TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The head side and receiving side thermally conductive sheet are formed from element made of silicone rubber with glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition further comprises epoxy resin (50 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polyol), and silane coupling agent (0.1-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polyol). Preferred Components: The blocking agent is chosen from epsilon -caprolactam, methylethyl ketone oxime, pyrazole type compound, malonic diester and acetylated ketone compound. The average molecular weight of the epoxy resin is 300-5000. The polyisocyanate is chosen from polyisocyanate derived from hexamethylene diisocyanate, and polyisocyanate derived from isophorone diisocyanate. The polyisocyanate has isocyanate group (10-30 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biaxially-stretched polyester film has density of 1.362-1.37 g/cm3, melting point (a) of 280 degrees C or more, which is measured by differential scanning calorimetry with temperature increase rate of 20 degrees C/minute, initial melting point (b) of 270 degrees C or more which is measured by differential scanning calorimetry with temperature increase rate of 20 degrees C/minute, maximum peak value of 27-28 degrees and half value width of peak of 1 degrees or less. The difference between melting point (a) and initial melting point (b) of the film is less than 4 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy further contains copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium, titanium, scandium, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium, yttrium, rhenium, tungsten, tantalum and/or hafnium. The content of boron, carbon, beryllium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, gallium, arsenic and/or selenium is 5-40 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition comprises oligomer (A) having a number average molecular weight of 30000-100000 and a curable group, and monomer (B) (15-50 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of components (A,B)) having a molecular weight of 125-600 and a curable group. The curable group of oligomer (A) is acryloyloxy group, and the curable group of monomer (B) is methacryloyloxy group. Oligomer (A) is a urethane oligomer (A1). Monomer (B1) not having an isocyanate group and a reacting group is used as monomer (B). The curable resin composition is obtained by producing a prepolymer by reacting a polyol and polyisocyanate in the presence of monomer (B1), and reacting monomer (B2) having an isocyanate group, reacting group, and curable group with the isocyanate group of prepolymer. The curable resin composition contains monomer (B3) having a hydroxyl group as monomer (B), and further contains 2 or more types of photoinitiators having differing absorption wavelength regions. Preferred Properties: The width of the seal portion comprising the cured material of curable resin composition is 0.3-3 mm. The thickness of seal portion is 10 mu m to 3 mm. The face materials are transparent. The thickness of curable resin composition for resin-layer formation in the laminate is 10 mu m to 3 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer further contains nitrogen-containing repeating unit of formula: -(Ar11-N(-Ar13)-(Ar14-N(-Ar15))p-Ar12)- (III).p=1-3;andAr11-Ar15=optionally substituted aromatic ring group, where neither Ar11 nor Ar12 is direct bond. Preferred Definitions:    d=1-3.    -CH=CH-group or -CH2-CH2- group is detached from cyclohexadiene ring at 200 degrees C or less.    EXAMPLE - 4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (in g) (0.6), 5-(methanesulfonyloxy)bicyclo(2.2.2)octa-2,5-dien-2-yl methanesulfonate (0.415), sodium carbonate (1.19) and water (6) were added to toluene (10) and stirred for 30 minutes. Then, tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium (0.065) was added to obtained solution and stirred at 70 degrees C for 5 hours. Then, water was added to obtained solution, filtered, washed and purified, to obtain 9-(naphthalen-2-yl)-10-(5-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)bicyclo(2.2.2)octa-2,5-dien-2-yl)anthracene and 9-(bicyclo(2.2.2)octa-2,5-dien-2-yl)-10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metallic element contained in anode pigment molecule is copper, iron and/or manganese. The metallic element contained in cathode pigment molecule is copper and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Inorganic dyes such as barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide or carbon black are arranged on the first electrical insulation layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing material layer is made of thermoplastic plastic elastomer such as polyolefin elastomer, thermoplastic vulcanized rubber, fluororubber and silicon fluororubber. The electrical insulation layer is made of fluorine plastic e.g. polyethylene mixture, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polycarbonate-polyester alloy or nylon-blended ethylene and vinyl alcohol copolymer. The polyolefin elastomer is provided with ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, thermoplastic vulcanized rubber, fluororubber and silicon fluororubber. The first electrical insulation layer is made of polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polycarbonate or polycarbonate-polyester alloy, polyamide and polyvinyl dichloride. The second electrical insulation layer is made of aluminum foil plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic adhesive agent does not comprise lead and cadmium. The melting point of the inorganic adhesive agent is 500-600 degrees C, preferably 530-570 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of the organic silver to the silver powder is 1:5-1:20, preferably 1:9-1:12. The organic silver salt is silver acetylacetone, silver methacrylate, silver neodecanoate, silver lactate, silver formate, silver acetate, silver trifluoroacetate or silver oxalate. The average particle diameter D50 of the silver powder is 0.1-3 mu , the compact density is not less than 5 g/cm2 and the specific surface area is not greater than 2 m2/g. The organic resin is ethyl cellulose resin, a polymerized resin or acrylic acid resin. The organic solvent is terpineol, butyl Carbitol (RTM: Diethylene glycol butyl ether), butyl carbitol acetate, alcohol ester-12, octanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol mono-butyl ether or propylene glycol monobutyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composite materials with organic polymer are prepared by mixing cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) into silica sol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fine particles comprise silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electron acceptor is 60C or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silica sol is acidic silica sol or alkali silica sol with grain diameter of 8-40 nm. The absorbent is UV absorbent and/or infrared absorbent. The coupling agent is silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent, and/or zirconium coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The silicon-containing high molecular weight polymer is organic silicone modified acrylic resin, organic silicone resin, organic fluorosilicone resin, organic fluorosilicone propyl resin, aqueous fluorosilicone propyl emulsion, ordinary aqueous silicone propyl emulsion, and/or aqueous silicone propyl nanoemulsion. The organic solvent is methanol organic solvent, ethanol organic solvent, propyl alcohol organic solvent, acetone organic solvent, polyvinyl alcohol organic solvent, ester organic solvent, and/or ether organic solvent. The additive ingredient is defoaming agent, leveling agent, pH adjusting agent, salt and fog resisting additive ingredient, hardening agent, abrasion and scrapping resisting agent, mold proof bactericide, wetting agent, dispersing agent, thickening agent, surfactant, and/or base material wetting agent. The diluting agent is methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, acetone, polyvinyl alcohol, ester and ether, and/or deionized water. The reinforcing process comprises solidifying, tempering, or firstly solidifying and then tempering. The solidifying process is conducted at 50-250 degrees C for 5-20 minutes. The tempering process is conducted at 600-700 degrees C for 2-10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat transfer fluid is selected from a group consisting of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution comprises copper, indium, gallium, selenous acid and water. The cupric salt comprises cupric sulfate. The indium salt comprises indium sulfate, indium chloride, indium bromide, indium iodide, indium nitrate and indium perchlorate. The gallium salt comprises gallium sulfate, gallium chloride, gallium bromide, gallium iodide, gallium nitrate and gallium perchlorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The desorption amount of carbon monoxide is 0.01 mmol or more, and the desorption amount of carbon dioxide is 0.05 mmol or more. Preferred Conditions: The carbonized material is impregnated with a metal different from the metal contained in the raw material. During heat-treatment process, the carbonized material is heated above 300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the organic PV cell, the hole extracting layer comprises a semiconducting metal oxide layer, where the metal oxide layer comprises molybdenum oxide (MoO3), vanadium oxide (V2O5), or tungsten oxide (WO3). The metal oxide layer comprises an n-type metal oxide semiconductor. The hole extracting layer comprises an n-type organic semiconductor. The transparent anode comprises indium tin oxide (ITO). The hole extracting layer comprises MoO3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type organic semiconductor is 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexanitrile (HAT(CN)6), fluoro-substituted CuPc, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodirnethane (F4TCNQ), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), fluoro-substituted PTCDA, cyano-substituted PTCDA, naphthalene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (NTCDA), fluoro-substituted NTCDA, cyano-substituted NTCDA, or 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBT). The organic hole accepting electron blocking material layer comprises an aromatic amine compound having a set of nitrogen atoms. The aromatic amine compound comprises 4,4'-bis(N-(p-tolyl)-N-phenyl-amino)biphenyl (TPD), 4,4'-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino)biphenyl ( alpha -NPD), (4,4'-(bis-((4-di-n-hexylamino)benzylideneamino)))stilbene (DHABS), 4,4'-(bis-((4-diphenylamino)benzylideneamino))stilbene (DPABS), or combinations. The aromatic amine compound comprises a cross-linked aromatic amine resin. The organic hole accepting electron blocking material layer comprises poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-(3-methylpropyl))-diphenylamine) (TFB). The organic hole transport electron blocking material layer comprises poly-N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine (poly-TPD).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polyol comprises cyclohexanol unit (preferably cyclohexanedimethanol). The UV stabilizer comprises triazines and is selected from UV absorber, hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) and/or antioxidant. The structured layer further comprises additional additive selected from particles, antimildew agents, antifungal agents, antifoaming agents, antistatic agents, coupling agents, release agents and/or antisoiling agents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The structured layer comprises aliphatic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The i-Layer is an amorphous silicon germanium absorber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The adhesive on the not yet bonded side is temporarily cooled down to an extent in a freezing range, so that the adhesion effect of the adhesive on this side is partially passivated. The first joining partner provided with the adhesive is temporarily completely or partially cooled down to an extent in the freezing range, so that the adhesive effect of the adhesive is partially passivated on the yet open side. The second joining partner, which is not yet adhesively bonded with the side of the double-sided adhesive, is completely or partially cooled down until it reaches to a dew point temperature. Preferred Components: The freezing range is 0 degrees C to -50 degrees C, preferably -5 degrees C to -40 degrees C. The temperature drop takes place at 20 degrees C to -30 degrees C, preferably 10 degrees C to -10 degrees C. The temperature drop is achieved through the application of carbon dioxide-snow blasting, refrigerators, shock-freezing channels, freezers, cooling cells, refrigeration cabinets, dry ice, liquid nitrogen, a refrigerating mixture and/or a refrigerating spray. The adhesive is solvent-based or dispersion pressure-sensitive adhesives, hot melts, or 100% of systems based on acrylate copolymer, synthetic- or natural rubber, polyurethane or silicone, preferably solvent-based pure acrylic systems. The adhesive is present in the form of a carrier-free, pressure-sensitive adhesive transferable tape or a carrier-based double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane coupling agent contains vinyl group, epoxy group, styryl group, methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, ureido group, mercapto group, polysulfide group, and isocyanate group as functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (a2) is glycidyl methacrylate. The component (a3) is styrene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy modified polyolefin-type resin composition is obtained by melt-kneading polyolefin-type resin (a1), epoxy group-containing vinyl monomer (a2) and aromatic vinyl monomer (a3) in the presence of radical polymerization initiator. The content of epoxy group-containing vinyl monomer (a2) and aromatic vinyl monomer (a3) contained with respect to 100 parts weight of polyolefin-type resin (a1) is 1-30 parts weight and 1-30 parts weight, respectively. The polyolefin-type resin (a1) is chosen from polyethylene-type resin, polypropylene-type resin, and propylene-ethylene copolymer having ethylene content of 5-15 weight%. The backsheet further has a weather-resistant film consisting of resin chosen from polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin, polyethylene fluoride resin, polyethylene difluoride resin, polymethylmethacrylate resin and acrylic resin. The backsheet is sealed using ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as sealing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of linear oligomer in surface(s) of polyester film is 10-80 mu g/m2. Preferred Property: The haze value of polyester film is 3% or less. Preferred Film: The polyester film has 3 or more outermost layer containing particles, and central layer without containing particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier is designed as a polyvinyl chloride carrier or polyolefin carrier. The laminates have an upper layer that is made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover plate is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polycarbonate or polymethacrylic or glass. The molded article is made of weather-proof, UV-susceptible, chemically inert, electrically non-conducting polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate or polymethacrylic or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The structural unit (I) is thiophene ring-containing structural unit of formula (II).R10,R11=R7. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of Ar1 and Ar2=group obtained by removing three hydrogen atoms from thiophene ring;and    X1=-O-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Property: The compound having the structural unit (I) is high molecular compound with weight average molecular weight of 3000 or more. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of Ar1,Ar2=residue obtained by removing 3 H from thiophene ring.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) tetradecylidene cycloheptabithiophene (100), 4,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (67.8) and methyl trialkyl ammonium chloride (100) were dissolved in toluene (5 ml). Palladium acetate (2.0), tris(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (10) and 16.7 wt.% sodium carbonate aqueous solution were polymerized to obtain a high molecular compound with weight average molecular weight of 1300 and number average molecular weight of 4500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electron-donating compound (I) is organic polymer compound having thiadiazole-containing structural unit of formula (I) or heterocyclic group-containing structural unit of formula (II).Ar1,Ar2=trivalent heterocyclic group;X1=-O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -Si(R3)(R4)-, -N(R5)-, -B(R6)-, -P(R7)- or -P(=O) (R8)-;R3-R8,R50=H, halo, alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, aryl alkylthio, acyl, acyloxy, amide, acid-imide, amino, substituted amino, substituted silyl, substituted silyloxy, substituted silyl thio, substituted silylamino, monovalent heterocyclic group, heterocyclic oxy group, heterocyclic thio group, aryl alkenyl, aryl alkynyl, carboxy or cyano;andR51=6C or more alkyl, 6C or more alkyloxy, 6C or more alkylthio, 6C or more aryl, 6C or more aryloxy, 6C or more arylthio, 7C or more arylalkyl, 7C or more arylalkyloxy, 7C or more aryl alkylthio, 6C or more acyl or 6C or more acyloxy.Preferred Property: The organic photoelectric conversion element has internal quantum yield of 0.05 or more in 300-900 nm of light absorption band region of organic active layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The recycling method adopts an air compulsory circling convective ozone sterilizing box to sterilize the lithium ion battery of the waste cell phone, in step (a). The size standards of the battery are sorted before the battery sequencing and arranging, and the bagging batteries are picked out in step (b). The battery is introduced into a resistance discharging box to release the residual electric energy, in step (c). The circuit board and the plastic bottom cover of the battery are removed before the battery is introduced into the resistance discharging box. The metal shell, the aluminum foil, the copper foil and the plastic film are collected after the battery is dismounted in step (e). The collected copper foil is conducted with the electrode material striping via ultrasonic in step (f). The collected aluminum foil is soaked with an organic solvent, for striping the electrode active material coated on the aluminum foil, where the organic solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone. The ultrasonic generator is an ultrasonic generator of 1800 W with a lateral ultrasonic head. The stripped positive and negative electrode active material is collected, cleaned, separated and dried. The metal cobalt and the lithium are respectively recycled via the wet metallurgy method. The organic electrolyte volatilizing gas is discharged into an active carbon absorbing box via an air discharging pipeline for absorbing, and the purified gas is discharged. The battery is conducted with the ultraviolet radiation sterilizing before step (c). The ultraviolet radiation light has an upper and lower layer. The speed of the battery passing the ultraviolet radiation is 0.1-0.5 m/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation of flexible solar cell comprises: utilizing FTO-PEN conductive plastic is used as a substrate for the working electrode and the counter electrode, in comparison with the conventional FTO conductive glass and a sintering temperature of 128-132 degrees C, where the other technique conditions are the same. The preparation of the carbon nano-tube fibers, comprises: preparing a carbon nano-tube array of silicon/silica/alumina/iron by depositing a layer of nano-thickness film on the silicon sheet by electron-beam evaporation coater by using chemical vapor deposition method, where alumina is located between a silicon sheet and iron as a buffer layer and iron is used as a catalyst, synthesizing a height-orientated carbon nano-tube array on a silicon oxide layer of the substrate, where ethylene is used as a carbon source, argon and hydrogen are used as carrier gases, the ethylene flow rate is 240 sccm, the argon flow rate is 560 sccm, and the hydrogen flow rate is 34 sccm, growing the array in a tubular furnace for 13 minutes and utilizing a rotary micro-probe and the carbon nano-tube array as materials to prepare carbon nano-tube fibers by dry spinning, where the diameters of the carbon nano-tube fibers are regulated by controlling the drawing width of carbon nano-tube belt, which are 2-20 mu m and the rotating speed of the probe is adjusted to 1000-2000 radian/minute to control the twist degrees of the carbon nano-tube fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of insulating layer is 0.5-2.3 mm. The conductor is an annealed soft copper wire or tin-plated annealed copper wire. The thickness of protective sleeve is 0.5-1.5 mm. Preferred Component: The protective sleeve comprises low-smoke halogen-free irradiation crosslinked polyolefin material whose temperature-resistance stage is -40 degrees C to 125 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - All components of the cell switching device except the electrodes and contact sheet are made from insulative plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The device substrate is plastic, quartz, ceramic or preferably glass. The insulation frame is glass with dielectric coefficient of 4-5.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is gaseous phase silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methyl sealing end polydimethylsiloxane has a viscosity of 1500-10000 cps. The combustion retardant assistance can be composite of sesquialter siloxane and organotitanium chelate having a mixing ratio of 3-5:1. The plasticizer is dimethicone has a viscosity of 100-1000 cps and silicone oil has a viscosity of 20-40 cps. The organic filler is silicone resin. The auxiliary agent comprises isopropoxy coupling agent and multifunctional group ester composite. The crosslinking agent is methyltrimethoxy silane or methyl triethoxysilane. The catalyst is tin dialkyl di( beta -diketone), or polyalkyl ester titanate. The solvent is dimethylbenzene or methylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binary acid is a mixture of isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, hexanedioic acid, decanedioic acid or 4,4'-diphenic acid. The dihydric alcohol is 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,4- hexamethylene dimethylolurea, 1,6-hexanediol, diglycol, neopentyl glycol or polyalkylene glycol. The polyatomic alcohol a mixture of glycerol, pentaerythritol or 1,3,5-hexamethylene. The higher fatty acid or alcohol is 9,12,15-octatecatrienoic acid, 6, 9,12-octatecatrienoic acid or 9,12-octatecatrienoic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dihydric alcohol is polyalkylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The mica tape is prepared by: (a) coating the adhesive onto the both faces of the alkali-free glass cloth via blade coating, dip-coating or flame coating manner; (b) gluing the mica paper and the face of the glass cloth which is coated with the adhesive, and gluing the polyimide thin film layer with corona resistance at the other face of the glass cloth to obtain the gluing articles of the mica paper, glass cloth and polyimide thin film layer with corona resistance; and (c) baking the gluing articles of the mica paper, glass cloth and polyimide thin film layer with corona resistance for 5-10 minutes at 90-120 degrees C, and slicing to obtain the mica tape. The preparation process of the hyperbranched polyester resin comprises reacting binary carboxylic acid and triatomic alcohol for 3-8 hours at 150-220 degrees C in microwave reactor under the existence of catalyst p-toluenesulfonic acid; where the binary carboxylic acid is one or combination of terephthalic acid, decanedioic acid, and isophthalic acid; the triatomic alcohol is one or combination of trimethylol propane, glycerol, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC); the molar ratio of the binary carboxylic acid and the triatomic alcohol is 1:1-1.1; and the added mass of the p-toluenesulfonic acid is the 0.5-2.0% of the total mass of the binary carboxylic acid and the triatomic alcohol. Preferred Composition: The mica content in the mica paper is 110-180 g/m2. The epoxy resin is bisphenol A-type epoxy resin or bisphenol F-type epoxy resin with epoxy equivalent weight less than 200 g/mol. The organic solvent is one or mixture of toluene, dimethylbenzene, butanone, acetone, and ethyl acetate. Preferred Parameters: The power of the microwave reactor is 900-1200 Watts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode and the anode are also made of carbon felt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The cathode is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of borax aqueous solution is 1-10 (preferably 2-5)%. The mole ratio of hydroxyl in PVOH to boron in borax is 16-1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The reaction is performed at 20-100 (preferably 30-50) degrees C. Preferred Components: The PVOH has molecular weight of 25000-3x 106 g/mole and alcoholysis degree of 78-99%. The concentration of PVOH aqueous solution is 1-20 (preferably 2-10)%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle size of the zinc oxide quantum dots is 2-6 nm. The granular zinc oxide/silicon dioxide light-emitting composite material emits light in the visible region, and has refractive index of 1.47-1.95. Preferred Process: The transparent composite material is prepared from the granular zinc oxide/silicon dioxide light-emitting composite material with adjustable refractive index and polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode is comprised lithium and the cathode active material is selected from silver vanadium oxide, copper silver vanadium oxide, manganese dioxide, copper vanadium oxide, titanium disulfide, copper oxide, copper sulfide, iron sulfide, iron disulfide and/or fluorinated carbon. The current collector is selected from stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, platinum, gold, aluminum, cobalt nickel alloys, highly alloyed ferritic stainless steel containing molybdenum and chromium, and nickel-, chromium-, and molybdenum-containing alloys. The electrolyte includes a lithium salt selected from LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiSbF6, LiClO4, LiO2, LiAlCl4, LiGaCl4, LiC(SO2CF3)3, LiN(SO2CF3), LiSCN, LiO3SCF3, LiC6F5SO3, LiO2CCF3, LiSO6F, LiB(C6H5)4, and/or LiCF3SO3. The cathode has a configuration selected from: SVO/current collector/CFx/current collector/SVO, SVO/current collector/SVO/CFx/SVO/current collector/SVO, and SVO/current collector/CFx, with the SVO facing the lithium anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first solvent is selected from tetrahydrofuran, methyl acetate, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, dimethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1-ethoxy, 2-methoxyethane, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or dipropyl carbonate. The second solvent is selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, gamma -valerolactone, gamma -butyrolactone, and/or N-methyl-pyrrolidinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluoro-polymer binder material is selected from powdered polytetrafluoroethylene and powdered polyvinylidene fluoride and present at 1-5 wt.% of the cathode mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive oxide is chosen from indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, indium-zinc-tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide-silver-indium tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide-silver-indium zinc oxide, indium-zinc-tin oxide-silver-indium-zinc-tin oxide, and aluminum-zinc oxide-silver-aluminum-zinc oxide. The metal electrode is chosen from lithium fluoride-aluminum layer, calcium-aluminum layer, calcium-silver layer, aluminum, silver, gold and copper. Preferred Properties: The thickness of protective layer, barrier layer and mechanical protective layer is 1-30 nm, 100-500 nm and 1-20 mu m, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic layer is chosen from N,N'-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine, copper phthalocyanine, 4,4',4"-tris(2-naphthylphenylamino)triphenylamine, 1,1-bis-(4-bis(4-tolyl)-aminophenyl)cyclohexene, tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum, bathophenanthroline and bathocuproine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyimide, stainless steel, aluminum, steel, copper and glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound from the class of esters is crown ethers (preferably 12-crown-4) having formula C8H16O4 and molecular weight 176212. The compound from the class of low molecular weight silicon quaternary ammonium salts has the group -N+(=)- Cl-. The composition of additives comprises compounds from the class of esters; and from the class of low molecular weight silicon quaternary ammonium salts. The content of compounds from the class of esters in the composition is 2-98 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The nonaqueous electrolyte is liquid or polymer. The total content of additives in the electrolyte is 5x 10-2 to 1 mass%. Preferred Components: The composition of additives comprises the compounds from the class of esters; and from the class of macromolecular polymer organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts. The compound from the class of macromolecular polymer organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt has the formula (I). The ratio between the low molecular weight silicon quaternary ammonium salt and macromolecular polymer organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt is 1:9 to 9:1.m=degree of polymerization;andn=5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base resin is an acrylic resin, a urethane resin, and an epoxy resin. The outer layer film is made of a nylon, a poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly (butyleneterephthalate) or a poly (butylene naphthalate). The inner layer film is made of a polypropylene, a cast propylene, a poly(ethylene terephthalate), a low-density polyethylene, a high-density polyethylene, or a linear low-density polyethylene. The adhesive layer is made of a urethane resin, an acrylic resin, or a styrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solid catalyst is a Lewis' acid, such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and/or phosphoric acid, or Broensted acid. Solid catalyst is thermoplastic resin and/or inorganic solid which contain sulfonic acid group and/or hydroxide group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Heat processing is at 50-300 degrees C. Preferred Components: Organic solvent is 1-10C alcohol. Organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, alcohol with valency of 2-3, ethylene glycol or triglycerol. Cellulose biomass is rice straw or timber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is aluminum or copper. The alloy is stainless steel. The insulating film is obtained from an insulating inorganic compound or insulating organic compound. The insulating inorganic compound is oxide, nitride or carbide of silicon, aluminum and/or zirconium. The insulating film laminated substrate is support substrate or sealing substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The insulating organic compound is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of indium tin oxide powder in heat ray shielding composition is 7-1.2 weight%. Preferred Properties: The heat ray shielding composition has solar transmittance of 60% or less, visible light transmittance of 85% or more, and haze value of less than 0.5%. Preferred Condition: The co-precipitation process is performed under nitrogen atmosphere containing water vapor, nitrogen atmosphere containing alcohol or nitrogen atmosphere containing ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pattern layer is made of epoxy resin, epoxy melanin, acryl and urethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The upper plate is made of base iron tempered glass and semi-toughened glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hologram pattern is made of epoxy resin, epoxy melanin, acryl resin and urethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron accepting material is chosen from phenyl-(6,6)-C61-methylbutyrate and phenyl-(6,6)-C71-methylbutyrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): No generation preparation given. Preferred Compound: The copolymer (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(III). EXAMPLE - 2,5-Bis-(5-bromo-7,7-dioctyl-7H-3,4-dithia-7-sila-cyclopenta(a)pentalen-2-yl)-thiazolo(5,4-d)thiazole (in mg) (600), 2,5-bis(trimethylstannyl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene (247), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (9.6) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (13) were mixed in anhydrous chlorobenzene (40 mL), heated for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into mixed solution containing methanol (300 mL) and hydrochloric acid (7.5 mL), stirred for 12 hours, brown precipitate was collected via filtration, and purified, to obtain poly((thieno(3,2-b)thiophene)-2,5-diyl-alt-(2,5-bis(4,4'-bis(2-octyl)dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)silole-2,6-diyl))thiazolo(4,4- d)thiazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor material of the substrate consists of silicon, tin, compounds of boron, tellurium, geranium, gallium, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, cadmium telluride, gallium aluminum arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide phosphide, cadmium sulfide, copper indium gallium diselenide, mercury cadmium telluride, copper indium sulfide and copper indium selenide. The conductive material: comprises an element of groups of IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA and VA of block d of the periodic table of the elements; comprises a transition metal consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, technetium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, cobalt, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, rhenium, osmium, iridium and mercury; and is made of a carbon based material consisting of carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerenes and carbon allotropes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material of the substrate comprises polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, polyolefin, polyimide, polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate. The conductive material is made of a conductive polymer consisting of poly(3,4-dioctyloxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate), polyaniline and polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal oxide is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-reflective layer consists of an application layer of mirror ink and/or white pigment, or metal thin film and/or dielectric material thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The light-reflective polyester film contains white pigment, microballoons, and/or micro bubbles. The light-reflective polyester film consists of a light-reflective layer provided on polyester film. The light-reflective layer is bubble-containing resin film, microballoon-containing resin film, and/or microparticle-containing resin film. The polyester of light-reflective polyester film is polyethylene terephthalate. A fine corrugation is provided in the light-reflective surface of the light-reflective polyester film. The colored resin film is colored in white, black or blue. The resin of colored resin is polyester, preferably polyethylene terephthalate. The polyethylene terephthalate has an oligomer content of 0.8 wt.% or less. The films are integrated using an adhesive agent. An adhesive process layer is provided in the light-reflective polyester film. Preferred Properties: The backsheet has a breaking elongation retention of 50% or more and an alternating current surface withstand voltage retention of 50% or more after processing for 3000 hours at 85 degrees C and 85% humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The wet washing process is multistage washing process performed using aqueous medium in two or more tanks. The carbon atom concentration of surface of layer (21) after wet washing, is more than carbon atom concentration before washing by 3% or more. The polyanion component is a polymer having sulfo group. The hydrophilic polymer binder has hydroxyl group in side chain. The hydrophilic polymer binder contains polymer of formula (A). The crosslinking of conductive polymer content layer is based on dehydration reaction of hydroxyl group of polymer (A).X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;andp+m+n=50-100 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The tension (Tc) and tension (Td) applied during manufacture of solid electrolyte film is 0.0001-2 N/mm and 0.001-10 N/mm, respectively. The thickness of film after performing drying and washing process is 0.001-0.1 mm. Preferred Compound: The electrolyte polymer has block (A) having ion exchange group, and block (B) which does not contain ion exchange group. The principal chain of block (A) has ion exchange group having polyarylene structure formed by several directly connected aromatic rings, and further contains ion exchange group directly coupled to the aromatic ring. The block (A) has ion exchange group of formula: -(Ar1)m- (I). The block (B) does not contain ion exchange group, and contains a linear structural unit of formula: -(((Ar2-X)a-Ar3-Y'-((Ar4-X')b-Ar5-Y")c)n)-(Ar2-X)a-Ar3)- (II).m=5 or more;Ar1=1-20C alkyl, 2-20C acyl, 6-20C aryloxy, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl (all optionally substituted), bivalent aromatic group or fluoro;a,b,c=0 or 1;Ar2-Ar5=Ar1 excluding fluoro;X,X'=direct bond or bivalent group;andY',Y"=O or S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The upper electrode is indium-tin oxide film. The electrode further comprises gold, palladium, platinum or silver. The upper plate comprises ceramics or polyphenylene ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The polyarylene copolymer contains structural unit having aromatic structure of formula (III).A,D'=direct bond, or -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -(CF2)l-, -(CH2)l, -C(CF3)2-, -CR', cyclohexylidene, fluorenylidene, -O- and/or -S-;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbyl, aromatic hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl;B'=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;R1-R16=H, fluoro, nitro, nitryl, alkyl in which one or whole portion of H is optionally substituted with fluoro, allyl or aryl;s,t=0-4;andr=0 or 1. Preferred Definitions:    Ar31=59 rings e.g. pyrrole, 2H-pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine and indolizine, or ring of formula (a)-(d).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyarylene copolymer contains structural unit which has aromatic structure of formula (3). The solvent consists of solvent of water and organic solvent in which mixed solvent is poor solvent of proton conducting membrane.A,D=directly bonded or -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -(CF2)l-, -(CH2)l-, -CR'2-, cyclohexylidene group, fluorenylidene group, -O- and -S-;l=1-10;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group and halogenated hydrocarbon group;B=O or S;R1-R16=H, F, NO2, nitrile group or alkyl group by which some or all of H may be fluorine-substituted, allyl group or aryl group;s,t=0-4; andr= greater than or equal to 1.Preferred Parameters: The ion exchange capacity of electrode electrolyte is 0.5-3.5 meq/g. Preferred Definitions:    Ar31=pyrrole, 2H-pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, 3H-indole, indole, 1H-indazole, purine, 4H-quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenothiazine, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indoline, isoindoline, quinuclidine, oxazole, benzoxazole, 1,3,5-triazine, tetrazole, tetrazine, triazole, phenarsazine, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole or compound of formulae (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The part of silanol group on a surface of particles is modified for the silica particles by the alkyl group. The compound material layer of the positive electrode and the negative electrode has a space. Preferred Properties: The etherification rate of the high molecular compound (II) is 95% or more. The volume ratio of the space with respect to the volume of the whole compound-material layer is 5-50 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-woven fabric consists of glass fiber, polypropylene fiber, a polyethylene terephthalate fiber or cellulose fiber. The polymer electrolyte consists of polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate or cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ion-conductive polymer electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate, cyclic sulfonic acid, or cyclic sulfite ester. The mass ratio of vinylene carbonate, cyclic sulfonic acid, or cyclic sulfite ester with respect to total content of high-molecular compound and polymerizable boron compound is 0.1/100-10/100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The etherification rate of the high-molecular compound is 95% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Property: The nonwoven fabric has a fabric weight of 2-65 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus compound in the polyester resin composition is 30-150 ppm, based on phosphorus element conversion. The alkali metal compound is bivalent metal chosen from sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese and cobalt or metallic compound chosen from antimony, titanium and germanium. The alkali metal of alkali metal phosphate is sodium or potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diol component is ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carboxylic terminal group increase amount before and after wet-treating polyester at 155 degrees C under saturated vapor for 4 hours is 70 equivalents/ton or less. The polyester resin composition further contains phosphorus compound (0.01-50 moles/ton), nitrogen component (less than 100 ppm), diol component, and trifunctional or polyfunctional copolymerizing component (0.01-1 mole%). Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of polyester resin composition is 77 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of carboxyl terminal group is 15 equivalent/ton or less, and cyclic trimer content is 0.5 wt.% or less. The molar ratio of alkaline earth metal element and phosphorus element is 0.5-1.5. The phosphorus compound is phosphoric acid or alkali metal salt of phosphoric acid. The carboxyl terminal group increase amount is 40 equivalent/ton or less, measured when composition is heat-processed at 155 degrees C for 4 hours in presence of water vapor. The content of ethylene glycol is 0.3-0.5 mol times with respect to total acid component during esterification. Preferred Properties: The polyethylene terephthalate film layer has plane orientation coefficient of 0.15 or less, intrinsic viscosity of 0.65 or more, elongation retention of 70% or more measured after processing at 125 degrees C and 100% relative humidity for 72 hours, and carboxyl terminal group amount of 20 equivalent/ton or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transmitting elements are made of stainless steel, titanium, nickel and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer agent comprises alcohol (preferably methanol, ethanol, propanediol, and/or glycerol), or alkane which does not dissolve organic molecules. The electron acceptors comprise derivatives of fullerene (preferably 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl(6,6)C61 (PCBM)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron donors comprise polymer (preferably organic conjugated polymer such as polyacetylene, polyisothianaphthene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyfluorene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (a) is the organic amine hydroiodide; the component (a) is the metal iodide; or the component (a) is the imidazolium salt. The organic amine hydroiodide is triethylamine hydroiodide, tripropylamine hydroiodide, tributylamine hydroiodide, tripentylamine hydroiodide, trihexylamine hydroiodide or its mixture. The metal iodide is potassium iodide, lithium iodide, sodium iodide or its mixture. The imidazolium salt is 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide; 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide; 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium iodide; 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium iodide; 1-methyl-3-pentyl-imidazolium iodide; 1-methyl-3-hexylimidazolium iodide; 1-methyl-3-heptylimidazolium iodide; 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium iodide; 1,3-diethylimidazolium iodide; 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide; 1-ethyl-3-butylimidazolium iodide; 1,3-propylimidazolium iodide; 1-propyl-3-butylimidazolium iodide or its mixture. The benzimidazole derivative, the pyridine derivative or its combination is N-methylbenzimidazole, N-butylbenzimidazole, 4-tert-butylpyridine or its mixture. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the polyethylene glycol to the propylene carbonate of the component (e) is 20/8 0 to 40/60; the weight ratio of the polyethylene glycol to the propylene carbonate of the component (e) is 20/80 to 40/60; or the weight ratio of the polyethylene glycol to the propylene carbonate of the component (e) is 20/80 to 40/60. The component (a) is 13.9% by weight; the component (b) is 2.1% by weight; the component (c) is 1% by weight; the component (d) is 7.2% by weight; and the component (e) is 75.8% by weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tank is made of high polymer material, modified high polymer material, enhanced high polymer material, or compound high polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liner is made of high polymer material or reinforcing high polymer material or compound high polymer material. The enhancement layer is made of metal, glass fiber, carbon fiber, chemical fiber, steel fiber, ceramic fiber, natural fiber, plant fiber or fiber composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hollow sphere, the hollow semi-sphere, the separating board, the heat exchange tubes and the sealing board are made of high polymer material, strengthened high polymer material or compound high polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition contains epoxy compound. The polyfunctional isocyanate compound is adduct body of hexamethylene diisocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive metal oxide film has: a carrier concentration of greater than or equal to 9x 1020 1/cm3; a median porosity of greater than or equal to 5%; a transmission of greater than or equal to 75% in the visible spectrum; and an average thickness of less than or equal to 3 mu . The conductive metal oxide film comprises chlorine doped tin oxide, fluorine and chlorine doped tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, cadmium doped tin oxide, titanium doped tin oxide, indium doped tin oxide, aluminum doped tin oxide, niobium doped tin oxide, tantalum doped tin oxide, vanadium doped tin oxide, phosphorus doped tin oxide, zinc doped tin oxide, magnesium doped tin oxide, manganese doped tin oxide, copper doped tin oxide, cobalt doped tin oxide, and/or nickel doped tin oxide. The substrate comprises a material comprising glass (preferred), ceramic, glass ceramic, polymer, plastic, and/or metal. The substrate is planar (preferred), circular, tubular, and/or a fiber. The active photovoltaic medium is in physical contact with the conductive metal oxide film. The active photovoltaic medium comprises: multiple layers; and cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide, amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon, and/or microcrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic device further comprises a counter electrode (18) in physical contact with the active photovoltaic medium and located on an opposite surface of the active photovoltaic medium as the conductive metal oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of polypropylene resin and inorganic filler is 1-20 wt.% and 1-50 wt.%, respectively with respect to total amount of the composition. The hot-melt composition further contains organic particulate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polymerization initiator is aromatic sulfonium salt-type acid generator of formula (III).R5-R7=hydrogen, 1-10C organic group, halo or hydroxy;R8=1-10C alkyl;R9=aryl substituted by aryl or substituent;andX-=counter anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separation layer is an aluminum foil. The adhering layer is made of inorganic materials. The inorganic material is titanium dioxide or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separation layer is polyterephthalic acid glycol ester film. The electric insulation layer is made of polyterephthalic acid glycol ester, ethylene-2,6-naphthalate and polyamide. A cross-linking agent is also used in the encapsulated backboard. The cross-linking agent is 2,5-dimethylhexaneo-2,5-peroxide, methane peroxide or their mixtures. The encapsulated backboard further comprises chemical inhibitor, ultraviolet stabilizer, hydrolytic resistant agent and fire retardant. The chemical inhibitor is Irganox 1010 (RTM: A sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant). The ultraviolet stabilizer is Tinuvin 213 (RTM: Methyl 3-(3-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-5-t-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl) propionate). The hydrolytic resistant agent is Stabaxol I (RTM: An active antihydrolysis agent for polyester polymers). The fire retardant is triphenyl phosphate. The acrylic resin is methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhering layer is made of Kynar (RTM: Resin-based coatings) and acrylic resin. Polyethylene or ethylene vinyl acetate are also used in the encapsulated backboard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plasticizer is chosen from phthalate, benzoate, phosphate, trimellitate, polyester, citrate, adipate and epoxy compound. The content of plasticizer is 0.01-30 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The grommet comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide particles are titanium oxide microparticles or zirconium oxide microparticles. The metal oxide particles are composite particles consisting of titanium oxide and silicon oxide, or zirconia and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic ether group is epoxy group or 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl group. The metal oxide fine particles are surface-modified using a surface-treating agent chosen from triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide, trioctylphosphine, 3-(meth)acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, and/or phenyltrimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition is obtained by mixing a dispersion liquid obtained by dispersing surface-modified metal oxide fine particles in organic solvent(s) chosen from ester, ether, ketone, aromatic hydrocarbon, and amide, preferably methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone, with silsesquioxane, and polymerization initiator or hardener. Preferred Properties: The transparent composite material has a haze of 8% or less as measured by JIS K 7105 and a total visible light transmittance of 90% or more, with respect to a sheet having a thickness of 0.05-1.2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The glass fiber comprises E glass or NE glass, and is in the form of glass textile, glass knitted fabric, or nonwoven glass fabric surface-treated by silane coupling agent or metal chelate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An O-shaped rubber ring is arranged on the piston of the air exhaust barrel for reducing the friction between the piston and the barrel shell of the air exhaust barrel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution is selected from citric acid, oxalic acid or other organic acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye sensitive solar battery is prepared using titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium tetra chloride (TiCl4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (Hcl).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container is made of polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent current-conducting substrate (1) is glass or soft substrate with indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) current-conducting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidant is hydroquinone, 2,6-ditertiary-4-methylphenol, or 2,2'-methylene bis(4-methyl-6-ditertiary phenol); where the antioxidant takes 0.1-0.5% the mass of the active layer. The solvent of the antioxidant active layer is diethyl ether, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylbenzene, trichloromethane, or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes silicon substrate, non-crystal substrate, quartz substrate, multi-crystal ceramic substrate and/or soft plastic substrate. The organic infrared semiconductor includes material having photoelectric response to nearby far infrared ray such as erbium phthalocyanine and gadolinium phthalocyanine, or sandwiched material having photoelectric response to infrared ray such as rare earth phthalocyanine, bimercaptan alkene platinum, graphite alkene and oxidized graphite alkene. The organic ultraviolet semiconductor includes anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, their derivative, or polymer formed using the derivative as monomer. The organic infrared or ultraviolet semiconductor includes doping or doped organic semiconductor material. The low work function electrode includes sodium, silver, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, titanium, cadmium, calcium, potassium, lithium, uranium, indium, cesium, gadolinium, hafnium, lanthanum, manganese, niobium, lead, vanadium, zirconium, and/or single-layer or multi-layer alloy metal. The high work function electrode includes gold, copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, carbon, silicon, palladium, platinum, selenium, indium-tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, iron, iridium, osmium and their composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves dissolving 10-30 wt.% of polyvinyl alcohol in 90-70 wt.% of water. The method further involves adding carbon black (0.1-10 parts weight) to the obtained paste. The carbon black is acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core plate comprises (in parts by wt.) magnesium oxide (4-12), calcium magnesium phosphate (1-8), magnesium sulfate (0.3-1.5), urea-formaldehyde cream (0.1-0.5), flame retardant expandable polystyrene particles (2-10) and water (5-18). The core plate is foam polyurethane, selenolite cotton plate, paper honeycomb or aluminum honeycomb.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The building envelope slab comprises a core plate and steel plates covered on the upper and lower surfaces, preferably lower surface of the core plate. An elliptic hole vertically penetrating the core plate is arranged in the core plate. The upper and lower surfaces of the core plate are stuck with a layer of fiber cloth, which is located between the solar panel and the core plate or between the steel plate and the core plate. The solar panel and the building envelope slab are fixedly connected with a bolt or a hasp.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal belt is made of metallic material selected the group consisting of stainless steel, copper, aluminum, galvanized iron and color steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing materials comprise zinc oxide or cesium carbonate. The materials of the electron blocking layer and the hole transport layer comprise vanadium pentoxide and molybdenum sesquioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The materials of the acceptor comprise related derivatives of fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The materials of the donor comprise poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), polyacetylene, polyisothianaphthene, polythiophene, polypyrrol, polyfluorene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(phenylene vinylene) and/or their derivatives. The materials of the electron blocking layer and the hole transport layer comprise poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene) or poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene):isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An acrylic adhesive compound, butyl rubber-based adhesive compound and ultraviolet curable adhesive compound used as adhesive compound that constitutes the adhesive compound layer. The adhesive sheet further comprises a barrier layer laminated at least one of: on another face side of the substrate layer; and between the substrate layer and the adhesive compound layer, where the barrier layer contains an inorganic substance. The inorganic substance is an inorganic oxide. The inorganic substance is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The controllable infrared protection layer comprises ultraviolet reflector (preferably acetone (AcAc) chelated silane, 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) modified nano-titania sol, methacrylate functionalized silane, and nanoscaled boehmite particles).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer layer with reflective liquid crystals comprises cholesteric liquid crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support structure comprises aluminum, zinc plated steel, stainless steel, painted steel, galvanized steel, or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second passivation layer are made of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal film is made of copper, aluminum, tin or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The end spacer is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The spacer is made from a synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surfaces of incrassate electrode paths are plated with metal film formed of tin, silver, copper, gold or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Profile bodies of the sealing profile are made of ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liner is made of high polymer material or reinforcing high polymer material or compound high polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner bag is made of high polymer material or reinforcing high polymer material or compound high polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The linear is made of a polymer material or enhanced polymer material or compound polymer material. The enhancement layer is made of metal material or glass fiber or carbon fiber or chemical fiber or steel fiber or ceramic fiber or natural fiber or plant fiber or fiber compound material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst consists of a platinum catalyst, a ruthenium catalyst, a palladium catalyst and a rhodium catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen halide is hydrogen bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal porous component comprises expanded metal. The electroconductive agent is Ketchen black (RTM: carbon black). Preferred Properties: The hole diameter of the metal porous component is 0.1-2 mm. The average particle diameter of iron disulfide is 30-40 mu m. The specific surface area of electroconductive agent is 1300 m2/g or less. The porosity of anode is 25-35%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder contains polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The semiconductor oxide layer is titanium dioxide layer. Preferred Composition: The polymer (P') is chosen from polyglycol, polyolefin, polyester, polyamide, polyimide, polystyrene/its copolymer, polyether, polysilicone, polyfluoride, nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene amine, polyvinyl acetate, aramid, polyphenylene sulfide, polymethylmethacrylate, silicone polymer and polytetrafluoroethylene. The content of high-molecular coadsorbent contained with respect to 100 parts weight of titanium oxide semiconductor is 30-50 parts weight. Preferred Property: The high-molecular coadsorbent has particle size of 1-10 nm. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H, methyl, hydroxy, -COOH, phenyl, -CH(-COOH)2 or -CH(-COOH)(-CONH2);and    R2=carboxy, phosphonium group, sulfone group, maleic acid group, succinic acid base, -CH(-COOH)2 or -CH(-COOH)(-CONH2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric material layer consists of titanium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, indium trioxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, fluorinated tin oxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer consists of metal chosen from gold, silver, copper and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The magnitude of space in the surface of organic film is 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The organic photoelectric conversion element is organic solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The conjugated polymer compounds are polyphenylene vinylene, polythiophene, poly fluorene, poly thienylene vinylene, polyacetylene, polyaniline or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The outer shell is made of organic glass material with high light transmittance capabilities such that light energy can be collected into the vacuum layer to heat the outer lining. The outer shell can also be made of borosilicate glass, with excellent collision-resistance performance and excellent mechanical performance, or which uses indium tin oxide film glass material or other transparent materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The body of the slipper is made of soft plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyurethane synthesis catalyst is amine catalyst and/or organic metal catalyst. The amine catalyst is tertiary amine catalyst, preferably N,N,N',N",N'"- pentamethyldiethylenetriamine and/or triethylenediamine. The organic metal catalyst is potassium caprylate, potassium acetate and/or potassium oleate. Preferably, the polyurethane synthesis catalyst contains triethylenediamine and potassium caprylate in a mass ratio of 1:1-2.5:1. The pentane foaming agent is cyclopentane, n-pentane and/or isopentane, preferably mixture of cyclopentane and isopentane, or cyclopentane. The mass ratio of cyclopentane to isopentane is 6:4-8:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The pentane-type composite polyether comprises (in parts mass) polyether glycol 8210H (6-8), polyether glycol SA460 (2-4), foam stabilizer (0.2-0.3), polyurethane synthesis catalyst (0.2-0.35, preferably 0.22-0.3), pentane foaming agent (1-1.3) and deionized water (0.05-0.1). The foam stabilizer is silicone foam stabilizer B8462 and/or L6900.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The selection process of step (i) comprises: (a) charging and discharging the individual batteries for 5-10 cycles according to the same charging and discharging parameter, choosing the individual batteries with a capacity change not greater than 1% within the 5-10 circulations and mutual capacity difference not greater than 2%; (b) completely charging the battery and storing for 5-15 days at 50-80 degrees C for aging; (c) choosing the aged individual batteries with an internal resistance less than 3 milli~o and voltage difference less than 3 mV for assembling. Preferred Components: The individual batteries and the battery units are connected by an arc copper or copper nickel connection sheets and by point welding mode or nut connection mode. The battery module in step (iii) comprises 2-11 battery units connected in series with voltage less than 36 V and further comprises the shell made of polyphenylene sulfide or polytetrafluoroethylene. The battery module adopts two leads to respectively lead out a positive pole and a negative pole of the battery units connected in series. The lead connecting the two battery modules is equipped with an air coupling switch embedded on the insulating plate on the inner upper side of the battery set shell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery set shell is made of stainless steel or aluminum and the insulating plate of the battery set is made of the polyphenylene sulfide or the polytetrafluoroethylene. The selected battery is lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is connected with a lower communicating pipe and an upper communicating pipe. The heat absorbing work medium cavity and the circular loop are filled with black heat absorbing work medium. The upper end of the heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is connected with water storage box. The heat exchanger is heat exchanging plate arranged in the water storage box. The lower end of the heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is connected with the lower communicating pipe. The heat collecting plate further comprises a heat exchanging work medium cavity. The heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is provided with the heat exchanging work medium cavity. The sunward side of the heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is air or vacuum transmission heat insulating layer. The heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is provided with a heat reflecting layer or heat insulating hollow cavity or/and a heat insulating layer. The heat collecting system is formed by multiple heat collecting plates in series or in parallel. The heat absorbing work medium cavity portion is flat plate type structure. The circular loop comprises a pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The hydrophilic solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is pentamethyl divinyltriamine, triethylenediamine, trisphenol, dimethylbenzylamine, dimethylethanolamine, and/or triazine. The foaming agent is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silicone oil is AK8803 foam stabilizer, CGY-5 foam stabilizer, and/or AK8812 foam stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: Each of the sulf light reflecting regions is defined by a reflectivity of at least 92%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: At least one other material includes at least aluminum, silver or a dielectric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one support includes at least one of plastic, cast epoxy, metal, polyethylene or a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A glass-filled polyamide is used as a dielectric thermoresistant material for the housing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio between the compound (I) or (Ia) and the compound (II) is 0.2-5 (preferably 0.9-1.1). The compounds (I), (Ia) and (II) are in solution, in the form of a gel, dispersed in polymeric molten materials, anchored to polymeric matrixes, where the concentration of the compounds (I), (Ia) and (II) is 0.05-10 (preferably 0.1-5) wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1=thienyl group (-C4H3S), a thienylethynyl (-C?=C-C4H3S) or pyridyl (-C5H4N) (all optionally substituted with at least one fluoro);    R' and R'1=phenyl;or    R'X' and R'1X'1=phenylethynyl;    R'aX'a and R'1aX'1a=phenyl (C6H5-), ethynylphenyl (C6H5C?=C-) or styryl (C6H5CH=CH-) (all optionally substituted with at least one fluoro).    The substituent groups R'X' and R'1X'1 are situated on the same benzene ring, or on two different benzene rings, reciprocally arranged in para position.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds are specified as the acene compound i.e. 9,10-diphenyl-anthracene (I') and 9,10-pentafluorophenylanthracene. One compound i.e. 4,7-di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (II') is specified as the benzothiadiazole compound (II).    EXAMPLE - A photoluminescent composition comprising 9,10-diphenyl-anthracene (1.1 wt.%) and 4,7-di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (1.1 wt.%) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of thickness of glass sheet and thickness of resin layer is 0.3-4. The resin layer has elastic modulus of 1 GPa or more at 25 degrees C, and fracture toughness of 1.5 MPa.m1/2 or more at 25 degrees C. The resin in the resin layer has glass transition temperature of 150-350 degrees C. Preferred Process: The resin layer and glass sheet are laminated through an adhesive layer (13,13').
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent substrate further has coupling-agent layer (12,12') directly provided on the inorganic glass and resin layer (B) (13,13') between the inorganic glass and resin layer (A). The resin compound is soluble in solvent containing 50 weight% or more of toluene and/or xylene. The resin compound contains biphenyl group-containing repeating unit of formula (I) or (II), arylene group-containing repeating unit of formula: -(A3-X-A4)- (III) and fluorene-containing repeating unit of formula (IV).R1=1-5C linear or branched alkyl, preferably methyl;R2=2-5C linear or branched alkyl, preferably isobutyl;A1,A2,A5,A6=oxygen, single bond, or -C(=O)-O-;X=6-18C optionally substituted arylene;A3,A4=-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O-, -NH-C(=O)-, -S(=O)2- or -O-, preferably -C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O-, and bonds at para-position or meta position with respect to X;R3=methyl or 6-18C optionally substituted aryl;R4,R5=H or methyl;andB'=4-9C cycloalkane or fluorene (both optionally substituted).The number of A3 and A4 bonded in para-position is 3 times or more with respect to bonding in meta-position. Preferred Property: The transparent substrate has fracture diameter of 50 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is one capable of dissolving both the poly(3-hexylthiophene) and the non-conjugated polymer. The solvent is at least one selected from chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, chlorobenzene-based solvents and bromobenzene-based solvents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-conjugated polymer is amorphous polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The poly(3-hexylthiophene) has a number average molecular weight of 5-15 kDa, and has a polydispersity (weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight) of 1.05-1.17. The polymer structure comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystal domains having cylindrical structures oriented with perpendicular direction to the substrate, or the polymer structure comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystal domains having lower cylindrical structures oriented with perpendicular direction to the substrate and upper nanofibrillar lamella structures oriented with parallel direction to the substrate connecting the lower cylindrical structures with each other, or the polymer structure comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystal domains having structures of laminated nanofibrillar lamella which is oriented with parallel direction to the substrate. Preferred Method: The polymer composition is coated onto the substrate via a solution process that includes at least one process selected from drop-casting, spin-casting, ink-jet and printing processes. The polymer composition is coated onto a substrate having surface energy controlled by coated with a self-assembled monolayer or crosslinkable polymer. The polymer composition coated on the substrate has a thickness of 10-100 (preferably 20-30, especially 30-50) nm, or 50-150 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The amorphous foil strip winding is made of iron-based or cobalt-based amorphous alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A polymerization catalyst chosen from aluminum compound, antimony compound, germanium compound and titanium compound is used for polymerizing the polyester. The catalyst preferably contains 10-200 ppm of germanium compound, 1-30 ppm of titanium compound or 50-400 ppm of antimony compound. Alternately, the polymerization is performed using calcium compound, antimony compound, lithium compound or phosphorus compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition does not contain compound having hydroxyl group and carboxyl group and reactive substituent. The composition contains 10-2000 ppm of hindered phenolic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains more than 90 %mass of polyester. Preferred Properties: The heat-resistant oxidative degradation parameter of the composition is 0.25 or less. The film has apparent specific gravity of 0.7-1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal particles are constituted by a metal that is chosen from a group comprising silver, copper, platinum, palladium, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium and tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photopolymerizable precursor material is chosen from a group comprising bisphenol A diglycidylether, bisphenol F butanediol diglycidil ether, 7-oxabicylco(4.1.0)heptane-3-carboxylate of 7-oxabicylco(4.1.0)heptane-3-ylmethyl and a mixture of bisphenol A and epichloridine. The polymer material is a copolymer obtained from a homogenous mixture of acrylate-based photopolymerizable precursor material such as diacrylate 1,6-hexanediol and methacrylate, and epoxide-based photopolymerizable precursor material that is chosen from a group comprising bisphenol A diglycidylether, 7-oxabicylco(4.1.0)heptane-3-carboxylate of 7-oxabicylco(4.1.0)hept-3-ylmethyl and a mixture of bisphenol A and epichloridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide fine particles and short fiber-like metal oxide contains titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The ratio of anatase phase of titanium oxide to total of rutile phase and anatase phase is 1-0.5, which is measured by X-ray diffraction method. The microcrystal size of anatase phase of short fiber-like metal oxide is 10-300 nm. The plastic film has average light transmittance of 70% or more at wavelength of 400-800 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating resin material is an ethylene acetic acid vinyl-copolymer film or the silane modification olefin resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The screens of sub-roof are made of plastic materials or composite materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic binder comprises particles having a number average particle diameter of 50-3000 nm, where the particles swell in the organic solvent. Preferred Method: The glass paste composition is coated using a screen printing method or a dispenser method. EXAMPLE - Methacrylic resin (1.8 g) having an average particle diameter of 100 nm was obtained by emulsion polymerization and had a de-binding temperature of 390 degrees C. The methacrylic resin, boron trioxide-silicon dioxide-bismuth trioxide-based glass frit (30 g) having a glass transition temperature of 405 degrees C, terpineol (9.2 g), and butylcarbitol acetate (4 g) were mixed and dispersed in a three roll mixer to provide a glass paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plasticizer is phthalic ester, benzoic acid ester, phosphoric ester, trimellitic acid ester, polyester, citric ester, adipic acid ester and/or epoxy compound. The organic binder is cellulose, butyl carbitol and/or terpinol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional ceramic includes chromium oxide with concentration of 5-60 percent of mullite and/or zirconia with concentration of 1-50 percent of mullite and/or holmium oxide with concentration of 0.1-20 percent of mullite and/or iron oxide with concentration of 5-40 percent of mullite and/or lanthanum chromium oxide with concentration of 5-70 percent of mullite and/or cerium oxide with concentration of 0.1-20 percent of mullite and/or yttrium oxide with concentration of 0.1-20 percent of mullite and/or yttrium chromium oxide with concentration of 0.1-20 percent of mullite and/or gadolinium oxide with concentration of 0.1-20 percent of mullite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The embedding material uses a thermoplastic material and duro-plastic material selected from ethylene-vinyl-acetate, thermoplastics polyurethane-elastomer, polyvinyl butane, finely divided dispersion of thermoplastic polymer or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are: a metal, a semiconductor, a magnetic material, a metal chalcogenide and/or a metal oxide; cadmium-sulfur, cadmium-selenium, palladium-sulfur, gold, or cobalt ferrite; or quantum dots, spherical and pseudo-spherical particles, faceted particles, nanorods, nanowires, tetrapods and/or anisotropic particles. The ligand covers the surface of the nanoparticles. The second block of the block copolymer comprises a hydrogen-bond acceptor. The array comprises a 1, 2, or 3 dimensional array. The nanoparticles are arranged in a closed packed structure in the one dimensional array. The second micro-domain forms a matrix that separates many first micro-domains from each other.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The block copolymer comprises polystyrene-block poly-4-vinylpyridine. The bifunctional linking compound comprises a hydrogen-bond donor including hydroxy, amine, and thiol. The bifunctional linking compound comprises a member including 6-20C alkyl and 6-20C haloalkyl. The bifunctional linking compound is 3-n-pentadecylphenol and 4-(4'-octylphenyl)azophenol (both preferred), 5'''-(3,7-dimethyloctyl)-5-(3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propyl)-(2,2';5',2";5",2'") quaterthiophene (4T), 4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecylthio)phenol and (8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-((R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H- cyclopenta(a)phenanthren-3-yl (3-hydroxyphenyl) succinate. The bifunctional linking compound is octadecylphosphonic acid and oleic acid. Preferred Method: The step of annealing the solution comprises a solvent anneal or a thermal anneal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total amount of calcium, magnesium, zinc and barium in polyolefin composition is 300 ppm or less. Preferred Property: The polyolefin composition contains polyolefin having weight average molecular weight of 500000 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The functional group is halogen, hydroxy group, nitro group, optionally substituted alkyl group, optionally substituted alkoxy group, optionally substituted amino group, optionally substituted carbonyl group, optionally substituted amide group and/or optionally substituted aryl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionizing radiation-induced-crosslinked-type resin is ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound, and/or polyolefin-type resin. The resin sealing sheet further comprises ionizing-radiation-integration-type resin in which functional group is coupled with ( alpha )-position of carbon-carbon coupling of principal chain, ionizing radioactive decay-type resin, and 0.01-5 %mass of coupling agent. The ionizing radioactive decay-type resin is polypropylene, polyisobutylene, poly( alpha )-methyl styrene, tetrafluoroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethylglycidyl methacrylate and/or cellulose. The ionizing-radiation-disintegration-type resin (5-80 %mass) is contained in at least one surface layer which contacts the to-be-sealed article of resin sealing sheet. The gel content of the layer which contacts the to-be-sealed product is less than 3 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic film comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride or aluminum oxide. The antireflection film is made of magnesium fluoride, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide or zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal comprises copper nickel alloy, stainless steel alloy, copper zinc alloy or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic solution is dimethyl sulfoxide, polycarbonate, dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foils and the membranes are made of transparent plastic such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), PVC, polyethylene (PE), glass fiber-PTFE or polymer coated material (PCM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back electrode comprises transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The TCO is any one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum (Al) doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium (Ga) doped zinc oxide (GZO), indium (III) oxide (In2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), or Tin dioxide (SnO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The white non-conductive material is an organic polymer material or a non-conductive white paint in which the organic polymer material comprises ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous oxide interconnect dielectric is carbon-doped silicon dioxide. The passivation layer is of silicon nitride (Si3N4) composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is an ethylene propylene copolymer adhesive and sealant, with a microbial inhibitor, high temperature and low light performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The oxygen permeability coefficient from surface (I) to surface (II) is 1x 10-9 cc.cm/cm2.second.cm mercury or less. The ion-exchange capacity of the polymer electrolyte is 3 meq/g or more or 2-3 meq/g. The thickness of polymer electrolyte membrane is 10-40 mu m or 3-12 mu m. Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte is a hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte or an aromatic polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte has a segment having an ion-exchange group, and a segment not having an ion-exchange group. The segment having ion-exchange group has a structure represented of formula: -(-Ar1-Z-Ar2-X-)-, -(-Ar3-Z'-Ar4-X'-Ar5-(-Y'-Ar6-)p-X'-)-, -(-(-Ar7-)q-X"-(-Ar8-)r-X"-)- or -(-Ar9-)-.Ar1-Ar9=aromatic group optionally having aromatic ring in side chain or aromatic ring in principal chain, with at least one of aromatic ring of principal chain or aromatic rings of side chain having ion-exchange group directly coupled to aromatic ring;Z,Z'=CO or SO2;X,X',X"=O or S;Y'=direct bond or -C(-R1)(-R2)-;p=0, 1, or 2;q,r=1, 2 or 3;R1,R2=H, or 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C acyl, 6-20C aryloxy, 1-20C alkoxy, or 6-20C aryl (all optionally substituted);andR1+R2=ring.The polymer electrolyte is a copolymer electrolyte obtained by block copolymerization or graft copolymerization. The polymer electrolyte membrane consists of a micro phase-separation structure having a phase in which concentration of segment having ion-exchange group is higher than the concentration of segment not having ion-exchange group, and a phase in which the concentration of segment not having ion-exchange group is higher than the concentration of the segment having ion-exchange group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive material is metallic film sufficiently thin to exhibit transparency, semiconductor, doped semiconductor, doped carbon film, and/or organic transparent conducting film. The transparent conductive material comprises a transparent conductive oxide chosen from indium-tin oxide and zinc oxide. The nanoparticles are antimony-tin oxide nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, tin oxide nanoparticles, and/or titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The catalyst of photocatalytic water splitting apparatus comprises titania. Preferred Property: The mean pore diameter of nanoparticle matrix is less than 25 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles further comprise a surface which is passivated, modified using surfactants, oxidized, functionalized, and bound and/or coated with a bio-recognition species.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive material comprises a transparent conductive polymer, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The nanoparticles comprise metals, metal oxides, semiconductors, polymers, carbon materials, and/or organics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles (A) further contain lithium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, lead and/or tin, and has specific surface area of 50-300 m2/g and average particle diameter of 0.1-10 mu m. The electrolytic composition further comprises ionic liquid, supporting electrolyte salt, and polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive particles contain metal chosen from bismuth, indium, tin and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flux activator is a compound having hydroxyl group and carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermosetting resin contains epoxy resin and/or (meth)acryl resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coating film is produced by: preparing a polymer solution, providing a reactor, filling the reactor with the polymer solution, filling the reactor with an inert gas, heating the polymer solution in the reactor while intensively stirring the polymer solution, adding a solution of the metal nanoparticles to the polymer solution, carrying out a reaction at 110-250 degrees C, filtering gaseous products of the reaction, extracting the reaction product with a solvent, dehydrating the product, and drying the product to form the coating film. Preferred Components: The dielectric material is glass, polymers, ceramics or glass-ceramics, and the metal of the nanoparticles is a diamagnetic metal. The diamagnetic metal is silver, gold, cobalt or chromium. The metal nanoparticles are spherical. The diamagnetic metal of nanoparticles is silver, and the concentration of silver is 3 wt.%. The number of metal nanoparticles in a cluster is 2-21, preferably 21.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic solar cell comprises, in sequence of their arrangement: a substrate (20); a current take-off electrode (22) placed onto the glass substrate; a positive (p) -type silicon plate (24) placed onto the current take-off electrode; an negative (n) -type silicon plate (26) placed onto the current take-off electrode; and a metal framing (28) with front contacts placed onto the n-type silicon plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic plastic baffle plate is made of nylon plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The components are made from glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sealing sheet further contains 0.01-5 %mass of silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The unbridged layer has gel fraction of less than 3 %mass. Preferred Resin: The resin sealing sheet contains ionizing radiation-induced crosslinking type resin chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate acrylic acid ester copolymer saponified compound and polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin sealing sheet has a low-gel-fraction resin layer having gel fraction of 3 %mass or less. Preferred Composition: The ionizing radiation-induced-crosslinking-type resin is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl-acetate-acrylate copolymer saponified compound and/or polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The radical trapping agent is phenol-type trapping agent, phosphorus trapping agent, sulfur group trapping agent and hindered amine light stabilizer trapping agent. The content of radical trapping agent and organic peroxide is 1-3 %mass and 0.2-1 %mass, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound and ethylene-vinyl acetate acrylic acid ester copolymer saponified compound. The resin layer of low gel fraction is formed as layer contacting with to-be-sealed material. The resin layer of low gel fraction has gel fraction of less than 3 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The silane coupling agent is compound having vinyl group, epoxy group, methacryloxy group and amino group, preferably vinyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The crosslinking type resin is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound, ethylene-vinyl acetate acrylic acid ester copolymer saponified compound and polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The linear low density polyethylene is obtained by polymerization using a single site-type catalyst. The gel fraction of resin layer is 1-70%. The resin layer contains coupling agent (0.01-5 %mass). The resin layer has multilayered structure. The density of surface layer touching to-be-sealed material is 0.88 g/cm3 or more. The surface layer contains adhesive resin (5-50 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin is resin containing olefin-type copolymer with hydroxyl group, modified polyolefin whose terminal is graft modified by acidic functional group, and ethylenic copolymer containing glycidylmethacrylate, preferably ethylenic copolymer containing glycidylmethacrylate. The organic peroxide has half life of 1 hour or less at 130 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The silane coupling agent is compound having vinyl group, epoxy group, methacryloxy group, ethoxy group, methoxy group and/or amino group, preferably methacryloxy group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer contains olefin type copolymer having hydroxyl group. Preferred Properties: The resin contained in resin sealing sheet has gel fraction of 1-65 %mass. The resin layer is crosslinked by ionizing radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The solid object may comprise glass or soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The barrier layer comprises insulative material, oxide, or metal. The solid object may comprise inorganic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The barrier layer comprises organic material. A barrier material comprising a solid object comprising organic material is provided in the opening of the cover glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The barrier layer comprises a strip of double-sided tape (120) and an adhesive. The barrier material comprises a binding material including ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The heating rate during heat-processing is 30-90 degrees C/minute. The maximum temperature is maintained for a time period of less than 60 seconds. The temperature is reduced at 5-80 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ionomer layer for improving the water-vapor barrier property of the reverse surface of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer touching the photoelectric conversion cell, is overlapped and made the sealing side of the ethylene-vinyl acetate layer. The thickness of ionomer layer is 10 mu m or more, which does not exceed the thickness of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment is titanium oxide or carbon black. The addition amount of titanium oxide is 12-400 parts weight and carbon black is 6-115 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polyurethane resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diol contains 70-100 weight% of polycarbonate diol and 30-0 weight% of polyester diol, or 15-70 weight% of polycarbonate diol and 85-30 weight% of polyester diol. The diisocyanate component contains isophorone-diisocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The primer layer has thickness of 0.5-7 mu m. The layer (A) has surface hardness of 50 N/mm2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is inorganic oxide, preferably silicon oxide. The light absorption layer is cerium-indium-gallium-selenium/cerium-indium-gallium layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The rigidity rod-type dianhydride is chosen from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride and their mixture. The rigidity rod-type diamine is chosen from 1,4-diamino benzene, 4,4'-diamino biphenyl, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidene, 1,5-naphthalene diamine, 1,4-naphthalene diamine and their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyimide film contains coupling agent, dispersing agent and/or their mixture. The polyimide film is reinforced in inorganic substance, textile fabric, paper, sheet, scrim or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of urethane prepolymer (A) or (B) in urethane-type prepolymer is 50 %mass or more. The diisocyanate is isophorone diisocyanate. The thickness of primer layer is 0.5-7 mu m. The universal hardness of surface of protective layer is 50 N/mm2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The sheet is a laminated sheet having a surface layer and a back layer at the light-reception side. Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains (in %mass) polvinylidene fluoride (98-50) and acrylic resin (2-50). The surface layer contains polvinylidene fluoride (75-50) and acrylic resin (25-50). The back side contains polvinylidene fluoride (98-75) and acrylic resin (2-25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The cyclic olefin resin has a glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more, and a water-vapor transmission rate of 3 g/m2.day at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity. Layers (A,B) are laminated through an adhesive bond layer. Preferred Components: The polyester resin is polyethylene terephthalate. The adhesive agent comprises maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin resin, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, modified styrene type elastomer, unsaturated polyolefin type soft polymer, ethylene/acrylic ester/maleic acid anhydride ternary copolymer, and/or polyurethane type adhesive resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The highly-transparent plastic and the plastic of the carrier layer are a polymethylmethacrylate or a fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The terpyridine is alkyl-substituted terpyridine. The alkyl-substituted terpyridine is a compound of formula (I). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vinyl compound is acryl monomer and/or methacryl monomer. The fluorescent material is europium complex. The concentration of fluorescent material is 0.00001-1 %mass. The sheet-form resin composition is fixed inside photovoltaic cell or cover glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent in the basic electrolyte is an organic solvent mixture, comprising ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 3:4:3 or 3:5:2. The solvent in the basic electrolyte is an organic solvent mixture comprising ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and polycarbonate in a volume ratio of 3:4:2.5:0.5. The molar concentration of lithium hexafluorophosphate in the organic solvent mixture is 1.15 mol/l. The basic electrolyte further comprises a second solute which is lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide and/or lithium bis(oxalate)borate, and the mass % of the second solute in lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1-5%. The electrolyte of lithium ion battery comprises (in wt.%): biphenyl (1), cyclohexyl benzene (4) and ortho-terphenyl (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The microcontroller unit and the power supply unit are connected with a Global system for mobile communication (GSM) or Code division multiple access (CDMA) communication module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass powder is non-lead glass powder and boron-bismuth-silicon-aluminum metasilicate system composed of 3-8% of boron oxide, 12-15% of silicon dioxide, 45-65% of bismuth oxide, 1-10% of aluminum oxide and 10-30% of zinc oxide. Preferred Component: The additive agent is manganese dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier is a pasting liquid formed by ethyl cellulose in a solvent. The solvent is chosen from terpineol, turpentine, butyl carbitol acetate or dibutyl phthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is molybdenum sheet, titanium sheet, molybdenum-plated glass sheet, titanium-plated glass sheet and transparent conductive oxide-plated glass sheet. The transparent conductive oxide is doped zinc oxide, doped tin oxide and indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol, propylene glycol and/or n-amyl alcohol. The amine is ethidene diamine or diethylamine. The viscosity adjusting agent is cellulose or ethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic polymer is ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, zein, polymethylmethacrylate, Makrolon(RTM: polycarbonate), polyvinyl acetate, polylactic acid, polyvinyl chloride, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, butylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate, polyhydroxyvalerate, and/or polyamide. The roasted fiber film is 1-20 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): (a) urea base-containing 5% of modified epoxy resin coated ammonium nitrate (280-320), (b) urea base-containing 3% of modified epoxy resin coated diammonium phosphate (68-72), (c) urea base-containing 4% of modified epoxy resin coated potassium nitrate (115-125), (d) sulfur base-containing high polymer coated ammonium nitrate (300-340), (e) sulfur base-containing high polymer coated release diammonium phosphate (78-82), and (f) sulfur base-containing high polymer coated release potassium nitrate (105-115). