5-5 wt.% coupling agent while stirring, and performing high-rate stirring for 10-30 minutes to obtain coupled French chalk or illite powder;(B) intensely stirring wood flour of 50-200 meshes at 90-110 degrees C and at 1000-3000 rpm, adding 0.5-5 wt.% coupling agent while stirring, and performing high-rate stirring for 10-30 minutes to obtain a coupled wood flour; and(C) mixing the coupled wood flour with the coupled French chalk or illite powder at a ratio of 100:10-40, and performing ball-milling at 40-800 rpm for 0.5-5 hours.Preferred Component: The mass ratio of the heat-conducting plastics, the wood-flour composite, and the additive is 1:1-1.6:0.15. A high-thermal-conductivity reinforcing material is proportionally added to plastics or bioplastics to compound the heat-conducting plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer is formed of indium tin oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium zinc tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum, gallium, tin, magnesium or cadmium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal nanoparticle or metal oxide nanoparticle is made of nickel, silver, gold, platinum and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfur dioxide is 40-150 ppm. The oxidizer is hypochlorite or chlorine (Cl or Cl2). The mercury oxide is chosen from mercuric oxide, hypochlorous acid and mercuric chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The continuous casting steel billet steel is made of Q345E steel containing microelement niobium, vanadium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The vertical shaft fan comprises three blades, where each of which is wing type. Each blade is internally provided with a hollow cavity. The wing head of each blade is triangular in shape and the wing tail is provided with an opening on the outer side. The two side walls of the opening are connected by a supporting rod. The blades and the main shaft are connected by a blade wheel shaft. The section of the cross shaft and the inner wall of the inner and the outer side casings are both regularly hexagons. The height regulator is a clamp which is sleeved on the main shaft and is fixed to the main shaft by a connector. The water wheel blades of the water wheel are provided with a concave groove in the rotating direction. The bases are floating barrels. The circular ring formed by multiple floating barrels is covered by a surrounding mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tellurium-based thermoelectric material is one or two components chosen from bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), antimony telluride (Sb2Te3), bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3), lead telluride (PbTe), germanium telluride (GeTe) and tin telluride (SnTe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy steel contains niobium and/or titanium (0.10 or more). The mass ratio of vanadium with respect to nitrogen is 3-4. The mass ratio of vanadium and niobium with respect to nitrogen is 4-5. The mass ratio of the rear earth with respect to sulfur is 2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sea water desalination load comprises various combinations of high-pressure pump. The clutch is an electromagnetic clutch. The wind turbine is variable-speed constant frequency variable-pitch wind turbine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The synthetic gear oil comprises 0.001-0.3% anti-foaming agent. In binary acid pentaerythritol 5-18C composite ester, the binary acid is 6-18C binary acid, preferably adipic acid, decanedioic acid, or nonanedioic acid. The 5-18C acid is 5-10C straight chain monobasic acid (preferably) or isomeric monobasic acid. The binary acid pentaerythritol 5-18C composite ester is composite ester of mono-binary acid, pentaerythritol and monoacid, or mixed composite ester of binary acid(s) or monoacid(s). It can be mono-composite ester, or mixture of different composite ester. The kinematics viscosity at 40 degrees C is 68-460 mm2/seconds. The industrial gear oil composite additive is Hitec307 (RTM: petroleum additive), Hitec317 (RTM: petroleum additive), or Hitec352 (RTM: petroleum additive). The anti-foaming agent is silicon oil anti-foaming agent T901 (RTM: methyl silicone oil antifoam agent) or MS-5A (RTM: non-silicon anti-foaming agent).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The resistance sheet is made of stainless steel or nickel-chromium alloy resistance material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a ventilation machine for discharging fresh air, and many supports of top plate above the branched gas pipes, where other remaining ports have direct access to external workshop. The length of the branched gas pipes of top plate is 5-25 cm. The diameter of the branched air pipe of top plate is 0.5-3.5 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reforming reaction kettle comprises at least two rings of air distribution holes, which are distributed alternately, and there are three rings of air distribution holes on the tapered cone surface and are uniformly distributed along the circumference, where inner ring is primary air distribution hole, middle ring is secondary air distribution hole and outer ring is the spare air distribution hole. The axial lines of the plasma electrode jacks are crossed on one point of the main body axial line. The other end of the main body extends out the kettle section with lateral purified biogas outlet, and the whole body is L-shaped. A pre-heating hole is installed under the primary gas inlet. A manhole is installed under the purified biogas outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surfactant is selected from a group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulphate, iso-amyl alcohol and sodium tetradecyl sulphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each component comprises a ratio of straight (F):transverse (F):inner (F) as 1:1.8:27.2. The casting sand used for molding sand is furan resin sand. A curing agent (30-50 wt.% of the furan resin sand) is added with the furan resin sand (1-1.4 wt.% of the silicon sand). The curing agent is xylene sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The filter is covered with a mud core and is combined with a silicon dioxide filter net cloth. The feeder head is an edge-pressing feeder head, where the size of the edge-pressing feeder head pressed into the cast is 20-25 mm. During molding the sand, the transverse casting channel is internally provided with a filtering device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dissolved component is silica. The scale inhibitor contains chemical agents chosen from pH adjuster, reaction sealing agent, dispersing agent and chelating agent containing functional group in molecule chosen from carboxyl group, sulfone group, amino group and phosphino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electromagnet is formed of silicon steel sheets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The first electric heater is connected to the hot side of the heat exchanger to form a first circulation loop. The first circulation loop is filled with the saturated heat exchange medium, which transfers the heat flow and maintains the dynamic heat balance in the first circulation loop. The second electric heater is connected to the hot side of the heat exchanger and to form a second circulation loop. The second circulation loop is filled with the saturated heat exchange medium, which transfers the heat flow and maintains the dynamic heat balance in the second circulation loop. The desalination system is further provided with a power pump in the first and/or second circulation loop to ensure the continuous circulation. The heat exchange medium comprises a refrigerant comprising R22, R134a, R410A or R32. The distillation device is connected to additional heat source to ensure enough power supply of the wind power generating unit to normally run the sea water desalination system. The other heat source is plant waste heat or heat collected by solar equipment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The monomer magnetic core is manufactured from the material selected from ferrosilicon (Fe-Si) alloy, iron-nickel-molybdenum alloy, iron-nickel alloy, aluminum, iron-boron (Fe-B) alloy, iron-silicon-boron (Fe-Si-B) based alloy, or iron-aluminum-boron (Fe-Al-B) based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in vol.%): soil (40-90), and pulverized plant portion (10-60). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic conductive material is thiophene derivative polymer. The photosensitive resin layer is formed from a photosensitive resin composition comprising binder polymer, photopolymerizable compound having ethylenic unsaturated bonds, and photopolymerization initiator. Preferred Composition: The photosensitive conductive film further comprises protective film (4) laminated on the opposite side to the conductive layer side of the photosensitive resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen fuel storing container is compressed gas hydrogen storing container, solid hydrogen storing container or liquid hydrogen storing container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is anionic or nonionic surfactant, preferably sulfonic acid group or alkyl ether group surfactant. Preferred Properties: The surfactant has surface tension of 50 mN/m or less measured in 0.1 wt.% aqueous solution by Wilhelmy method at 25 degrees C. The modifier has pH of 5-9. The coconut palm dust has particle size of 0.1-5 mm, and is desiccated coconut dust. Preferred Method: The modifier is dispersed in waste material, and mixed using a kneading machine to enable modification of waste material. The pH of mixture is set to 5-9 without adding pH adjusting agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible membrane in the depressible upper surface of the floor unit includes recycled rubber car tyres.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The passive integrated optimization controlling system is connected with the fan energy monitoring platform by a serial interface or RJ45 network interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The annealing technique is constant temperature ball-annealing: firstly, after a ball blank is heated to 790-800 degrees C, the temperature is kept for 3.5 hours; quick cooling to 700-710 degrees C for 2.5 hours, and then this ball blank cools to below 500 degrees C together with this ball blank; and after removal from the furnace, air cooling is performed to the normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material is silicon, or silicon and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor comprises at least one water spray that helps control the temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: pelletizing the biomass before it is added to the reactor to a maximum size of 3.8 cmx 3.8 cmx 1 cm; and heating the gas prior to the time it is fed into the reactor using heat from recovered exhaust gasses. In the process, a fluidized bed reactor (6) is used as reactor to perform the reactor-related process steps. The heating is achieved substantially by the combustion of the volatile organic compounds. The biomass is not primarily heated by external sources after the initiating. The pressure within the reactor is near ambient. The initiating entails raising the temperature of the reactor by a startup procedure comprising providing a starting heater, slowly increasing the heat within the reactor with the starting heater, feeding biomass to the reactor when the temperature of the reactor reaches 275-315 degrees C, releasing heat from the biomass by the combustion, and adding small amounts of biomass to the reactor to maintain a steady rise in temperature. The gas is added to the reactor to supply oxygen for reactions and remove gases volatilized from the feed. The predetermined time is 5-30 minutes. The temperature of the reactor is controlled: by the biomass feed rate and the injection of water directly into the reactor; or by oxygen content of the enriched gas. Preferred Components: The biomass has an average moisture content of 10-50% and the reactor is not fluidized. The biomass is comprised of wood, plant material, or agricultural waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal ions are selected from a group having lead ion, cerium ion and cobalt ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a blower configured to modulate an atmosphere within the drum. The rotary drum has a rotary seal at the inlet end or the outlet end. The coupling includes a rotary joint. The fluid conduit includes many lines. The fluid conduit is configured: to remain in fixed relation with the drum; and to carry oil. The discharge port includes many annular apertures. The system further includes an airlock (110) coupled to the drum. In the system the drum is coupled to a blower (80), where the blower is configured to control an atmosphere within the drum. The material supply unit includes an airlock. The source includes a thermal fluid heating system (145). The driver includes an electric motor. The product output includes a conveyor (150). Preferred Method: In the method the step of: introducing includes supplying through an airlock; passing thermal fluid includes pumping oil at a rate of 100-2000 gallons/minute at 350-700 degrees F, preferably 600 degrees F; and discharging includes dropping through an aperture on a wall of the drum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electronic device having a rectification function is a diode, where the rectifier is a Schottky diode. The interface having a rectification action is a metal-semiconductor interface. The unit cell is a fuel cell or a solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solder is made of a material comprising tin-zinc, tin-silver or pure tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The low starting wind speed is 1.6-2.0 m/second. The wind power water extracting device is shaped water extracting winnower product. The difference of level of water extracting is 1-5 m. The water drop mode includes natural water drop, fountain water drop, single stage water drop and multi-stage water drop. The receiving water body includes river, lake, reservoir, and pond and city landscape water body. The process of improving the health state of the water ecological system includes promoting flowing of the water body and increasing the dissolved oxygen of the water body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elbow inserts are made of PVC