TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic surfactant is quaternary ammonium compounds. The sol precursor compound comprises silica- (preferred), zirconium oxide-, titanium dioxide-, cerium oxide-, iron oxide (Fe2O3)-, magnesium oxide-, alumina-, iron oxide (Fe3O4)-, zinc oxide-, chromium oxide-, cobalt(III) oxide -, molybdenum oxide-, tungsten oxide-, hafnium oxide-, yttrium oxide-precursor compounds, water-soluble polymers or crosslinkable polymer precursors. The sol precursor compound comprises metal halide, metal nitrates, metal carboxylates, metal sulfates, metal alcoholates, metal acetylacetonates or water glass for silicon, where the metal is zinc, magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, iron, chromium, cobalt, silicon, zirconium, titanium, cerium, molybdenum, tungsten or hafnium. The sol precursor compound comprises water glass and silicon containing compound of formula (Si(OR)4) (I).R = H, CH3, C2H5, C2H4OH, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl or iso-butyl.Preferred Method: The method comprises impregnating silica-coated graphene oxide particles or silica-coated graphene particles with the precursor compound comprising metal oxide precursor compounds, metal precursor compounds or carbon precursor compounds, converting the precursor compound into corresponding metal oxide, metal or carbon, and removing the silica from the graphene oxide particles or graphene particles, where the removing step is one or more times individually or combinedly repeated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonionic surfactant is ethylene oxide-containing 2-4C alkylene oxide block copolymer. EXAMPLE - Graphene oxide from natural graphite flakes (30 mg) was suspended in an aqueous solution containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (1 g) and sodium hydroxide (40 mg) in demineralized water (500 ml) and treated for 3 hours with ultrasound. Subsequently, the suspension was stirred for 2 hours at 40 degrees C and tetraethylorthosilicate (1 ml) was slowly added to the suspension. The mixture was allowed to react for 12 hours and the sulfur dioxide-coated graphene oxide particles were washed, separated and dried at 80 degrees C for 6 hours.