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - The fertilizer is applied by placing in nylon net bags with 2 mm aperture (500-1000 g of the fertilizer per bag), adding a less weight stone in each bag, and uniformly hanging the fertilizer bags on a floating raft, where the distance between the fertilizer bag and the water surface is 50-80 cm. The application rate of the fertilizer is 150-200 kg per 1000 m2 (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first adhesive component is formed of a first conductive adhesive film including a first resin and first conductive particles dispersed in the first resin. The second adhesive component is formed of a second conductive adhesive film including a second resin and second conductive particles dispersed in the second resin. The first conductive adhesive film is the same as the second conductive adhesive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first and second electrodes are a transparent electrode and a metal electrode, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The n-type material includes perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) or its derivative, and the p-type material includes polythiophene or poly(phenylenevinylene) (PPV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The binder is selected form ordinary Portland cement, magnesia cement, pozzolan cement, magnesium chloride binder and copolymer binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat conducting matrix material is made of graphite, powered metal, expanded metal foam, heat conducting plastic and carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The can is nickel plated steel. The negative collector disc is a metal disc coated with a hydrogen evolution resistant material. The hydrogen evolution resistant material comprises at least one of metal, alloy and polymer. The hydrogen evolution resistant material comprises at least one of tin, silver, bismuth, brass, zinc and lead. The hydrogen evolution resistant material is Teflon (RTM: polymeric fluorocarbon). The positive collector disc comprises nickel foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The interspaced back-side contacts comprise a metal from aluminum, silver, copper or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesion promoter comprises an aminosilane compound. The aminosilane compound is Silquest A-1110 (RTM: aminopropyltrimethoxysilane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The casing is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The magnet wire is copper wire. The black side of the vane comprises a material having high thermal conductivity and low specific heat, where the material is selected from carbon black, lamp black powder, blackened powder, diamond, and foils, meshes, or sheets of copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, alloys of nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, brass, or bronze. The white side of the vane comprises a lightweight material having low thermal conductivity and high specific heat, where the lightweight material is cork, wood, rubber, styrofoam, silica fiber or aerogel, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide or aluminum oxide. Preferred Parameter: The vanes are 0.1-10 cm thick. The solar electric generator further comprises an inert gas within the casing, where the gas has a viscosity of 0.000 13-0.0002 Poise, and where the gas is Helium. About 200-300 feet of copper wire are coiled in the depression. About 200-300 feet of copper wire are coiled around the axle. A vacuum of 10-60 microtorr is held within the casing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The good solvent is chosen from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. The poor solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further involves mixing the concentrated dispersion liquid with the poor solvent. Preferred Composition: The content of good solvent in the polyelectrolyte emulsion is 200 ppm or less. Preferred Properties: The membrane filter (51) of cross-flow-filtration device has intermembrane differential pressure of 0.1-1 MPa and molecular weight cut-off of 100-100000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin film contains fluororesin, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polycyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate, polycarbonate, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyolefin type resin, polyvinyl butyral and/or polyimide. The surface modified film and the other resin film are bonded through an adhesive agent (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In forming phosphate ester compounds, the pyridinyl compound is pyridine. The phosphoryl chloride is reacted with diethylene glycol monomethyl ether or triethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Preferred Parameters: The process is performed in a solvent, where the solvent is a polar solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The translucent substrate has transparent glass plate or plastic plate. The translucent conductive layer contains fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, gallium-doped zincate, aluminum-doped zincate or niobium-doped titanium oxide. The porous semiconductor layer contains titania, tungsten trioxide, zinc oxide, niobium pentoxide, tantalum pentoxide, or strontium titanate. The electric charge transport layer contains iodide, cobalt complex, iron complex, copper iodide, copper thiocyanate or copper hole transport material. The catalyst layer of counter electrode consists of platinum, palladium, rhodium, carbon or polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The filler sheet further has resin layer (c) including contains silane-modified resin (10-30 %mass) and non-silane-modified resin. Preferred Properties: The density of silane-modified resin and non-silane-modified resin is 0.910 g/cm3 or less. The gel fraction of silane-modified resin is 30% or less. Preferred Composition: The metal adhesive resin is maleic acid anhydride-modified resin. The silane-modified resin comprises silane-modified copolymer formed by copolymerizing ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polyethylene. The silane-modified resin is polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The etching of both surfaces of aluminum foil is performed by acid degreasing by sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid, or alkaline degreasing by sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating material comprises a resin (10-50 parts mass) having a glass transition temperature of 100 degrees C or less, and inorganic filler (50-90 parts mass) having a thermal conductivity of 5 W/mK or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of binder and form-retaining agent with respect to 100 parts weight of total content of mixture is 25-60 parts weight. The content of heat amount-enhancer with respect to 100 parts weight of the mixture is 15-60 parts weight. The weight ratio of binder to form-retaining agent is 6:4-8:2. The weight ratio of wood scrap to paper scrap is 25:75-75:25. The binder is starch derived from seaweed. The heat amount enhancer is vegetable oil-containing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The form-retaining agent is natural rubber. Preferred Properties: The solid fuel has average size of 10-100 cm3, apparent specific gravity of 0.3-0.6 g/cm3 and emitted-heat amount of 20-30 MJ/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment (I) is preferably of formula (II).R4-R11=H, substituent or -L1=B';L1=bivalent coupling group chosen from alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene;B'=methylene group substituted by heterocyclic acidic nucleus or electron withdrawing group, preferably =C(-CN)-COOH or group of formula (i) or (ii);andR19,R20=aliphatic group, aromatic group or heterocyclic group (all optionally having acidic group).Preferred Condition: The semiconductor fine particle dispersion liquid is heated at 100-250 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electroconductive support is electroconductive polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The sealing material sheet has thickness of 10-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid medium does not have -COO- group, and is chain shaped ether compound, preferably fluorinated chain shaped ether compound of formula: H(CX1X2-CX3X4)n-CH2OCX5X6CX7X8-H (I), or non-fluorinated chain shaped ether compound. H(CF2CF2)n'CH2OCF2CF2H.n=1, 2, 3 or 4;n'=1 or 2;andX1-X8=F or H, at least one being F.The atomic ratio of total fluorine atom with respect to total hydrogen atom is 1 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is polyimide or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The repeating unit of formula (13) is preferably of formula (23), (24) or (25), the repeating unit (15) is preferably of formula (26), (27) or (28) and the repeating unit (17) is preferably of formula (29) or (30), the repeating unit (20) is preferably of formula (31) or (32).R13-R21,R23,R25=1-20C alkyl, 6-30C aryl, 1-50C alkoxy, silyl, amino (all optionally substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, aryl alkoxy, aryl alkylthio, aryl alkenyl, aryl alkynyl, amino (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or monovalent heterocyclyl), silyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or monovalent heterocyclyl), halo, acyl, acyloxy, imine, amide, acid-imide, monovalent heterocyclyl, OH, carboxy (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or monovalent heterocyclyl), cyano, or nitro group);andm9-m32=1 or more. Preferred Definitions:    Y1=-CO2-, -SO3-, -SO2- or -PO32-;and    Ar1-Ar4=phenyl, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrrole, naphthalene, carbazole, pyrimidine, dibenzofuran or 7H-benzo(c)fluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic trimer content in polyester film is 5000 parts/million or less. The polyester film further comprises aluminum and/or its compound and phenol type compound. The light reflection layer is metal foil or metal type thin film layer containing at least one of aluminum and silver. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is chosen from diene system or hydrogenated diene system including polybutadiene, polyisoprene, hydrogenated polybutadiene, and hydrogenated polyisoprene. The polymer has average molecular weight of 500-50000. The elastomer is diene copolymer system. The copolyester has glass transition temperature of -20 degrees C to 90 degrees C. The component (b) is methacrylic acid ester having 2-8C fluoroalkyl ester group. The component (d) is chosen from phenoxyethyl methacrylate, phenoxy diethylene glycol methacrylate, phenoxy tetraethylene glycol methacrylate, phenoxy polyethyleneglycol methacrylate, hexahydrophthalic aminoethyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate. The silane coupling agent has epoxy group and/or methacryl group. The photoinitiator is peroxide. The curable resin composition further comprises reducing agent (f). The curable resin composition further comprises methacrylate other than the components (a) and (b) and silane coupling agent (e). The to-be-adhered body of the composite complex is chosen from fluorine type functional polymer, plastic resin, glass, and metal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymeric composition further contains polymerization initiator, preferably radical polymerization initiator and reducing agent. The radical polymerization initiator is thermal radical polymerization initiator. The composition is a two-component type composition comprising agent (I) containing thermal radical polymerization initiator and an agent (II) containing the reducing agent. Alternately, the polymeric composition contains cation polymeric compound (C-2) chosen from alicyclic epoxy compound (C-2-1) and epoxy compound (C-2-2) having fluorine. The cationic polymerization initiator consists of photocationic polymerization initiator and thermal cationic polymerization initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric compound (C) is water-insoluble and the polymer obtained by polymerizing the compound (C) is water-insoluble.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) further contains 30-800 parts mass of expanded graphite powder with respect to 100 parts mass of polymer. The polymer (S1) is (meth)acrylate polymer (A1). The polymer (S2) is (meth)acrylate polymer (A2). The polymer (S3) is (meth)acrylate polymer (A3). Preferred Property: The layer (B1) and layer (B2) have thickness of 1-1500 mu m. Preferred Processes: The (meth)acrylate polymer (A1) is obtained by polymerizing ( alpha )1-(meth)acrylate monomer in presence of (meth)acrylate polymer (AP1). The (meth)acrylate polymer (A2) is obtained by polymerizing ( alpha )2-(meth)acrylate monomer in presence of (meth)acrylate polymer (AP2). The (meth)acrylate polymer (A3) is obtained by polymerizing ( alpha )3-(meth)acrylate monomer in presence of (meth)acrylate polymer (AP3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electroconductive filler is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer unit is isobornyl methacrylate unit or tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The olefin polymer is ethylene-octene copolymer. The electroconductive polymer film further contains (in %mass) hydrogenated substance of aromatic vinyl conjugated diene block copolymer (20-30), cyclic olefin resin (35-59) and acid-modified polyolefin (3-6) with respect to total amount of monomer units and polymer component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive filler is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer component further contains (in %mass) olefin polymer (50 or less), cyclic olefin resin (60 or less) and acid-modified polyolefin (10 or less). The olefin polymer is ethylene-octene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polyhydric alcohol is trimethylol ethane, and contains elemental phosphorus (300-700 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar element is embedded into an adhesive layer made of thermoplastic polyurethane, and the external layer is made of fiber-reinforced polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diisocyanate component comprises isophorone diisocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of primer layer is 1-7 mu m. The universal hardness of surface of protective layer is 50 N/mm2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer containing perhydropolysilazane and alkoxysilane contains 5-40 mass% of alkoxysilanes and organo polysilazane. The coating composition contains organo polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diisocyanate component comprises isophorone diisocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of primer layer is 0.5-7 mu m. The universal hardness of surface of protective layer is 50 N/mm2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The urethane type prepolymer is obtained by reacting diisocyanate component and diol component comprising polycarbonate diol and/or polyester diol, or acryl diol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-type solvent contains carbonyl group-containing compound of formula (I). The quantity of carbonyl group-containing compound (I) is 1-50 vol.% with respect to 100 vol.% of fluorine-type solvent. The carbonyl group-containing compound (I) is fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoropropylene carbonate and/or difluorobutylene carbonate. The fluorine-type solvent contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide and/or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide.R1-R4=H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl;andX=carbon or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The modified polyolefin-type resin has melting point of 120-170 degrees C measured according to JIS K7121, and is graft-modified with unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride. The modified polyolefin-type resin is modified polypropylene-type resin. The protection sheet has a heat buffer layer between lamination sheet and sealing layer. The buffer layer consists of polyolefin-type resin having melting point of 160 degrees C or more and bending elastic modulus of 500-1500 MPa measured according to JIS K7121. The sealing layer contains ethylene-propylene random copolymer containing ethylene component (1-10 wt.%) graft-modified with unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride, and modified polypropylene-type resin. The total content of unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride is 0.01-20 wt.%. The sealing layer contains propylene-butene ethylene ternary polymer graft-modified with unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride, and modified polypropylene-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyvinyl acetal resin is ethylene-modified polyvinyl acetal resin which is obtained by acetalizing ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Properties: The ethylene-modified polyvinyl acetal resin has ethylene content of 1-20 mol%, saponification degree of 80 mol% or more, and acetalization degree of 40-80 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The organic silicon polymer single wall carbon nanotube composite solution is alternately prepared by mixing diethynyl-substituted silane compound of formula: HCC-(Si(R)2)m-CCH, condensed-ring aromatic compound and single wall carbon nanotube, and subjecting the mixture to condensation polymerization reaction in organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    m=2;    R=3-8C alkyl;and    Ar=bivalent residue of condensed-ring aromatic compound chosen from phenalene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, pyrene, chrysene, picene, perylene and pentaphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The collector component further has sheet-like base material having fiber containing carbon. The catalyst layer (A) and (B) contains platinum or its alloy. The catalyst layer (A) and (B) contains catalyst particles having average particle diameter of 0.1-2 mu m. Preferred Property: The gas permeability (P1) of collector component and gas permeability (P2) of sheet-like base material satisfy relation: P1 greater than or equal to P2x 0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The section of the water flow passage passing out of the solar shell is made of high-temperature resistance high polymer comprising polybutylene, polypropylene, polyethylene with higher temperature resistance, PTFE, epoxy resin, acrylic resin and other heat resistance high polymers. The lower shell board is made of high polymer material such as polybutylene, PVC, polypropylene, glass fiber reinforced plastic resin or heat resistance and weather resistance high polymers. The high-temperature high polymer glue or high polymer material adopted by the heat absorbing board and the water flow passage is epoxy resin, phenolic resin, unsaturated resin, acrylic resin glue, organic silicon resin, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene sulfide and modified materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium dioxide is titanium dioxide nano grain, titanium dioxide nano pipe, titanium dioxide nano rod or titanium dioxide nano wire. Preferred Properties: The number of layers in the static self assembly is 40-200. The thickness of titanium dioxide film is 4-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte is poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, poly-acrylic acid, poly-(4-styrenesulfonate) or poly-propylene ammonia hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microchannels are made of aluminoborosilicate glass, lithium fluoride, glassy compositions containing borosilicate, soda-lime, phosphates, ceramics such as alumina, zirconia, mullite, porcelain, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, aluminum titanate or aluminates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The microchannel is made of sheet of stainless steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, palladium, gold, platinum or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrical semiconductor includes natural fibers, synthetic fibers, phenolite, vulcanized fiber, insulating paper, ribbons, resins, adhesives, ceramic refractory, glass fibers, natural resins or synthetic resins. The microchannel is also made of carbon black, carbon nanotubes with single or multiple walls, conductive polymers, graphite, polyamide resins, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, polyurethane, polyester, hard rubber, paraffin, plastics such as acrylic and polyesters, cellulose, cellulose acetate, p-formaldehyde, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethanes, silicones, polyethylene terephthalate, polychlorotrifluoroethylene derived from quartz, silicon or organic inorganic compounds such as silanes, siloxanes or silicates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The dye layer is N3 (RTM: (cis-di(thiocyanato)-bis(2,2 phi -bipyridyl-4,4 phi -dicarboxylic acid)-ruthenium(II))), N719 (RTM: (cis-bis(isothiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'dicarboxylato)-ruthenium (II) bis-tetrabutylammonium)) or Z907 (RTM: cis-bis(isothiocyanato)(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)(4,4'-di-nonyl-2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor nanocrystal granule is titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin dioxide (SnO2) or strontium titanium oxide (SrTiO3). The transparent conductive base comprises transparent base and conductive layer. The conductive layer is conductive metal oxide comprising tin oxide doped with indium, tin oxide doped with fluorine, tin oxide doped with antimony, zinc oxide, zinc oxide doped with gallium oxide and zinc oxide doped with aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The PV cell layer is a thin film formed of a material selected from copper indium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support pin is made of an engineering plastic material having a high processing temperature of more than 100 degrees C, and where the engineering plastic material is modified polyphenylene ether or modified polyphenylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The module includes an epoxy molding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanowires are formed from one of carbon, copper, nickel, platinum, gold, iron, alloys, stainless steel, lanthanum strontium chromite, current collector materials, electrode materials, catalyst materials, electrolyte filament materials, and mixtures, where the current collector material comprises high temperature metals that are selected from one of gold, copper, stainless steel, nickel alloys, and mixtures. The nanowires comprises metallic components of cathode material that comprise one of rhodium, platinum, silver, alloys, and mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is one of single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, silicon oxide containing dielectric substrates, alumina, sapphire, ceramics, anode materials, cathode materials, current collector materials, and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A straight line parallel to the first inclined face and extended from the first inclined face in a state the first and second inclined faces contact in surface contact intersects the axis of the bending of the second resin body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Parameters: In the photovoltaic module, the lithium ionomer has a haze value of 1.5. The lithium ionomer is formed by neutralizing an acid copolymer of polyethylene with a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate. Preferred Components: The lithium ionomer comprises a 1-9C ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid, where the ester is present from 0-30% by weight, the acid is present from 4-30% by weight, and the acid is neutralized from 5-90% with lithium cations. The lithium ionomer further comprises rare earth ions neutralizing an acid copolymer of polyethylene to cause shifts in the wavelength of ambient light to wavelengths useful for generating electricity in photovoltaic solar cells. The lithium ionomer further comprises butyl acrylate to reduce the flex modulus; and nanoparticles of a higher refractive index material to increase the refractive index of the ionomer. The refractive index material comprises aluminum oxide. Preferred Method: Forming the encapsulant layer further comprises adding rare earth ions to the acid copolymer; neutralizing the acid copolymer with selected rare earth cations or mixtures that cause shifts in the wavelength of ambient light to wavelengths useful for generating electricity in photovoltaic solar cells; adding butyl acrylate to the lithium ionomer to reduce the flex modulus; and adding nanoparticles of a higher refractive index material to the lithium ionomer to increase the refractive index. The refractive index material comprises aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticles are rutile-type titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound is of formula: P(=O)R1(OR2)(OR3) or P(=O)R1R4(OR2). The phosphorus compound has phenol portion in a molecule. The phosphorus compound having phenol portion in a molecule is of formula: P(=O)R5(OR6)(OR7) or P(=O)R5R8(OR6). The polycondensation catalyst is of formula (I).R1,R4=H, 1-50C hydrocarbyl, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy or amino;R2,R3=1-50C hydrocarbyl, H, hydroxy or alkoxy, in which hydrocarbyl group has alicyclic structure and aromatic ring structure;R5=1-50C hydrocarbyl containing phenol portion, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy or amino;R8=1-50C hydrocarbyl containing hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy or amino;R6,R7,R11=1-50C hydrocarbyl containing hydrogen, hydroxy or alkoxy;R9,R10=H or 1-30C hydrocarbyl;R12=1-50C hydrocarbyl containing hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy or carbonyl;l=1 or more;m=0 or 1;and(l+m)=3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester film has apparent specific gravity of 0.7-1.3, and breaking elongation retention half life of 700 hours or more, in heat-retention test at 160 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The polyester layer has thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polythiophene comprises a regular head-to-tail coupled poly(3-substituted thiophene) having a degree of regioregularity of 90% apart from sulfonation, a doped polythiophene, a polythiophene characterized by an acid number of less than or equal to 250 mg KOH/g polymer, and alkylene oxide, alkoxy or alkyl substituent. The polymers or copolymers comprise heteroaryl group or polyarylamine, which is optionally linked through a keto group or a fluorinated alkyleneoxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - The flexible blades of the rotor system are made from fabric such as carbon fiber material or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coefficient of cubical expansion of the fluorine-type ionomer is 20-40% and proton conduction degree of 0.05-0.15 S/cm. The hydrocarbon-type ionomer contains polymer electrolyte. The fluorine-type ionomer contains copolymer containing perfluoro sulfonic acid unit and tetrafluoroethylene unit. The hydrocarbon-type ionomer is obtained using introducing sulfonic acid group and phosphonic acid group into engineering plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A buffer layer provided between photoelectric conversion layer and positive and negative electrodes consists of titanium oxide or lithium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electric field formation area is formed form a material selected from a group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), platinum (Pt), aluminum (Al), and palladium (Pd).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The p-type semiconductors are derived form polythiophene polythiophene and system derivatives and the n-type semiconductor are derived form fullerene and fullerene system derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capillary heat exchanger is made of polypropylene random plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery cell comprises lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic material comprises poly(vinylidene chloride) and/or thermoplastic polyurethanes, and latex. The external coating is composed of poly(vinylidene chloride). The first polymer layer comprises surlyn or polyethylene, and the second polymer layer comprises ethylene vinyl alcohol, poly(vinylidene chloride) or epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic silane compound is of formula (II).R7=methyl or ethyl;R8=allyl optionally substituted by methyl;andn=0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic silica has repeating unit of formula (I).Ar=optionally substituted arylene chosen from phenylene, biphenylylene or naphthylene;L=bivalent aliphatic organic group chosen from ether, thioether, carbonyl, carbonate, amino, amide, urethane and alkylene group, or single bond;andR1-R6=H, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, nitro or cyano.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The rare earth element type oxide is cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The crosslinking agent is chosen from compound having isocyanate group, glycidyl group, carboxyl group or oxazoline group. The phosphorus compound is condensed phosphoric acid or polyphosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The anionic polymer is polycarboxylic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The average particle diameter of catalyst is 2-5 mm. The catalyst further contains phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The specific surface area of the intermediate is 0.4-10 m2/g. The water-soluble lithium salt is at least one comprising lithium nitrate, lithium chloride or lithium hydroxide monohydrate. The ratio carbon (C)/vanadium (V) between the number of moles of (C) contained in the water-soluble organic compound and the number of moles of (V) contained in the vanadium source is adjusted to 0.01-8, where the ratio (C)/(V) is adjusted to 0.1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble organic compound is at least one of sucrose, glucose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, fructooligosaccharides or polyvinyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - A mixed liquid was prepared by adding ammonium metavanadate (4.68 g) as a vanadium source, diammonium hydrogen phosphate (5.28 g) as a phosphate source, and sucrose (1 g) to ion-exchanged water (200 ml). The mixed liquid was heated for 5 hours at 80 degrees C. The heated mixed liquid was dried at 200 degrees C by spray drying, to yield a first residue. The first residue was fired for 16 hours in an argon atmosphere at 450 degrees C, to yield an intermediate. When firing the first residue, the temperature of the argon atmosphere was raised to 450 degrees C in 1 hour. The specific surface area of the intermediate was 1 m2/g. A mixed liquid was prepared by adding ion-exchanged water (100 ml) and lithium nitrate (2.76 g) as a water-soluble lithium salt to the intermediate and stirring them at 25 degrees C. Subsequently, the mixed liquid containing the intermediate, lithium nitrate, and ion-exchanged water was dried at 200 degrees C by spray drying, to yield a powdery second residue. The second residue was fired for 4 hour in the argon atmosphere at 450 degrees C. When firing the second residue, the temperature of the argon atmosphere was raised to 450 degrees C in 4 hours to obtain an active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bottom layer is made of polyimide (PI) and butadiene-styrene copolymer (BS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent encapsulant is a transparent film comprising poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate), poly(ethylene-n-butyl-acetate), polyurethanes, polyethylenes, functionalized polyethylenes, functionalized polypropylenes, acid terpolymers, ethylene methyl-acrylate acrylic acid terpolymer, acid copolymers, ethylene methyl acrylate, ionomers, polyvinylbutyral, poly(ethylene-teraphthalate), polystyrene, cellulose resins, polyacrylamide, polyvinylfluoride and/or poly(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene). The elastomeric film comprises nylon-elastomer dynamically vulcanized alloys, polypropylene-elastomer dynamically vulcanized alloys, natural rubber, polyisoprene rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) rubber, polybutadiene rubber, poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, polysulfide, nitrile rubber, propylene oxide polymers, star-branched butyl rubber and halogenated star-branched butyl rubber, brominated butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, star-branched polyisobutylene rubber, star-branched brominated butyl(polyisobutylene/isoprene copolymer) rubber; poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) and/or halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene), a dynamically vulcanized alloy of a polyamide and a functionalized poly (isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) or a nanocomposite of a layered filler and a functionalized poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide precursor is at least one titanium alkoxide and/or silicon alkoxide. The titanium alkoxide comprises titanium tetra n-butoxide. The silicon alkoxide comprises gamma -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane. At least one inorganic oxide precursor is present in each of the un-solgel precursor compositions at 0.1-20 wt.% relative to the total weight of each of the un-solgel precursor composition. At least one UV curable monomer mixture is present in each of the un-solgel precursor compositions at 10-99 wt.% relative to the total weight of each of the un-solgel precursor composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The exposure to electromagnetic radiation comprises exposure to UV radiation, where the exposure to UV radiation comprises exposing the coating layers to UV radiation for 5-120 seconds. The coated layers are heated at 550-700 degrees C for 1-10 minutes. Preferred Components: At least two of the cured coating layers have different refractive indices after the heating step. At least one UV curable monomer is a UV curable acrylic monomer mixture. EXAMPLE - Stable titania (i.e. titanium dioxide) precursor formulation was prepared by adding titanium tetra n-butoxide (1.5 g), acetic acid (2.5 g), and n-propanol (5 g ) to UVB-370 (RTM: UV curable acrylic monomer mixture) (15 g). This coating formulation was applied within minutes after preparation to 2 soda lime glass substrates by spin coating. The coatings were cured at room temperature by exposure to UV radiation for 30-40 seconds, and then fired at 625 degrees C for 5 minutes to form titania coatings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in parts weight) alcoholic hydroxyl group (0.015-5) with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The melt-flow rate of ethylene-based copolymer contained in outermost resin layer is higher than the melt-flow rate of ethylene-based copolymer contained in resin layer except outermost resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent further contains boric acid ester of formula: B(OR)3 (III) and carbonate.R=methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl or t-butyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion part of ionic liquid is bisfluoro sulfonylamide. The inorganic particles are magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further comprises polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic material is zirconium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic material is aromatic hydrocarbon. The dispersing agent consists of aryl sulfonate. The content of dispersing agent is 0.1-10 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of organic material. The proton-conductive composite electrolyte film is manufactured using a raw material liquid containing nonpolar solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rubber film comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral or polyester. Preferred Properties: The granularity of crystallizing layer is 60-1000 meshes. The rubber film and crystallizing layer has total thickness of 0.1-1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron donor is of formula: S1-(HM1-CM1)n. The electron acceptor is of formula: S2-(HM2-CM2)p.S1=conductive spacer of formula (a) or (b);S2=conductive spacer chosen from groups of formulae: (e)-(h);HM1=electron-donating group of formula (c) or (d);HM2=electron-donating group of formula (i);CM1=crosslinking group;andn=3-10.R=3-10C alkyl;R1,R2=1-10C alkyl;Y'=C, N or Si;X=group chosen from groups of formulae: (l)-(q);m=n;andp=2 or 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filler comprises titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, barium sulfate and/or light calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organopolysiloxane containing fluorine comprises siloxane of formula CH3-SiO(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)15(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)30(C2H4C8F17)(CH3)-(SiO)40(CH3)(C3H6(C2H3(C6H5))20C4H9)-Si(CH3)(CH3)-CH3; CH3-SiO(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)15(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)30(C2H4C8F17)(CH3)-(SiO)40(CH3)(C3H6(C(CH3)C6H5)20C4H9)-Si(CH3)(CH3)-CH3; CH3-SiO(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)20(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)40(C2H4C8F17)(CH3)-(SiO)30(CH3)(C2H4Si(CH3)2(C2H3(C6H5))35-C4H9)-Si(CH3)(CH3)-CH3; CH3-SiO(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)15(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)30(C2H4C8F17)(CH3)-(SiO)40(CH3)(C3H6(C2H3(C6H5))20C4H9)-Si(CH3)(CH3)-CH3; or CH3-SiO(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)10(CH3)(CH3)-(SiO)30(C2H4C8F17)(CH3)-(SiO)20(CH3)(C2H4Si(CH3)2(C(CH3)C6H5CH2)25C4H9)-Si(CH3)(CH3)-CH3. The solvent comprises dimethylbenzene, n-butyl alcohol, butyl acetate, butyl ether acetate, m-xylene hexafluoride and/or chlorobenzene. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of solvent and fluorocarbon resin is 0.8-1.2:1. Preferred Process: Heating is carried out at 50-200 degrees C for 1-30 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorocarbon resin comprises polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, trifluorochloroethylene-alkyl vinyl ether and copolymer vinylidene chloride resin. The crosslinking agent comprises polyester resin, polyisocyanates, amino resin, epoxide resin, urea resin and/or gamma -butyrolactone. The water-resistant layer is 15-30 mu m thick. The base material is polyethylene glycol terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iridium complex comprises iridium III compound(s), preferably bis(1-phenyl-isoquinoline)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III), bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)(acetylacetonato)iridium (III), and/or tris(1-phenyl-isoquinoline)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III). The content of iridium complex is 0.1-1 part weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene copolymer resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic peroxide is dialkyl peroxide and/or alkyl peroxyester. The content of organic peroxide is 0.2-4 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium source is lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizing agent is saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel additive comprises water, emulsifying agent, desulfurizing agent, heat value agent and lubricating agent having a weight ratio of 44:10:5:40:1. The emulsifying agent is formed via mixing industrial cleaning agent 6502 with industrial 12-alkyl betaine at a weight ratio of 2:3. The heat value agent is glycerol having a purity of more than 80%. The lubricating agent is formed via mixing soluble silicon oil with carboxymethyl cellulose sodium at a weight ratio of 1:1. The heavy oil is number 180 heavy oil, blend heavy oil, coal tar or residual oil. The biomass is methanol, ethanol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive active material is a compound of formula LixMO2-zLz (I).M=M'1-kAk;M'=Ni1-a-bMnaCOb;A=dopant comprising an element selected from B, Ca, Zr, S, F, P, Bi, Al, Mg, Zn, Sr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Cr, Ge, or Sn;b=0.1-0.4;k=0-0.050;ora+b=0.65-0.85;L=F, S, and/or P;x=0.95-1.05;z=0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the rechargeable lithium battery, when the battery is thicker than 5 mm, the mixing weight ratio of the first fluoroethylene carbonate additive and the second vinylethylene carbonate additive is 6:1 to 7:1, and when the battery is thinner than 5 mm, the mixing weight ratio of the first fluoroethylene carbonate additive and the second vinylethylene carbonate additive is 3:1 to 4:1. The alkane sultone is a 3-6C alkane sultone (preferably material selected from propane sultone, and/or butane sultone). The electrolyte comprises 0.1-5 parts by weight (pbw) of the third alkane sultone additive based on 100 pbw of the non-aqueous organic solvent; 0.1-10 pbw of the first fluoroethylene carbonate additive based on 100 pbw of the non-aqueous organic solvent; and 0.1-10 pbw of the second vinylethylene carbonate additive based on 100 pbw of the non-aqueous organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal resinate has a structure of formula (Me(XR)n) (I). The metal resinate is rhodium resinate, a zinc resinate or a manganese resinate.Me = metal comprising manganese, titanium, bismuth, zinc, palladium, platinum, zirconia, boron, barium, aluminum, copper, gold, indium, iron, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, silicon, silver or tin;X = -S-, -O(CO)- or -SO3-;R = 1-10C cyclic hydrocarbyl; andn = 1-3. EXAMPLE - A silicon substrate was prepared. On the backside of the substrate, the electrically conducting paste (silver paste) for the solder connection use was coated by screen printing and dried. Aluminum paste for the back electrode was coated by screen printing and dried so that it partly overlapped with the dried silver paste. The drying temperature for each paste was 120 degrees C. The coating was carried out so that after drying, the film thickness of each electrode on the back was 35 mu m for the aluminum paste and 20 mu m for the silver paste. The paste was coated on the light-receiving surface by screen printing and dried. A stainless wire 250 mesh was used as the mesh. The film thickness after firing was 13 mu m. The resulting substrate was subjected to simultaneous firing of the coated pastes in an infrared furnace with a peak temperature of 730 degrees C to obtain the desired solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane comprises a strengthening layer comprising cellulose acetate, where the strengthening layer has a porosity of 85-95%, and average pore size of 0-1 mu m. The electrically conductive nanotubes are: arranged in a mat; orientated with respect to the support layer; carbon nanotubes; single walled nanotubes, double walled nanotubes and/or multiwalled nanotubes; and functionalized with carboxylic acid and/or silver. The support layer comprises a bucky paper and a filter membrane, where the filter membrane comprises pores with an average size of 0.2 mu m, mixed cellulose esters, nylon 66 and/or fluoropore. The water is salt water. The alternating electric current is applied at 20-150 V or 20-10000 Hz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A left side of the housing is provided with a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-sedimentation agent of the auxiliary agent consists of hydrophilic fumed silica, organobentonite, and/or diatomite. The water-soluble rheology control agent of the auxiliary agent consists of ammonium sulfate, terephthalic acid and/or furoic acids. The metal powder consists of silver powder, aluminum powder, silver coated copper powder, and/or silver coated aluminum powder. The non-lead glass powder of the inorganic adhesive comprises boron trioxide, silicon dioxide, and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-soluble polymer consists of cellulose ethers, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), acrylic-methacrylic copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, water-soluble polyurethane resins, starch derivatives and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The cellulose ether consists of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose and/or methylcellulose. The starch derivative consists of sodium carboxymethyl starch, pregelatinized starches, modified hydroxyethyl starches, quaternary ammonium cation starches and/or amphoteric starches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A ratio of a mole number between phosphorus pentasulfide and lithium sulfide in the raw material composition is 11/39-14/36. The sulfide solid state electrolyte material is a sulfide glass, preferably crystallized sulfide glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic polymer is a hydrocarbon-based polymer, preferably styrene-butadiene rubber or a styrene-ethylene-butadiene rubber. EXAMPLE - Lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide powders were mixed using an agate pestle to obtain a raw material composition. The obtained raw material composition (1 g) was introduced into zirconia pot (45 ml) together with ten zirconia balls ( phi 10 mm) and the pot was tightly and completely sealed. The pot was then attached to planetary ball mill device, to perform mechanical milling for 20 hours at 300 rpm to obtain a sulfide solid state electrolyte material. Lithium cobalt dioxide (1040 mg), lithium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide (75:25, 445 mg) and styrene-butadiene rubber were prepared initially. These materials were dispersed in dehydrated heptane (660 mg) to obtain a positive electrode active material layer forming slurry. The solid composition of the positive electrode active material layer forming slurry was lithium cobalt dioxide (69.3 wt.%), lithium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide (75:25, 29.7 wt.%) and styrene-butadiene rubber (1 wt.%). Then, SUS foil (as positive electrode collector) was coated with the slurry (16.1 mg/cm2) and heat treated for 60 minutes at 120 degrees C, to obtain positive electrode active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anodic oxide material consists of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon, or a dielectric material. The first and second conductive layers comprise a material consisting of aluminum, copper, titanium, or a conducting compound such as indium-tin-oxide. The first and second materials comprise a material consisting of a metal oxide, carbon and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate matching layer comprises salts containing anions consisting of sulfate, halides, nitrate, carbonates, phosphates, borates or perchlorate. The barrier layer consisting of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) or lithium fluoride (LiF), is applied between acceptor layer and cathode layer. The cathode layer comprises aluminum. The substrate layer comprises indium thin oxide (ITO) glass, gallium-indium-oxide composite, zinc-indium-oxide composite or nickel oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal grids on supporting substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate matching layer comprises salts containing organic components consisting of sulfonic acid anions, carboxylic acid anions or sulfuric acid anions, with cations consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum and ammonium. The active layer comprises cyanine dyes. The acceptor layer comprises C60 molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive anode layer comprises compounds of poly-3,4-ethylene dioxithiophene doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT : PSS), doped polyaniline, doped polypyrrole, doped polythiophenes, doped poly-p-phenylenes and doped polyvinyl-carbazoles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrical conductive protective device consists of silver, gold, copper, tungsten, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and/or indium-tin-oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dielectric protective layer consists of silicate glass, polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyacrylates, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polymethylmetacrylate, polyvinylchloride, polyacetal resins, cast resin, acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and/or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene or its copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic layers comprise silicon oxide and/or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composite: In the composite (C1), the inorganic layers each are formed by deposition method. The barrier layers comprise at least two inorganic layers and at least two organic layers laminated alternately. The substrate films have a surface roughness of 0.1-1 nm. Preferred Components: The adhesive layer has a thickness of not less than 0.1 mu m to less than 2 mu m. The adhesive layer is adjacent to an inorganic layer of at least one of the gas barrier films. The adhesive layer is adjacent to an inorganic layer of at least one of the gas barrier films; and at least one of the gas barrier films comprises an undercoat layer between the substrate film and the inorganic layer. The two-liquid type polyurethane adhesive comprises an isocyanate compound containing at least two functional groups and a polyurethane polyol. Preferred Sheet: In the sheet (S1), the two-liquid type polyurethane adhesive has a laminate strength of greater than or equal to 1 N/15 mm and does not cause delamination after being placed at 105 degrees C at a relative humidity of 100% for 24 hours. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The electrically conductive support applied with the semiconductor fine particle dispersion liquid is heated at a temperature of 100-250 degrees C. The temperature for heating the electrically conductive support is 120-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The dye (A) is a dye having a structure of formula (A1) to (A4). The content of solids excluding semiconductor fine particles is 0.5% by mass or less based on the total amount of the semiconductor fine particle dispersion liquid. The electrically conductive support is formed of an electrically conductive polymeric material, which is at least one of polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate and polyether imide.LL = divalent linking group comprising alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene; eitherR, R1-R3 = H, aliphatic group, aryl or heterocyclic group linked through a carbon atom; orR1R2 = form ring together with the substituent present on LL;L = methylene; andY1, Y2 = carboxyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 16 compounds (A) is disclosed e.g. (3-carboxymethyl-5-(1-(1-(4-hexyloxy-phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-(2E)-ylidene)-cyano-acetic acid of formula (AA), (1-carboxymethyl-4-(1-(1-(4-decyloxy-phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-3-ethyl-5-oxo-imidazolidin-(2Z)-ylidene)-cyano-acetic acid, (3-carboxymethyl-5-((E)-3-(5-hexyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-prop-2-en-(Z)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-(2E)-ylidene)-cyano-acetic acid, (3-carboxymethyl-5-(1-(1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-6-yl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-(2E)-ylidene)-cyano-acetic acid and (3-carboxymethyl-5-(1-(5-hexyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-2-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-(2E)-ylidene)-cyano-acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic coating is sufficiently hydrophilic to define a contact angle of less than 90 degrees or less than 25 degrees , or 0 degrees along one of the first and second major faces of the first diffusion medium. The porous matrix: comprises an electrically conductive material including at least one carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, foam, carbon or graphite wovens, carbon or graphite nonwovens and/or metallic screens or foams; and defines a thickness of 20-1000 mu m, and the hydrophilic coating has a thickness of 1 nm-1 mu m. The outer surface includes an inner surface portion extending between the first and second major faces, and the coating is disposed on the inner surface portion and extends between the first and second major faces. The first diffusion medium further comprises hydrophobic material, which comprises regions of hydrophobic material. The hydrophobic material coating is disposed along one of the first and second major faces of the first diffusion medium. The hydrophilic coating has portions distributed across a cross section of the first diffusion medium between first and second major faces of the first diffusion medium. The hydrophilic polymeric coating comprises regions of hydrophilic polymeric coating and the first diffusion medium comprises uncoated regions, where the regions of the hydrophilic polymeric coating and the uncoated regions alternate across at least one of first and second major faces of the first diffusion medium. The fuel cell further comprises a hydrophobic coating on at least a second portion of the outer surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic monomer: comprises a glycol acrylate or glycol methacrylate, preferably polyethylene glycol acrylate; and is UV curable. The formulation comprises polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, photoinitiator and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The radiating sheet is made of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high-temperature end insulating heat conducting layer and the low-temperature end insulating heat conducting layer are made of plastics with high heat conducting rate or insulating composite materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The matrix resin is polyimide material formed using addition-type polyimide precursor, which contains phenyl ethynyl group as addition reaction group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The palladium catalyst is palladium acetate. The oxidizing agent is oxygen. Copper acetate (II) is further used during the manufacture of the polythiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thiophene is of formula (II), preferably 3,4-disubstitued thiophene having alkyl group, alkoxy group or dioxy alkylene group bonded in 3-position and 4-position of thiophene structure, more preferably 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polysulfonic acid is polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin hardening agent is aliphatic polyamino compound, alicyclic polyamino compound, aromatic polyamino compound and/or modified polyamino compound, preferably polyoxyalkylene polyamine and/or isophorone diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average particle diameter of organic particulate is 200-1000 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lithium-ion conduction gel contains fluororesin which is selected from copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic device material further contains electron-accepting organic material. The electron-accepting organic material is 70C fullerene compound derivative. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=silicon.    EXAMPLE - 4,7-Dibromo-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (in g) (20) is added in ethanol. Sodium tertahydroborate (37.8) was added, stirred at 0 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain 3,6-dibromocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diamine. 2,3-Diphenyl-5,8-di-thiophen-2-yl-quinoxaline was obtained using 3,6-dibromocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diamine. The obtained 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-di-thiophen-2-yl-quinoxaline (89 mg) and 5,8-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-diphenyl-quinoxaline (60 mg) were dissolved in toluene, and aqueous solution of potassium carbonate and (triphenylphosphine)palladium catalyst were added and stirred at 100 degrees C for 8 hours to obtain electron-donating organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of rutile-type titanium dioxide is 1-30 %mass. The rutile-type titanium dioxide has average particle diameter of 0.1-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photostabilizing agent consists of hindered amine-type compound(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The synthetic resin film contains polypropylene resin film as main component, and photostabilizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer has a molecular weight of 5x 103-5x 106, and when containing other units, contains 0.1-99.9 mol.% of (I). EXAMPLE - Into an autoclave, 2-((2-difluoromethylene-5-(difluoro-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-fluorosulfonyl-ethoxy)-methyl)-4,5-difluoro-(1,3)dioxolan-4-yl)-difluoro-methoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethanesulfonyl fluoride (1.33 g), 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HCFC 225cb) (18.52 g), methanol (5.51 mg) and diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate (0.90 mg) were introduced, followed by cooling with liquid nitrogen and degassing. The inner temperature was increased to 40 degrees C, and tetrafluoroethylene was introduced into the autoclave all at once at the initial stage. The pressure was adjusted to 0.49 MPa, while maintaining the temperature to be constant, polymerization was carried out for 8 hours. The pressure at the completion of polymerization was 0.41 MPaG. The inside of the autoclave was cooled down to stop the polymerization, and the gas inside the system was purged. After diluting the reaction liquid with HCFC 225cb, hexane was added, and a polymer was agglomerated and filtrated. After that, the polymer was stirred in HCFC 225cb, and it was re-agglomerated by hexane. It was dried under reduced pressure over night at 80 degrees C, to give the polymer (0.76 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The outer layer of the solar heat collecting pipe comprises transparent glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A tight jointing section between the sealing cover and the opening end of the solar heat collecting pipe is made of silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is polymer containing oxazoline group or carbodiimide group. The weight ratio of crosslinking agent with respect to polyurethane is 10:90-90:10. The total amount of polyurethane is 50 wt.% or more. The polyester raw material is obtained by carrying out solid state polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quantity of the epoxy group in the adhesive bond layer is 0.01-5 mmol/g. The protective sheet further comprises resin other than epoxy resin which does not have a carboxyl group and polyisocyanate compound. The adhesive bond layer comprises hydroxyl group. The epoxy equivalent of the epoxy resin is 5000 g/eq or less. The ratio of the epoxy resin and the epoxy resin to a total amount with the polyester type resin is 1-50 %mass. The glass transition temperature of the polyester type resin is 20-100 degrees C. The protective sheet further comprises vapor deposition layer containing metal foil, metal oxide, or non-metallic inorganic oxide. The solar cell module further comprises sealing layer containing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer between the surface-protection material and the solar cell element. Preferred Components: The resin is chosen from polyester type resin, acrylic resin and urethane type resin, preferably polyester type resin. The polyisocyanate compound is block forming polyisocyanate compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The primary sealing resin layer is formed using a blend polymer consisting of thermoplastic polyurethane resin having ester polyol unit, and thermoplastic polyurethane resin having ether polyol unit, in mass ratio of 30:70-50:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A composite material mixes cadmium sulfide or cadmium telluride quantum dot material into a silica sol-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The quaternary ammonium molten salt having polymeric group is of formula: ((R1)n1-N+-(R2)n2)X- (I) or (II). The polyimide is obtained by polycondensing acid anhydride of formula (III or IV, preferably IV) and amine compound of formula: NH2-L11(-(R24)m3)-NH2 (V) or NH2-L12(-(R25)m4)(-NH2)-NH2 (VI).R1=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;R2=CH2=CH-L1-L2-L3-;L1=-COO-, -CONR3 or bond;R3=H, alkyl or aryl;L2=alkylene, arylene or aralkylene;L3=bivalent coupling group or bond;n1=1 or 2;n1+n2=4;X=anion containing fluoro;R11,R13=alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group or CH2=CH-L1-L2-L3-;or at least one of R11 and R13=CH2=CH-L1-L2-L3-;R12,R14,R15=H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano or nitro;Q1,Q2=atom group required to form aromatic ring, or bond;R23-R25=alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic group, halo or fluorocarbon;m1=0-4;Q3=atom group required to form aromatic ring optionally having substituent or condensed ring;Z=bivalent or trivalent group;n2,m2=2 or 3;L11=bivalent group;m3=0-5;L12=trivalent group;andm4=0-6.(i) Q1 and Q2 are not bond simultaneously. Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further contains a non-polymerizable ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the UV absorbent mixture, the N-(ethoxyl carboxyphenyl)-N'-methyl-N'-phenyl methyl ether is 60-65%. In the antioxidant mixture, the 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (antioxidant 264) is 20-30%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The formulation comprises (pts.mass) EVA (100), crosslinker (0.5-1.0), antioxidant (0.05-0.2), UV absorbent (0.05-1), light stabilizer (0.05-0.20), gamma -aminopropyl triethoxysilane (0.01-0.20), ethylene acrylic acid and europium copolymer (0.01-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of fine aluminum powder to coarse aluminum powder is 4:6. The glass adhesive phase comprises (mass%) bismuth oxide (Bi2O3, 65-75), silicon dioxide (SiO2, 5-10), boric acid (B2O3, 6-8), aluminum oxide (Al2O3, 0-2), zinc oxide (ZnO, 8-10) and calcium oxide (CaO, 0-2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic carrier comprises ethyl cellulose (3-5), terpineol (30-45), diethylene glycol butyl ether (20-40), diethylene glycol-butyl acetate (10-20) and lecithin (0.2-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method comprises roller coating, shower coating, spray coating, printing by silk screen, infusing pulling method, spinning, or flow coating for coating film liquid on the textured surface of the low-iron ultra-white figured glass base; drying the surface; and heating for pre-curing and tempering sequentially.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytically active metal is platinum-nickel, platinum-iron, platinum-chromium, platinum-vanadium, platinum-titanium, platinum-copper, platinum-palladium, platinum-ruthenium, palladium-nickel, palladium-iron, palladium-chromium, palladium-titanium, palladium-copper and palladium-ruthenium. The metal is titanium, tin, silicon, tungsten, molybdenum, zinc, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, chromium and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pigment is rutil, anatase, barium sulfate or zinc sulfide. The carrier material of the first reflector layer is produced by sol-gel-process from hydrolyzed- and polycondensable silicon- and/or silicon-organic-compound and if necessary hydrolyzed- and polycondensable titanium-, zirconium-, aluminum-, zinc-, magnesium-, calcium-, cerium-, samarium-, gadolinium-, lanthanum-, boron-, yttrium- and/or tin compound. The silicon- and/or silicon-organic-compound is photochemical or thermopolymerisable. The nanoparticle comprises oxides such as zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide, calcium-oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide, magnesium-oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide, cerium-oxide stabilized zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, pyrochlore of zirconium/titanium/hafnium/niobium such as samarium-titanium-oxide (SnTi2O7), lanthanum-zirconium oxide (LaZr2O7), cerium-titanium-oxide (CeTi2O7), cerium oxide (CeO2), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), lanthanum-hafnium-oxide (LaHf2O7), gadolinium-doped cerium oxide, hafnium oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, antimony-doped zinc oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide in the form of rutil and/or anatase. The absorber layer comprises amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, recrystallized amorphous, poly- or monocrystalline silicon, cadmium, tellurium, indium, gallium or sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The color layer consists of acrylate, methacrylate, epoxides, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, water glass, polyurethane and/or polysiloxane as carrier material. One of the reflector layers comprises ethylene vinyl acetate film, a polyvinyl fluoride film or riphenyltriazine-multilayer laminate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sheet comprises phosphorus-based flame retardant. Preferred Component: The thickness of the layer is 50% or more. The solar cell module comprises junction box adhered on one surface of the sheet. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymerization degree of polyvinyl acetal resin is 400-3500. The thickness of the sheet is 0.1-5 mm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polysaccharide with respect to porous semiconductor particles is 0.1-20 weight%. The polysaccharide is chitin, chitosan or its derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Carbon black has a particle diameter of 1-4 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The printing layer comprises epoxy resin, vinyl resin, phenol-derived resin, melamine resin, polyimide resin, polyester resin, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyether urethane type resin as binder. The content of binder is 5-20 wt.%. The printing layer further contains pigment, slipping agent, and/or fragrant microcapsules. The base film layer has a thickness of 5-30 mu m. The cell packaging further consists of a hard coating layer comprising urethane acrylate oligomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant material is arsenic, antimony, iron, aluminum and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier layer contains oxide, nitride or oxynitride of silicon, titanium, tin, zinc, aluminum, indium and/or magnesium, preferably silicon oxide of formula: SiOx.x=1-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curing catalyst contains iron acetylacetonate, zinc acetylacetonate, aluminum acetylacetonate, tin tetrachloride, titanium diisopropoxy bisacetylacetonate or dihydroxy titanium bislactate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A curing catalyst is added to polymeric resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The weather-resistance film is selected from polyolefin-type film, polyester film, urethane type polymer film, and composite film containing acrylic type polymer and urethane polymer. The adhesive layer comprises an acrylic adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modified group of polyvinyl alcohol, is acetyl group, oxyalkylene group of formula: -(AO)n-X (I), amine group, imine group or quaternary ammonium group.AO=oxyethylene, oxypropylene, oxybutylene or oxytetramethylene;X=H, alkyl, alkyl ester, alkyl amide, or their salt;andn=1-50.Preferred Process: Water as solvent, and aqueous solution containing alkali metal salt and polyvinyl alcohol whose modified groups are substituted by hydroxyl group, are subjected to acid neutralization process, and water is removed to obtain solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nano diamond has average particle diameter of 4.8 plus minus 0.7 nm and is obtained by detonation method. Preferred Layers: The conductive substrate is an indium-tin oxide glass substrate. The layer (D) is an aluminum electrode layer. Preferred Property: The layer (B) has thickness of 100-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The hydrophilic group is chosen from carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and phosphoric acid group. Preferred Compounds: The metal phthalocyanine having hydrophilic group is of formula (I). The fullerene is C60 fullerene.M1=iron, cobalt, zinc, lead or tin, preferably cobalt.Preferred Method: The layer (B) is formed by coating a liquid mixture containing components (a and b) and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The layer (A) is an electroconductive polymer layer formed using poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The adhesion sealing material is stuck at the edge of solar-cell panel so that the front-side adhesive layer contacts the edge of panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The storage shear modulus of the front-side adhesive layer at room temperature is 20 N/cm2 or more. The back surface of the front-side adhesive layer is laminated with a back-side adhesive layer (2) formed using a composition different from that used for forming the front-side adhesive layer. The adhesion sealing material has a water-vapor transmission rate of 0.1-10 g/m2.24 hours at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity as measured by JIS Z0208. Preferred Composition: The back-side adhesive layer is formed using a rubber-based adhesive agent composition, preferably butyl rubber type adhesive composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The silicon thin film layer has thickness of 2-10 nm and consists of amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (B) is of formula (III).R18=2-5C (un)saturated alkylene;andp=1-100. Preferred Definitions:    X=group of formula (i);    k=0-5;    Y'=-SO3-, -SO2N-SO2R22, -N+(-R9)(-R10)(-R11) or group of formula (ii);    R22=1-12C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by halo;    R9-R11=1-12C alkyl;    R12-R15=H or 1-12C alkyl;and    R6-R8=ethylene, methyl ethylene or trimethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The photoelectric device comprises quantum dot photocells for absorbing light within an ultraviolet wavelength range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The light-emitting polymer composition further comprises a tritium carrier bonded with the tritium, and the tritium carrier is divinyltetraphenyldisiloxane. Preferred Components: The concentration of the wavelength-shifter in the polysiloxane polymer is approximately 0.015 g/g. The wavelength shifter is chemically bonded to the siloxane carrier, and the siloxane polymer and the siloxane carrier each comprise phenyl groups. The wavelength-shifter is: 1-phenyl-3-mesityl-2-pyrazoline; and 3-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole. The wavelength-shifter is chemically bonded to the polysiloxane polymer to form diphenyl-silane compounds of formula (I). The polysiloxane polymer is a polyphenylsiloxane. The wavelength-shifter is chemically bonded to the siloxane carrier to form diphenyl-silane compounds of formulae (II) and (III).m, n = greater than or equal to 1; andWS = wave-length shifter. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver paste is a fine spherical conductive silver paste of grain size 0.2-2 mu . The glass adhesive is a bismuth-silicon glass system, comprising (in wt.%): bismuth oxide (65-85), silicon dioxide (5-20), aluminum oxide (1-5) and an additive (5-10), which is phosphorus pentachloride or eighth group metal halides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier comprises an organic solvent and an organic additive. The organic solvent is terpineol, turpentine and/or ether. The organic additive is castor oil, ethyl cellulose, dibutyl phthalate, acrylic resin and/or polybutenyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is titanium dioxide, mica powder, talc powder, or quartz powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent comprises butyl acetate, butyl cellosolve, glycol, and phthalate at a weight ratio of (5-8):(10-13):(3-6): 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The weight ratio of the blocked isocyanate to amino resin is 1:(1-2). The fluoroolefin-vinyl ether copolymer is trifluoroethylene-vinyl ether copolymer and/or tetrafluoroethylene-vinyl ether copolymer. The additive comprises a delusterant and a dispersant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent plastic layer is a transparent high-molecule plastic layer, epoxy resin layer and a polyacrylic resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphite powder is graphite powder with a fineness of 1000 meshes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyalcohol is pentaerythritol or trihydroxy-methylaminomethane, and has a diameter distribution of 1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyvinyl alcohol is analytically pure; where the degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol is 1600-1900. The basic ion liquid is the hydroxide 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole or hydroxide allyl-3-methylimidazole. The mass ratio of the basic ion liquid to the polyvinyl alcohol is 0.5-2.5:1. Preferred Method: The coating and filming method is the casting method or curtain coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The first and second fluoroplastic weather-proof layers are fluoroplastic alloy layer containing acrylic acid segment. The first and second fluoroplastic weather-proof layers are 1-40 mu m thick. The first and second fluoroplastic weather-proof layers are alloy layers formed by polymer layer containing olefine acid or lipid or polymer containing acrylic acid or lipid, and fluoroplastics containing polyvinylidene fluoride group. The first and second transition layers are 1-60 mu m thick. The first and second adhesive layers are adhesive resin layers. The adhesive resin is copolymer of ethylene and polar resin. The copolymer of ethylene and polar resin comprises one or more of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, anhydride modified linear low-density polyethylene, anhydride modified high-density polyethylene, ethylene and methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene and acrylic acid or ester copolymer, and copolymer of ethylene and butadienerubber or anhydride cis-butadiene. The first and second adhesive layers are 1-50 mu m thick. The structure enhancing layer is polyester layer. The polyester layer is polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The structure enhancing layer is 40-400 mu m thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (A), the basic catalyst is ammonia aqueous solution, triethanolamine, or diethanolamine, and alcohol organic solvent is anhydrous ethanol, anhydrous methanol, or isopropanol. The acidic catalyst is acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or nitric acid. The stabilizer is ethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolamine. In step (F), the volume of metal alkoxide or metal salt added into solution B with adjusted pH is 1/6-1/3 of silanol salt in the step (A). The environment-friendly solvent is anhydrous ethanol, anhydrous methanol, isopropanol, acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF), alcohol ether, and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In step (C), the volume of inhibitor and dispersant added into solution A with adjusted pH is 0.1-1% of the volume of the mixed solution A. The inhibitor in step (C) is polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol. The dispersant is carboxymethyl starch or propanetriol. In step (D), the inhibitor is acetylacetone, glacial acetic acid, DMF, polyethylene glycol, hydrogen peroxide, triethanolamine, or propanetriol. The reinforcing treatment includes curing treatment, toughening treatment, or firstly performing the curing treatment and then the toughening treatment. The curing treatment temperature is 50-250 degrees C; and the curing treatment time is 2-10 minutes. The toughening treatment temperature is 500-700 degrees C; and the toughening time is 2-10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Board: The printed circuit board further comprises a cover layer that is electrically conductive and resistant to acids, and is formed to cover a surface of the conductor layer, where the cover layer includes a resin composition containing carbon, and is made of a metal material that is resistant to acids; cover insulating layer that covers an interface between the insulating layer and the cover layer. In the printed circuit board, the conductor layer includes first and second collector portions, and first and second electrode portions extending from the first and second collector portions, respectively, and the insulating layer and the conductor layer are bent at a portion between the first and second collector portions such that the conductor layer is positioned on an inner side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The liquid crystal polymer has a molecular structure of formula (I) or (II). (Structure (II), EP2302986A1-002skc)molar ratio (c/(c+d+e))= not less than 0.5 to not greater than 0.8;molar ratio (d/(c+d+e))= not less than 0.01 to not greater than 0.49;molar ratio (e/(c+d+e))= not less than 0.01 to not greater than 0.49;molar ratio (a/(a+b))= not less than 0.5 to not greater than 0.8;molar ratio (b/(a+b))= not less than 0.2 to not greater than 0.5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coloring agent is selected from C.I 31600, C.I Direct Black 80, Diazophenyl Black BW and Phenazo Black OB, soots, iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin glass is glued to the supporting layer by an adhesive that is selected between categories of modified silyl polymers and epoxy-resin-based films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The layers (A and C) have density of 0.93 g/cm3. The layer (B) has density of 0.93 g/cm3 or less. Preferred Composition: The layers (A and/or C) further contain 0.1-5 parts weight of particles having average particle diameter of 1-5 mu m with respect to 100 parts weight of resin components of layer (A) and/or 100 parts weight of resin components of layer (C). The layer (B) further contains rutile-type titanium oxide particles (5-30 parts weight) coated with inorganic oxide having average particle diameter of 0.2-0.5 mu m, with respect to 100 parts weight of resin components of layer (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin component has maximum particle diameter of 1 mu m or less and half value width of maximum peak particle size distribution of 0.25-0.5 mu m. The resin component comprises silica and filler in weight ratio of 3-97:3-97, where the silica is spherical in shape. The filler is chosen from titanium oxide, aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. The amount of silica is 10-20 wt.%. The resin component further comprises UV curable resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermotropic liquid crystal polymer film has water absorption rate of 0.1% or less, when the thermotropic liquid crystal polymer film is immersed in water. The thermotropic liquid crystal polymer film has thickness of 50 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The thermotropic liquid crystal polymer film contains polycondensate of 4,4-dihydroxy biphenol of formula (I) and parahydroxy benzoic acid, or polycondensate of 2,6-hydroxy naphthoic acid of formula (II) and parahydroxy benzoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is silica, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, alumina or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The block copolymer film is polystyrene-polyvinyl pyridine copolymer film, polystyrene methyl methacrylate copolymer film, polystyrene-(tert-butyl acrylate) copolymer film, polyisoprene-ethylene oxide copolymer film, polystyrene-polylactide copolymer film, polycyclohexyl ethylene-poly(lactide co-glycolide) copolymer film or polymethyl styrene-polyhydroxystyrene copolymer film, preferably polystyrene-polyvinyl pyridine copolymer film. The electrode (A) is optically permeable conductive polymer membrane or optically permeable conductive oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chromogenic material comprises thermochromic material including iron oxide, vanadium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, niobium oxide, or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is butyl Carbitol (RTM: Diethylene glycol butyl ether), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monomethylether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, petroleum ether, turpentine or terpinol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is BYK-110 (RTM: Solution of a copolymer with acidic groups) or BYK-111 (RTM: Copolymer with acidic groups). The de-foaming agent is BYK-066 (RTM: Solution of foam destroying polysiloxanes). The setting agent is MT 6900-20X (RTM: Modified paste polyamide thixotropic additive). Preferred Method: The reaction kettle is placed in an oil bath, and the stirring speed is 100-150 rotations per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickness of the aluminum corrosion foil is 20-60 mu and the corrosive depth is 5-20 mu .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode dispersing agent is de-ionized water, alcohol or N-methyl pyrrolidone. The negative electrode dispersing agent is de-ionized water. The precursor of the electrolyte, which is the electrolyte before heating and polymerizing, comprises (in wt.%): lithium hexafluorophosphate (12-15), methyl-carbonate (4-15), methyl ethyl carbonate (35-50), ethylene carbonate (15-25), methyl methacrylate (3-10), butyl acrylate (1-5), polyvinylidene fluoride (1-5), tetra(polyethyleneglycol) methacrylate (1-5) and an initiator (0.01-2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The positive electrode bonding agent is polyvinylidene fluoride, butadiene styrene rubber and/or sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The negative electrode bonding agent is acrylic ester rubber and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) or (II) is prepared by reacting 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)-9,9-dialkylfluorene and 4,7-bis(5-bromothienyl-2-yl)-6,7-dialkyl-(1,2,5)-dithiazolo-(3,4,g)quinoxaline at 100-120 degrees C for 24-48 hours in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. Preferred Component: The 4,9-bis(5-bromothienyl-2-yl)-6,7-dialkyl-(1,2,5)dithiazolo-(3,4,g)quinoxaline is prepared by mixing thionyl chloride, pyridine solution and o-phenylenediamine; heating; adding hydrobromic acid; reflux heating; dipping slowly liquid bromine to obtain solution; adding slowly 4,7-dibromobenzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazole into mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to obtain solution B; mixing solution A, solution B and toluene; heating at 100-120 degrees C for 24-48 hours in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium; adding glacial acetic acid and iron powder; heating at 80; adding glacial acetic acid and diketone; stirring at room temperature; adding bromo-butanimide, trichloromethane and glacial acetic acid; and stirring at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the solar battery back field aluminum slurry, the glass composition comprises 65-75% of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), 5-10% of silicon dioxide (SiO2), 6-8% of boron oxide (B2O3), 0-2% of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 8-10% of zinc oxide (ZnO), 0-2% of calcium oxide (CaO), and 0-2% of modified additive. The modified additive comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and calcium fluoride (CaF).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic carrier composition for solar battery back field aluminum slurry also comprises an auxiliary carrier; where the main carrier and the auxiliary carrier are mixed according to mass ratio of 2:1 to 10:1; and the auxiliary carrier comprises 70-80% of terpineol, 15-20% of ethyl cellulose, and 1-5% of rosin. Preferably, the auxiliary carrier comprises 80% of terpineol, 18% of ethyl cellulose, and 2% of rosin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of peroxide contained in the composition is 7-16 mass%. The peroxide is tert-butyl 2-ethylperhexanoate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylenic monomer bearing a polar function comprises 3-20C, preferably 4-8C. The ethylenic monomer is vinyl acetate and (meth)acrylate of methyl, ethyl or butyl. The copolymer comprises 10-60 (preferably 25-45) wt.% of ethylene monomer bearing the polar function. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of (in parts by weight): copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate (1000); crosslinking agent (0.5); silane (2); n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate (0.47) and tert-butylperoxide-2-ethylhexanoate (0.03).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The annular-shaped sealing element is made of elastic material, particularly ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The porous inorganic fine particles have mean pore diameter in meso region. The specific surface area of porous inorganic fine particles is 400-800 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte contains polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particle content (Wa1) in P1 layer is 0.1-5 %mass. The amount of the hydrolysis-proof agent (Wb1) in P1 layer is 0.01-1 %mass. The ratio of thickness (T1) of P1 layer and thickness (T2) of P2 layer (T1/T2) is 2-15 mu m. The hydrolysis-proof agent in P1 layer and P2 layer is polycarbodiimide type compound. The solar cell backsheet comprises the polyester film in the outer portion. The outer layer of backsheet is P2 layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous complex oxide contains nickel (5-30 weight%, based on conversion of metal including nickel), and aluminum (15-45 weight%). The ratio of nickel contained as metal is 40-75 weight% with respect to nickel content. The porous catalyst component further contains element chosen from alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal element, rare-earth element and precious metal element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material contains fluororesin, and has refractive index of 1.3-1.65.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin part and protrusion are formed of one of polyamide and polyurethane. The bottom case is formed of one of polycarbonate and/or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfide solid state electrolyte material is sulfide glass or crystallized sulfide glass. It contains lithium sulfide (Li2S) and silicon sulfide (SiS2), germanium sulfide (GeS2), aluminum sulfide (Al2S3), or preferably phosphorus pentoxide (P2S5). A ratio of a mole number of P2S5 to a mole number of Li2S in the sulfide solid state electrolyte material is not less than 11/39 and not greater than 14/36.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The substrate is rigid, and is formed from metal, ceramic, or glass material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The material forming the electrode film includes titanium dioxide and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The substrate is flexible, and is formed from polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali used in manufacturing process is selected from sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alcohol used in manufacturing process is selected from absolute ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and normal propyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer (16) contains baked product of hydroxylate of alkoxy silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The layers (18,20) contain microparticles or thermal decomposition type resin. Preferred Property: The article has minimum reflectance of light of 1% or less at 400-1100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste composition contains phosphorus-containing dispersing agent in an amount of 0.1-10 wt.%. The paste composition includes (wt.%): a metal powder (60-95), a glass frit (0.3-15) and an organic vehicle (4-39), and the organic vehicle includes the phosphorus-containing dispersing agent. The composition further comprises an additive (0.1-10), where the additive includes the phosphorus-containing dispersing agent. Preferred Components: The phosphorus-containing dispersing agent includes at least one selected from an amphiphilic polymeric dispersing agent, an acidic polymeric dispersing agent, a basic polymeric dispersing agent, a neutral polymeric dispersing agent, a cationic dispersing agent, and an anionic dispersing agent. The phosphorus-containing dispersing agent includes phosphoric ester salt having a metal-affinitive group. The metal powder includes a silver powder or an aluminum powder. EXAMPLE - A paste composition was prepared by mixing metal powder (80 g) with glass frit (5 g), organic vehicle (15 g), and phosphorus-containing dispersing agent (1 g). Silver powder was used as the metal powder, and the glass frit was PbO-Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-SiO2. The organic vehicle was prepared by adding polymer (10 wt.%), which was prepared by mixing two types of ethyl cellulous having molecular weights different from each other in a ratio of 3: 1, to 90 wt.% of solution, which was prepared by mixing butylcarbitolacetate with terpineol in a ratio of 50:50. The amphiphilic polymeric dispersing agent was used as the phosphorus-containing dispersing agent. Phosphoric ester salt of copolymer having a high molecular weight with a metal-affinitive group was used as the amphiphilic polymeric dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A heat-electric conversion cell is disposed between the substrate and the Group III-V semiconductor solar cell. A long wavelength solar cell is disposed between the substrate and the group III-V semiconductor solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, gold or their alloys. The group III-V semiconductor solar cell is made of gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, aluminum gallium phosphide, gallium indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide phosphide, indium gallium arsenide phosphide, and/or aluminum gallium indium arsenide phosphide. The group III-V semiconductor solar cell may be made of gallium nitride, indium nitride, gallium aluminide, aluminum gallium nitride, aluminum indium nitride, and/or aluminum indium gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The two Fresnel lenses are made of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light incidence surface is made of crystalline silicon or transparent conductive oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filler contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer having vinyl acetate content of 23-38 %mass and metallocene-type linear low density polyethylene having density of 0.87-0.89 g/cm3. A heat-resistant non-expanding base material having thermal contraction rate of 1.5% or less at 150 degrees C is provided on laminating surface side of back sheet. The curvature amount of back surface integrated sheet is 30 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer having one hydroxyl group and two halogen groups is 3,5-bis(8'-bromo-3',6'-dioxaoctyloxy)benzyl alcohol. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis( trifluoromethane sulfone)imide and lithium salt (LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2). The molar ratio of lithium and oxygen is 8-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The highly branched polymer is poly(3,5-bis(3',6'-dioxaoctyloxy)benzylether).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell array comprises organic photovoltaics polymer (fullerene), dye-sensitized solar cells and copper indium gallium diselenide. The light-conducting fiber is light conducting glass, organic glass, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polydimethylsiloxane, polystyrene, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), partially fluorinated acrylates, polyisocyanurate, polyamide, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polycylobuten, benzocyclobutene, photo-bleachable polymer, Ormocer (RTM: Inorganic-organic hybrid polymers) and cycloolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteropoly acid additive comprises phosphotungstic acid, silicotungstic acid or phosphomolybdic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high boiling point reagent comprises dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide or N-methylpyrrolidone. Preferred Method: The copolymer is vacuum-dried at 60-100 degrees C for 12-24 hours before the sulfonation reaction. The sulfonation reaction is carried out at 20-70 degrees C for 12-60 hours in water bath. The product is dried at room temperature for 6-72 hours after the sulfonation reaction, then vacuum-dried at 30-100 degrees C for 6-20 hours. When sulfonated product is placed in ice water bath, the addition of sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone solution in ice water bath is controlled at 3-40 ml/minute using separation funnel. The mixed solution is ultrasonically processed for 10-180 minutes to remove the bubble. The soaked polypropylene film is dried at 30-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours. The mixed solution is dried at 30-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours, and the film is uncovered until the solution is under room temperature. The organic-inorganic proton exchange film is soaked in deionized water for 12-72 hours, then is soaked in 1.5 mol/L tetravalent vanadium solution for 24-72 hours. Preferred Composition: The ratio of heteropoly acid additive and sulfonated copolymer is 1:4-3:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer comprises polyether-ether-ketone, i.e. polyether sulfone. The thickness of polypropylene film is 50-180 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery plate set comprises multiple battery plates connected together in series and the converging belts; where the photoelectric conversion rate of the battery plate in the battery plate set is 18-20%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the monomer and polymer in the methyl methacrylate prepolymer is 30-60:40-70. The initiator is the benzoyl peroxide and/or azobisisobutyronitrile; where the mass ratio of the initiator and the methyl methacrylate prepolymer is 1-3:97-99. In the mold, 1-10 feeding holes are mounted on its inner wall. The rear panel is prepared by any one of the following materials: ethylenefluoride-ethylene glycol terephthalate segmented copolymer (TPT), thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), BBF, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), armored glass, or terylene non-woven fabric; where the BBF is the three layers of composite of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and the fluoroborate ethene copolymer (THV). Preferred Process: The methyl methacrylate prepolymer is prepared by mixing the methyl methacrylate monomer and the initiator according to the weight ratio for 1000:1-3 to obtain the mixing liquid; heating the mixing liquid for 30-90 minutes at 60-80 degrees C; and preserving for 1-2 hours at 40-50 degrees C to obtain the methyl methacrylate prepolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the organic film solar battery, the quality ratio of the electron donor material and the magnetic multi-wall nano tube in the mixture of the electron donor layer and the quality ratio in the mixture of the electron acceptance layer is 10:1 to 1:10. The length differences of the magnetic multi-wall carbon nano tube and the magnetic single-wall carbon nano tube are less than or equal to 50 nm, preferably less than or equal to 150 nm. The diameters of the magnetic multi-wall carbon nano tube and the magnetic single-wall carbon nano tube are less than or equal to 80 nm. The surfaces of the magnetic multi-wall carbon nano tube and the magnetic single-wall carbon nano tube are attached with magnetic nano granules which contain iron (II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) having diameter of less than or equal to 20 nm, nanometer Fe2O3 granule, metal granule, aluminum-nickel-cobalt (Al-Ni-Co) alloy granule, samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co) alloy granule, platinum-cobalt (Pt-Co) alloy granule, or neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) alloy granule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous carrier material is active carbon, acetylene black, aluminum oxide, or silicon dioxide. The metal salt is soluble metal salt which comprises chloride, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, acetate, carbonate, and/or phosphate, where no precipitate is produced when the mixture is mixed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal which forms alloy with nickel is gold, silver, copper, iron, cobalt, tin, aluminum, iridium, or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is prepared with solvent including water, acetone, isopropanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and/or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery further comprises organic electrolyte or polymer electrolyte containing lithium salt. Preferred Components: The Li-Ti-O active material is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) or its modified material, where the modified material is chosen from anion and/or cation doped Li4Ti5O12 and carbon coated Li4Ti5O12. The Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O active material is Li(Nil/3Col/3Mnl/3)02 or its modified material, where the modified material is chosen from anion and/or cation doped Li(Nil/3Col/3Mnl/3)02 and oxide coated Li(Nil/3Col/3Mnl/3)02. The Li-Mn-P-O is lithium manganese oxide (LiMnPO4) or its modified material, where the modified material is chosen from anion and/or cation doped LiMnPO4 and carbon coated LiMnPO4. The cathode and anode further comprises conductive agent, adhesive and current collector. The current collector of cathode is copper foil or aluminum foil. The current collector of anode is aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery further comprises organic electrolyte or polymer electrolyte dissolved in lithium salt. The cathode and anode further comprises conductive agent, adhesive and collector. The Li-Ti-O active material is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) and its modified material, where the modified material is chosen from anionic and/or cationic doped Li4Ti5O12 and carbon covered Li4Ti5O12. The Li-Fe-P-O active material is triphylite (LiFePO4) or its modified material, where the modified material is chosen from carbon covered LiFePO4 and anionic and/or cationic doped LiFePO4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cerium oxide particles have an average particle size of 5-25 nm, 30 nm or less, or 3 nm or more. The coating layer comprises the cerium oxide particles of 10-45 wt.%. The surfactant is an anionic surfactant or a cationic surfactant. The coating layer comprises 50-90 wt.% of the binder and 10-45 wt.