piping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The hard coating layer is made of electroplated chromium or tungsten, or the outer surface of the roller is covered with a ceramic material comprising Carborundum (RTM: silicon carbide), diamond like carbon, or diamond. The diameter of the roller is 0.5-10 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The drain tube is provided with an inner tube and ribs made of thermally insulating material and synthetic foamed material such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), and an outer tube made of heat-conducting solid synthetic material e.g. solid HDPE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working fluid comprises of air, water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, isobutene, methane, ethane, Fluorinal-85, ammonia-water, Fluorinal-water, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, neon, xenon, krypton, hydrofluoro carbon (HFC) compound, ammonia, propane, propylene, butane, isobutene, and ethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protection rings provided on the conveyer rollers are made from fluoro-carbon resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The terminal board circuit has a shape, where the portion of the terminal board contacts before rectangular wire passes below a notch portion fell from the portion of the surrounding terminal board. The rectangular wire is folded, adhered and mounted above the notch portion, after rectangular wire comes out above the terminal board again. The portion of rectangular wire and terminal board are contacted by soldering or welding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide particles contain rare-earth oxide, silica, titania, zirconia, hafnia, aluminum oxide (Al0.5), and/or zinc oxide, or zinc oxide, titania, zirconia, yttrium oxide (YO1.5), neodymium oxide (NdO1.5), and/or lanthanum oxide (LaO1.5). The average particle diameter of the oxide particles is 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) has a two-dimensional layered structure. (I) comprises a layered structure in which a block layer comprising component R1 and component G1 is interposed between double layers comprising of component G1, and component A1 is intercalated between the double layer and the block layer or is substituted at the position of component R1 in the block layer. (I) has a lattice distortion formed by a charge density wave. (I) has a polycrystalline structure or a single crystalline structure. Preferred Definitions:    a = greater than 0 to less than or equal to 0.5 (where a is less than b);    a+b = 1-1.5;    n = 0-0.5;    G1 = S, Se or Te, (where G1 further comprises at least one of P, As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge, Sn, B, Al, Ga or In);    A1 = K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo or W (where A1 further comprises at least one of Mn, Fe, Co or Re); and    R1 = Y, Ce or La.    EXAMPLE - Silver, cerium and tellurium in a mole ratio of 0.1:1:2.7 were placed into a quartz tube. Then the quartz tube was evacuated and heat at 850 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain silver-cerium-tellurium compound of formula (Ag0.1CeTe2.7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The refrigerant is composed of ammonia, Freon, and propane or butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The mold main body is prepared by metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves performing laser beam irradiation process by applying 0.5-1.5 J/cm2. The method involves performing mechanical scribing process by applying pressing load of 0.3-0.5 N. Preferred Component: The metal thin film is molybdenum thin film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (a) has structure comprising a two-dimensional layered structure. The compound (a) has a structure comprising a double layer consisting essentially of T interposed between block layers, and each block layer consists essentially of R and T. The compound (a) has a polycrystalline structure or a monocrystalline structure. The thermoelectric material has a thermal conductivity of less than or equal to 3.5 Watts per meter Kelvin at 300 Kelvin. The thermoelectric material has a Seebeck coefficient of greater than or equal to 5 microvolts per Kelvin at 300 Kelvin. The thermoelectric material has a performance index of greater than or equal to 0.05 at 300 Kelvin. (a) has the structure of formula ((R1-a1-R1aa1)(T1-b1-T1ab1)3-y1), in which R1a comprises R1a1 and R1a2, where R1a1 and R1a2 have a mole ratio of 1:9 to 9:1; and T1a comprises T1a1 and T1a2, where T1a1 and T1a2 have a mole ratio of 1:9 to 9:1. In formula (a):R = rare-earth element;R1a = transition metal;T = at least one element comprising S, Se or Te;T1a = at least one element comprising P, As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge, Sn, B, Al, Ga or In; anda1, b1, y1 = 0-1, preferably y1 is 0-0.5. Preferred Definitions:    R, R1a = rare-earth element;    T, T1a = S, Se or Te; and    a, b, y = 0-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The output port of the coarse filter is connected to the inlet of the vacuum tank and the outlet of the vacuum tank is connected to the inlet of the nanometer film fine filter. The wind power stirrer is formed by a blowing pipe and a fan. The pipe wall of the blowing pipe is provided with many blowing nozzles and the air inlet of the blowing pipe is connected to the air outlet of the fan. The wind power stirrer is formed by four annular vertical blowing pipes, a middle vertical blowing pipe, a reversing valve and a fan. The four annular vertical blowing pipes surround a circle at equal intervals. The middle vertical blowing pipe is located in the center of four annular vertical blowing pipes and connected to four annular vertical blowing pipes through the electromagnetic reversing valve and the air pipe. The air inlet of the electromagnetic reversing valve is connected to the air outlet of the fan. The program controller signal output end is connected with the signal input end of the electromagnetic reversing valve. The coarse filter is a filtering-type press filter and the fine filter is formed by nano film. The water cooler is formed by a circulation water tank, a spiral type cooling oil pipe and a water separation plate. The spiral type cooling oil pipe is located in the circulation water tank, where one end of the water separation plate is connected with the spiral cooling oil pipe and the other end is connected with the inner wall of the water tank. The water separation plate is provided with a water leakage hole distributed in an interlacing way. The water separation plate is of groove-shaped structure, where the middle-part hole is connected with the spiral type cooling oil pipe and bumped water resistance walls are arranged around.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crude ore comprises more than 95% barium. The fineness of the barite powder which passes through the mine milling device is 400-800 meshes. The fineness of the barium sulfate product which passes through the milling device is 0.5-2 mu m. Preferred Method: The barite powder is mixed with water in the sand milling device, and sodium triphosphate, sericite powder and titanium white powder are added to mill to generate barium sulfate having water content of 30%, where the content of sodium triphosphate, sericite powder and titanium white powder is less than 0.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises pour point depressant. The composition has viscosity of 190-750 mm2/second at 40 degrees C. Preferred Components: The copolymer (A) has ethylene derived from 3-10C alpha -olefin. The lubricating oil is synthetic oil chosen from poly- alpha -olefin and ester oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The paste comprises: conductive powder (50-90 wt.%); glass frit (0.5-20); and organic vehicle (1-30 wt.%). The conductive powder includes at least one of silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, tin, lead, zinc, iron, iridium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel or indium tin oxide. The glass frit includes crystallized glass frit and an amorphous glass frit. The mixing ratio of the crystallized glass frit to the amorphous glass frit is 30:70-70:30 (wt/wt) in the glass frit. The crystallized glass frit has a crystallization degree of 5-80% and crystallization temperature of 400-700 degrees C. The paste further comprises at least one metal oxide (0.01-10 wt.% with respect to a total weight of the paste) comprising zinc oxide, lead oxide or copper oxide. The paste further comprises at least one additive comprising a plasticizer, a dispersant, a thixotropic agent, a viscosity stabilizer, an anti-foaming agent, a pigment, a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant or a coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic vehicle includes an organic binder and a solvent. EXAMPLE - Ethyl cellulose (2 wt.%) was dissolved in terpineol (15 wt.%) at 60 degrees C and silver powder (80 wt.% ) and the crystallized lead-free glass frit having an average particle diameter of 0.9 mu m and a transition point of 365 degrees C (crystallized glass, crystallization degree 28.3%) (3 wt.%) were added and uniformly mixed with the solution, followed by mixing and dispersing via a 3-roll mixer to obtain a paste for solar cell electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The grid structure comprises metals consisting of gold, platinum, copper, silver, aluminum, and/or nickel. The doped graphene film comprises heteroatoms consisting of melamine, carboranes, aminoboranes, phosphines, aluminum hydroxides, silanes, polysilanes, polysiloxanes, sulfides, and/or thiols. The substrate consists of glass, quartz, boron nitride, silicon, plastic, and/or polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises: a substrate (2); a single imaging layer disposed above the substrate, where the single imaging layer has both charge generating and charge transporting functions and the charge transport particle is present at 1-25 wt.% of the single imaging layer; a charge generation layer (5) disposed above the substrate; a charge transport layer (6) disposed above the charge generation layer; and an optional overcoat layer (7) disposed above the charge transport layer, where the charge transport particle is present in at least one of the charge transport layer or overcoat layer at 1-25 wt.% of the respective layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particle is non-porous, where: the segments are of only one type or at least two types, where the segments or charge transport moieties are hole transport moieties, electron transport moieties and/or ambipolar charge transport moieties, preferably N,N,N?,N- tetraphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine moiety; the linkers are of only one type or at least two types, where the linkers are ether, ester, carbonate, amide or imine; the covalent organic framework is periodic or non-periodic; and the particle has a size of 5 nm to 1 mm. The particle has a charge transport moiety loading of 5-100%. EXAMPLE - N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis-((4-hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (2 g), Nacure 5225 (RTM: Amine neutralized dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) (1 wt.%), and Dowanol (RTM: Hydrophilic glycol ethers) (79 wt.%) were added to 10 dram vial and placed in 120 degrees C oven. After heating for 30 minutes a solution was obtained but color was changed from amber to dark brown. Then heating for 120 minutes a singular dark brown particle formed. The solvent was decanted and the solid was washed with Dowanol (RTM: Hydrophilic glycol ethers) (4 ml). The particles was removed and combined, then dried. Then the particles were grounded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The substrate controls the temperature and on/off of the stove. The heating element and storage battery are formed on the top and bottom with non-conductor and noncombustible partition so that the fixed interval is separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The corrosion inhibitor is silicates, nitrates, sodium benzoate or salts of mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids. The amount of corrosion inhibitor is 2-7 wt.%. The corrosion inhibitor is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or amine salt of an amide compound of formula (R1-C(=O)N(R2)-R3-C(=O)-OH). The pH value of the composition is 7-11.4.R1 = branched 6-13C-alkyl or 5- or 6C-cycloalkyl or 6-13C-polycycloalkyl (both optionally substituted by one or two 1-4C-alkyl);R2 = H or 1-6C-alkyl; andR3 = linear or branched 1-11C-alkylene chain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat transfer fluid contains 20-40 wt.% of an antifreeze additive comprising 2-3C-alkylene glycol, 2-3C-polyalkylene glycol and glycerin, 0.2-3.2 wt.% of the corrosion inhibitor and 66.8-78.8 wt.% of water. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: water (66.7), 1,2-propylene glycol (31.3), and 2-ethylhexanoic acid (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Polymerizable monomer is a glycidylmethacrylate or a glycidyl acrylate. The chelate forming group is an iminodi acetic acid group, an N-methyl glucamine group or chelate forming group consists of polyol and nitrogen, or diol group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tool is provided with a material comprising a sealing element made of Teflon (RTM: PTFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) (RTM: colorless organic polymer thermoplastic) material and an elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) comprises: expanded clay (60%), peat moss (15%), perlite (15%) and vermiculite (10%); tire crumb from recycled tires, expanded clay, peat moss, perlite and vermiculite. The tire crumb comprises 40% of tire crumb from recycled tires, expanded clay, 15% of peat moss, 15% of perlite and 10% of vermiculite. The greenroof growing media mixture comprises 40% of tire crumb, 20% or 60% of expanded clay, 15% of peat moss, and 15% of perlite and 10% of vermiculite. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The artificial satellite orbit oxygen tank is exchanged by the high output motor winding apparatus of the over fiber wire of an aluminum tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is chosen from aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride sulfate, polyaluminum silicate sulfate, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, ferric sulfate, polyferrous sulfate, polyferrous chloride and iron-manganese-zinc group ferrite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heavy metal scavenger is (1,3,5)triazine-1,3,5-trithiol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The graft polyamine group compound is of formula: -(CH2-CH(-CONH2))n-(CH2-C(-R1)(-COOCH2-N(-R2)(-R3)(-R4)))m, -(N(-R2)(R1)-CH2-CH(-OR3')-CH2)n- or -(CH2-CH(-C(=O)-N(-R1)(-R2)))n-.R1-R4=H, aryl or 1-3C alkyl;andR3'=H or 1-3C alkyl.m,n = 10 or more