% of the cerium oxide particles having an average particle size of 3-50 nm. The barrier layer comprises at least one organic layer (2) and at least one inorganic layer (3). (I) has an absorbance of 3 or more at a wavelength of 330 nm, and has a haze of 5% or less. The coating layer comprises a curing catalyst. The surfactant comprises a siloxane group of formula (-(Si(R1)(R2)-O)n-Si(R3)(R5)-R4). The coating layer has a thickness of 1-50 mu m. The binder has a weight-average molecular weight of 1000-10000.R1-R5 = 1-10C alkyl or 1-10C alkoxy; andn = 0-30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic film comprises polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate or polyolefin. The plastic film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. (I) comprises a barrier layer (4) on the plastic film or the coating layer. The plastic film has a thickness of 1-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The battery cover is made of electrically conductive metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The latching component is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The surface layer is from 0.2 to 2.0 mm in thickness, optionally 0.3-2.0 mm in thickness. The carbon fiber of the front surface layer has an area weight of 50-200 g/m2, optionally 50-150 g/m2. Preferred Components: The carbon fiber of the surface layer is formed from a carbon fiber felt. The surface layer is shaped to provide the front molding surface of the mold laminate. The fiberglass forms a structural layer of the mold laminate beneath the surface layer, the structural layer comprising oriented fiberglass. Structural layer is multiaxial. It is composed of stitched fiberglass cloth having an area weight of 400-2000 g/m2. The laminate further comprises an intermediate layer between the surface layer and the structural layer, the intermediate layer being composed of one or more layers of biaxial glass cloth, chopped strand mat, or other types of glass cloth, and having with an area weight of 50- 1000 g/m2. The intermediate layer is adapted to prevent marking or print-through on a molding surface of the surface resin caused by resin shrinkage. Each of the fiber-containing layers of the laminate further comprises a common resin matrix in which the fibers are disposed, where the common resin matrix is produced by vacuum resin infusion. The resin comprises an epoxy resin, a polyester resin, or a vinylester resin. It contains carbon filler particles to improve the electrical conductivity of the surface of the mold laminate. The laminate also comprises conductive metal strips (16) disposed at various points along the mold laminate and extending through the mold laminate to electrically connect layers of the laminate to provide an earthing for the surface layer. The conductive metal strips are composed of aluminum mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mold has mesh that is composed of aluminum, copper and carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The core layer is composed of a lightweight material selected from polymeric foam such as polyethylene terephthalate and balsa wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer is made of silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The supports may be formed of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supports of the balloon are formed of fiber-reinforced polymer or carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. The outer and or inner compartments are formed of fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, or glass reinforced polymer. The surfaces of the compartments are coated with non-stick material such as polytetrafluoroethylene. The rigid hull is formed of glass reinforced polymer or fiber reinforced polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor substrate further has a buffer layer containing hafnium nitride, zirconium nitride and/or aluminum nitride. The semiconductor layer contains nitride of silicon or element of group 13, and a base material containing organic compound which is different from heterocyclic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesion layer is made of ethyl vinyl acetate. A backside substrate is made of poly vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The vessel comprises a light weight formable plastic, two-part non-expanding urethane, fiberglass, or sheet metal. The light weight formable plastic is high density polyethylene. The vessel comprises a light weight formable plastic manufactured by injection molding, blow molding, or vacuum molding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The reinforcement comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer of the fluoropolymer encapsulated reinforcement layer is PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymers (FEP), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene difluoride (THV) or perfluoroalkoxy resin (PFA). The reinforcement comprises polyaramid, polyester, carbon fiber or metal fiber fabric, mesh, or nonwoven material. The fluoropolymer cover layer is an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer layer (ETFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer, or perfluoroalkoxy resin. The bondable layer is a PFA, polyvinylidene fluoride, THV, ETFE or an FEP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrate additives comprises inorganic nitrate chosen from lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate, cesium nitrate, barium nitrate and ammonium nitrate, organic nitrate chosen from nitromethane, nitropropane, nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, nitropyridine, dinitropyridine and nitrobutane, organic nitrite chosen from ethyl nitrite, propyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, pentyl nitrite and octyl nitrite, and/or organic nitro compound. The lithium salt is lithium thiocyanate, monolithium monocarbon trifluorosulfite and/or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, or lithium thiocyanate, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium triflate, monomethyl lithium sulfonate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide and/or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide). The concentration of nitrate additives in electrolyte is 0.02-2 m, preferably 0.2-1 m. The concentration of lithium salts in electrolyte is 0.2-2 m. The electroactive sulfur-containing material comprises elemental sulfur. The anode comprises lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent comprises dioxolane and/or dimethoxyethane, preferably 1,3-dioxolane and dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,3-dioxolane and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether or 1,3-dioxolane and sulfolane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent back plate is made of tedlar (RTM: Polyvinyl fluoride)-polyester-tedlar (RTM: Polyvinyl fluoride) (TPT) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The organic solar cell layer is dye-sensitized solar-cell layer or organic thin-film solar-cell layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesive layer contains acrylic adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diameter of the hole of the metal layer is less than or equal to 0.1 mm, preferably 30 mu m-0.1 mm. The interval of holes is 0.1-1.8 mm. Preferred Components: The resin film is polyimide film or aramid film. The resin film is polyimide film obtained from aromatic tetracarboxylic acid component having 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and aromatic diamine component having p-phenylenediamine as main component. The metal layer is layer-containing molybdenum. The metal layer is formed by sputtering or vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The portion of the filling material is selected from magnesium oxide, slate powder, silicate and/or aluminosilicate, calcium carbonate and barium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cation-exchange substance is clay compound. The solid electrolyte further contains basic inorganic compound and organic solvent. The content of organic solvent is 0-20 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte contains polymer other than cation exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The property-modifying additive comprises titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, vanadium pentoxide and calcium fluoride. Preferred Process: Smelting process is carried out for 1-2 hours at 1200-1300 degrees C. Ball-milling is carried out for 72 hours. Preferred Composition: The aluminum paste contains 1-2.5 wt.% glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An organic carrier comprises (wt.%) ethylcellulose (3-5), organic solvent terpinol (30-45), dibutyl cellosolve (20-40), butyl carbitol acetate (10-20) and lecithin ricinate (0.2-1)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The foam stabilizer is stabilizer AK-338, stabilizer CGY-5 or stabilizer 8810. The composite catalyst is dimethyl benzyl amine, pentamethyl diethylene triamine or triethylene diamine. The foaming agent is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary body comprises vinylacetate or allylacetate comprising acidic salt-based monomer, styrene containing alkali salt-based monomer, acrylic amide containing neutral salt-based monomer and monomer group having high acting force with polar or nonpolar solvent. The monomer having high acting force with polar or nonpolar solvent comprises glycol, propylene glycol, butyl ether diol, hexafluoropropane, trichloroethylene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl pyrrolidone, ethylene, ethylene oxide, propylene, acetate fiber, acetate butyrate fiber, acetate propionate fiber, cyanoethyl trimerized glucose, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl fiber, cyanoethyl sugar or carboxymethyl fiber. The electrolyte colloidal agent is added to liquid electrolyte solvent comprising at least one metal cation. The electrolyte colloidal agent further comprises itaconic acid containing weakly acidic dyeing group, sodium allylsulfonate containing strongly acidic dyeing group, methyl sodium allylsulfonate, p-methyl amino-acrylate sodium-benzene sulfonate or alpha -methyl vinylpyridine containing alkali dyeing group. The liquid electrolyte solvent is salt solid containing lithium ion and lithium compound ion, iodine solid, ionic liquid, solvent of 4-tert-butyl pyridine and 3-methyl propionitrile. The main body of acrylonitrile is polyacrylonitrile copolymer fiber, and the ionic liquid is iodate liquid. The electrolyte colloidal agent utilizes dye-sensitive solar battery, electrochromic assembly or electrochemical battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal cation is lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acryl comprises one or more of 70 compounds, e.g. acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-methoxyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, ethylcarbitol (meth)acrylate, phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, phenoxydiethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, phenoxypolyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (meth)acrylate, 2,2,3,4-tetrafluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl (meth)acrylate, imide (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, n-octyl (meth)acrylate, isononyl (meth)acrylate, isomyristyl (meth)acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl(meth)acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, bicyclopentenyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl succinate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethylhexahydrophthalate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl 2-hydroxypropyl phthalate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, and/or 1,9-nonanediol di(meth)acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In step (A), an iron, cobalt or nickel is used as additive for catalyzing graphitization. The materials are stirred, mixed and reacted for 1-5 hours. If the added metal precursor salt is cobalt nitrate or nickel nitrate, the pH value of synthesized mixed liquid is adjusted at 1.7 using hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid. In step (B), the material is stirred for 1-5 hours. In step (C), two phases of mixed liquid is aged for 24-96 hours. Low-temperature polymerization is performed at 80-120 degrees C for 12-48 hours. In step (C), the temperature is increased at 1-5 degrees C/minute at 20-400 degrees C, and heating is carried out at 400-900 degrees C for 2-5 hours at 1-5 degrees C/minute. Preferred Components: The metal precursor salt is ferric nitrate, cobalt nitrate or nickel nitrate. The inert atmosphere comprises nitrogen or argon. Preferred Composition: The mole ratio of metal precursor salt to phenol material is at 0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenol material comprises phenol, resorcinol and/or phloroglucinol. The organic solution in mixed liquid of water and organic solution is alcohol, comprising methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol and/or n-butanol. Preferred Composition: The mole ratio of phenol material to formaldehyde is at 1:1-1:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonionic surfactant is polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide, or alkane-polypropylene oxide di-segmented/tri-segmented copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Specifically, the powder comprises 85-98% of anode active matters or cathode active matters, and 2-15% of conductive agent; and the gum comprises 80-96% of adhesives and 4-20% of additives. The anode active matter is a lamellar compound with formula of LiMO2, a spinel compound with formula of LiMn2O4, an olivine structural matter with formula of LiFePO4, or their modified form. The cathode active matter is one or more of carbon materials and transition metal oxides. The carbon material is one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon. The transition metal oxide is one or more of lithium titanium oxides (LiTiO4 or Li4Ti5O12). The conductive agent is one or more of conductive graphite, acetylene black, and conductive macromolecular matters. The adhesive is thermoplastic resin comprising one or more of perfluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). The additive is one or more of glycerol, castor oil, oleic acid, and non-ionic Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters).M=Ni, Mn, or Co.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moiety (I) is part of one or more of 13 moieties e.g. moiety (IIA), moiety (IIB) and (IIIA). The n-type material comprises a fullerene derivative. The device further comprises at least one hole collection layer.A1, A2=thiophene ring linked to (I) at 2 or 5 position of the thiophene ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is soluble which provides solubility. The polymer is a random copolymer or alternating copolymer. The polymer backbone comprises thiophene ring covalently linked to (I), and at least one of carbonyl groups shown in (I) interact with thiophene sulfur of thiophene ring covalently linked to (I). The polymer comprises molecular weight Mn of at least 10000 (preferably at least 20000). The polymer comprises donor-acceptor structure comprising at least two acceptors, where at least one acceptor is compound (I) and at least one acceptor is compound (VII). The donor comprises at least one tricyclic unit comprising 3 fused rings, where 2 of the rings are thiophene rings and one of rings is a benzene ring. The polymer is free of protecting groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material is lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing lithium and nickel, and has layered structure. The content of nickel among transition metals contained in the positive-electrode active material is 50 %mol or more. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains lithium, nickel, cobalt and aluminum. The positive-electrode active material is lithium cobaltate containing aluminum or magnesium, and having zirconium adhered to the surfaces of particles. The electrolyte is bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The content of electrolyte with respect to 100 parts weight of positive-electrode active material is 0.01-5 parts weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is poly(vinylidene fluoride). Preferred Definition:    M=lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the dye-sensitized solar cell, the substrate is a flexible film formed of a liquid crystal polymer, or a flexible film in which a fine-powder filler is dispersed, where the fine-powder filler is titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The laser absorption material is manganese, iron, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the sealant, where: each of the at least two layers comprises a thermoplastic glass frit and one of the at least two layers further comprises a laser absorption material; one of the at least two layers comprises a thermoplastic glass frit and another layer of the at least two layers comprises an organic-based resin material; and one of the at least two layers comprises a thermoplastic glass frit and not comprises a laser absorption material is a first sealing layer, and another layer comprises a laser absorption material or an organic-based resin material is a second sealing layer, where the thickness of the first sealing layer is greater than or equal to the thickness of the second sealing layer. The organic-based resin material comprises one of an epoxy resin material, an acrylic resin material, an olefin acrylic based resin material, an olefin-acrylic-ion based resin material, and/or an olefin-based resin material. The first and the second sealing layer comprise a thermoplastic glass frit and the second sealing layer further comprises a laser absorption material or an organic-based resin material. The thickness of the first sealing layer is 50-150 mu m and the thickness of the second sealing layer is 3-50 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bonding material is ethylene vinyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bonding material is ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin has thermal decomposition temperature of 400 degrees C or less. The binder resin is non-silicon group resin, preferably acrylic resin having butyral group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with vinyl acetate content of 15-45 mass% and metallocene-type linear low density polyethylene having density of 0.870-0.890g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capillary heat exchanger plastic material is polypropylene random, polyethylene resin, polybutene and PTEE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is polythiophene, polyaniline or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material comprises (wt.%) aluminum powder (80-85), glass powder (0-3), organic adhesive (0.5-3) and organic solvent (12-18). The glass powder comprises (wt.%) BaO (40-70), boron oxide (10-50), calcium oxide (2-8), silicon dioxide (2-6), aluminum oxide (0.5-4.5), zinc oxide (0-5), magnesium oxide (0-2), zirconium dioxide (0-3) and strontium oxide (0-2). The primary fusion point of the glass powder is 700-780 degrees C. The aperture D50 of glass powder is 0.2-3.5 mu m. The aluminum powder has aperture of 3-6.5 mu m. The surface of the aluminum powder is coated with 3-5 nm nitride aluminum layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is abietinol, dibutyl phthalate, butyl carbitol, turpentine, butyl carbitol acetate, butyl cellosolve and/or ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide is titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide and/or stannic oxide. The solvent A is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide or acetone. The photoinitiator is dibenzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile. The lithium salt in electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and/or lithium bis(oxalato)borate; and the solvent is methyl-carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or propylene carbonate. Preferred Process: The preparation comprises dissolving polymer substrate and inorganic oxide or core shell material into solvent B, adding photoinitiator, removing air, polymerizing, coating obtained solution on substrate, volatilizing solvent B, and dipping polymer film to electrolyte to obtain polymer electrolyte; and the polymer monomer comprising ethyleneoxide, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene or ethylene chloride; the solvent B comprising 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide or acetone or dioxane; the photoinitiator is free-base photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The core shell composite material uses polymer micro ball as core and uses inorganic oxide as core shell material of shell; and the polymer micro ball is polystyrene or polymethacrylate. The polymer substrate is polyoxyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, PTFE, poly(polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) copolymer or PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyurethane is cured using radiation. Forming is accomplished by large scale rapid prototyping; or forming is accomplished by additive automated fabrication. Forming comprises fabricating a positive image of the wind turbine blade with large scale rapid prototyping, forming a negative image and casting or molding a high strength composite. Preferred Component: The high strength composite comprises at least one of metal, cement and polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The barrier layer preferably contains silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, hafnium oxide, and/or silicon nitride. Preferred Property: The barrier layer has thickness of 2-100 nm, preferably 2-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The light transmitting substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The light transmitting substrate comprises plastic. Each of the second planar portions has an adhesive surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium oxide layer has thickness of 5-500 nm, preferably 10-40 nm, and is positioned between the charge-separating layer and one of electrodes. The titanium oxide layer is a boundary layer of the photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary electrode has a transparent hole injecting layer and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) bilayer electrode. The secondary electrode has a metal electrode. The photoactive polymer layer comprises a heterojunction layer having poly(3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl-butyric acid methyl ester. The applied solution is heated at 50-150 degrees C, preferably 80-120 degrees C. The titanium oxide precursor comprises titanium(IV) butoxide, titanium(IV) chloride, titanium(IV) ethoxide, titanium(IV) methoxide, titanium(IV) propoxide and titanium sulfate (Ti(SO4)2). Preferred Definitions:    x=1.2-1.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The bonding material includes 20-80 wt.% ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coupling reinforcement portion comprises aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon nitride, or boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coupling reinforcement portion comprises a bonding material including urethane or modified silicone. The bonding material exhibits a shrinkage rate of less than or equal to 20% upon a curing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether and ethylene glycol dialkyl ether is 50/50-20/80. The electrolytic solution further comprises ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. The solute contains lithium perfluoromethyl sulfonylimide. Preferred Property: The solute has lithium ion conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition, as absorbent for laser radiation, comprises inorganic pigments, nanoparticles of silver, gold, platinum, palladium, tungsten, nickel, tin, iron, indium tin oxide, tungsten oxide, titanium carbide or titanium nitride, finely divided carbon types or finely divided lanthanum hexaboride. Preferred Components: The electroconductive particles: include silver, gold, aluminum, platinum, palladium, tin, nickel, cadmium, gallium, indium, copper, zinc, iron, bismuth, cobalt, manganese, chromium, vanadium, titanium and/or their alloys; exhibit an average particle size of 3 nm to 100 mu m; and are essentially spherical in shape. The glass frits: is bismuth-based, lead-free glass; and comprise 0.01-10 wt.% of tellurium oxide. The organometallic compound includes a metal carboxylate, a metal propionate, a metal alkoxide and/or a complex compound. The metal of the organometallic compound includes aluminum, bismuth, zinc and vanadium. The organometallic compound further comprises boron or silicon. The finely divided carbon includes soot, graphite, carbon nanotubes and/or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The retention agent is glycerin, glycol, polyglycol, alkanolamine, n-methyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene imine, polyvinyl amine and/or polyvinyl formamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The matrix material is a water-soluble or a water-dispersible polymer. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyvalent amine more than trivalence is chosen from tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol, 3,4,4'-triamino diphenylether and 1,2,4-triaminobenzene. The tetracarboxylic dianhydride is chosen from 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2-(4-(hydroxy(4-(5-((2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)phenyl)(4-(5-((2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-5-((2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione, 5-((2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-2-(4-(4-(5-((2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)phenoxy)-2-(5-((2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione and 5-((2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-2-(4-(5-((2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)-2-(5-((2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl)carbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide resin further has linear structure obtained by imidating diamine chosen from n-phenylene diamine, and tetracarboxylic anhydride chosen from 2-methyl-5-((2-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-dioxo-1H-isoindol-5(2H)-yl)carbonyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione. The ratio of branched structure and linear structure is 10:90-30:70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluorine polymer compound has fluorinated polyether structure and silicone structure. The photopolymerizable composition contains polyalkene acrylate, polyalkene, photopolymerizable initiator, extender and monofunctional monomer. The polyalkene acrylate optionally substituted polybutadiene having (methy)acryl group at the terminal. The content of polyalkene with respect to 100 parts weight of polyalkene acrylate is less than 20 parts weight. The transparent substrate is resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler mainly contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with a vinyl acetate content of 23-38 mass % or metallocene-type linear low-density polyethylene in the density of 0.870-0.890g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent top cover is made of Makrolan (PC) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent face mask and the transparent rain shielding sheet are transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism comprises overexpression of gene encoding the enzyme related to ethanol production which is controlled by promoter of SPH2987 gene derived from Sphingomonas sp. A1 strain, copy of several genes encoding enzyme related to ethanol production and gene encoding formate dehydrogenase which is a NADH regenerating system. Preferred Enzyme: The proteins and the enzymes related to alginic acid metabolism derived from Sphingomonas sp. A1 strain are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, alginic acid binding protein, endo/exo-type alginate lyase, keto acid reductase, kinase and aldolase. The enzymes related to ethanol production are pyruvate decarboxylation enzyme and alcohol dehydrogenase derived from Zymomonas mobilis. Preferred Method: The method involves deleting gene related to lactic acid synthesis from microorganism. The method involves culturing recombinant Sphingomonas sp. A1 strain in the culture medium containing alginic acid, where the recombinant Sphingomonas sp. A1 strain is obtained by introducing gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylation enzyme and an alcohol dehydrogenase derived from Z.mobilis into Sphingomonas sp. A1 strain. The gene encoding protein and enzyme related to alginic acid metabolism and gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylation enzyme and alcohol dehydrogenase derived from Z.mobilis are introduced into Escherichia coli KO11 strain. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic base is tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. The electrocatalyst comprises platinum or platinum on carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionomer is selected from perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers and/or hydrocarbon-based ionomers. The polyol is selected from glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, butanetriol, pentanetriol and/or hexanetriol (preferably glycerol).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The temperature is 140-210 degrees C. The method further involves the step of forming the dispersion into an electrode. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises an inorganic base; and an electrocatalyst (up to 20%). EXAMPLE - 1,4 Butanediol (21.57 g), perfluorinated sulfonic acid (0.54 g) (equivalent weight 1000-1100) with the functional groups having been hydrolyzed to -SO3H form (solid content 2.5 wt. %), and the polymer itself being in the form of membrane having a thickness of 50 micrometer, were placed in a vial. The vial was heated in a convection oven at 170 degrees C for 1 hour. The obtained dispersions from 1,4 butanediol had white bubbles on top of the clear dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A layer containing silicon compound, is laminated on the gas barrier layer by plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Preferred Composition: The average value of content of oxygen atom with respect to silicon atom in the depth direction of the gas barrier layer is 2.05-2.6. Preferred Property: The gas barrier layer has thickness of 10-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The absorbent or passivation layer has a light transmittance of 50% or more at 550 nm. Preferred Components: The passivation layer further comprises a thermoplastic resin. Preferred Condition: The thermoplastic resin has a moisture content of 100 ppm or less. It has a softening point of 50-200 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Preferably, 300 g of toluene was mixed with 0.2 mol weight of aluminum butoxide and 0.6 mol weight of B-locton, after which the resultant mixture was strongly stirred at 800 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 24 hours and then depressurized using an evaporator at 150 degrees C for 2 hours, thus obtaining an absorbent (R1: cyclopentyl, X: 400-600, M: Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode comprises a transparent conductive layer including tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, antimony tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, and/or aluminum doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first organic molecule comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-butylthiophene), pentacene, and/or pentacene derivatives. The second molecule comprises (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and/or cadmium selenide nanoparticles. The first organic molecule is n-type while the second molecule is p-type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hole transporting layer comprises 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), poly(2,7-(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene)-(1,4-phenylene-(4-imino(benzoic acid))-1,4-phenylene-(4-imino (benzoic acid))-1,4-phenylene)) (BFA), polyaniline (PAN), and/or polyphenylenevinylene (PPV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The liquid crystalline polyester has flow start temperature of 280 degrees C or more, and maximum value of melt tension measured at temperature higher than the flow start temperature, of 0.0098 N or more. Preferred Layer: The backsheet further has a water-vapor barrier layer laminated on the base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used in (b) comprises one or mixture of butyl carbitol, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol, butylcellosolve acetate, petroleum ether, and turpentine. The diluent used in (d) comprises one or mixture of butyl carbitol, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol, butylcellosolve acetate, petroleum ether, turpentine, castor oil, and cyclohexanone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation method of the NASICON type solid lithium ion electrolyte comprises: (a) mixing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with lithium sulfide (Li2S), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), kind of oxide with formula of MO2, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4), and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) according to a molar ratio of 0.1-0.5:0.5-3.6:0.05-0.25:0.01-0.1:0.9-1.79:2.0-2.8:1.21-5.2, adding 3-9 wt.% of an ethanol solution into the obtained mixture and ball-milling for 10-50 hours at a rate of 100-500 rotations/minute in a ball-milling machine; (b) drying the mixture obtained in (a) for 2-10 hours in a vacuum oven having vacuum pressure of 10-100 Pa and temperature of 60-80 degrees C, grinding for 30-50 minutes in a grinding pot, adding 1-5 wt.% of a bonding agent into the grinded powder and storing for 2-6 minutes under a pressure machine having pressure of 200-500 MPa to form a blank of a certain shape; and (c) storing the blank obtained in (b) in nitrogen gas for 5-16 hours at 500-700 degrees C; and obtaining a solid lithium ion electrolyte.M=Ti, Ge, or Zr.Preferred Composition: In (a), the ethanol solution has a concentration of 75-95%. Preferred Conditions: In (c), the blank is stored in nitrogen gas and heated at 500-700 degrees C at a rate of 5-30 degrees C/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In (b), the bonding agent is polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The indication member comprises metal or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The indication member is formed as film that closes the at least one gas release hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The battery holder further comprises a first insulating sheet located on a bottom surface of the spare battery for separating the spare battery from the main battery and a second insulating sheet located on an upper surface of the spare battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The module further comprises a spacer made of an elastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin resin is a heterogeneously branched ethylene-based interpolymer or a maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin. The inner and core layers have a thickness of 1-5 mil and 1-15 mil, respectively. In the backsheet (I): at least one layer further comprises: a pigment; and at least one UV stabilizer or antioxidant. The first tie layer or the second tie layer (when present), is an ethylene copolymer comprising at least one of an ethylene methacrylate resin, an ethylene glycidyl methacrylate resin, or an ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate resin or is a polyolefin having a functionality including a glycidyl methacrylate and an amine; and the first tie layer and/or optional second tie layer, each has a thickness of 0.05-2 mil. In the backsheet (II): the multilayer sheet further comprises a third layer comprising a polyolefin resin, and the second tie layer interposed between, and in contact with, the third and second layers; the first and second layer have the thickness of 1-5 mil and 1-15 mil, respectively; and the first tie layer has a thickness of 0.05-2 mil. The sheet further comprises an encapsulant film adjacent to the second layer or attached to the second layer by a third tie layer, where the encapsulant film comprises a silane-functionalized resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The back sheet is a glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The glass plate, solar cells and back sheet are adhered by polyvinyl butyral resin or polyethylene vinyl acetate at a thickness of 0.15-1.5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier is black sheet made of fluoroplastic composite membrane, thermoplastic composite membrane and poly imide composite membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer is a crosslinked layer of curable silicone resin composition containing linear polyorganosiloxane having vinyl group in both terminals and/or side chain, and organohydrogen polysiloxane having hydrosilyl group in a molecule. The molar ratio of hydrosilyl group and vinyl group in linear polyorganosiloxane is 1.3/1-0.7/1. The base material consists of resin film having 5% heat weight loss temperature of 150 degrees C or more, or metal film. The base material consists of laminate of glass film and resin film. The laminate has glass film at secondary main surface. The support substrate is glass substrate. The resin layer is contacted with support substrate surface, curable silicone resin composition is cured in non-contact state, contacted with base material, and hardened. The resin composition further contains polyorganosiloxane having siloxane unit (R13SiO0.5), and silicon dioxide unit. The molar ratio of siloxane unit and silicon dioxide unit is 0.5-1.7.R1=1-10C monovalent hydrocarbyl that does not have aliphatic unsaturated bond.The linear polyorganosiloxane contains siloxane unit and silicon dioxide unit. The weight ratio of linear polyorganosiloxane and polyorganosiloxane is 20/80-80/20. The molar ratio of siloxane unit and silicon dioxide unit is 0.5-1.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of aromatic organic solvent and oxygen-containing solvent is 10-500 parts weight and 30-500 parts weight, respectively, with respect to 100 parts weight of aprotic polar organic solvent. The oxygen-containing solvent is ether or ketone solvent. A mineral salt aqueous solution is used instead of water. Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is of formulae (I) and (II).m=1 or 2;p=0-3;R1=fluoro, cyano or 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy or 2-20C acyl (all optionally substituted by group (G2));X=chloro, bromo or iodo;j=0-3;andgroup (G2)=group (G1).Preferred Method: Alternately, crude polyarylene containing metal impurities is separated from reaction liquid. The oxygen-containing organic solvent, acid and water are added. The water layer and organic layer are then separated, and refined polyarylene is produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel used for photoelectrode contains carbon (0.15 or less), silicon (1.2 or less), manganese (1.2 or less), phosphorus (0.4 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), nickel (0.6 or less), chromium (16-32), molybdenum (0.3-3), copper (0-1), niobium (0-1), titanium (0-1), aluminum (0-0.2), nitrogen (0.025 or less), boron (0-0.01), and iron and unavoidable impurities (remainder). The catalyst of the thin film layer comprises platinum, nickel, or conductive polymer, preferably platinum or nickel. The catalyst thin film layer has a thickness of 0.5-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidation gas consists of oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monomer gas consists of tetraethyl siloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, triethylsilane, trimethylsilane, monosilane, disilane and/or octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. The carbonized silicon oxide film contains carbon-carbon single bond or carbon-carbon double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of support is subjected to reduction precipitation of platinum and ruthenium to form support supported with platinum-ruthenium-type catalyst particles. Preferred Composition: The quantity of phosphorus in platinum-type catalyst is 1-20 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of complex agent is 0.01-5 times with respect to the sum total number-of-moles of platinum and ruthenium. The complex agent is hydroxycarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst formed using the porous material contains metal chosen from zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon monoxide adsorption agent consists of silica, alumina, activated carbon, graphite, copper halide (I) and copper halide (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of nano silver particle and flake-shaped copper particle is 1:99-40:60. The mass ratio of thermosetting resin composition and electroconductive particle is 5:95-25:75. The ink composition is hardened at 100-220 degrees C after coated on a substrate. Preferred Components: The nano silver particle contains anisotropic particle which is spherical in shape or other than spherical shape. The hardening agent is imidazole, tertiary amine, or Lewis acid containing boron fluoride or its compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of UV absorber is 0.1-1 parts mass and antioxidant is 0.02-0.5 parts mass with respect to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The mass ratio of UV absorber and antioxidant is 0.4:6. The mass ratio of organic peroxide and antioxidant is 1.5:5. The antioxidant comprises phosphate compound of formula: P(OR1)3 (I).R1=1-20C hydrocarbyl, preferably 6-18C aryl.Preferred Components: The antioxidant is chosen from octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), and (2,4,8,10-tetrakis(t-butyl)-6-(ethylhexyl)oxy-12H-dibenzo)-1,3,2-dioxa phosphocine. The UV absorber is benzophenone series UV absorber, benzotriazole type UV absorber, or triazine series UV absorber. The UV absorber has maximum absorption wavelength of 325-360 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of particles in the particle group is 1-50000 Angstrom . The ratio of silicon oxide particles is 50-10 mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent resin is polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fine particles comprise one or more kinds selected from silicon oxide, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide. The inorganic layer comprises silicon oxide and/or aluminum oxide. It is a layer formed by a vacuum deposition method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The substrate film has a surface satisfying all the following formulae: Ra(100 mu m2) not less than 50 nm and 300 nm not less than Rz(100 mu m2) not less than 1200 nm. Preferred Components: The organic layer is obtained by curing a polymerizable composition comprising a (meth)acrylate; the organic layer is obtained by curing a polymerizable composition comprising a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate; or the organic layer is obtained by curing a polymerizable composition comprising a polyfunctional (meth) acrylate having an aromatic carbon skeleton. The substrate film comprises dispersed fine particles. The fine particles comprise carbon black or colorant. The organic layer comprises a silane coupling agent. EXAMPLE - On the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate film (PET film, having thickness of 12 mu m, Rumilar S10 manufactured by TORAY), an organic layer and an inorganic layer were formed by formation of first layer (organic layer), and formation of second layer (inorganic layer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material comprises (in wt.%) carbon (less than 0.08), chromium (16-28), nickel (0.1-20), molybdenum (0.1-6), tungsten (0.1-5), tin (0.1-2), copper (0.1-2), and remainder of iron and impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrochemical device is powered by one of solar power and external electricity. The external electricity is generated using solar cells. The anode electrode and the cathode electrode is a photoelectrode. The anode plate and the cathode plate is light transmissive. The photoelectrode comprises a photo electro-catalyst and an electrically conductive and proton conductive polymer. The photo electro-catalyst comprises an ionomer and one of an n-type semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectrode is photoanode and the photo electro-catalyst comprises a compound of lead dioxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide and/or titanium/boron-doped diamond. The n-type semiconductor is n-titanium dioxide and the p-type semiconductor is p-silicon. The photo electrocatalyst comprises up to 20 wt.% of a metal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-transparent material contained in the sealing layer is polyvinyl butyral resin or ethylene vinyl acetate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The surface of the heat storing pool is provided with a transparent honeycomb-shaped Makrolon film (RTM: Multi-wall polycarbonate sheets); and the transparent honeycomb-shaped Makrolon film (RTM: Multi-wall polycarbonate sheets) is clamped by two glass cover boards. The heat storing pool is provided with a water discharging valve communicated with the main body of the methane-generating pit. The external layer of the main body of the methane-generating pit is further provided with a stalk reacting pool; and the bottom of the stalk reacting pool is connected with the main body of the methane-generating pit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbonic acid, carbon dioxide and chlorine are dissolved in the treated water. The device also utilizes silver ion, copper ion or zinc ion for ion exchange by using ion exchange resin. The solution for cation exchange resin is selected from nitric acid salt solution, sulfate solution, chloride solution or complex salt solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anion exchange resin comprises strong alkaline anion exchange resin with trimethylammonium compound as exchange base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ion exchange resin also contains mixed bed resin of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The biomass is dried using hot air or vacuum at 70-200 degrees C. The biomass is dried using microwave device has ultrasonic generator which creates supersonic vibration within microwave to suppress the bubble formation. The method further involves separating the Peltier media fluid after desulfurization process, distilling or compressing the separated mixture using solvent and centrifuging the compressed mixture. The method further involves spraying defoaming agent to the pulverized mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Peltier media fluid is chosen from mineral oil, vegetable oil and animal oil. The defoaming agent is chosen from alcohol, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, mineral oil, oxystearin, dimethyl polysiloxane, sorbitan monostearate and silicone resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component of electric-conducting film layer can AZO (zinc oxide doped with aluminum) or FTO (stannic oxide doped with fluorine) or GAZO (AZO doped with metal Ca) or ITO (indium tin oxide) and analog.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conducting film of transparent conducting oxide glass and conducting film layer contains aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), gallium zinc oxide (GAZO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) and analog. The silicon substrate thin film is single-junction amorphous silicon thin film, double-junction amorphous and microcrystal silicon thin film, double-junction amorphous and amorphous silicon thin film or multi-junction lamination thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sandwiched glue material is polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or starch graft polymer (SGP) material. The polyvinyl butyral resin material is colored transparent polyvinyl butyral resin. The sealing rubber is silicone sealing rubber, polysulfide sealing rubber, polyurethane sealing rubber, water base sealing rubber, high-temperature sealing rubber or PVC sealing gel. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of polyvinyl butyral resin material is 0.38-1.52 mm. The thickness of ethylene vinyl acetate material or starch graft polymer material is 0.30-1.5 mm. Preferred Process: The inner part of connection box is filled with sealing rubber material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The first compound thin film has a thickness larger than 200 nm. The second compound thin film has a thickness larger than 100 nm. The second compound thin film is formed by a rapid thermal process conducted at 400-600 degrees C and at a temperature ramp up rate of 1-5 degrees C/s.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises glass, polymer or metal. The first electrode comprises molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb) or their combinations. The first compound thin film comprises CuxInxSe2, CuxInyS2, CuxInyGa1-ySe2 or CuxInyGa1-yS2, where x and y is 0-1. The second compound thin film comprises CuxIny(SezS1-z) 2, CuxInyAl1-yS2, CuxInyAl1-ySe2, CuxInyGa1-y(SezS1-z) 2, or CuxInyAl1-y(SezS1-z) 2, where x and y is 0-1, and z is 0-0.5. The buffer layer comprises cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), indium trisulfide (In2S3), zinc magnesium oxide (ZnMgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium hydroxide (In(OH)3), zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2), InxSey or their combinations. The transparent conducting layer comprises ZnO:aluminum (Al), In2O3:tin (Sn), tin dioxide (SnO2):fluoride (F) or their combinations. The second electrode comprises Al, copper (Cu,) nickel (Ni) or their combinations. The rapid thermal process is conducted in an atmosphere comprising hydrogen selenide (H2Se), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), selenium (Se), sulfur (S) or their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture barrier film comprises silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, aluminum oxy-nitride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon carbide, and carbon doped oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture barrier film comprises parylene, and benzocyclobutene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The moisture barrier film comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyimide, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and transparent ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The semiconductor layer is less than 10 microns thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The method further comprises forming a bottom metal layer on the spalled semiconductor layer and adhering a bottom flexible substrate to the bottom metal layer. The bottom metal layer comprises one of germanium gold (GeAu), nickel, or gold. The substrate comprises one of germanium or gallium arsenide. The top metal layer comprises nickel. The method further comprises forming a striking layer on top of the junction having the smallest band- gap before forming the top metal layer, where the striking layer comprises titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bottom flexible substrate comprises polyimide. The top flexible substrate comprises polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type chalcopyrite powders or the n-type chalcopyrite powders are I-III-VI2 compound materials. The group I element is copper (Cu) or its complex alloy compound. The group III element is indium (In), gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al), or its complex alloy compound. The group VI2 element is sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or its complex alloy compound. The material of the p-type chalcopyrite powders or the n-type chalcopyrite powders is CuInSe2 (CIS) or Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS). The transparent conductive layer is made of a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material. The TCO material is selected from indium-tin-oxide (ITO), indium-zinc-oxide (IZO), aluminum-zinc-oxide (AZO), boron-zinc-oxide (BZO), gallium-zinc-oxide (GZO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). The substrate is made of a material selected from glass, quartz, transparent plastic, and transparent flexible substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal chelating agent is ethylene-diamine. The washing agent is deionized water or an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front electrode includes alloy of silver, zinc (Zn), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), bismuth (Bi), phosphorus (P), boron (B), barium (Ba), and palladium (Pd).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core-shell particles comprise particles which form intergrown cores surrounded by a shell comprising silicon dioxide, where the shell is surface-modified. The core is composed of at least one iron oxides comprising hematite, magnetite or maghemite. Preferred Composition: In the composition, the core-shell particles have a Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of 10-80 m2/g, a shell thickness of 2-30 nm and an iron oxide content of 60-90 wt.% and a silicon dioxide content of 10-40 wt%, based in each case on the shell-encased particles and the fraction of the particles with core-shell structure is 0.1-20 wt.%, based on the adhesive composition. The inductively curable adhesive composition comprises fillers e.g. talc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The inductively curable adhesive composition comprises a reactive resin which is obtainable by mixing at least two reactive components, at least one of the reactive components comprising particles having the core-shell structure, where one reactive component is an epoxy resin and a second reactive component is a hardener comprising at least one carboxylic anhydride and/or at least one amine. The reactive component is an unsaturated polyester resin or an isocyanate and another reactive component is a polyol. EXAMPLE - Typical inductively curable adhesive composition comprised of: silica coated iron oxide (2 wt.%); curing composition (VESTAMIN IPD (RTM: Epoxy Curing Agent) (90 g), Dynasylan DAMO (RTM: N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane) (2 g), AEROSIL 202(RTM: Hydrophobic fumed silica) (8 g)); and resin composition (Epikote 828 (RTM: Medium viscosity epoxy resin, produced from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin and contains no diluent) (84 g), Polypox R18 (RTM: 1,6-Hexanediol diglycidyl ether) (9 g) and AEROSIL 202 (RTM: Hydrophobic fumed silica) (7 g)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide particle is silica particle or porous particle. The functional group block is chosen from aluminum, titanium, silicon and zirconium. The metal alkoxide moiety contains two or more functional groups in a molecule. The method is processed at 80-350 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic vehicle is organic solvent or polymer resin. The boiling point of the organic solvent is 150-300 degrees C. The viscosity of the aluminum paste is 20000-200000 centipoise.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin matrix is a material selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, PVC, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane and polyphenylene sulfide. The core is formed from molded polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide is a silane coupling agent. At least one of the inorganic layers comprises a silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: In the film, the adhesive layer is in contact with the inorganic layer of the first gas barrier film and the inorganic layer of the second gas barrier film. The inorganic layers of the first and second gas barrier films are adjacent to the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer comprises the metal alkoxide in an amount of 5-30 wt.%. At least one of the inorganic layers comprises an aluminum-containing compound and/or a silicon-containing compound. At least one of the organic layers is obtained by curing a polymerizable composition comprising a (meth)acrylate. At least one of the substrate films is a polyester series resin film. The dry lamination adhesive is a two-liquid mixing polyurethane series adhesive. Preferred Components: The dry lamination adhesive is a polyurethane series adhesive. At least one of the organic layers comprises an ultraviolet curable resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: adding one or more additional layers comprising one or more of polyester, polycarbonate, polyolefin, polyurethane, a liquid crystal polymer, Aclar (RTM: Fluorinated-chlorinated resin), aluminum, sputtered aluminum oxide polyester, sputtered silicon dioxide polyester, sputtered aluminum oxide polycarbonate and sputtered silicon dioxide polycarbonate; and adding an ethylene vinyl acetate layer. A crosslinking agent is mixed with the fluorocopolymer. The layer comprising the crosslinking agent mixed with the fluorocopolymer is applied to the polyester layer without adhesive. Preferred Components: The substrate is made of polyester resin. The layer includes: hydrophobic silica; titanium dioxide; and a fluorocopolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and one or more alkyl vinyl ethers. The layer comprises 2-30 (preferably 5-10) wt.% of boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoplastic polymer of the support layer comprises barium sulfate and magnesium hydroxide. The cover layer comprises metals such as aluminum, iron, and noble metals like silver or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic polymer for support layer comprises polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polysulfone, polyether ketone, polyester, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate or polyalkylene naphthalate, polycycloolefins, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyamides, such as poly-epsilon-caprolactam or poly-hexamethyleneadipineamide or polyhexamethylenesebacineamide, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, polyacetals, such as polyoxymethylene (POM) or polystyrene (PS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active group in tail end of granular particle comprises hydroxyl group or carboxyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic material comprises a metal selected from the group of fluoro polyurethane, and the granular particles are made of a material which is selected from a group consisting of PTFE and silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step (ii) comprises forming hydrogen radicals and/or hydrogen molecules. The solar energy is converted in: a photon enhanced thermionic emission process; or a concentrated solar thermal (CST) process. The CST process is used to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen, where the hydrogen being used in step (iii) of the process. The step (iii) is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, where the catalyst is an inorganic catalyst. The step (iii) comprises a Fischer-Tropsch reaction, in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, where the catalyst is nickel, iron, cobalt, ruthenium and/or cerium. The step (iii) comprises a Sabatier reaction, in the presence of a Sabatier catalyst comprising an inorganic oxide or hydroxide e.g. hydrotalcite, hydrotalcite-like materials, clays, alumina, layered hydroxy salts, mixed metal oxides or calcination products.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water source comprises water and at least one contaminant, preferably waste water or sea water. The carbon source is coal, synthetic polymer waste, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide. The organic compounds in step (iii) comprise hydrocarbons and/or carbohydrates. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of steel plate is roughened using aqueous etching solution containing non-oxidizing inorganic acid and ferric chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel plate further contains (in %mass) nickel (2 or less), copper (1 or less), aluminum (3 or less), niobium (0.8 or less), and/or titanium (0.8 or less).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid is citric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid and/or succinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Four or more atoms continuously comprised in ring of cyclic organic group are coupled with polar groups (P). The repeating unit (R) is of formula (III). The polymer is block copolymer. The polymeric compound is of formula (IV). Preferred Definitions:    R1,Z1,Z2=-C(=O)-OR10;    X1=phenylene;    Y1=single bond or alkylene;and    W1=alkane triyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal salt comprises metal chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium and gold. The metal complex is chosen from amine complex, ethylenediamine complex and acetylacetonato complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The combination of higher aliphatic carboxylic acid and high aliphatic amine is a combination of oleic acid and oleyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anion: The anion is boron cyanide ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode layer further contains a thermoplastic cellulose resin.
Preferred Definitions:    X=fluoro;    R1=optionally substituted phenyl of formula (i);    R3=fluoro or trimethylsilyl, preferably trimethylsilyl;and    n=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of calcium is 10-500 mu m. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-producing agent further contains hydrogenated metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solar cell has protective layer formed using thermosetting resin or ultraviolet curable acrylate. The mono layer comprises heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetra hydrodecyl trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The chalcogenide compound is chosen from copper indium sulfide, copper gallium sulfide, copper indium selenide, copper gallium selenide, copper aluminum selenide, copper indium telluride, copper gallium telluride, copper indium-gallium sulfide, copper indium-gallium selenide, copper zinc-tin sulfide and/or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The p-type conductive polymer is chosen from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) styrene sulfonate, polyaniline, phthalocyanine, polydiphenylacetylene, poly(tert-butyl)diphenylacetylene, poly(trifluoromethyl)diphenylacetylene, copper phthalocyanine poly(bistrifluoromethyl)acetylene, polybis(tert-butylbiphenyl)acetylene, poly(trimethylsilyl)diphenylacetylene, poly(carbazole)diphenylacetylene, polydiacetylene, polyphenylacetylene, polypyridine acetylene, polymethoxyphenyl acetylene, polymethylphenylacetylene, poly(tert-butyl)phenylacetylene, poly(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetylene, polyphenylacetylene and their derivative. The n-type semiconductor layer consists of 60C fullerene, perylene, perylene derivative, zinc oxide and/or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The former shell section is made of thermoplastic resin, where the thermoplastic resin is any one of polycarbonate, polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polymethylmethacrylate, polysulfone, polyamide, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anode buffering layer is made of poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound material dopes cadmium sulfide or cadmium telluride quantum dot material into silicon dioxide solution to obtain quantum dot optical wave conversion layer compound material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solidification accelerator comprises zinc naphthenate, zinc caprylate, isooctanoic acid or naphthenic acid. The content of solidification accelerator is 0.05-4% with respect to total content of corona-resistant polyimide film glass-dust mica tape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of adhesive is 1-15% with respect to total content of corona-resistant polyimide film glass-dust mica tape. The adhesive is formed by mixing an epoxy resin and a solidification accelerator. The epoxy resin is bisphenol A-type epoxy resin, bisphenol F-type epoxy resin, bisphenol S-type epoxy resin, linear phenol-formaldehyde-type epoxy resin or o-cresol methanol epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by attaching a diimide radical to thiophene to obtain thiophene monomer containing diimide, and then dissolving in chloroform to carry out self-polymerization reaction, precipitating with methanol, washing with amine, and extracting by Soxhlet method to obtain the polythiophene derivative. Preferred Method: The diimide radical is attached to thiophene by mixing a maleimide compound and tributyltin-containing thiophene compound at mole ratio of 1:2.5, then adding mixture to a pressure-resistance bottle together with tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) catalyst and triphenylarsine ligand, mixing with organic solvent, heating at 80 degrees C for 36 hours, extracting with dichloromethane, drying the organic layer, and carrying out column chromatography by eluting with petroleum ether and dichloromethane (1:30 ratio) to separate and obtain the yellow thiophene monomer. The self-polymerization reaction comprises stirring thiophene monomer and chloroform, adding absolute ferric chloride, and reacting at room temperature for 24 hours. Precipitating with methanol and washing with amine comprise extracting the product from self-polymerization reaction to obtain solid, stirring for 3 hours in ammonia water, and then extracting with methanol repeatedly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganous phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate and/or lithium ferrous silicate. The super-capacitor is formed by mixing magnesium dioxide with nanometer size, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silver oxide, a silicon dioxide nanotube, vanadium pentoxide, polypyrrole, polyaniline and/or polythiophene. The conductive agent is carbon black, carbon nanotube or conductive graphite. The adhesive is PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethyl sodium cellulose, acrylic ester and/or polyethylene glycol oxide. The cathode comprises graphite, carbon silicon composite, carbon tin composite and carbon nanotube. The electrolyte is non-aqueous organic solvent electrolyte for lithium battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic cell is made of amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic cell is encapsulated in a copolymer of ethylene vinyl acetate. The membrane comprises polyester fibers. The barrier layer is made of a fluoro polymer such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resting base, hinged elbow, flexible arm and retaining bracket are made of nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The negative electrode includes as a component element a carbon material, lithium metal, or at least one selected from among metallic and semimetallic elements which are capable of occluding and releasing lithium; or the negative electrode includes at least one selected from elementary substance, alloys and compounds of silicon, and elementary substance, alloys and compounds of tin. In the cell, an open-circuit voltage in a fully charged state is 4.30 to 5.00 V. The electrolyte is a gelled electrolyte in which an electrolyte solution containing the solvent and the electrolyte salt is supported by a polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkanamine derivative (I) is of formula R4-N-(SO2-R5)2 (II) or R6-N-(SO-R7)2 (III). The content of the alkanamine derivative (I) is 0.001 to 5 mass %.R4 and R6=1-3C alkyl, 1-3C alkoxyl, or 1-3C perfluoroalkyl;andR5 and R7=1-3C perfluoroalkyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Compounds are disclosed as (I) e.g. N-methylbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide (Ia); N-ethylbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide; N-propylbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide; N-methylbis(trifluoromethoxysulfinyl)imide; and N-ethylbis(trifluoromethoxysulfinyl)imide.    EXAMPLE - An electrolyte solution was prepared in the following manner. First, a mixed solvent was prepared by mixing dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate in a volume ratio of 5:1:4. In the mixed solvent, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as an electrolyte salt was dissolved in a concentration of 1 mol/l. To the solution thus obtained, vinylene carbonate (1 wt.%) was added, and N-methylbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide (0.001 wt.%) was added as an additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The synthetic polymer is a thermoplastic synthetic polymer or a crosslinked synthetic polymer, preferably poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) and their salts, poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) and their salts, polyurethane, polyvinyl butyral, polymethacrylate, polyacrylate, polyester or silicone. The crosslinking originates from addition of an organic compound with peroxide functionality to a formerly thermoplastic polymer. The layer or layers contain at least one further components comprising benzotriazole-based UV absorber, benzophenone-based UV absorber, triazine-based UV absorber, sterically hindered amine, phenolic antioxidant or basic co-stabilizer. The hindered amine light stabilizer is present at 0.01-10 wt.% of the synthetic polymer. EXAMPLE - Pellets of EL VAX PV 1400 (RTM: Poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate)) (100 parts) with 32% relative weight content of vinyl acetate were soaked with liquid Luperox 101 (RTM: 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)hexane) (1 part) without a further solvent in a rotating glass flask for 1-2 hours. The soaked pellets and the additives were compounded below 70 degrees C for 10 minutes by a calendaring mixer. The prepared compounded material was transformed by a compression molding machine at 70 degrees C for 3 minutes to a compressed sheet of 0.5 mm thickness. In a laminator, on top of a glass, an poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) sheet, crystalline silicon cell, and a back-sheet were layered. A programmed lamination process was performed at 140 degrees C for 1 hour under vacuum to give the module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel used for photoelectrode is ferritic stainless steel comprising (in %mass) carbon (0.15 or less), silicon (1.2 or less), manganese (1.2 or less), phosphorus (0.04 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), nickel (0.6 or less), chromium (16-32), molybdenum (0.3-3), copper (0-1), niobium (0-1), titanium (0-1), aluminum (0-0.2), nitrogen (0.025 or less), boron (0-0.01), and iron and unavoidable impurity (remainder), or austenitic stainless steel comprising carbon (0.15 or less), silicon (4 or less), manganese (2.5 or less), phosphorus (0.045 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), nickel (6-28), chromium (16-32), molybdenum (0.3-7), copper (0-3.5), niobium (0-1), titanium (0-1), aluminum (0-0.1), nitrogen (0.3 or less), boron (0-0.01), and iron and unavoidable impurity (remainder). The catalyst of the catalyst thin film layer is platinum, nickel, or conductive polymer, preferably platinum or nickel, and the film thickness of catalyst thin film layer is 0.5-5 nm, or conductive polymer, and the film thickness is 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution is maintained in a fibrous inorganic matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing-agent layer is formed using a UV-curable resin or two-pack curing type resin. The cell partition is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, gold and/or copper. Preferred Properties: The metal microparticles have average primary particle diameter of 1-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent oxide containing particles contain silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The charge carrier transport layer contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrenesulfonate) or polyaniline as organic carrier transport material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The chemical structure of X comprises unsaturated moiety of formulae 2-27.Y=O, S, or Se;R3-R42=-H, -CcH2c+1, -OCcH2c+1, -SCcH2c+1, -N(CcH2c+1)2 or (O(CcH2c)2)d, respectively;c=1-15; andd=1-5. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Specifically claimed are 2 conjugated polymers, e.g. 4,4-di-octyl-cyclopentadithiophene (PDOCPDT-OT) of formula 28 and 29.    EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The mains connection also includes a USB-type connector with male and female connection parts in each trolley and/or an integral WIFI connection, via which information can be uploaded into the display memory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gel electrolyte contains (in weight%) sulfuric acid (41.9 or 44.35), silica (0.5 or 0.2), stannous sulfate (0.25 or 0.15), sodium sulfide (0.8 or 1.2), polyethylene glycol (0.03 or 0.1), polyacrylamide (0.12 or 0.3) and deionized water (56.4 or 53.7). The silica is gas phase silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyethylene glycol has molecular weight of less than 1500000. The polyacrylamide has molecular weight of less than 1500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide is amorphous-like titanium oxide having compositional formula: Ti4O5, Ti3O5, Ti2O3, TiO2, TiO and/or their mixture. The titanium compound particles comprise titanium nitride (TiN,Ti2N,TiN0.96), titanium carbide (TiC, Ti2C,TiC0.98,TiC0.62,TiC0.59), or titanium carbonitride (Ti2CN,TiC0.7N0.3,TiN0.12C0.51,TiC0.3N0.7,TiC0.2N0.8). The titanium compound particles have average diameter of 50 nm to 1 mu m. The total amount of carbon and nitrogen in film is 10-40 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The allyl ester resin composition makes allyl group and/or methallyl group as a terminal group. The composition comprises allyl ester compound formed from polyhydric alcohol and dicarboxylic acid. The allyl ester compound is of formulae (R1-O-C(=O)-A1-C(=O)-O-R2) (I), (R3-O-C(=O)-A2-C(=O)-O-CH3) (II) and (CH3-X-O-C(=O)-A3-C(=O)-O-CH3) (III). The compound (II and III) is terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid and/or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. The composition further contains a reactive monomer.R1-R3=allyl or methallyl;A1-A3=organic residue that has alicyclic structure and/or aromatic ring structure originating in dicarboxylic acid;andX=organic residue derived from polyhydric alcohol.Preferred Property: The substrate has thickness of 30-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is made of aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), gallium and aluminum doped zinc-oxide (GAZO) or indium tin oxide (ITO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent conductive film is coated with polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal reflection layer comprises silver, aluminum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing layers are made of transparent polyvinyl alcohol butyral resin, ethane-acetic acid ethylene copolymer material or non-transparent polyvinyl alcohol butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The black body apparatus is made of metal such as stainless steel and iron tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing disassembling device is used for disassembling plastic housings in a waste mobile battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light-transmission straight tube device is made of heat preservation material such as polyurethane, polyphenyl material, plastics and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A universal serial bus port is arranged at a left side of the shell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises (wt.%) sulfuric acid (43.6), water (55.2), nano silicon oxide (1), polyvinyl alcohol (0.01), polyacrylamide (0.08), alpha -naphthol acid (0.01) and o-anisaldehyde (0.03).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide raw material generates oxyapatite of formula: RE9.33+x-aAEaT6-yM(power)(m+)yO26+(3x-(4-m)y-a)/2, where RE is chosen from lanthanoids, AE is chosen from alkaline-earth metals, T is silicon or germanium, M is magnesium, aluminum, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gallium, zirconium, molybdenum, tin, tantalum, tungsten, phosphorus or niobium, x is -8.33 to 2.67 and y and a are 0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material comprises non-oxide ceramics. The porous component with film has pore diameter of 0.01-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains (5-ethyl-2-(2-(prop-2-enoyloxy)propan-2-yl)-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methyl prop-2-enoate monomer and/or indene-containing monomer of formula (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber paper is obtained by wet papermaking. The carbon fiber has an average diameter of more than 3 mu m and less than 5 mu m, and a mean fiber length of 2-18 mm, preferably 3-6 mm. The ratio of tensile strength of the carbon fiber paper in the papermaking direction (MD) with respect to tensile strength in the direction (CD) which makes 90 degrees , is 1-2.5. The base material has a mean pore diameter of 5-40 mu m as measured by mercury intrusion technique, a volume density of 0.3-0.8 g/cc at a thickness of 0.05-0.5 mm, a bending strength of 50 MPa or more as measured by 3 point bending test at a strain rate of 10 mm/minute, a test sample width of 1 cm, and a distance between fulcra of 2 cm, and a bending of 1.5 cm, and a tensile strength of 25 MPa or more. The base material has a length of 1 m or more, and can be rolled on a roll having an outer diameter below 40 cm. The base material contains 10-50 %mass of carbide material other than carbon fiber. The ratio of surface resistance of the carbon fiber paper in MD with respect to the surface resistance in CD is 1-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic or inorganic material is organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat shrink element is formed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), poly lactic acid (PLA) and oriented polystyrene (OPS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is selected from soda-lime glass, low iron glass or alkali-free glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The current output element is soldering tin. The first electrode layer is made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), which is made from indium doped tin oxide (ITO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron doped zinc oxide (BZO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO) or zinc oxide (ZnO). The second electrode layer is made from TCO, metal and metal-transparent-conductive-oxide complex; and the metal is selected from aluminum, nickel, gold, silver, chromium, titanium or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The absorber layer is made from amorphous silicon, polymorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si) or microcrystalline silicon germanium (mc-SiGe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution layer contains electrolyte solution containing 0.1-1M of iodinated alkylammonium salt, iodinated imidazolium salt and/or iodinated alkali metal salt as electrolyte. The pigment is chosen from eosin Y and anthocyanin pigment, and does not contain metallic element. Preferred Property: The electrolyte solution layer having length of 50 mu m, has transmittance of 80% or more at 400-800 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte solution layer contains 0.1 %mass or less of povidone-iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is modified by etching a component of the substrate including silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and silicon carbide; transparent conducting oxide; glass; organic resin; pattern mask material; a metal from aluminum, copper, silver, gold, tin, lead or their alloys; semiconductor material from silicon, germanium, gallium-arsenide or indium phosphide; or semiconductor alloy from silicon-germanium, aluminum-gallium-arsenide, indium-selenide, gallium-selenide, cadmium-telluride or copper indium gallium selenide. The openings are used to form metal contacts to the silicon solar cell device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material includes a first reactive component which is reactive with a second reactive component contacting the substrate. The substrate comprises a second reactive component which is acidic and water-soluble surface polymer layer. The first reactive component comprises a source of fluoride ions and acidic polymer and the second reactive component comprises the other of the source of fluoride ions and the acidic polymer, where the source of fluoride ions is ammonium fluoride, a tetra alkyl ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, or lithium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biomass is decomposed at 150-400 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The soluble lignin-containing solvent is acetone. The biomass is plant or plant derived substance containing lignin. The reactive group is epoxy group. Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight of lignin derivative is 300-2000 based on polystyrene conversion measured by gel permeation chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is copper- indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS), copper- indium-selenide (CIS) or copper-gallium-selenide (CGS) precursor compound.The compound is deficient in Cu. The compound is linear, branched, cyclic, an alternating copolymer, a block copolymer and/or a random copolymer.The compound is an oil at a temperature below 100 degrees C.The compound comprises three more repeating units of formula (M1b(ER)(ER)), or three or more repeating units of formula (M1a(ER)(ER)).(I) has 82 metal alloy repeating units e.g. of formulae (Cu(S-tert-Bu)(S-tert-pr)In(S-tert-Pr)2); (Cu(S-tert-Bu)2In(S-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(S-tert-Bu)(S-n-Bu)In(S-n-Bu)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)(Se-n-Bu)In(Se-nBu)2); (Cu(S-tert-Bu)(Se-tert-Bu)In(Se-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)(S-tert-Bu)Ga(S-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)2Ga(Se-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(S-tert-Bu)2Ga(S-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)(Se-tert-Pr)In(Se-iso-Pr)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)(Se-iso-Pr)Ga(Se-iso-Pr)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)(Se-n-Bu)In(Se-n-Bu)2); (Cu(S-n-Bu)(S-tert-Bu)In(S-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(S-tert-Bu)(Se-tert-Bu)In(Se-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(Se-s-Bu)(Se-tert-Bu)In(Se-tert-Bu)2); (Cu(Se-tert-Bu)(S-s-Bu)In(S-sBu)2); (Cu(S-tert-Bu)(STr)Ga(S-iso-Pr)2), (Cu(S-tert-Bu)2(In,Ga)(S-tert-Bu)2); and (Cu(S-tert-Bu)(Se-tert-Bu)(In,Ga)(Se-tert-Bu)2). EXAMPLE - Copper-selenium (Se)-sec-butyl (Bu) (1 g) was added to a stirred solution of indium (In)(Se-sec-Bu)3 (2.60 g) in benzene (10 ml) under inert atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 25 degrees C for 12 hours to produce a pale yellow solution. The solvent was removed from the reaction mixture under reduced pressure leaving a sticky yellow oil. The oil was dissolved in pentane and filtered and worked up to give (Cu(Se-sec-Bu)4In).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The main repeating unit of the polyester film is polyethylene terephthalate. The phosphorus compound is diethyl phosphono ethyl acetate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The stainless steel has a tin layer having a film thickness of 0.1-0.4 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The active layer contains porphyrin compound and/or polymer semiconductor. The buffer layer is an electronic transport layer or a hole transport layer. The electron transport layer contains the organic compound, and hole transport layer contains a sulfonic-acid-group containing compound. The n-type semiconductor is a fullerene compound. Preferred Properties: The n-semiconductor and fullerene compound have lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of -5 eV to -3 eV and -3.85 eV or more, respectively measured by cyclic voltammogram with respect to vacuum level. The polar solvent has solubility parameter of 9.5 or more. Preferred Compounds: The organic compound is phosphorus-containing compounds of formulae: (R3-P(=O)(-R4))n-R5, Ar1-P(-Ar2)(=O)-Y'-P(=O)(-Ar3)(-Ar4), Ar5-P(-Ar6)(=O)-Q-P(=O)(-Ar7)(-Ar8) and (((A)t-Ar10)j-P(=O))n(-Ar9)3-j.R3,R4=R1;R5=R2;R3+R4=condensed polycyclic aromatic group or optionally substituted aromatic group;Ar1-Ar8=optionally substituted aromatic group;Ar1+Ar2 or Ar3+Ar4=ring;Y'=heterocyclyl, aromatic hydrocarbyl or aliphatic hydrocarbyl (all optionally substituted);Q=condensed ring group having two or more aromatic rings;Ar9,Ar10=aromatic heterocyclyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl (both optionally substituted);A=fluoro or perfluoroalkyl;t=1-5;andj=1-3.When j is 3, n is 1. The fullerene compound is of formulae (I)-(IV).FLN=fullerene;d,e,f,g=integers;l=1-8;R13=aromatic group, 1-14C alkyl or 1-14C alkoxy;R14-R16=H or aromatic, 1-14C alkyl or 1-14C fluorination alkyl (all optionally substituted);R17-R21=H or optionally substituted 1-14C alkyl;Ar17=6-20C aromatic hydrocarbyl or 2-20C aromatic heterocyclyl (both optionally substituted);R22-R25=H or alkyl, amino, alkoxy or alkylthio (all optionally substituted);R22+R23 or R24+R25=ring;andR26,R27=H, optionally substituted 1-14C alkyl or optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The catalyst comprises support which is of the ceramic and monolithic type and carrying active member consisting of material from boride, chloride of transition metal and/or alloy containing transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reagent comprises aqueous solution of metal hydride. The reagent comprises additional stabilizing basic agent selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second membrane consists of polymeric material such as fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ion conductive polymer is polyether ester, polyether carbonate, polyether sulfone, polyethylene oxide, polysiloxane, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The grain size of the nanometal particles is 1-50 nm. The grain size of the micro-sized particles is 0.1-20 mu m. The weight ratio of the nanometal particles and micro-sized particles is 1-20:80-99. The nanometal particles and micro-sized particles are chosen from gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, palladium, platinum and tin. The solvent is chosen from terpineol, N-methylpyrrolidone, butyl cellulose, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethyl carbitol, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate and their mixtures. The hardener is chosen from dicyandiamide and phenol resin. Preferred Composition: The paste composition further comprises binder resin composition containing binder resin, hardener and solvent. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or tetrahydrofuran. The oxidation-reduction derivative is lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, lithium bromide, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, quaternary ammonium salt, imidazolium salt and/or pyridinium salt. The iodide pyridinium ionic liquid is 1-ethyl pyridinium iodide, 1-butyl pyridinium iodide, 1-hexyl pyridinium iodide, 1-butyl-2-methyl pyridinium iodide, and/or 1-butyl-3-methyl pyridinium iodide. The electrolyte solution contains 0.04-0.06M of organic solvent, 0.05-0.15M of oxidation-reduction derivative, 0.5-0.7M of iodide pyridinium ionic liquid, and 0.4-0.6M of t-butylpyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidative-reductive derivative is chosen from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, lithium bromide, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, quaternary ammonium salt, imidazolium salt and pyridinium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution contains organic solvent and oxidative-reductive derivative. The organic solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran and 3-methoxypropionitrile. The pyrrolidinium iodide based ionic liquid is 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium iodide, 1-methyl-1-propyl-pyrrolidinium iodide and/or 1-ethyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductive particle is chosen from zinc oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, diamond, aluminum, silver and graphite. The average particle diameter of the thermal conductive particle is 0.2-10 mu m. The organic peroxide is chosen from dialkyl type peroxide, alkyl peroxy type ester and peroxy type ketone, preferably alkyl peroxy type ester. The alkyl peroxy type ester is peroxy type ketone. Preferred Composition: The amount of ethylene copolymer resin is 0.1-10 parts weight and organic peroxide is 0.2-4 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of thermal conductive particle. The thermal conductive particle is surface treated with stearic acid, titanate coupling agent or silane coupling agent. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer of the electrode comprises tin doped indium oxide, doped tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide doped indium oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, antimony doped tin oxide or niobium doped titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transmitting mask is made of quartz or glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation adhesive is made of alumina. The transmitting mask is made of silica gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation adhesive is made of high molecule polymer. The structure comprises a transmitting mask made of epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bio bamboo fiber (BBF) is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and a tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and ethylene fluoride ternary copolymer (THV) three-layer compound. The EVA is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The PET is polyethylene glycol terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The cover panel is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cover panel is made of silicon gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method utilizes carbon 60-benzyl butanoate as electron transport acceptor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper and lower protection films are made of metal material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper and lower protection films are made of polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, Teflon (RTM: PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The black body apparatus is made of quartz and glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The black body apparatus is made of stainless steel and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The black body apparatus is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The black body is made of a metal selected from a group consisting of stainless steel and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The black body piece is made of metal such as stainless steel and iron tube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The converter uses an insulated material arranged at the external of the black body piece and selected from polyurethane, polyphenyl material, plastic and nylon insulated material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The device comprises a thermal insulation material e.g. fiber thermal insulation material, thermal insulation cement, polyurethane, polyphenyl material, plastic, nylon thermal insulation material, arranged on the vacuum glass pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bulk encapsulant comprises a thermal polymer olefin. The bulk encapsulant comprises polyethylene, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polyethylene terephthalates, polybutylene terephthalates, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, fluoropolymers, acrylics, ionomers and silicones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is made from soda-lime glass, low iron glass or alkali-free glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first current output element is soldering tin. The first electrode layer is made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), and selected from indium doped tin oxide (ITO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron doped zinc oxide (BZO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO), or zinc oxide (ZnO). The second electrode layer is made from TCO, metal and metal-transparent-conductive-oxide complex; and the metal is selected from aluminum, nickel, gold, silver, chromium, titanium or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The absorber layer is made from amorphous silicon, polymorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si) or microcrystalline silicon germanium (mc-SiGe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution contains hydrogen peroxide (0.005-1 mol/L) and titanium (IV) oxysulfate (0.005-1 mol/L).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hole block layer is further obtained using nonaqueous solution containing organic titanium compound of formula: Ti(OR1)2, and lower alkylamine. The lower alkylamine is diethylamine. The photoelectric conversion element is obtained using aqueous dispersion containing poly-3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and nonionic surfactant. The nonionic surfactant contains hydroxyl-containing compound of formula: R(OCH2CH2)nOH.R1=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, or 1-8C fluoro derivative;R=10-15C alkyl;andn=5-15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic-semiconductor layer contains conjugated polymer as an electron donor and fullerene derivative as an electron acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bulk encapsulant is a thermal polymer olefin or non-olefin thermoplastic polymer selected from linear low density, polyethylenepolyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polycarbonates, fluoropolymers, acrylics, ionomers and/or silicones. The module comprises encapsulant CTE modifier ( greater than or equal to 25, preferably greater than or equal to 30 wt.%) with the bulk encapsulant in the composite encapsulant. The encapsulant CTE modifier is distributed through greater than or equal to 50 (preferably greater than or equal to 75)% of the composite encapsulant thickness. The encapsulant CTE modifier interacts with the bulk encapsulant so that the effective CTE of the composite encapsulant is greater than or equal to 25 (preferably greater than or equal to 50)% less than the bulk encapsulant. The encapsulant CTE modifier is in the form of a particle; and comprises a woven or a non-woven fiber material selected from glass (preferably), high modulus polyimide, linear high molecular weight polyethylene and/or light transmissive minerals. The bulk encapsulant further comprises an adhesion promoter to enhance bonding to the encapsulant CTE modifier. The adhesion promoter is a siloxane. The encapsulant CTE modifier is silanized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: At least one of electrolyte in catalyst layer of electrolytic membrane and electrode is hydrocarbon-type electrolyte. The membrane electrode assembly is reduced using a reducing solution containing borohydride compound, or acidic reducing agent solution, and acid-washed using aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid, formic acid or heteropolyacid. The reducing agent solution contains mixture of formic acid and hydroxy carboxylic acid, mixture of formic acid and ascorbic acid, or mixture of formic acid and heteropolyacid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The crosslinked polymer microparticles are manufactured by dispersion-polymerization method or seed swelling polymerization method. Preferred Component: The crosslinked polymer microparticles are (meth)acrylic-type crosslinked polymer microparticles, or styrene-type crosslinked polymer microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester film comprises polyester resin obtained by polymerizing polycondensation catalyst containing aluminum, or its compound, and phenol type compound. The polyester film comprises at least three layers of outermost layer containing particles and central layer, which is not containing particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The contact-pressure equalization sheet is made of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anode film is formed by either polyphenyl sulfide, polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene naphthalate, polyetheretherketone or liquid crystal polymer. The lower surface sealing material is formed by fluorine-type silicone rubber, ethylene propylene rubber or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The laminated structure comprises coated laminated structure. The coated laminated structure consists of 2nd gas barrier layer. The 2nd gas barrier layer comprises inorganic oxide and anchor coat layer. The anchor coat layer is arranged between 2nd gas barrier layer and the laminated structure. The 2nd gas barrier layer is covered with film layer. The anchor coat layer comprises component (a) compound containing at least one acrylic polyol and polyester polyol, component (b) isocyanate compound complex. The film layer comprises component (c) water soluble polymer and component (d) compound containing at least one hydrolyzate of one or more types of metal alkoxide. The sheet comprises over coat layer. The over coat layer is laminated on the opposite side of the laminated structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The side elements and the upper and lower cross-pieces are made of light metal i.e. aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is made of ethylene propylene diene monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The barrier layer has ten-point irregularity height of 30 nm or less. The barrier film has visible-light transmittance at 400-800 nm of 70-90%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base layer is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester film comprises polyester resin obtained by polymerizing polycondensation catalyst containing aluminum compound and phenol type compound. The polyester film comprises at least three layers of outermost layer and central layer. The outer most layer contains particles and central layer does not contain particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive tape has 50% or more of breaking elongation retention property when processed for 3000 hours at 85 degrees C and at 85% humidity. The adhesive tape has 50% or more of alternating current whole surface withstand voltage retention when processed for 3000 hours at 85 degrees C and at 85% humidity. Preferred Components: The resin sheet is polyethylene terephthalate. The content of oligomer in polyethylene terephthalate is 0.8 wt.% or less. The adhesion layer is an acrylic adhesive layer. The acrylic adhesive layer comprises UV absorber. The solar cell module is obtained by fixing external connection wire to a predetermined position using the adhesive tape or integrating several external connection wire with adhesive tape. The lead wire for an output is fixed to frame. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluororesin layer comprises fluororesin (a) chosen from polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylenic copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene ethylenic copolymer, perfluoroethylene-propene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, or mixture of fluororesin (a), and methacrylate resin and/or acrylate resin. The fluororesin layer, and low-molecular-weight-material-precipitation-proof-type resin sheet contain polyethylene terephthalate having oligomer content of 0.8 wt.% or less. Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer is acrylic adhesive layer containing ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Properties: The adhesive tape has breaking elongation of 50% or more and alternating-current whole-surface withstand voltage retention value of 50% or more, after processing in atmosphere at 85 degrees C and humidity of 85% for 3000 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: One electrode comprises gold and the other comprises copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises poly-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin is 60 degrees C. Preferred Components: The hydrophilic functional group is (meth)acrylic acid ester which has functional group. The thermoplastic polyester resin has polymerizable functional group.
Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of isocyanate group is 2.0 %mass or more. The carbodiimide compound is formed by polymerization of diisocyanate compound, preferably aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanate. The polymerization degree of carbodiimide compound is 2-20. The content of carbodiimide compound is 0.05-2 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene polarity monomer copolymer. The sealing film further comprises 0.1-2 parts mass of organic peroxide with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene polarity monomer copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The liquid containing silicon compound is polysilazane. The thin film of the silicon oxide is formed by plasma CVD method under reduced atmospheric pressure. The plasma CVD method is performed under two or more of high-frequency electric field. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrolytically-active material is zinc, magnesium, cadmium, lithium, lead, iron, hydrogen, nickel hydride, LixC6, sodium and/or potassium and/or the second electrolytically-active material is a catalytically active material, MnO2, HgO, AgO, SOCl2, SO2, FeS2, (CF)n, I2, PbO2, NiO2, FeS, NiCl2 and/or S.x and n=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type inorganic nanoparticle semiconductor comprises cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, zinc oxide, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide and/or zinc telluride. The first grid electrode comprises silver and/or copper. The second grid electrode is silver, copper, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, magnesium:lithium and/or magnesium:silver. The anti-reflective coating comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and/or cerium oxide. The first and second passivation layers comprise intrinsic amorphous silicon and/or aluminum trioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type organic semiconductor compound comprises fullerene, a fullerene derivative, perylene and/or 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bis-benzimidazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The p-type organic semiconductor layer comprises poly(p-phenylenevinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene), polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3-alkylthiophene), fluorine copolymer alternating polyfluorene (APFO) green 1, fluorine copolymer APFO-green 2, poly(2,7-(9,9'-dihexylfluorene)-alt-2,3-dimethyl-5,7-dithien-2-yl -2,1,3-benzothiadiazole), copper phthalocyanine and/or zinc phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic interlayer includes acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acrylic, celluloid, cellulose acetate, cycloolefin copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, silicone, epoxy, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, fluoroplastic, ionomer, KYDEX (RTM: KYDEX Thermoplastic Sheet is a registered trademark of KYDEX, LLC and is the only manufacturer of this material), liquid crystal polymer, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyamide-imide, polyaryletherketone, polybutadiene, polybutylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactone, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyketone, polyester, polyethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyetherketoneketone, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, polyethylenechlorinate, polyimide, polylactic acid, polymethylpentene, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphthalamide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, or styrene-acrylonitrile, or any combination thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fiber comprises a transparent or translucent polymer, and optionally fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and polypropylene. The shell comprises the transparent or translucent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first nanomaterial comprises titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide. It comprises nanotube, nanoparticle, and/or nanowire; and has crystalline structure comprising anatase phase or rutile phase of titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid is a solvent for the first nanomaterial. The solvent chemically modifies a surface of the first nanomaterials. The liquid is a mixture of ethanol and water. It further comprises a nanomaterial precursor. Preferred Methods: Forming aerosol droplets comprises applying an electrostatic force to the dispersion using electrospray; or pneumatic force and sonication.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The liquid comprises polymeric additive (1-30 wt.%) incorporated into the aggregate particles upon removal of the liquid. The polymeric additive is removed from the aggregate particles by annealing the aggregate particles, and controls pore size and pore volume of the particle. It comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, polystyrene latex sphere, and polymer nanosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hook strip and the counter hook strip are extruded parts made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The temperature preservation material is selected a group consisting of polyurethane, polyphenyl material, plastic and nylon temperature preservation material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer part of the black body apparatus is provided with an insulating material selected from polyurethane, polyphenyl material, plastics and nylon insulating materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic substance comprises oxides of silicon, tin, zirconium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound having oxazoline group is monomer and/or oligomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (a) is polyester. The sheet main material contains microparticles comprising polyethylene terephthalate and titanium oxide. The polymer (b) is polyester, polyurethane and/or polyolefin. The adhesive layer has a film containing compound having oxazoline group and polymer (b) which suppresses desorption of microparticles comprising inorganic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An encapsulation layer comprises an organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanocomposite electrode comprises electrolyte selected from the group of mixture of alkali metal nitrates, a mixture of alkali metal aluminochloride with aluminum chloride and a mixture of aluminum and zinc chlorides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is impregnate with crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant having impregnation weight of 80-120 mg/24 hours at 23 degrees C with respect to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (1 g) and silane coupling agent having impregnation weight of 80-150 mg/24 hours at 23 degrees C with respect to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (1 g). The crosslinking agent has surface tension of 23-28 mN/m. The surface tension of crosslinking adjuvant is 33-38 mN/m and silane coupling agent is 27-32 mN/m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst thin film is further manufactured by enhancing graphene visibility which includes disposing polymer-based material over the graphene; and etching down at least portion of graphene thin film using hydrogen atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst thin film comprises metal selected from nickel, cobalt, iron, permalloy, nickel-chromium alloy and/or copper. Preferred Composition: The nickel-chromium alloy has chromium content of 3-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon inclusive gas includes ethane (C2H2), methane (CH4) and aromatic (Ar) gasses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyvalent transition metal ion contains cerium ion and/or manganese ion. The replacement amount of the transition metal ion is 3-30 mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ion exchange capacity of the block (A) is more than 3.0 meq/g and the ion exchange capacity of the polymer electrolyte is 1.2-2.5 meq/g. Preferred Composition: The block (A) further contains aromatic repeating unit of formula (I) and/or of formula: -(Ar1X1-Ar2-X2)- (II). The repeating unit of formula (II) is preferably of formula (IIa). The block (B) is of formula (III).X1,X2=coupling group, preferably O;Ar1=aryl group chosen from groups of formulae (a)-(g);andAr2=aryl group chosen from 18 groups e.g. groups of formulae (h)-(l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material of salt or oxide of metal element is chosen from nickel diacetate, lanthanum oxide, strontium component, barium diacetate, manganese diacetate, cobalt diacetate and iron diacetate. The additive is ammonium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monomer (a) is acrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is chosen from N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The adsorption amount of acetic acid of component chosen from compounds (i)-(iv) is 0.1-0.8 mu mol/g. The component (i) has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-specific-surface-area of 5-200 m2/g. The component (iv) has average plate surface diameter of 0.02-0.9 mu m and refractive index of 1.58-1.72. Preferred Process: The baked products are obtain by heat-processing at 200-800 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains component (0.01-20 parts weight) chosen from compounds (i)-(iv) with respect to ethylenic copolymer (A) (100 parts weight). The ethylenic copolymer (A) is copolymer chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and ethylene-ethyl-methacrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte layer further contains ionic liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cationic cellulose or its derivatives is cationized hydroxyalkyl cellulose. The coating liquid contains oxidation-reduction pair, cationic cellulose or its derivative(s) and water, or organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive functional group-containing olefin polymer contains organometallic functional group containing boron and/or silicon. The amount of organometallic functional group is 0.1-1500 mu equivalent/g. Preferred Process: The organometallic functional group is obtained using borinic-acid derivative or borinic acid, and alkoxysilane derivative or alkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyolefin is obtained using 2-12C aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon and 8-12C aromatic hydrocarbon or its hydrogenated substance. The polyvinyl acetal is obtained by performing acetalization of polyvinyl alcohol having polymerization degree of 150-3000. Preferred Composition: The adhesive functional group-containing olefin polymer contains reactive functional group chosen from carboxyl group, derivative of carboxyl group, and epoxy group. The mass ratio of polyolefin and adhesive functional group-containing olefin polymer is 0/100-99.9/0.1. The amount of reactive functional group is 1-1500 mu equivalent/g. The laminate further contains layer (C) containing polyolefin. The adhesive functional group-containing olefin polymer is a block copolymer containing polymeric block (X) and polymeric block (Y) containing polyolefin obtained using 8-12C aromatic unsaturated-hydrocarbon and 2-12C aliphatic conjugated-polyene, or its hydrogenated substance. The 8-12C aromatic unsaturated hydrocarbon is styrene. The 2-12C aliphatic conjugated polyene is butadiene, isoprene or mixture of butadiene and isoprene. The polyvinyl acetal is polyvinyl butyral. The amount of vinyl acetate is 0.01-30 mol%. The layer (A) contains 1-100 parts mass of plasticizer with respect to 100 mass parts of polyvinyl acetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains thermosetting resin, epoxy resin, and synthetic rubber. The synthetic rubber contains styrene-type synthetic rubber and/or acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. The resin layer is formed using a thermobonding-type adhesive composition containing polymer of conjugated diene-containing monomer, and tackifier. Preferred Layers: The binding layer is glass cloth and/or metal sheet. A resin layer is capable of foaming using a foaming agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Membrane: The pliable membrane is seamless. The pliable membrane and reinforced perimeter of the membrane are both seamless. Preferred Parameters: The perimeter reinforced pliable membrane dimensions are at least about 1 meter by 1 meter; or the perimeter reinforced pliable membrane dimensions are at least about 2 meters by 3 meters; or the perimeter reinforced pliable membrane dimensions are at least about 3 meters by 5 meters.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pliable membrane comprises an elastomer, where the elastomer is an ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber, a silicone elastomer, a fluorosilicone, fluoroelastomer (FKM), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), HR, or butyl rubber. The supporting substrate is a fabric, chopped fibers, or non-woven, where the fabric or non-woven is selected from glass fibers, nylons, polyesters, aramids, steel meshes, polyimides, carbon fiber or its mixtures. The elastomer further comprises a curing agent, where the curing agent is organic peroxide, a platinum, palladium, ruthenium or organotin catalyst. Organic peroxide is di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl cumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, dibenzoyl peroxide, di(4-methylbenzoyl)peroxide, di-2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide or its mixtures. The elastomer further comprises a thermoplastic elastomer. Preferred Process: In providing perimeter reinforced pliable membrane, the first and second mixtures are the same. Step (c) provides pieces of reinforced material are sized at angles such that the edges of the angles fit together. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The laminate resin film is selected from the group of silicone resin, polyvinyl butyral or ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The periphery sealing component is selected from the group of butyl tape/sheet, hot butyl, metal resin or hygroscopic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and second electrodes are formed from material selected from calcium, indium, aluminum, tin, silver, copper and/or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The macrocyclic pi -conjugated planar molecule is arylene-ethynylene macrocycle (AEM) formed from sub-units of carbazoles, benzenes, thiophenes, phenylene vinylene, porphyrins, phthalocyanines, perylene, pyrenes and/or graphenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The oligo-para-phenylene-containing copolymer is selected from 8 compounds as given in the specification e.g. compounds of formulae (Ia), (Ib) and (Ic).R3=n-C6H13, or n-C10H21.Preparation (disclosed): The oligo-para-phenylene-containing copolymer of formula (I') is prepared by a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction between 4,7-bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and a diboronated ladder-type oligo-para-phenylene of formula (ix), using Pd(PPh3)4/K2CO3 in toluene, H2O.R1a=n-C6H13, or n-C10H21. Preferred Definitions:    A'=divalent radical comprising fused ring structure selected from 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline, benzo(1,2-c;4,5-c')bis(1,2,5)thiadiazole, or naphtho(2,3-c)(1,2,5)thiadiazole (all optionally substituted).    EXAMPLE - 2,2'-(6,6,12,12-Tetradecyl-6,12-dihydroindeno(1,2b)fluorene-2,8-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (0.56 g), 5,8-bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (0.3 17 g), and K2CO3 solution (20 ml, 2 M in H2O) were added into three-neck flask containing toluene (50 ml). The flask was connected to reflux condenser and filled with nitrogen. After bubbling the toluene solution for 30 minutes, Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mol%, 50 mg) was added. The degassed reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 95 degrees C for 2 days, followed by workup to obtain the oligo-para-phenylene-containing copolymer of formula (Id) (where R1b=n-C10H21) (0.3 g, yield=45%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic cellulose resin is cationic cellulose or its derivative(s). The concentration of iodine in the electrolyte layer is 0-3 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Insulating buffer layer is made of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell has fluoropolymer top layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective layer is made of reflective material such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni) and titanium (Ti).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first monomer is 2,5-dibromo-3-octyl- thiophene. The second monomer is 2,5-dibromo-phenanthrenyl imidazole thiophene. The second product is 1-phenyl-2-(3-thioenyl)-1H-phenanthro-dimidazole. The GRIM has a maximum adding ratio of 80% of the second monomer and 20% of the first monomer. The second monomer is made of a material selected from a moiety consisting of oxidiazo-moiety, triazole-moiety, quinoxaline-moiety, imidazole-moiety and triazine-moiety. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Glycerin compound, aldehyde compound and fullerene are reacted, to obtain fullerene derivative having pyrrolidine partial structure (I). Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative has 1-4 pyrrolidine partial structures (I). The fullerene derivative is of formula (II) or (III).ring A=60C or more fullerene skeleton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electron donor is high-molecular compound. The high-molecular compound has repeating units of formulae (III) and (IV).R6-R15=H, alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl. Preferred Definitions:    R=1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-60C aryl, halo, thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, piperidyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyrrolyl, -((CH2-)m-O-)n-(CH2)p-CH3 or -CH2-(CH2)s-C(=O)-O-(CH2)q-CH3;    m=1-6;    n=1-4;    p=0-5;and    s,q=0-10.    EXAMPLE - Aldehyde (in g) (0.19), (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (0.19), fullerene C60 (0.5) and chlorobenzene (30 ml) were mixed, heat-stirred at 130 degrees C for 6 hours, cooled to room temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified, to obtain fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is 3-methoxy-propionitrile, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate. The mole ratio of elementary iodine, lithium iodide, N-methyl benzimidazole, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazole iodate is 0.05-0.15:0-0.7:0.1-0.6:0-0.8 (preferably 0.1:0-0.6:0.15-0.55:0-0.7); mole ratio of N-methyl benzimidazole, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazole iodate is 0.1:0.1:0.45:0.6 (preferably 0.1:0.3:0.45:0.4); and the density of the elementary iodine in solvent is 0.05-0.15 M. The gel is polyoxyethylene; and molecular weight of the polyoxyethylene is 0.3-4x 106 (preferably 2x 106) g/mol. The concentration of the gel is 2.5-30 (preferably 5-12.5)% of the total mass of the liquid electrolyte. Preferred Processes: The method for mixing gel and liquid electrolyte comprises under sealed condition, heating gel and liquid electrolyte at 70-80 degrees C. The heating time at 70-80 degrees C for 48-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid and/or base is hydrofluoride, fluorosilicic acid, aqueous silica, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The optically transparent, electrically conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, poly(4,4-dioctyl-cyclopentadithiophene) and/or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and/or its copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer in the donor layer is poly(3-hexylthiophene). The polymer in the acceptor layer is (6,6)-phenyl-C61-methylbutyrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles of ZnO are coated with silane. The ZnO particles have a size of 30-35 nm and mass content of filler is 0.5-6%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and ZnO. Preferred Components: The fluorinated polymer is a homopolymer of vinylidene difluoride or a copolymer of vinylidene difluoride and at least one other fluorinated monomer, preferably PVDF. The film has a thickness of 10-100 mu m, preferably 20-80 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline-earth metal is barium or strontium. The trivalent rare-earth is chosen from ytterbium, erbium, yttrium, dysprosium, gadolinium, samarium and neodymium. The hydrogen permeability metal film is palladium-type metal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The removal of the atmospheric components in the additional coating system is carried out by ion bombardment on the last deposited sublayer of the semiconductor layer. At least a part is removed from the last deposited sublayer of the semiconductor layer in the additional coating system before depositing the additional layers of the semiconductor layer. The ion bombardment is carried out by sputter etching. The residual moisture released through the ion bombardment is extracted or condensed on a collector surface. The additional layers of the semiconductor layer are applied by sputtering or chemical vapor deposition at low pressure in the additional system after at least partially removing the last deposited sublayer in the additional system. A transparent, electrically conductive layer is deposited on the semiconductor layer in the additional system after at least partially removing the last deposited sublayer. The last deposited sublayer is n-doped at an interface facing towards the previous sublayer. Preferred Components: The ion bombardment at least partially consists of noble gas ions; and oxygen ions. The processing pressure during the ion bombardment in an additional system is not greater than 50 Pa, preferably 1 mPa. Plasma is used for the sputter etching, where the plasma at least partially consists of noble gas. The thickness of the removed layer from the last deposited sublayer is not greater than 15 nm. The last deposited sublayer exhibits a layer thickness of 15-50 nm. The semiconductor layer is made up of silicon. The semiconductor layer consists of at least one cell (7) with a p-type sublayer of the microcrystalline silicon facing on the side of the front electrode layer, on which an intrinsic sublayer of the microcrystalline silicon and an n-type sublayer of amorphous silicon are deposited. The last deposited sublayer of the semiconductor layer exhibits a dark conductivity of more than 10-6 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A layer of zinc-doped tin oxide is interposed between the glass substrate and the first graphene-based layer. The substrate is glass substrate or silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and/or second semiconductor layers comprise polymeric material(s). The deformable foil is a polyethylene terephthalate foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gel layer contains a sensitizing dye. The electron carrying layer contains viologen derivative, phenoxy derivative and/or quinone derivative, and an organic compound (b) having oxidation-reduction portion which carries out oxidation-reduction repeatedly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The positive hole transport layer contains nitroxy-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The total photovoltaic surface (10,110, 210, 310, 410, 510) comprises at least two separate photovoltaic surfaces or zones (30, 130, 230, 330, 430) which are horizontally oriented during use, where at least two horizontally oriented separate photovoltaic surfaces or zones (30, 130, 230, 330, 430) are sloped from each other by an angle of 30-180 degrees , preferably 50-150 degrees . Preferred Component: At least part of the or entire total photovoltaic surface (10, 110, 210, 310, 410, 510) is made with a material comprising silicon in amorphous form and/or a polymer semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The low surface energy coating is silicone polyurethane polymer and is formed from polyalcohol compound of formula (HO-R1-Si(R)2-O-(Si(R)2-O)n-Si(R)2-R1-OH) (I).R,R1=alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted);andn=5-1000.The shroud has a trailing edge with mixing lobes, and a ring airfoil shape. The shroud comprises a skeleton and skin, and the low surface energy coating is disposed on the skin. The surface having a low surface energy coating is an interior surface of the shroud. The wind turbine further includes an ejector shroud surrounding the shroud and having an inlet end, the inlet end of the ejector shroud surrounding an outlet end of the first shroud. The low surface energy coating inhibits atmospheric deposits from accumulating on the shroud.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sections are made of extruded aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer is made of extruded polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass powder (B) has softening point of 350-700 degrees C and 50 weight% particle diameter of 0.5-6 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paste composition contains (in weight%) electroconductive component (20-70), glass powder (3-15) and binder resin (25-70).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass powder has 50 wt.% particle diameter of 0.5-6 mu m and a softening point of 350-700 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive component is 20-70 wt.%, the content of glass powder is 3-15 wt.%, and the content of binder resin is 25-70 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Ethylene-vinyl acetate or its equivalent is used to adhesively bond the entire PV cells assembly and the top protective layer onto the TCRW using thermal vacuum lamination technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The longitudinal direction of the rod-shaped crystal is c axial direction of zinc oxide having c-axis orientation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid solution comprises ethanol as a solvent; and at least one surfactant: diethylene glycol, glycerin, isopropyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode further has an electroconductive support supporting noble metal catalyst. The support is carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber and/or carbon nanohorn. The noble metal catalyst is platinum or platinum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solar cell unit is made of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, or an III-V material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The lens unit is made of polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, or polycarbonate plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The non-single crystal substrate comprises polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, or microcrystalline silicon. It also comprises a material selected from glass, quartz, Mylar, steel, metal, plastic, or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Nanowire: The nanowire comprises a material selected from a metal, a group III-V compound semiconductor material and related alloys, a group II-VI compound semiconductor material and related alloys, or a group IV semiconductor material and related alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The array comprises amorphous silicon, which can be micro, poly, or nano silicon. The wires are made by metal enhanced etching of silicon. The oxidizing agent is oxygen gas bubbled through the etchant aqueous solution. The silicon on top of the organic substrate prior to deposition of the metal comprises polysilicon, nanosilicon, amorphous silicon, or microcrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The deposited and patterned metal is silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conducting substrate comprises a non-conducting organic material and a layer of conductive material on top of the non-conducting organic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises polyaniline or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal oxide layer contains silicon oxide, and is formed by atmospheric pressure plasma chemical vapor deposition method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The mold release agent layer is formed using fluorine-type silane coupling agent. The transfer material contains cation polymerization-type active energy ray hardening material, which is cured by irradiation, and transfer of pattern is enabled. The hardening material contains epoxy compound, compound having oxetane ring and/or vinyl ether compound. The epoxy compound is of formula (I) or (II).R1,R3=substituent;m1,m2,n1,n2=0 or 1;R2,R4,R5=optionally substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl;andY1,Y2=oxygen or sulfur.Preferred Property: The to-be-transferred base material has light transmittance of less than 5% with respect to light having wavelength of 365 nm. The film structure is a wavelength plate having in-plane phase difference of half wavelength. The base material is a film containing cellulose ester having in-plane phase difference of one-quarter wavelength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles contain metals having melting point of more than 220 degrees C and metals having melting point of 220 degrees C or less. The metals having melting point of 200 degrees C or less are chosen from bismuth, indium, tin and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The flux activator is a compound which contains hydroxyl group and carboxyl group in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin contains epoxy resin and/or (meth)acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (A) is polyethylene oxide. The component (B) is carboxymethylcellulose. The positive electrode active material layer contains lithium nickelate as positive electrode active material. Preferred Layer: The positive electrode active material layer is formed by coating a paste containing component (A), component (B), positive electrode active material, granular electroconductive material and aqueous medium on the surface of positive electrode collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric conversion element has conjugated polymer compound containing thiophene ring as hole transport material. Preferred Definitions:    X1=monovalent group derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, thiophene, thieno(2,3-b)thiophene, thieno(3,2-b)thiophene, thieno(3,2-b)thiophene or dithieno(3,2-b,2',3'-d)thiophene;and    X2=alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthio or alkylthio alkyl.    EXAMPLE - Fullerene (C60) (300 mg) was dissolved in dry o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) (9 ml) under argon atmosphere and ultrasonic wave was applied for 60 minutes. Sodium methoxide (172 mg) was dissolved in dry pyridine (6 ml) under argon atmosphere, tosyl hydrazone was added and stirred for 15 minutes. Then, ODCB solution of fullerene was added to the obtained solution and heated at 100 degrees C. The ODCB and pyridine were removed from the obtained solution and purified, to obtain brown solid. The obtained solid was dissolved in ODCB (3 ml), heated at 170 degrees C for 4.5 hours, solvent was removed and purified, to obtain methano fullerene derivative of formula (Ia) in yield of 15.4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alpha -olefin is butene, pentene, 4-methylpentene, hexene, and/or octene. The polar group-containing monomer is vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and/or maleic anhydride. The additive comprises (based on total resin matrix) UV absorbent or UV blocking agent (0.01-40%), silane coupling agent (0.001-4%), and crystallization nucleating agent (0.1-1.1%). The second resin contains 5-15% polar group-containing monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive stuff comprises carbon black and/or nitrogen powder at ratio of 1:0.8-4, graphite, carbon fiber, metal powder, metal oxide powder and ceramic powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight-average molecular weight of high molecule polymer is 20000-500000 g/mol; and density is less than or equal to 0.9 g/cm3. Preferred Components: The structure (A) is polycaprolactone, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) or polypivalolactone, or their copolymer, homopolymer of ethylene oxide, or polyhydroxy silanol. The structure (B) is polyoxyethylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or polytrimethylene ether glycol (PTMEG).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of metal powder with large grain size and small grain size is (9-99):1. Preferred Components: The conductive metal powder is aluminum powder and/or silver powder. The inorganic binder is glass dust comprising bismuth oxide, boron oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and strontium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier comprises organic solvent and thickening agent. The organic solvent is terpineol, butylcarbitol, dibutylphthalate, or butylcarbitol acetate. The additive comprises ammonia sulfate and cyclohexanone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickening agent comprises ethyl cellulose, nitrated cellulose and resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Solar Cell: The solar cell has larger effective area and comprises: (a) a first type semiconductive layer; and (b) a second type semiconductive layer, which is coupled with the first type semiconductive layer, where the second type semiconductive layer includes a concave structure to increase light irradiation area. It also comprises a transparent electrode, which is configured on the second type semiconductive layer. The material of the transparent electrode includes metal oxides and the metal is selected from aurum, silver, indium, gallium, aluminum, tin, germanium, antimony, zinc, platinum, or palladium. The material of the transparent electrode also includes conductive polymer, conductive adhesive, silver-aluminum paste, or carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anti-reflection coating layer may comprise silicon nitride and/or indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The silicon photoelectric multiplier further comprises an anti-reflection coating layer formed on an inner wall of the trench and an insulating material charged in the anti-reflection coating layer. The insulating material is polyimide, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene oxide, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester elastomer, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyphthalic amide, polyether sulfone, polyamide imide, polyether imide, polyether ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyarylate, PTFE, or polysilicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional particles are ethylene bis-tetra bromo phthalimide preferably of particle size 1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Basksheet: In the backsheet, the melt flow rate of the used flexible polypropylene (FPP) resin blends is lower than 10 g/10 minute. The backsheet is laminated or coextruded with primer layer having intrinsic adhesion with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) adhesive layer (5); or with functional polyolefin (PO) layer, i.e. tie-layer as an integrated back adhesive layer substituting crosslinkable EVA adhesive layer. The backsheet contains functional particles, preferably only in the layer facing the cells. Preferred Module: In the PV module, an upper adhesive layer (2) is transparent functionalized TPO or tie-layer/TPO/tie-layer, where the TPO layer has a low lateral flow at lamination temperature by one of crosslinking or providing internal random propylene copolymer (RCP)/very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) layers. In the PV module, a junction box is welded on the backsheet; or junction box is glued on the at least locally plasma surface treated backsheet. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base microparticles are carbon cluster, amorphous-carbon microparticles or silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group or atoms are fluorine-containing organic groups including perfluoroalkyl group. The ionic dissociative group has proton, lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), magnesium ion (Mg2+), calcium ion (Ca2+), strontium ion (Sr2+) or barium ion (Ba2+). The ionic dissociative group is hydrogen-ion dissociative group having hydrogen-ion conductivity. The hydrogen-ion dissociative group is chosen from hydroxyl group, sulfonic-acid group, carboxyl group, phosphono group, phosphoric acid-dihydrogen ester group, phosphonomethano group, diphosphonomethano group, phosphonomethyl group, diphosphonomethyl group and phosphine group. The ion-conductive microparticles are manufactured using silane coupling agent or chlorosulfonyl compound as reaction molecule. The carbon clusters are spherical carbon cluster molecules (fullerene) having carbon number of 36, 60, 70, 76, 78, 80, 82 and 84.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing resin contains homopolymer or copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene or hexafluoropropene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blackbody is made of stainless steel, iron tube, quartz, glass or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyamine polymer is made of poly-oxalimide or methyl polyamine polyvinyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The heat bondable resin consists of ethylene-based copolymer having ethylene content of 60-90 wt.% and melt mass flow rate of 1-50 g/10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode is made of the material selected from the group consisting of carbon, a metal that forms an alloy with lithium, and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell window layer includes aluminum indium phosphide. The cap layer includes gallium arsenide and indium. One of the p-n junction includes indium gallium arsenide. The electrical insulator piece includes alumina, aluminum nitride, beryllium oxide, glass, BK7, quartz, sapphire, borosilicate glass, mullite, steatite, forsterite, zirconia, boron nitride, polymers, polyvinyl chloride, poly-methyl methacrylate, and/or benzocyclobutant, and semi-insulating silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The metal-air battery comprises a polymeric material having at least one of an ionic liquid and a deep eutectic solvent blended in it, where the polymeric material comprises a copolymer of polyvinylidenefluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: A power level of the optical energy provided by the laser source is at least 3 kilowatts. The battery power source provides at least 10 kilowatts of power for at least six minutes. The portable cutting device provides sufficient power to cut through half inch steel at a rate of at least 50 inches per minute. Preferred Component: The battery power source includes rechargeable batteries connected together in series, where the rechargeable batteries are selected from lithium-ion batteries and lithium polymer batteries.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphite compound with respect to 100 parts weight of thermoplastic polymer is 0.001-5 parts weight. The phosphite compound is 6-(3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetra-t-butyldibenz(d,f)(1,3,2)dioxa phosphepine. The sealing material further contains piperidine-type compound of formula (II), (III) or (IV), ultraviolet absorber, organic peroxide-type crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant and silane coupling agent.R8=H, 1-20C alkyl or 1-20C alkoxy;andY"=oxygen or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic polymer further contains vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The adhesive layer contains 100 parts mass of resin component and 40-180 parts mass of filler. The resin component contains 15-40 %mass of high-molecular weight component having weight average molecular weight of 100000-400000 and glass transition temperature of -50 to 50 degrees C, and 60-85 %mass of thermosetting component containing epoxy resin having molecular weight of 800 or more. The metal layer has thickness of 3 mu m or less. The transfer film has thickness of 1 mu m or less. The laminated film of adhesive layer and transparent conductive layer has visible light transmittance of 70% or more. The adhesive layer has storage elastic modulus of 200-3000 MPa before hardening, and 0.1-10 MPa after hardening at 80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The mixed resin composition has crystal melting peak temperature of 260 degrees C or more. The molded product has ratio of difference between crystallization heat of fusion and heat of crystallization, and crystallization heat of fusion of 0.5 or less. The film has ratio of difference between crystallization heat of fusion and heat of crystallization, and crystallization heat of fusion of 0.9 or more. Preferred Process: The method further involves heat-processing the stretched film at crystallization temperature of mixed resin composition - 20 degrees C to melting point of mixed resin composition. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of crystalline polyaryl ketone resin (A) and polyetherimide resin (B) is 90-40/10-60. The crystalline polyaryl ketone resin (A) has polyetheretherketone resin having carbonyl group-containing repeating unit of formula (II), as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphorus compound is phosphonic acid type compound and/or phosphinic acid type compound, preferably P(=O)R1(OR2)(OR3) and/or P(=O)R1R4(OR2). The phosphorus compound has a phenol portion in the same molecule.R1,R4=H, or 1-50C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hydroxy, halo, alkoxy or amino, preferably group having aromatic ring structure;andR2,R3=H, or 1-50C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hydroxy or alkoxy, with hydrocarbyl optionally including alicyclic structure and aromatic ring structure.The terminals of R2 and R4 may be bonded. Alternately, the polycondensation catalyst contains an aluminum salt of phosphorus compound, preferably of formula (I).R11,R12=H or 1-30C hydrocarbyl;R14=H, or 1-50C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hydroxy, alkoxy or carbonyl;l,n=1 or more;m=0, or 1 or more;andl+m=3.The hydrocarbyl may include alicyclic structure, branched structure, and aromatic ring structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The breaking elongation retention half life in heat-resistant test of the polyester film is 700 hours or more at 160 degrees C. The polyester film has a density of 1.38-1.41 g/cc, a thermal contraction rate of -5% to 2%, preferably -0.5% to 0.5%, in the longitudinal and width directions at 150 degrees C, and a maximum oriented ratio (MOR-C) of 1-2 when the film thickness is converted to 50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is a liquid crystal polymer-type resin, preferably polyethylene-type resin, ionomer-type resin, fluororesin or cycloolefin-type polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solar panel comprises multiple levels of consolidated solar cells, where the former composite includes a polyvinyl fluoride film, underlying polyester film, underlying polyvinyl dichloride (PVD) film and an underlying ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) film. The latter composite includes a combination of EVA film, an underlying PVD film and an underlying polyester film. The solar cells include spherical silicon semiconductor elements as an assigned light concentrator element. The latter Velcro tape is provided with an acrylate adhesive, where an adhesion layer is provided on the building section before sticking the latter Velcro tape. The adhesion layer includes cyclohexane, xylene, ethanol, ethylbenzene, ethyl acetate, acrylic polymer, 2,5-furandione and propan-2-ol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic polymer is selected from polymethylmethacrylate, acrylonitrile styrene acrylonitrile-polycarbonate, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each of the first photovoltaic devices comprises an absorber layer selected from copper indium disulfide (CuInS2), tin sulfide (SnS), copper indium aluminum disulfide (Cu(In2Al)S2), Cu(In1-x,Alx)S2, copper indium gallium disulfide (Cu(In,Ga)S2), or Cu(In1-x,Ga)S2. Each of the first photovoltaic devices comprises a copper indium disulfide species as an absorber layer and each of the second photovoltaic devices comprises CIGS species as an absorber layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material of the passivation layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The inorganic material comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitirde, silicon carbide, hafnium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material comprises photoresist, benzocyclobutane, cycloolefin, polyimide, polyester, polyalcohols, polyethylene, polyphenylene, resin, polyether, and/or polyketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (C) is contained in an amount of 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the component (A) in the layer (X) and of 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the component (B) in the layer (Y). The composition further contains hindered amine type light stabilizer in an amount of 0.01-0.5 part weight with respect to 100 parts weight of component (A) or component (B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The branch number satisfies the relation: -0.67x E+80 greater than or equal to N greater than or equal to (-0.67)x E+53. The copolymer has ratio of melt flow rate measured at 190 degrees C and load of 10 kg, and melt flow rate measured at 190 degrees C and load of 2.16 kg of less than 7.0, preferably 5.0-6.2. Preferred Composition: The component (B) has functional group chosen from epoxy group, carboxylic acid group, acid anhydride group, ester group, hydroxyl group, amino group and silane group. The component (B) is modified polyolefin obtained by carrying out grafting of copolymer with olefin, acid anhydride group-containing compound or epoxy group-containing compound, or by reacting polyolefin with acid anhydride group-containing compound or epoxy group-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): A thiadiazole compound of formula (II) and aromatic compound of formula: Y'-Ar3-Y' are polymerized to manufacture thiadiazole-containing polymer.X,Y'=halo, alkyl stannyl, alkyl sulfo, aryl sulfo, aryl alkyl sulfo, boric acid ester residue, sulfonium methyl, phosphonium methyl, phosphonate methyl, mono-halo methyl, boric acid residue, formyl, alkenyl or alkynyl.Preferred Properties: The thiadiazole-containing polymer has weight average molecular weight of 0.5x 104 or more, maximum wavelength of 470 nm or more and solubility of 0.5 wt.% or more with respect to chlorobenzene at 25 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar3=arylene or heteroarylene optionally substituted by 4C or more substituent.    EXAMPLE - Triphenyl phosphine (in g) (0.096), toluene (15 ml), 2,5-dibromo-2,5-bis(3-hexyl thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (0.65) and 2,6-trimethylditin-4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b,3,4-b')dithiophen (1) were mixed. Tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.0419) was added and refluxed for 19 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and washed. The solvent was removed, and the recovered product was dissolved in chloroform (20 ml) to produce a polymer having weight average molecular weight of 29600.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises transition-metal nanoparticles distributed on surface of the substrate. The substrate is chosen from aluminum, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene oxide, and has melting point of 600-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The turbine skin comprises a film of polyurethane-polyurea copolymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt contains lithium tetrafluoroborate. The phosphate is lithium phosphate. The positive electrode active material contains nickel series positive electrode active material of formula: LiNixM1-xO2. The exterior component is an aluminum laminate film.M=cobalt, manganese or aluminum;andx=0.75-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains halogenated ethylene carbonate. The electrolyte solution contains isocyanate compound (0.01-5 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode component further has a polymeric support containing polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive sheet (100 parts weight) comprises (in parts weight) ethylene copolymer resin (94-99.5) and organic peroxide(0.2-4). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silane coupling agent is chosen from vinyl benzyl ethylenediamine propyltrimethoxy silane and benzyl ethylenediamine propyltrimethoxy silane. Preferred Composition: The adhesive sheet composition comprises (in parts weight): silane coupling agent (0.1-25) and ethylene copolymer resin (100). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic nucleating agent includes glass bead, bentonite, kaolin clay, quartz, and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic nucleating agent includes crosslinked polystyrene, crosslinked polymethacrylate and silicone resin. Preferred Composition: The adhesive sheet comprises (in parts weight): organic or inorganic nucleating agent (0.1-1), ethylene copolymer resin (100), and organic peroxide (0.2-4). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin regions are formed of polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell element is a thin-film solar cell element, and has a thickness of 100 mu m or less. The solar cell element contains a copper-indium-germanium selenide semiconductor. The solar cell element contains an organic semiconductor. The inorganic thin-film layer contains two or more inorganic thin films. The electric power generation efficiency of the solar cell module after being exposed to atmosphere of 85 degrees C and 85% humidity for 155 hours, is higher than the electric power generation efficiency before exposure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acrylic type copolymer has hindered amine group, benzotriazole group, benzophenone group, and/or cycloalkyl group, and is obtained by reacting acrylic type copolymer having hydroxyl group with an isocyanate compound and/or an epoxy compound. The base film contains polyethylene naphthalate. Preferred Property: The thickness of weather-resistant coating layer is 0.005-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The corrosion inhibitor is benzotriazole or tolyltriazole and the encapsulating material is ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The sheet base material is supported on endless conveying belt (37). The base material is warmed before extending resin raw material. The base material is turned inside and wound with resin film. The base material is solar cell back sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin raw material is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. The back sheet has fluorine resin layer or weather-resistant polyester resin layer as surface layer, and aluminum foil or polyester resin layer having metal oxide vapor deposition film as intermediate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Oken-type air permeability is less than or equal to 5 seconds/100 cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode further includes a binder e.g. polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE), epoxy resin, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The collector comprises coating on the basis of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric composition (B) contains crosslinked reactive compound having 2 or more (meth)acryloyloxy groups in a molecule and/or organic particulates or inorganic fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive additive comprises graphite, carbon black, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, stainless steel or their blends.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material is a polyimide, a polysilane or a polysilicone. The second additive comprises polyether modified polydimethylsiloxanes, salts of carboxylic esters or salts of unsaturated acidic carboxylic esters or siloxanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The thin plastics disk has a thickness of 0.2-1.2 mm and an external diameter of around 120 mm. Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell consists of a monocrystalline silicon cell, or a Laser grooved Buried Contact cell, triple junction photovoltaic cell. The metal layer is a thin aluminum layer, or copper layer, or other metal considered good reflector for the light spectra of relevance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The lamination material is polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polymer, or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The joining materials are organic compounds, or organic compound and glass. The joining medium layer consists of silane coupling agent, and is formed by exposing silane-coupling-agent vapors to the joining material. The joining medium layer consists of steam gas or organometallic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The joining materials are cycloolefin type-resin and glass, or cycloolefin type-resin and polyvinyl alcohol-type resin, or cycloolefin type-resin, polyethylene terephthalate, and glass. Preferred Conditions: The heating temperature in the joining process is 80-130 degrees C. The surface of at least one of the 2 joining materials is treated prior to the joining medium layer formation process, for improving wettability. The surface treatment process is corona treatment, plasma processing, ozone treatment, and/or electromagnetic wave irradiation treatment, preferably corona treatment. The joining process is carried out by heating for 35 minutes or more. After formation of joining medium layer, the 2 joining materials are accumulated through the joining medium layer, while heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel further contains molybdenum (4.0 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic material comprises silicon or germanium. The photovoltaic material further comprises fluorine or hydrogen. The photovoltaic material comprises selenium, tellurium, indium, copper, or gallium. The photovoltaic material comprises an amorphous material. The metal oxide comprises indium or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is an acetate or acrylate polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 5-30 parts mass of titanium oxide with respect to 100 parts mass of resin component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of vinylidene fluoride-type resin and copolymer resin is 95-50 parts mass and 5-50 parts mass, respectively. The copolymer resin contains 55-99 parts mass of (meth)acrylic ester-type monomer and 45-1 parts mass of styrene-based monomer. Preferred Property: The copolymer resin has weight average molecular weight of 70000-150000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base films are multilayer film obtained by bonding two or more layers together using silane-type adhesive agent. At least one layer of the base film is an inorganic oxide vapor deposition film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating layer is a multilayered material containing ultraviolet-ray scattering agent and/or ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material of the base film is chosen from polyester-type resin, polyolefin-type resin, polystyrene-type resin, polyamide resin, polycarbonate resin and polyacrylonitrile resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell comprises anode, donor layer, acceptor, exciton blocking layer, and cathode. The donor layer is deposited without substrate rotation. The donor layer is selected from subphthalocyanine (SubPc), copper pthalocyanine (CuPc), chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc), tin phthalocyanine (SnPc), pentacene, tetracene, diindenoperylene (DIP), and squaraine (SQ). The acceptor and exciton blocking layer are deposited with substrate rotation. The acceptor is selected from C60, C70, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicbis-benzimidazole (PTCBI), and hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc). The exciton blocking layer is selected from bathocuproine (BCP), bathophenanthroline (BPhen), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicbis-benzimidazole (PTCBI), 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi), tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III) (RuAcaca3), and aluminum(III)phenolate (Alq2OPH). The cathode comprises a metal substitute, a non-metallic material or a metallic material selected from silver, gold, and aluminum. The substrate comprises at least one of a conducting oxide chosen from indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (TO), gallium indium tin oxide (GITO), zinc oxide (ZO), and zinc indium tin oxide (ZITO), and transparent conductive polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent conductive polymers comprise polyanaline (PANI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The cooking utensil is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid heat storage and conducting material is comprised of calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The group II-VI semiconductor includes cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, or zinc selenide. The group III-V semiconductor includes indium phosphide or gallium arsenide. The core/shell nanoparticles include cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide core/shell, cadmium selenide/cadmium telluride core/shell or cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide core/shell. The heterostructured nanoparticles include cadmium selenide/zinc selenide, indium phosphide/cadmium sulfide or indium phosphide/zinc selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dot solution is aqueous solution or organic solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is chosen from melanin, polyaniline, polypeptide, polycarbazole and poly-L-lysine, preferably melanin, polyaniline or poly-L-lysine. The polymer is polymerized using monomer comprising aniline molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer material comprises acrylic plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The translucent portion is a transparent material selected from materials comprising plastic and glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The patterned conductive ribbons comprise a layer of tin disposed over a copper containing material, or a layer nickel disposed over an aluminum containing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The backsheet comprises a material selected from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl fluoric (PVF) and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The coupling medium and electrical insulator consists of ceramics, glass and/or quartz glass. The secondary optics is selected from glass and/or quartz glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic surface consists of metals selected from copper, silver, nickel, gold, platinum, titanium, palladium, aluminum or germanium alloys. The substrate consists of copper, aluminum, titanium, steel, silicon alloys or metal alloys. The solar cell has protective coating that is made of an optically transparent metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coupling medium is selected from a group consisting of silicone, polycarbonate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, and/or thermoplastic plastic. The electrical insulator consists of epoxy resins, thermoplastic plastic, polyethylene, polyvinylchlorides, polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone. The solar cell has protective coating that is made of made of polycarbonate, polymethacrylate, silicone or thermoplastic plastic. The secondary optics is selected from a group consisting of epoxy resin, silicone, silicone resin, polycarbonate, polyacrylate and/or polymethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cellulose fiber layer has basic weight of 10-55 g/m2 and thickness of 0.04-0.25 mm. The polyolefin-type resin layer has basic weight of 5-45 g/m2 and thickness of 0.07-0.4 mm. The side-chain-branched polyolefin-type resin layer has basic weight of 2-50 g/m2 and thickness of 0.005-0.05 mm. The side-chain-branched polyolefin-type resin is polymethyl pentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (C) is contained in an amount of 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the components (A,B). The composition further contains hindered amine type light stabilizer in an amount of 0.01-0.5 part weight with respect to 100 parts weight of component (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The branch number satisfies the relation: -0.67x E+80 greater than or equal to N greater than or equal to (-0.67)x E+53. The copolymer has ratio of melt flow rate measured at 190 degrees C and load of 10 kg, and melt flow rate measured at 190 degrees C and load of 2.16 kg of less than 7.0, preferably 5.0-6.2. Preferred Composition: The mix ratio of the component (A) is 95-50 wt.% with respect to 5-50 wt.% of component (B). The component (B) has functional group chosen from epoxy group, carboxylic acid group, acid anhydride group, ester group, hydroxyl group, amino group and silane group. The component (B) is modified polyolefin obtained by carrying out grafting of copolymer with olefin, acid anhydride group-containing compound or epoxy group-containing compound, or by reacting polyolefin with acid anhydride group-containing compound or epoxy group-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic medium comprises a polymeric binder and a volatile organic solvent. In the composition, upon firing the composition provides an exothermic chemical reaction between 280 degrees C and 900 degrees C. The glass frit compositions comprise a glass frit composition that exhibits negative temperature coefficient of expansion at 20-200 degrees C. The softening point of the glass frit compositions is 300-400 degrees C. The glass frit compositions comprise lead borosilicate, and oxides consisting of boron trioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum trioxide, cadmium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, lead oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium oxide and/or lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises terpineol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric binder comprises ethyl cellulose. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): silicon dioxide (5.40); aluminum trioxide (4.10); lead oxide (78.10); and boron trioxide (12.40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent support is a made of polyethylene terephthalate. The water soluble polymer comprises gelatin and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The additional water soluble polymers are polyacrylic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collar is formed of steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The coating film has thickness of 30-400 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: The solar cell module has top protective material, solar cell element (14a), and bottom protective material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The copolymer (A) has crystal melting enthalpy of 5-70 J/g. The copolymer (B) has crystal melting peak temperature of 105-140 degrees C, and crystal melting enthalpy of 10-60 J/g. The solar cell sealing material has storage elastic modulus of 10-100 MPa at 20 degrees C and oscillation frequency of 10 Hz, based on dynamic viscoelasticity measurement, light transmittance of 90% or more, and crystal melting peak temperature of 110-145 degrees C at heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute, in differential scanning calorimetry. Preferred Composition: The copolymer (B) is ethylene-octene multiblock copolymer. The resin composition further contains silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and weathering stabilizer as additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive material contains acetylene black, carbon black and/or graphite. The content of conductive material in cathode is 0.2-0.8 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluoroethylene in nonaqueous liquid electrolyte is 10-15 wt.%. The content of ethylene in the nonaqueous liquid electrolyte is 85-90 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-dispersible binder contains styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, carboxyethyl cellulose and/or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is a carbon black (preferably), graphite, carbon fiber, amorphous carbon, or carbon nanotube. The surface layer is a microporous carbon layer. The bipolar plate comprises a graphite, carbon fiber or fiber reinforced carbon composite. The bipolar plate comprises a metal or metal alloy of aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, copper, nickel or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic organic group is carboxylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, alcohol, amine, amide, poly(ethylene oxide), ethoxyl, methoxyl, phosphonic acid, naphthene sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid group and/or their salts. The organic molecule is a diazonium salt of formula HG-Ar'-N2+X-. The diazonium salt is prepared by combining an aromatic amine molecule having the hydrophilic group with a nitrite, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide and/or nitrogen mono-oxide in-situ. The hydrophilic organic group is present on the carbon material at 0.1-5 mmol/m2.HG=hydrophilic group;Ar'=aromatic radical;N2+=diazonium radical;andX=anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: A lithium cell has porous support whose pores are equipped with electrolyte sheet filled with the electrolyte material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polarized diene polymer has number average molecular weight of 500-100000 based on polystyrene conversion by gel permeation-chromatography measurement, and viscosity of 2-10000 mPa.second at 70 degrees C. Preferred Components: The polarized diene polymer is a polarized diene polymer cured material which is formed by curing with a vulcanization hardening agent. The electrolyte material further contains an alkali metal salt and/or an alkaline-earth metal salt. The diene polymer is polarized diene intermediate of formula: R1-(OCHR2-CHR3)p-Z-D'-Y' (II), or polar compound of formula: R1-(OCHR2-CHR3)q-Z-H (III) or Y1-D'-Y2 (IV).Y',Y1,Y2=carboxy or hydroxy;andp,q=0-100000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The modified material is chosen from modified materials (M1) obtained by modifying ethylene polymer with radically polymerizable unsaturated compound (B1 and/or B2), and modified material (M2) obtained by modifying mixture of ethylene polymer and ethylene alpha -olefin copolymer with radically polymerizable unsaturated compound (B1 and/or B2). The ethylene alpha -olefin copolymer has density of 850-895 kg/m3. Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains modified material obtained by carrying out extrusion melt-modification, and organic peroxide. The ethylene polymer is powder or mixture of pellet of ethylene polymer. The grafting group concentration of radically polymerizable unsaturated compound (B2) measured by infrared absorption spectrum of resin composition is 0.05-5 wt.%. The resin composition has free radical polymeric compound amount of 500 ppm or less and gel fraction of 30% or less. The compound (B2) is unsaturated carboxylic acid or its derivative. The resin composition further contains additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, radical trapping agent and heat-resistant stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hot-melt-adhesive agent is of acrylic type, ethylene-acryl acid ethyl copolymer (EEA), ethylene-methyl methacrylate, ethylene-acryl acid butyl copolymer (EBA), ethylene-acryl acid methyl copolymer (EMA) or ethylene-methyl methacrylate (EMMA) copolymer. The insulating sheet is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyimide (PI), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support is carbon. The platinum or platinum alloy and niobium oxide are not alloyed. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The silicon oxide vapor deposition film is formed using organic silicon-type compound as vapor deposition raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone group compound, benzotriazole group compound, salicylate group compound, acrylonitrile group compound and/or inorganic-type compound. The optical stabilizer consists of one or more types of hindered amine-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminated structure has a heat-resistant polyolefin-type resin film containing an ultraviolet absorber and an optical stabilizer, or heat-resistant transparent or semi-transparent polyolefin-type resin film. The polyolefin-type resin film consists of polyethylene-type resin film having polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene or cyclic polyolefin, or polypropylene-type resin film having homopolymer of propylene, or copolymer of propylene and another monomer. The fluorine resin film contains an ultraviolet ray absorptive compound. The protective film has a smooth layer containing an anchor coat agent having hydroxyl-containing acrylic resin, an isocyanate compound and a silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The base layer is coated by the liquid mixture that is included with hydrogen silsesquioxane resin (HSQ).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base layer is made of silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base layer is coated by the sol-gel material that is included with alkoxysilane on the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium and/or potassium. The peroxide or superoxide of alkali metal is potassium hyperoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base film is made of one among polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride and vinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plasticizer is a linear ester of a monocarboxylic acid plasticizer. The plasticizer is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl and ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, methyl butyrate, ethyl propionate and/or methyl propionate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The oligomer is polyethylene glycol dimethyl ethers, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether acetates, propylene glycol dimethyl ethers or propylene glycol dimethyl ether acetates. The solid polymer further comprises: at least a plasticizer; and a filler. The anode and cathode material comprises the solid polymer electrolyte usable at low temperature. EXAMPLE - A polystyrenepolyurethane copolymer (6.8 g) was mixed with acetone (47.6 g), cyclohexanone (20.4 g) and polyethylene glycol dimethylether (11.6 g). A molecular sieve (13.6 g) having a particle diameter of 5 mu m was added to the mixture and sufficiently mixed to prepare a slurry to give a low temperature solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base film consists of material containing main component selected from a group including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene chloride and vinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylate is of formula: CH2=C(-R1)-C(=O)O-R2-R3 (I), preferably glycerol diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and/or 2-hydroxy-3-acryloyloxy propyl methacrylate.R1=H or methyl;R2=alkylene having 2-10 hydroxy groups, preferably 2-hydroxy propylene or 2-hydroxy tetramethylene;andR3=H, 6-20C aryloxy, 1-10C alkoxy, acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy, preferably acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylate is 0.05-3 parts mass with respect to ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer (100 parts mass). The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The sealing film further contains crosslinking adjuvant (0.5-2.5 parts mass) with respect to ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer (100 parts mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution comprises iodide salt and iodine. The semiconductor layer comprises a mixture of asphaltene with sulfides consisting of CoMoS2, cadmium sulfide, copper sulfide, copper indium gallium diselenide, indium-gallium sulfide, nickel molybdenum disulfide, iron molybdenum disulfide, copper, nickel, iron, copper and other transition metal sulfides. The electron donor substance comprises asphaltenes, metal sulfides, mixtures of asphaltenes and metal sulfides, ruthenium or rhodium-dye complexes and/or metal free dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactants consist of Triton (RTM: Non-ionic surfactant), alkyl polyoxides, alkylphenols, alkyl polyglucosides, fatty alcohols, polysorbates, and other non-ionic surfactants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion of lithium salt is chosen from 26 anions e.g. fluorine ion, chlorine ion, bromine ion, iodine ion, nitrate ion, perchlorate and boron tetrafluoride ion. The anodic active material or aluminum-coated anodic active material of lithium secondary battery comprises lithium-cobalt oxide of formula: LixCoO2 or lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide of formula: Lix(NiaCobMnc)O2.x=more than 0.5 and less than 1.3;a-c=more than 0 and less than 1;anda+b+c=1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (I) having vinylene group or vinyl group is ethylene carbonate-type compound having vinyl group, acrylate compound having vinyl group, vinylene carbonate-type compound and/or sulfonate-type compound having vinyl group, or carbonyl group-containing compound of formula (II). The weight ratio of annular carbonate substituted with specific halogen and vinylene group or vinyl group in compound (I) is 1:0.5-5. The nitrile compound is of formula: CnH2n+1OCmH2mCN (III), preferably methoxyacetonitrile, methoxypropionitrile, methoxybutyronitrile, methoxyvaleronitrile, ethoxyacetonitrile, ethoxypropionitrile, ethoxybutyronitrile and/or ethoxyvaleronitrile. The organic solvent is carbonate compound, linear carbonate compound and/or cyclic carbonate compound. The carbonate compound is chosen from polypropylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate and/or dipropyl carbonate. The nitrile compound comprises polycarbonate (1-20 parts weight) with respect to linear carbonate compound (100 parts weight).R1-R4=H, halo, 1-6C alkyl optionally substituted by halo, 6-12C aryl, 2-6C alkenyl, or sulfonate;andn,m=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The donor material is polythiophene-type compound containing carbazole group of formula (I), (II) or (III).R=linear or branched 1-20C alkyl or 6-50C optionally substituted aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent support is rigid or flexible, or a flexible transparent polymer film. The support is a polyethylene terephthalate. The silver nanowires: provide a surface resistivity of less than 1000 ohm/sq; have an aspect ratio of 20-3300, preferably 100; and are present at 20-500 mg/m2. The transparent conductive article has a transmittance of at least 70% across entire spectrum range of 350-1100 nm and a surface resistivity of 500 ohm/sq or less. The cellulose ester polymer comprises cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate (preferred) and/or cellulose acetate propionate. The cellulose ester polymer has a glass transition temperature of at least 100 degrees C. The transparent conductive article further comprises: at least one additional polymers (up to 50 wt.%); a crosslinking agent; and a transparent polymer layer located between the transparent support and the transparent conductive film. The additional polymer is a polyester polymer. Preferred Process: The carrier layer formulation and silver nanowire dispersion formulation are simultaneously coated onto the support. EXAMPLE - Cellulose acetate butyrate (12 g), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (3 g) and crosslinker catalyst (0.70 g) were added to a solution of methyl ethyl ketone (438 g). The resulting mixture was mixed on a bottle shaker for 3 hours to obtain the cellulose acetate butyrate premix solution. Additional solvents and silver nanowire dispersion in 2-propanol (5.09 % silver nanowires) were added to a solution of cellulose acetate butyrate premix. The dispersion was coated onto a 4-mil (102 mu m) clear polyethylene terephthalate support using. The resulting coating was dried in oven at 220 degrees F for 6 minutes to obtain a transparent film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of phosphoric acid group in solid electrolyte is 19 vol.% or less, preferably 2-16 vol.%. The garnet-type compound is Li7La3Zr2O12, where Li is lithium, La is lanthanum, Zr is zirconium and O is oxygen. The phosphoric acid group containing lithium ion conductor is lithium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of pressure release vent element is provided with the aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layers of pressure release vent element are provided with polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene acrylic acid, ethylene methacrylic acid and polyethylene methacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film comprises 1-40 wt.% of at least one further plasticizer. The further plasticizer comprises at least one compound having a formula 100x (amount of O-atom)/(amount of C atom + amount of H-atom) and exhibits a polarity of less than or equal to 9.4. The polyvinyl acetate exhibits softening temperature of less than or equal to 74 degrees C. The residual acetate content of polyvinyl acetal is less than 5 wt.%. The adipate dialkylester is diisononyl adipate. The film comprises plasticizer content of less than 4 wt.%. The film exhibits: a melt index melt flow rate 100 (10 minutes/21.6 kg) of less than 350 mg/10 minutes; brittleness temperature of less than -25 degrees C; and a tensile impact strength of 1300-2200 kJ/m2. The polyvinyl acetal is polyvinylbutyral. The film adipate comprises dialkyl ester as plasticizer, core hydrated alkyl phthalate as further plasticizer and/or core-hydrated alkylterephthalate in a weight ratio of 10:90 to 90:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The 1 minute-half life temperature of organic peroxide is 100-180 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains an ultraviolet absorber, a radical trapping agent and/or a heat-resistant stabilizer (0.005-5), and crosslinking adjuvant (0.01-5) with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer. The solar cell module has a crosslinked layer consisting of solar-cell sealing material. The resin composition has maximum torque value of 2.5-15 dNm at inversion rate of 100 cpm and 150 degrees C using Curelastometer (RTM: instruments for measuring viscoelasticity of rubber).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The layers of the envelope consists of glass fiber material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layers of the envelope consists of carbon fiber material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layers of the envelope, the core of foamed material, the ribs of the core structure, the casing of the ribs and the reinforcing strip are glued together, particularly with an epoxy resin adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The softening points of a biomass-derived phenol resin is measured according to JIS K 5902 and JIS K 2207 at a temperature range of 100 to 130 degrees Celsius.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube-containing composition further contains a basic compound and a high molecular compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substance having refractive index less than fluorescent particles is silica-type material. The fluorescent material is europium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of coated fluorescent material with respect to transparent sealing resin is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles (A) are chosen from metal particles (A1) and glass particles (A2). The metal particles (A1) are aluminum particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silane coupling agent has (meth)acryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photosensitive paste composition further comprises glass powder and electroconductive particles. The electroconductive particles are aluminum particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is at least one of the following materials: silicon, silicon on glass, silicon on sapphire, silicon on quartz, silicon on metal, silicon on graphite, silicon on ceramic, a silicon and germanium compound, metallurgical grade silicon, solar grade silicon, germanium, germanium on glass, germanium on sapphire, germanium on quartz, germanium on metal, germanium on graphite, and germanium on ceramic, glass, metal, ceramic, graphite, and plastic. The doped crystalline semiconductor layer is at least one of the following materials: silicon, germanium, compound silicon and germanium, and a compound of silicon and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of solvent (b) is 0.1-20 %mass. The paste composition further contains compatibilizing agent. Preferred Properties: The difference between boiling point of solvent (a) and solvent (b) is 30 degrees C or more. The paste composition has viscosity of 10-1000 Pa.second at 25 degrees C and shear rate of 1 second-1, and viscosity of 200-5000 Pa.second at 25 degrees C and shear rate of 0.01 second-1, measured using dynamic viscoelasticity testing apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The olefin polymer is ethylene-octene copolymer. The electroconductive filler is carbon black. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of dimethacrylate compound with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is 0.05-3 parts mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    R3,R4=ethylene;    R5,R6=methyl;and    m+n=2-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer between reflecting film and outer layer comprises inorganic oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The solar reflectance of solar heat absorption film conforms to JISK5602 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment is chosen from copper phthalocyanine blue, quinacridone magenta, isoindoline, diketopyrrolopyrrole and bismuth vanadate yellow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of silicon and aluminum in amorphous aluminum silicate is 0.7-1. The amorphous silicate has peak at 78 ppm and -87 ppm, measured using silicon (29Si) solid high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is chosen from elements of group 8-10 or their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive particles comprise nickel, silver, gold, copper, aluminum, cobalt, and/or iron (preferably nickel and/or silver). The particles comprise nickel-coated iron particles, and/or silver-coated nickel particles comprising at least one of the above types of particles. Each column consists of an isolated chain of 2-12 (preferably 3-8) electrically conductive particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The thickness of the polymer foam layer between the first surface and the opposite second surface is 1-1.3 times the average height of the foam cells. The layer comprises electrically conductive particles (2-30 vol.%) have an average diameter of 20-300 micrometers and do not protrude from the surfaces of the polymer foam. The polymer foam layer has an electromagnetic shielding capacity of greater than or equal to 50 dB, a volume resistivity of 10-3 to 103 ohm-cm at a pressure of 689 kpa and has a compression force deflection value of 70-10500 kg/m2 at 25% deflection, measured in accordance with ASTM 1056. Preferred Method: In the method (M1), where froth is cast onto a first carrier substrate. The method (M1) further involves disposing second carrier substrate on a side of the froth opposite the first carrier substrate; and blowing the froth after disposing the second carrier substrate. Preferred Components: The polymer foam is polyurethane foam, and/or silicone foam comprises at least one of the foams. The foam is chemically blown. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer-gel electrolyte further comprises cyclic carbonates, linear carbonates, aliphatic carboxylate esters, gamma -lactone, cyclic ether and chain-shaped ether. Preferred Components: The aprotic solvent is solvent chosen from fluorine derivatives. The supporting electrolyte substance is chosen from lithium phosphorus fluorine (LiPF)6, lithium boron fluorine (LiBF)4, lithium arsenic fluorine (LiAsF)6 and lithium antimony fluorine (LiSbF)6. The cyclic sulfonate is compound of formula (II).Q=O, methylene or single bond;A'=optionally substituted 1-5C alkylene, carbonyl, sulfinyl, 1-6C fluoro alkylene or 2-6C bivalent group that the alkylene unit or the fluoro alkylene unit coupled through ether linkage;andB'=optionally substituted alkylene and fluoro alkylene or O.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer further comprises (in %mass) olefin polymer (20 or less) and acid modified polyolefin (10). Preferred Components: The olefin polymer is ethylene octane copolymer. The electroconductivity filler is carbon block. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of polymerization initiator with respect to monomer (A) is 5-200 mole%. The thermosetting compound is polyfunctional epoxy compound. The polymerization initiator has heterocyclic amine structure, and is of formula (I) or (II).R1-R3=H, 1-6C alkyl or 1-6C hydroxyalkyl;andor R1+R2+R3+N=ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The highly branched polymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer (A) having two or more radically polymerizable double bonds in a molecule in presence of polymerization initiator having amino functional group or imino functional group. The carbon nanotube dispersant adheres and coordinates to the surface of carbon nanotube and forms a complex. The complex is dispersed in organic solvent containing a thermosetting compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is made of material such as calcium oxide, barium oxide, zinc oxide, and cadmium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front and back contact structures of the module are formed from copper and nickel or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive agent and primer is selected from acrylic type resin, urethane type resin, epoxy type resin, chloroprene type resin, cyanoacrylate type resin, silicone type resin, styrene-butadiene rubber type resin, and polystyrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of tin in amorphous crystalline transparent conductive film is 1-5 %mass, based on conversion of tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate and/or polyethersulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The (A) is copolymer of ethylene and 6-8C alpha -olefin. The density difference between (A) and (B) is 0.040 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has pore volume of 0.03-0.15 cm3/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The matrix polymer contains ether and/or ester group. The electron donating element is oxygen. The matrix polymer is preferably polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thickness of substrate film and corrugated film is 4-20 mu m and 0.2-3 mu m, respectively. The ratio of convex portion of spherical filler with diameter of 30-1000 nm is 10-90%. The spherical filler is colloidal silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The inorganic polymer has modified siloxane structure having methyl group and/or phenyl group as organic group. The molar ratio of organic group with respect to silicon is 1-2.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises: forming a polymer solution from BHPF, a diacid chloride, and adamantane-1-carboxylic acid chloride; casting a freestanding thin polyester film from the polymer solution; and metallizing the polyester film with an evaporated A1 layer to form the dielectric composition. Preferred Components: The polyester film has a thickness of approximately 5-7 mu m. The A1 layer is approximately 50 nm thick. The diacid chloride is derived from trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, where the polyester film is fluorenyl cyclohexyl polyester-end-capped. The diacid chloride is derived from 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic acid, where the polyester film is fluorenyl adamantyl polyester end-capped. The diacid chloride is derived from 4,9-diamantanedicarboxylic acid and where the polyester film is fluorenyl diamantyl polyester end-capped. Preferred Composition: The dielectric composition has an average breakdown voltage of 3.6MV/cm, 3.5 MV/cm, or 5.43-5.65 MV/cm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Micro-capsules, as latent heat store in the base plate, can be of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The light-transmitting substrate material comprises glass. The glass substrate comprises a low-iron content, soda-lime-silica glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflective element comprises a metal or metal oxide film having a reflectivity greater than or equal to 10%. The metal or metal oxide film is chromium, aluminum, silver or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coated light-transmitting polymeric material is polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, ethylene vinyl acetate or Mylar (RTM: thin polyester film).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cells further comprise a polymer substrate and the assembly is mechanically flexible.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acceptor moiety comprises a substituted buckminsterfullerene or an inorganic metal oxide, where the substituted buckminsterfullerene comprises (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) or (6,6)-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The donor-acceptor pi -conjugated polymer displays a green color or a black color when isolated from the acceptor moiety and has a space-charge limited zero field hole mobility of at least 1x 10 cm2 V-1s-1. The donor-acceptor pi -conjugated polymer comprises terthiophen-5-yl-7-thiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole polymer of formula (I) or bithiophenyl-5-yl-7H-3,4-dithia-7-sila-cyclopenta(a)pentalen-2-yl-7-(7H-3,4-dithia-7-sila-cyclopenta(a)pentalen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole polymer of formula (II).R = not defined; andn = not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is non-magnetic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The coating material containing filler having shape anisotropy and photocuring raw material is coated on the surface of synthetic resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive mass consists of elastomer such as silicone. The stone is made of transparent plastic such as polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing curative is selected from heat activatable curatives. The nitrogen-containing curative is selected from amine-epoxy adducts. The metal filler is selected from indium, tin, and alloys of indium and/or tin. The metal filler is selected from alloys of indium with at least one metal selected from silver, bismuth, lead. The alloy comprises at least 10 wt.% of indium, based on the total amount of the alloy. The electrically conductive filler, if present, has a mean particle size of 100-50 mu m, as measured by laser diffractometry. The electrically conductive filler, if present, is selected from silver, copper, gold, palladium, platinum, carbon black, carbon fiber, graphite, aluminum, indium tin oxide, silver coated copper, silver coated aluminum, metallic coated glass spheres, and/or antimony doped tin oxide. The substrates is selected from metals, and conductive metal oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cyanate ester component is selected from polyfunctional monomeric cyanates, and/or polyfunctional polymeric cyanates. The epoxy resin is selected from monofunctional glycidyl ethers, and/or polyfunctional glycidyl ethers. The adhesive comprises core shell rubber particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating agent further contains silica particles (C) (5-20 %mass with respect to sum total of particles (A,C)) having an average particle diameter of 20-50 nm, and oxidizing agent(s) (D) chosen from peroxide, perchlorate, chlorate, persulfate, perphosphate and periodate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: Particles (B) have an average particle diameter of 250 nm or less, and are fluororesin particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The monomer (m2) having chelatability is of formula: -C(=O)-CH2-C(=O)-R8 (IV) or -O-(R9-O)n-R10, or monomer having pyridyl group or phenanthroline structure. The other monomer (m3) is (meth)acrylic-type monomer.R8,R10=1-4C alkyl;R9=ethylene;andn=1-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The electroconductive polymer composition is obtained by doping high-molecular compound with ( pi )-conjugated polymer. The high-molecular compound is obtained by polymerizing monomer (m1) having sulfonic acid group or sulfonate group, monomer (m2) having chelatability and other monomer (m3) in electrolytic solvent in presence of oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is graphite, carbon black, fullerene and/or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of monomer (a-2) is 30 mol% or more. The monomer (a) further contains a monomer (a-1) (4 mol% or less) having sulfonic acid group or sulfonate group. The charge-transfer property material is carbon material and/or ( pi )-conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer is obtained by polymerizing amino group-containing monomer of formula (I), sulfur-containing compound of formula (II) and nitrogen-containing compound of formula (III). The monomer (a-2) has pyridyl group or phenanthroline structure, and is of formulae: -C(=O)-CH2-C(=O)-R8 and -O-(-R9-O)n-R10. The conjugated polymer obtained by polymerizing monomer in the presence of an oxidizing agent is doped in high molecular compound, and solid electrolyte composition is obtained.R1-R6=H, 1-12C alkyl or 1-10C alkoxy;R7=H, 1-12C alkyl or aromatic group;R5+R6=1-8C alkylene dioxy group;R8=1-4C alkyl;R9=ethylene;R10=1-4C alkyl;andn=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A photonic layer (1) (made from a dielectric interference filter, which is designed as a cut-off filter or a bandpass filter, or a photonic crystal) is arranged on the plastic molded body. The photonic layer that is formed as inverse opal is arranged on the molded body. A flat reflector (3) is arranged below the plastic molded body, where a mirror, a white film or plate is arranged as the reflector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic molded body is multilayered, which is formed from several individual plastic molded bodies that are colored with the fluorescent dye. The multilayered plastic molded body is formed from individually bonded plastic molded bodies that are colored with the fluorescent dye. The plastic molded body is prepared by extrusion and the multilayered plastic molded body is prepared by co-extrusion. The plastic molded body is colored with: at least one organic fluorescent dye based on rylene, perylene, terylene and/or quaterylene; a dye based on complex lanthanide compounds; or at least one dye based on nanoscopic semiconductor structures (quantum dots).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, empty fruit bunches-waste of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) biomass remained in the course of palm oil production are preferably used. The mechanical activation is carried out in the ball, planetary or vibration mills with acceleration of grinding bodies from 60-400 m/second during 0.5-2.0 minutes, or in rotary mills with velocity of acting rotors of 10-120 m/s during 0.2-2.0 minutes, or in pneumatic jet mills with the velocity of the gas flow of 10-120 m/s for 0.2-2 minutes. Enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out in counterflow mode, that is, by transferring the hydrolyzates and solid residues as it is shown in the Fig.11 of the specification. Enzymes isolated from the cultural media Trichoderma viride with depolymerizing action on polysaccharides are used as the enzymatic complex. A mixture of enzymes isolated from the culture media Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus awamori, Bacillus subtilis which have depolymerizing action on polysaccharides are used as the enzymatic complex. Tween (RTM: polyethylene oxide) preparations are used as surface-active substances. Enzymes isolated from culture media Trichoderma viride with depolymerizing action on polysaccharides are used as the cellulolytic complex. After mechanical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis maceration of the feedstock is carried out by its treatment with the enzymatic complex isolated from culture broth producer (Aspergillus foetidus). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous polymeric material comprises a micro porous polymer film. The film comprises polypropylene, polyethylene, and PTFE. The fluid comprises perfluoropolyether and siloxane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The functionalized polysulfone contains sulfur dioxide containing repeating units of formula (-(R1-Ar1-S(=O)2-Ar2)n-) (I) or (-(R2-Ar1((X1)a)-S(=O)2-Ar2((X2)b))n-) (II). The conductive polymer is optionally substituted polythiophene comprising repeating units of formula (VII), preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). (A) comprises one or more dispersing agents. The dispersion has a pH value of 1-8.A1, A2 = optionally substituted aromatic compounds, preferably phenyl;R1, R2 = optionally substituted 0-80C-organic residue, -SO2- or -O-;n = 5-50000;X1, X2 = sulfonic acid-, phosphonic acid-, carboxylic acid-, sulfonate-, phosphonate- or carbonate-groups, preferably SO3M;M = metal cation or H;a, b = 0-2; and eitherR4, R5 = H or 1-18C-alkyl or 1-18C-alkoxy (both optionally substituted); orR3R4 = optionally substituted 1-8C-alkylene, where one or more carbon atoms are optionally replaced by one or more heteroatoms of O or S, preferably 1-8C-dioxyalkylene, optionally substituted 1-8C-oxythiaalkylene or 1-8C-dithiaalkylene, or optionally substituted 1-8C-alkylidene, where optionally at least one C-atom is optionally replaced by a heteroatom of O or S. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The siloxane material is configured to reduce transport of carbon dioxide into the metal-air battery. The siloxane material is a siloxane membrane. The air electrode includes an active layer and a gas diffusion layer, and where the siloxane membrane is coupled to a first side of the gas diffusion layer. The siloxane membrane has a thickness of approximately 3 and 50 mu m. The siloxane membrane comprises a conductive additive. The siloxane material is provided as a coating on at least one surface of the air electrode. The metal-air battery is a flow battery and the air electrode has a generally tubular configuration, and where the siloxane material is provided as a membrane having a generally tubular shape that is provided adjacent to the air electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is selected from cadmium Sulfide (CdS), cadmium Telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2), copper indium/gallium selenide (CIGS), stannous sulfide (SnS), copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4), copper alluminum tin selenide (CuAlSnSe4), and lead selenide (PbSe).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic material is selected from poly(5,5-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2-bithiophene (PQT-12), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy))-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MDMO:PPV), and poly carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The outer assembly comprises urethane polymer, acrylic polymer, polymethylmethacrylate, fluoropolymer, silicone, polydimethyl siloxane, silicone gel, epoxy, ethyl vinyl acetate, perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon, nylon/polyamide, cross-linked polyethylene, polyolefin, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, polytetrafluoroethylene, thermoplastic copolymer (e.g. Tefzel (RTM: Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene) and Teflon (RTM: Polytetrafluoroethylene monomers)), polyurethane urethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride,Tygon (RTM: Flexible tubing), vinyl, and Viton(RTM: Fluorocarbon elastomers).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The masking material is created by the octafluorocyclobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode paste material comprises metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, lithium, magnesium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleave plane is defined by implanting hydrogen and/or helium ions into semiconductor wafer before affixing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer between semiconductor lamina and substrate, comprises aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The refractive index has a glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier foil is coated on a rear side, particularly with aluminum. The carrier foil copper, silver, particularly tin or tin alloy, silver and or coated zinc foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer consists of a transparent and electrically insulating material, particularly a plastic or resin, preferably an epoxy resin. The insulating layer consists of plastic having adhesive properties, particularly made of polyvinyl butyral. The carrier foil is made of polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene vinyl acetate or a plastic material and polyethylene terephthalate in the form of biaxially oriented polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The cover sheet is made of low iron glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The tube is made of metal(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The chamber is hermetically sealed using seal(s) having an elastomer based core spacer surrounded with a butyl coating. The spacer surrounded with a butyl coating is further surrounded with a silicone coating. The mechanism to focus light comprises reflecting panel(s) covered partially with a diffusing coating. It further comprises at least one converging lens. The light-to electrical conversion unit(s) is glued to the tub using a thermal conductive but electrically insulating glue or adhesive tape. The cover sheet is provided with anti-reflective coating(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy further contains 0.0001-0.05 mass% of titanium, 0.0001-0.01 mass% of zinc and 0.0001-0.01 mass% of gallium. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of aluminum foil layer is 7-120 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first synthetic resin film layer with thickness of 50-300 mu m contains polyethylene terephthalate film. The second synthetic resin film layer with thickness of 20-200 mu m contains synthetic resin film chosen from polyethylene terephthalate film and ethylene trifluoroethylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The thermal conductivity of the substrate is 10-600 W/(m.K). The substrate comprises at least one metal layer, where the metal is steel, stainless steel, aluminum or its alloy, or copper. The size of the contact area is selected so that the generated heat by the electronic components causes an additional temperature rise of the photovoltaic panel in the contact area of not more than 50%, preferably not more than 20%, of the temperature difference between the photovoltaic panel and the air outside the contact area. The electronic assembly further comprises: a cover (104) located over the electronic components, where the cover preferably comprises a substantially flat surface, and the material of the cover is plastic or metal (preferably steel, aluminum or stainless steel); and at least one intermediate heat sink in thermal contact with the electronic components and the substrate, where the heat dissipated by the components is conducted via the intermediate heat sink to the substrate. The area covered by the cover is substantially smaller than the contact area. The electronic components comprise a bypass diode, a direct current-direct current converter, preferably an inverter, a battery charge controller and/or an active bypass diode. The electronic components are mounted on a printed circuit board and the printed circuit board is thermally connected to the intermediate heat sink using a phase change material. The substrate and/or the cover comprise cooling structures. The electronic components are thermally connected to the substrate using a thermally conductive adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the solar panel system: the photovoltaic cells in the laminate are arranged in at least one row, or in at least one row and column; and the substrate is in thermal contact with at least two of the photovoltaic cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The ratio of oxygen to silicon atom in barrier layer is 2.05-2.60. The surface roughness (Rt) of the barrier layer is 10-30 nm and film thickness is 3-20 times of Rt. The surface of the base material has smooth layer, and roughness (Rt) of the smooth layer is 10-30 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The vapor deposition layer is obtained using silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 1.2-1.9) and/or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silane coupling agent is alkoxysilane having epoxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The precursor sheet is heat-pressed at 200 degrees C or less, and oxidation-treated at 200-300 degrees C before carbonization. The carbon short fiber is joined to one another by three-dimensional mesh-shaped carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The receptacle comprises a first wall formed from an elastomeric material and including a first wall protrusion formed from the elastomeric material. The back housing further comprises a layer of plastic. The receptacle further comprises a second wall formed from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Components of the concentrator are arranged on a 20- or 40-base container according to ISO 668.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The scattering suppression portion of the net is made of metal such as nickel, copper and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spongy portion of the battery is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyurethane and glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphoric acid-based component other than phosphoric acid-based component in omega -position is less than 5 wt.%. The electroconductive powder is silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The binder resin has number average molecular weight of 5000-30000 and glass transition temperature of 10-80 degrees C. The binder resin has carbon residue content of 1 wt.