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The network interface is provided for receiving or delivering data via a telecommunication network such as a Global system for mobile communication and Universal mobile telecommunication system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The built-in lime is quicklime which protects container with synthetic resin and aluminum foil at the time of preservation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar battery pack is formed by connecting several copper-indium-gallium-selenide solar film batteries in series.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reflectance peak of 400-850 nm is ascribed/attributed to the selective reflectivity of the cholesteric liquid-crystal phase of the first light-reflective layer. The first light-reflective layer has the reflectivity of reflecting either a right-polarized component or a left-polarized component. The maximum reflectance A at 400 to less than 850 nm is 10-50%. The maximum reflectance C at greater than 850 to 1300 nm is greater than or equal to 80%. The second light-reflective layer comprises at least one layer formed of a fixed cholesteric liquid-crystal phase, reflecting a right-polarized component and a left-polarized component. The reflectance peak in more than 850 to 1300 nm, is attributed to the selective reflectivity of the cholesteric liquid-crystal phase of the second light-reflective layer. The layers each reflecting the right-polarized component and the left-polarized component in the second light-reflective layer both have the same reflection center wavelength. The heat shield further comprises a substrate of supporting the first and second light-reflective layers. The first light-reflective layer is formed by coating. The heat shield has a solar reflectance, as computed from the data of the optical spectrum, of greater than or equal to 18%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A reverse osmosis membrane is arranged close to the water inlet. An air extractor is arranged at an appropriate position of the steam pipe. The water outlet pipe is provided with a hydroelectric generator at an appropriate position. The steam pipe is provided with an air extractor arranged at an appropriate position, and a hydroelectric generator is arranged at an appropriate position of the water outlet pipe. An insulating material is present in the steam pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container is made of purified fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The abatement gas comprises monomethylhydrazine, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The body is made of tungsten carbide and porous mass including nickel aluminide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat exchange medium is chlorodifluoro-ethane (R22), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A), dichlorofluoroethane (R410A) or difluoromethane (R32).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A solar battery is a monocrystalline silicon solar battery or polycrystalline silicon or silicon-based film solar battery or copper indium gallium selenide (CuInGaSe) film solar battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The graphite has grain size of 50-300 mu m. The sea sand has grain size of 50-300 mu m. The silicon carbide has grain size of 25-75 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: The copper has grain size of 25-75 mu m. The FWCuZn30 brass has grain size of 25-75 mu m. The ferrochrome has grain size of 25-75 mu m. The tin has grain size of 25-75 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conformal layer is made of a thin metal-based material e.g. nickel-based material, cobalt-based material, titanium-based material, tantalum-based material, nitride-based material, silicon-nitride based material, titanium-nitride based material, tantalum-nitride based material and titanium- tantalum based material. The semiconductor layer is made of a light-absorbing silicon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The posts, the handrail, and the lower rail are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fastening members are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The box provides a battery component can be charged through a Universal Serial Bus. The active sound box is internally equipped with a Bluetooth device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless internet module which is internally or externally coupled to the mobile terminal for wireless internet access conforms to Wi-Fi, WiBro, WiMax, HSDPA, UWB, Zigbee networks.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The active sound box is provided with a Bluetooth device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anchor wall plate is preferably made of steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The two conductors are copper plates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: In the organic glass, at least one of an UV absorber, an infrared absorber, pigment and silane coupling agent is contained in the hard coat layer by a vacuum deposition process. The organic thin film is a thin film of polyurea resin. The organic thin film has a thickness of 10-100 mu m. The organic thin film is constituted by layers composed of different compositions. The hard coat layer further includes an inorganic thin film that is formed by a vacuum deposition process on the organic thin film at the side opposite to the resin base plate. The inorganic thin film has a thickness of 100 nm to 20 mu m. The inorganic thin film is a thin film comprising a metal compound, preferably silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin base plate is formed of a resin material comprising poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Preferred Process: The vacuum deposition polymerization is performed by introducing different monomers evaporated in evaporation source containers into a deposition chamber in a vacuum state, while changing a combination of the monomers to be introduced into the deposition chamber with the passage of time, so that the organic thin film formed on at least one surface of the resin base plate is constituted by layers composed of different compositions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The solar energy is used for powering a personal computer and Global positioning system, and charging mobile phones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light-resistance paint stuff is rutile titanium white powder, carbon block and/or deposited barium sulfate. The wear-resistance stuff is quartz powder, silicon carbide and/or adamantine spar. The impact-resistance stuff is mica powder and/or talc powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amino alkoxysilane is ( gamma )-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, ( gamma )-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-( beta )-(aminoethyl)( gamma )-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and/or N-( beta )-(aminoethyl)( gamma )-amino propyltriethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thixotropic agent is gas-phase silica, polyethylene wax, polyamide wax and/or organic swell soil. The acrylic modified polysiloxane resin is obtained by polymerizing light-colored hydroxylated acrylic resin and siloxane monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises tantalum pentoxide particles (0.1-5, preferably 0.1-2 wt.%). The composition (C1) comprises silver particles (40-95 wt.%), glass frit (0.5-6 wt.%), fine metal particles (preferably gold) (0.0001-0.01 or 0.0001-5 wt.%), and organic vehicle (5-30 wt.%). Preferred Components: The fine metal particles are at least one selected from gold, palladium, and platinum (preferably gold). The tantalum pentoxide particles have a particle diameter of less than 5 microns. The fine metal particles have a particle diameter of 1-500 nm. The fine metal particles are in a form of a metal organic compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The gas pressure is controllable and a control device for controlling the gas pressure is present. A pressure gauge that is associated with the pressure chamber, and connected with the control device, is provided. The device is provided with a dynamometer, which is arranged in the force flow between the device for generating the pressing force and the pintle and which is in connection with the control device for controlling the gas pressure as a function of the pressing force, acting on the pintle. A measuring device for recording the width of the structuring line is provided, which regulates the gas pressure depending on the size of the flattening of the tip, which determines the width of the structuring line. The piston element comprises a cylindrical piston. The piston element is a: spherical segment, which is connected with the tool free end of the pintle; sphere that is in contact with the tool free end of the pintle; or membrane. The pintle is connected with the tool holder by an extension spring. A distance measuring system is provided on the tool holder per pintle, with which the position of the respective scratch tool is measured in the vertical direction. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The compartments are made of good thermal exchange coefficient material such as aluminum or copper. The hydrogen storage material can be the material with an element forming stable hydride e.g. alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, calcium or magnesium, fourth or fifth group transition metals such as zirconium, titanium, or rare earth metals such as lanthanum and cerium, and another element forming an unstable hydride under standard conditions with transition metals such as chromium, cobalt, nickel or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device further comprises anode including a non-lithium material (preferably silicon nanowires).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithiating step includes applying elemental lithium (preferably n-butyllithium) and an organolithium reagent to sulfur-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the heating device with wind-power and solar photovoltaic generating complementation on the methane tank, there is 1-800 of solar cells (1); each solar cell (1) is 0.1-1 m in length and 0.1-0.5 m in width; the electric power of each solar cell (1) is 0.1-80 Watts; the solar cell (1) is monocrystalline silicon solar cell, polysilicon solar cell, silicon-based thin film solar cell, or compound thin film solar cell; there is 1-80 of wind driven generators (9); and the electric power of each wind driven generator (9) is 10-2000 Watts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The pore diameter of the sieve mesh is 40 mm. The dust collector are a cyclone separator and a fabric bag dust collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The three-dimensional indium phosphide nanostructure has size of 200-500 nm. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of phosphorus precursor and indium precursor is 1:0.1-10. The molar ratio of zinc precursor and indium precursor is 1:0.1-10. Th molar ratio of sulfur precursor and zinc precursor is 1:0.5-1.5. The three-dimensional indium phosphide nanostructure is manufactured in presence of an organic acid. The indium precursor is indium acetate, indium chloride, indium halide, indium tin oxide, indium nitrate, and/or indium hydroxide. The sulfur precursor is sulfur powder or thiol group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic acid is 4-36C alkyl acid or 4-36C aryl acid, preferably myristic acid, oleic acid and/or lauric acid. The alkylamine is oleylamine and/or octylamine. The phosphorus precursor is tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, tris(dimethylamino)phosphine, and/or sodium borohydride-mixed phosphorus powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The organic photoelectric conversion element further has ultraviolet absorption layer (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The metal grit comprises non-oxidizing metal chosen from stainless steel, magnesium and titanium. Preferred Property: The water has pH value of 5.5-11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is made of silicon oxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is synthetic graphite, natural graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, single-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube or graphene. The mass fraction of filler in the molding mass is 50-95%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molding mass exhibits an electrical conductivity of 0.1-100 S/m, and a thermal conductivity of 0.1-30 W/mK. (I) has a shape hollow cylindrical shape. Preferred Process: The molding mass is tempered before the shaping process. The shaping of the molding mass takes place by calendering process and extrusion. The molding mass is stabilized by mechanical post cross-linking process, after shaping process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic comprises at least a polymer, elastomer, thermoplastic copolyester, or thermoplastic copolyamide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A network module is a Bluetooth wireless connecting device, third generation (3G) wireless connecting device or wireless fidelity (wifi) wireless network connecting device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tellurium glass frit contains: tellurium oxide (25-90 mol%); at least one of tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide (5-60 mol%); zinc oxide (0-50 mol%); bismuth oxide (0-25 mol%); and aluminum oxide (0-25 mol%). The tellurium glass frit is present at 0.1-10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the conductive powder. EXAMPLE - Silver powder (100 parts by weight) and glass frit (comprised of tellurium oxide (40 mol%), molybdenum oxide (50 mol%) and bismuth oxide (10 mol%)) were dispersed together in an organic vehicle composed of ethyl cellulose (1.6 parts by weight) and diethylene glycol butyl ether (6.4 parts by weight), to obtain the conductive paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: In the biodegradable solid waste fermenting device, the edge of the stainless steel separating plate is lower than the material outlet and inclined by 15-25 degrees ; the aperture of the separating plate is 5-10 mm; the hole distance is 10-20 mm; and the fan air supply amount is 12-24 m3/hour. Preferred Components: In the biodegradable solid waste fermenting device, the bottom of the fermenting box is set with bottom wheels; and the lower part of the filtrate collecting area of the box body is connected with a liquid outlet pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system operates in accordance with IEC61400-13 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron-metal-antimony-type complex is preferably of formula: FeNb1-x-yTaxVySb, where x, y are 0.3-0.7, and x+y is 0.7-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transducer is made of a piezoelectric material consisting of lead zirconate titanate, tourmaline, topaz, quartz, lead metaniobate (K-83), and bismuth titanate (K-15). The acoustic window is made of a material consisting of titanium, tin, lead alloys, zirconium, gallium-indium alloys, silver alloys, rare earth metals, and rare earth metal alloys. The acoustic damper is made of a material consisting of ceramic material, tungsten, lead, gold, gold alloys, and mercury.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The solar energy system is provided with a monitoring device that is coupled to a alternating current transmission line via a communications network such as wireless communication network, Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi),Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max), a telecommunication protocol, Bluetooth or via an internet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flow inhibitor is trimethylol propane, epsilon -caprolactam, ethylene carbonate, or urea. The content of flow inhibitor is 2-50 %mass with respect to solid content of metal colloid liquid. The paste further contains 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, ethylene glycol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The accumulator is connected with a MINI-universal serial bus (USB) interface by a boosting circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film consists of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polymethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylateester, polycarbonate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene and/or polyvinyl chloride. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method for producing a composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The biaxially-oriented polyester film further has layer(s) (B) containing 0.1-1 %mass of crystalline thermoplastic resin other than polyester, provided on surface(s) of layer (A), and layer (S) containing 1-50 %mass (preferably, 1-30 %mass) of non-crystalline thermoplastic resin having glass transition temperature 100-250 degrees C as outermost layer. The crystalline thermoplastic resin is aromatic polyether ketone or polyimide. The non-crystalline thermoplastic resin is polyether imide, polyether sulfone and/or polysulfone. Preferred Properties: At least one layer of biaxially-oriented polyester film has crystallization index of 25-75 degrees C. The polyester film has peak temperature of loss tangent (tan delta ) of 125-180 degrees C along longitudinal direction, according to dynamic-viscoelasticity measurement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first, second and third milling solvents, and homogenizing solvent comprise water, alcohol, ester and/or ketone. The dispersant is a polymer dispersant and a non-ion type dispersant, which is alkybenzoyl sulfonate, sulfate, sulfoglycerin phosphate, amino acid salt, phosphatide, taurinate, phosphate, alkysulfate, fatty acid, polyethylene oxide (PEO) thioalcohol, glucitol and/or quatemary ammonium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion module has p-type oxide-based semiconductor and n-type oxide-based semiconductor. The p-type oxide-based semiconductor is selected from sodium cobalt oxide, calcium cobalt oxide or calcium bismuth cobalt oxide. The n-type oxide-based semiconductor is selected from zinc oxide, lantern nickel oxide, calcium manganese oxide or strontium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The determination device is realized into monoblock housings that exchange information between them by universal serial bus type wired connection, wireless fidelity type connection or Bluetooth type connection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication interfaces in the communication controller are selected from a group consisting of a serial port optical fiber interface and RJ45 Ethernet interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer jacket is made of a polyurethane elastic body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conduction bars are made of (wt.%) silicon nitride (80-95); and silicon dinitride (5-20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermal storage medium contains low temperature solid-liquid phase change material or high temperature solid-liquid phase change material is hydrous salt. The high temperature solid-liquid phase change material is chosen from lithium nitrate trihydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, sodium hydrogen phosphate decahydrate, sodium sulfite pentahydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, sodium phosphate decahydrate, mixture of sodium acetate trihydrate and formamide, barium hydroxide octahydrate, paraffin, lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, cetylic acid, stearic acid, ClimSel C32 (RTM: sodium sulfate), RT40 (RTM: paraffin), RT50 (RTM: paraffin), STL 52 (RTM: salt hydrate), STL 55 (RTM: salt hydrate), TH58 (RTM: salt hydrate) and ClimSel C48 (RTM: sodium acetate). The low temperature solid-liquid phase change material is chosen from lithium nitrate trihydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, sodium hydrogen phosphate decahydrate, sodium sulfite pentahydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, sodium phosphate decahydrate, mixture of sodium acetate trihydrate and formamide, barium hydroxide octahydrate, lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, cetylic acid and stearic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat transfer fluid is high boiling substance chosen from n-octadecane, n-pentadecyl cyclopentane and 1-eicosanol, low boiling substance chosen from chloroform, methanol, acetyl chloride, cyclopentane, propionaldehyde, n-propylamine and 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene, or intermediate boiling substance chosen from o-ethyl phenol, ethyl benzoate, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 1-dodecene and VP-1 heat transfer oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silica concentration device of steam characteristic automatic measuring apparatus measures automatically the concentration of silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonyl compound is urea or dimethyl carbonate. The acid solution comprises a member selected from the group consisting of the chelating agents nitrilotriacetate (NTA), ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), and diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The primary wireless communication module and the secondary wireless communication module are selected from a group consisting of Zigbee module, Bluetooth module, infrared data association module and ultra-wide band module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt provided is 0.02-0.20 mol%. It comprises metal(s) from iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, zinc, cadmium, or mercury. The doped glass product comprises metal particles having a mean diameter of 1x 101 to 1x 102 nm. The metal salt is gold (III) chloride trihydrate. The doped glass product comprises electrically conductive metal particles
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The termination unit utilizes a ZigBee network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cast iron contains less than 0.03 wt.% of phosphorus and less than 0.02 wt.% of sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The bag has data carrier that is connected to the electronic device through USB interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar battery contains monocrystalline silicon solar battery, polysilicon solar battery or silica-based solar battery or copper-indium-gallium-selenide solar battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The protocol is compatible to the standard defined by the IEC60870-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A wireless transmission manner is a Bluetooth communication manner.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The armored thermocouple material is nickel-chromium nickel-silicon or platinum rhodium alloy. A main component of the compensating guide wire is copper nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The interlayer provided between anode of the device and adjacent sub-cell consists of molybdenum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acceptor material of sub-cells is selected from perylenes, naphthalenes, fullerenes, nanotubules or siloles. The donor material of sub-cells is selected from phthalocyanine, porphyrin, acene and/or derivative or metal complex (preferably chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine or sub-phthalocyanine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless communication modules are based on a ZIGBEE protocol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless internet module supports wireless internet access including Wi-Fi, Wibro, WiMAX, IrDA and ZigBee standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The contents of carbon, silicon, manganese, vanadium, niobium, aluminum, titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are 0.14-0.17 wt.%, 0.29-0.35 wt.%, 1.35-1.40 wt.%, 0.046-0.050 wt.%, 0.036-0.039 wt.%, 0.022-0.025 wt.%, 0.015-0.018 wt.%, less than or equal to 0.004 wt.%, less than or equal to 0.012 wt.%, less than or equal to 0.008 wt.%, less than or equal to 0.0017 wt.%, 0.0075-0.009 wt.% and less than or equal to 0.00008 wt.%, respectively. Preferred Parameter: The carbon equivalent value of wind power flange steel is 0.40-0.43%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat receiving board is selected from silicon carbide, aluminum nitride and silicon nitride. The P-type oxide based semiconductor is selected from sodium cobalt oxide, calcium cobalt oxide or calcium bismuth cobalt oxide. The N-type oxide based semiconductor is selected from zinc oxide, calcium manganese oxide, lanthanum nickel oxide or strontium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The bottom layer communication unit is provided with an Ethernet communication interface and a general packet radio service (GPRS) communication interface. The device comprises a serial communication interface selected from a group consisting of a RS232 interface, RS485 interface and RS422 interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Alternately, the thermoelectric power generation material contains perovskite-type oxide of formula: A1-x(square)xB'1-yNbyO3. Preferred Definitions:    A=strontium;and    B'=cobalt or titanium.
EXAMPLE - A paste composition was prepared from (wt.%) silver (Ag) powder 2.4-3.1 g/cc (50), Ag powder 5.1 g/cc (12), Ag powder 1.2-2.3 g/cc (9), selenium/glass frit (co-ground) (10), carbon black (4.5), V-7702 (RTM: copper-chromium pigment) (1), staining compound (1.5), organic vehicle (12), and Disperbyk 110 (RTM: solution of copolymer with acidic groups) (5 drops). The paste was deposited on the substrate and fired in a furnace at 940-1400 degrees F. Once the firing cycle was complete, the conductive silver coating was thermally fused to the substrate, at which point the coating provided the intended mechanical and physical properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The detecting device is provided with a high speed- universal serial bus communication unit for providing communication connection between a data transmission section and a data receiving section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyester film contains aliphatic carboxylic acid amide (0.01-10 %mass) and aliphatic carboxylic acid salts (0.01-10 %mass). The aliphatic carboxylic acid amide is ethylenebis lauric acid amide, and the aliphatic carboxylic acid salt is barium stearate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester film has a maximum heat shrink stress in the longitudinal and/or width direction of 10-20 MPa, and a sum total of 10-20 GPa with respect to Young's modulus in longitudinal and width directions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The partially reinforced plastic pipe has a layer containing polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, copolymers and blends. The fibers, films or tapes, wires, threads, filaments and textile fabric are composed from aramide, polyamide and oriented polymers such as polyethylene, polyester, copolymers and blends.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The step of scribing isolation lines: comprise directing a series of laser pulses up through the substrate, where the series comprise laser pulses having 100-200 mu J of energy and a pulse width of 5-75 nanoseconds; and occurs subsequent to the scribing of the third interconnect lines. Preferred Components: The substrate comprises glass. The first layer comprises a transparent-conductive-oxide, the second layer comprises silicon and the third layer comprises a metal. The controller comprises a processor and a computer-readable medium that includes instructions that when executed cause the processor to accomplish the triggering of the laser switch. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cross-linked polyethylene is selected from a group consisting of peroxide cross-linked polyethylene, silane cross-linked polyethylene, electron beam cross-linked polyethylene, azo cross-linked polyethylene. The polymer material of the tube comprises a layer with full notched creep test value according to ISO 16770 standard. The unit comprises a pull cable with a carrier layer made of polyethylene and/or polypropylene and/or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cement plate is made of silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum nitride (AlN), and silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles. An application layer of the apparatus consists of a silver (Ag) paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition comprises additive of 0.3-20 %mass. The inorganic thin film layer comprises at least inorganic oxide. Preferred Components: The inorganic lamellar compound is smectite. The coupling agent is silane coupling agent which has organic functional group. The inorganic thin film layer and resin composition layer is separated by anchor coat layer having thickness of 0.05-0.5 mu m. The amount of silane coupling agent in the anchor coat layer is 0.1-10 %mass. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass ribbon has thickness deviation of less than 20% and aspect ratio of 25-2000. Preferred Material: The glass material is a glass ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light-shielding thin film has metal oxide film, metal nitride film or metal fluoride film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The light-shielding transfer film further has a positive photosensitive resin layer containing black pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture catalyst is tin compounds, titanium compounds and/or zirconium compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture curing silyl-functionalized hydrocarbon comprises an alkoxy-silyl terminal group and polyacrylate groups on the hydrocarbon backbone. The silyl-functionalized hydrocarbon is of formula (Si(-OR13-a)(R2a)-(A)q-Si(-OR13-a)(R2a)) (I). The water source comprises a wet-filler material. The second part further comprises: a moisture curable organosilane; and a moisture scavenger component. The moisture curing silyl-functionalized hydrocarbon is present at 50-80 wt.% of the total composition. The hydroxyl terminated polydiorganosiloxane is present at 50-80 wt.% of the total composition.R1 = 1-4C alkyl, aryl, acyl or alkoxyalkyl;a = 0-2;A = hydrocarbon diradical, preferably functionalized polyacrylate, and comprises organic segments (interrupted by at least one N, O, S or Si), a polypropylene oxide unit, a polyurethane unit, a polytetrahydrofuran-poly ether unit;q = 2-1000; andR2 = 1-20C hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Part A (comprised (in wt.%): hydroxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane (70); and precipitated (wet) calcium carbonate (30)) and part B (comprised (in wt.%): silylated (alkoxy) organic polymer (70); dry fillers (0.45); moisture scavenger (0.5); vinyl/methyltrialkoxysilane (18.6); secondary crosslinking silane (6.25); alkyl tin carboxylate (1.2); and functional trialkoxysilane (3)) were blended in a volume mix ratio of 10:1 respectively to give two-part moisture-curing composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The two components of the working fluid are hydrocarbons such as propane, isopentane, isobutene and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic binder consists of water-based polyurethane resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone resin. The protective layer further contains a hardener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In forming a body comprising a mixture of a matrix and conductive particles, the conductive particles are carbon black, carbon cones, and/or discs. The conductive particles comprise metallic particles, metal oxide particles, and/or colloidal metal particles. One or more of the alignment electrodes are not in direct contact with the mixture during the alignment step. One or more of the alignment electrodes are insulated from the mixture. The alignment electrodes can be in-plane, out-of-plane, or arbitrary oriented in relation to the body. A second alignment step is used to repair defect conductive pathways. The matrix is a UV curable polymer. The matrix is also an adhesive. The matrix is totally or partly removed from the mixture after the stabilizing step. A concentration of the conductive particles in the mixture is below a percolation threshold. One or more of the electrodes are in contact with the mixture, and the alignment step is interrupted before the conductive pathway has reached through the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The vessels are made of a material selected from a group consisting of 304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel, Hastelloy (RTM: not defined) and carbon steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive mix layer contains cyclohexylbenzene in quantity of 1 mass percentage and is used for electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation and ion which can form complex salt are ammonium ion, hydrazinium ion, ethylenediamine ion, or alkali-metal ion. The alkali-metal ion is cesium ion. The exudate obtained by acid-treating the material in the presence of an oxidizing agent comprises copper, arsenic, tellurium and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ammonia decomposition catalyst contains metal of group 6-10 in periodic table, preferably molybdenum, tungsten, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, palladium and/or platinum. The electrode catalyst contains metal chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. The solid electrolyte particles are particles containing stabilized zirconia and/or doped ceria. The fuel electrode comprises cermet of ammonia decomposition catalyst, electrode catalyst and solid electrolyte particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium ion conductive oxide has cubic system crystal structure as an average structure, or cubic crystal garnet-related type crystal structure as an average structure. The lattice constant of the cubic system is 12.98-13.20 Angstrom . EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal catalyst is platinum (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst does not contain zincite, and has volume density of 1.5-2 g/ml. The alkali is sodium hydroxide. Preferred Properties: The crystalline diameter of copper oxide and zinc aluminate is 120 Angstrom or less and 40 Angstrom or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is chosen from ruthenium oxide, manganese oxide, tungsten oxide or cobalt oxide. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution is hydrophobic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains iron phosphate of formula FePO4.xH2O (where x is more than 0 to less than 1).Preferred Property: The peak originating in crystal water exists in infrared absorption spectrum of negative electrode active material. Preferred Structure: The negative electrode active material has amorphous crystal structure or rhombic (Pbca space group) crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zirconium phosphate is obtained by adding phosphoric acid solution to zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2.8H2O) solution, washing solid and drying at 368K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises elemental sulfur, and finely divided carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sterically hindered secondary amine consists of diisopropylamine, tetramethylpiperidine and hexamethyldisilylamine. The magnesium salt of the non-nucleophilic base comprising nitrogen is magnesium hexamethyldisilazide chloride. The ether solvent is tetrahydrofuran. The anion of a non-nucleophilic base (B) is the anion of the sterically hindered secondary amine consisting of hexamethyldisilylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composite material is obtained using solvent solution, nano graphite or nano carbon tube (5-30 weight%), organic carbon source and tin compound. The tin compound is chosen from stannic chloride, tin chloride, tin acid, tin sulfate and their mixture, preferably stannic chloride. The solvent is chosen from water, ethanol and acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Source: The organic carbon source is chosen from citric acid, lauric acid, sucrose, glucose, polyvinyl alcohol, polydifluorovinyldiene, polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene, preferably citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base body is polyethylene film, PTFE plate or glass plate. The enhanced fabric is polyethylene fabric, polypropylene fabric, polyester fabric, chinlon fabric, nylon fabric or polyvinyl chloride fabric. Preferred Processes: The coating method is scraping, spraying, dipping, or coating in a flowing or rotating manner. The solvent removing method is volatilizing at room temperature, and evaporating in rotation or heating to dry at 30-130 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic is titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide is tin-group compound, manganese-group compound and/or titanium-group compound. The polyacid phosphate-based compound is phosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. The lithium-based compound is lithium acetate, lithium hydroxide, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate and lithium sulfate. The cathode material is tin phosphate, titanium phosphate, lithium titanium phosphate, manganese phosphate, manganese pyrophosphate, manganese orthophosphate and/or lithium manganese phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of active-material nanoparticles and carbon particles is 7/3-97/3. The carbon particles are carbon black, acetylene black, Denka black (RTM: acetylene black), Super-P (RTM: conductive carbon black), and/or Ketchen black. The substrate is platinum, gold, palladium, iridium, silver, ruthenium, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, molybdenum, chromium, copper, titanium, tungsten, indium-tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and/or metal-coated silicon wafer. Preferred Properties: The average granularity of the aggregate is 10 nm to 1.5 mu m, preferably 200-600 nm. The mean size of carbon particles is 5-200 nm. The mean size of active-material nanoparticles is 5-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The thin film layer is formed using a solution containing the nanoparticles, carbon particles (0.5-20 wt.%), solvent chosen from ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol, dimethylformamide, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and water, and additive chosen from Triton X-100 (RTM: octylphenol ethylene oxide condensate), acetic acid, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, isopropyl tris(N-aminoethyl-aminoethyl)titanate, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thin film layer further comprises polymer cross-coupled aggregates of membranous polymers having a weight average molecular weight of 5000-100000. The electrode comprises binder chosen from polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(vinyl phenol), and polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pH control solvent is ammonia, urea, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyol solvent is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol and/or tetratethylene glycol. METALURGY- Preferred Components: The transition metal salt is ruthenium, nickel, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, iron and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The method utilizes a curing agent that is chosen from a group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid and sodium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic iron complex is 2,2-pyridine iron (II) complex. The organic solvent is chosen from nitrile, alcohol, sulfonic acid or carbonyl compound, preferably acetonitrile, methanol or ethanol. When the organic solvent is acetonitrile, the supporting electrolyte is alkyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate. When the organic solvent is methanol, the supporting electrolyte is sodium methyl sulfonate. When, organic solvent is ethanol, the supporting electrolyte is methyl benzene sulfonate. The concentration of organic solvent in the organic iron complex is 0.3-0.5 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction mixture comprises solvent that is chosen from a group consisting of ammonia, urea, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The transition metal salt is ruthenium, nickel, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, iron and/or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The anodic active material is chosen from nickel, aluminum, copper, ferric, magnesium, boron and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vanadium compound is chosen from vanadium pentoxide, vanadium trioxide, vanadium oxide, and ammonium metavanadate. The reducing agent is hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, oxalic acid, oxalic acid hydrate, sodium borohydride, and sodium borohydride aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of magnesium hydride and magnesium chloride hexahydrate is 1:0.1-0.8. The equivalence ratio of magnesium hydride and water is 1:1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hybrid membrane utilizes potassium oxide-lithium oxide-aluminum oxide ternary phase that is incinerated at 1200 degrees C. The hydronium ion/ammoniumethyl phosphate- beta ''-alumina is ion-exchanged to ammonium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydronium ion/ammoniumethyl phosphate- beta ''-alumina is ion-exchanged to form acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium iron phosphate is of formula (Li1+aFe1-x-Mx(PO4-b)Xb), where M is aluminum, magnesium, neodymium, cobalt, manganese, titanium, gallium, copper, vanadium, zirconium, cerium, indium, zinc or yttrium, X is fluorine, sulfur or nitrogen, a is -0.5 to 0.5 and b is 0-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition-metal oxides has a structure of formula Li(LixMy-y1M1y1)O2-zAz, where x is 0-0.5, y is 0.6-1.1, y1 is 0-0.2, z is 0-0.2, M is manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, copper, zinc and/or titanium, M1 is aluminum, magnesium and boron, and A is fluorine, sulfur and/or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, acetone and/or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium precursor is lithium hydroxide. The manganese precursor is manganese oxy hydroxide. The conductive material is carbon-based conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroplating solution is reversed micelle phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation of electrode material involves using naphthol solution (5 %mass), isopropanol solution (99.98 %mass), and platinum/carbon powder catalyst. The weight ratio of platinum/carbon powder catalyst to isopropanol solution is 5-22:1, preferably 10-16:1. The content of platinum to platinum/carbon powder is 10 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of naphthol solution to isopropanol solution is 1.5-2.5:1, preferably 1-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material further comprises carbon nanotube (1-3 wt.