% or less, after heating at 600 degrees C with temperature increase rate of 10 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of polyfunctional isocyanate compound in oil-phase is 5-7 times the amount of organic solvent. The water-soluble polypeptide is gelatin. The imidazole compound solution contains tertiary amine compound. The tertiary amine compound is 2,4,6-tris(dimethyl aminomethyl)phenol. Preferred Property: The jelly strength of gelatin is 0-250, measured based on JISK6503-2001.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is thermosetting epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode paste material comprises a metal including zinc, lithium, magnesium, or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electrode containing gold, silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, tin and zinc is patterned by electroless plating method, to obtain an organic semiconductor element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The condensed polycyclic aromatic compound is benzothieno benzothiophene, dinaphtho thieno benzothiophene, naphtho thieno benzothiophene, dianthraceno thieno benzothiophene, anthraceno thieno benzothiophene or their derivatives, tetrathiafulvalene, bis-ethylene dithio tetrafulvalene, dibenzo tetrathiafulvalene, dinaphtho tetrathiafulvalene, bis-benzo ethylene dithio tetrathiafulvalene, bis-naphtho ethylene dithio tetrathiafulvalene or its derivative. The fluid medium is alcohol, ether, ketone, ester or aliphatic hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: An organic semiconductor thin film is formed by providing the dispersion on a base material chosen from glass, resin film, paper and nonwoven fabric. The resin film is polyester, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, cycloolefin type polymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or silicone resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The particle layer has a water contact angle of smaller than 5 degrees . The substrate is: a film made of a thermoplastic resin; and glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type electrode layer is formed of fullerene. The first electrode layer includes indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, titanium oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide. The second electrode layer includes aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, platinum, silver, chromium, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, titanium and fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The exciton blocking layer includes biphenyl trithiophene. The first p-type electrode layer is formed of phenyl hexathiophene. The exciton blocking layer is formed of biphenyltrithiophene. The second p-type electrode layer is formed of copper phthalocyanine. The hole transport layer includes polyethylene dioxythiophene/polystyrenesulfonic acid. The buffer layer includes 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The intrinsic layer is formed by co-depositing copper phthalocyanine and fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filler is polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylether, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyperchlorethylene, high density polyethylene, and polyvinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The casing elements are selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, mild steel and tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casing elements are made of polymer coated with conductive material selected from stainless steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, mils steel and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating resin is polycarbonate. The tubular plug and tubular receptacle are made of polycarbonate. The water proof valve and waterproof ring are made of thermoplastic polyurethane to provide for necessary resilience. The male connector and female connector are made of polycarbonate plastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The luminescent dye comprises different dye molecules. The dye comprises molecules having dipole having longitudinal axis. The dye is rare earth phosphors, organometallic complexes, porphyrins, perylene and its derivatives, organic laser dyes, FL-612 (RTM: organic laser dye), substituted pyrans (e.g. dicyanomethylene), coumarins (e.g. coumarin 6 and coumarin 30), rhodamines (e.g. rhodamine B), oxazine, Exciton LDS (RTM: laser dye) series dyes, nile blue, nile red, Epolight 5548 (RTM: near infrared dye), Lumogen (RTM: fluorescent dyes) dyes (i.e. 083, 170, 240, 285, 305, 570, 650, 765, 788, and 850), other substituted dyes of this type, other oligorylenes, and dyes e.g. 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide, pyradines, indocyanine green, styryls, dioxazines, naphthalimides, thiazines, stilbenes, 3,3'-di(3-acetoxypropyl)-11-diphenylamino-10,12-ethylene-5,5',6,6'-dibenzothiatricarbocyanine perchlorate, and Dayglo Sky Blue (D-286) (RTM: fluorescent brightener) and Columbia Blue (D-298) (RTM: fluorescent brightener). Preferred Processes: The substrate is formed by mixing dye with substrate material during formation and stretching. The dye emits in the infrared. The molecules of the dye are coated on one of the surfaces of the substrate such that the longitudinal axis of the dipole of each of the molecules of the dye lies in the plane of the surface and parallel to the axis of the dipole of the other molecules of the dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The side-chain crystalline polymer crystallizes at temperature of less than the melting point, and shows fluidity at the temperature beyond the melting point. The side-chain crystalline polymer is obtained by polymerizing 20-100 parts weight of (meth)acrylate having 16C or more alkyl, 0-70 parts weight of (meth)acrylate having 1-6C alkyl, and 0-10 parts weight of polar monomer. The functional film-attached adhesive tape further has release layer (4), non-adhesive layer provided between adhesive layer and functional film, and the surface of the adhesive layer is exposed partially. The non-adhesive layer is formed by vapor deposition method, and consists of fluororesin. The functional film is an inorganic sealing film. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the non-adhesive layer functional film is 1 mu m or less and 0.01-100 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The functionalized polysulfone contains recurring units of formula (-(-R1-Ar1-S(=O)2-Ar2-)n-) (I), (-(R2-Ar1(-X1)a-S(=O)2-Ar2(-X2)b-)n-) (II), (IIa) or (III). The conductive polymer is optionally substituted polythiophenes containing recurring units of formula (VII), (VII-a) or (VII-b). The polythiophene is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The complex comprises one or more dispersing agents. The dispersion has a pH value of 1-8.Ar1, Ar2 = optionally substituted aromatics;R1, R2 = optionally substituted 0-80C organic radical, -SO2- or -O-;n = 5-50000;X1, X2 = sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, sulfonate, phosphonate or carbonate;a, b = integer or non-integer of 0-2;M = metal cation or H;R3 = alkylidene radical; eitherR4, R5 = H, 1-18C alkyl or 1-18C alkoxy (both optionally substituted); orR4R5 = 1-8C alkylene, preferably 1-8C dioxyalkylene, 1-8C oxythiaalkylene, 1-8C dithiaalkylene, or 1-8C alkylidene (all optionally substituted, and where C atom(s) can be replaced by heteroatoms of O or S);A1 = optionally substituted 1-5C alkylene, preferably an optionally substituted 2-3C alkylene;Y1 = O or S;R6 = 1-8C alkyl, 5-12C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-18C aralkyl, 1-4C hydroxyalkyl or hydroxyl (all optionally substituted); andy = 0-8. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic particles are silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, and/or gamma -lithium aluminum oxide. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, or lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lithium salt is lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, and/or lithium bis(oxalate)borate. Solvents of the polymer solutions are acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, butanone, and/or tetrahydrofuran. The polymer solutions further comprise a pore-forming agent comprising water, toluene, ethanol, butanol, glycerol, isopropanol, and/or butanediol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first and/or second polymeric matrices further comprise inorganic particles, and each comprises a polymer comprising polyolefin, polymethacrylate, polyether, and/or polysulfone. The electrolyte further comprises a porous base comprising a polymer comprising polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, polyurethane, cellulose, nylon, PTFE, and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The front electrode comprises first component including silver (50-85 wt.%), a second component including zinc (2.5-5 wt.%), and lead ( less than or equal to 2 wt.%) based on the total metal wt.% of the front electrode composition. The composition of the rear electrode includes aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant may be sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or its derivative, and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or its derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is disposed on flexible transparent substrate made of polyethylene terephthalate or polyimide. The carbon nanoparticles comprise high aspect ratio carbon nanoparticles, preferably carbon nanotubes and/or carbon nanofibers; and low aspect ratio carbon nanoparticles, preferably carbon nanohorns and/or carbon nano-onions. The carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes. The suspension of carbon nanoparticles contains carbon nanoparticles suspended in aqueous solution of dispersant. The dispersant is polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating case comprises an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) (M-class), and is made of a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, non-conjugated diene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone and/or polytetrafluoroethylene, where a ratio of the ethylene to the propylene is 20:1 to 50:1. The non-conjugated diene comprises ethylidene norbornene (ENB). The first layer, the peripheral region and the remaining region are made of a material consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone and/or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: The ionic component is homogeneous with the monomers, and where the ionic component is polymerized in situ. The method comprises infusing an ionic moiety into the polymer, where the ionic moiety is a liquid electrolyte. The ionic moiety that is incorporated produces material that can function as a redox mediator in the cell. The redox mediator is iodide or triiodide. Preferably, the cell is a dye sensitized solar cell. The polymer is hydrophilic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The metal reducing agent is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The 2,2'-bipyridine compound is chosen from 2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-difluoro-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'- dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-diacetyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid methyl, 4,4'-ditrifluoro methyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine or 4,4'-dimethylamino-2,2'-bipyridine. Preferred Method: The aromatic monomer containing the dihalo biphenyl compound, nickel compound, 2,2'-bipyridine compound, metal reducing agent and tricyclohexyl phosphine are mixed. The aromatic monomer is polymerized to manufacture aromatic polymer. Preferred Monomer: The aromatic monomer is monomer containing only dihalo biphenyl compound, or monomer containing different dihalo biphenyl compound and dihalo aromatic compound, in which two halogen atoms chosen from iodine atom, bromine atom and chlorine atom are coupled with aromatic ring. The dihalo aromatic compound is of formula: X2-(((Ar1-Y1)a-Ar2-Z1-((A-Ar3-Y2)b-Ar4-Z2)c)h-(Ar1-Y1)a-Ar2)-X2.a-c=0 or 1;h=5 or more;andAr1-Ar4=bivalent aromatic group chosen from 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy, 2-20C acyl, 2-20C acyloxy, 6-20C arylsulfonyl (all optionally having substituent chosen from fluoro, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy), group of formula: -S(=O)2-A1, cyano or fluoro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is lithium-titanium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator contains polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose, polyamidoimide and/or inorganic filler. The positive electrode and negative electrode contain binder containing polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Catalyst: In the electrode catalyst, the platinum-alloy catalyst comprises an alloy of platinum and at least one metal selected from ruthenium, molybdenum, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, iron, nickel, titanium, tungsten, palladium, rhenium, chromium, manganese, niobium, and tantalum. The carbon support on which the acid is present and the platinum catalyst or the platinum-alloy catalyst is supported is hydrophilic. The acid is present on the carbon support in an amount equal to or greater than 1.0 mmol per gram of the electrode catalyst. The acid is present on the carbon support in an amount equal to or greater than 1.31 mmol per gram of the electrode catalyst. Preferred Method: In producing the electrode catalyst for the fuel cell, after the carbon support carrying the platinum catalyst or the platinum-alloy catalyst is treated with the acid, the carbon support carrying the platinum catalyst or the platinum-alloy catalyst and treated with the acid is cleaned. The acid with which the carbon support carrying the platinum catalyst or the platinum-alloy catalyst is treated is nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In manufacturing the ESD device, the matrix comprises one or more polymers. The matrix is an adhesive. The alignment electrodes are in direct contact with the layer or are insulated from the layer. The electric field is in the order of 0.05-20 kV/cm, 0.05-5 kV/cm, or 0.1-1 kV, preferably 0.1-1 kV/cm. preferably, the electric field is an alternate current (AC) field. The field is applied between the first surface and a second surface. The alignment step is interrupted before the conductive pathway has reached through the layer and connected the alignment electrodes. The matrix is totally or partly removed from the layer after (c). A concentration of the conductive particles in the layer is below percolation threshold. Preferred Device: The device comprises a conductive or dissipative sheet or floor tile. The conductive particles comprise carbon black, carbon nanodiscs, carbon nanocones, metals, metal oxides, or colloidal metal containing particles. The matrix is a thermoplastic resin which includes polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and/or copolymers of vinyl chloride and copolymers of olefins. The electrically conducting or dissipative layer has a thickness of 0.1-5 mm, preferably less than 3 mm. The device is a sheet of up to 50 cm in thickness, preferably less than 5 cm thick and less than 10 m wide. Alternatively, the device is a sheet of up to 3 cm in thickness, preferably less than 2 cm thick and less than 10 m wide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is selected from glass fibers, carbon fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, silicon dioxide, talcum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second coating layers comprises a polyphenylene sulfide resin and titanium dioxide particles. The second coating layer comprises a polyphenylene sulfide resin, a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, and titanium dioxide particles. The third coating layer comprises inorganic material, and a polymer selecting from polyphenylene sulfide resins, tetrafluoroethene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reagent solutions include enzymes, which are cellulase, beta-glucosidase, pectinase, exoglucanase 1, exoglucanase 2, and endoglucanase E1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The first electrode comprises indium tin oxide and the second electrode comprises aluminum, silver or magnesium. The optional hole transporting layer is present and comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly(styrenesulfonate)). The electron acceptor is fullerene electron acceptors, (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester ( PC61BM), PC71BM, titanium dioxide or zinc oxide. Preferred Definitions:    X = O;    p = 1;    A1, A2 = thiophenyl, bithiophenyl, terthiophenyl, thienothiophenyl, dithienothiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzodithiophenyl, cyclopentadithiophenyl, indolyl, phenyl, naphthalenyl, anthracenyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, azulenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridothiadiazolyl or carbazolyl;    B1 = thiophenyl, bithiophenyl, terthiophenyl, thienothiophenyl, dithienothiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzodithiophenyl, cyclopentadithiophenyl, indolyl, phenyl, naphthalenyl, anthracenyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, azulenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridothiadiazolyl, carbazolyl, 4,7-dithiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazolyl or 2-(9,9-dihexyl-7-(2-thienyl)fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl group;    m, n = 1-3; and    R1-R4 = hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl or trimethylsilyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The temperature during pressing the layer is 50-450, preferably 180-200 degrees C. The carrier is a flexible material. The metal particles are selected from silver, copper, gold, aluminum or nickel. The flexible material is a metal foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible material is polyimide. The matrix is an epoxy resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The weight proportion of hydrophilic segment amounts to 0.15-0.35, preferably 0.02-0.25. The hydrophobic segment comprises polyethersulfone building blocks. The repeating unit of polyethersulfone building block is of formula (I). The hydrophilic segment comprises sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone building blocks. The polymer block exhibits a phase separation in a size range of 10-100 nm. Preferred Method: The sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone building block is obtained by sulfonating the structural units comprising phenyl derivative of formula (II).n = 3-1500;R1 = C(=0) or S(=0)2;A1 = divalent aromatic; andm = 3-1500. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casing is made of electrically insulating material such as reinforced/loaded plastic material e.g. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polycarbonate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The metal-semiconductor layer comprises an n-type sublayer and a p-type sublayer, where the n-type sublayer comprises nanocrystalline titanium dioxide, and the p-type sublayer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate). The metal-semiconductor layer further comprises: a wetting layer between the n-type sublayer and one of the first and second bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layers; and a wetting layer of aluminum between the n-type sublayer and one of the first and second bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layers, where the wetting layer of aluminum is less than 1 nm thick. The first bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene): (6,6)-phenyl 70C butyric acid methyl ester (PC(70)BM) and the second bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layer comprises poly((4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl):PC70BM. The photovoltaic device further comprises: a transparent electrode on a transparent substrate in electrical connection with the first bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layer and a metal electrode in electrical connection with the second bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layer; and an electron extraction layer between the second bulk heterojunction polymer semiconductor layer and the metal electrode. Preferred Method: The step of forming the metal-semiconductor layer comprises forming an n-type sub layer of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide by a non-hydrolytic sol-gel process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The semiconductor lamina: has a thickness of 1-20 mu ; and is mono-, multi-, or polycrystalline silicon. In the flexible structure, at least one electronic device comprises at least a portion of the semiconductor lamina, where infrared detection devices are formed, and a photovoltaic cell comprises the semiconductor lamina. In the flexible photovoltaic structure: the semiconductor lamina has a thickness of 0.5-20 mu ; a conductive layer intervenes between the semiconductor lamina and the polyimide substrate, where the conductive layer comprises a metal layer, which is aluminum or silver; and a dielectric layer intervenes between the semiconductor lamina and the conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery pack assembly comprises a lead-acid battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Both tungsten oxide and composite tungsten oxide, have peak at 396.4 eV, based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. Preferred Composition: The crystal structure of tungsten oxide (MxWy'Oz') includes amorphous structure, cubic crystal, tetragonal crystal or hexagonal crystal tungsten-bronze structure. The conductor further contains a binder, preferably transparent resin or transparent dielectric material. Tungsten compound as raw material for manufacture of fine particles, is tungsten trioxide, tungsten dioxide, hydrated tungsten oxide, tungsten hexachloride, ammonium tungstate, and/or tungstic acid. Preferred Process: The tungsten compound is heat-processed at 100-850 degrees C under reducing gas and/or at 550-1500 degrees C under inert gas atmosphere, annealing treatment is performed at 300-900 degrees C under reducing gas having nitrogen atom in a molecule or mixed gas of reducing gas and inert gas. The tungsten compound is obtained by drying aqueous solution of ammonium tungstate and metal tungsten. The tungsten hexachloride is dissolved in alcohol, dried, precipitated by adding water and obtained precipitate is dried, to obtain hydrated tungsten oxide. The solution or dispersion solution of tungsten compound containing M element is dried, to obtain powder containing titanium compound and unit or compound containing M element, as raw material. Preferred Definitions:    M=Cs, Rb, K, Tl, Ba, In, Li, Ca, Sr, Fe and/or Sn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrically chargeable substance is cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, zirconium, hafnium, cadmium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and/or lutetium, or aluminum, indium, iridium, selenium and/or platinum. The semiconductor layer contains silicon and/or germanium. The electroconductive film (14) contained in photoelectric conversion apparatus contains aluminum, gallium, indium, copper, tin, magnesium, rhodium, indium oxide, indium-tin oxide, tin oxide, nickel oxide, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive salt is potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate or ammonium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plating bath further contains crystallization regulator chosen from mercaptan, sulfide, thiazole, amino acid, phenanthroline, triazine, pyridine, 2-vinylpyridine, morpholine, pyrazole and imidazoline. The polyamine is methylene diamine, ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylene diamine, hexamethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylene hexamine or hexaethylene heptamine, the aminocarboxylic acid is EDTA, hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA), diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA), triethylenetetramine hexa-acetic acid (TTHA), ethylenediamine tetra propionic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), iminodipropionic acid (IDP), metaphenylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, 1,2-diamino cyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid, diaminopropionic acid, or their salts. The amino alcohol is monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, mono-propanolamine, dipropanol amine or tripropanolamine. The hydroxy carboxylic acid is tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, glucoheptonic acid or their salts. The thiourea is thiourea or its derivative. The complex agent is preferably ethylenediamine, EDTA, triethanolamine or thiourea. The phenanthroline is phenanthroline or bipyridyl. The mercaptan is mercaptosuccinic acid, thioglycolic acid or thioglycol. The sulfide is thiodiglycolic acid, ( beta )-thiodiglycol or thiodipropionic acid. The aminoacid is glycine, N-methylglycine, alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, ornithine, cysteine or their salts. The plating bath further contains surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The solder alloy further contains (in %mass) zinc (0.4-13.5) and/or tin (0.01-1.5), and aluminum (0.02-2.5) and/or phosphorus (0.001-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The convection and/or interface shape of the melt solution is adjusted by formwork. The size of formwork is changed with the expansion of diameter of the diameter-increase pyramid portion (3) formed in single crystal silicon growth. Preferred Structure: The high-frequency coil is tetragon-shaped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic layer comprises a hole-transport layer. The organic electric device comprises two electrodes. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 27 specific compounds of formula (I) claimed, e.g. formula (A).    EXAMPLE - Potassium carbonate was mixed with 500 ml of tetrahydrofuran solution, 250 ml water, N-(4-bromophenyl)-N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine intermediate and palladium, and refluxed. A product 9 (compound B 26) i.e. white solid, was obtained and separated according to water and methanol by a silica gel column chromatography to obtain product with yield of 64%
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus comprises output control unit to adjust the output of laser beam irradiation unit based on determination of the inspection unit. The apparatus enables movement of the substrate and/or laser beam irradiation unit in two dimensional directions in alignment with the substrate surface. The laser beam irradiation unit and inspection unit maintains mutual positional relationship and it is relatively displaced with respect to the substrate together. The inspection unit comprises light attenuation unit to attenuate the intensity of the reflected light when the reflected light of the laser beam exceeds predetermined intensity. The solar cell substrate has electrode layer formed in at least one surface of front and back of the substrate. The electrode layer comprises metal films. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is chosen from substituted or non-substituted imidazole, substituted or non-substituted triazole, substituted or non-substituted tetrazole, substituted or non-substituted oxadiazole, substituted or non-substituted oxatriazole, substituted or non-substituted femoral region triazole, substituted or non-substituted benzimidazole, substituted or non-substituted benzotriazole, substituted or non-substituted pyridine, substituted or non-substituted pyrimidine, substituted or non-substituted triazine, substituted or non-substituted pyazine, substituted or non-substituted pyridazine, substituted or non-substituted purine, substituted or non-substituted quinoline, substituted or non-substituted isoquinoline, substituted or non-substituted phthalazine, substituted or non-substituted naphthyridine, substituted or non-substituted quinoxaline, substituted or non-substituted quinazoline, substituted or non-substituted acridine, substituted or non-substituted phenanthroline and/or substituted or non-substituted phenazine. The device comprises a light-emitting layer, a hole-transport layer, a hole implant layer, an electron-transport layer, an electron injection layer and a hole-blocking layer. The light-emitting layer comprises a phosphorescence or fluorescence host material. The light-emitting layer comprises a fluorescent blue dopant material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic electric device comprises an organic layer that is formed using a soluble process. The organic electric device is provided with two electrodes. The condensed compound is utilized for dopant material in a light emitting layer.Preferred Components: The organic layer is chosen from a hole implant layer, a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transport layer or an electron injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 33 Compounds of formula (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. formula (1)    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The group element is selected from group consists of copper (Cu) ,silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas comprises gas (95% or more) which does not absorb ultraviolet-light irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal paste comprises at least one lead-free glass frit with a softening point temperature of 550-611 degrees C, comprises silicon dioxide (11-33 wt.%), aluminum oxide (0-7 wt.%) and boron trioxide (2-10 wt.%). The lead-free glass frit comprises bismuth oxide (40-73 wt.%). The total content of the electrically conductive metal powder is 50-92 wt.%. The electrically conductive metal powder is silver powder. The total glass frit content is 0.25-8 wt.%. In the metal paste, the ratio between the lead-containing glass frit and the lead-free glass frit is less than zero to infinity. The metal paste comprises inorganic components (58-95 wt.%) and organic vehicle (5-42 wt.%). Preferred Components: The ARC layer is titanium oxide of formula (TiOx) (I), silicon oxide of formula (SiOx) (II), (I)/(II), silicon nitride of formula (SiNx) or silicon nitride ARC layers, where x is not defined. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact material is selected from group, which consists of copper, aluminum, zinc and copper, indium, gallium, and selenium (CIGS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The etching rate of first stage of cleaning process is 500 nm/minute or more. The etching rate of second stage of cleaning process is 500 nm/minute or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The organic layer includes a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching liquid comprises deionized water (1 L), alkali (10-20 g), organic acid (0.005-0.01 L), isopropanol (0.02-0.04 L), and nickel (1-5 g). The organic acid is acetic acid or propionic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(VIII).R2 = 6-60C aryl optionally substituted by at least one from deuterium, halogen, 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C, 1-20 alkoxy, 6-20 arylamine, 6-20 aryl, 6-20C arylalkyl, 8-20C arylalkenyl, 5-20C heterocycle, nitrile, or acetylene.Preferred Device: The organic layer is formed during solution process (soluble process), and comprises a first electrode that is laminated, where the organic layer is a hole implant layer, a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transport layer or an electron injection layer. The organic layer is provided between a floor and a second electrode. The light-emitting layer includes a luminous host material. The hole implant layer or the hole-transport layer comprises the compound (I). A controller operates a display device. Preferred Definitions:    R2 = phenyl, tolulyl, styryl, groups of e.g. formula (1)-(5) (31 more groups given in the specification)    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic electric device comprises an organic layer that is formed using a soluble process. The organic electric device is provided with two electrodes. The condensed compound is utilized for dopant material in a light emitting layer.Preferred Components: The organic layer is chosen from a hole implant layer, a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transport layer or an electron injection layer. Preferred Components: The derivative compound further comprises indole derivative, carbazole derivative, indoloacridine derivative or indenocarbazole derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 58 compounds of formula (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. compound of formula (A).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The organic layer is formed by a soluble process. The organic electric device is an organic electro luminescence device including a first electrode, a second electrode in a laminated form, the organic layer and the floor. The organic layer comprises a light-emitting layer or a hole-transport layer. The compound is utilized as a host material in the hole-transport layer or the light-emitting layer in the organic electric device. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 109 compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. formula (A).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The primary region is formed as thin line with width of 0.1-50 nm. The primary material is titanium, aluminum, titanium oxide or silicon. The secondary material is silicon dioxide. Carbon nanowall is formed by injecting hydrogen radical capable of producing carbon separately in plasma atmosphere using plasma atmosphere of source gas. The film is formed in thin line state. The base material consists of silicon dioxide. The film consists of aluminum, titanium, silicon or their oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic electric device comprises an organic layer that is formed using a soluble process. The organic electric device is provided with two electrodes. The condensed compound is utilized for dopant material in a light emitting layer. Preferred Components: The organic layer is chosen from a hole implant layer, a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transport layer or an electron injection layer. The derivative compound further comprises indole derivative, carbazole derivative, indoloacridine derivative or indenocarbazole derivative. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The organic layer is formed by a soluble process. The organic electric device is an organic electro luminescence device including a first electrode, a second electrode in a laminated form, the organic layer and the floor. The organic layer comprises a light-emitting layer or a hole-transport layer. The compound is utilized as a host material in the hole-transport layer or the light-emitting layer in the organic electric device. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of dithienopyrrole derivatives (I) involves reacting 3-bromo-thiophene compound of formula (II) with di-thiophen-3-yl-amine compound of formula (III) in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide, dimethylformamide and copper catalyst, to obtain dithienopyrrole derivatives (I). INSRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic material layer comprises a hole injection layer, hole transport layer a light-emitting layer and a electron transport layer, where the hole injection layer and hole transport layer contains dithienopyrrole derivatives (I). Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl, ethyl, phenyl, 2,5-diphenyl-thiophene moiety, 9-phenyl-anthracene moiety, quinoline moiety, triphenyl-amine moiety or N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine moiety;    R2,R3=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, 5'-methyl-(1,1';3',1'')terphenyl, 2-p-tolyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-6-phenyl-naphthalene, toluene, 1-methyl-3-((E)-styryl)-benzene, 1-methyl-5-phenyl-naphthalene, 9-methyl-anthracene, 9-methyl-10-phenyl-anthracene, 1-methyl-pyrene, methyl-diphenyl-amine, methyl-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl-amine, biphenyl-4-yl-methyl-phenyl-amine, N-4-methyl-N,4,N,4',N4''-triphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine, N-biphenyl-4-yl-N'-methyl-N,N'-diphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine, bis-biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-amine moiety, Propene, ((E)-Propenyl)-benzene, 2-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 3-methyl-quinoline, 4-methyl-quinoline 2-methyl-pyridine, 3-methyl-pyridine, 4-methyl-pyridine, 2-methyl-quinoline, 2-methyl-(1,10)phenanthroline, 2-methyl-thiophene, 2-methyl-furan, methyl-di-pyridin-2-yl-amine, 2-methyl-1H-indole, isoquinolin-1-yl-methyl-pyridin-2-yl-amine. 2-phenyl-5-p-tolyl-thiophene, 2-(6-methyl-naphthalen-2-yl)-5-phenyl-thiophene, or pheny group of formula (a)-(d).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic electric device further comprises a terminal as controller for operating the device. The organic electric device comprises two electrodes. Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed with a soluble process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 109 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 7H-pyrido(3,4-c)carbazole compound of formulae (Ia-Ie).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixture of octadecene, lead acetate trihydrate and oleic acid is heated under vacuum. 1M solution of trioctylphosphine and selenium is mixed with mixture at room temperature. 1,2-Hexadecanediol and octadecene are injected to solution. Toluene, and mixture of butane and methanol are added and the mixture is crystallized, to obtain conductive film including lead-selenium quantum dots. Mixture of octadecene, lead acetate trihydrate and oleic acid is heated. Solution of octadecene, silicate and bis(trimethylsily)sulfide are injected. Toluene solution is added to mixture. Mixture of butane and methanol solution is injected, and the solution is crystallized to obtain conductive film including lead sulfide quantum dots.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic material layer including the naphthyl carbazole derivative-containing compound is formed by soluble process. The organic electric device is an organic electroluminescent device having sequentially laminated electrode (I), one or more organic layers and electrode (II). The organic layer is chosen from hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer and electron injection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The naphthyl carbazole derivative-containing compound of formula (1) is preferably of formula (2, 3). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 36 naphthyl carbazole derivative-containing compound of formula (1-3) are disclosed, e.g. naphthyl carbazole derivative-containing compound of formula (A-1).    EXAMPLE - N1,N4-diphenyl benzene-1,4-diamine, 3-iodo-9-(naphthalene-2-yl)-9H-carbazole, sodium tert-butoxide (t-BuONa), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd2(dba)3) and tri-tert-butyl phosphine (P(t-Bu)3) were dissolved in toluene. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted thrice with distilled water and diethyl ether. The precipitate existing in the organic layer was filtered, and dried under vacuum to obtain naphthyl carbazole derivative-containing compound of formula (A-1) at a yield of 80%. An organic electroluminescent device having hole injection layer containing the obtained compound was produced. The electroluminescent device had voltage of 6.2 V, electric current density of 13.71 mA/cm2, luminous efficiency of 7.76 cd/A and chromaticity coordinate of 0.15 and 0.149, and favorable durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation method: No preparation method is given. Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed with a soluble process. The organic electric device comprises two electrodes. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 109 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 7H-Indolo(2,3-c)isoquinoline compounds of formulae (Ia-Ie).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic electric device is selected from one of an organic electro luminescence device, an organic solar cell, an organophotoreceptor drum and an organic thin film transistor, where the organic electro luminescence device comprises a primary electrode, the organic layer having multiple primary floors and a secondary electrode, where the organic layer is selected from one of a hole implant layer, a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transport layer and an electron injection layer. The light-emitting layer comprises host and dopant comprising the compound. Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed through soluble process of the compound. EXAMPLE - Small amount of potassium carbonate was refluxed for 24 hours after melting 10-Bromoanthracene-9-boronic acid, dimethyl-2, 5-dibromoisophthalate, palladium (triphenylphospine) and the potassium carbonate in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and small amount of water. Temperature of the reactant was cooled in a room temperature when reaction was terminated. Dichloromethane was extracted and was wiped off with water. The dichloromethane was separated using column chromatography for removing small amount of anhydrous magnesium sulfate from the water in which organic solvent was concentrated after vacuum filtration. The compound was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound further comprises alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, cycloalkyl group, aryl group, and/or aralkyl group. The edge location of the graphene is substituted with substituent having functional group such as haloalkyl, nitroalkyl, aminoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, formylalkyl, phenylalkyl, benzoylalkyl, and/or phenoxyalkyl. The organic compound is chosen from 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-(4-aminophenyl) benzoic acid, 4-(3-aminophenyl) benzoic acid, 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 4-(4-aminophenoxy) benzoic acid, 4-(3-aminophenoxy) benzoic acid, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 4-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3,5-diphenoxy benzoic acid, 5-phenoxy isophthalic acid, 4-phenyl-(4-phenoxybenzoic acid), 4-phenoxy-(4-phenyl benzo acid), 4-ethyl benzoic acid, 2-ethyl benzoic acid or 4-ethylphenoxy benzoic acid. The method utilizes a solvent that is chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, toluene, benzene, hexane, heptane, M-cresol, ethyl acetate, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulphoxide, dichloromethane, O-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrolidone, dimethylformamide, or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The refractive index of hollow silica particles is 1.17-1.4. Preferred Composition: The anti-reflection coating composition contains organic-inorganic hollow silica particles (A) (in weight parts) (1-50), a photo initiator (0.1-5) and remaining amount of solvent, based on 100 weight parts of the whole anti-reflection coating composition. Preferred Process: The antireflective coating composition is coated on the glass, heat-treated at 500-700 degrees C, cooled to 100 degrees C or less, and subjected to reinforcement treatment. The anti-reflective layer of the glass is hardened.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multi-functional silane compound of formula (I) is preferably of formula (II).R1-R5,X,l=same as defined above;andR7=1-20C aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - A multi-functional silane compound (in weight parts) (107.28) containing multi-functional (meth) acrylate, and methanol (2) were agitated at 80 degrees C for 3 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, organic/inorganic hollow silica particles (A) coated with multi-functional silane compound and having refractive index of 1.35 was obtained. Component (A) (11), methyl isobutyl ketone (80.5), methyl ethyl ketone (7), I-184 (RTM: 1-hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1)) and BYK- 378 (RTM: silicone denaturated oil) (0.5) were mixed, to obtain an anti-reflection coating composition. The antireflective coating composition was coated on one side of base iron glass and cured with ultraviolet light at 50 degrees C for 1 minute, to form an anti-reflective layer of 100nm thickness. The anti-reflective layer had excellent haze and reflectivity without degradation of light transmission. Solar cell module produced using the glass had high reliability and generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction between compound (II, III and IV) is carried out at 75-120 degrees C for 12-72 hours. The bromination reaction is carried out at 5-30 degrees C for 12-48 hours. The condensation reaction is carried out at 75-120 degrees C for 12-72 hours. Preferred Components: The alkaline environment is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide. The organic solvent is chosen from tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate and acetic acid. The condensing agent is sodium hydroxide and sodium alkoxide. The catalyst is a mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Process: 7-bromo-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one and thiophen-2-ylboranediol are reacted in presence of triphenyl phosphine palladium phosphine, potassium carbonate and tetrahydrofuran to obtain 7-(thiophen-2-yl)-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one, or reacted with 9H-carbazole in presence of copper iodide and potassium carbonate, to obtain 7-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 14 spirofluorene-type compounds e.g. 2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one of formula (Ia), 7-bromo-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one, 2,7-dibromo-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one, 10'-chloro-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one, and 10'-bromo-2'-azaspiro(fluorene-9,13'-pentacyclo(12.8.0.03,12.04,9.017,22)docosane)-1',3',5',7',9',11',14',17'(22'),18',20'-decaen-16'-one are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molded product comprises ion implantation layer obtained by the above-mentioned method. The gaseous ion is chosen from hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, xenon, krypton, silicon compound and the group containing ionized hydrocarbons. The method for injecting ion on the surface portion of layer containing hydrolysis/dehydration compound of tetrafunctional organosilane compound is performed by plasma ion-implantation process. The tetrafunctional organosilane compound is tetra-1-10C alkoxysilane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The device further has a secondary passivation layer (12) between substrate and bottom active layer. The primary and secondary passivation layers are formed using 121 claimed compounds e.g. alumina, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, cobalt oxide, copper sulfide, gallium arsenide, lanthanum manganese oxide, titania, zinc sulfide, neodymium oxide, lutetium oxide and their mixture. The substrate is made of 48 claimed compounds e.g. silicon, gallium arsenide, copper-aluminum oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, copper-yttrium oxide, silver-cobalt oxide, tin-doped copper-indium oxide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride and zinc oxide. The transparent conductive layer is made of 43 claimed compounds e.g. zinc oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, nickel oxide, indium-gallium-zinc oxide, copper oxide, phosphorus-doped zinc oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and tin-doped copper-indium oxide. Each nanocrystal is made of germanium, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide core-shell structure, cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide core-shell structure, and/or cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide core-shell structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The (poly)oxyethylene alkyl phosphate compound is of formula: (HO)3-n(O=)P(-O-(CH2CH2O)m-R1)n. The cured resin layer has quantity of (poly)oxyethylene alkyl phosphate compound of 0.01-1 part mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polymeric compound.R1=alkyl;m=1-20;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The chemical materials comprises flat glass, which is sodium calcium silicate (1 part of 10x 100x 100 mm), crystalline flake graphite powder (10 plus minus 0.1 g), which is carbon, vitriol (200 plus minus 10 ml), which is sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate (10 plus minus 0.1 g), potassium permanganate (30 plus minus 0.1 g), hydrogen peroxide (200 plus minus 10 ml), deionized water (4000 plus minus 50 ml), oil bathing oil (500 plus minus 10 ml), which is silicone oil, nitric acid (10 plus minus 1 ml), nitrogen (2000 plus minus 100 cm3), phi 40x 80 mm abrasive paste (1 part) and 1x 100x 100 mm deerskin (1 part).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The graphene oxide solution is prepared in the four-neck flask, where a display screen, an indication lamp and a control switch are arranged on the electric heating controller. The oil bathing cylinder with the four-neck flask inside is arranged at the upper part of the electric heating controller. The nitrogen tube, the liquid adding funnel, the agitator, the water condensation tube, a water inlet, a water outlet and a gas outlet are arranged at the upper part of the four-neck flask from left to right. The nitrogen tube is connected with a nitrogen valve and the nitrogen cylinder. The oil bathing oil is placed in the oil bathing cylinder. The oil bathing covers 4/5 of the volume of the four-neck flask. The four-neck flask contains nitrogen gas and the mixed solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): 2,2',5,5'-Biphenyl tetraformyl chloride (in parts weight) (1), component (B) (1.2-2.8), solvent (10-20) and catalyst (1-2) are added into a reaction kettle attached with a mixer, a thermometer and a nitrogen replacement device under nitrogen atmosphere, and reacted at 0 degrees C for 1-3 hour to obtain fork-shaped biphenyl centre-containing compound (I). Preferred Composition: The component (B) is aniline or phenol derivative. The solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl ethanamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, dioxane or dichloromethane. The catalyst is pyridine or epoxypropane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises condensing thiophene compounds of formulae (II) and (III) with malononitrile in presence of catalyst and solvent, or subjecting compound (II) and compound (III), and silicon-containing compound of formula (IV) to Stille coupling reaction; subjecting product of condensation and compound (IV) to Stille coupling reaction or condensing product of Stille coupling reaction with malononitrile in presence of catalyst and solvent to obtain compound (I).An=1-6C alkyl.Preferred Processes: The method comprises washing product of condensation with saturated sodium chloride solution for many times, extracting and drying, filtering, collecting and evaporating the filtrate, separating through silica column chromatography to obtain the purified product. The purification of product obtained by Stille coupling reaction between compound (II), compound (III) and compound (IV) comprises adding product of Stiller coupling reaction to potassium fluoride solution, stirring, adding saturated sodium chloride solution, extracting and drying, filtering and collecting filtrate and evaporating, precipitating with n-hexane and ethanol for twice, and coating filtered product with silica column chromatography to obtain purified product. Preferred Components: The catalyst is pyridine or triethylamine; and solvent is ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, dimethyl formamide, methylbenzene or acetone. The catalyst used in Stiller coupling reaction is organic palladium catalyst, and solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene or methylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of 1-octadecene and oleic acid is 10:1-30:1. The weight ratio of 1-octadecene and trioctylphosphine oxide is 10:1-100:1. The weight ratio of 1-octadecene and hexadecylamine is 100:1-300:1. The molar ratio of solution (II) and sulfur is 4-6 wt.%. The content of solution (II) is 1-20 volume% with respect to content of solution (I). The solution (I) is chloroform and acetone. Preferred Property: The molarity of cadmium oxide is 0.03-0.2 mM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin or acetone. The reducing agent is aqueous solution of formic acid, formaldehyde, hydrazine hydrate, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride, at 1-20 times. Preferred Processes: The hot treatment temperature is 100-600 degrees C, and carbon-carried Pt or PtRu composite catalyst with hydrated niobium oxide; and when hot treatment temperature is 600-1000 degrees C, and carbon-carried Pt or PtRu composite catalyst with dewatered niobium oxide. The drying process is carried out in vacuum at 40-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dibenzopyrene-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(IV).L1-L2=Ar1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layers: The organic layer is formed by solution process, and is provided between electrodes (I,II). The organic layer is hole implant layer, hole transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron transport layer, and/or electron injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 45 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. (4-(13-aza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthren-13-yl)-phenyl)-diphenyl-amine of formula (IA), diphenyl-(4-(10-phenyl-13-aza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthren-13-yl)-phenyl)-amine, (4-(13-aza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthren-13-yl)-phenyl)-di-p-tolyl-amine, (4-(13-aza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthren-13-yl)-phenyl)-naphthalen-2-yl-phenyl-amine, and (4-(13-aza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthren-13-yl)-phenyl)-di-naphthalen-2-yl-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic layer is a hole implant layer, a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transport layer or an electron injection layer. The light emitting layer or the hole injection layer contains the compound as a light-emitting host material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic electroluminescent device comprises a first electrode, the organic layer, the floor and a second electrode in a laminated form. The compound in the organic layer is formed by a soluble process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Dibromo aryl compound and arylamine compound are reacted in the presence of palladium catalyst to obtain diamine derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 Diamine derivatives (I) are claimed e.g. 4-N,4-N,9-N,9-N-tetrakis(propan-2-yl)pyrene-4,9-diamine of formula (Ia), 4-N,4-N,9-N,9-N-tetraphenylpyrene-4,9-diamine, 4-N,9-N-bis(4-methylphenyl)-4-N,9-N-diphenylpyrene-4,9-diamine, 4-N,9-N-bis(3-methylphenyl)-4-N,9-N-diphenylpyrene-4,9-diamine and 4-N,4-N,9-N,9-N-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)pyrene-4,9-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic electric device contains organic layers containing carbazole derivative. Preferred Process: The organic layer is formed by a soluble process of the compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 74 Carbazole derivatives e.g. 13-phenyl-13H-4,5,13-triaza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthrene of formula (Ia), 13-naphthalen-1-yl-13H-4,5,13-triaza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthrene, 13-naphthalen-2-yl-13H-4,5,13-triaza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthrene, 13-biphenyl-4-yl-13H-4,5,13-triaza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthrene and 13-(1,1'4',1")terphenyl-4-yl-13H-4,5,13-triaza-indeno(1,2-l)phenanthrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During preparation of the solid solution, deionized water (0.2-0.4 part weight) is added.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of water molecules in the cerium acetylacetonate hydrate and gadolinium acetylacetonate hydrate, is 3-4. Preferred Property: Methyl alcohol, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform each have purity of more than 98 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: Polyisoprene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer has number average molecular weight of 50.5x 103 and molecular weight distribution of 1.05. Preferred Composition: The copolymer has polyoxyethylene chain segment (15 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The iron solution is added in titanium precursor solution to dope metal ions. The stable titanium precursor solution comprises titanium precursor, alkali solution and hydrogen peroxide at ratio of 0.1-100:1:0.1-10. The alkali solution comprises mixing solution of sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, cesium hydroxide solution and/or ammonia water. The titanium precursor is titanium, titanium dioxide, titanium hydroxide, titanic acid, metatitanic acid, titanium nitrate, titanium sulfate, titanium yellow, halogenated titanium, titanium carboxylic acid or titanium alcohol. The substrate is common glass, quartz glass, silicon substrate or metal, ceramic and organic substrate and fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, zinc oxide:boron, zinc oxide:gallium, zinc oxide:indium, cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, titanium oxide:niobium, strontium titanate, copper sulfide, copper aluminate or copper aluminum sulfide transparent conducting glass. The heating step is performed for 1-24 hours at 150-1000 degrees C. The range of the condensation of doped ion is 0.01-30%. The doped ions comprise niobium, tantalum, iron, nickel, cobalt or manganese. The metal salt added in doped ion solution comprises soluble nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, carboxylate, oxalate or halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The counter ions is selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, methanesulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrachloride, perchlorate, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate, tetrachloroborate, hexafluoroantimonate, fluoroarsenate, hexafluorotitanate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, fluorosulfonate, tetrachloroaluminate, (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate, dichlorocuprate, dicyanamide anions, sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, carbonate, silicate or carboxylate ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methane production phase is carried out in presence of a catalyst at 300-400 degrees C, where the catalyst used is selected from a group consisting of nickel, ruthenium, cobalt or vanadium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Roasting is carried out for 2-10 hours at 1300-1450 degrees C. Stripping plastic is carried out for 450-600 degrees C, and heating at 0.5-1 degrees C/minute. Dispersing agent, an adhesive, and a plasticizer are added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active component is zinc oxide. The support is synthesized calcium silicate. The regenerating agent is nickel oxide. The inorganic binder includes pseudo boehmite, hydrotalcite, bentonite, or kaolin. Preferred Properties: The desulfurizing agent is spherical, and has a sulfur absorbing power of 10 g of sulfur/100 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor window layer comprises zinc sulfide or cadmium sulfide. The transparent top contact comprises doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanomaterial is selected from carbon nanowires or graphene, where the carbon nanowires are carbon nanotubes. The functionalizing reagent is an organosilane of formula X(CH)nSi(O(CH2)p(CH3))3 (I).n=1-11;p=0-1; andX=amino, halogen, aldehyde, thiol or isothiocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is based on silicon or carbon, where the silicon-based polymer is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The carbon based polymer is selected from polystyrene or SU-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal salt is chosen from potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The inorganic material is chosen from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, inorganic phosphate, sulfonated silicon oxide, sulfonated zirconium oxide and zirconium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from toluene, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, xylene, benzene, N-butyl acetate, methylcyclohexane and/or dimethyl cyclohexane. The sulfonic acid is chosen from chlorosulfonic acid, fuming sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid triethylphosphate salt and concentrated sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): An aromatic dihalide monomer of formula (II), dihalide monomer of formula: X-Ar1-X, and dihydroxy monomer of formula: HO-Ar2-OH in presence of alkali metal salt, organic solvent and sulfonic acid, to obtain copolymer of formula (V). Then, sulfonic acid group or sulfonate group is introduced to main chain of copolymer (V), to obtain sulfonated poly(arylene ether)copolymer (I).X=chloro, bromo, iodo or fluoro;andR5-R8=H or aromatic group, preferably phenyl group.Preferred Composition: The sulfonated poly(arylene ether)copolymer is random copolymer or the block copolymer having average molecular weight of 10000-1000000 and is preferably of formula (III) or (IV). The polymer electrolyte membrane contains polymer and inorganic material. The polymer is chosen from polyimide, polyether ketone, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherethersulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide, polystyrene, poly trifluoro styrene sulfonic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane and branched sulfonated polysulfone ketone copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    E1-E4=S or S(=O)2;    Z1-Z6=H or methyl;and    n=20-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbazole compound (I) is of formula (II)-(V).R6-R9=H, or 1-50C alkoxy, 1-50C alkenyl, 5-60C arylene, 5-60C aryl, 5-60C aryloxy, 1-50C alkyl optionally including at least one of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon, 5-60C heteroaryl including at least one of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon, or 5-60C heteroaryloxy including at least one of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon (all optionally substituted). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 206 Carbazole compounds are specifically claimed e.g. 8,8-dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine of formula (Ia), 8,8-dimethyl-10-phenyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine, 8,8-dimethyl-10-naphthalen-1-yl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine, 8,8-dimethyl-10-phenanthren-9-yl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine and 10-anthracen-9-yl-8,8-dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The 5-membered heterocyclic compound (I) is of formula (II)-(V). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 139 5-membered heterocyclic compounds are specifically claimed e.g. 14-phenyl-14H-13-thia-14-aza-benzo(c)indeno(2,1-a)fluorene of formula (Ia), 14-naphthalen-1-yl-14H-13-thia-14-aza-benzo(c)indeno(2,1-a)fluorene, 14-naphthalen-2-yl-14H-13-thia-14-aza-benzo(c)indeno(2,1-a)fluorene, 14-biphenyl-4-yl-14H-13-thia-14-aza-benzo(c)indeno(2,1-a)fluorene and 14-(1,1';4',1'')terphenyl-4-yl-14H-13-thia-14-aza-benzo(c)indeno(2,1-a)fluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electronic device comprises a pair of electrodes, an organic layer, which are sequentially arranged, a terminal, and a controller for operating the terminal. The organic layer is a light-emitting layer. Preferred process: The organic layer comprising the spiro carbazole compound is formed by soluble process. Preferred Definitions:    R1 to R4=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 59 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. spiro carbazole compound of formulae (I-a to I-e).    EXAMPLE - 6,12-dihydro-6-aza-indeno(1,2-b)fluorene compound of formula (II), iodobiphenyl, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, tri-tert-butylphosphine and sodium tert-butoxide were dissolved in toluene and mixed at 110 degrees C for 12 hours. The temperature of the reactant was cooled to a room temperature after the reaction was terminated. The resulting mixture was extracted using dichloromethane, washed with water, and vacuum-filtered. The filtered product was separated using column chromatography, and worked-up to obtain spiro carbazole compound (I-d).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon source is dissolved in a metal foil to form the thin film on the substrate chosen from silica, titanium nitride, alumina, titanium dioxide and/or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal foil comprises metal material nickel, cobalt, copper, ruthenium, iridium and/or rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous carbon source is chosen from carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ethanol, acetylene, propane, propylene, butane, butadiene, pentane, pentene, cyclopentadiene, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene and/or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is flexible printed circuit board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The organic layer has electron injection layer, electron transport layer and hole-stop layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in wt.%) reaction product of organometallic compound and silicon compound (60-95), silicone cross linking agent (4-39.999) and catalyst (0.001-1). Preferred Components: The catalyst is chosen from platinum divinyl complex, platinum-divinyl tetramethyldisiloxane complex, platinum-neutral compound, platinum-vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane complex, platinum-cyclovinyl complex, platinum-cyclic vinylmethylsiloxane complex and platinum octanol/octanal complex. Preferred Process: The hardened film is hardened at a hardening temperature of less than 100 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The barium coating layer has average thickness of 0.01-1 mu m. The barium concentration in interface of silica layer and barium coating layer is more than interface of silica layer and casting mold. The formation of outer stucco layer and inner stucco layer is repeated for several times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves irradiating UV-ray before heating the light emitting element. Preferred Components: The silane compound further contains a compound of formula: R2qSi(X)4-q (II). The ratio of the compound of formula (I) and (II) is 10-100 %mass. The metal oxide particle is microparticles which has number average particle diameter of 1-100 nm.R2=1-12C polymerizable organic group;X=hydrolyzable group;andq=0-3(integers). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The concentration of zirconium oxychloride solution is 0.24-1 mol/L. The addition amount of thulium oxide is 7-38 %mass. The content of zirconium oxychloride solid is 30 %mass. The addition amount of urea is 30-50 %mass. The addition amount of acrylic ester is 0.2-0.5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dibasic acid is adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid and/or terephthalic acid. The organic amine hydrochloride is methylamine hydrochloride, ethylamine hydrochloride or ethylenediamine hydrochloride. The complexing agent is ammonium oxalate, phosphate and/or citrate. The aliphatic dibasic alcohol is chosen from propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and/or pentanediol. The organic solvent is ethanol, isopropanol, and/or n-butanol. Preferred Property: The pH of pre-processing liquid is 5-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali etching solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic film packaging material is metal oxide/sulfide/nitride, preferably calcium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum sesquioxide, dichromium trioxide, tin dioxide, nickel oxide, antimony pentoxide, titanium disulfide, sulfide, copper sulfide, zinc sulfide, tin bisulfide, nickel sulfide, cobalt disulfide, antimony, lead sulfide, three disulfide lanthanum, cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The reacting thinner is active epoxy resin diluent, cyclic ether, cyclic lactone, vinyl ether monomer comprising 1, 2, 3-propanetriol glycidyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, 1, 4 butanediol ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, ether, perfluoro n-propyl ethylene ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether propylene, ethylene glycol mono allyl ether, hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, chlorotrifluoroethylene, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl n-butyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, benzyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, tetrafluoroethylene-fluorine propyl vinyl ether or butyl vinyl ether, active epoxy resin diluent comprising 3, 4-epoxy cyclohexyl formic acid-3', 4'-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl ester, bisphenol, epoxy resin (EP), epoxy, epoxy vinyl ester, epoxy acrylate, epoxy methacrylate or itaconic acid, or water-soluble epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic layer further comprises a polar solvent that is chosen from ester solvent chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, sopropanol, butanol, glycerol, propylene glycol and 1,3- butylene glycol acetone, butanone, pentanone, ethyl acetate and butylacetate, ketone-based solvent chosen from dioxane or tetrahydrofuran and alcohol-based solvent chosen from acetonitrile, dimethylformamid pr dimethyl sulfoxide. The upper side of the light absorption layer is coated with coating composition. The hole-transport layer is formed between the first electrode and the optical absorption layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell portion is chosen from single crystal system silicon, polycrystalline type silicon, amorphous silicon or monocrystal silicon. The solar cell further contains a light absorption layer that contains silicon, copper indium diselenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, amorphous gallium arsenide and organic compound. The solar cell portion contains a back side reflective electrode film and a front side reflective electrode film. Preferred Process: The metal electrode layer is formed with metal paste. The formation of metal electrode layer is performed by utilizing screen printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, offset print, ink jet printing or roll-to-roll technique.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The surface processing layer is formed on the side of the solar cell portion with the combination bond of the alkoxy group and hydroxyl group (-OH). The hydroxyl group is provided among the upper and lower sides of the solar cell portion. The surface processing layer is formed by self assembly monolayer technique, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, Langmuir Schaefer (LS) technique, dip-coating technique or spin coating technique. The hydroxyl group activation treatment is performed among upper and lower sides of the solar cell portion before forming the surface processing layer. Preferred Components: The functional group is chosen from a group of amino, mercapto or imidazole. The alkoxy group is alkoxy group having 1-8 carbon atoms. The compound is chosen from silicon substituted compound of formula (Y1-Si-(OR)3), zirconium substituted compound of formula (Y1-Zr-(OR)3), titanium substituted compound of formula (Y1-Ti-(OR)3) and aluminum substituted compound of formula (Y1-Al-(OR)3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The backing plate comprises copper, titanium and aluminum alloy. The corroded target comprises copper, indium, gallium, copper-indium, copper-gallium, copper-indium-gallium, chromium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, gold, silver, aluminum, nickel-chromium, nickel-chromium-molybdenum, chromium-aluminum, titanium-aluminum and aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The zinc precursor is chosen from dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, diisopropylzinc, ethylisopropylzinc, ditertiarybutylzinc or isopropyltertiarybutylzinc. The selenium precursor is chosen from dimethyselenide, diethylselenide, diisopropylselenide, ethylisopropylselenide, ditertiarybutylselenide or isopropyltertiarybutylselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves maintaining a zinc/selenium precursor supply line at canister temperature of -40-100 degrees C and at 200 degrees C, and maintaining the substrate at 600 degrees C. The buffer layer comprises a structure of formula (R1-Zn-R2).R1, R2= methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or tertiarybutyl.Preferred property: The thickness of the buffer layer is 0.1-10 micrometer. The buffer layer manufacturing method further involves positioning a substrate at vacuum inside a chamber, maintaining the substrate at specific reaction temperature, supplying zinc precursor inside the chamber, removing unreacted substance and by-product, supplying selenium precursor inside the chamber and removing unreacted substance and by-product. The buffer layer manufacturing method further utilizes carrier gas chosen from argon, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide or oxygen gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The particle size of the nanosized tin dioxide is controlled to 10-100 nm. The oxidant is ferric chloride or ammonium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, ammonium octadecyl trimethyl bromide, ammonium hexadecyl trimethyl bromide, sodium oleate, ammonium oleate, ammonium dodecyl trimethyl bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, or sodium dodecyl sulfate. The use amount of the oxidant is 1-5 times of the weight of pyrrole monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The sodium silicate and ZS-1071-type refractory inorganic adhesive have softening point of 600-650 degrees C, and viscosity of 60-100 Pa.second/25 degrees C. The powder obtained during the preparation of sealing material has particle size of 0.1-5 mu m, preferably 2 mu m. The grinding power is 1.1 kW. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of binder and sealing filling material is 0.2:0.8. The weight ratio of sodium silicate and ZS-1071-type refractory inorganic adhesive is 0.4:0.6, 0.5:0.5 or 0.6:0.4. The weight ratio of zirconia fiber/powder, mica powder, glass powder and glass fiber is 1:0.2:0.4:0.4, 1:0.5:0.8:0.8 or 1:1:1.2:1.2. The concentration of obtained viscous binder is 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkaline environment contains metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate, tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide and ammonia water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The polymerization catalyst is mixture of organic palladium or organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, N,N-dimethyl formamide, benzene or toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed). The copolymer is prepared by respectively providing boron-containing compound of formula (A) and bromine-containing compound of formula (B) in the absence of oxygen and alkaline environment and in the presence of catalyst and organic solvent to obtain compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass frit is bismuth (III) oxide-aluminum oxide-silicon dioxide-strontium oxide-boron oxide group glass frit. The group III element is boron or gallium. The salt of group III element is alkoxide salt containing group III element. The compound, salt or hydrate of group III element is boron oxide and/or triethyl borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The compound, salt or hydrate of group III element is made of metal powder of indium or thallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salt of group III element is acetate salt containing group III element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass frit comprises (in mol%) zinc oxide (10-55), vanadium trioxide (0-70), boron trioxide (0-50), alkaline earth metal oxide (1-10), silicon dioxide (0-35) or alkali metal oxide (1-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pre-process phase is pressurized using hydraulic press and the silicon powder is dried for predetermined time. The manufacture of silicon material further involves melting using electron-beam melting, plasma arc melting, high frequency induction melting, vacuum induction melting or electric resistance melting. Preferred Composition: The content of silicon powder is 3-10 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalete, polyimide, olefin polymer or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanowire is made of a single wall carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film further comprises urethane aqueous dispersion as coating former, ultra-pure water as solvent, alcohol and dispersing stabilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, olefin polymer film or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 Phenanthrene-type compounds e.g. 2-(10-phenyl-9-(3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)phenanthren-2-yl)pyridine of formula (Ia), 3-(10-phenyl-9-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)phenanthren-2-yl)pyridine, 4-(10-phenyl-9-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)phenanthren-2-yl)pyridine, 4-(10-phenyl-9-(3-(quinolin-4-yl)phenyl)phenanthren-2-yl)quinoline and 3-(10-phenyl-9-(3-(quinolin-3-yl)phenyl)phenanthren-2-yl)quinoline are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The film-forming agent having 3000-26000 molecular weight in acid is ethyl acrylic acid, sulfonate, styrene sulfonic acid, alkyl, acrylamide or monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The monomer is homopolymer or a copolymer. The dispersant is polymer of styrene of 5000-10000 molecular weight, acrylic acid monomer or base monomer. The surfactant complex ligand is epoxy compound. The polysiloxane defoaming agent is inorganic salt. The metal corrosion inhibitor is ethyl silicone oil emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopants are two or more components chosen from lithium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate, and sodium borohydride, aluminum nitrate, gallium nitrate and indium nitrate, preferably indium nitrate and copper nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tin dichloride in the composite powder of tin dichloride and indium hydroxide, is less than 20 mol%. The content of tin in indium-tin oxide is controlled by controlling the molar ratio of tin dichloride and indium hydroxide in composite powder. Preferred Properties: The indium-tin oxide nanopowder has cubic form particles with a size of 5-25 nm, and can transmit light in visible region. The indium-tin oxide nanopowder has high electrical conductivity than the pure indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The carbon support contains a metal consisting of platinum, ruthenium, nickel, selenium, molybdenum, cobalt, iron, rhodium, manganese, iridium and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal carbonate is chosen from calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate and lithium carbonate. The acid compound is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and/or sulfuric acid. The metal salt is calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, barium acetate, sodium acetate, lithium acetate, potassium acetate, and/or cesium acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid compound is acetic acid, formic acid, and/or ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The honeycomb ceramic carrier is cordierite honeycomb ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru) and/or rhodium (Rh). The nano noble metal has an average grain size of 3-6 nm, and the active components of nano noble metal are 0.5-5 % of the total mass of the honeycomb ceramic carrier after coating. The alumina sol has Al2O3 solid content of 10-40 %. Preferred Method: The Al2O3 layer is 10-30 % of the total mass of the honeycomb ceramic carrier after coating. In step (C), the catalyst loaded with the active components stands for 2-4 hours, the temperature for drying under vacuum condition is 60-80 degrees C, and the drying time is 2-4 hours. In step (D), the monolithic catalyst is restored at 300-500 degrees C under pure hydrogen for 2-4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ultrasonically cleaned raw materials are classified according to the size, the raw materials are dried while being transferred on a belt, and iron trapped in the belt is brushed off.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal particles are nano metal particles consisting of gold, silver, or platinum particles. The mixed solution comprises 10% hydrochloric acid and 0.01-0.03 mol.% or 0.6% silver nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The depositing step comprises depositing discrete metal particles on surface of silicon wafer by physical gas phase deposition; or depositing discrete metal particles on surface of silicon wafer by printing, spraying or spinning viscous substance containing metal particles; or depositing discrete metal particles on surface of silicon wafer by electroplating or chemo-plating. The etching comprises immersing silicon wafer with deposited metal particles into mixed solution; leading surface of silicon wafer contacting metal particles to be etched by mixed solution under catalysis reaction of metal particles; and forming texture surface on surface of silicon wafer. The method comprises immersing silicon wafer into mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and silver nitrate by chemo-plating, and depositing discrete metal particles on surface of silicon wafer. The silicon wafer with deposited metal particles is etched for 20 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The optical active layer is chosen from amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium selenium, copper gallium diselenide, gallium copper telluride, copper gallium aluminum selenide, II-VI or III-V semiconductor. The quantum dot film solar cell has P-type metal electrode layer comprising molybdenum, N-type semiconductor layer made of cadmium sulfide, and N-type metal electrode layer made of nickel and aluminum. The solar cell further comprises an inhibiting layer between N-type semiconductor layer and N-type metal electrode layer, a conductive layer located between inhibiting layer and N-type metal electrode layer, and an anti-reflection layer between conductive layer and the N-type metal electrode layer. The inhibiting layer comprises zinc oxide. The conductive layer comprises aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The antireflection layer contains magnesium fluoride. The primary electrode layer is made of transparent conductive oxide. The secondary electrode layer is made of metal. The III-V semiconductor layer comprises P-type gallium arsenide, indium phosphide or gallium indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The copolymer resin (A) is prepared by (1) adding a monomer into ethanol ( three quarters of the total volume) while stirring to dissolve it fully; (2) dissolving the other monomers in the initiator (4 divide by 5 of the total volume); (3) uniformly mixing the two solutions obtained in steps (1)-(2) to obtain a mixed solution (II), adding half of the mixed solution (II) into the copolymerization synthesizer, heating and stirring, condensing the reflux system, beginning timing when the temperature of the mixed solution reaches 75-80 degrees C and reflux appears; keeping the reflux temperature and fully stirring while adding the silicon carbide particles at an amount which is half of the total amount of monomers within 3-5 hours; (4) after 3-5 hours, adding the remaining amount of silicon carbide particles into the other half of the mixed solution (II) and finishing the operation within 1-2 hours while keeping under reflux condition; (5) adding the remaining amounts of ethanol ( one quarter of the total volume) and initiator (1 divide by 5 of the total volume) into the synthesizer after 3-5 hours while keeping the reflux temperature, finishing the operation within 20-45 minutes; (6) after 1.5-2.5 hours of continued reaction, stopping the heating and stirring process, and then cooling and discharging the materials at 30-40 degrees C. The silicon carbide particle has a mean particle diameter (D50) of 2-10 mu m. The obtained solar silicon wafer wire-electrode cutting wear-resistant steel line has a wire diameter of 90-300 mu m. The operational performances of the complex base materials can be improved by adding proper amount of surface active agent and antifoaming agent in the wear-resistant complex base materials (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The primary cleaning process involves cleaning the polycrystalline silicon wafer in a strong basic solution for 1-20 minutes, then in a strong acid solution for 1-20 minutes, and finally in absolute ethanol for 1-10 minutes. The silicon wafer is cleaned in a strong acid solution for 1-30 minutes and in absolute ethanol for 1-10 minutes. The polycrystalline silicon wafer is cleaned in hydrochloric acid for 0.5-10 minutes, nitric acid for 0.5-10 minutes, aqua regia for 0-5 minutes, and hydrofluoric acid for 0.5-5 minutes, during acid cleaning. The wafer is naturally dried after cleaning with absolute ethanol. The wafer is heated under protected atmosphere in a vacuum furnace. Preferred Composition: The strong basic solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. The strong acid solution is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and/or sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The concentration of strong basic solution is 5-40% and the concentration of strong acid solution is 5-30%. The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 5-30%, the concentration of nitric acid is 5-30%, the concentration of aqua regia is 5-30%, and the concentration of hydrofluoric acid is 5-40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30, zinc acetate dihydrate, barium chloride dihydrate, sodium hydroxide solution and distilled water is 1:0.3658:0.1017-20.36:25:625, preferably 1:1.463:4.732:25:625.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemical corrosion method is performed using hydrogen fluoride-ethanol-containing solution, hydrogen fluoride-ethanol-hydrogen peroxide-containing solution, hydrogen fluoride-ethanol-chromic oxide-containing solution or hydrogen fluoride-ethanol-nitric acid-containing solution. The chemical acid etching method is performed using chemical acid corrosion solution chosen from hydrogen fluoride-hydrogen peroxide-containing solution, hydrogen fluoride-chromic oxide-containing solution or hydrogen fluoride-nitric acid-containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is oleylamine, oleic acid or octadecylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The (I) is prepared by condensing thiophene compounds of formulae (II) and (III) with malononitrile in presence of catalyst and solvent, or subjecting compound (II) and compound (III), and tin-containing compound of formula (IV) to Stille coupling reaction; and subjecting product of condensation and compound (IV) to Stille coupling reaction or condensing product of Stille coupling reaction with malononitrile in presence of catalyst and solvent to obtain compound (I).An=1-6C alkyl.Preferred Processes: The method further comprises washing product of condensation with saturated sodium chloride solution, extracting and drying, filtering, collecting and evaporating filtrate, and separating through silica column chromatography to obtain purified product. The purification of product obtained by Stille coupling reaction comprises adding the product of Stiller coupling reaction to potassium fluoride solution, stirring, adding saturated sodium chloride solution, extracting and drying, filtering and collecting filtrate and evaporating, precipitating with n-hexane and ethanol twice, and coating filtered row product with silica column chromatography to obtain purified product. Preferred Components: The catalyst in condensation is pyridine or triethylamine; and solvent is ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, dimethyl formamide, methylbenzene or acetone. The catalyst in Stiller coupling reaction is organic palladium catalyst, and solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene or methylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises in presence of catalyst and solvent, reacting thiophene-containing compounds of formula (II) and (III) with malononitrile via condensation reaction or reacting compound (II) and (III) with tin-containing compound of formula (IV) via Stille coupling reaction; and in presence of catalyst and solvent, reacting product of condensation reaction with compound (IV) via Stille coupling reaction or reacting product of Stille coupling reaction with malononitrile via condensation reaction to prepare compound (I).AN=1-4C alkyl.Preferred Process: The method further comprises purifying product produced via reacting compound (II) and (III) with malononitrile via condensation reaction, washing product of condensation reaction via saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, extracting and drying, filtering, collecting filtrate and evaporating, separating via silica gel column chromatography and preparing purified product; and adding potassium fluoride solution into reaction product of Stille coupling reaction, stirring, adding into saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, extracting and drying, filtering, collecting filtrate and evaporating, precipitating via n-hexane and ethanol twice, filtering and separating crude product via silica gel column chromatography and preparing purified product. Preferred Components: The catalyst of condensation reaction is pyridine or triethyl amine; and the solvent is ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, dimethyl formamide, toluene or acetone. The catalyst in Stille coupling reaction is organic palladium catalyst; and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mol ratio of amino acid and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is 1:1-1:5; the mol ratio of carbon bisulfide to amino acid is 1:1-1:5; and the reaction time is 1-2 hours. The amino acid is tryptophan, serine, cysteine, lysine, proline, cystine, alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. The mol ratio of sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride to tellurium powder is 1.5:1-5:1; and the reaction temperature is 0-50 degrees C. The cadmium concentration in cadmium source is 0.005-0.1 mol/L. The mol ratio of cadmium salt to dithiocarbamate is 1:0.5-5; and the pH of solution is 7-12. The cadmium source is cadmium oxide, cadmium hydroxide, cadmium chloride, cadmium bromide, cadmium iodide, cadmium sulfate, cadmium nitrate, cadmium carbonate, cadmium acetate, cadmium perchlorate, cadmium chlorate, cadmium bromate or cadmium iodate and its hydrates. The mol ratio of cadmium (Cd2+), dithiocarbamate and hydrogen telluride is 1:0.5-5:0.1-0.5. Preferred Process: The reaction time is 1-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic material is silica, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide and/or phosphorus acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar concentration of monomer (I) and monomer (II) is 0.1-0.2 mol/L. The molar ratio of monomer (I) and monomer (II) is 1:1-1:5. The organic solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. The concentration of chlorosulfonic acid and dichloromethane solution is 0.02-0.1 mol/L. The concentration of hydrochloric acid aqueous solution is 1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte solution is Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) solution, sodium polystyrene sulfonate solution, quaternary ammonium polystyrene solution and/or quaternary poly aryl ether ketone solution. The concentration of polymer casting film liquor is 0.1-0.3 g/mL. Preferred Property: The molecular weight of polyvinylidene fluoride is 100000-630000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare earth metal oxide is neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, gadolinium oxide, yttrium oxide or praseodymium oxide (Pr5O11). Preferred Process: The pressing and molding is performed at 200-350 MPa. The sintering is performed at 1100 degrees C when x is more than 0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chelating ligand is oxalic acid, hydantoin and/or citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert gas is nitrogen, argon and/or helium.Preferred Property: The particle size of calcium carbonate powder is 1-100000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The phenolic resin solution is mixed solution of resol-ethanol solution and resistol ethanol solution.The high-polymer foam is polyurethane foam, melamine foam and/or phenolic resin foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass-volume ratio of tin chloride dihydrate, polyethylene glycol 2000 and absolute ethyl alcohol is 1.6-6.4 g:0.23 g:50 ml, preferably 3.2 g:0.23 g:50 ml. Preferred Property: The dimension (lengthx widthx height) of substrate is 10 mmx 70 mmx 2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The battery consists of zinc oxide film, p-CuAB' film, copper(In,A)4 film and i-zinc oxide film, where A is aluminum or gallium and B' is selenium or sulfur. The lower cell consists of molybdenum conductive glass as substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The surface is separated and cleaned by adding the into polyethylene glycol mixed solution containing 4-6% cleaning solution, stirring for 70-100 minutes at different stirring speeds according to a program, treating the mortar via solid-liquid separation, preparing new cleaning solution via the separated liquid, adding the separated sand into polyethylene glycol mixed solution containing 2-6% cleaning solution, stirring for 70-60 minutes at different stirring speeds according to a program, treating the mortar via solid liquid separation, and preparing new cleaning solution via the separated liquid. The ratio of the separated sand to the polyethylene glycol mixed solution containing cleaning solution of 1:3. The ratio of the separated sand to the polyethylene glycol mixed solution containing surfactant is 1:4. Preferred Component: The cleaning solution comprises (wt.%) soluble amino resin polybasic copolymer (65-50), water-soluble dimethyl amino modified silicon oil surfactant (22-25), emulsified silicon-containing acrylate compound antifoaming agent (9-17), and organic salt metal microparticle and ion removing agent (4-8). The surfactant is methyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl ester monomer, and acrylamide copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The anode frame and cathode frame are all made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface-modified nanoparticles are chosen from inorganic or organic hybridized material. The inorganic material is chosen from nanometer titanium dioxide, nanometer silicon dioxide or nanometer titanium dioxide-silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton exchange resin is chosen from perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin, sulfonated polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide resin, sulfonated polyetheretherketone resin, sulfonated polysulfone resin, sulfonated polyphosphazene or sulfonated polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel battery is solid oxide fuel battery, and phosphoric acid alkaline fuel battery. The energy storage battery is lead-acid battery, lithium battery or nickel-hydrogen battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: cleaning agent comprises (mol.%): sodium hypochlorite (7-12), sodium tripolyphosphate (7-8), sodium phosphate (2-4) and water (80-100). Preferred Method: The cleaning time is 8-15 minutes. The cleaning temperature is 50-55 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compositions: Ceramic target contains 0.5-2 wt.% In2O3, 1-4 wt.% Nb2O5, and the rest is silicon monoxide (SiO). Preferred Processes: Quartz or glass substrate is cleaned by ultrasonic cleaning in acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:The metallic corrosion inhibitor is an inorganic salt. Preferred Method: The manufacturing of linear cutting wet silicon carbide sand material of solar silicon wafer, comprises: (a) adding nano film forming agent (3 parts) and silicon carbide microparticle (52 parts) to polyethylene glycol (29 parts) alternatively according to the procedure, stirring the mixture for 180-200 minutes to obtain wet silicon carbide sand material mixture; (b) dripping dispersing agent (1 part) into the wet silicon carbide sand material mixture of step (a), stirring the mixture for 80 minutes, and adding silicon carbide microparticle (13 parts) to the mixture, and stirring the mixture for 60 minutes; (c) adding surfactant (1 part) and de-foaming agent (0.5 parts) into the mixture within 30-60 minutes; (d) dripping metallic corrosion inhibitor (0.5 parts) into the mixture, stirring the mixture for 2 hours to obtain wet silicon carbide sand material, and stirring the formed sand material for 1 hour, and detecting the sand material density and adhesive; and (e) after the sand material is qualified, packaging the wet silicon carbide sand material in a specific package bag.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nano film forming agent is at least one of homopolymer or copolymer of methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, alkenyl sulfonate, styrene sulfonate, alkyl propylene oxide and acrylamide with molecular weight of 3000-260000. The dispersing agent is styrene, acrylic monomer or polymer with base monomer and molecular weight of 5000-10000. The surfactant is epoxy compound and polysiloxane complex ligand. The de-foaming agent is methyl silicone oil emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sodium metasilicate is added to the reaction kettle in the form of crystal; or the sodium metasilicate is dissolved into the deionized water and added to the reaction kettle in the form of solution. The potassium hydroxide is added to the reaction kettle in the form of granule; or the potassium hydroxide is dissolved in the deionized water and added to the reaction kettle in the form of solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The purity of the tetrabutyl titanate, strontium nitrate, potassium hydroxide, sodium metasilicate, ammonia, and anhydrous ethanol is not lower than the chemical purity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zeolite is a zeolite of formula Na12(AlO2)12(SiO2)12x27H2O. The semiconductor metal oxides are zinc oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, cerium oxide, copper oxide or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silicon nitride anti-reflection layer has thickness of 90-110 nm. The total thickness of aluminum-doped zinc oxide film reflecting back polar plate and boron-doped zinc oxide film layer is 150 nm. The total thickness of fluorine-doped tin oxide film layer and silicon nitride anti-reflection layer is 900-1000 nm. The total thickness of n-type silicon substrate, i-type silicon substrate and p-type silicon substrate is 350 nm. The aluminum film layer has thickness of 300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plate-shaped inorganic filler is clay, mica, silica and/or speckstone. The packaging material further contains initiator, coupling agent, solubilizer and defoaming agent. The total content of packaging material is 0.2-20 parts weight. The coupling agent is silane coupling agent and/or organic titanium coupling agent. The content of inorganic filler is 40-80 parts weight. Preferred Property: The average grain size of inorganic filling is 1.5-4 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The initiator is peroxide initiator, carboxylic initiator, benzophenone initiator, borate initiator, organic phosphoric acid initiator, triazine initiator, pamidronate initiator and/or melamine initiator. The solubilizer is aliphatic diene high-molecular solubilizer, polyolefin solubilizer, aliphatic cyclic solubilizer, vinylidene solubilizer or vinylacetate and/or aliphatic alcohol. The defoaming agent is acrylic ester defoaming agent, low-viscosity silicone oil defoaming agent, alcohol defoaming agent, fatty acid ester fatty acid and/or polyether defoaming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high-molecular resin is epoxy resin, modified epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, Makrolon resin (RTM: polycarbonate resin), polyacrylate and/or modified polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The white light emitting device further comprises a red fluorescent material, a green fluorescent material and a yellow fluorescent material. One blue light is radiated from an activated 200-400 nm ultraviolet light or 400-420 nm blue light, where the main radiation peak of the blue light is 476 nm and CIE coordinate of the blue light is (0.172, 0.297).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film has thickness ratio of 10-40%. The film has thickness of 50-400 nm. The film has hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is etched by using strong acid solution having nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): An anthracene derivative of formula (II) and pyrrolopyrrole-dione derivative of formula (III) are subjected to Suzuki reaction under anaerobic condition in presence of catalyst, alkaline agent and organic solvent at 60-100 degrees C for 12-72 hours, obtain the organic copolymer (I). Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of the anthracene derivative and the derivative (III) is between 1:1 and 1:4. The molar weight of the catalyst is 0.5-10% of that of the anthracene derivative. The molar weight of the alkaline substance is 5-10 times of that of the anthracene derivative. Preferred Process: The anthracene derivative is prepared by reacting dibromoanthracene of formula (IIa) and bis(pinacolato)diboron under waterless and oxygen-free condition at 10-40 degrees C for 12-48 hours. Cyano thiophene derivative of formula (IIIa) and (IIIb) are reacted in organic solvent in presence of alkaline agent at 90-120 degrees C and dimethyl succinate, and reacted for 1-4 hours to obtain a condensed compound of formula (VII). The compound (VII) is reacted with bromo compounds of formulae:R3-Br (A) and R4-Br (B) and further brominated using brominating agent to obtain the compound (III). The ratio of the molar weight of the compound (VII) and the total molar weight of the compounds (A,B) is 2-3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst used in the Stille coupling reaction is organic palladium catalyst and/or organophosphorus ligand at a molar ratio of 1: 2-20. The molar dosage of the catalyst used in the Stille coupling reaction is 0.05-20% of the compound (V). The organic solvent is weak polarity and/or polarity aprotic organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises:(A) carrying out polycondensation oxidation reaction on biphenyl-containing compound of formula (II), a biphenyl-containing compound of formula (III), and a pyrrole-containing compound of formula (IV) to generate 5,15-di(9,9-dialkyl fluorine) porphyrin;(B) in a system containing catalysts and organic solvents, carrying out brominated substitution reaction on the 5,15-di(9,9-dialkyl fluorine) porphyrin to generate 5,15-dibromo-10,20-di(9,9-dialkyl fluorine) porphyrin; and(C) in the presence of the catalysts and the organic solvents, carrying out Stille coupling reaction on 5,15-dibromo-10,20-di(9,9-dialkyl fluorine) porphyrin and a diazosulfide compound of formula (V).Preferred Method: The polycondensation oxidation reaction comprises dissolving the compounds (II)-(IV) in organic solvents, adding trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst, stirring for 12-14 hours, adding dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone as oxidant, continuously stirring, adding triethylamine for quenching reaction, and purifying. The Stille coupling reaction comprises adding the compound (V), 5,15-dibromo-10,20-di(9,9-dialkyl fluorine) porphyrin, and organic solvents, under the protection of nitrogen gas, vacuumizing, aerating nitrogen gas, adding the catalyst, heating to 50-120 degrees C, and reacting for 12-80 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent used in the dehydration is acetic acid, m-cresol, methanol, ethanol, or butanol. The catalyst is an organic palladium catalyst and/or organic phosphine ligand. The organic palladium catalyst is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium/tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, or (triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride. The mole ratio of the organic palladium catalyst to the organic phosphine ligand is 1: 2-20. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, and/or toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises polymerizing a thiophene-containing compound of formulae (II), a thiophene-containing compound of formula (III), and a quinoxaline compound of formula (IV) in an organic solvent according at a mole ratio of m:p:q, where m is p+q, and p is not less than 0 and lesser than m. Preferred Method: Compound (IV) is prepared by dehydrating diketone compound and o-phenylenediamine compound at a mole ratio of 1:0.1-10. Dehydration is carried out at 20-120 degrees C for 1-24 hours. A catalyst is added during polymerization, in an amount of 0.05-50 mol.% of the compound (II). The polymerization is carried out at 40-110 degrees C for 24-72 hours in an anaerobic environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ammonium compound is ammonium polyphosphate compound (NH4)2MxN1-x(PO4)3 (where x is 0-1 and M,N is silicon, tin, titanium and manganese). The ammonium polyphosphate and polyphosphate compound are powder shaped nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polar solvent is N-Methylpyrrolidone or N,N-dimethylacetamide. The pore-forming agent and polytetrafluoroethylene are further added during manufacture of proton transferring compound film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass substrate is ordinary white float glass or float glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide conductive layer is aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), gallium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide or indium tin oxide (ITO). The metal layer is silver film, aluminum film, or molybdenum film. The second metal oxide conductive layer is AZO, tin oxide: fluorine (SnO2:F) or ITO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: : The volume ratio of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid in the mixed acid is 1: 3. The amount of nickel chloride hexahydrate used is 20-100% to that of multi walled carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The refluxing temperature is 60 to -100 degrees C and the time is 4-10 hours. The cleaning step washes out all stannous ions. Preferred Components: The complexing agent is dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (5-100 wt.