%). The lithium titanium oxide has compositional formula: LixTiyOz, where x is 0-7, y is 0-6 and z is 0-15, and diameter of 20-100 nm. The silicon oxide has compositional formula: SiOx', where x' is between 0 and 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material comprises a metal fluoride coating in an amount of 3-11 nm. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves the addition of a lithium source in powder form to the metal hydroxide or carbonate composition to form a mixture and heating the mixture to form a corresponding crystalline lithium metal oxide particles, where the lithium metal oxide particles comprises the composition (I). The method (M1) further involves mixing the lithium metal oxide particles with an aluminum salt solution followed by mixing with fluoride ion containing salt to form aluminum fluoride precipitate, which is then heated to form aluminum fluoride coated lithium metal oxide particles. Preferred Components: The metal fluoride comprises AlF3. Preferred Definitions:    d=0.0025-0.04 or 0.005-0.04;    A=magnesium;    x=0.175-0.225;    a=0.150-0.2;    b=0.52-0.57;    c=0.075-0.125;    z=0.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of concentration of lithium carbonate in low concentration region with respect to concentration of lithium carbonate in high concentration region is 0.5-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticle on the surface of nanostructure is selected from a group comprising silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and silicon germanium (SiGe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Vanadium oxide(s) and reduction agent are dissolved in sulfoacid solution, to obtain electrolyte precursor. The obtained electrolyte precursor is electrolyzed, to obtain anode electrolyte and cathode electrolyte. Preferred Composition: The vanadium ion of the anode electrolyte is quadrivalent vanadium ion and quinquevalent vanadium ion. The total vanadium density in anode electrolyte is 4 mol/L. The vanadium ion of the cathode electrolyte is trivalent vanadium ion or diatomic vanadium ion. The total vanadium density in cathode electrolyte is 4 mol/L. The vanadium oxide is vanadium pentoxide. The anode electrolyte precursor comprises III-valent vanadium, IV-valent vanadium and/or V-valent vanadium. The cathode electrolyte precursor comprises III-valent vanadium and/or IV-valent vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reduction agent is chosen from free oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of diffraction intensity of peak of 2( theta ) value of 27.33-50 degrees and diffraction intensity of peak of 2( theta ) value of 29.58-50 degrees is 0.25 or less. The metallic element (m1) is lithium. The metallic element (m2) is germanium and phosphorus. The sulfide solid electrolyte material contains lithium-germanium-phosphorus sulfide of formula: Li(4-x)Ge(1-x)PxS4. The sulfide solid electrolyte material comprises octahedron containing metallic element (m1) and sulfur element, tetrahedral (t1) comprising metallic element (m2a) and sulfur element and tetrahedral (t2) containing metallic element (m2b) and sulfur element. The metallic element (m2a) and metallic element (m2b) are chosen from phosphorus, antimony, silicon, germanium, tin, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and niobium. The octahedron comprises lithium sulfide octahedron. The tetrahedral (t1) comprises germanium sulfide tetrahedron and/or thiophosphate tetrahedron. The tetrahedral (t2) is thiophosphate tetrahedron.x=more than 0 and less than 1, preferably 0.5-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nucleating process and growth process is performed at 60 degrees C or more. The primary particles are tubular form and/or needle form. Preferred Properties: The primary particles (a) have average particle diameter of 0.01-0.3 mu m. The plate-shaped primary particles have average particle diameter of 0.3-3 mu m. The thickness of the outer shell portion of the secondary particles is 0.3-3 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The group 15 chalcogenide is a compound including phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and/or bismuth, and oxygen, sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium. The active material includes bismuth chalcogenide, preferably bismuth oxide. Electrode (10) comprises magnesium (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of alkali metal is 1-2 mol% with respect to the amount of sulfate. The transition metal element is nickel, manganese and iron. The molar ratio of nickel, manganese and iron satisfies the relation: 1-x-y:x:y, where x is 0.3-0.7 and y is 0-0.2. The amount of alkali metal is 0.00001-0.003 mol% with respect to amount of transition metal composite hydroxide. The alkali metal is potassium. The sulfate is nickel sulfate, manganese sulfate or iron sulfate, preferably iron sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrile-containing functional monomer is of formula (I), (II) and/or (III). The high-valent metal compound is chosen from highest valent or middle valent nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide, phosphate or acetate of tungsten, zirconium, iridium, yttrium, manganese, ruthenium, cerium, vanadium, zinc, titanium and lanthanum, or highest valent or middle valent cyclodextrin, crown ether, acetylacetonate, nitrogen-containing crown ether, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, dimethyl fluoride, dimethylsulfoxide or highest valent or middle valent oxide of with perovskite structure of formula: CexTi(1-x)O2 (where x is 0.25-0.4), Ca0.6La0.27TiO3, La(1-y)CeyMnO3 (where y is 0.1-0.4) and La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3. The content of high-valent metal compound is 0.0001-5 wt.% of resin, preferably 0.001-1 wt.%.e,a1-c1=1-3;n=0 or 1;m=2-5;x,y,a-c=3-15; andj=0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is of formula (IV), (V) or (VI). The fluorine-containing polymer fiber is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(perfluoropropene), poly(perfluoro propyl vinyl ether) and/or fluorine-carbon polymer, and has diameter of 0.005-50 microns (preferably 0.01-20 microns), length of 0.05-3 microns. The mass ratio of fluorine-containing polymer fiber to ion-exchange resin is 0.5-50:100, preferably 0.5-20:100. The composite material further contains high-valent metal compound. A portion of acid-exchange group in the ion-exchange resin is bonded physically through the high-valent metal compound. A portion of the high-valent metal compound is catalyst for forming the triazine-ring crosslinked structure and forms a complexation bond with the triazine-ring.n2=0-2;p=2-5;d=c;d1=c1;f,g,h,f1,g1,h1=3-15;i=0-3;andM,M'=H, K, Na or NH4.Preferred Properties: The resin has ion-exchange capacity and number average molecular weight of 0.80-1.60 mmol/g and 150000-450000, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises sulfur and/or lithium sulfide and/or an amorphous chalcogenide. The negative electrode comprises a lithium metal or lithium alloy, carbon and/or lithium titanate. The chalcogenide is: a lithium-containing compound made of chalcogen-elements such as oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium, or a lithium-containing compound made from the chalcogen-elements with metals including arsenic, germanium, phosphorus, antimony, boron or transition metals including lead, aluminum, gallium, indium or titanium; or a compound made from the chalcogen-elements with the metals or the transition metals. The compound conducts lithium-ions. The chalcogenide is: a lithium phosphate; a lithium phosphate containing the transition metal; a mixed oxide made from a lithium oxide and transition metal oxides; or a transition metal oxide conducting lithium-ions; or a mixture of two or more of the components. The crystalline chalcogenide is: lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate or a mixed oxide of two or more of the oxides; or lithium iron phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fibers are polymer fibers consisting of polymers such as polyester, polyolefin, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyamideimide, polyether, polyphenylene sulfide, aramid or mixtures of two or more of the polymers. The polymer fibers comprise a polyethylene terephthalate. The inorganic ion-conductive material comprises a compound consisting of oxide, phosphate, sulfate, titanate, silicate, aluminosilicate with one of the elements such as zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A doping element chosen from nitrate, carbonate and chloride of sodium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, manganese or chromium is added during the manufacturing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nickel sulfide and primary cathode active material is less than 1:3. The cathode material comprises electrolyte material containing (in wt.%) lithium bromide (25 or more), lithium chloride (4 or more), lithium fluoride (42 or more) and potassium bromide (1 or more), and the electrolyte material is substantially binder-free and lithium sulfide-free. The cathode material comprises primary cathode active material (28 or more, preferably 72 or less) and nickel sulfide (3 or more, preferably 32 or less). The primary cathode active material contains primary metal disulfide chosen from iron sulfide and cobalt sulfide, and iron oxide and lithium oxide (1 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fixed bed comprises a filling of the powder particles. The porous substrate is designed planar. The mouth opening sealing is connected with the porous substrate. The gas stream is generated using a suction device. An inlet opening of the suction device sealing is connected with the porous substrate. The powder particles using the gas stream are supplied through an application device, which exhibits a mouth opening oriented towards the porous substrate. The gas stream passes only through a definable partial region of the porous substrate. The partial region is moved during the application of the powder particles. The porous substrate comprises a carbon-containing membrane. The powder particles after the application to the porous substrate are mechanically and/or thermally fixed. The suction device comprises an intake opening sealing, which is connected with the porous substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powder particles are formed from at least one inorganic and/or organic material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The short-length cup-stack type carbon nanotube is fluorinated. The carbon nanotube has a length of 500 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed solution contains sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid and has concentration of 0.1-10 M. The ratio of carbon-oxygen single bond to carbon-oxygen double bond in the mixed solution is 0.2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The strong alkali solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution is 3-5 mol/L. The mass concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution is 30-50%. Preferred Method: The leaching temperature is 60-90 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The extract liquor is composed of water and oil phase, in the oil phase, the volume percentage potassium oxide composition is 20-30%, the rest is sulfonated kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithiated compound is polyanionic lithiated compounds of transition metals and/or lithiated oxides of transition metals. The polyanionic lithium compounds of transition metals has a structure of formula (LixMy(XOz)n) (A), preferably lithium-iron-phosphate or lithium vanadium phosphate. The lithium oxide compounds have a structure of formula (LiM1O2) (B). The lithium oxide compounds are lithium oxides comprising manganese and/or aluminum. The lithium oxide compounds comprising manganese have a structure of formula (Li(1-a)Ni(0.5-b)Mn(1.5-c)O(4-d)). The current collector substrate is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The anode comprises lithium iron phosphate. The electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte comprising a lithium salt. The electrolyte comprises one or several solvents of the carbonates and/or ether groups. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium (bis) trifluoromethanesulfonimide, lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesufonyl)imide and/or lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide. In formula (A),M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Zn, V, Ti, Al, Si, B, Cr and/or Mo;X = P, Si, Ge, S, V or As;M1 = Ni, Co, Mn and/or Al; anda-d = -0.1 to 0. 1, where x, y, z and n are integers or positive decimal selected so that the total charge of cations compensates the total charge of anions, so that the compound is electrically neutral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium polysulfide additive has a structure of formula (Li2Sn), preferably lithium hexasulfide (Li2S6). The lithium polysulfide additive has a structure of formula (Li2Sn), preferably lithium hexasulfide. The anode comprises a material comprising phosphate oxide of formula (LiMy(XO2)n) or oxides of formula (LiZO2) and the cathode comprises a material comprising mixed oxides of lithium and titanium or lithium vanadium phosphate. The anode comprises lithium-iron-phosphate and the cathode comprises spinel lithium titanate or lithium vanadium phosphate. The anode comprises lithium-iron-phosphate and the cathode comprises spinel lithium titanate. The anode comprises lithium vanadium phosphate and the cathode comprises material comprising titanium dioxide. The anode comprises a material comprising lithiated oxide containing structure of manganese spinel such as lithium-nickel-manganese-oxide of formula (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4) and the cathode comprises a material comprising lithium titanium phosphate. The current collector substrate is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte comprising a lithium salt. The electrolyte comprises one or more solvents of the carbonates. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium (bis) trifluoromethanesulfonimide and/or lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesufonyl)imide.M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Zn, V, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Al, Si, B and/or Mo;X = P, Si, Ge, S or As;Z = Ni, Co, Cr, Mn and/or Al; andn = 2-8, where y, z and n are positive integers chosen such that the total charge of cations compensates the total charge of ions, so that the compound is electrically neutral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The current collecting substrate is made of copper or copper alloy. The negative electrode comprises a compound expressed as MxOy, where M includes titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum and/or tungsten, and x and y are positive integers chosen such that the total charge of cations compensates the total charge of the anions, so that the compound is electrically neutral. The lithium metal or its alloy comprises tin. The positive electrode comprises a material including sulfur element and/or sulfur compound. The negative electrode comprises lithium metal and/or its alloy. The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesufonyl)imide and/or bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises solvents of carbonates and/or ethers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous layer has particles containing inorganic metallic compound as inorganic filler. The metallic compound particle is aluminum or hydrated aluminum. The amount of binder contained in the porous layer is 1.5-3 %mass. Preferred Properties: The metallic compound particles have 90% particle size distribution of 4 mu m or less, and 10% particles size distribution of 0.2 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating has a unimodal pore distribution. The porosity of the catalytically active coating is 10-70%, preferably 20-60%. The thickness of the catalytically active coating is 20-1000 mu m, preferably 200-600 mu m. The hydrophobic component has a hydrophobic polymer, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The electrode has a total loading of catalytically active component of 5-300 mg/cm2, preferably from 10-250 mg/cm2. The carrier is based on nickel and/or silver. The carrier is in the form of a network, fabric, knitted fabric, knotted fabric, non-woven fabric, expanded metal or foam, preferably fabric. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the carbon powder is obtained by adding 10-30 parts weight of optical isotropy pitch with respect to 100 parts weight of coke powder calcined at 900-1500 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The negative electrode active material has D50 average particle diameter of 5-30 mu m and maximum particle diameter of 75 mu m or less measured by scanning electron microscope.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plating of nickel or gold is formed in the surface of the electroconductive pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon black has primary particle size of 10-80 nm (preferably, 20-40 nm), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-surface of 200-300 m2/g (preferably, 250 m2/g or less).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polypyridine is poly(pyridin-2,5-diyl) or poly(pyridin-3,5-diyl), preferably poly(pyridin-3,5-diyl), and has average molar mass of 1000-10000 g/mol, preferably 3000-4000 g/mol. The weight ratio of polypyridine with respect to carbon black in the mixture is 1:10, preferably 2:5. Preferred Process: The method is performed in absence of metal. The mixture is heated at 400 degrees C or more (preferably, 800 degrees C or less) under pressure of 0.5-2 bar for 30 minutes or more (preferably, 3 hours or less) in presence of inert atmosphere chosen from nitrogen, argon and helium, preferably helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The data is communicated to the site according to IEEE 802.15, Zigbee, X10, Bluetooth, WIFI,IEEE 802.11, WiMAX, IEEE 802.16 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The loading device, a playing device and the solar energy conversion device is made of lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler is silica, precipitated silica, silica gel, fumed silica, mica, montmorillonite, kaolinite, asbestos, talc, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, natural and synthetic zeolite, cement, calcium silicate, clay, aluminum silicate, sodium aluminum silicate, aluminum polysilicate, alumina silica gel, glass particles, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, charcoal, graphite, titanium dioxide, lead oxide, tungsten, iron oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, zirconia, magnesia, alumina, molybdenum disulfide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and/or magnesium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is mixed with a high-density (HD) polyethylene to produce a polyolefin mixture. The polyolefin mixture contains 50 wt.% or more of UHMWPE. The weight ratio of filler and polyolefin mixture is 1:9-15:1. The matrix comprises UHMWPE and HD polyethylene, and the particulate filler is distributed throughout the matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode terminal plate is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium complex-compound particle powder has mean secondary particle diameter of 1-30 mu m, specific surface area of 0.05-0.7 m2/g. The ion intensity ratio (c) of lithium sulfate with respect to nickel oxide is 0.4 or less. The pH of the suspension liquid obtained by dispersing 2 weight% of lithium complex-compound particle powder in water is 11.0 or less. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon, sulfur and sodium in the lithium complex-compound particles is 200 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less and 100 ppm or less, respectively. The content of lithium carbonate is 0.1 weight% or less. The content of lithium hydroxide is 0.15 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer having hydrophilic group, is 11-mercapto-undecylamine, 11-mercapto-undecanoic acid, 11-mercapto-1-undecanol or poly-ethylene-glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acyl halides or the amines have at least three functional groups.The polyfunctional acyl halide is selected from trimesoyl chloride (TMC), cyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarbonyl chloride (HTC) or 3,3',5,5'-biphenyl tetraacyl chloride (BTEC).The polyfunctional amine is selected from meta-phenylenediamine (m-PDA), and/or para-PDA.The first, second, and/or third liquid phase comprise diethyleneglycoldimethylether (Diglyme), ethyleneglycoldimethylether (EGDME) or ethylene glycol diethyl ether (EGDE).The second liquid phase is water, an alkane or lamp oil.The third liquid phase comprises an alkane or lamp oil.The ionizable groups are organic acids; strong acids (preferably sulfonic acids); or organic salts (preferably quaternary amines).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves additional step as the film is formed during post-treating formed membrane with liquid phase comprising at least one polyfunctional acyl halide having at least two acid halide groups in an inert solvent being hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The reaction of the porous support and the acyl halide forms a covalent bond, where the porous support has protic groups selected from -OH, -NH2 and/or -NH- on the surface. In the process (P1), ionizable groups are reacted in polyamide film.Preferred Components: The support is hydrophilic; or cellulose acetate or regenerated cellulose acetate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The porosity of the porous layer is 45-65%. The porous layer comprises metallic compound particles (61).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode catalyst comprises AB5 alloy and carbon powder. The protic acid catalyst is hydrochloric acid, hydrogen perchlorate, sulfuric acid, chloric acid or acetic acid. The cathode catalyst contains carbon-supported palladium. The electrochemical supercapacitor contains electroactive material containing conductive polymer or metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The crosslinking agent contains glutaraldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The chemically linked catalyst binder hydrogel material is prepared by chemically crosslinking polymer soluble in aqueous acetic acid or water, with a water-soluble crosslinking agent. An anode catalyst ink is prepared using an aqueous suspension containing an anode catalyst (21), and aqueous mixture of polymer and crosslinking agent. The prepared ink is coated on a substrate and exposed to protic acid catalyst which enables crosslinking of the polymer. The polymer is polyvinyl alcohol or chitosan. Similarly, the cathode is formed using cathode catalyst ink containing cathode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Substrate: The cathode and anode have substrate chosen from carbon paper and carbon cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst particles contain platinum. Nanoparticles or nanosheet of gold or gold alloy is further supported on the carbon carrier. Preferred Properties: The thickness of thin particles is 10 nm or less. The nanoparticles or nanosheet of gold or gold alloy has particle diameter of 1-50 nm and thickness of 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide fine particle is alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electroconductive carbon particles (1-40 wt.%) are added to obtained solution. Preferred Definitions:    M=Fe or Zr;and    X=Si.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive carbon particles are added in an amount of 1-40 wt.% of the complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic substrate is group 3-16 element and/or lanthanides. The coating (I) comprises nano particles of copper, silver and gold. The coating (II) comprises nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, tin, chromium, manganese, palladium and lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode active material particles contain carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The insulating material has average particle diameter of 0.1-5 mu m. Preferred Composition: The insulating material is metal oxide with thickness of 1-500 nm, ionic-permeability resin with thickness of 1-5 mu m or synthetic rubber-type adhesive with thickness of 0.2-8 mu m. The ionic-permeability resin is polyethylene oxide. The synthetic rubber-type adhesive is styrene-butadiene rubber latex. The content of synthetic rubber-type adhesive and water-soluble polymer in the insulating material is respectively 4-12 %mass and 0.5-1.7 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of negative electrode active material layer. The content of resin in the insulating material is 0.5-30 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of negative electrode active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte layer is nonaqueous electrolyte layer containing lithium salt. The electrode material contains 20 %mass or more of aluminum, tin and/or silicon. The lithium salt is lithium perchlorate, lithium borate and/or lithium hexafluorophosphate. The amount of porous aluminum is 95 %mass or more. Preferred Properties: The porous aluminum has average hole diameter of 200-800 mu m and thickness of 0.2-3 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent of nonaqueous electrolyte is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heavy-oil composition has aromatic index of 0.3-0.65 and normal paraffin content rate of 5-20 %mass. The raw coal composition contains deasphalting oil (7-15 %mass) obtained by desulfurization process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The complex oxide has average particle diameter of 0.1-50 mu m. Preferred Components: The zirconium source is zirconium halide. The iron source is hydrate of strong acid salt. The silicon source is silicon alkoxide. Preferred Definitions:    M=Fe or Zr;and    X=Si.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The clad material has porosity of 20% or less. The coefficient of variation of thickness of surface layer is 5 or less. Preferred Process: A nickel layer having thickness of 10 mu m or less is formed in the clad material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfonate compound (I) is of formula: R1-(S(=O)2-O-CH(-R2)-R3)m (II), sulfonate compound of formula (IV) having cycloalkane structure or sulfonate compound of formula: R11-S(=O)2-O-C(-R13)H-L'-C(-R14)H-O-S(=O)2-R12 (V) or R25-S(=O)2-O-Si(-R21)(-R22)-Si(-R23)(-R24)-O-S(=O)2-R26. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains (in %mass) benzene compound (0.001-5) in which 1-6C hydrocarbon group is bonded with benzene ring through tertiary carbon atom or quaternary carbon atom, sulfonyl group-containing compound of formula: R4-(S(=O)2-O-CH(-CH3)2)n (III) (0.001-5) having cyclic structure or unsaturated group, sulfonate compound of formula: R16-S(=O)2-O-C(-R18)H-L2-CH2-O-S(=O)2-R17 (VI) and cyclic carbonate (0.01-35 vol.%) having fluorine atom and/or cyclic carbonate (0.001-5 vol.%) having carbon-carbon double bond.m,n,t=1 or 2;R1=1-6C alkyl or 6-12C aryl (when m is 1);R2=2-6C alkyl or 3-8C cycloalkyl;R3=1-6C alkyl or 3-8C cycloalkyl;R4=1-6C alkyl or 6-12C aryl (when n is 1);or R4=1-6C alkylene, 1-6C alkyl or 6-12C aryl (all optionally substituted by halo) (when n is 2);R5,R6=1-6C alkyl or 6-12C aryl (when t is 1);R7=1-6C alkyl;or R7+carbon atom on cyclo ring=ring;r=0-10;p,q=0-3;R11,R12,R15-R17,R19,R21-R26=1-6C alkyl or 6-12C aryl (both optionally substituted by halo);R13,R14=1-6C alkyl optionally substituted by halo;L'=1-6C alkylene optionally substituted by -OSO2R15, 2-6C bivalent coupling group including ether bond or single bond;R18=H, or 1-6C alkyl optionally substituted by halo;andL2=1-6C alkylene optionally substituted by -OSO2R19, 2-6C bivalent coupling group including ether bond or single bond.