%, preferably 20-50 wt.%). Preferred Composition: The mass concentration of hydrazine hydrate is 85% and the amount used is 3-8ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After completion of reaction, cleaning gas chosen from air, nitrogen and inert gas is passed into the reaction chamber. Preferred Condition: The flow of total volume of reactive gas is controlled to 1000-2500 ml/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nanofiber web has tensile strength of 20-50 MPa, melting point at 400 degrees C or more, average diameter of 40-5000 nm, and average thickness of 5-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nanofiber has average molecular weight of 30000-500000 g/mol, average diameter of 50-5000 nm, average thickness of 5-70 mu m, water content of 3-10%, and dimensional stability of 5-8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of solid particles and amorphous alloy is 21:79-40:60. The solid particle is silicon carbide and/or diamond. Preferred Properties: The thickness of metal wire is 90-300 mu m, amorphous alloy coating is 2-10 mu m and solid particle is 2-20 mu m. The grain diameter of solid particulate is 2-3 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive electrode is fluorine-doped tin oxide in which platinum is laminated. The precursor used in the spray pyrolysis of the manufacturing method is chosen from copper-chelate and sulfur-containing organic material, preferably ethylenediamine complex (Cu(en)2)Cl2, where en is ethylenediamine, and thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflection barrier layer has multi-layer film structure in which any one of the layer is chosen from silicon nitride film, silicon oxide film, silicon oxynitride (SiON) film, magnesium fluoride (MgF2) film, zinc sulfide (ZnS) film, titania (TiO2) film and ceria (CeO2) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass substrate is chosen from borosilicate glass, quartz glass, soda glass or phosphoric acid glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvents (I,II) are hydrophobic organic solvents. The solvent (I) is halobenzene, dialkylbenzene and/or haloalkyl benzene, preferably o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, chloromethyl benzene, chloroethyl benzene and/or xylene. The solvent (II) is monoalkylbenzene and/or preferably toluene. The compound (A) for first low molecular organic photoelectric device is a nitrogen-containing compound of formulae (1-4). The compound (B) for second low molecular organic photoelectric device is a nitrogen-containing compound of formulae (5-8). Preferred Property: The compounds (A,B) have molecular weight of 300-1500. The organic film (I) is a hole-transporting organic film and the organic film (II) is a light emitting film. EXAMPLE - An indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning and ultraviolet ozone cleaning with deionized water and isopropyl alcohol. PEDOT-PSS layer (a) was formed on the treated substrate. A hole-transport layer of 30 nm thickness was formed on layer (a) using 0.5 wt.% of nitrogen-containing compound of formula (1) and o-dichlorobenzene. A light emitting layer of 50 nm thickness was formed on the hole-transport layer using nitrogen-containing compound of formula (5), iridium dopant and toluene. Bis(8-hydroxy-2-methyl quinolinato) (BAlq) was heat-vacuum deposited on the light emitting layer to form a hole blocking layer of 5 nm thickness, so that an organic light-emitting device was produced. The device had improved luminous efficiency and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The vapor deposition film has turbidity of 12% or less and breaking strength of 27 N/15 mm or more, after pressure cooker test. Preferred Layer: The base film is polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy comprises Al, In, and rare earth cerium (Ce). It is smelted in a vacuum intermediate-frequency induction furnace to maximally increase its purity. The alloy comprises crystal refining agent. The semicontinuous casting device comprises tundish, crystallizer, connecting device, and traction device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic module includes thin film solar cell comprises crystalline silicon group, noncrystalline silicon group, copper-indium-selenium (CIS) group, copper-indium-gallium-selenium (CIGS) group, cadmium telluride (CdTe) group and dye sensitive solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copper salt is copper chloride, copper nitrate, copper sulfate, or cupric perchlorate. The tin salt is stannous chloride, stannous sulfate, or stannic chloride. The zinc salt is zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc perchlorate, or zinc phosphate. The alkali is ammonia water, sodium hydroxide, and/or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Copper salt, zinc salt, and tin salt are dissolved in water at a molar ratio of 1-2:1-4:0.5-1 to prepare solution at 0.1 mol/liter. A protecting agent is added at 1-20 times of the total mole of metal salt. The pH is regulated to 12-13 by alkali under stirring condition. Selenosulfate aqueous solution at 0.1 mol/liter is added into the solution, and refluxed for 2-10 hours while stirring. The volume ratio between the solution and selenosulfate aqueous solution is 1:1. The precipitate is cleaned by ethyl alcohol or acetone for 3-5 times. The nanoparticles can be prepared by dissolving (mmol) copper chloride (4 or 1), zinc chloride (3 or 3.5), and tin chloride (3 or 0.5) into 100 ml water. Mercaptosuccinic acid (10 or 75 mmol) is added and pH is regulated to 13 or 12 by sodium hydroxide or ammonia water. Selenosulfate aqueous solution (100 or 50 ml) at 0.1mol/liter is added into the solution, and refluxed for 10 or 2 hours under stirring condition. The precipitate is cleaned for 3 times by ethyl alcohol. Preferred Component: The copper salt is copper acetate. The zinc salt is zinc acetate. The protecting agent is mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid, and/or dimercaptosuccinic acid. The alkali can be ethanediamine and/or triethylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least one substituted perylene of formula (I) is used as an electron donor material. The photoactive region comprises at least one substituted perylene of formula (I) in combination with at least one further, different semiconductor material. It comprises, as further semiconductor material, at least one fullerene and/or fullerene derivative. The photoactive region comprises, as the further semiconductor material, C60 or (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The organic solar cell comprises photoactive donor-acceptor transitions in the form of a bulk heterojunction. It is in the form of a single cell or in the form of a tandem cell or in the form of a multijunction cell. Preferably, it is in the form of a tandem cell, where one subcell comprises a substituted perylene of formula (I) and at least one fullerene or fullerene derivative. The tandem cell additionally comprises at least one subcell with an absorption maximum in the relatively long-wave spectral region, preferably in the range from 600 to 900 nm. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2, R3 and R4=each independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted alkyl, aralkyl, unsubstituted aryl, alkaryl, halogen-substituted aryl, heteroaryl or oligo(het)aryl, preferably phenyl, 3,5- and 2,6-xylyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-thiophenyl, 3-thiophenyl (further 19 groups given)    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Methylol compound of formula (II) reacts with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran to obtain tetrahydropyranyl compound (I). Amine compound of formula (III) reacts with bromo compound of formula (IV) to obtain tetrahydropyranyl compound (I).R7,R8=H, methyl or ethyl.Preferred Compound: The tetrahydropyranyl compound (I) is preferably of formula (V). Preferred Process: The tetrahydropyranyl compound (V) is obtained by reacting methylol compound of formula (VI) and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, or reacting amine compound of formula (VII) and 2-((4-bromobenzyl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran. Preferred Definitions:    X=-O-, -CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -C(CH3)2-Ph-C(CH3)2- or -C(CH3)2-.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Tetrahydropyranyl compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. N-(4-((4-(bis((4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl))amino)phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)-N-(4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)aniline of formula (IA), N-(4-(4-(bis((4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl))amino)phenoxy)phenyl)-4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)-N-(4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)aniline and N-(4-(2-(4-(bis((4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl))amino)phenyl)ethyl)phenyl)-4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)-N-(4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)aniline.    EXAMPLE - (4-((4-(4-(Bis-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-amino)-benzyl)-phenyl)-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-methanol (6.4 g), 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (6.915 g) and tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) were stirred at 5 degrees C, and p-toluene sulfonic acid (78 mg) was added. The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours, and extracted using ethyl acetate. The resultant mixture was dehydrated using magnesium sulfate, filtered, washed, and concentrated to obtain N-(4-((4-(bis((4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl))amino)phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)-N-(4-((oxan-2-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)aniline (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The tin layer comprises a tin alloy including (wt.%) tin (95-100), silver (0-5), and copper (0-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The filter core material layer is made from filter paper, non-woven fabric, felt, multi-hole metal, foam metal, metal wire net, multi-hole plastic, foam plastic or plastic wire net.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier is active carbon, carbonic nanotube, graphene or titanium dioxide. In dispersing step, the weight to volume ratio of the carrier to the deionized water is 10-20 mg:20-60 ml. In the acid adding step, the mol ratio of chloroplatinic acid to formic acid is 0.5 to 5:200 to 1000. The weight ratio of the chloroplatinic acid to the carrier is 2 to 10:1 to 10. Preferred Method: The ultrasonic dispersion time is 20-60 minutes. The heating step is carried out at 10-30 degrees C for 10-100 hours. The heating step includes washing with deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by providing dibromobenzene compound of formula (A), substituted anthracene compound of formula (B) and benzimidazole-containing compound of formula (C); reacting compound A, lithium alkyl derivatives and 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3, 2-dioxo-heterocyclic butyl borane in anhydrous and oxygen free environment with organic solvent to obtain 2, 7-O-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1, 3,2-dioxoboroalkyl)-9, 9 fluorene (D); and performing Suzuki reaction to compound (D), compound (B) and compound (C) in presence of oxygen and alkaline environment with catalyst and organic solvent. Preferred Method: The preparation of compound (D) comprises adding compound A and lithium alkyl derivative in anhydrous system, oxygen free environment and organic solvent, and reacting with 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-di-oxoheterocyclic butyl borane to obtain compound (D). The mol. ratio of compound (A), alkyl derivatives and 2-isopropoxy-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1,3, 2-dioxoheterocyclic butyl borane is 1:2-4:2-4, where organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate. The reaction process is carried out at - 70-85 degrees C for 12-48 hours. The lithium alkyl derivative is n-butyllithium, tert-butyl lithium, methyl lithium, phenyl lithium. The Suzuki reaction step is carried out with catalyst comprising organic palladium or organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand is the compound. The Suzuki reaction step is carried in alkaline environment at 60-95 degrees C for 12-72 hours, where alkali is added to compound (D), alkali is metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate, or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, and organic solvent is toluene, glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is chosen from water and alcoholic organic solvent. The solvent such as nitrogen complexing agent and ionic liquid is further utilized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The preparation of (I) comprises introducing a terminal acceptor e.g. carbonyl compound on both sides of a dithiophene derivative by Gattermann-Koch, Vilsmeier/Vilsmeier-Haack or Friedel-Crafts acylation or by lithiation reaction with an acid derivative or carbonylation reagent, then transfunctionalizating the obtained compound by Knoevenagel condensation. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene (4.125 g), sodium tert-butoxide (2.95 g), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (293 mg), 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (793 mg) were added in toluene (25 ml) and the reaction mixture was treated with argon. Then phenylamine (752.5 mg) was added and the mixture was heated to 110 degrees C. Then, water (40 ml) was added after cooling. The organic phase was separated to obtain 4-phenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)pyrrole. Then 4-phenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)pyrrole (1 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and cooled to -78 degrees C. Then n-butyllithium was added dropwise to the reaction mixture for about 1 hour at -78 degrees C and then the reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature for 1 hour, then cooled to -78 degrees C. Then, trimethyltin chloride was added and the reaction mixture was defrosted after 1 hour and worked up to obtain 4-phenyl-2,6-bis(trimethylstannyl)-4H-dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)pyrrole). Then 4-phenyl-2,6-bis(trimethylstannyl)-4H-dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)pyrrole (2.37 g), 2-bromo-3-butyl-thiophene (2.3 g,) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (250 mg) were added with toluene (30 ml) in a reaction vessel under argon and refluxed under heat for 48 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was worked up to obtain 2,6-bis(3-butylthiophen-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-dithieno(3,2-b:2',3'-d)pyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound (II) or (III) is one or more of 63 compounds, e.g. formulae (A-10)-(A-12). The compound (I) is preferably 8-hydroxyquinolinolatolithium. The organic electronic device preferably comprises an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole and exciton blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer and a cathode. The organic layer comprising the compounds (I) and (II) or (III) constitute the electron transport layer. The electron transport layer preferably comprises 8-hydroxyquinolinolatolithium and compound (A-10). The electron injection layer comprises potassium fluoride or (Ia). The light emitting layer comprises a carbene ligand-containing compound of formula (IX), in which the carbene ligand is uncharged or monoanionic and monodentate, bidentate or tridentate, and is also a biscarbene or triscarbene ligand. The hole transport layer comprises the carbene ligand-containing compound doped with molybdenum oxide or rhenium oxide.M1=metal atom selected from Co, Rh, Ir, Nb, Pd, Pt, Fe, Ru, Os, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Cu, Ag, or Au in any oxidation state possible for the respective metal atom;L=monoanionic or dianionic ligand, which may be monodentate or bidentate;K'=uncharged monodentate or bidentate ligand comprising phosphines, phosphonates or their derivatives, arsenates or their derivatives, phosphites, CO, pyridines, nitriles or conjugated dienes which form a pi complex with M1;n1=number of carbene ligands which is greater than or equal to 1;m=number of ligands L, which is 0 or greater than or equal to 1; ando=number of ligands K' which is 0 or greater than or equal to 1.Provided that the sum n1+m+o is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom and on the denticity of the ligands carbene, L and K and also on the charge on the ligands, carbene and L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The organic compound contains at least one carbon-carbon bond which is cleaved during the step of oxidizing. The current produced by the fuel cell under load after one hour is at least 40% of the current produced initially. The metal co-catalyst functions as a metal (IV)/metal(II) redox couple during the step of oxidizing. The method (P1) involves adding lead (IV) acetate to the electrolyte solution. The fuel cell is a direct-ethanol fuel cell. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte comprises a dissolved salt of the metal co-catalyst in oxidation state +2 or oxidation state +4. The electrolyte is an alkaline or acid electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises metal co-catalyst (0.5-10, preferably 1 mM).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt is an acetate salt (preferably lead (II) acetate or lead (IV) acetate, especially lead (IV) acetate). The catalyst is selected from Pt/C, Pt-MgO/C, Pt-CeO2/C, and Pt-ZrO2/C. The metal co-catalyst is selected from lead and molybdenum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The agent comprises (in %) ammonia water (0.1-10), inorganic ammonium salt (0.01-10), hydrogen peroxide (0.1-10) and deionized water. Single crystalline silicon is processed by the texturing agent at 50-80 degrees C for 5-30 minutes. Preferred Component: The inorganic ammonium salt is chosen from ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte solution contains polyamic acid (5-20 wt.%). Preferred Process: The process further involves converting polyamic acid nanofiber aggregate into polyimide nanofiber aggregate, with an imidization rate of more than 90%. Preferred Properties: The polyamic acid nanofibers have average diameter of 100-2000 nm and porosity of 60-99%. The nanofiber aggregate has average pore size of 0.5-3.0 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline base comprises sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The alkaline silicate comprises lithium silicate, sodium silicate and potassium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal grid electrode and metal back electrode are made of aluminum, copper, silver, gold, platinum, or alloys of aluminum, copper, silver, gold and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The solar cell comprises photoactive donor-acceptor transitions in the form of a bulk heterojunction. The solar cell is in the form of a single cell or in the form of a tandem cell or in the form of a multijunction cell. The solar cell is in the form of a tandem cell, in which one subcell comprises substituted perylene of compound (I) and at least one fullerene or fullerene derivative, where the tandem cell further comprises at least one subcell with an absorption maximum in the relatively long-wave spectral region of 600-900 nm. In the solar cell, the compound (I) is used as an electron donor material in organic solar cells. The photoactive region comprises at least one compound (I) in combination with at least one semiconductor material different from it; or fullerene and/or fullerene derivative; or 60C or (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4 and R23=H or phenyl;or    R2+R3=-C(R5)=C(R6)-C(R7)=C(R8)-;and    R5-R8=H    A' together with carbon atoms forms compound (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The derivative with the lower LUMO level is 1,4-fullerene derivatives of formula (A4)-(A6). WIDER DISCLOSURE - The 1,4-fullerene derivatives (A) are also disclosed as new. Preparation of (A) comprises reacting fullerenol with substituted aryl compounds of formula (III) used as the solvent in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid as the catalyst to give 1,4-fullerene derivatives of formula (IV) (representative of (A)) (where R is not defined).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 1,4-fullerene derivatives of formula (A1)-(A3), (A4) and (A5) is specifically claimed as (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The extraction of carbohydrate from biomass is controlled by the amount of metal cation catalyst used. The method uses various metal catalysts. The system is used to generate heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The peroxide is pre-made or manufactured onsite; and used at a concentration of 1-90%. The source of metal catalyst is either external or from a component of the biomass material. The metal catalyst is in the form of free metal or cation, or bulk or nanoparticles, or selected from single metal cation and metal hydroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (b) is compound having cyclic structure and ethylenically unsaturated group and/or diacrylate compound. The component (c) is polyol (c-1) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g, caster oil type polyol (c-2) having acid value of 2-20 mg potassium hydroxide/g, modified rubber (c-3) and/or polyolefinic polymer (c-4) having epoxy equivalent of 500-700 g/mol. The polyol (c-1) is caster oil-type polyol, polybutadiene type polyol and/or polyisoprene type polyol or its hydrogenated substance, preferably aromatic caster oil-type polyol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer (c-3) is acid-modified polybutadiene or acid-modified polyisoprene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive inorganic compound is metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer contain silicone (meth)acrylate monomer and/or prepolymer, and silicon-not-containing vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer. The silicon-not-containing vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer are urethane (meth)acrylate. The weight ratio of silicone (meth)acrylate monomer and/or prepolymer, and silicon-not-containing vinyl-type monomer and/or prepolymer is 1/99-30/70. The laminated film further has functional layer formed on other surface of base film. The functional layer is glare-proof layer (26). Preferred Process: The etching protective layer is formed using (meth)acrylic-type polymeric composition containing hardened material, silicon carbide, fluorocarbon, or titanium oxide. The barrier layer is formed by film-forming method chosen from vacuum evaporation method, ion-plating method, sputtering method, and chemical gaseous-phase method. Preferred Property: The barrier layer has thickness of 20-300 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cell module has spherical silicon and photovoltaic cell. The reverse direction leakage current during dark when voltage of 10 V is applied to photovoltaic cell, is less than 0.5 A.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mean fiber length of the anisotropic heat conductive filler is 100 mu m or more, and the anisotropic heat conductive filler is carbon fiber. The content of anisotropic heat conductive filler in the composition is 16-25 vol.%. The average particle diameter of the filler is 1-40 mu m, and the filler is spherical-shaped alumina particles. The content of filler is 40-55 vol.%, preferably 40.4-45.8 vol.%, and the content of carbon fiber is 10-25 vol.%, preferably 13.3-23.5 vol.%, in the sheet. The carbon fiber is mixed in an amount of 10-16 g with respect to 50 g of filler. The filler is aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, zinc oxide, silicon powder, and/or metal powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The anisotropic heat conductive filler is oriented at an angle of 5-45 degrees with respect to the thickness direction of the cured material. The fine adhesiveness of the outer peripheral portion in the thermally conductive sheet is higher than the fine adhesiveness inside the thermally conductive sheet. The surface roughness of the cut surface of the thermally conductive sheet is 9.9 mu m or less. Preferred Components: The polymer is a silicone resin obtained by hard reaction of polyalkenylalkylsiloxane and polyalkylhydrogensiloxane using a platinum catalyst. The resins are mixed such that the compression rate is 3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon-containing silica compound has refractive index of 1.3-1.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment has a carboxyl group. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of Ar2 and Ar3=optionally substituted biphenyl or stilbenylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The Pseudomonas strain is prepared by inoculating the P.lundensis to an improved inclined plane of Giltay culture medium at 30 degrees C and 130 revolutions/hour, cultivating the bacterial liquid at 4 degrees C and 8000 revolutions/minute for 20 minutes, centrifuging the culture liquid, and adding the to carbonate buffer solution suspension. The method is performed under aerobic condition, oxygen-poor condition or anaerobic conditions. The dissolved oxygen content in aerobic condition is 0.5 mg or more, anoxic condition is 0.25 mg and anaerobic condition is 0.2 mg or less. Preferred Composition: The improved Giltay culture medium comprises potassium nitrate (1 g), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (2 g), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O), (1 g), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) (0.2 g), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) (0.05 g), sodium citrate (5.13 g) and distilled water (1 l). Preferred Components: The anode liquid comprises glucose, sodium citrate, sucrose, fructose, xylose and/or soluble starch. The anode liquid is sodium chloride (0.53 g), KH2PO4 (2 g), MgSO4.7H2O (0.5 g), FeCl3.6H2O (0.005 g), calcium carbonate (0.01 g), sodium carbonate (3.18 g), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (5.88 g), glucose or/and sodium citrate or/and sucrose or/and fructose and/or xylose and/or soluble starch (2 g), and distilled water (1 l). The cathode solution is disodium hydrogen phosphate (21.84, preferably 6.10 g), and distilled water (1 l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous compound layer comprises fluorine group compound having -CF2- or -CHF- as repeating unit, or non-fluorinated compound having hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon porous scaffold comprises polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is chosen from one of zinc selenide and gallium arsenide crystal. The transition layer is composed of zinc tellurium selenide (ZnTe(0.1)Se(0.9))/mercury selenide (HgSe) and p type-zinc telluride. Preferred Property: The transition layer has a thickness of 10-80 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The front electrode contained in the dilute oxide semiconductor film solar battery is made of gold or nickel or nickel/aluminum. The back electrode contained in the battery is made of indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon wafer is monocrystalline silicon wafer or polycrystalline silicon wafer. Preferred Method: The silicon wafer is pre-treated by soaking in hydrochloric acid solution (2%) for 1-2 minutes and cleaning by the deionized water. Preferred Property: The anti-reflective film has thickness of 60-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The viscosity of waste cutting mortar is regulated by heating waste cutting mortar to 30-120 degrees C, and/or adding diluting agent (10-100 vol.%). The diluting agent is low-molecular weight polyethylene glycol or water. The step of carrying out solid-liquid separation on waste cutting mortar is realized using centrifuging manner, where centrifugal force is 1200-2000 g, precision separation of liquid containing silicon is realized using centrifuging manner, and centrifugal force is 1750-3100 g. The density of flotation liquid is 2.60-3.10 g/cm3, where revolution of suspending pot is 60-600 revolutions/minute, and dosage of flotation liquid is 2-5 times by the dose of polycrystalline silicon/monocrystalline silicon wet powder. The filter film inn film separation system takes rolled film, plate-like film, hollow fiber film or ceramic film as the core medium. The filter film is organic film or inorganic film. The molecular weight of filter film is 10000-5000000 MW. The filtration is carried out at 5-95 degrees C and 0.20-1.50 MPa. The acid washing liquid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and/or hydrofluoric acid. The concentration and temperature of acid washing liquid are 5-25% (w/w) and 5-65 degrees C respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flotation liquid is prepared by adding inorganic salt to polyethylene glycol, or by mixing methenyl tribromide alcohol solution and/or methylene bromide alcohol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water-based solution is pure water, hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (0.1-5 mass%) or sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (0.1-5 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diluted acid comprises hydrochloric acid having concentration of 0.1-2 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer comprises 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and thiophene derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric sheet is formed from hydrogen containing silicon nitride, hydrogen containing silicon carbide, hydrogen containing Siliziumoxinitrid, hydrogen containing amorphous silicon or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric sheet is made of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride, hydrogen containing silicon carbide, hydrogen containing silicon oxynitride, hydrogen containing amorphous silicon or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide conductive film is made of indium tin oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum, iron or zinc oxide, and uses gallium as a raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoelectric conversion layer is a silicon layer, where an n-type silicon layer (5An), an i-type silicon layer (5Ai), and a p-type silicon layer (5Ap) are stacked in order from the substrate side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst is prepared with a co-precipitation method. In the process an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate is applied as a precipitation agent during co-precipitation. The co-precipitation method is processed at a precipitation pH value within 6-9. The ambient temperature is less than or equal to 90 degrees C. The reaction temperature is less than or equal to 180 degrees C. Preferred Components: The catalyst is a member comprising copper/cerium oxide, copper-cerium/zinc oxide and copper-manganese/zinc oxide catalysts (all preferred). The copper/zinc oxide-based catalyst comprises 20-40 wt.% copper. The copper-manganese/zinc oxide catalyst comprises 10-70 wt.% manganese oxide. The copper-manganese/zinc oxide catalyst further comprises 10-50 wt.% aluminum oxide. The copper-cerium/zinc oxide catalyst or copper/cerium oxide catalyst comprises 40-70 wt.% cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen is provided with pure oxygen or air. The gas mixture has a methanol/oxygen molar ratio less than or equal to 0.6. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel source comprises at least one of sodium borohydride and water; sodium silicate and water; lithium hydride and water; magnesium hydride and water; lithium borohydride and water; lithium aluminum hydride and water; aluminum hydride; an amine borane complex; a hydrocarbon; lithium aluminum hydride; magnesium borohydride; a magnesium borohydride-amine complex; compressed hydrogen gas; and liquid hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second layer comprises titanium-tungsten, and copper. The third layer comprises aluminum (104).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first layer is etched using an etchant comprises sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal cation species comprises a transition metal cation, alkaline metal cation or alkaline earth metal cation. The window layer is selected from cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc oxide, or zinc magnesium oxide. The copper indium disulfide has a p-type semiconductor characteristic. The window layer comprises an n+-type semiconductor characteristic. The copper indium disulfide is mixed with a copper indium aluminum disulfide or copper indium gallium disulfide. The sulfur bearing species comprise hydrogen sulfide in fluid phase. The copper containing layer further comprises at least an element selected from gallium, aluminum, indium, and/or zinc-tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step (a) further includes: either (a1) applying the etching paste on the insulating layer, (a2) providing the heating device having the heating surface, and (a3) contactably positioning the heating surface on the etching paste, so that the heating surface forms a pre-form of the electrical contact pattern on the insulating layer; or the step (a2) as above per se, (a4) applying a layer of etching paste on the heating surface, and (a5) contactably positioning the heating surface on the insulating layer of the solar cell. The step (b) further includes etching the insulating layer available in the vicinity of the etching paste and along corresponding to the pre-form of the electrical contact pattern. The step (c) further includes an electroless nickel plating technique, by using a composition comprising nickel chloride, sodium hypophosphite monohydrate and other chemicals. Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises a P-type semiconductor (104), an N-type semiconductor (102) and an insulating layer (106), which is positioned on the top of the N-type semiconductor and forms the top surface of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The heating surface has the MERCK ISISHAPE (RTM: Semi-molten etching paste) applied on it, and is contactably disposed on the top surface of the solar cell and heated to 390 degrees C, so as to etch the top surface to form the pattern representing the contact pattern. The heating device further including a second heating member connected with another holes, where the sensor is positioned in between the first and the second heating elements. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The waterproof breathable filter is made from polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalene, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass substrate is silica-type glass substrate containing (in %mass) silica (50-75), boron trioxide (0-2), magnesium oxide (0-10), alumina (1-50), calcium oxide (0-11), strontium oxide (0-12), barium oxide (0-10), zirconia (0-6), sodium oxide (2-15) and/or potassium oxide (0-10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of tungsten in the back surface electrode layer is 1 mol% or more. The back surface electrode layer consists of laminated film having laminated film containing molybdenum film and molybdenum-tungsten alloy film, or two or more types of molybdenum-tungsten alloy film with different tungsten content. Preferred Property: The back surface electrode layer has thickness of 20-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The CIS-type light absorbing layer comprises indium, gallium, selenium and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The convex has 150-220 meshes, and the depth is 2-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The walking device comprises walking wheels. The walking wheels are fixedly arranged on the box body bottom plate. The walking wheels comprise two front walking wheels and two rear walking wheels, which are caster wheel. The rear walking wheels are specially arranged on a central line of the box body bottom plate in the walking direction. The direction of connecting lines of the axes of the two front walking wheels is vertical to the walking direction of the diffusion turnover box, and a triangle is formed with the connecting lines between the rear walking wheels. The walking device further comprises a tray, tray side plates and a tray bottom plate, which are formed in a mounting groove. The mounting groove is matched with the box body side plates. The walking wheels are fixedly arranged on the tray bottom plate. The entire thickness of the tray bottom plate is provided with several groove holes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aramid thin leaf material comprises aramid short fiber. The water-soluble polymer is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose having an etherification degree of 0.9 or more. Preferred Properties: The water content of the thin leaf material after heat-processing is 100 ppm or less. The air permeability of the thin leaf material before heat-processing is less than 100 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The joining film comprises polyorganosiloxane containing a polymer of octamethyltrisiloxane as main component. The total content of silicon atom and oxygen atom is 10-90 atomic% with respect to atoms except hydrogen atom. The abundance ratio of silicon atom and oxygen atom in the joining film is 3:7-7:3. The crystallinity of silicon skeleton is 45% or less. The joining film contains a silane bond. The peak intensity belonging to silane bond is 0.001-0.2 when the peak intensity belonging to siloxane bond is set to 1, before irradiation of UV ray. The leaving group is alkyl group. Preferred Properties: The joining film is a solid not having fluidity. The joining film has a refractive index of 1.35-1.6 and an average thickness of 50-500 nm. Preferred Condition: During plasma polymerization, the output of high-frequency electric power during plasma generation is 100-400 W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier gas used in manufacture of transparent conductive glass film is inert gas. The inert gas is nitrogen and argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc source is diethyl zinc, dimethyl zinc, diacetone zinc and chelate of zinc. The fluorine source is hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride, benzoyl fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, acetyl fluoride and/or carbon fluoride. The oxygen source comprises ethanol and isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc-oxide composition further contains doping agent (0.1-1 weight%) chosen from aluminum, manganese, gallium, indium and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device has radiating medium that is provided with mixtures of alcohol, acetone or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A complex ion solution (A) is formed using Lewis base and group IB element. A complex ion solution (B) is formed using chalcogen element containing organic compound and group IIIB element. The complex ion solution (A) and complex ion solution (B) are mixed and reacted to obtain single source precursor. Preferred Composition: The chalcogen element containing ligand has aromatic ring. The ratio of number-of-moles of Lewis base and number-of-moles of organometallic salt is 1/3 or less. Preferred property: The chalcogenide powder of group IIIB element has average particle diameter of 0.1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbonnitride, silicon oxycarbide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, lanthanum oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, hafnium nitride, hafnium oxynitride, lanthanum nitride, lanthanum oxynitride, chlorinated silicon nitride, chlorinated silicon oxide, fluorinated silicon oxide, fluorinated silicon nitride, amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon carbide or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The pit generated by an inductive seed crystal is in loudspeaker shape or hopper shape. The pit generated by an inductive seed crystal comprises a conical upper portion and a columnar lower portion. The upper end of the conical upper portion of the pit is oval or polygonal. The bottom of the columnar lower portion is oval or polygonal. The maximum depth (h) of the pit is 2-14 cm. The oval short shaft of polygonal shortest side (d) of the bottom of the columnar lower portion is 5-50 mm. The height (h') of the columnar lower portion is greater than 2d. The oval short shaft of polygonal shortest side (D) of the upper end of the conical upper portion is 30-156 mm. The distance between the adjacent (n) inductive seed crystals is D-2D. The bottom thickness of the quartz crucible is 5-15 cm. A silicon nitride coating layer is coated on the surface of the quartz crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The tower is a cubic or a cylindrical tower. The filler has hollow annular shape, surface-opened saddle shape and spherical shape. The tower comprises acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic tower, 316 stainless steel tower or plastic steel tower.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The filler contains plastic, glass, stone, ceramic, metal and graphite. The liquid comprises manganate solution having concentration of 5-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent intercellular layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, silicon oxy-carbide or silicon carbide nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive material is optically transparent. The transparent conductive material is a fluorine-doped tin oxide, an aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin oxide, or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive materials are selected from fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon hydride, silicon fluoride, or silicon chloride is utilized for the deposition gas containing silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The microballs and the front electrode are made of zinc oxide. The semiconductor layers contain silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal atoms are chosen from a group consisting of copper, Nickel and Iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high refractive index particles have titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is a silicon nitride layer, silicon oxide layer, aluminum oxide layer, silicon carbide layer and titanium dioxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The at least one inorganic element A is selected from aluminum, silicium, titanium, and zirconium. Inorganic oxide precursor AMOX is based on silicium. The at least one inorganic element B is selected from scandium, yttrium, dysprosium, thulium, and lutetium. Inorganic oxide precursor BMOX is based on yttrium. The coating composition further comprises at least one solvent; and at least one pore forming agent. The pore forming agent is a core-shell nano-particle with an inorganic shell and an organic core. Inorganic shell is based on inorganic oxide precursor AMOX. The coated substrate is provided with a coating layer comprising a mixed inorganic oxide, made from an inorganic oxide precursor AMOX based on at least one inorganic element A selected from aluminum, silicium, titanium, zirconium, niobium, indium, tin, antimony, tantalum, and bismuth; and an inorganic oxide precursor BMOX based on at least one inorganic element B selected from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and the lanthanoids. It has anti-reflective properties. Preferred Composition: The coating composition comprises 80 to 99.5 parts by weight of AMOX; and 0.5 to 20 parts by weight of BMOX (based on 100 parts by weight of AMOX and BOMOX). Coating composition comprises A and B in a molar ratio of from 100:1 to 1:2. Preferred Process: Applying inorganic oxide coating on substrate further comprises: (a) providing liquid coating composition; (b) applying the coating composition to the substrate; (c) drying the applied coating; and optionally, (d) curing the coating. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The permeator tube consists of a tube made of Pd-Ag metal alloy. The unit for applying an axial tensile force and for enabling passage of current are constituted by bimetal spring made of Inconel (RTM: alloy of nickel and chromium)/silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 0-4.5 %mass and 10-14 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The P-type or N-type silicon target is obtained by recrystallizing P-type silicon ingot containing boron (99.999 wt.% or more) or N-type silicon ingot containing phosphorus or arsenic (99.999 wt.% or more). The substrate contains aluminum, silver, copper, tin, zinc, indium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive impurity of silicon in transparent conductive oxide layer (b) is 1-8 wt.%. The electroconductive impurity of transparent conductive oxide layer (c) is aluminum, or aluminum, gallium and/or boron. The content of silicon oxide as electroconductive impurity in transparent conductive oxide layer (b) is 1-5 wt.%. The content of aluminum oxide as electroconductive impurity in transparent conductive oxide layer (c) is 1-7 wt.%. Preferred Property: The film thickness of transparent conductive oxide layer (4) is 10-120 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bottom layer is made of oxide, nitride and metal oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transition metals are selected from a group consisting of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic acid is selected from a group consisting of oxalic acid, oxalacetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, palmitic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, uric acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, phenol, formic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and nucleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor thermal temperature difference generating module is made of thermal element comprising tellurium metallic alloy, metal oxide, silicon-containing compound and antimony metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Any one of the pastes contains silicon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidant used in the chemical oxidizing procedure is made of nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrofluoric acid soaking procedure is provided for removing the silica layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Highly-purified polycrystalline silicon is obtained by supplying silicon-tetrachloride vapors and zinc vapors from the upper portion of an inserted container installed in the reactor. Exhaust gas is discharged from the lower portion of the reaction. Polycrystalline silicon is deposited on a precipitation rod, preferably a silicon carbide rod.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shaped body lies outside the housing over a microporous membrane that is made of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The hardness of the cutting portion is less than 5 GPa/g. The dry film thickness of the polysilazane film of the cutting portion of the barrier film is 10-1000 nm. Preferred Component: The gas which absorbs the vacuum-ultraviolet light is oxygen and/or nitrogen. The vacuum-ultraviolet light is excimer lamp.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive agent composition further contains organic solvent, compound having ethylenically unsaturated group in a molecule, photoinitiator, compound which sensitizes photodimerization reaction of maleimide group of the polymer, and crosslinking agent. The maleimide group of the polymer is of formula (a). The polymer is obtained from compound (a) (5-50 weight%) having ethylenically unsaturated group other than maleimide group, and compound (b) (5-95 weight%) having ethylenically unsaturated group other than maleimide group. The compound (a) is of formula (I).R1,R2=H, halo, alkyl or aryl;or R1+R2=hydrocarbyl group which forms 5-6 membered ring;R3=alkylene;R4=H or methyl;andn=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin film-forming material contains metal alkoxide and/or salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material contains synthetic resin component comprising thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor is silicon, germanium, II-VI semiconductor compound chosen from silicon sulfide, zinc telluride, cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride, CdTe, I-VI semiconductor compound chosen from copper oxide, copper, copper selenide and or monocrystal, or III-V semiconductor compound chosen from gallium arsenide or element (M)-antimony complex (M2Sb3). When semiconductor nanowire is n-shaped semiconductor, two pairs of metal film electrode contain indium, titanium, silver and aluminum. The affinity of the semiconductor nanowire is p-type semiconductor, two pairs of metal film electrode contain platinum, gold, and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The swelling consists of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorination vinylidene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyimide, polyamide, and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sugar group or substituted sugar group is chosen from substituted furan compounds of formulae (2 and 3) and pyran compound of formula (4).R7-R15=H, amino, thiol, carboxyl, phosphoric acid, phosphate ester, ester, thioester, amide, nitro, monovalent hydrocarbon, organo amino, organosilyl, organothio group, acyl, alkyl ether or sulfone.Preferred Method: The organic thin film is produced using the homogeneous-system organic solution in which the fullerene derivative is dissolved in an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanowire and coating layer are made of silicon. The template is made of alumina. The silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) solution is used for silicon precursor in the nanowire formation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide film has repeating unit of formula (I).R1=tetravalent organic group chosen from formulae (a)-(e);R2=divalent organic group chosen from formulae (f)-(n);andR3=H, halo, alkyl halide or 1-16C alkyl, preferably trifluoromethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Aromatic vinyl monomer (0.01-10 parts weight) is further used during manufacture of modified polyolefin resin. The epoxy group-containing vinyl monomer is glycidyl (meth)acrylate. The monomer containing ethylenic double bond and silicon atom in a molecule, is silicon-containing compound of formula: -SiX3 (I). The aromatic vinyl monomer is styrene.X=methoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is resilient and adapted to cover the electrical contact between the piercing device and the conductor after placing of the roof tile, where the resilient layer preferably comprises a layer of a material from the group consisting of silicones, asphalt, bitumen, rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antireflection layer comprises phosphorus, fluorine, boron or arsenic materials. The antireflection layer is formed with silicon oxide, silicone nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide or combination of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reactive gas contains nitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), nitrous oxide (N2O), helium (He), and/or argon (Ar). Precursor gas contains silane (SiH4), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), trimethylaluminum (Al(CH3)3), borane, hydrocarbon, germanane, phosphine, tetramethyltin, and/or titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The structure comprises a p-doped InGaAsN layer, n-doped InGaAsN layer, and an undoped InGaAsN i-region layer disposed between the p-doped and n-doped layers, and where each of the p-doped, n-doped and i-region layers have a bandgap of 1-1.05 eV. The i-region layer has a thickness of at least 1 mu m. The solar cell comprises one or more additional junction lattice matched with the InGaAsN structure. The solar cell is a lattice matched 4-junction solar cell. Preferred Method: The method involves thermally annealing the structure by ex-situ rapid thermal annealing process. The thermally annealing process is performed in an N2 ambient. The thermally annealing process increases a depletion region at a width of at least 1 mu m. The thermally annealing process increases a depletion region width of the structure to the thickness of i-region layer. The structure is annealed at a temperature of 900-1000 degrees C. The structure is grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The resultant solar cell has an ideality factor of approximately 2. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The frame has wall made of carbon composite material or graphite material. The silicon chip is hung on the frame through a hook made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The bracket, working table, and hollow board are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic additive is selected from a Bismuth tri oxide, B205, silicon di oxide, zirconium di oxide, alumina, magnesium oxide, Nickel di oxide, silica, strontium oxide, and titanium di oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The host glass comprises silicon dioxide (70-80, preferably 70-75), sodium oxide (10-20, preferably 12-15), calcium oxide (5-15, preferably 7-12), magnesium oxide (0.1-5, preferably 2-5), and aluminum oxide (0.1-5, preferably 0.5-2). The rare-earth compound comprises (wt.%) europium oxide (0.1-2), terbium (III) oxide (0.1-2), and dysprosium oxide (0.1-2). The rare-earth compound comprises (wt.%) cerium oxide (0.1-2), and samarium oxide (0.1-2). The rare-earth compound comprises (wt.%) cerium oxide (0.1-2), samarium oxide (0.1-2), europium oxide (0.1-2), terbium (III) oxide, and dysprosium oxide (0.1-2). The host glass further comprises iron (III) oxide containing lesser than 150 ppm iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of yttrium oxide in substrate is 3-5 mol%. The sintering additive comprises magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide and/or cerium oxide. The zirconium oxide ceramic comprises (in weight%) substrate (80-95, preferably 87-90), sintering additive (0.1-5, preferably 1-4), neodymium oxide (3-10, preferably 6-10) and additive (1-5, preferably 1.5-3). The concentration of diethanol amine solution is 1.5-4 mol/L. Preferred Properties: The average diameter of neodymium oxide is 0.1-20 mu m and additive is 1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of titanium, tantalum, aluminum, tungsten, copper, chromium, gold, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, boron nitride and germanium-antimony-tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The diffusion prevention film comprises silicon oxide. The substrate is N type silicon wafer. The first and second doping films comprise silicon oxides that include impurities having different conductive types.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method further involves providing several SiN/SiO2/Si-containing layers/coatings on the substrate. The several layers/coatings comprise a first layer/coating comprising SiN. The substrate is a borosilicate/Borofloat (RTM: Glass) or a soda-lime glass. The method further involves cleaving the silicon-containing material along a surface established at the depth at which the ions are implanted. The substrate comprises a base portion containing glass, plastic or metal. The method further involves annealing the composite structure. The silicon-containing portion has a thickness of 100 microns or less such that, after completion of the laser irradiation step, the structure is thicker (bulges) at a region where the silicon-containing portion is originally placed. The several SiN/SiO2/Si-containing layers/coatings are provided on the surface before engaging the portion. The several layers/coatings first layer/coating comprises SiN. The substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass. The layer/coating comprises amorphous silicon or polysilicon. The irradiation process involves firstly passing the laser at an energy density of 0.3-3, preferably 0.3-1 J/cm2, secondly passing the laser at an energy density of 0.5-1.5 J/cm2, and thirdly passing the laser at an energy density of 1-3 J/cm2. The irradiation process is performed by firstly passing the laser at a speed/rate of 0.0001-0.01 cm2/second, at an energy density of 0.5-1 J/cm2, and secondly passing the laser, at a speed/rate of 0.01-10 cm2/sec. The silicon-containing element is layer, portion or wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate carrier is formed from a material chosen from aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy, aluminum-magnesium alloys (AlMg4.5 Mn), and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The recess and the mask frame are adapted such that the mask frame forms an essentially planar surface with the surface of the substrate carrier. The essentially planar surface is directed towards a deposition source adapted for substrate processing. The recess has a cross-sectional shape which is chosen from rectangular shape, square shape, concave shape, triangular shape, and their combinations. The mask frame has a cross-sectional shape which is chosen from rectangular shape, square shape, convex shape, triangular shape, and their combinations. The mask frame and the recess adapted for receiving the mask frame have cross-sectional shapes which are rectangular. Both the mask frame and the recess are adapted for receiving the mask frame having cross-sectional shapes which are quadratic. The mask frame and the recess are adapted for receiving the mask frame. The mask frame has a cross-sectional shape which is convex. The mask frame is formed of a material chosen from thermal expansion stable material such as invar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroplating bath has ions of boron, aluminum, gallium and/or indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor substrate has silicon, germanium, silicon-germanium, silicon carbide, silicon-germanium-carbon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, indium arsenide, indium phosphide and all other III/V and II/VI compound semiconductors. The metallic film has nickel, cobalt, aluminum, silver, gold, copper, zinc, platinum, palladium, tin, iron, indium or alloys of nickel, cobalt, aluminum, silver, gold, copper, zinc, platinum, palladium, tin, iron or indium. The heavily p-doped back side surface field layer has boron or boron alloy, gallium or gallium alloy, indium or indium boron alloy, or aluminum or aluminum alloy. Preferred Process: The method further involves forming metallic film which has metal or metal alloy containing nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, silver, gold, zinc, platinum and/or iron and electroplating metal or metal alloy from electroplating bath, and cleaning upper surface of heavily p-doped back side surface field layer with dilute hydrofluoric acid before forming metallic film to eliminate native oxide formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The first side of the silicon base layer faces the incident sunlight. The solar cell further comprises a second electrode located on second side of silicon base layer, where the second side is opposite to the first side. The second side of the silicon base layer faces the incident sunlight, where the second electrode includes second TCO layer and metal grid comprising silver, copper and/or nickel. The silicon base layer includes a crystalline-silicon (c-Si) substrate (108). The silicon base layer includes an epitaxially formed c-Is thin film. The passivation layer includes at least one of undoped amorphous-silicon (a-Si) substrate (104). The heavily doped p-type amorphous semiconductor layer has a doping concentration of 1x 1017/cm3 to 5x 1020/cm3. The first TCO layer has a work function of 4.9-6.1 eV. The solar cell further comprises a third TCO layer located on first TCO layer, where the third TCO layer has lower resistivity than that of the first TCO layer. The third TCO layer includes at least one of indium tin oxide, tin-oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide and gallium doped zinc oxide. The first electrode comprises at least one of silver, copper and nickel. The p-type amorphous semiconductor comprises amorphous silicon or amorphous silicon containing carbon. The first electrode is obtained by electroplating a layer of copper and layer of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at 850-890 degrees C, large nitrogen flow of 25-35 l/minute, small nitrogen flow of 1.1 l/minute, and oxygen flow of 1.5-2.8 l/minute for 2000 seconds. The step of introducing oxygen to replace nitrogen is carried out at 870-890 degrees C, large nitrogen gas flow of 25 l/minute, and oxygen flow of 3 l/minute for 500 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight percentage of sodium hydroxide is 1-1.3, IPA is 6 and the texturing additive is 0.6-1.2. The texturing additive includes suede catalyst, surfactant and suede corrosion inhibitor. Preferred Method: The heating temperature is 72-80 degrees C and heating time is 720-900 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The annealing is performed at a temperature of 400-600 degrees C. Preferred Components: The substrate is: formed of a semiconductor, a nonconductor, or a metal; or formed of silicon, glass, plastic, or polymer. The seed layer is formed of zinc oxide. The doping material is a lithium salt. The aqueous solution is maintained at a temperature of 85-100 degrees C. The aqueous solution has a pH of 10-11. The substrate includes an n-type semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reductant is a hexamethylenetetramine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of polysilicon preferably amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer has number average molecular weight of 500-1000000 g/mole. Preferred Composition: The copolymer further contains additional comonomer chosen from 10 additional comonomers e.g. additional comonomer of formula (XX)-(XXIV). The copolymer is of formula (XXX)-(XXXVI).n=not defined.N.B: n is not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The recombination constraining layer may comprise silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC), or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antireflection film is composed of silicon nitride layer and silicon dihydride anion with ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inert gas is argon or nitrogen. Preferred Material: The polycrystalline base material is polycrystalline silicon ingot, polycrystalline silicon sheet or polycrystalline battery sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The major surface of the silicon substrate is contacted at least twice with (A). The method for treating the surface of a silicon substrate is employed in the process step (e). In the method of manufacturing device, a wet edge isolation step is carried out before the process step (f). The method for treating the surface of a silicon substrate is carried out after the wet edge isolation step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises: at least one acid comprising inorganic mineral acids or water-soluble carboxylic acids; at least one base comprising volatile inorganic and organic bases containing at least one nitrogen atom; at least one oxidizing agent comprising water-soluble organic or inorganic peroxides; and at least one metal chelating agent. (A) has a pH of 8-13. Preferred Components: The quaternary ammonium hydroxide is tetramethylammonium hydroxide or tetraethylammonium hydroxide. The metal chelating agent is amino acid diacetates or hydroxyamino acid diacetates or their salts. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = vinyl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl) or alpha-methyl-vinyl; and    R = vinyl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), alpha-methyl-vinyl or benzyl.    EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of (in wt.%): water (92.66); tetramethylammonium hydroxide (3.5); acetic acid (1.2); ammonia (1); hydrochloric acid (1.44); and allyl sulfonic acid (0.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The component (B) comprises linear polysiloxane backbone and carboxylic acid at both its terminals. The component (B) is obtained by reacting modified carbinol having linear polysiloxane backbone and cyclic saturated aliphatic acid anhydride. The composition further comprises hindered amine optical stabilizer and phosphorus containing antioxidant. EXAMPLE - Components comprising (in parts weight): beta -(3,4 epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (375), methyl phenyl silicone oil having terminal silanol (475) and potassium hydroxide (0.5 wt.%) in methanol solution (40) was poured into reaction vessel and allowed to react under reflux conditions for 8 hours. Methanol solution (655) was added to the reaction mixture and distilled water (144) was dripped over the reaction mixture for 60 minutes and allowed to react under reflux conditions for 8 hours. Reaction mixture was neutralized using sodium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution (5 wt.%) after completion of reaction, and methanol (90 wt.%) was recovered from the reaction mixture. Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) (750) was added and washed thrice to obtain organic phase. Solvent was removed from the organic phase under pressure reduction at 100 degrees C to obtain liquid epoxy resin (647) having epoxy equivalent of 541 g/eq and average molecular weight of 2100 with colorless and transparent appearance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon, or glass. The thickness of n-type film is 0.6-1.5 nm and the thickness of p-type film is 0.2-0.6 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The sputtering material of zinc oxide has purity of 99.99%, length of 250 mm and width of 100 mm. The distance of sputtering material with respect to target substrate is 75 mm. Preferred Composition: The sputtering chamber comprises argon and oxygen. The flow ratio of argon and oxygen is 10:1. Preferred Process: The annealing is carried out at 400-500 degrees C for 10-60 minutes. A zinc oxide film is plated on surface, and wafer is annealed in atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A coating layer is provided on the surface(s) of the polyester film. The coating layer comprises copolyester type resin, acrylic resin, and/or polyurethane type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The apatite inorganic particles comprise fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F), chloroapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) and/or hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon fiber comprises polyimide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The quartz crucible is flat rectangle structure length, width, and height ratio of 2:1:0.5-1:2:0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed acid solvent contains distilled water, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid and acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon in the catalyst is 0.5 parts mass or more in conversion of silica and that of magnesium is 0.01-1.2 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of alumina. The mass decreasing rate of the catalyst after holding in the air at 1100 degrees C for 2 hours is 5 %mass or less with respect to the catalyst mass before holding in air. Preferred Components: The center particle diameter of the raw material powder is 20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molybdenum layer has thickness of 0.5-1 mu m and resistivity of less than 1.2x 10-5 Omega .cm. The thickness of copper-indium-gallium selenide layer, cadmium selenide layer, zinc oxide layer, transparent electrode layer and front electrode layer is 1.5-2 mu m, 50 nm, 50 nm, 500 nm and 300 nm, respectively. The resistivity of zinc oxide layer is 5x 10-4 Omega .cm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The stainless steel substrate has thickness of less than 2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal is ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, gold, silver, iridium, osmium, or platinum, preferably platinum. The etchant is metallic ion, liquid or gas, or ammonium hydroxide or hydrogen peroxide. The molar ratio of etchant metal to platinum is 1:5-5:1. Preferred Property: The size of platinum nanoparticles is 1-3 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The high-temperature range is 700-1250 degrees C, preferably 830-870 degrees C. Preferred Components: The dopant-containing precursor comprises phosphorus oxychloride, boron nitride, boron tribromide, phosphine, diborane, gallium nitride, arsine, stibine, trimethylborate, and spin-on dopants for boron, gallium, phosphorus or antimony. The passivation layer comprises silicon dioxide. The dopant-containing layer comprises phosphorus silicate glass. The passivation layer is formed using passivation source chosen from oxygen, ammonia, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and aluminum precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer has amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer and microcrystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer. The low emissivity film is oxide film layer. The oxide metal layer is titanium-base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The near-infra-red absorbing material of the functional particles comprises silver, copper, gold, carbon black or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The oligomer and/or polymer consists of polyacetals, polyamides, polyimides, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamide-imides, polyamide-esters, polyamide ethers, polycarbonate-esters, polyamide-ethers, polyacrylates, polyacrylics, elastomers such as polybutadiene, copolymers of butadiene with other monomers, polyalkylmethacrylates, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylalcohol, water-soluble acrylics, vinyls, butadienes, styrenes, and polyurethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: A wiring formed by heat-processing the electroconductive paste has a property which expresses electroconductivity when silver is contacted or sintered.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of dicarboxylic acid is 0.05-2 %mass with respect to the gross mass of electroconductive paste. The electroconductive paste further contains a dispersing agent for dispersing the silver particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The doped glass coating is a PSG coating or BSG coating. The dry etching with HF vapor is conducted at 50-250 degrees C and 10-550 Torr. The treatment of exposed wafer surface is carried out at 200-600, preferably 350-500 degrees C for multicrystalline wafers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Ammonia (NH3) mixed gas is used as the reaction gas source. Argon (Ar) gas is used as plasma enhanced gas. Trimethyl AL is used as AL source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wavelength-conversion film has base-surface wavelength conversion film (120) and substrate back surface wavelength conversion film (140), and contains matrix material and wavelength-conversion material including inorganic fine particles having average primary particle diameter of 0.5-300 nm. The content of the matrix material is 1-50 %mass. The anti-reflective film is porous membrane. The translucent laminate further has optical function film having average refractive index of 1.1-1.5. The optical function film is porous membrane. Preferred Property: The average refractive index of the wavelength-conversion film along the thickness direction with respect to light with wavelength of 300-1000 nm is 1.2-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains a fluid medium having boiling point of 60 degrees C or more. The organopolysiloxane is silicone oil of formula: R4-Si(-R3)(-R5)(O-Si(-R1)(-R2))n-O-Si(-R3)(-R5)-R4 (I). The mass ratio of organic aluminum complex is 0.005-0.25 with respect to content of organopolysiloxane in the coating liquid.R1-R5=H or organic group;andn=1 or more.Preferred Properties: The difference of main exothermic peak temperature when organopolysiloxane is heated with the temperature increase rate of 10 degrees C/minute with respect to temperature of glass substrate during application of coating liquid is 30 degrees C or more. The amount of viscosity conversion portion element of silicone oil is 3500-130000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The p-type light-absorption layer contains group I-III-VI2 group compound. The gap contains nitrogen as main component. Preferred Process: The surface of p-type light-absorption layer is subjected to passivation using sulfur. An intermediate layer (3) containing group VI element is provided between p-type light-absorption layer and back-surface electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains fluid medium having boiling point of 60 degrees C or more. The content of organopolysiloxane and inorganic fine particles with respect to total content of inorganic fine particles and organopolysiloxane is 70-98 %mass and 2-30 %mass, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organopolysiloxane is silicone oil, preferably long-chain alkyl-modified silicone oil having viscosity average molecular weight of 3500-130000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ion irradiation treatment process irradiates the ion of the impurity selected from phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga) and indium (In).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The array of rods are silicon, germanium or silicon-germanium alloy. The wider band-gap coating material is a III-V material consisting of aluminum phosphide (AlP), gallium phosphide (GaP), indium phosphide (InP), GaInP, AlGaP, AINP, GaNP, InNP, AlGaInP, AIPN, GaPN, InPN, A1GaNP, GaInNP, AlInNP and AlGaInNP. The wider band-gap coating material comprises GaP and II-VI material including zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), ZnSe, ZnS, ZnTe, CdZnTe, mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), HgZnTe, and HgZnSe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of amorphous carbon layer is 20-60 nm. Preferred Process: A buffer layer (104) containing nitride semiconductors is formed on the aluminum nitride layer. Preferred Component: The p-type electrode is zinc oxide transparent conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anti-reflective film contains titanium oxide, and phosphorus oxide (15-35 %mass). The light-receiving surface passivation film contains silicon oxide. Preferred Properties: The average texture side length of solar cell is 21 mu m or less, preferably 14 mu m or less. The height of the convex portion of the texture structure is 5-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating process is performed under neutral atmosphere or reducing atmosphere. The organometallic compound contains acetylacetone metal complex compound, metal alkoxide compound or acetylacetone metal complex compound, and metal alkoxide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclosiloxane compound is of formula (XX).R9-R11=1-6C alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted by 1-6C alkyl;p=2-10;q=0-8;andp+q=2 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of prepolymer is 10-200 parts mass of 100 parts mass of silicon-containing polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=methyl;    R3=1-6C alkyl;and    R4=phenyl optionally substituted by 1-6C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The secondary curable resin composition has viscosity of 10-750 Pa.second during coating secondary curable resin composition. The primary curable resin composition has viscosity of 0.2-50 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The permselective membrane also suppresses permeation of enzyme and/or mediator. The fuel component is saccharide. The permselective membrane is a cellulose film or a synthetic macromolecule group film. The cathode is contacted with gaseous phase through a gas-liquid separation film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The annealing temperature is 850-1000 degrees C, preferably 860-970 degrees C. The sum of heating time and retention time is less than 150 minutes, preferably 0-60 minutes. The temperature annealing process is carried out first, before the other post treatment processes. The multiple temperature annealing processes are carried out consecutively, where the string-ribbon-wafer is at least partially cooled between the temperature annealing processes. The string-ribbon-wafer is subjected to: a continuous inline-temperature annealing process; and/or a discontinuous batch-temperature annealing process. The string-ribbon-wafer is subjected to the temperature annealing process under: an air atmosphere; and/or a process gas atmosphere, where the process gas atmosphere comprises nitrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass ceramic article further contains (in weight%) silica (60-73), alumina (15-25), lithium oxide (2.2-5), calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide (0-5), titania (0-5), zirconia (0-5), zinc oxide (0-4), antimony oxide (0-3), magnesium oxide (0-3), tin oxide (0-3), phosphorus pentoxide (0-2), arsenic oxide (0-1.5), silver (0.2 atomic% or more), vanadium (5 atomic ppm), magnesium (5 atomic ppm) and titanium (5 atomic ppm). The total content of sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 0-1 weight%. The content of sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 0-1 weight% and 0-0.5 weight%. Preferred Properties: The glass ceramic article has thickness of 0.5-21 mm, temperature difference strength of 400 degrees C or more (preferably 700-800 degrees C), roughness of less than 100 Nm, thermal expansion coefficient of less than 1.5x 10-6/K at 20-700 degrees C, flexural strength of 100 MPa or more measured based on EN 12885.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vanadium oxide, barium oxide and iron oxide contained in the metal oxide mixture is 40-98 mol%, 1-40 mol%, and 1-20 mol%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transfer board is made of carbon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, graphite, aluminum oxide and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent substrate is made of a soda lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is made of zinc sulphide and zinc oxide. The photoelectric conversion layer is made of copper-indium-selenium gallium nitride compound. The electrode is made of aluminum-zinc oxide or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric conversion layer is made of copper-indium-selenium gallium nitride compound. The strip-shaped non-light electrode is made of alumina zinc oxide or indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal electrodes is made of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The IIIV group thin film is made of gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), Aluminum indium gallium arsenide (AlInGaP), Aluminum indium phosphide (AlInP) and Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) material. The IV group thin film is made of silicon germanium (SiGe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The thin film battery is cadmium telluride film battery, copper indium gallium tin series thin film battery or organic compound material film battery. The insulating area occupies 5-50% of the total area. The number and size of the insulating area proportion and appearance can be adjusted, and the selected area can move parallel to the single sub-battery and also be perpendicular to a single sub-cell. The insulating area manufacturing comprises (i) removing front transparent conductive electrode, thin-film photoelectric conversion layer using a wavelength green laser of 532 nm, (ii) scribing the edge of the selected area by using a wavelength of ultraviolet laser of laser 1064 or 355 nm. The scanning mirror system laser scribing device and next process using a scanning mirror system laser device of insulating battery is the same device. The scanning mirror system laser scribing device in the insulation needs of the regional planning carve patterns, including strip, mesh, hole, point of linear, and other design patterns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The organic thin film layer is chosen from light emitting layer (130), hole-transport layer, hole implant layer, electron-transport layer, electron injection layer, hole-blocking layer and their mixture. The light-emitting layer contains the derivative as phosphorescent or fluorescent host material, or fluorescent blue dopant material. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=46 claimed groups e.g. phenyl, fluorenyl, biphenyl, dibenzo furanyl, dibenzothiophenyl, anthracenyl, biphenyl, p-terphenyl, m- terphenyl, and indenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 349 Triphenylene derivatives (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-9-(triphenylen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-amine of formula (Ia), 6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-9-(triphenylen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-amine, 6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N,N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9-(triphenylen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-amine, 6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N-(4-phenylnaphthalen-1-yl)-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-9-(triphenylen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-amine and 6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N-(4-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-phenylnaphthalen-1-yl)-9-(triphenylen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The hydrogen generation system comprises a first compartment comprising the complex (I), a second compartment comprising the substrate (II), where the first or second compartment further comprises a solvent and unit for combining the contents of the first compartment with the contents of the second compartment such that when the contents are combined, hydrogen is generated. The hydrogen generation system further comprises at least one flow controller to control a flow rate of the complex (I) or the substrate (II). The hydrogen generation system is connected to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), or any other system requiring a supply of hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for preparation of the compounds (I1)-(I7) is given. Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is selected from transition metal complexes (I1)-(I7) and a transition metal complex of formula (I8). Preferred Components: The substrate (II) is selected from ammonia borane, methylamine borane, dimethylamine borane, di-isopropylamine borane, isopropylamine borane, tert-butylamine borane, isobutylamine borane, phenylamine borane and/or pyrrolidine borane (preferably ammonia borane (H3B-NH3)). Preferred Definitions:    R3, R4 and R6=H;    R1 and R2=H, CF3, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, phenyl or benzyl;    X-=OTf-;    M=Ru;    R8-R23=H, methyl, CF3 or isopropyl;    R6=H;    R5 and R7=methyl or CF3;or    CR5R6=6-membered carbocyclic group.    The R1 and R2 are linked to form a 4C alkylene group, which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, forms a cyclic group. Provided that at least one of R1 and R2 is H.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorine compound is provided in the metal absorber and barrier layer. The first and second amorphous silicon layers are formed as amorphous silicon germanium layer (SiGe) or the amorphous silicon carbide (SiC) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ultrapure water inlet is arranged adjacent to the lower edge plane. The liquid-level connection port is located slightly above the upper edge plane. The liquid discharge port is located on the lowest point of the differential pressure container. The compressed gas inlet port and a vacuum connection port are positioned slightly above the liquid level connection port. The sealing cover comprises a cover body, a rotating arm and a locking mechanism, which are arranged opposite to each other on either side of the cover body. The sealing cover comprises a sealing ring covering the entire circumferential edge or the lower edge of the cover body. The differential pressure container and the sealing cover have circular or rectangular cross section. The device further comprises a detection circuit connected with the pure water inlet of the pure water supply pipeline. The pure water supply pipeline is provided with a heater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nanocarbon-containing composition further contains basic compound. Preferred Property: The nanocarbon-containing fiber has average fiber diameter 10 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The grinding process in step (3) is performed by ball-milling the semi-finished product (A) to 200 meshes, and then subjecting further to wet ball-milling operation to obtain a mean particle size (D50) of 1-2 mu m. Preferred Component: The glass powder (I) may further include titanium dioxide (TiO2) at 0-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Target used by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method, contains zinc oxide having purity of 90-99.99%. Preferred Composition: The concentration of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanorod is 0.02-0.1 M, preferably 0.006 M. The concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is 0.02-0.1 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During hydrothermal method, tetramethylene (doping agent), hexamethylene tetramine and zinc(V) nitrate hexahydrate are mixed in a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) beaker.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode (I) is indium-tin oxide, gold, silver, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide, zinc oxide-aluminum oxide and/or antimony-tin oxide. The electrode (II) is lithium fluoride/aluminum, lithium fluoride/calcium/aluminum, calcium/aluminum, barium fluoride/aluminum, barium fluoride/barium/aluminum, barium/aluminum, aluminum, gold, silver and/or magnesium. The photoactive layer or light-emitting layer is silver or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The mask used in patterning is stainless steel. The stainless steel is stainless steel 304 having thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyimide, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyoxyethylene, acrylonitrile-styrene resin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, triacetyl cellulose, glass and/or quartz plate. The hole-transport layer is poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)(4-styrene-sulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The germanium monocrystal is n-type or p-type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional monomer is amide-type monomer, carboxylic acid group-containing monomer, aldehyde-type monomer, epoxy-type monomer and/or hydroxyl group-type monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer material is polyester polyol, polyolefin-type, fluoropolymer and/or polyimide-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titania nanoparticles are titanium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The substrate is subjected to hydrophilic treatment process by soaking in a solution formed by adding potassium hydroxide to a mixed solution containing distilled water and ethanol in the volume ratio of 2:3, and washing with distilled water. Preferred Properties: The superhydrophobic thin film has contact angle of 150-155 degrees and transmittance of 80% at 650 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polymer resin binder and organic nanofiber is 10/90-90/10. The organic nanofiber is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyether sulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetheretherketone, aromatic polyester and liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is titania, tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, zirconia, boron trioxide, alumina, iron oxide, barium titanate, tungsten trioxide and/or nickel oxide. The substrate is glass wafer, silicon wafer and/or plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide precursor is titanium tetraethoxide and/or titanium tetrabutoxide. The stabilizer is triethanolamine, diethanolamine, acetylacetone, diethylene glycol, acetic acid and/or trifluoroacetic acid. The dispersion solvent is acetone, methylethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, athylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexane, cyclohexanone, toluene, chloroform, distilled water, o-dichlorobenzene, dimethyl benzene, trimethylbenzene, pyridine, methyl naphthalene, nitromethane, acrylonitrile, octadecylamine, aniline and/or dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The organic dye is prepared by:(A) slowly dipping dimethylformamide solution of phosphorus oxychloride containing triphenylamine into dimethylformamide solution of triphenylamine; heating and reflowing to react for 10-20 hours and evaporating to remove solvent; and processing silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound (1');(B) adding compound (1') and potassium iodide into flask; adding acetic acid and water; heating to 80 degrees C and adding potassium iodide; agitating for 5 hours and filtering; and re-crystallizing by ethanol to obtain compound (2');(C) adding phenothiazine containing 16 g of compound (2'), potassium carbonate, copper powder, crown ether, and orthodichlorobenzene into the flask; reflowing in nitrogen and reacting for 24-36 hours; evaporating to remove solvent; and processing silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound (C); and(D) (i) mixing compound (C) and cyanoacetic acid, and adding ammonium acetate as catalyst; taking glacial acetic acid as solvent and reflowing and reacting for 8-15 hours; and evaporating to remove solvent and processing silica gel column chromatography to obtain organic dye; or (ii) mixing compound (C) and rhodanine-3-acetic acid and adding ammonium acetate; taking glacial acetic acid and reflowing and reacting for 8-15 hours; and evaporating to remove solvent and processing silica gel column chromatography to obtain organic dye of formula (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The amount of hydrofluoric acid of the washing liquid is calculated using the reaction of hydrofluoric acid (4 mol) and silica (1 mol) to produce silicon tetrafluoride (1 mol) and water (2 mol), and made into at least 4/3 times of the total weight of silica film of silicon powder, such that 1 mol of silica is 60.1 g and 1 mol of hydrofluoric acid is 20.01 g. The hydrofluoric acid concentration of washing liquid is 0.5-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buried gate electrode groove is provided with sulfur hexafluoride, tetrafluoromethane, nitrogen trifluoride, difluoromethane, hydrogen bromide, nitrogen, argon, helium and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier film has layer containing light-scattering agent or ultraviolet blocking agent. The gas-barrier layer is formed by modifying coated film of polysilazane containing liquid by irradiating vacuum-ultraviolet light with wavelength of 200 nm. Preferred Property: The pencil hardness of the layer containing light-scattering agent or ultraviolet blocking agent is more than H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching agent comprises hydrofluoric acid and the silicon oxidizing agent is an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, potassium dichromate, chromium trioxide, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, sodium nitrate, nitric acid and potassium permanganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The molded product has density of 2.4 g/cm3. The sintered compact has density of 3.8 g/cm3 or more. Preferred Composition: The ceramic material has content of alumina of 99.8 %mass or more and silica content of 0.05 %mass or less. The ceramic material has far-infrared radiation film (2) obtained by mixing heat-resistant inorganic adhesive and transition element oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes at least one of silicon (Si) substrate, glass substrate, gallium-nitride (GaN) substrate, silica substrate, and metal substrate including at least one of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zirconium (Zr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The compound mass is a silicone-based compound mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen separation alloy contains niobium-containing complex of formula: Nb100-(a+b)M1aM2b (I), where M1 is titanium, zirconium and/or hafnium, preferably titanium, M2 is nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, and/or zinc, preferably nickel, a is 10-60, b is 10-50, and a+b is 80 or less. Preferred Property: The thickness of hydrogen separation alloy is 1 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Film: The thickness of transparent resin layer is 10 times or more of the thickness of glass film. The glass film is an alkali-free glass. The Young's modulus of glass film is 50 GPa or more, and the Vickers hardness is 400 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The ratio of area of convex structure is less than 30% with respect to the area of the surface in which the convex structures is formed. The convex structure is conical in shape. The average angle of cross-sectional apex angle cut such that it might become a vertical direction from height direction of convex structures towards the surface having convex structures is 60-120 degrees C. The average angle of cross-sectional base angle cut such that it might become a vertical direction from height direction of convex structures towards the surface having convex structures is 30-60 degrees C. The radius of curvature of apex angle is 100 mu m or less. The radius of curvature of base angle is 100 mu m or less. The convex structure is formed on the light projection surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon in the film is 5x 1020 atoms/cm3 or less, preferably 1x 1020 atoms/cm3 or more. The content of hydrogen in the film is preferably 1x 1021 atoms/cm3 or more. The photoelectric conversion layer consists of a compound semiconductor containing copper and/or silver, aluminum, gallium and/or indium, and sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium. The buffer layer contains cadmium sulfide. The III group-element-containing organic compound is alkyl gallium, alkyl aluminum and/or alkyl indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent oxide conductive film is zinc oxide film. The photoelectric converting layer of photoelectric conversion element contains compound semiconductor comprising group Ib element chosen from copper and silver, group IIIb element chosen from aluminum, gallium and indium and/or group VIb chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first zinc oxide film is formed by introducing a gas containing zinc-alkyl and water into the film forming chamber. A diborane, alkyl gallium, alkyl aluminum, or alkyl indium is used as III group element containing organic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanostructure comprises: a crystalline structure, where the discontinuous area is disposed in the crystalline structure; and a core-shell structure or a nanotube structure, where the discontinuous area is disposed in at least one of the core and shell. The nanostructure has at least one nanorod shape, nanowire shape, tapered shape, nanoribbon shape or a nanobelt shape. The core comprises a first material having a first lattice constant, and the shell comprises a second material having a second lattice constant, where the first and the second lattice constants are different. The nanostructure comprises at least one group IV semiconductor material (comprising silicon or germanium), groups III-V semiconductor material (comprising indium nitride, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium antimonide, gallium antimonide or their ternary or quaternary alloys or compounds), groups II-VI semiconductor material (comprising cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide or their ternary or quaternary alloys or compounds), an oxide, nitride or polymeric material. The nanostructure has a dimension of 0.1 mu m to 10 mm. The discontinuous area has a dimension of 1-50 nm. The discontinuous area has a dimension sufficient to scatter a phonon and substantially insufficient to scatter an electron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the thermoelectric device at least one of the first thermoelectric body and the second thermoelectric body comprises nanostructure. The thermoelectric device further comprises a first electrode (53a) disposed between the first region and the first thermoelectric body and a second electrode disposed between the first region and the second thermoelectric body. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The recombination region is made of molybdenum trioxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. The electron-accepting semiconductor layer is made of n-type material selected from a group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, copper indium selenide, copper gallium selenide, aluminum-indium-gallium-phosphate, gallium arsenide, amorphous silicon-germanium and amorphous silicon. The light-absorbing semiconductor layer is made of p-type light-absorbing nanoparticles that are colloidal quantum dots selected from a group consisting of lead sulfide, lead selenide, lead sulfide-selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nanoscaled thermal-electrical material includes V-VI group compounds such as bismuth telluride, rare-earth compounds such as cerium dialuminate, yttrium oxide, silicides, silicon-germanium, and other compound semiconductor materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The lithium ion battery has a positive-electrode active-material layer containing the lithium-containing transition metal compound formed on a collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The 6Li concentration compound is lithium carbonate (6Li2CO3), lithium nitrate (6LiNO3), lithium hydroxide (6LiOH, 6LiOH.H2O), lithium hydride (6LiH), lithium fluoride (6LiF), lithium chloride (6LiCl), lithium bromide (6LiBr), lithium iodide (6LiBr), lithium acetate, lithium oxide (6Li2O), and/or lithium sulfate (6Li2SO4). The transition metal compound is compound of iron, manganese, cobalt and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wet chemical solution further comprises hexafluorosilicic acid. The concentration of dissolved silicon is 4-30 g/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heteroatom-containing compound is preferably of formula (II)-(V). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 132 Heteroatom-containing compounds are specifically claimed e.g. 12,12-dimethyl-7-phenyl-7,12-dihydro-7,9,11-triaza-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene of formula (Ia), 12,12-dimethyl-7-naphthalen-1-yl-7,12-dihydro-7,9,11-triaza-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene, 12,12-dimethyl-7-naphthalen-2-yl-7,12-dihydro-7,9,11-triaza-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene, 7-anthracen-9-yl-12,12-dimethyl-7,12-dihydro-7,9,11-triaza-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene and 7-anthracen-1-yl-12,12-dimethyl-7,12-dihydro-7,9,11-triaza-indeno(1,2-a)fluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The barrier layer is derived from perhydropolysilazane. The plastic film is a polyimide film which contains repeating unit of formula (1). Preferred Parameters: In-plane linear expansion coefficient of the plastic film at 100-200 degrees C is less than or equal to 40 ppm/ degrees C. The plastic film has a total light transmittance of greater than or equal to 80% and a light transmittance of greater than or equal to 60% at 440 nm.R1=tetravalent organic group of formula (2);R2=divalent organic group of formula (3); andR3=H, halo, alkyl halide or 1-16C alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The halide ion is bromide salt or iodide salt. The ammonium contained in ammonium salt is tetraalkyl ammonium or trialkyl ammonium. Preferred Process: The anionic substance of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal is further reacted during manufacture of tetracyano borate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition further contains phosphate ester comprising mixture of two or more types of phosphate ester having different composition and molecular weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polar group modified halogenated fiber consists of (meth)acryl modified halogenated hydrocarbon, preferably (meth)acryl modified polytetrafluoroethylene. The polymer (S) comprises (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer in the presence of (meth)acrylic acid ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The distance between the discharge-prevention portion and conductive layer is 0.5-10 cm. The distance between the discharge-prevention portion and substrate is 0-10 cm. Preferred Component: The hydroxyl-containing non-electroconductive polymer is of formula (I).X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;l,m,n=structure ratio (in mol%);andl+m+n=50-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is semiconductor of perovskite-type oxide of formula BaZr1-xMxO3-a or BaZrxCeyM1-x-yO3-a, where M is trivalent element, x and y are 0 or more, a is 1-1.5, x+y is less 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of antimony is 0.7-2.5, and the mass ratio of indium is 0.5-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal acid salt is dichromate, hypermanganate and/or potassium ferrate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cathode material is formed by sol-gel method or solid phase reaction method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The raw materials such as silica, boric acid, soda, calcium oxide, kalium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, indium oxide, titanium oxide, lead oxide, tin oxide and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkali is ammonia water or sodium hydroxide. The acid is dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The corrosion is carried out for silicon slice back till the back surface is full of p-type silicon. The corrosion is ion beam corrosion, reaction ion corrosion or electrochemical corrosion. Preferred Composition: Mixed gas of sulfur hexafluoride, oxygen and trifluoromethane is used as reaction gas in the reaction ion corrosion method. The solution used for electrochemical corrosion method is hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid. The concentration of hydrofluoric acid is 0.5-35% in the current density of 10-300 mA/cm2. The concentration of sulfuric acid is 2-25% at a current density of 10-200 mA/cm2. The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 2-25% at a current density of 10-300 mA/cm2. The concentration of nitric acid is 2-40% at a current density of 10-300 mA/cm2. The concentration of phosphoric acid is 5-40% at a current density of 10-300 mA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of phosphoric acid and oxalic acid is 3:7-5:5. The printable etching paste contains (in weight%) mixture (20-55) of oxalic acid and phosphoric acid, silica (2-15) and talc (5-30), and further contains antifoaming agent (0.5-10). Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from water, glycerine, ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is conductive metal sheet, indium tin oxide glass, polyester chip coated with conductive medium, drum-shaped or strip-shaped conductive metal or conductive alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (4), 4-bromo-o-phenylenedinitrile is 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalonitrile, 4-bromo-5-p-tert-butylphenoxy-phthalonitrile, 4-bromo-5-m-phenylmethoxy- phthalonitrile, 4-bromo-5-o-phenylmethoxy-phthalonitrile, 4-bromo-5-p-phenylmethoxy-phthalonitrile or 4-bromo-5-nitro-p-isopropylphenoxy-phthalonitrile. Preferred Method: The volume ratio of concentrated sulfuric acid to the concentrated nitric acid in the step (a) is 3:1. In the vacuum drying process in the step (a) and the step (b), the temperature is 30-80 degrees C and the time is 2-12 hours. In the vacuum drying process in the step (c), the temperature is 30-80 degrees C and the time is 6-24 hours. In the vacuum drying process in the step (d), the temperature is 20-60 degrees C and the time is 10-24 hours. In the vacuum drying process in the step (e), the temperature is 30-80 degrees C and the time is 6-36 hours. In the vacuum drying process in the step (f), the temperature is 30-80 degrees C and the time is 6-36 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: A metal seed layer and conductive layer are laminated on the tie-coating layer. The metal seed layer and conductive layer contain copper or copper alloy. The tie-coating layer contains nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and/or titanium. Preferred Property: The thickness of tie-coating layer is 30-200A?.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The base film is polymer transparent film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The spherical members include stainless steel and/or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous precursor medium comprises chlorides, hydrides, metal-organic compounds from silicon, germanium, indium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen and/or gallium. The etching gas comprises chlorine, fluorine, bromine and/or molecules. The doping gas comprises silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon, sulfur, boron and/or molecules comprising silicon or bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The metal oxide film-forming apparatus further has an ozone generator, and the container (5B) contains conductivity-type dopant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material solution contains ammonia or ethylenediamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protecting layer is formed of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride or combination of any of these materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic component of the metal-infiltrated ceramic consists of copper, silver, gold, aluminum, iron, tin and their alloys such as copper and copper alloys, and/or the ceramic component of the metal-infiltrated ceramic consists of oxides, nitrides and carbides of aluminum, titanium and/or silicon such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Resin composition B contains 1.5-50 wt.% of amine-modified SEBS in requirement ( alpha ). Resin composition A contains acid-modified SEBS while satisfying requirement ( alpha ). Resin composition A contains 2-30 wt.% of amine-modified SEBS, and resin composition B contains 1.5-50 wt.% of acid-modified SEBS in requirement ( beta ). Layer with modified SEBS contains an alloy material which makes modified SEBS an island phase. Innermost layer contains fluorine resins on internal peripheral surface.