(i) When m is 2, R1 is 1-6C alkylene; (ii) When m is 1, R2 and R3 is 1-6C alkyl, 6-12C aryl or 1-6C alkylene (all optionally substituted by halo); and (iii) When r, p, q and t is 1, R6 and R7 is 1-6C alkyl or 6-12C aryl (both optionally substituted by halo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The heat dissipation plate includes a multiplexer that is provided as a component e.g. controller area network (CAN) of a data bus system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetic dielectric material is a garnet ferrite which consists of yttrium-iron-gallium oxide of formula: Y3Fe5-xGaxO12 (x is 0 or more and less than 5), or a spinel ferrite which consists of manganese-zinc-iron oxide: MnxZn1-xFe2O4 (x is greater than 0 and less than 1). The reverse spin Hall effect component consists of platinum, gold, palladium, silver, bismuth, f-orbit-containing element, transition metal element having three dimensional orbital, or their alloys with copper, aluminum or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a metallic amide. The metallic amide is potassium amide, preferably potassium-amide 1-8M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The wind generator is horizontal shaft type wind generator or vertical shaft type wind generator or wind tunnel type generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Vanadium oxide used for preparing electrode material is chosen from vanadium pentoxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide and vanadium oxide (V6O13). Redox agent used for preparing electrode material is hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, butanol and ethylene glycol. The graphite is KS-6, KS-15, natural crystalline flake graphite or expanded graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction is carried out in atmosphere comprising nitrogen, argon and/or helium. Carbon material comprising graphite powder, intermediate phase carbon microsphere, carbon nanotube or carbon fiber is contained in the composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Carbon source gas chosen from ethyne, ethylene, benzene vapor, methane, ethane and butane gas is used in the composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Carbon precursor comprising polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, asphalt, citric acid, ascorbic acid, cellulose, phenolic resin and carbon gel is used in the manufacture of the composite material. The carbon precursor is used as citric acid deionized water solution, carbon gel formaldehyde solution, asphalt tetrahydrofuran, quinoline solution, polyacrylonitrile dimethyl pyrrolidone solution, or phenolic resin acetone solution. The raw material further contains graphite based carbon, hard carbon, lithium metal, intermetallic compound, transition metal oxide and phosphorus oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material is lithium fluorosilicate (Li2SiF6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode active material layer further contains polyvinylidene fluoride and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reinforcing member comprises stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, magnesium or magnesium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing comprises resin including acrylonitrile-butadience-stryene, polyamide, polycarbonate, polychloro trifluoroethylene, poly diallyl phthalate, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, phenol-formaldehyde, polyisobutylene, poly methyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene, polyformaldehyde, polypropylene, polystyrene, PTFE, polyurethane, poly vinyl acetate, poly vinyl alcohol, poly vinyl butyral, PVC, PVC acetate, poly vinylidene chloride, poly vinyl fluoride, or poly vinyl formal. The reinforcing member includes polyamide, polyacetal, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylen oxide, or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The metal is selected from silver or gold (preferably silver). The nanostructure deposits are sheets, cubes, spheres, needles, rods, or wires (preferably wires). ORGANIC CHEMISTY - Preferred Components: The acid dopant is selected from tartaric acid, camphosulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, poly(styrene sulfonic acid) and/or para-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) (preferably citric acid or PTSA). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium-bisoxalatoborate or lithium-difluoroxalatoborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains 20-90 %mass of the compound (II). The compound having ring containing -O-C(=O)-O- bonding is preferably propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one or 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The electrolyte solution contains saturated linear carbonate of formula: C(-R16)(-R15)(-R17)-O-C(=O)-O-C(-R18)(-R19)(-R20).R15-R20=not defined.The compound (II) is preferably 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethoxy)-propane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-propane or 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-propoxy)-propane. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carbonate of formula (VIII-1) or (VIII-2).R9,R10=H, halo or (fluoro)alkyl;andR11-R14=H, alkyl, vinyl or aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphate compound of the film-form first region contains lithium and nickel. The phosphate compound of the film-form second region contains lithium, iron, manganese, and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium-alloy material is magnesium alloy cast. The magnesium alloy contains magnesium and metal chosen from aluminum, zinc, manganese, silicon, rare-earth element, calcium, strontium, tin, germanium, lithium, zirconium and beryllium. Preferred Property: The thickness of the porous layer is 5-25% of the diameter of the surface of an alloy raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystallized substance contains supersaturated magnesium solid solution and intermetallic compound. The magnesium corrosive solution contains alcohol solution chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol and glycerol, and aqueous acid chosen from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid and chromic acid. The content of each of primary magnesium phase and crystallized substance is 10-90%. The content of each of supersaturated magnesium solid solution and intermetallic compound is 10-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is made of a sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode catalyst is provided with platinum and either palladium, silver or osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material particle is hardened by the solid electrolyte by polymerizing the hydrolyzate of the metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The precursor glass powder has average particle diameter of 0.01-1 mu m. Preferred Composition: The raw material solution further contains niobium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises supplying and oxidizing a reductant at the temperature below the predetermined activation temperature. The plasmon-resonating nanostructure catalyzes the reduction of the oxidant at 20-100 degrees C below the predetermined activation temperature. Preferred Components: The oxidant is dioxygen (preferred), dinitrogen, nitrous oxide or ozone. The support is one of silica and alumina. The plasmon-resonating nanostructure comprises a first nanoparticle comprising copper, silver, gold, or their alloys, and many second nanoparticle adhered to the first nanoparticle. The electrochemical cell further comprises: the oxidant in fluid communication with the cathode, and the reductant (hydrogen and/or methanol) in fluid communication with the anode; and an external circuit electrically connected to the cathode and to the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises the oxidant and the reductant (ethylene) in fluid communication with the plasmon-resonating nanostructure. The photon-transfer device is a window which has a percent transmission of greater than 50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reductant is an alkene including ethylene, propylene or butylene, or a material of hydrogen, methanol or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte membrane which includes sulfonated polymer membranes, acid-base complex membranes, ionic liquid based membranes, and/or inorganic composite membranes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: At least one of the anode gas diffusion layer (20) and the cathode gas diffusion layer (34) defines a total porosity that includes 90-99% macropores, and 1-10% hydrophilic nanopores, where the hydrophilic nanopores are open pores defining diameters of 3-100 nm with a contact angle of less than 90 degrees , and where the macropores are open pores defining diameters of 10-60 microns. The hydrophilic nanoporous region (46) is integral with the cathode gas diffusion layer (34) so that the cathode gas diffusion layer (34) defines a total porosity that includes 90-99% macropores, and 1-10% hydrophilic nanopores with a contact angle of less than 90 degrees , where the hydrophilic nanopores are open pores defining diameters of 3-10 nm, and where the macropores are open pores defining diameters of 10-60 microns. The cathode gas diffusion layer (34) includes a microporous layer (50) secured adjacent the second planar surface (36) of the cathode catalyst layer (30), and where the hydrophilic nanoporous region (48) is integral with the cathode gas diffusion layer (34), where the microporous layer (50) is configured to define a total porosity that defines 90-99% micropores, having a pore size of 0.5-10 mu m of which the majority are hydrophobic, having a contact angle of greater than 90 degrees , and 1-10% nanopores, having a pore size of 3-100 nm, of which the majority are hydrophilic, having a contact angle of less than 90 degrees , and where the cathode gas diffusion layer (34) is configured to define a total porosity that includes 90-99% macropores, and 1-10% hydrophilic nanopores, where the hydrophilic nanopores are open pores defining diameters of 3-10 nm, and where the macropores are open pores defining diameters of 10-60 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The thickness of the aluminum diffusion surface layer is greater than 200 micrometers and less than about 400 micrometers; or the thickness of the aluminum diffusion surface layer is about 250 micrometers to about 350 micrometers. Preferred Component: The fuel cell component comprises a cast fuel cell component, the slurry coating being applied to an as-cast surface of the cast fuel cell component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additional layer includes carbon powder, carbon fiber, titanium dioxide, silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling fin is made of aluminum, stainless steel and coated steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method: a propylene-glycol-water mixture having a propylene glycol content of 30-56 vol.%, 56-60 vol.%, 60-70 vol.%, 70-80 vol.% and/or 80-94 vol.%, is used; during the conversion of secondary energy carrier, the obtained thermal energy is additionally used to produce the secondary energy carrier from the propylene-glycol-water mixture; and during the conversion of the secondary energy carrier, the obtained exhaust gas energy, at least a reactant gas and/or the ambient air is extracted from water or water vapor by at least a portion of unreacted propylene glycol-water-mixture, by a propylene-glycol-water mixture having a propylene glycol content of more than 94%, or by pure propylene glycol. The thermal energy is supplied to a reformer for producing secondary energy carrier from the propylene-glycol-water mixture. The exhaust gas, the reactant gas and/or the ambient air is supplied through the propylene glycol or propylene glycol-water mixture, and/or the water or water vapor is passed or brought into contact with a permeable exchange surface, preferably a membrane that is in contact with the propylene glycol-water mixture or the propylene glycol. The propylene glycol-water mixture is produced directly from carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide, hydrogen and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises solvents selected from substituted forms and blends of N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, acetals, ketals, esters, carbonates, sulfones, sulfites, sulfolanes, aliphatic ethers, acyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, glymes, polyethers, phosphate esters, siloxanes, dioxolanes and/or N-alkylpyrrolidones.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cathode comprises binder which includes nitrogen-containing material is selected from monomers, oligomers, and polymers of polyethylene imine, polyphosphazene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyaniline, polyelectrolytes, polyacrylamide, polyallylamide, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, polyimides, polybenzimidazole, and polyamides. The anode comprises base electrode material layer and multi-layered structure, which comprises polymer layer comprising nitrogen-containing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains 0.0001-2 mol/l of lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is methyl phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, methyl phosphonic acid bis(t-butyldimethylsilyl)ester, methyl phosphonic acid bis(allyldimethylsilyl)ester, methyl phosphonic acid bis(triphenylsilyl)ester, phenyl phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, vinyl phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, 1-propenyl phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, (difluoro(trimethylsilyl)methyl)phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, ((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, ((methanesulfonyl oxy)methyl)phosphonic acid bis(trimethylsilyl)ester, methylene bis-phosphonic acid tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)ester or 2,4,4,6,6-pentamethyl-1,3,5-trioxa-2-phospha-4,6-disilacyclohexane-2-oxide. The electrolyte contains 0.001-10 %mass of the derivative (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic element is selected from the group which consists of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The gasoline composition has 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 98 degrees C or less, a 6C-isoparaffin-component content of 10 vol.% or more, 2,3-dimethylbutane content of 1.5 vol.% or more, a volume ratio of 5 or more with respect to 6C isoparaffin and 6C normal paraffin, and a volume ratio of 2.2 or more with respect to 6C isoparaffin and 6C olefin. The sulfur content is 1 mass ppm or less. The content of 8C isoparaffin is 20 vol.% or less. Preferred Method: The isomerized product oil is separated into high-octane compound and low-octane compound. The high-octane compound is used as isomerization gasoline base material, and the low-octane compound is sent to the isomerization process again. Desulfurization straight naphtha obtained as naphtha fraction by distilling and desulfurizing crude oil, is used as raw material of isomerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact is made of copper, copper alloy, aluminum, or aluminum alloy. The electrically connected contact surface is made of silver, gold, and tin.