Preferred Definitions:    X=1-15C alkylene, preferably -C(=O)-Y'-;and    Y'=1-15C alkylene, vinylene, phenylene, and carboxyl group-containing phenylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hemisphere comprises zinc oxide, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide or cadmium selenide, and has crystalline rods formed radially from the center, and grain boundary due to mismatch of crystals formed between adjacent crystalline rods. The crystalline rods are formed in a fan shape from the center of the hemisphere to the surface of the hemisphere. The hemisphere comprises zinc oxide formed by lateral growth of urchin-like structure. When hemisphere contains zinc oxide, the central metal-ion donor is chosen from zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, and zinc chloride, the coordinate covalent bond ion donor is chosen from sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hexamethylenetetramine and potassium hydroxide, and vertical growth inhibitor comprises anionic polymer, citrate anion, or R-O anion.R=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyarylene sulfide resin is obtained by reacting polyhaloaromatic compound, alkali-metal sulfhydrate and organic acid alkali metal salt in presence of solid alkali-metal sulfide and aprotic polar organic solvent, and carrying out deionization process. The resin composition further contains filler (0.1-50 parts mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The white pigment contains 0.1-5 wt.%, preferably 0.5-3 wt.% of inorganic oxide by anhydride conversion, with respect to the barium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organohydrogenpolysiloxane is preferably of formula: R5'3-SiO(-SiO(Me)(-H))p-SiR5'3.R5'=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The manufacture of complex polymer electrolyte membrane further includes polyhydric alcohol to spinning stock solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous material is zeolite of formula: M2/xO.Al2O3.mSiO2.nH2O, where M is cation of x valence chosen from hydrogen ion, sodium ion, potassium ion and ammonium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stripping agent is selected from tetrahydrofuran, acetone, butanone, cyclohexane, hexane, methanol, and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic binder comprises acrylic polymer, cellulose, phenol-type resin, and/or polyester. The paste further contains a polyfunctional monomer and a photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aromatic heterocyclic compound (I) is of formulae (II)-(X).R1-R5=H or substituent;R1+R2,R2+R3,R3+R4,R4+R5=phenyl or 5-membered heterocyclic ring;B1-B8,E1,E2,E5,E6,E8,E9,E10,E11=CRa or NH+;Ra=H or substituent;E3,E4,E7,E12=CRb, NRd, oxygen or sulfur;Rb,Rd=Ra;X1,X2,X4,X1'-X3',X4=CRa or N;X3,X4'=O, S, P(=O)Rd, PRe or NRe;andRe=Ra.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The number of carbonyl group-containing repeating unit (I) in surface modifying agent is 1-1000. Preferred Definitions:    R2=H, 2-20C alkyl or 6-20C aryl (both optionally having hydroxy or fluoro), ethylene oxide group optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl at terminal and optionally having hydroxy or fluoro, polyethylene oxide group optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl at terminal and optionally having hydroxy or fluoro and added mole number of ethylene oxide group of 2-20, propylene oxide group optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl at terminal and optionally having hydroxy or fluoro, polypropylene oxide group optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl at terminal and optionally having hydroxy or fluoro and added mole number of propylene oxide group of 2-20, -R7-N+(-R9)(-R10)-R8-COO-, or -R11-N+(-R12)(-R13)-R14.X-;    R7,R8,R11=1-4C alkylene;    R9,R10,R12,R13=H or 1-4C alkyl;    R14=organic group;and    X-=anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A semiconductor nanofiber is made of titanium oxide and zinc oxide. A semiconductor precursor alcohol salt is made of tetraisopropyl titanate or zinc acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The noble metal nanograin solution is made of gold and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of nickel, gold, silver, titanium, palladium, aluminum titanium silver (AlTiAg) alloy, silver aluminum (AgAl) alloy, titanium nickel copper (TiNiCu) alloy or titanium palladium silver (TiPdAg) alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-shaped semiconductor layer is made of cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium selenide, selenide, cadmium telluride or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive substrate is formed with a metal conductive film made of molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, copper or stainless steel. The collecting electrode is made of nickel, aluminum, gold, silver, copper, titanium, chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The semiconductor fine particles are titanium oxide microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The pigment (I) is of formula (Ia) or (Ib).Z=trivalent coupling group, preferably methine group of formula (10 or 11);X1-X4,V'=bivalent coupling group;Y1-Y4=substituent;r1-r4=0-4;n2=0 or more;R81,R91=substituent;andR82-R85,R92-R97=H or substituent. Preferred Definitions:    LL1=group of formula (c), (d) or (e);    LL2=group of formula (f);    R31,R32=alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or alkoxy (all optionally substituted);    M1,M2=H, metal or ammonium ion;    R41,R42,R61,R62=R21;    R43-R46,R63,R64,R71-R76=R23;    R50-R53=H, alkyl, alkenyl or aryl;    R50+R51,R52+R53=ring;    e1-e4,f1-f4=0-3;    g1,g2=0-4;    p1,p2=0 or more;    R72+R71 and/or R75,R74+R73 and/or R76=ring;    W'=chalcogen or NH;and    M=ruthenium.    (i) When f1 is 2 or more, R43 connect to form ring; (ii) when f2 is 2 or more, R44 connect to form ring; (iii) when g1 is 2 or more, R45 connect to form ring; (iv) when g2 is 2 or more, R46 connect to form ring; (v) when f3 is 2 or more, R63 connect to form ring; and (vi) when f4 is 2 or more, R64 connect to form ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The oxide nanoparticles are titania nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, alcohol, benzene, toluene, pyridine, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and/or dimethylformamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dispersion further contains a binder chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, ethyl cellulose, hexabenzoic acid, and polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulating layer is silicon oxide film or nitride film. The material contained in flash memory device is zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide and/or zinc-tin oxide. The substrate is glass substrate, plastic substrate and/or silicon substrate. The compound contained in oxide semiconductor thin film is gallium-zinc oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium-indium-zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide, zinc-indium oxide, zinc-tin oxide, indium oxide, gallium oxide, hafnium-indium-zinc oxide, gallium-indium-zinc oxide, hafnium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten trioxide, titania, tantalum pentoxide, magnesium-zinc oxide, zinc-tin oxide, cadium-zinc, copper-aluminum oxide, copper-gallium oxide, niobium pentoxide and/or titanium-strontium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The substrate chosen from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride and silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of electroconductive polymer-containing layer which does not contain metal fine wire is 200-1500 nm. The height from the base-material surface of outer surface of the metal fine wire is 200-2000 nm. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive polymer-containing layer further contains a water-soluble polymer of formula: -(CH2-CX1(-O-R1-OH))l- -(CH2-CX2(-COO-R2-OH))m- -(CH2-CX3(CONH-R3-OH))n- (I).X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;l,m,n=0-100;andl+m+n=50-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous metal oxide semiconductor layer has hydroxyl group concentration of 0.05-0.9/nm2 and adsorbed water concentration of 0.2-2 nm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon powder has an average particle diameter of 3-300 mu m. The first and second separators further contain an electrolyte material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer has of formula (A). The proportions of the copolymer and the carbon powder in each of the first and second separators are 2-40 wt.% and 1-30 wt.%, respectively. The electrolyte material is a perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid polymer.R1 = 1-20C alkyl;R2 = aryl, preferably (4-(3-amino-4-sulfanyl-benzenecarbothioyl)phenyl);l, m, n = the degrees of polymerization of the first, second and third monomers, respectively;l = 10-300, preferably 50-250;m = 100-700, preferably 150-600; andn = 20-250, preferably 50-200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.001-0.20 (preferably 0.01-0.06) wt.% is mixed to the raw glass material. The nanoparticles contain at least one metal, preferably a metal of groups 8-12 of the periodic table of elements, preferably gold, silver, copper, platinum and/or nickel. The raw glass material comprises glass sand, preferably silica sand, and/or crushed glass. The nanoparticles exhibit a diameter of at least 20 nm, preferably at least 40 nm. Preferred Process: The mixture is melted: at 400-1400 degrees C, preferably 600-1000 degrees C; and over a period of 3-40 hours, preferably 4-7 hours. The nanoparticles are evenly distributed in the glass, including its surface. The nanoparticles are formed at least approximately spherical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The target is made of a material consisting of: cuprous selenide, copper selenide, gallium selenide, indium selenide, cuprous sulfide, cupric sulfide, gallium sulfide, and indium sulfide, and is made of an element consisting of copper, indium, gallium and selenium. The third layer consists of cadmium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar energy absorption film comprises a polysilicon thin film, or an amorphous silicon thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The matrix layer has a bandgap of 3.2-3.8 eV. The amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) has a composition expressed as In2-xGaxO3 (ZnO)m (where x is 0.5-1.8 and m is 0.5-3). The quantum dots have a bandgap of 0.4-1.2 eV in a bulk state. The quantum dots are formed of silicon (Si), Si alloy, germanium (Ge), SiGe, indium nitride (InN), indium arsenide (InAs), indium antimonide (InSb), lead sulfide (PbS), lead selenite (PbSe), or lead telluride (PbTe). The Si alloy is FeSi2, Mg2Si, or CrSi2. The precursor solution contains a CuAlO2 precursor. The crystalline nanoparticle dispersed solution contains CuGaS2 particle dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each of the first and second semiconductor materials includes silicon. The first semiconductor material is single crystal silicon. The second semiconductor material includes a sensitizer. The spectral conversion element includes rare earth oxide. It includes up-conversion material. The spectral conversion element includes bulk rare earth oxide material; or superlattice based rare earth oxide material designed with both reflection and transmission properties or with alternate layers of rare earth oxide material that up-convert different wavelengths of light. Silicon solar cell is a single crystal silicon solar cell; and the spectral conversion element is single crystal rare earth up-conversion material crystal lattice matched to the back surface of the silicon solar cell. The spectral conversion element includes high quality cavity between rare earth oxide distributed Bragg reflector stacks. Preferred Method: The step of providing the single crystal silicon solar cell includes epitaxially growing the solar cell. The step of epitaxially growing the solar cell includes growing one of P type silicon wafer with heavily N++ doped upper emitter layer and n type silicon wafer with heavily P++ doped lower emitter layer. The step of depositing material including silicon further includes blending a sensitizer with the silicon. The method further includes a step of engineering the material including silicon to enhance cell performance. The step of engineering the material includes epitaxially depositing the material including silicon using graded doping of the silicon. The step of engineering the material includes epitaxially depositing material including silicon germanide (Si1-xGex).x=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine group-containing alkyl is of formula (V). The carbazole-containing alkyl is of formula (VI). The phenyl group-containing alkyl is of formula (VII).R5-R7=1-20C alkyl;andR8=1-20C alkyl or 1-20C alkoxy.The 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline (III) is obtained by carrying out dehydration reaction of ketone(s) and 3,6-dibromo-o-phenylenediamine compound in molar ratio of 1:0.1-10 in presence of organic solvent at 20-120 degrees C for 1-24 hours. The organic solvent is acetic acid, m-cresol, p-toluenesulfonic acid, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and/or butanol. The catalyst used in dehydration reaction is organic palladium catalyst or mixture of organic palladium catalyst and organic phosphine ligand. The catalyst used in Stille coupling reaction is tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, chlorobenzene and/or toluene. The content of catalyst is 0.05-0.5%. The molar ratio of organic palladium catalyst with respect to organic phosphine ligand in the mixture is 1:2-20. The organic palladium catalyst is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium and/or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride. The organic phosphine ligand is tri(o-tolyl)phosphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Thieno(3,2-g)(1)benzothiophene of formula (II), 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline of formula (III) and 2,7-dibromothieno(3,2-g)(1)benzothiophene of formula (IV) are subjected to Stille coupling reaction under inactive gas environment in presence of catalyst and organic solvent, to obtain quinoxaline conjugated polymer. The content of thieno(3,2-g)(1)benzothiophene (II) is equal to the content of 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline (III) and 2,7-dibromothieno(3,2-g)(1)benzothiophene (IV). The content of 2,7-dibromothieno(3,2-g)(1)benzothiophene (IV) is more than content of thieno(3,2-g)(1)benzothiophene of formula (II) which is equal or more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor wafer is made of silicon carbide. The substrate comprises silicon carbide. The epitaxial layer comprises silicon carbide or a group III-V compound. Preferred Properties: The atomic appearance is reduced preferably to 75% or more. The arithmetic mean roughness of the surface is less than 0.2 nm over an area of 1x 1 micron or more, preferably less than 0.1 nm over an area of 1x 1 micron. The density of silicon carbide in wafer is 5x 107 cm-2 or less. The specified thickness of oxide is 500 Angstrom or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide layer comprises transition metal, post-transition metal, zinc, tin, zinc oxide or tin oxide. The substrate is semiconductor device substrate, coated semiconductor device substrate, semiconductor device precursor, substrate of thin film solar cell, coated substrate of thin film solar cell, transparent substrate, flexible substrate; glass substrate, or thin film solar cell precursor. Preferred Method: The metal layer is deposited on the substrate before etching, and/or etching is isotropic etching, anisotropic etching, dry etching or wet etching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The amount of total tin oxide is preferably 35-60 mol%. The amount of total iron oxide is preferably 5-15 mol%. Preferred Property: The glass composition has density of 3-4 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles are aluminum metal microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon content of zinc-sulfide-fluorescent-component precursor is less than 0.15 weight%. The content of sulfur element in sulfidizing agent is 0.5-5 equivalent with respect to twice the content of zinc element in zinc compound. The zinc-sulfide-fluorescent-component precursor is obtained using zinc, sulfur, copper, silver, manganese, gold and rare earth elements. The content of zinc, copper, silver, manganese, gold, rare earth elements and remainder of sulfur element are determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The molar ratio of sulfur and zinc in zinc-sulfide-fluorescent-component precursor is 0.92-0.98.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The noble-metal compound is a halogenated noble metal acid or its salt, oxide, chloride, or hydroxide. The noble-metal compound is a compound of platinum, palladium, gold, silver, copper, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium or iridium. Preferred Condition: The reduction process is carried out in aqueous solution under heating at boiling temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The surfactant is cationic or anionic surfactant. The surfactant is a quaternary ammonium salt of formula: H3C(CH2)nN+(CH3)3Br-.n=1-15.The surfactant is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, hexadecylamine, Hyamine 1622 (RTM: benzethanium chloride), and Adogen 464 (RTM: methyl(trioctyl)azanium chloride). The reducing agent is ascorbic acid. The sum total concentration of noble-metal compounds is 2-50 mM and the concentration of surfactant is 0.01-0.5 M. The concentration of reducing agent is 0.01-1M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The pH of waste liquid discharged from aluminum treatment process is 0-4. A slurry-like processing agent is obtained by separating the precipitate as a slurry. The separated precipitate is dried. The processing agent is obtained as a solid substance by separating the precipitate as a solid substance, or by drying the precipitate separated as slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The calcium compound is slaked lime.
Preferred Definitions:    R2,R7=-Z-(Si(ORa)n(Rb)3-n)k;    Ra=1-8C alkyl;    Rb=optionally substituted allyl;and    n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from titanium, aluminum, zirconium, niobium, vanadium and tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound is reaction material of metal alkoxide and hydroxycarboxylic acid ester chosen from lactic acid ester, malic acid ester and citrate. The metal alkoxide contains 1-12C alkoxide group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic polymer contains polyoxyalkylene-type polymer, saturated hydrocarbon-type polymer and/or (meth)acrylic ester-type polymer. The crosslinkable silicon group is of formula: -Si(-R13-a)-Xa.R1=1-20C alkyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 6-20C aryl or 7-20C aralkyl;X=hydrolyzable group, preferably methoxy;anda=1-3, preferably 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine or fluorine compound gas is nitrogen trifluoride, octafluoropropane, carbonyl fluoride or fluoride. The gas for cleaning comprises argon, helium or xenon (10% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The forming step comprises etching the surface of the cadmium-tellurium film in an acidic solution. The depositing step deposits the interface layer in the form of a stack comprising at least a layer of zinc and a layer of copper or at least a layer of copper and a layer of zinc. The method further comprises annealing step after the step of laying down, where the step of annealing is carried out at 150-300 degrees C. Preferred Components: The cadmium and tellurium containing compound film is a cadmium-tellurium film. The interface layer comprises a metallic copper-zinc alloy, which comprises zinc in an atomic percentage of at least 90%. The thickness of the interface layer is 5-30 nm. The tellurium rich layer has a thickness of 10-100 nm. The contact layer comprises nickel, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, chromium, aluminum, carbon, or their alloys or nitrides. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The template materials are DNA's (preferred) (14), RNA's, nucleic acid loops, nucleic acid hairpins, nucleic acid dumbbells, alkylated phosphonates, non-standard nucleobases and/or polyhydroxyalkanoates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The template materials are positioned before or after providing the sieve material around the template materials. The sieve material is formed into a membrane and the template materials are positioned to leave substantially aligned pores in the membrane. The template materials are attached to a surface and the sieve material is applied onto the surface and around the template materials to form the membrane. The sieve material produces a ceramic structure. The process further comprises: reducing the diameter of the pores in a controlled fashion, after removing the template materials to leave the pores; and attaching catalytic materials to the template materials before providing the sieve material around the template materials, and leaving the catalytic materials attached to the pores when the template materials are removed. In the process of producing a catalyst: the catalyst substrate material is applied onto the surface and around the template materials; and at least two different catalytic materials are attached to each of the template materials. The catalytic materials are metal atoms, metal ions or metal oxides. The substrate has a surface upon which the sieve material is shaped to produce a membrane for molecular separations. The membrane produced is a first membrane and the substrate is a second membrane. The membrane has a thickness of 0.1-100 microns. The pores: are substantially uniform; extend generally perpendicular to the major surface, and are randomly oriented; and extend through the membrane between the major surfaces. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Materials: The front electrode has a bead including an electrically conductive material with light transmission. The bead has a first portion containing non-conductive material with light transmission and second portion containing conductive material with light transmission.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The non-conductive material with light transmission includes silicon dioxide-based glass component and does not include a lead component. The conductive material with light transmission is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO)-based material including indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A siloxane-type compound of formula (II) is reacted with 2 times or more silicon-containing compound of formula (III) are subjected to hydrosilylation reaction to obtain liquid organosilicon compound (I). Preferred Composition: The liquid organosilicon compound contained in thermosetting resin composition further contains silicon-containing structural units (IV) or (V). The molar ratio of structural unit (IV) with respect to molar ratio of structural unit (V) is 1:3-1:100. The thermosetting resin composition further contains platinum catalyst, silica and/or fluorescent substance. EXAMPLE - (In g) silsequioxane derivative (50) and toluene (37.5) were stirred at 155 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain reaction liquid. The obtained reaction liquid was distilled at 70 degrees C under reduced pressure, and gel permeation chromatography was performed, to obtain liquid organosilicon compound having number average molecular weight of 1200 and weight average molecular weight of 1400.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material has lithium transition metal composite oxide which contains lithium and/or nickel as structure metallic element. The lithium transition metal composite oxide is of formula LixNi1-yMyO2.x=1-1.2;y=0-0.5; andM=Co, Mn or Al as metallic element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode compound material layer has water-soluble cellulose derivative as binder. The content rate of electrically conductive material in positive electrode compound material layer is 5-15 mass% when total amount of positive electrode active material and binder in positive electrode compound material layer and electrically conductive material is 100 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fullerene compound (I) is formed by Diels-Alder reaction of fullerene and ortho quinodimethane derivative. Preferred Composition: The substituent of aromatic heterocyclic group or aromatic hydrocarbon group with 6-20 carbons is halogen atom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, hydroxyl group, cyano group, amino group, ester group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, acetyl group, sulfonyl group, silyl group, boryl group, cyano group, nitro group, fluoroalkyl group, alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, alkylthio group, arylthio group or aromatic group. The buffer layer contains phosphine oxide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode has metal ion e.g. cobalt, zinc, calcium, nickel, strontium, copper, cadmium and barium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ZnO and In2O3 for sintering the target material are prepared by co-precipitation method, sol-gel method, hydrolysis method, water heating method, microemulsion method or solid phase ball milling method. The dispersing agent having a mass content of 0-5% is added during the process for preparing the ZnO and In2O3. The precursor of ZnO and In2O3 is pre-sintered after drying at 400-800 degrees C in air atmosphere or oxygen atmosphere, then the ZnO and In2O3 powder is obtained after prilling and sieving. The transparent conducting film is a hexagonal fiber zinc metallographic structure. In process for sputtering film, where the working gas pure argon is mixed with 0-20% oxygen, the pressure is 0.1-2.0 Pa, and the temperature of the substrate is room temperature-700 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent comprises polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl butyral, dioctyl succinate sodium sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium glycocholic acid, TWEEN (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The Zn and Ga2O3 powders for sintering the target is prepared in depositing manner, or collosol-gel manner, hydrolyzing manner, hydrothermal manner, microemulsion manner or solid phase ball-grinding manner. About 0-5 wt.% of dispersing agent is added in the process of preparing the Zn and Ga2O3 powders. The Zn and Ga2O3 precursor is sintered at 400-800 degrees C in air or oxygen, and then prilled and sieved to acquire the Ga2O3 powders. The transparent conducting film is a hexagonal zinc ore phase structure. The working gas is formed by mixing pure argon and 0-20% oxygen at 0.1-2.0 Pa and the temperature of the substrate is 700 degrees C in the process of sputtering film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent comprises polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl butyral, dioctyl succinic acid sodium sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium glycocholic acid and Tween (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc oxide-doped nano-material comprises nano-particle having diameter of 100 nm or less, and nano-rod or the nano-wire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent of zinc oxide-doped nano-material is chlorobenzene, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or 2-(2-methoxyethanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first auxiliary layer includes an oxygen-rich oxide, and the second auxiliary layer includes an oxygen-deficient oxide. The first auxiliary layer includes an oxide including Group III elements, and the second auxiliary layer includes an oxide including Group IV elements. The first auxiliary layer includes aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, or indium oxide. The second auxiliary layer includes SiOx, TiOx, ZrOx, or HfOx. The first and second transparent conductive layers comprise zinc oxide.x=1-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Device: The transparent insulator substrate is made of quartz glass, crystallized glass, borosilicate glass, or soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The surface activating treatment is plasma treatment and/or ozone treatment. The transparent electroconductive film contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, or indium oxide, and/or donor-forming additive. The formation of the transparent electroconductive film is conducted by reactive sputtering method, reactive vapor deposition method, chemical vapor deposition method, and/or dip coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflection layer contains silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pastes contain silver and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The liquid temperature of alkaline aqueous solution in tank (B) is 57 degrees C or less. The liquid temperature of alkaline aqueous solution in tank (A) is 70 degrees C or more. Preferred Composition: The alkaline aqueous solution contains 3-45 wt.% of sodium hydroxide. The concentration of sodium hydroxide of alkaline aqueous solution contained in tank (A) is 15-45 wt.%. The concentration of sodium hydroxide of alkaline aqueous solution contained in tank (B) is 3-10 wt.%. Preferred Condition: The silicon wafer is immersed in tank (B) is less than 90 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The maintaining step is performed at 25-40 degrees C for 20-40 minutes. Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide to ultrapure water is 2:8-4:6. The zinc oxide thin film is deposited on a substrate with thickness of 900-1100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The artificial mineral powder is mixture of powder with particle size of 5-30 mu m and powder of 150-200 meshes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The main ingredient has 60-80 wt.% of aluminum oxide, 15-25 wt.% of bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and 5-15 wt.% of alkylphenol glycidyl ether. The hardening agent has 75-85 wt.% of modified polyamide and 15-25 wt.% of triethylenetetramine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Target: The maximum crystal grain diameter of crystal in target is 30 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The glass is non-tempered glass. The cover glass contains ceramic layer containing silica as main component on the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating solution contains 30-1600 parts weight of organosilica sol or colloidal silica with respect to 100 parts weight of the solid content of condensate of organoalkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organoalkoxysilane is of formula: (R1)mSi(OR2)4-m.R1,R2=lower alkyl;andm=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer of electrode active material comprises a composition of graphite and silicon. The electrode active material contains metal oxides MexOy and their composites: LiMex(I)Mey(II)Oz (where Me is Ti, Sn, Ag, V or Mn; and x, y, and z are not defined).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average composition contains not less than 32 mass% and not more than 45 mass% of gallium; and a region containing less than 35 mass% of copper accounts for 2% or less by volume of the whole Cu-Ga alloy material. (I) has an average composition consisting of gallium, copper, an inevitable impurity and inevitable voids, where a region consisting of a Cu-Ga alloy phase and the inevitable voids accounts for 2% or less by volume of the whole (I), the Cu-Ga alloy phase contains: 65% or more (preferably 80% or more) by mass of gallium and at least one of gamma 1 phase, gamma 2 phase, and gamma 3 phase. The Cu-Ga alloy powder has a grain diameter of 150 mu m or less. Preferred Method: In the method of making (I), a part of Cu-Ga alloy powder has a grain diameter of not less than 1 mu m and not more than 100 mu m; and the part accounts for 90% or more by volume of the whole of the whole (I). In the sintering step, powder consisting of phase of which an average composition contains 53% or more by mass of gallium and powder comprising at least first Cu-Ga alloy phase and second Cu-Ga alloy phase are heated at 254-840 degrees C to melt the first Cu-Ga alloy phase and a part of the second Cu-Ga alloy phase and are pressed at a pressure of 50 MPa or more, the first Cu-Ga alloy phase having a first melting point, and the second Cu-Ga alloy phase having a second melting point higher than the first melting point. In the method of making (I), the powder and powder consisting of phase of which an average composition contains 53% or more by mass of gallium are sintered in the sintering. (I) is subjected to heat treatment at 200-254 degrees C for 1 hour or more, after the sintering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of compounds (A and B) is 0.0001-10 weight% and 0.5-20 weight%, respectively. The alkali hydroxide (B) is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. The etching liquid further comprises a silicate compound (C) (10 weight% or less, based on silicon conversion). The silicate compound (C) is a silicate of sodium or potassium. Preferred Definitions:    R=5-12C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and tin oxide. The carbon nanotube is doped with metal oxide of aluminum, gallium, indium, tin and norwegium. The thickness of carbon nanotube-invaded metal oxide composite film is 10-100 nm. The amount of single-walled carbon nanotube added to metal oxide sol-gel solution is 0.1-5 weight%. The solution is coated by spin coating method, spray coating or doctor blade coating. The organic solar cell has substrate, transparent conductive electrode (1), N type metal oxide conductive film, photoactive layer (3), P-type metal oxide conductive film (4) and metal electrode (5) laminated in order. The conductive film is metal oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The orientation degree of zinc oxide sintered tablet is 0.5 or more, preferably 0.6 or more. The specific resistance and relative density of zinc oxide sintered tablet are 1x 102ohmx cm or less and 50-70%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The solution further includes isopropyl alcohol (IPA); and ethylene glycol. Preferred Components: The hydroxyl containing compound is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The silica containing ions are provided in the form of silica gel, silicic acid or sodium silicate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of solvent (a), solvent (b) and solvent (c) is 70 %mass or more, 10 %mass or more and 10 %mass or more, respectively. The impurity diffusion component is compound of element of group III, or compound of element of group V. The solvent (b) and solvent (c) are glycol. The silicon compound is a reaction product obtained by hydrolyzing silica microparticles and alkoxysilane of formula: R1nSi(OR2)4-n.R1=H, alkyl, or aryl;R2=alkyl or aryl;andn=0, 1, or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel-based lithium-containing complex oxide is of formula: LiaNi1-(b-c)CobMcO2, where a is 1-1.05, b is 0.1-0.35, c is 0.005-0.3, and M is aluminum, strontium and/or calcium. The negative electrode active material is lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of silicon in a depth of 2 nm from the copper powder particles surface is high, with respect to concentration of silicon in a depth of 10 nm from the copper powder particles surface. The copper powder further contains oxygen having concentration of 800-5000 ppm. The concentration of phosphorus is 0.01-0.3 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer is made of silicon nitride and silicon oxide, and the other passivation layer is made of aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stabilization agent comprises a compound selected from a group consisting of cerium oxide, manganese oxide, cerium (III) containing compounds, cerium (IV) containing compounds, Manganese (II) containing compounds and manganese (IV) containing compounds. The stabilization agent comprises a compound selected from a group consisting of cerium oxide nanoparticles and manganese oxide nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst layers include precious metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gaskets include a polymer selected from a group consisting of polyimide and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic layer is a blocking layer (140) and (I) is a blocking material. The organic layer is an emissive layer (135) and (I) is a host. The organic layer is an emissive layer and (I) is a fluorescent emitter. Preferred Composition: The organic layer further comprises an emissive dopant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 60 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. diphenyl-(4-(10-(2-phenyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-10H-9-aza-10-bora-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-amine of formula (Ia), 9-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-10-naphthalen-1-yl-9,10-dihydro-9-aza-10-bora-anthracene, 9-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-10-(2-phenyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-9,10-dihydro-9-aza-10-bora-anthracene, 9-(4'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-10-naphthalen-1-yl-9,10-dihydro-9-aza-10-bora-anthracene and 9-(4'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-10-(2-phenyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-9,10-dihydro-9-aza-10-bora-anthracene.    EXAMPLE - To a solution of N,N-bis(2-bromophenyl)-N4,N4-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (0.5 g) in ether (25 ml), cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath to -78 degrees C, was added tert-butyllithium (2.6 ml) dropwise. The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0 degrees C and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was recooled to -78 degrees C and a solution of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-phenylnaphthalen-1-yl)(1,3,2) dioxaborolane (0.38 g) in ether (10 ml) was added dropwise. After stirring for 30 minutes at -78 degrees C, the bath was removed and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature and subsequently heated to reflux overnight. After cooling, the reaction mixture was quenched by adding methanol (2 ml) and filtered, washed with dichloromethane. After evaporation of the solid, the crude product was purified to give diphenyl-(4-(10-(2-phenyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-10H-9-aza-10-bora-anthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is TRITON BG-10 (RTM: alkyl polyglucoside) or APG 1214-type alkyl polyglucoside (more than 0 TO 0.01 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, iron sulfate, iron chloride, copper sulfate, or copper chloride with concentration of 1-200 ppm. The oxidant comprises hydrogen peroxide with concentration of 0.05-2.0 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The macromolecular template is introduced to reaction system to promote reaction product to be sphere. The reaction is carried out at 10-90 degrees C. Preferred Component: The monomer comprises hydroquinone or benzoquinone with concentration of 0.05-0.50 mol/l. The macromolecular template comprises polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol with concentration of 0.11-2.2 wt.%. It preferably comprises polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 1000-100000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid. The alkali aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide. Preferred Method: The method involves removing impurities from the pulverized diatomaceous earth raw material by adding acid solution to the raw material and performing thermal process. The washing process is performed by using ultrasound for 30-240 minutes. The thermal process is performed at 600-700 degrees C for 1-2 hours. The content of silicon dioxide in the diatomaceous earth raw material is 85-96 wt.%. The method involves preprocessing the pulverized diatomaceous earth raw material by drying the raw material. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective layer includes silicon nitride. The grading layers are made of undoped indium aluminum gallium phosphide (Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xP) and/or undoped indium aluminum gallium arsenide (Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xAs). The bottom subcells are made of indium gallium arsenide (InxGa1-xAs). The first higher bandgap subcell includes an N-on-P cell of indium gallium arsenide (InxGa1-xAs) or gallium arsenide. The second higher bandgap subcell is made of indium gallium phosphide (InxGa1-xP) or undoped indium aluminum gallium phosphide (Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel and tungsten in the alloy is 50-80 wt.% and 20-50 wt.%, respectively. The alloy further contains phosphorus and/or boron (10 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The forming of first and second conductive regions comprises using material selected doped polycrystalline layer including polysilicon, doped nanoparticles, doped amorphous film, and conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbon nanotube dispersion liquid has conjugation structure in which the polymer comprises azobenzene structure of cis-isomer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous silica substrate contains calcium, strontium and/or barium with concentration of 50-5000 wt.ppm, or lithium, sodium and/or potassium with concentration of 5 wt.ppm or less. Preferred Process: The square silica container is manufactured under inert gas atmosphere comprising nitrogen gas and/or argon gas, and oxygen gas (1-30 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanocomposite semiconductor photocatalyst material contains nanocomposite of copper oxide/aluminum oxide/titanium oxide. The titanium oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide. The concentration of ammonium-formate supporting electrolyte in the methanol aqueous solution is 0.1-0.25 M. The weight ratio of copper ion with respect to titanium oxide in methanol aqueous solution is 0.0005:1-0.004:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene purified substance consists of fullerene C60. The organic semiconductor material is fullerene purified substance. The containing gas used as measuring material is oxygen. Preferred Parameter: The precipitation temperature is 450-700 degrees C. Preferred Process: The raw material fullerene is purified by sublimation under inert gas circulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphoric acid group-containing poly(meth)acrylamide type-compound has monomer unit of formula (I). The aniline is dibromo aniline of formula (II). The aniline compound is of formula (III). The (meth)acrylamide type-compound is of formula (IV). The poly(meth)acrylamide type compound is of formula (V).R1=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The diamine compound is piperazine or compound of formula: NHR1-S1-NHR2, preferably 4-(3-piperidin-4-ylpropyl)piperidine.R1,R2=H, 1-5C alkyl, or form piperazyl ring with N;andS1=optionally branched 2-15C alkylene in which -CH2- is optionally substituted by -O-.The compound having groups which react with amine portion of diamine compound is a compound having an acryl group or two methacryl groups, or compound having two halocarbons. The compound is of formula: H2C=CR3-C(=O)-X1-S2-X2-C(=O)-CR4=CH2 or of formula (I or II).R3,R4=H or methyl;X1,X2=O or NH;S2=optionally branched 2-15C alkylene in which -CH2- is optionally substituted by -O- or phenylene;X1-S2-X2=piperazine ring;n=2, 4 or 6;andm=2-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The borane compound is mesityl borane or mesityl dimethoxy borane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The glucose type polysaccharide is amylose, cellulose, amylopectin, glycogen, dextrin, cyclodextrin, dextran, pullulan and/or curdlan, preferably cellulose. The glucose type polysaccharide is obtained by introducing a protecting group into 6-position of hydroxyl group in the glucose structure, which is an amylose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of salt (I) and salt (II), or molar ratio of salt (I) and salt (III) is 9.9:0.1-1:9. The salt (I) is chosen from anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid alkali metal salt, anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid ammonium salt and anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid quaternary ammonium salt. Preferred Liquid: The liquid contains benzene compound of formula (a), naphthalene compound of formula (b) and/or anthraquinone compound of formula (c). The monomer is pyrrole and/or pyrrole derivative.R1=H, 1-6C linear or branched alkyl, or phenyl. Preferred Definitions:    X+=alkali metal cation, ammonium cation and/or quaternary ammonium cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The total amount of silicon and oxygen with respect to atoms excluding hydrogen atom in joining film is 10-90 atomic%. The abundance ratio of silicon atom and oxygen atom in joining film is 3:7-7:3. The crystallinity degree of silicon structure is 45% or less. The joining film includes silicon-hydrogen coupling. The peak intensity corresponding to silicon-hydrogen coupling is 0.001-0.2, when peak intensity corresponding to siloxane bond is set to 1 by infrared light absorption spectrum. The leaving group is alkyl group, preferably methyl group. The peak intensity corresponding to methyl group is 0.05-0.45 when peak intensity corresponding to siloxane bond is set to 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The joining film is formed using polyorganosiloxane obtained using polymer of octamethyl trisiloxane. The joining film is formed by plasma polymerization. The power density of high frequency when generating plasma in plasma polymerization, is 0.01-100 W/cm2. The thickness of joining film is 1-1000 nm. The joining film is a solid-state material does not having fluidity. The base material has flexibility, and comprises resin material. The resin material is chosen from fluorine resin, polyolefin, polyester and polyimide. The base material is a material whose surface energy is less than surface energy of to-be-adhered component. The surface energy of base material is 5-200 mN/m. The transfer sheet further has a cover sheet for covering the surface of joining film. The cover sheet is a material whose surface energy is less than surface energy of base material. The base material has a convex portion (51).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The components (a) and (b) are manufactured by living radical polymerization method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silver fine particles have heating loss of 3% or less, measured based on thermogravimetric measurement. The BET ratio surface multiplying value (SSA) (m2/g) of silver fine particles satisfy a relation: SSA greater than or equal to 0.05x (D(SEM))+7.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is lithium transition metal composite oxide having compositional formula: LixNi1-yMyO2, where x is 1-1.2, y is 0 or more and less than 0.5, and M is metallic element chosen from cobalt, manganese and aluminum. The amount of binder with respect to total amount of 100 %mass of active material, binder and electroconductive material is 3 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film further comprises 0.01-5 parts mass of hindered amine light stabilizers, and 0.01-5 parts mass of UV-absorber with respect to the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Components: The content of the antioxidant is 0.03-0.1 parts mass with respect to the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The UV-absorber is benzophenone-type UV-absorber. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal adsorption method further involves adjusting pH of metal salt aqueous solution to less than or equal to 5. Preferred Composition: The metal is lithium, beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, gallium, germanium, selenium, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, palladium, indium, antimony, tellurium, cesium, barium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, platinum, gold, thallium, bismuth, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, lead, iron, copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, uranium and/or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isothiocyanate is of formula R2-N=C=S. The molar ratio of thiourea group and amino group of polyallyl amine derivative is 5-20:95-80.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The weight average molecular weights of polyallyl amine derivative are 5000-300000. The weight average molecular weights of polyallyl amine are 5000-200000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic acid is selected from hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The etch composition further comprises ammonium compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrogenated rosin resin is derived from abietic acid or pimaric acid. The etch composition further comprises polyols (preferably ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, butylene glycol, polybutylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and glycerin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: All the nonspherical or spherical nanoparticles comprise the functional groups. The weight ratio of the nonspherical nanoparticles to the spherical nanoparticles is 95:5 to 5:95 (preferably 80:20 to 20:80, especially 70:30 to 30:70). The nonspherical nanoparticles comprise silica nanoparticles. At least a portion of the spherical nanoparticles comprise silica nanoparticles. The nonspherical nanoparticles have an average particle size of 1-200 nm and an aspect ratio of 2-100. The spherical nanoparticles have an average particle size of 1-120 nm. The nonspherical nanoparticles are elongated nanoparticles, the spherical nanoparticles comprise the functional groups. Preferred Method: The substrate is glass or ceramic preferably tempered glass). The method further involves sintering the coated substrate at 200-750 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The coating composition comprises (wt.%) nonspherical nanoparticles (at least 0.05); spherical nanoparticles ( not greater than 40); surfactant (0.01-5). EXAMPLE - A coating composition was prepared by gradually adding epoxy functionalized spherical nanoparticles (5 nm, 9 g) to nonspherical nanoparticles in isopropyl alcohol/H2O) (40-100 nm, 35 g). Then deionized water (6 g) was added to dilute the solution by the addition of 10% solution of TRITON BG10 (RTM: alkyl polyglucoside nonionic surfactant)(0.75 g). The composition showed good durability and good cleanability with hardness of 3H and passed nail scratch test.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Preparation of 25 compounds (I) is disclosed e.g. 2,8-bis-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine of formula (Ia), 5,5-dimethyl-2,8-bis-(1,1';3',1'')terphenyl-5'-yl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine, 2,8-bis-(9,9-dimethyl-7-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine, 2,8-bis-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine, and 2,8-bis-(3-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine.    EXAMPLE - 2,8-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine (25 g), 2-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (66.4 g), toluene (750 ml), ethanol (250ml), 10% sodium carbonate aqueous solution (250 ml), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.45 g) were sequentially added to a reactor under a nitrogen stream. The reaction solution was stirred with heating under reflux for 6 hours. Thereafter an aqueous 10% sodium carbonate solution (100 ml) and tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium (5.45 g) were added. The resultant was further stirred with heating under reflux for 5 hours, cooled to room temperature, and then stirred overnight. The precipitate was filtered, and sequentially washed with water, and then acetone. The obtained solid matter was dissolved in chloroform (1150 ml). The chloroform solution was purified and washed with toluene to remove slurry, to give 2,8-bis-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dipyridine (34 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains silicone resin or reaction cured material of organo-alkenyl polysiloxane and organo hydrogen polysiloxane. Preferred Process: The surface of substrate is treated by silicone oil or silane coupling agent. Preferred Property: The water contact angle of surface-treated substrate surface is 90 degrees or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal grid lines include silver grid lines, and/or silver-coated or tin-coated copper grid lines. The photovoltaic component has a front-side quantum tunneling barrier layer containing silicon oxide, hydrogenated silicon oxide, silicon nitride, hydrogenated silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, and/or hydrogenated silicon oxynitride. The ohmic contact layer(s) includes transparent conductive oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The layered inorganic compound is smectite group fluorinated smectite or mica group fluorinated mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of nanosheet contained in gas barrier layer is 50-99 %mass. The molar ratio of amine and hardenable organic substance in the composition is 10:1-1:5. The amine has two or more amino groups. The hardenable organic substance has two or more epoxy group. At least one portion of amine is ionically bonded with nanosheet in cation state. The hardened material has a structure in which two or more molecules of amine are chemically bonded together with one molecule of hardenable organic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting corresponding free ligands with metal alcoholate compounds of formula (M(OR1)n), metal ketoketonate compounds of formula (aa) or metal halide compounds of formula (M(Hal)n).Hal = F, Cl, Br or I. ACTIVITY - Antipsoriatic; Dermatological; Keratolytic; Antiulcer; Vulnerary; Antiseborrheic; Hepatotropic; Cytostatic; Antiinflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antirheumatic; Analgesic; Neuroprotective; Osteopathic; Ophthalmological; Virucide; Antidepressant; Hypnotic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 175 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. iridium complexes of formulae (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - Iridium-bromo-phenyl-pyridine compound of formula (1a) (16.8 mmole), 12,12-dimethyl-10,12-dihydro-10-aza-indeno(2,1-b)fluorene (134.6 mmole) and potassium phosphate (685 mmole) were suspended in p-xylene (2100 ml). The obtained suspension was added with palladium acetate (0.5 mmole) and tri-tert butyl phosphine solution (6.7 ml, 1 M). The reaction mixture was heated for 27 hours under reflux. After cooling, the organic phase was separated, washed three times with water (300 ml) and then evaporated. The residue was recrystallized from dimethylsulfoxide and finally dried at reduced pressure to give iridium complex (Ia) (yield of 8.5 g (6.7 mmole)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The fluorescence dichroic dye is obtained by performing Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of halogen-substituted components. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 22 Fluorescence dichroic dye e.g. 4,7 -diphenyl-(1,2,5)oxadiazolo(3,4-c)pyridine of formula (Ia), 4,7-diphenyl -2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, 4,7-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, 4,7 -di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)oxadiazole and 4-(7-(4-cyanophenyl)-2,1,3 -benzoxadiazol-4-yl)benzonitrile are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 4,7-Diphenyl-(1,2,5)oxadiazolo(3,4-c)pyridine-6-carboxylic acid (4 g) was heated at 200 degrees C for 30 minutes, cooled, recrystallized using ethanol and purified using silica gel column chromatography to obtain 4,7-diphenyl-(1,2,5)oxadiazolo(3,4-c)pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bonding agent is alkali silicate or water glass i.e. lithium water glass, or a flux selected from a group comprising waxes, resins i.e. colophony resins, Teflon (RTM: PTFE), borates or mica e.g. lithium mica such as lepidolite, or a compound selected from a group comprising metal carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, sulfites, sulfates, nitrides, nitrites, nitrates, borides borates, carbides, silicides, acetates, phospides, phosphites, phosphates, fiber silicates and titanates. The cathode layers is made from an active material, in particular lithium intercalated from a group of comprising manganese dioxides, transition metal oxides, lithium intercalated iron phosphates, sulfur, oxygen or metal fluorides, and the anode layer is formed from a group comprising lithium intercalated titanates, carbon modifications, in particular graphite, hard carbon and soft carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer is chosen from P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor in at least on layer. The photoelectric conversion layer is chosen from silicon, single crystal silicon, amorphous silicon and/or cadmium telluride. The solar cell further comprises a materials set on at least one side of the photoelectric conversion layer or between the fluorescent powder layer of at least one side of anti-reflecting layer. The anti-reflection layer is chosen from silicon nitride, silicon oxide and/or silicon oxynitride. The fluorescent powder layer is formed by screen printing, vapor deposition, sputtering, coating or laminating. The thickness of the fluorescent powder layer is 1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The step of depositing the absorber layers involves simultaneously depositing copper, zinc sulfide and tin sulfide. The method further involves doping at least one of the absorber layers with a dopant (preferably sodium, potassium and antimony).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The strengthening process comprises tightening the blank body via a cold balancer or a hot balancer. The sintering is carried out for 1-10 hours at 450-900 degrees C. The reaction temperature is greater than 200 degrees C. The high pressure range is 900-2000 kPa. Preferred Components: The target is of formula CuxIn1-yGaySez.x=0-1.2;y=0-1; andz=1.6-2.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is provided with a b.pt. which is greater than 240 degrees C. The organic solvent is alkalescent whose pH value is 7-10. The additive comprises at least one of auxiliary agglutinant, binding agent, and additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The PECVD parameter in step (A) comprises ammonia flow of 5.5 slm, silane flow of 770 sccm, pressure 1450 mTorr, radio power of 3700 w, and switch time 5:30 ms, and time of 100s. The PECVD parameter in step (C) comprises ammonia flow of 5.5 slm, silane flow of 250 sccm, pressure of 1360 mTorr, radio power of 3700 w, switch time of 5:30 ms and time of 380 s. The time in step (B) is controlled in 2 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves coupling phenol compound of formula (i) with aryl halide of formula (ii) using catalytic amount of a coupling reagent such as cuprous oxide followed by reaction with palladium precursor compound to give the compound (I).Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is selected from 6 compounds as given in the specification, e.g. a compound of formula (I'). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (2-(3-(Pyridin-2-yl)phenoxy)-6-(pyridin-2-yloxy)phenyl)palladium (II) is disclosed as a palladium complex of formula (I).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper salt and trivalent salt are both ethylene glycol-soluble salts. The copper salt is copper chloride, copper sulfate pentahydrate or copper nitrate. The trivalent indium salt is indium chloride tetrahydrate or indium sulfate. The addition amount of thioacetamide substance is 1-5 times of the sum of the amounts of divalent copper and trivalent indium metal ion substances. The concentration of cadmium ions and sulfur ions in the cadmium sulfide buffer layer is 10-3-10-2 M and 10-2-10-1 M, respectively. Preferred Property: The copper samples are 2x 2 cm flexible copper samples having thickness of 0.1 cm. Preferred Process: The copper samples are pre-processed by polishing the surfaces with sand paper, soaking into hydrochloric acid having concentration of 20 %mass for 1 minute to 1 hour, removing copper samples, water-washing with deionized water, soaking into organic dissolvent for 5 minutes to 3 hours, and drying. The preparation of cadmium sulfide buffer layer involves adding cadmium sulfide, thiourea and aqueous ammonia in the concentration of 25 %mass to alkali solution with pH of 7-9, and providing in water bath at 20-95 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic dissolvent is ethanol, acetone or diethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total amount of doped elements in doped TiO2 seed crystal layer is 0.25-20 mol.% titanium elements if seed crystal layer is doped TiO2 seed crystal layer with anatase structure. The TiO2 or titanium alkoxides and needed doped ions are used as solving media when seed crystal layer is prepared with gel extraction, chemical deposition rotating coating, or chemical deposition scraping. The mixed solution of inorganic alkali and peroxide is used as dissolvent agent. The inorganic alkali in dissolvent has concentration of 7-10 mol/l. The peroxide has concentration of 1-30%. The mol ratio of inorganic alkali to hydrogen peroxide is 1:(0.1-100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The TiO2 or doped TiO2 seed crystal layer is obtained by physical deposition, preferably chemical deposition comprising gel process extraction, chemical deposition rotating coating, or chemical deposition scraping. The physical deposition comprises thermal evaporation deposition or pulse laser deposition. The thermal treatment is carried out at 150-1000 degrees C, while annealing is carried out for 3-6 hours. The seed crystal layer is prepared by thermal evaporation deposition at 350-650 degrees C for 20-60 minutes, such that space between evaporation source and substrate is 4-9 cm; or pulse layer deposition carried out at substrate temperature of 50-700 degrees C for 10-40 minutes, and at average laser energy density on target of 2-10 J/cm2. The doped TiO2 covering layer is grown with magnetic control sputtering using doped TiO2 as target; and sputtering target on TiO2 or doped TiO2 seed crystal layer through magnetic control sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon nanotube or graphene material dispersion is formed by uniformly dispersing nanotube or graphene material in water and/or organic solvent. The process of peeling surface layer of thin film and the filtering film comprises soaking filtering film carried with thin film in a film-taking solution to make surface of thin film automatically peel from filtering film; forming carbon nanotube or graphene material ultrathin film, where film-taking solution is water or aqueous solution which contains at least one of acid, alkali or salt. The process of peeling surface layer of thin film and filtering film comprises soaking filtering film carried with thin film in water or aqueous solution which contains at least one of acid, alkali or salt to make surface of thin film automatically peel from filtering film; and forming carbon nanotube or graphene material ultrathin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide or mixed solution of N,N-dimethylformamide and water. The carbon nanotube is single wall, double wall or multi-wall of carbon nanotube which is functioned by hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, high polymer, metal nano particle, metal oxidant or biomolecule. The thicknesses of carbon nanotube or graphene ultrathin film are less than 100 nm. The graphene material is nano structured materials of graphene, reduced graphene oxide, or boron nitride single atom layer with graphene structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filtering film is formed by tetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, nylon, silicone rubber, fluorine rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, alumina and silicon dioxide. The hole diameter of filtering hole on filtering film is 0.2-5.0 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The impurity is chosen from boric acid, boron trichloride, diboron trioxide, boron tribromide, boron trifluoride, triethyl borate, trimethyl borate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, lithium aluminum hydride, aluminum chloride-lithium aluminum hydride, aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, aluminum chloride-trimethyl phenylammonium chloride, aluminum chloride-n-butylpyridinium chloride, aluminum chloride-triethylamine hydrochloride, aluminum bromide, aluminum bromide-dimethyl ethyl phenylammonium bromide, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoric acid, triethyl phosphite and trimethylphosphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film formed by wet-film forming method is immersed in a process solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The stress relaxation layer has thermal expansion coefficient of 0.5-5x 10-6/ degrees C. The thermal expansion coefficient of stress relaxation layer at the side of base material is 10-20x 10-6/ degrees C. The thermal expansion coefficient of stress relaxation layer at the side of gas-barrier layer is 0.5-10x 10-6/ degrees C. Preferred Composition: The stress relaxation layer contains inorganic substance chosen from silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride and silicon oxy carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material is thermostabilized biaxially-stretched polyethylene terephthalate film having thermal contraction rate of 0.1% or less at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: One of the bottom transparent conductive layers and top transparent conductive oxide layers comprise at least one of: tin oxide and zinc oxide, optionally fluorinated and/or aluminum doped; and optionally one of the following materials: (1) gallium indium oxide and/or zinc stannate; (2) tungsten nitride, molybdenum nitride, molybdenum oxide and/or vanadium oxide; (3) silicon, optionally p-doped or carbon-doped; (4) tungsten oxide, zinc telluride and/or nickel oxide; and (5) their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises polytetraflouroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The complex metal solvent is made up of aluminum atom and the pretreatment liquid is made up of organic metallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The charge mobility of surface side with large charge mobility of the organic-semiconductor film is more than 1x 10-5 cm2/(V.second). The contact angle with respect to the water of the surface of the base material or stamp is 105 degrees or more. The ratio of the charge mobility is 10 or more, preferably 150 or less. The semiconductor device film has relative X-ray reflective peak height of 1.3 or more, based on peak height. The ratio of charge mobility of the surface side having larger charge mobility to charge mobility of the surface side having smaller charge mobility is 5 or less. Preferred Process: The organic-semiconductor film is obtained by solution technique or contact printing method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the transparent conductive film is 50-250 nm. The initial sheet resistance (R0) of the zinc-oxide-type electroconductive laminate is 700 ohm/square or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal of layer is chosen from cobalt, nickel, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum and zirconium. The layer comprises tungsten carbide, particles having particle size of less than 100 nm, preferably less than 30 nm, and sub-stoichiometric amount of oxygen with respect to amount of metal in the layer. The catalytic material comprises platinum. Preferred Property: The carbon support has average surface area of 100-2500 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base material is group IV semiconductor material. The first layers, second layers and semiconductor spacer layer are made of group III and group V semiconductor materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The thin film comprises a photoactive layer including at least a single layer of the alloyed ternary nanocrystals. At least a portion of the nanocrystals comprises a material selected from metals and Group II-VI, Group III-V, and Group IV semiconductors and their alloys. The nanocrystals comprise a lead chalcogenide or PbSSe. Preferred Method: The method involves heating the solution at approximately 150 degrees C for approximately 1 hour and growing the nanocrystals at approximately 150 degrees C for approximately 90 seconds. The quenching involves: placing the container in a room-temperature water bath; and introducing anhydrous hexane into the container, thus resulting in the precipitated nanocrystals. The method further involves purifying the precipitated nanocrystals, where the purifying involves twice precipitating the nanocrystals in hexane/ethanol; and once precipitating the nanocrystals in hexane/acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A material of the second anti-reflection coating layer comprises indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide and/or tin dioxide. A material of the first anti-reflection coating layer comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide and/or tin dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises: onium salts (0.5-15 (preferably 1.5-2.5) wt.%); a total of 70-95 wt.% of the electrically conductive silver powder, onium salts and the flux and 5- 30 wt.% of organic medium; the glass frit (0.5-4 wt.%); zinc oxide (2-10 wt.%); and a mixture of glass frit and zinc oxide, where the glass frit is present at 0.5-4 wt.% and zinc oxide is present at 2-10 wt.%. Preferred Components: The iodonium salts are diaryl iodonium salts. The sulfonium salts are triaryl sulfonium salts. The flux is glass frit. The flux is zinc oxide or a mixture of glass frit and zinc oxide. EXAMPLE - A mixture of Solamet PV159 (RTM: Photovoltaic metallization paste comprising electrically conductive silver powder, glass frit, zinc oxide and an organic medium) (90 wt.%) and Uvacure 1600 (RTM: Phenyl-p-octyloxyphenyl-iodonium hexafluoroantimonate) (10 wt.%) was mixed for 30 minutes to obtain silver thick film paste composition containing an iodonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the substrate is selected from one of GaAs, Ge, SiC, Si, InP, SiGe, ZnO, or GaN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer comprises several quantum dots that are selected from the group consisting of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide (CdSe/ZnS), CdSe, cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), lead (II) sulfide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe), indium phosphide (InP), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plasmonic nano particles are selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, and combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesion layer which is used to bound both substrate and several plasmonic nano particles is selected from the group consisting of 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane (APTES) and N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylene diamine (TMSPED).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent electrode is made of a conductive polymer. The primer is made of polyurethane or polyacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of mixing the oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with the mixture comprising polyaniline and iron species comprises: dispersing aniline in hydrochloric acid and then adding the oxidant ammonium persulfate and ferric chloride, to form the mixture comprising polyaniline and iron species; and mixing oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with the mixture comprising polyaniline and iron species. The first and second temperatures are 900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The aqueous hydrochloric acid solution comprises 1 molar hydrochloric acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant element is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), boron (B) or phosphorus (P).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic nanostructure is formed of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pi -conjugated polymer nanostructure is made of polymers consisting of polythiophene, poly(p-phenylenevinylene), polythiophenevinylene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylacetylene), and/or their derivatives. The conductive polymer nanostructure is formed of polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflective film is made of silicon nitride, and is formed using plasma generated using mixed gas of ammonia, nitrogen and silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The concentration of slag is controlled by blowing gas containing chlorine atom. Preferred Composition: The slag contains calcium oxide, silicon dioxide and calcium fluoride. The amount of calcium oxide is 25-60 %mass with respect to total amount of calcium oxide and silicon dioxide. The amount of calcium fluoride is 1-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of calcium oxide and silicon dioxide. The gas containing chlorine atom is gaseous chlorine or tetrachlorosilane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The emitter layer is made of amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support device further comprises at least one layer of material, where the layer of material is an aluminum sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The refractive index of the silicon nitrogen oxide compound film layer is 1.6-1.9 and the thickness is 30-200 nm. The TCO film layer is a transparent conductive film layer of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc-oxide (AZO), indium tin oxide (ITO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) or yttrium-doped zinc oxide (YZO). The TCO film layer is doped with aluminum, gallium and/or yttrium. The visible-light wave length of the transparent glass substrate is 380-780 nm, and transmittance is 90% greater than that of the transparent glass. Preferred Method: The deposition film is prepared by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method and physical vapor deposition. The sputtering method comprises direct current sputtering, pulsed sputtering, middle frequency sputtering, radio frequency sputtering and magnetic control sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode electrode comprises high-surface-area carbon, alkali titanate compound. The high-surface-area carbon is modified to have more than 120 F/g in 1M sodium sulfate under anodic biasing conditions. The alkali titanate compound reversibly interacts with alkali or alkali-earth ions through pseudocapacitive or intercalative reaction mechanism. The cathode electrode comprises metallic oxide (AxMyOz, where A is lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium or calcium, x is 0-10, M is transition metals, y is 1-3, and z is 2-7). The anode electrode comprises activated carbon and electrolyte comprises sulfate ion, nitrate ion, chlorate ion, phosphate ion, carbonate ion, chloride ion or hydroxide ion. The cathode electrode comprises (un)doped cubic spinel lambda -manganese-oxide-type material or sodium-manganese-oxide (NaMn9O18) tunnel structured orthorhombic material. The electrolyte comprises sodium sulfate or lithium sulfate solvated in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The excitation power supply is 500 V to 10 kV sine alternating current. The frequency is 500 Hz to 20 kHz, and hydrogen plasma passivation processing time is 1-10 minutes. The excitation power supply is a nanosecond pulse power supply. Preferred Method: In step (iv), the processing cell chip is carried out by applying a temperature of 300-350 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is made of epoxy resin, polyacrylic acid resin, phenolic resin, polyimide resin or fluorocarbon resin.
Preferred Definitions:    X = cyclic hydrocarbon moieties of formulae (a)-(h); and    R = OH or Cl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    X1=-NR';    R'=23 groups chosen from groups e.g. tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl (all optionally substituted);and    R1-R6=1-20C alkyl, 6-30C aryl (both optionally substituted), H or deuterium.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 51 Polycyclic-type compounds (I) e.g. 3-(9-(4,6-diphenylpyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole of formula (IA), 3-(9-(4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 3-(9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 3-(9-(4,6-diphenylpyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole and 3-(9-(4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic structure contains 8-50 atoms and is of formula (I), preferably of formula (Ia), (Ib) or (Ic).Q=bonding group with valence of 2-4 chosen from aliphatic group, alicyclic group and/or aromatic group, optionally containing hetero atom, preferably of formula: -Ar1(O-X1)s-O-Ar2-, -R1(O-X2)k-O-R2 or -X3;Ar1,Ar2=5-15C aryl with valence of 2-4;R1,R2,X1-X3=1-20C aliphatic group with valence of 2-4, 5-15C aryl with valence of 2-4 and/or 3-20C alicyclic group with valence of 2-4;s,k=0-10;andY',Z1,Z2=carrier which supports the cyclic structure, preferably single bond, double bond, atom group or polymer.(i) When Ar1, Ar2, R1, R2, X1, X2, X3 contain hetero atom and Q is bivalent bonding group, all of Ar1, Ar2, R1, R2, X1, X2, X3 are bivalent group; (ii) when Q is trivalent bonding group, at least one of Ar1, Ar2, R1, R2, X1, X2, X3 is trivalent group; and (iii) when Q is tetravalent bonding group, at least one of Ar1, Ar2, R1, R2, X1, X2, X3 is tetravalent group, or two are trivalent groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aromatic polyester contains aromatic butylene terephthalate, ethylene terephthalate, trimethylene terephthalate, ethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate or butylene naphthalene dicarboxylate as main repeating unit. The high molecular compound has carboxyl group sealed with the compound having carbodiimide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inside of the fluororesin porous membrane is subjected to chemical etching process. The fluororesin is polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Method: The chemical etching process is oxidative decomposition treatment. The oxidative decomposition treatment is performed using organic alkali metal solution containing benzophenone, anthracene or biphenyl as aromatic anion radical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chosen from iron, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, chromium, vanadium, nickel vanadium, titanium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, silver, gold, and their alloy. An aluminum-type substrate is formed between the catalyst and the fiber. The catalyst is A-B' type alloy.A=iron, cobalt and/or nickel;andB'=titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium and/or tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: Two or more groups of carbon nanotubes are formed by separating at intervals in their circumferential direction for each fibers of fiber assembly. The carbon nanotubes are formed in each fiber, such that length direction of each of carbon nanotube follows direction which intersects with major axis direction of each fiber of fiber assembly. The fiber assembly is a carbon fiber assembly or a metal-fiber assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid content comprises iron concentration of 5-20 weight ppm. The basic aqueous solution is ammonia aqueous solution having ammonia concentration of 0.001-1 %mass. The aqueous acid is hydrochloric acid. The washing liquid is water, aqueous acid, basic aqueous solution or organic solvent. Preferred Property: The basic aqueous solution has pH of 9-11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photopolymerizable functional group of polysiloxane-type compound is chosen from epoxy group, crosslinked silicon group, (meth)acryloyl group, oxetanyl group and vinyloxy group, preferably alicyclic epoxy group, oxetanyl group, alkoxy silyl group or glycidyl group. The alkenyl group-containing compound is of formula (I), and further has vinyl silane group. The polysiloxane-type compound further has phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group and groups derived from 1,3-dimethyl-(1,3,5)triazinane-2,4, 6-trione, 1-methyl-(1,3,5)triazinane-2,4,6-trione and 2,4,6-trimethoxy-1,3,5-triazinane, and is hydrosilylation product (I) (preferably compound having vinyl silane group), cyclic organo polysiloxane of formula (III) having alkenyl group(s), or organosiloxane compound of formula (IV) having two or more silicon hydride groups. The light active platinum complex catalyst is ( beta )-diketone platinum complex.R3=1-50C monovalent organic group;R4,R5=1-10C organic group;n=2-10;m=0-10;R6,R7=1-6C organic group;andn'=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor sample comprises multicrystalline silicon wafer and monocrystalline silicon wafer. The thin film comprises amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon-germanium alloy, crystalline silicon-germanium alloy, crystalline germanium, cadmium telluride and copper-indium-gallium sulfide. The semiconductor III-V is gallium, aluminum and/or indium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mesoporous surface is made of a metallic or a semiconductor material. The semiconductor material is chosen from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, tungsten trioxide, tin dioxide, tantalum pentoxide and niobium pentoxide, preferably titanium dioxide. The nanoparticles are hybrid metal semiconductors chosen from cadmium selenide with gold tips, cadmium selenide with silver tips, cadmium selenide with palladium tips, cadmium selenide with platinum tips, cadmium sulfide with gold tips, cadmium sulfide with palladium tips and copper sulfide with ruthenium decoration. The counter electrode is made of a material chosen from silicon, fluorinated tin oxide and indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The counter electrode is made of a metal chosen from gold, silver and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is a polar solvent and non-polar solvent. The non-polar solvent is chosen from toluene, chloroform, hexane, heptane and hexane. The polar solvent is chosen from water, alcohol, dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution comprises: a precursor for forming the junction partner consisting of cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc hydroxide and zinc selenide; a group IIB ionic species that is obtained from an aqueous solution of sulfate, acetate, bromide, fluoride, chloride, iodide, hydroxide, nitrate, oxalate, citrate, phosphate, tungstate, or hydrates of the group IIB species; and a group VIA ionic species that is obtained from an aqueous solution of oxides, halides, sulfates, nitrates, or ureates of the group VIA species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear electrode of semiconductor substrate is made of aluminum (Al).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The deposition process is performed using deposition gas contains monosilane (SiH4). The ARC is made of silicon mononitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The window layer is selected from a group consisting of cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc oxide and zinc magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanowires comprise silicon nanowires. The nanowires comprise bismuth nanowires. The device further comprises an insulating material including alumina disposed between the nanowires. The material comprises a substance from silicon, bismuth, zinc, zinc sulfide, indium phosphide, and/or indium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass has viscosity of 102.5 dPa.second at 1000 degrees C and mean linear expansion coefficient of 60x 10-7( degrees C)-1. Preferred Composition: The content of alumina is 5-29%. The glass further comprises zinc oxide (0-15%), zinc oxide (0-15%), lithium oxide (0-15%), sodium oxide (0-15%), potassium oxide (0-15%), silica (4.5-30%) and/or zirconium oxide (0-8%). The total content of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 1-15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The resistivity of the front-side metal grid is less than 2 x 10-5 Omega cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The front-side metal grid further comprises one or more of: tin (Sn) and silver (Ag). The TCO layer comprises at least one of: indium-tin-oxide (ITO); aluminum-doped zinc-oxide (ZnO:Al); gallium-doped zinc-oxide (ZnO:Ga); tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO); and Zn-In-Sn-O (ZITO). The photovoltaic structure includes at least one of: a layer of heavily doped a-Si; a layer of intrinsic a-Si; an a-Si layer with graded doping; and a layer of silicon oxide in contact with a c-Si substrate. The solar cell further comprises a back-side TCO layer situated on the back side of the photovoltaic structure, where the backside TCO layer is in contact with the back surface of the photovoltaic structure; and a back-side metal grid situated on the back-side TCO layer, where the metal grid includes at least one of: Cu and Ni. The solar cell further comprises a metal adhesive layer situated between the back-side TCO layer and the back-side metal grid, where the metal-adhesive layer includes at least one of: Cu, Ni, Ag, titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), nickel vanadium (NiV), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), tungsten nitride (WN), titanium tungsten (TiW), and nickel chromium (NiCr). The solar cell further comprises a metal-adhesive layer situated between the TCO layer and the front-side metal grid, where the metal-adhesive layer includes at least one of: Cu, Ni, Ag, Ti, Ta, W, NiV, TiN, TaN, WN, TiW, and NiCr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device includes an endowment element selected from a group consisting of phosphorus, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, arsenic and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The OTFT is made of organic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, substituted polycyclic organic aromatic hydrocarbons and linear conductive polymers. The OTFT is a material selected from anthracene, tetracene, rubrene, perylene, triphenylene, chrysene, pyrene, polypyrroles, polyanilines, poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s, polyphenylene sulfides, polythiophene, fullerenes, substituted fullerenes, substituted pentacenes, substituted anthracenes, substituted tetracenes, substituted phthalocyanines, substituted perylenes, fluorene-based materials and substituted rubrenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is gold, silver, copper, iron, platinum, palladium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, tantalum, tungsten, tin, gallium or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell comprises an electrode assembly that includes the catalytic material within at least one of an anode catalyst or a cathode catalyst, with an electrolyte located between the anode catalyst and the cathode catalyst. In the fuel cell, the electrode assembly is located between an anode interconnect and a cathode interconnect.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises a multilayer structure, where the multilayer structure includes a first layer having a first composition and a second layer having a second, different composition. The first composition comprises palladium and is free of platinum, and the second composition comprises platinum and is free of palladium; or the first composition comprises iridium and is free of platinum, and the second composition comprises platinum and is free of iridium; or the first composition comprises iridium and palladium and is free of platinum, and the second composition comprises platinum and is free of palladium and iridium. The catalyst comprises a multilayer structure that includes a palladium layer that is in contact with the gold substrate. The gold substrate includes a cubic crystal structure or a cuboctahedron crystal structure. The gold substrate is a solid core particle and the catalyst is a coating that surrounds the solid core particle; or a hollow core particle and the catalyst is a coating that surrounds the hollow core particle; or a hollow, porous cage and the catalyst is a coating that is disposed on free surfaces of the cage. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises synthesizing the skeleton, which represents the group R carrying a reactive leaving group, and introducing the R group, preferably by a coupling reaction e.g. Suzuki coupling or Hartwig-Buchwald coupling. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 117 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. fused 4H-furo(3,4-b)indole compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - Phenylboronic acid (110 mmole), substituted 1-bromo-3-phenyl-4H-furo(3,4-b)indole compound of formula (aa) (110.0 mmole) and tripotassiumphosphate (210 mmole) were suspended in toluene (500 ml), dioxane (500 ml) and water (500 ml). The obtained suspension was added with tri-o-tolylphosphine (3 mmole) and palladium(II)acetate(0.5 mmole) and the reaction mixture was heated for 16 hours under reflux. After cooling, the organic phase was separated, filtered, washed thrice with water (200 ml) and then concentrated to dryness. The obtained residue was recrystallized from toluene and dichloromethane/iso-propanol, and finally sublimed in high vacuum to obtain fused 4H-furo(3,4-b)indole compounds (Ia) (99.9% purity, 90 mmole yield, corresponding to 83% of theory).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    X=S;and    Y'=O.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. spiro(1,3-dithiolane-2,9'-fluorene)-5-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate of formula (A), 2-(3H-spiro(1,3-benzothiazole-2,9'-fluorene)-3-yl)ethyl prop-2-enoate, 2-(spiro(fluorene-9,2'-(1,3)thiazolidine)-3'-yl)ethyl prop-2-enoate, spiro(fluorene-9,2'-(1,3)oxathiolane)-1'-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate and 5-((prop-2-enoyloxy)methyl)spiro(1,3-dithiane-2,9'-fluorene)-5-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate.    EXAMPLE - (In parts mass) 9-fluorenone (45.4), dichloromethane (300) and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (25) were charged in a flask and dissolved at room temperature. Aluminum chloride (10.1) and distilled water (300) were added and stirred for 30 minutes. The aqueous layer was separated and the organic layer was concentrated and dissolved in toluene. The solvent was distilled off and the obtained solid (29.5), dehydrated toluene (200), triethylamine (5.9) and p-methoxyphenol (0.0056) were dissolved at room temperature. Acrylic acid chloride (5.3) was added. 5 Wt.% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (200) was added and the organic layer was separated and purified to obtain spiro(1,3-dithiolane-2,9'-fluorene)-5-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate (11.7) with yield of 36%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of surface layer sludge 1-2% with respect to thickness of settled silicon sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The shift catalyst contains copper and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gold fine particle which is dispersed and fixed on base metal oxide support is gold nanoparticle or gold cluster which is less than or equal to 10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The target component aluminum in zinc-aluminum alloy target is 0.5-2.0%. The glass substrate temperature is room temperature to 350 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The gradient change of oxygen flow in sputtering and coating period comprises initial stage at 12-50 sccm, middle state at 10-12 sccm, and later stage 8-10 sccm. The coating period at middle stage is 30-40% of total coating period. The oxygen flow at later stage is 8.0-10.0 sccm. The coating period at later stage is 40-60% of total coating period. The sputtering pressure of argon sputtering gas is 2.0-6.0 mTorr. The magnetic control sputtering coating is carried out at sputtering power density of 0.2-2.0 W/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The copper coating is prepared by acidic bright copper plating at 25-35 degrees C and current density of 2-4 A/dm2, where plating liquid comprises 150-220 g/L copper sulfate, 50-70 g/L concentrated sulfuric acid, 20-80 mg/L chloride ion, and 50-70 g/L EDTA. The nickel coating is prepared by direct current ultrasonic electroplating of Watts nickel plating solution at 50-60 degrees C, current density of 3-6 A/dm2, pH of 3.5-4.5, and ultrasonic frequency of 20-100 kHz, where Watts plating liquid comprises 250-300 g/L nickel sulfate, 30-50 g/L nickel chloride, and 30-50 g/L boric acid; or sulfamate nickel plating solution comprising 300-450 g/L nickel aminosulfonate, 0-15 g/L nickel chloride, and 30-45 g/L boric acid at 40-60 degrees C, current density of 2-5 A/dm2, pH of 3.5-4.5, and ultrasonic frequency of 20-100 kHz. The electroplating liquid of nickel molybdenum alloy coating comprises 160 g/L sodium pyrophosphate, 20 g/L sodium molybdate, 40 g/L nickel sulfate, and 20 g/L ammonium chloride, where electroplating is conducted at current density of 2-20 A/dm2, pH of 7.8-9.3, and temperature of 20-40 degrees C, and current density gradually decreases from 20 A/dm2 to 2 A/dm2 during preparation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The thickness of the copper coating is 1-3 mu m. The multilayer diffusion barrier layer sequentially comprises 2-5 layers of nickel coating having total thickness of 3-6 mu m and 2-10 layers of nickel molybdenum alloy coating having total thickness of 1-3 mu m. The stainless steel band has thickness of 0.1-0.3 mm and surface roughness (Ra) of less than 0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is piece of metal foil paper. The metal foil paper is aluminum foil or copper foil. The concentration of zinc sulfate solution is 0.1-0.5 mol/L, the concentration of the ammonia water is 0.2-0.8 mol/L, and concentration of thiourea is 0.3-1 mol/L; and the mol ratio of the zinc sulfate to the ammonia water and the thiourea is 1:2:2.5-3. Preferred Processes: The method comprises forming hydrophobic Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline by high-temperature liquid phase synthesis method; and transforming hydrophobic Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline into water-soluble Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline by ligand exchange method. The reverse microemulsion comprises dissolving metal source and sulfur source into oil phase-containing surfactant to obtain two reverse microemulsion systems, and mixing two reverse microemulsion systems to react to obtain water-soluble Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline. The solvent thermal method comprises dissolving metal complex in polar solvent, performing solvent thermal reaction after addition of sulfur source, and obtaining water-soluble Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline. The process of printing water-soluble Cu2ZnSnS4 ink is spin coating, coil coating or by ink printing film-forming system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer component further contains aromatic amine monomer of formula (III) or (IV). The polymerization inhibitor is hydroquinone, p-methoxyphenol, cresol or t-butylcatechol.X-=counter-ion of ammonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is polyolefin or fluororesin. Preferred Properties: The film-like polymer has thickness of 10-200 mu m. The anion exchange membrane has ion-exchange capacity of 1.5-3 meq/g dry resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (a) is of formula: R2-Si(-R1)(-R3)-R4-SH. The (meth)acrylic-type compound is (meth)acrylamide compound of formula: CH2=C(-R5)-C(=O)-N(-R7)(R8) or (meth)acryl compound of formula: CH2=C(-R5)-C(=O)-O-R6.R1-R3=1-4C alkyl or 1-4C alkoxy, in which at least one of R1-R3 is 1-4C alkoxy;R4=1-12C alkylene;R5=H or methyl;andR6-R8=H, halo, or monovalent organic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the quinoxaline compound (I) involves condensing aromatic diketone compound of formula (II) and aromatic ortho diamine compound of formula (III) to obtain a quinoxaline derivative of formula (IV), performing carbon-hydrogen bond formation reaction to the derivative (IV) in the presence of transition metals such as nickel, palladium and copper to obtain quinoxaline derivative of formula (Ib).X = halo;R21-R29 = 1-40C alkyl, 2-40C alkenyl, 2-40C alkynyl, 6-40C aryl, 3-40C heteroaryl, 1-40C alkoxy, 6-40C aryloxy (all optionally substituted) or H; andR24+R25, R28+R29 = benzene ring. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxalin-9-yl-diphenyl-amine of formula (Ia), acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxalin-9-yl-methyl-phenyl-amine, acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxalin-9-yl-dimethyl-amine, acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxalin-9-yl-di-p-tolyl-amine and acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxalin-9-yl-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amine.    EXAMPLE - Acenaphthene quinone (1.8 g) and 4 bromo-1,2-diaminobenzene (3.7 g) were dissolved in ethanol (50 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere, and refluxed for 1 hour. The produced solid was filter-separated and washed using methanol to obtain 9-bromo-acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxaline (a) (3 g, 91%). The compound (a) (3 g), diphenylamine (1.8 g), tris(dibenzylidene acetone) dipalladium (0)(0.12 g) and sodium tert-butoxide (1 g) were suspended in anhydrous toluene (50 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere. Tri-tert-butylphosphine/toluene solution was added and refluxed for 7 hours. The reaction mixture was filter-separated through the silica gel pad, and washed with toluene (150 ml). The resulting mixture was worked up to give acenaphtho(1,2-b)quinoxalin-9-yl-diphenyl-amine (3 g, 80%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon structure is reduced using a reducing agent. Preferred Composition: The silver salt used during manufacture of fullerene structure is silver nitrate. The reducing agent is hydrazine hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene structure is carbon structure chosen from 60C fullerene, endohedral fullerene and/or its derivative. The organic solvent used during manufacture of fullerene structure is benzene, toluene or meta-xylene. The silver ion solution and fullerene solution used during manufacture of fullerene structure are saturated solutions. Preferred Process: The fullerene structure is washed using 1-butanol.The silver ion and fullerene solution are maintained at a temperature range of 1-21 degrees C and treated with ultrasonc irradiation. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron donor is porphyrin, and the electron acceptor is perylene bisimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filter is made of materials consisting alumina, magnesium oxide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride and silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material is silicon, or silicon and germanium. The gas is selected from noble gas, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is single crystalline silicon substrate/wafer or multi-crystalline silicon substrate. The light-induced plated layer is nickel (Ni), or cobalt (Co). The dielectric layer is selected from silicon nitride, and silicon oxide. The barrier layer is selected from NiP, cobalt phosphorus (CoP), and/or cobalt tungsten phosphide (CoWP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The continuous emitter diffusion region and the dotted base diffusion regions are formed in an N-type silicon wafer (501). The continuous emitter diffusion region is doped with boron and the dotted base diffusion regions are doped with phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic nanostructures comprise a metal oxide, and/or a semiconducting compound. The inorganic nanostructures comprise zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, copper oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, sodium titanate, cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, cadmium selenide, lead sulfide, gallium phosphide, and/or cadmium telluride. The inorganic nanostructures include pores having a dimension larger than a dimension of the soluble low molecular compound. The inorganic nanostructures include pores having a dimension of 1-100 (preferably 1-20) nm. The inorganic nanostructures have nanotubes, nano-rods, a gyroid, and/or a network.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The soluble low molecular compound of the light-absorbing body comprises less than or equal to 3000 Daltons organic material. It has a band gap energy of 1-2.5 eV, and lowest unoccupied molecular orbit energy of - 3 to - 4 eV, and has a dimension smaller than a gap among the inorganic nanostructures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A solder layer contains nickel titanium, and nickel vanadium. The standoff structures comprise nickel titanium, and nickel vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact layer comprising titanium, aluminum and chromium. A solder layer and standoff structures contain nickel, and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The source of soluble silver ions is selected from silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver methanesulfonate, silver acetate, silver citrate, and/or silver sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solubilizing agent is selected from glyoxylic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, any alpha- or ortho-hydroxycarboxylic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, and/or hydroxy-polycarboxylic acid. The solubilizing agent comprises tartaric acids or citric acids or their salts. The complexing agent is selected from cyanide, optionally substituted succinimide, optionally substituted hydantoin, uracil, thiosulfate, and/or amines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas mixture includes a silane gas and a hydrogen gas. Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming a seed layer prior to forming the intrinsic type microcrystalline silicon layer, and performing a hydrogen treatment process prior to forming the seed layer on the substrate surface. The step of dynamically ramping up the silane gas supplied in the gas mixture further comprises ramping up a ratio of a flow rate of the silane gas to a hydrogen gas supplied in the gas mixture from 1:70 to 1:80, and ramping up the process pressure from 12 Torr to 15 Torr. The step of dynamically ramping down the RF power applied in the gas mixture further comprises ramping down the RF power from 800 milliWatts/cm2 to 700 milliWatts/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: Each solar panel laminate is covered with a transparent material from glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The array framework is metal. The frame is extruded aluminum. The solar cells are made from cadmium telluride, copper indium, selenide/sulfide or gallium arsenide; or silicon including crystalline or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Transfer layer is formed by laminating photocatalyst layer and adhesive layer on active energy ray permeable film. Preferred Components: Photocatalyst layer contains titanium oxide or tungsten oxide. Preferred Parameters: Water contact angle after light excitation of photocatalyst layer is less than or equal to 10 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The diolefin compound is epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide or peroxy acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The diolefin resin is of formula: (P')-Si(-R1)2-Si(-R1)2-(P').P'=group of formula (i) or (ii);R1=1-6C alkyl;andR2=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic alcohol is benzyl alcohol. The aromatic hydrocarbon is 9C aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably trimethyl benzene, more preferably pseudocumene or mesitylene. Preferred Method: Polyimide is separated from polymerization reaction material, and further dissolved in mixed solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sintered compact contains mixed powder of molybdenum powder and high-melting-point metal powder other than molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base layer comprises a thin layer of intrinsic silicon (Si) situated substantially in the middle of the film, and where the intrinsic Si layer's thickness is 1-10 nm. The QTB layer comprises at least one of: silicon oxide (SiOx); hydrogenerated SiOx; silicon nitride (SiNx); hydrogenerated SiNx; aluminum oxide (AlOx); silicon oxynitride (SiON); and hydrogenerated SiON. The emitter and/or the surface field layer comprise amorphous-Si (a-Si). The emitter comprises carbon-doped a-Si. The emitter and/or the surface field layer comprise undoped a-Si. The emitter and/or the surface field layer comprise graded-doped a-Si, where the graded-doped a-Si has a doping concentration of 1 x 1015/cm3 and 5 x 1020/cm3, and where an n-type dopant used for the graded-doped a-Si comprises phosphorus, and where a p-type dopant used for the graded-doped a-Si comprises boron. Preferred Parameter: The QTB layer has a thickness of 1-50 angstroms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electric double layer capacitor contains non-aqueous electrolytic solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous carbon particles are activated charcoal powder having Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 1000-3000 m2/g. The addition amount of tungsten oxide powder is 2-40 parts mass, with respect to 100 parts mass of porous carbon particles, conductive assistant and binder. Preferred Property: The tungsten oxide powder has average particle diameter of 0.1-50 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive layer contains dispersion medium and conductive fiber in mass ratio of 0.1-5. The conductive fiber is metal nanowire. The metal nanowire contains silver. The conductive layer contains photosensitive compound and photosensitive layer in surface at side of base material of conductive layer and base surface of side which does not have base material of conductive layer. Preferred Parameters: The average long axis length of conductive fiber is less than or equal to 100 nm and greater than or equal to 5 mu m. The light transmittance is greater than or equal to 70%. The surface resistance is 0.1-10000 ohm/square. Preferred Process: The manufacture of electrically conductive film further includes patterning process which immerses electrically conductive film in liquid, carrying out ultrasonic irradiation, and first patterning process which contacts halide ion containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gallium oxide and titanium dioxide content in ceramic target ZnO:Ga2O3/TiO2 is equal to each other, preferably 0.25-2.0%. The volume percentage concentration of dilute hydrogen chloride solution is 0.1-0.5%. Preferred Method: The temperature of glass substrate is 300 degrees C below room temperature. The pressure of argon sputtering gas is 3.0-5.5 mTorr. The flow rate of hydrogen introduced to sputtering is 0-50 sccm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The weight percentage of target component gallium oxide and aluminum oxide in zinc oxide-gallium oxide or zinc oxide-aluminum oxide ceramic target is 0.5-2.0%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The gradient of hydrogen flow rate in sputtering and coating film comprises front period at 1.0-5.0 sccm and film coating period of 25-50% of total film coating period; and rear period at 5.0-10.0 sccm and film coating period of 75-50% of total film coating period. The glass substrate temperature is room temperature to 350 degrees C. The sputtering air pressure of argon gas is 2.0-6.0 mTorr. The sputtering power density is 0.2-2.0 W/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonate includes lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate. The solid oxide includes zirconia, zirconia doped with magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, ytrria, ceria, ceria doped with gadolinium or samarium, bismuth oxide and perovskites within lanthanum gallate (LaGaO3) family. The former regions are formed from lithium carbonate and the latter regions are formed from stabilized zirconia. The membrane has a layer of lithium zirconate between the former and the latter regions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The plating liquid of nickel plating layer is prepared using 250-300 g/L nickel sulfate, 30-50 g/L nickel chloride, and 30-50 g/L boric acid, where electroplating is conducted at 2-6 A/dm2 current density, 3.4-4.5 pH, 50-60 degrees C, and 20-100 kHz ultrasonic frequency. The plating liquid of nickel-molybdenum alloy plating layer is prepared using 130-180 g/L sodium pyrophosphate, 10-30 g/L sodium molybdate, 20-50 g/L nickel sulfate, and 10-40 g/L ammonium chloride, where electroplating is conducted at 2-20 A/dm2 current density, 7.8-9.3 pH, and 20-40 degrees C. The annealing temperature is 600-800 degrees C; and heat preservation time is 2-4 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The thickness of nickel plating layer is 0.1-2, preferably 0.3-1.5 mu m. The thickness of nickel-molybdenum alloy plating layer is 0.01-1, preferably 0.05-1 mu m. The content of molybdenum in nickel-molybdenum alloy plating layer is 60-80%. The total thickness of metal diffusion barrier layer is 4-15, preferably 6-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive nanofiber is metal fiber, preferably silver, and has average fiber diameter of 5-150 nm, and mean fiber length of 100 nm to 100 mu m. The content of electroconductive nanofiber is 25-75 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material further has inorganic hardened layer (13) obtained by coating cohydrolysis solution containing tetraalkoxysilane of formula: Si(OR2)4, phosphate ester of formula: PO(OR4)3, metal alkoxide of formula: M(OR3)n, and heating at temperature more than 120 degrees C to less than glass transition temperature of resin film, and electroconductive film (14) containing electroconductive nanofiber (16).R2-R4=4C or less alkyl;M=metallic element;andn=3-5.Preferred Properties: The base material has surface-resistance value of 10-300 ohm/square, and transmittance of 85% or more at wavelength of 400-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The organic semiconductor film is formed by dissolving organic semiconductor material in organic solvent and then coating and drying the prepared solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The N-substituted indolocarbazole derivative is preferably of formulae (II)-(VI).R3=acetylenic linkage-containing group or H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The thickness of inorganic glass is 100 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of solvents in application layer during formation of application layer is 7 wt.% or more. The adhesive composition contains a solvent, thermoplastic resin (a), thermoplastic resin (b) having reactive group at terminal, a thermosetting monomer and a hardening reaction catalyst. Preferred Property: The storage elastic modulus of support base material is 1.0x 107 Pa or more at 90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentrated sulfuric acid is introduced into a reactor through a generated gas outlet. The method of preparing silicon tetrafluoride is performed in a continuous manner by using plural reactors connected in series are used. Preferred Components: The crystalline silica is used in an amount corresponding to 85-95% of the theoretical equivalent amount of the hydrogen fluoride. The hydrogen fluoride is used in an amount corresponding to 85-95% of the theoretical equivalent amount of the crystalline silica. The concentrated sulfuric acid is used in an amount that makes a concentration of diluted sulfuric acid discharged after reaction become 60% or more. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting a hydroxy substituted compound of formula (II) with halogen substituted compound of formula (III) to give an ether containing compound of formula (IV); and further treating (IV) to give (I) (where Y1a is O). Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = H; and    Y3c-Y3e, Y4c = CH2.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 7 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 1-(5-(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenoxy-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-3H-imidazol-1-ium gold complex of formula (Ia), 2-(5-(2,4-dimethyl-5-(5-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-phenoxy)-pyridine gold complex, 5-(5-(2,4-dimethyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole gold complex, 1-(3-(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenoxy-phenoxy)-phenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole gold complex and 2-(1-methyl-1-(3-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-phenyl)-ethyl)-6-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine gold complex.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery module further comprises a buffer formed between the block photoelectric transducing layer and the striped transparent electrode. The buffer is made of zinc sulfide material and intrinsic zinc oxide material. The block metal electrode is made of molybdenum material. The block photoelectric transducing layer is made of copper indium gallium selenide material. The striped transparent electrode is a transparent conductive layer made of aluminum zinc oxide material or tin-doped indium oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ( gamma )-alumina has specific surface area of 100-300 m2/g, pore volume of 0.2-0.7 cm3/g and packing density of 0.4-0.9 g/cm3. Preferred Composition: 10-20 %Mass of cerium oxide is substituted by zirconium oxide. The noble metal is ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: An activated carbon is used in the manufacturing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The phenol formaldehyde type resin has phenolic hydroxyl group and amino group as functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aluminum salt of carboxylic acid is aluminum-neodecanoic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains amine compound and silane coupling agent. The polyoxyalkylene-type polymer is polyoxypropylene-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active-energy-ray-curable composition comprises compound containing cage-structured silsesquioxane of formula: (R2SiO1.5)n, and polyvalent thiol, which is 2-(2,4,6-trioxo-3,5-bis((2-((3-sulfanylbutanoyl)oxy)ethyl))-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)ethyl 3-sulfanylbutanoate and 3-((3-sulfanylbutanoyl)oxy)-2,2-bis((((3-sulfanylbutanoyl)oxy)methyl))propyl 3-sulfanylbutanoate.R2=3-8C organic group containing thiol group;andn=6-16.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The crosslinking part is a hydroxyl group, a silyl group having a hydrolyzable group, a group having a reactive unsaturated double bond, a ring opening polymerization reactive group, a group having an active hydrogen atom, a group capable of substitution with a nucleophilic agent and/or an acid anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The pi conjugated electrically conductive polymer is polythiophene, polyaniline, polythiophene derivative and/or polyaniline derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon halide gas and aluminum powder is reacted at 500-660 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The silicon halide is silicon tetrachloride. The aluminum powder has average particle diameter of 10-150 mu m and purity of 99.0 wt.%. The component and the fluidized bed reactor consist of metal with normal electrode potential lower than silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of sludge molded product is 30-70 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chalcogenide solar absorber further comprises two elements from group III. The substrate is soda-lime glass substrate. The second target comprises indium sulfide, copper sulfide, gallium sulfide, aluminum sulfide, tin sulfide, zinc sulfide, silver sulfide, or gold sulfide. The second target includes indium, selenium, and sulfur. The first target comprises: a first constituent selected from copper, silver, and gold; a second constituent selected from aluminum, gallium, indium, zinc and/or tin; a third constituent selected from selenium, tellurium, and compounds comprising at least one of these.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first target is an alloy selected from CuSe, CuTe, CuGa, CuIn, CuAl, CuInSe, CuInTe, CuInGa, CuAlGa, CuZnSn, CuAlIn, CuGaSe, CuGaTe, CuAlSe, CuAlTe, Cu(In,Ga)Se, Cu(Al,In)Se, Cu(Al,Ga)Se, Cu(In,Ga)Te, Cu(Al,In)Te, Cu(Al,Ga)Te, AgSe, AgTe, AgGa, AgIn, AgAl, AgInSe, AgInTe, AgInGa, AgAlGa, AgZnSn, AgAlIn, AgGaSe, AgGaTe, CuGaSe, CuGaTe, Ag(In,Ga)Se, Ag(Al,In)Se, Ag(Al,Ga)Se, Ag(In,Ga)Te, Ag(Al,In)Te, Ag(Al,Ga)Te, AuSe, AuTe, AuGa, AuIn, AuAl, AuInSe, AuInTe, AuInGa, AuAlGa, AuZnSn, AuAlIn, AuGaSe, AuGaTe, AuAlSe, AuAlTe, Au(In,Ga)Se, Au(Al,In)Se, Au(Al,Ga)Se, Au(In,Ga)Te, Au(Al,In)Te, Au(Al,Ga)Te, InSe, GaSe, and AlSe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The phosphosilicate glass residue is removed by acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Single crystal is prepared by alkali solution, and multiple crystals are prepared by acid, during preparation of selective emitter solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Deposition of microcrystalline silicon-n layer involves using silane, hydrogen, borane, trimethylboron, boron trichloride or phosphine as reaction gas, gas containing phosphorus and nitrogen, and phosphorus doping agent (5% or less). The content of silane which is diluted by hydrogen is 20 wt.% or less. The content of gas containing phosphorus and silane is 5 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery unit comprises: a first electrode layer, an active layer and a second electrode layer, where the first electrode layer, the active layer and the second electrode layer are disposed in sequence on the power generation zones and the cutting zones of the substrate; and the first strip electrode and the second strip electrode are disposed on the second electrode layer. In the solar cell module: the first electrode layer has a first opening located at the cutting zone; the active layer is disposed on the first electrode layer and the substrate exposed from the first opening, where the active layer has a second opening located at the cutting zone and a third opening located at the cutting zone; and the second electrode layer is disposed on the active layer and the first electrode layer exposed from the second opening, where the second electrode layer has a fourth opening in communication with the third opening. The materials of the first strip electrode and the second strip electrode are metallic conductors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the solar cell module the material of the active layer is: amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon, where the active layer is a silicon-based stack structure, and the stack structure is a mono-layer stack structure or a multi-layer stack structure; or compounds of group IIIA-VA elements, compounds of group IIA-VIA elements or multi-element compounds, where the active layer is a compound-based junction structure, and the junction structure is a single junction structure or a multi-junction structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell comprises methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The manufacture of printed material further involves re-transferring ink to intermediate transfer component and then to-be-printed material (8).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polar group-modified silicone has polyether group-modified silicone, mercapto group-modified silicone or amino group-modified silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorescent substance is preferably of formula: (Cu1-zMgz)(Al1-xGax)(S1-ySey) 2:Mn,Si where, z is 0.01-0.2. The content of manganese and silicon in the fluorescent substance is 0.1-20 mol% (preferably 10 mol%) and 2-50 mol% (preferably 5-30 mol% and more preferably 20 mol%), respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound is fluorinated smectite or fluorinated mica. Preferred Process: An organic onium compound precursor is added during manufacture of coating liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic onium compound is ammonium compound in which the proton is coupled with ammonia, or amino compound in which the proton is coupled with amine. The amine is 8C or less amine. The amount of nanosheet is 45 %mass or more. Preferred Properties: The nanosheet has aspect ratio of 500 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic resin is polymer of acryl monomer having 2 or more acryl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silicon-nitride film has refractive index of 1.6-2.7 and film thickness of 10 Angstrom or more. The silicon-oxide film has refractive index of 1.45-1.55 and film thickness of 10-100 Angstrom . Preferred Process: The silicon-nitride film is obtained by plasma chemical-vapor deposition using mixed gas of ammonia and silane. The silicon-oxide film is obtained by plasma chemical-vapor deposition using mixed gas of silane, oxygen and argon. Preferred Composition: The anti-reflective film contains mixed crystal of silicon nitride and silicon oxide, and having refractive index of 1.45-2.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer (c) is n-type semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ring condensed to fullerene compound is formed by Diels-Alder reaction. The fullerene compound has partial structure of formula (I) or (II). The fullerene compound optionally has glass transition temperature of 180 degrees C or more by differential scanning calorimetry. The low molecular organic semiconductor compound has crystallinity. The photoelectric conversion element further has a buffer layer. The fullerene compound is obtained by condensing more than 4-membered ring with fullerene for two or more times.FLN=fullerene;d,e=1-5;l=1-8;R1=1-14C alkoxy, 1-14C alkyl or aromatic group (all optionally substituted);R2-R4=H, or 1-14C alkyl or aromatic group (both optionally substituted);andR5,R6=H, alkoxy carbonyl, or optionally substituted aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, germanium, and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The doped layer region has thickness of 5-100 nm. The primary semiconductor layer contains indium and sulfur. The secondary semiconductor layer contains zinc oxide. The doped layer region contains zinc. The concentration of zinc in doped layer region is 1-30 atomic%. The light absorption layer contains copper as I-B group element, indium and gallium as III-B group element, and selenium as IV-B group element. The concentration of copper, indium, gallium and selenium in doped layer region is 5 atomic% or more, 20-30 atomic%, 5-15 atomic% and 35-55 atomic%, respectively. The primary semiconductor layer has thickness of 1-30 nm. The primary semiconductor layer contains II-B group element. The concentration of II-B group element is more than secondary adsorption layer from light absorption layer side. The concentration of II-B group element in primary semiconductor layer is 1-40 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is also comprised of oxide films in any one of iron, nitride film, or the oxy nitride film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell unit has at least one Ib group element selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), and silver (Ag). The photoelectric converting layer consists of compound semiconductor comprising aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga) and at least one IIIb group element such as indium (In). The photoelectric converting layer consist at least VIb group element selected from the group consisting of sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te). The metal substrate is comprised by aluminum, stainless steel, steel materials or the clad materials. The insulating layer is comprised by aluminum, silicone, titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness and refractive index of the intermediate layer (44) is less than the thickness and refractive index of intermediate layer (48).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is made of aluminum, titanium, nickel, copper, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, steel, stainless steel, alloys and combination of metals with platings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cation polymeric compound is a polyorganosiloxane compound, epoxy group-containing compound or compound having cation polymerizable functional group and silicon hydride group in same molecule. The photocurable composition further contains a compound (d) having carbon-carbon double bond of formula (I), preferably compound having Si-CH=CH2 group. The cation polymeric compound is obtained using hydrosilylation reaction product of organic compound (A) having 1 or more carbon-carbon double bonds having reactivity with silicon hydride group, organosiloxane compound (B) having two or more silicon hydride groups in one molecule, and compound (C) having one or more carbon-carbon doubles bonds and silicon hydride group. The compound (A) is compound (d), and has phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group and groups of formulae (i)-(iii). The compound (B) is cyclic polyorganosiloxane compound of formula (II). The compound (C) is of formula (III).R3=1-50C monovalent organic group, and at least one has carbon-carbon double bond having reactivity with silicon hydride group;R4,R5=1-10C organic group;m,n=1-10;R6,R7=1-6C organic group;p=1-3;andq=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent comprises tin(II) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lactone-type polymerization catalyst comprises ( gamma )-valerolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The film containing polyimide resin and having dry film thickness of 12.5 mu m has light transmittance of 75% or more at wavelength of 500 nm. Preferred Composition: The polyimide resin is obtained by carrying out imidation reaction in presence of lactone-type polymerization catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The zinc is recovered at 732-907 degrees C. The unreacted zinc is collected as dross-like sediment with concentration of 90 wt.% or less. The impurities contained in the zinc are further separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base is alkali hydroxide or caustic ammonia, preferably sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene glycol is tetraethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the molecular weight of the alkylene oxide unit in component (A) with respect to the molecular weight of component (A) is 7-80%. The imprint material further contains 100 parts mass of compound (C) having 2 or more polymeric groups other than the component (A), and does not contain 2-3C alkylene oxide unit, surfactant and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal chloride is copper chloride, zinc chloride and/or cobalt chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid catalyst contains metal chloride or phosphine-oxide compound (5-50 mol.%), and further contains liquid phase homogeneous solvent (10-60 vol.%), which dissolves metal chloride, with respect to 100 vol.% of tertiary aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted amine. The tertiary aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted amine is of formula: R1R2R3N. The phosphine oxide compound is of formula: R4R5R6P=O. The solvent contains ethylene glycol-type compound and/or urea-type compound.R1-R6=2C or more aliphatic hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (II) is acetic anhydride or anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid. Preferred Method: Compound (II) and hydrogen peroxide are mixed in a solvent, and obtained liquid mixture is mixed with compound (I). The solvent is aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbon or aromatic halogenated hydrocarbon, preferably aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbon or aromatic halogenated hydrocarbon. Preferred Definitions:    ring A, ring B=thiophen ring;and    R1,R2=H, or 6-60C aryl or 1-20C alkyl (both optionally substituted by halo, or cyano or nitro).    EXAMPLE - Dichloromethane (500 mL) and 35 wt.% hydrogen peroxide solution (in g) (50) were added into a 2L flask, and flask was maintained at 0 degrees C. Then, trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (382.5) was dropped for 40 minutes in the flask and stirred at 0 degrees C after dripping for 30 minutes. 2,6-Dibromo-1-thieno(3',2':4,5)cyclopenta(1,2-b)thiophen-4(3H)-one (50) was added over 30 minutes, and maintained at 0 degrees C. Dichloromethane (250 mL) was added and stirred for 2 hours and 20 minutes. Then, the reaction liquid was poured into sodium hydrogencarbonate aqueous solution and reaction was stopped. The obtained product was extracted with chloroform, washed with saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off and crude substance of 2,7-dibromo-1-bisthieno(2,3-d:3',2'-b)pyran-5(3H)-one (38.2) was obtained. The obtained crude substance (38.2) was added into 1L flask, toluene (0.5 g) was added and to form homogeneous solution. The flask was heated with 120 degrees C oil bath, and stirred for 1 hour. Then, product was cooled to room temperature. The solid was washed with methanol and solvent was distilled off, and dried under reduced pressure. 2,7-Dibromo-1-bisthieno(2,3-d:3',2'-b)pyran-5(3H)-one (26.9) was obtained at yield of 51.4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layer is light-emitting layer containing fluorescence or phosphorescence-emitting compound. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=group of formula (a) or (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Fullerene is reacted with glycine derivative chosen from N-methoxymethyl glycine, N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)glycine, and (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid, and 5-(5-(5-formylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde in a solvent under heat-reflux conditions. The solvent is removed, and purification is carried out using gel flash column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, to obtain compound (I). Preferred Compound: Compound (I) is preferably of formula (II). EXAMPLE - (In mg) 5-(5-(5-formylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (21), (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (71), and 60C fullerene (630) were dissolved in chlorobenzene (60 mL) and heat-refluxed for 7 hours. The solvent was distilled after cooling to room temperature and unreacted fullerene was removed using carbon disulfide/ethyl acetate. The residue was purified using toluene/ethyl acetate, to obtain a fullerene derivative (67) having a molecular weight of 1255.40, with a yield of 76%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide is sodium sulfide, ammonium sulfide, thioacetamide, thiocarbamide, and/or thiosulfate. The metal salt is metal chloride, acetate and nitrate of bismuth, antimony, cadmium, silver, tin, zinc, and/or copper. The crystalline silicon material is monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicone and/or nanocrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is water, alkane, alkene, alcohol, oleic amine, oleic acid, and other organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The etching gas is mixed gas of hexafluoroethane and argon supplied at a flow rate of 10 sccm and 0.5 sccm, respectively. The background vacuum is 3x 10-3 Pa, work air pressure is 30 Pa, and etching time is 15 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The absorption step of the precursors on the carbon nano fiber membranes decorated by graphene comprises: either preparing a mixed solution of aqueous solution of chloro platinic acid hexahydrate and tetrahydrofuran, coating on the GCFMs electrodes and making the loading volume of platinum as 0.2-0.22 mg/cm2; or ultrasonically dispersing every 10 mg functionalized carbon nano tubes into 1-2 ml deionized water, adding chloro platinic acid hexahydrate aqueous solution, mixing evenly and making the loading volume of the reduced platinum as 5-40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bisbenzo oxazinone compound is obtained by making aromatic dicarboxylic-acid dihalogenated compound represented by anthranilic acid derivative of formula (3) and formula (4) react under inert gas air flow and in organic solvent and manufacturing amide compound of formula (5)by making amine compound react with dehydrating agent. The organic solvent is chosen from ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and ether. The inert gas is nitrogen. The fatty acid ester compounds are full ester of 5-30 carbon containing polyhydric alcohol (preferably pentaerythritol) with 4-8 valence and 10-22 carbon containing aliphatic carboxylic acid, and have 5% weight reduction temperature of 280-360 degrees C, acid value of 4-18, hydroxyl value of 0.1-30 and iodine value of less than or equal to 10. The resin composition further contains stabilizer (0.0001-1 weight part) chosen from phosphorus stabilizer and phenol type stabilizer.R3,R4=H, OH, 1-3C alkyl group, 1-3C alkoxy group, 1-3C acyl group, 1-3C acyloxy group, 1-3 alkoxycarbonyl group, halo, NO2 or COOH; andX=halo.Preferred Parameters: The total light transmittance in molding board of 2 mm thickness is greater than or equal to 70%. The haze before and behind wet heat test in molding board of 2 mm thickness is less than or equal to 2 (preferably less than or equal to 1). The maximum peak of light reflecting power of range of 380-480 nm is 60-80%. The transparent material for vehicle is heat-processed on surface. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H; and    X=Cl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier layer contains silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition used for forming layer (I) contains cage-type silsesquioxane resin having unit of formula: RSiO3/2. The resin composition used for forming layer (II) contains cage-type silsesquioxane-containing silicone copolymer having structural unit of formula: Y'-(Z-(O1/2-R22SiO1/2)a-(R3SiO3/2)k-(O1/2)b)l-Z-Y'.R=organic functional group of formulae: CH2=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-, CH2=CH- and group of formula (i);m=1-3;R1=H or methyl;n=8-14;R2,R3=vinyl, alkyl, phenyl, (meth)acryloyl, allyl or oxirane;a,b=0-3;a+b=1-4;k=8-14;l=1-2000;Z=bivalent group of formula: -O1/2(-Si(-R4)2-O)p-Si(-R4)2-O1/2-;R4=H or R3;p=0-30;Y'=((R5O)R62SiO1/2)c-(R7SiO3/2)d-(O1/2)-, (R5O1/2)e-(R7SiO3/2)d-(O1/2-R62SiO1/2), -(R5O1/2)- and (R53SiO1/2)-;R5=H, methyl or ethyl;R6,R7=R2;c,e=0-3;andd=8-14.(i) When d is odd number, c and e are 0 or 2; (ii) When d is even number, c and e are 1 or 3; (iii) When k is odd number, a and b are combination of even and odd numbers including 0; and (iv) When k is even number, a and b are combinations of even numbers including 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal wire contains material of gold, silver, copper or aluminum, preferably copper wire. Preferred Process: The backside oxide layer of solar cell is removed by sandblast or etching, or using a brush.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The components of the tin alloy of the tin alloy layer are silver, copper, silicon, phosphorus and tin. The tin alloy layer is added with lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor film comprises phosphorus, boron, or antimony. The semiconductor film is a poly-crystalline germanium of (220) orientation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment (I) is (2E)-2-cyano-3-(4-hexyl-5-(5-(5-(3-hexyl-5-(3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaen-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(4-hexyl-5-(5-(5-(3-hexyl-5-(4-hexyl-5-(5-(5-(3-methyl-5-(3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1,4,6,9,11,14-hexaen-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-3-(4,9-bis(4-hexyl-5-(5-(5-(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1(12),2(6),3,7(11),8,14-hexaen-14-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid or (2E)-3-(5-(5-(5-(4-(4,9-bis(4-hexyl-5-(5-(5-(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-3,8,13-trithiatetracyclo(10.3.0.02,6.07,11)pentadeca-1(12),2(6),3,7(11),8,14-hexaen-14-yl)-2-hexylcyclopent-3-en-1-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid. Preferred Definitions:    Q1=S;    R1=group of formula (ii);    A4,A6,A9,A11=H;    A5,A10=n-hexyl;    n1=0-2;    R2,R4,R6=H;    R3,R5=group of formula (iii);    X1-X3=S;    Y'1=carboxy;    Z1=cyano;and    A1=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A thin film containing amorphous silicon carbide, amorphous silicon oxide and/or amorphous silicon nitride is interposed between intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film and semiconductor amorphous silicon thin film. The passivation layer includes a first passivation layer and a second passivation layer. The first passivation layer contacting the back surface of the first semiconductive substrate is formed of a metal oxide having a negative fixed charge, and the second passivation layer contacting the lower portion of the first passivation layer is formed of a silicon nitride (Si3N4) or silicon oxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each protective layer contains aluminum oxide or yttrium oxide having negative fixed charges. A first anti-reflection layer is positioned on the first protective layer, and formed of silicon nitride (SiNx) having positive fixed charges. A second anti-reflection layer is positioned on a back surface of the second protective layer, and formed of SiNx having positive fixed charges. The first electrode is formed of a mixture of silver (Ag) and aluminum, and the second electrode is formed of silver (Ag). The substrate is formed of phosphorus-doped n-type silicon wafer and has resistivity of 1-10 ohm-cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A buffer made of zinc sulfide material and intrinsic zinc oxide material is formed between striped photoelectric transducing layer made of copper indium gallium selenide material and striped transparent electrode made of aluminum zinc oxide or tin-doped indium oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The window layer is provided with an intrinsic zinc oxide layer. The transparent conductive layer is provided with aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer, gallium-doped zinc oxide layer, boron-doped zinc oxide layer and an indium tin oxide layer. The buffer layer is provided with cadmium sulfide layer, a zinc sulfide layer and an indium sulfide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The Group IIB -VIA material containing sub-layer comprises Te and at least one of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg), and where the second Group IIB-VIA substance comprises cadmium tellurium (CdTe). The oxidation process comprises annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere at 250-550 degrees C and forming the second layer comprises heat treating the second layer in presence of a halide selected from chlorine (Cl), iodine (I) and bromine (Br). The Group IIB-VIA material containing sub-layer further comprises a p-type dopant selected from copper (Cu), antimony (Sb), arsenide (As), and phosphorus (P). Forming the second layer is carried out at or above 200 degrees C so that the p-type dopant diffuses from the Group IIB-VIA material containing sub-layer into the second layer thus yielding a doped composite layer. The thickness of the Group IIB -VIA material containing sub-layer is 0.00 1-1 microns, preferably 0.2-2 microns. The base comprises a substrate coated with a conductive contact film, and where the Group IIB-VIA material containing sub-layer is deposited on the surface of the conductive contact film, where the Group IIB -VIA material containing sub-layer comprises Te and at least one of Cd, Zn, Mn and Mg, and where the second Group IIB-VIA substance comprises CdTe. The Group IIB-VIA material containing sub-layer further comprises a p-type dopant selected from Cu, Sb, As, and P, where the composite layer is subjected to at least 200 degrees C so that the p-type dopant may diffuse from the Group IIB-VIA material containing sub-layer into the second layer, and where the thickness of the Group IIB-VIA material containing sub-layer is 0.005-0.3 microns. Forming the second layer is performed using one of physical vapor deposition and ink deposition, where forming the second layer is performed using a high temperature in excess of 400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin further contains thermally conductive filler containing high-thermal-conductive inorganic compound having thermal conductivity of 2 W/m.K or more chosen from inorganic nitride having thermal conductivity of 2-50 W/masteriskK, and electroconductive carbon material having thermal conductivity of 5-120 W/masteriskK. The electroconductive carbon material is graphite, electroconductive metal powder, soft-magnetic ferrite, carbon fiber, electroconductive metal fiber, zinc oxide and/or carbon nanotube. The inorganic nitride is boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, beryllium oxide and/or diamond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The average molecular weight of thermoplastic resin is 3000-40000. Preferred Definitions:    R=linear aliphatic hydrocarbyl, -(CH2)8-, -(CH2)10 or -(CH2) 12;and    -y-R-Z-=-O-CO-R-CO-O-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The low-molecular-weight compound is functional-group-containing compound of formula: Y"-Z', benzene derivative of formula (I), aromatic compound of formula (II), and/or lower fatty acid anhydride. The lower fatty acid anhydride is acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, and/or trichloroacetic acid anhydride.Y"=functional group chosen from aldehyde, hydroxy, carboxy, amino, imino, glycidyl ether, glycidyl ester, methylisocyanato, acetoxy, carboxy 1-4C alkylester, and carboxy phenylester, preferably hydroxy, carboxy, amino, their esters, or glycidyl;Z'=1-20C alkyl, -Cl, -Br, -OCH3, -CN, -NO2, -NH2, vinyl, ethynyl, acrylate, phenyl, benzyl, alkyl urea, alkylester, or maleimido;k=0-2;andl=0-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thermoplastic resin has a number average molecular weight of 3000-40000. Preferred Definitions:    -A1-X-A2-=mesogenic group of formula (i);    R=linear aliphatic hydrocarbyl having even number of carbon atoms, preferably -(CH2)8-, -(CH2)10-, and/or -(CH2)12-;    X'=aliphatic hydrocarbyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2;    n=0-4;    m=2-4;and    -Y'-R-Z-=-O-CO-R-CO-O-.    EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Dihydroxy biphenyl, dodecane diacid, and acetic anhydride were taken in a reactor in a molar ratio of 1.05:1:2.15, and 0.02 mol% of sodium acetate was added. Acetylation was carried out at 150 degrees C for 1 hour, followed by polycondensation by heating to 260 degrees C. The contents were melt-polymerized and dried at 120 degrees C for 3 hours, to obtain a thermoplastic resin having a number average molecular weight of 10800 and a heat conductivity of 1.101 W/mK. The number average molecular weight was 11500 and the heat conductivity was 0.99 W/mK after melting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of Zinc Oxide, Indium tin oxide or Tin Oxide. The absorbent layer is made of III-V type semiconductor type material such as gallium arsenide, Gallium antimonide, indium phosphide, amorphous silicon, Copper indium gallium (di) selenide or cadmium telluride, or organic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal reflector includes an upper layer made of gold, silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Preparing polymer comprises coupling one or more identical or different monomers of formula IIIa with one or more identical or different comonomers of the formula R8-Ar-R9 and optionally one or more identical or different comonomers selected from the following formulae R8-A-R9 and R8-B-R9 in an aryl-aryl coupling reaction. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of compound (I) is 0.1-30 %mass. The cellulose ester type resin is cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and/or cellulose acetate butyrate. The resin composition further contains UV absorber, optical stabilizer, antioxidant, and/or plasticizer. The molded product contains 0.1-10 g/m2 of compound (I) and has a thickness of 20-1000 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    monovalent substituent=halo, cyano, carboxy, nitro, hydroxy, 1-20C alkoxy, thiocyanato, or 1-20C alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylcarbonyl, amino, aryloxy, sulfamoyl, or alkylsulfonyl (all optionally substituted by halo, 1-20C alkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylcarbonyl, nitro, amino, hydroxy, 1-20C alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfamoyl, thiocyanato, or alkylsulfonyl);    at least one of R1b-R1d=substituent having positive Hammett sigma p value, preferably COORr or CN;    Rr=H or monovalent substituent;and    R1g-R1n=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass of optical function portion does not contain bismuth compound, lead compound, and phosphorus compound. The glass transition temperature of the glass substrate of the plane lens is 550-670 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder is butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The phosphor includes gadolinium oxide sulfide (Gd2O2S):terbium, calcium tungsten oxide (CaWO4), zinc sulfide (ZnS):copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), ZnS:Cu, gold (Au), Al or yttrium oxide sulfide (Y2O2S):europium (Eu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic layer is a blocking layer and (I) is a blocking material. The organic layer is an emissive layer and (I) is a host. The emissive layer further comprises a phosphorescent emissive dopant comprising bis(3-methyl-2-phenyl-pyridine)iridium complex or bis(1-(2,6-diisopropyl-phenyl)-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole)iridium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    rings A, B = phenyl or pyridyl; and    R1, R2 = 45 fused heteroaryl groups e.g. dibenzofuranyl, benzo(4,5)furo(2,3-b)pyridinyl, furo(2,3-b,5,4-b')dipyridinyl, furo(2,3-b,4,5-c')dipyridinyl, 9-thia-2,5-diaza-fluorenyl, dibenzoselenophenyl, benzo(4,5)selenolo(2,3-b)pyridinyl, 9-selena-2,7-diaza-fluorenyl, 9-selena-2,5-diaza-fluorenyl, benzo(4,5)thieno(2,3-b)pyridinyl or thieno(3,2-c,4,5-c')dipyridinyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 17 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 9'-dibenzofuran-2-yl-9-phenyl-9H,9'H-(3,3')bicarbazole of formula (Ia), 9-(dibenzo(b,d)thiophen-2-yl)-9'-phenyl-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole, 9-(dibenzo(b,d)thiophen-4-yl)-9'-phenyl-9H,9'H-bicarbazole, 9'-benzo(4,5)thieno(2,3-c)pyridin-1-yl-9-phenyl-9H,9'H-(3,3')bicarbazole and 9'-benzo(4,5)furo(2,3-c)pyridin-1-yl-9-phenyl-9H,9'H-(3,3')bicarbazole.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2-iododibenzo(b,d)furan (2.59 g), 9-phenyl-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole (3 g), and sodium tert-butoxide (1.764 g) in 200 ml of xylene was bubbled with nitrogen for 20 minutes. Dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (0.121 g) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.067 g) were then added, and the mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled and filtered. After solvent evaporation, the residue was purified to give 9'-dibenzofuran-2-yl-9-phenyl-9H,9'H-(3,3')bicarbazole (3.7 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid comprises nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, and/or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The oxidant comprises benzoyl peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer comprises a polydiacetylene that comprises 10,12-pentacosadiyn-1-OL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made up of silicon, III-V compound semiconductor, II-VI compound semiconductor, sapphire, or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vinyl type boric acid monomer component is vinyl boric acid, vinyl phenyl boric acid, allyl boric acid or their derivatives. The copolymer further contains copolymerization components other than acrylonitrile component and vinyl type boric acid monomer component derived from methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylic ester, methacrylic acid, methacrylic ester, itaconic acid, itaconic acid ester, amino styrene, vinylpyridine, vinylimidazole, vinylcarbazole, vinyl pyrrolidone, cyanoacetic ester, vinyl phthalimide, vinyl pyrazine, vinyl triazine or vinyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The isotactic triad content of the acrylonitrile component in the copolymer is 15 mol% or more based on all the acrylonitrile component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silsesquioxane with respect to 100 weight% of hardenable components is 70-100 weight%. The content of aromatic bismaleimide compound is 10-60 weight%. The curable composition further contains compound having two or more of carbon-carbon double bonds and triazine ring structure. The silsesquioxane is hydrolysis-condensation product of thiol group containing silane compound of formula: R1Si(OR2)3.R1=1-8C organic group which does not have aromatic ring or thiol group, or organic group having aromatic ring;andR2=H, organic group which does not have aromatic ring or organic group having aromatic ring.Preferred Property: The curable composition enables formation of cured material having glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The glass fiber is woven fabric of glass fiber or nonwoven fabric of glass fiber. Preferred property: The transparent composite sheet has light transmittance of 85% or more at 550 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The transparent substrate (10,16) of transparent laminated material is glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst (y) is composite metal cyanide complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyester ether polyol is obtained by copolymerizing polycarboxylic acid or polycarboxylic acid anhydride (z1), and alkylene oxide (z2) in presence of a catalyst (y) with initiator (x) having number of active hydrogen of 2, and which does not have a phosphorus atom in a molecule. Preferred Composition: The content of polyol (a1) is 10-20 parts mass, content of polyoxyalkylene polyol is 40-60 parts mass and content of polyester ether polyol is 30-40 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polyol component. The curable resin composition further contains monomer of formula: CH2=C(R)C(O)O-R2 and photoinitiator. The content of phosphorus in curable resin composition is 0.01-5 %mass.R2=3-4C hydroxyalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal atom in component (B) is copper, zinc, manganese, nickel and/or iron, preferably copper or zinc. The composition further comprises titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (B) is 1-100 ppm with respect to component (A). The component (B) is an organometallic complex in which ligand having porphyrin ring or phthalocyanine ring is coordinated to a metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro(alkylvinylether)copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, chlorotrifluoroethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidine fluoride copolymer, vinylidine fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and/or vinylidine fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The stretching rate of film at a temperature lower than heat-deformation start temperature, with respect to total stretching rate, is less than 50%. Preferred Process: The polyimide precursor solution is obtained by reacting aromatic tetracarboxylic acid component having 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride as main component, and aromatic diamine component having p-phenylenediamine component, in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of oxide particles (I,II) is 0.1-10 mu m. The water-vapor permeability of the thin film sheet is less than 0.3 g/m2.day when left at 20 degrees C and 50% relative humidity for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The leading transparent layer is made of fluorine doped tin oxide or indium tin oxide or aluminum doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layered inorganic compound contains fluorinated smectite or fluorinated mica. Preferred Properties: The average aspect ratio of nanosheet is 150 or more. The X-ray diffraction spectrum produced by primary diffraction along (001) plane of nanosheet, has peak top in the region of 2( theta )=1.75-6.76.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of amine in the gas barrier layer is 1-30 %mass. The amine has two or more amino groups. The amine in nanosheet exists in ionically bonded state by cationizing at least one portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carboxyl group-containing triazole compounds dissolved in organic solvent is 30-60 mass%. The photosensitive agent has quinonediazide structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The heating sinterability metal particles are chosen from silver particles covered with organic compound. The metal of metal components is copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium or their alloys. Preferred Process: Heating is carried out in presence of inert gas or dry air. Preferred Property: The adhesion strength between the metal components is 14 MPa or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metal components are ceramic or resin-made components which are partially or wholly metal plated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The beta -ketocarboxylic acid silver is isobutyryl silver acetate, benzoyl silver acetate, propionyl silver acetate, alpha -methyl aceto silver acetate, and/or alpha -ethyl aceto silver acetate. The forming material is dispersion liquid or solution containing beta -ketocarboxylic acid silver distributed or dissolved in a medium. Preferred Process: The forming material is heated in the presence of a reducing agent. Preferred Property: The metal silver has a resistivity of 1\10-5 to 7.8x 10-3 ohm.cm. Preferred Condition: The heating temperature of the forming material is 60-210 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable functional group contained in compound (A) is epoxy group, crosslinked silicon group and/or (meth)acryloyl group, preferably epoxy group. The component (A) is polysiloxane-type compound. The component (A) or component (B) contains carbonyl group-containing structures of formulae (I)-(IV), phenolic hydroxyl group and carboxyl group.R1=H or 1-50C monovalent organic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction solvent is sodium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The modification of carbohydrate is an oxidation reaction. The electrochemical reaction is performed using reaction solvent which is capable of increasing the catalyst reaction on the surface of electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An additional element chosen from sodium, potassium, cesium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, niobium, silicon, phosphorus, gallium, tin, indium, germanium, antimony, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium and ytterbium is contained in the composition for forming transparent conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of palladium with respect to total content of copper and palladium is preferably 44-47 atomic%. The ratio of content of aluminum with respect to total content of copper and palladium is 0.4-1.5 atomic%. Preferred Property: The hydrogen-permeable membrane has thickness of 1-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ratio of sulfonic acid group content to acidic functional group content is controlled by adjusting the sulfonation time, temperature, sulfonation agent and sulfonation atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The glass film is manufactured from glass containing a composition of 58-70 mass% of silicon dioxide, 12-22 mass% of aluminum oxide, 3-17 mass% of boron trioxide, and 5-12 mass% of mixture of magnesium oxide calcium oxide strontium oxide and barium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flat glass is made of soda lime glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given for catalyst (C1). Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst electrochemically converts CO2 to at least one reaction product combination with CO2. The catalyst comprises helper catalyst (0.0000062-99.999 wt.%). Preferred Components: The catalytically active element comprises at least one of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Al, Si, C, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, U, Sm, Tb, La, Ce and Nd. The helper catalyst comprises at least one of an organic cation and an organic anion. The helper catalyst is a solvent, electrolyte or additive. The helper catalyst is selected from phosphines, imidazoniums, pyridiniums, pyrrolidiniums, phosphoniums, sulfoniums, prolinates, methioninates, cholines, choline chloride, choline bromide, choline iodide (preferably cholines, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazonium cations and tetrafluoroborate anions). The reactant is CO2. Preferred Process: The process further involves: applying electrical energy to the reaction so as to achieve electrochemical conversion of the reactant to a reaction product. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The difference of ionization potential of the P-type organic semiconductor and apparent ionization potential of the bulk hetero structure is 0.4 eV or less. The photoelectric conversion element has an electric charge blocking layer (15a). The apparent ionization potential of the bulk hetero structure component is 5.8 eV or less, preferably 5.7 eV or less. The ionization potential of the P-type organic semiconductor is 5.2 eV or more. The difference of electron affinity of P-type organic semiconductor, and fullerene (derivative) is 0.2 eV or more. The P-type organic semiconductor is a dye type. The fluorescence maximum wavelength at 25 degrees C of the bulk hetero structure is 750 nm or more, preferably 760 nm or more. The fluorescence quantum yield at 25 degrees C of the bulk hetero structure is 1% or less, preferably 0.1% or less. The connection portion for transmitting the charge-storage portion for storing the electric charge which the substrate produces in the photoelectric conversion layer, and the electric charge of the photoelectric conversion layer to the charge-storage portion is provided.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The P-type organic semiconductor is a cyclic compound of formula (I). The N-type organic semiconductor is fullerene (derivative) containing a fullerene multimer.Z1=ring containing at least 2 carbon atoms, 5-membered ring, 6-membered ring, or condensed ring containing 5-membered ring and/or 6-membered ring;L1-L3=optionally substituted methine;D1=atomic group;andn=0 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The polycrystalline silicon/copper-indium-gallium-selenium overlapped battery comprises an upper copper-indium-gallium-selenium overlapped battery, and a lower polycrystalline silicon battery. Preferred Method: The polycrystalline silicon/copper-indium-gallium-selenium overlapped battery is prepared by (i) processing flocking of the p-type polycrystalline film by the acid, performing phosphorus diffusion to remove the phosphorus-silicon glass to obtain the lower polycrystalline silicon battery with the p-n junction, and (ii) continuing deposition of the n+-zinc oxide film on the p-n junction of the lower polycrystalline silicon battery, and then depositing the p+-copper gallium selenide film and the p-copper-indium-gallium selenide film through co-evaporating or sputtering selenylation, depositing i-zinc oxide and zinc oxide-aluminum through the magnetron sputtering or the chemical vapor deposition, evaporating the upper nickel-aluminum electrode on the zinc oxide-aluminum film, and evaporating the back nickel-aluminum electrode on backside of the polycrystalline silicon battery to obtain the polycrystalline silicon/copper-indium-gallium-selenium overlapped battery. The method comprises changing thickness and elements of the upper battery and the lower battery to obtain a series of polycrystalline silicon/copper-indium-gallium-selenium overlapped batteries of different performances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ground lines contain material chosen from aluminum coating material, stainless steel material, Inconel (RTM: nickel-chromium-based superalloy), Monel (RTM: nickel alloy) and Hastelloy (RTM: nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The donor element is phosphorus and/or antimony. The donor-element-containing material comprises phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, and/or antimony trioxide. The composition comprises glass component substance(s) chosen from silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, ceria, and/or molybdenum oxide. The glass powder contains a metallic element which reacts with glass powder to crystallize. The metallic element is silver, silicon and/or zinc. The lifetime killer element is iron, copper, nickel, manganese, chromium, tungsten and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The acceptor element is boron, aluminum and/or gallium. The acceptor-element-containing material comprises boria, alumina, and/or gallium oxide. The composition comprises glass component substance(s) chosen from silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, thallium oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, and/or molybdenum oxide. The lifetime killer element is iron, copper, nickel, manganese, chromium, tungsten and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The donor element is phosphorus and/or antimony. The donor-element-containing material comprises phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, and/or antimony trioxide. The glass component substance is silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, and/or molybdenum oxide. The composition further contains silver, silicon, copper, iron, zinc and/or manganese, preferably silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The acceptor element is boron, aluminum and/or gallium. The acceptor-element-containing material comprises boria, alumina, and/or gallium oxide. The glass component substance is silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, thallium oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, and/or molybdenum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The donor element is phosphorus and/or antimony. The donor-element-containing material comprises phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, and/or antimony trioxide. The composition comprises glass component substance chosen from silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, ceria, and/or molybdenum oxide. The glass powder has a crystallization temperature of 1050 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The acceptor element is boron, aluminum and/or gallium. The acceptor-element-containing material comprises boria, alumina, and/or gallium oxide. The composition comprises glass component substance(s) chosen from silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, ceria, and/or molybdenum oxide. The glass powder has a crystallization temperature of 1050 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor film is made of copper zinc tin sulfide, copper indium diselenide, copper indium disulfide, copper indium gallium selenium and copper indium gallium disulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: Aluminum oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m are further added in a ratio of 3-7% of total weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solutes (A and/or B) are organic semiconductor, organic luminescent material, organic electron transport material, and/or organic hole-transport material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The Group III-V element-based thin film is made of gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium (In)-GaAs, In-gallium phosphide (GaP), aluminum (Al)-InGaP, AlInP, or AlGaAs. The Group IV element-based thin film is made of germanium or silicon germanium containing less silicon than germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Group IIIA element comprises gallium, indium, aluminum, or thallium. The Group VIA element comprises sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or polonium. The Group IB element comprises copper, silver, or gold. The semiconductor layer comprises CuIn1-xGaxSe2, where x is 0-1; and comprises CuIn1-zGaz(SeyS1-y)2, where z is less than or equal to 0 and y is less than or equal to 1. The IB2VIA composition is Cu2Se. The precursor IIIA2VIA3 composition is (InzGa1-z)2(SeyS1-y)3; and is (InxGa1-x)2Se3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The intrinsic semiconductor layer of the photoelectric conversion unit is made of germanium, amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first reflection layer contains aluminum-doped zinc oxide with conductivity or boron-doped zinc oxide with conductivity. The second electrode contains aluminum contacting the first reflection layer through the opening. The white pigment contains at least one of oxide, nitride, and carbide. The oxide is at least one of titanium dioxide and barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second reflection layer contains one of white paint containing the white pigment, white foil, and ethyl vinyl acetate foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cell comprises n-type cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, and zinc selenide window layer located over the n-type zinc doped semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano-oxide semiconductor film is selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and Niobium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon oxide in slurry is 50-70 %mass. The thermal plasma flame is originated from hydrogen, helium and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The liquid substance containing carbon is alcohol, ketone, kerosene, octane or gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etchant solution is hydrofluoric acid or ammonium hydrofluoride solution. The titanium-containing precursor is tetra-titanium isopropylate or titanium tetrachloride. The tin-containing precursor is mono-butyl tin trichloride or tin tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The antireflective film has thickness of 78-88 nm, and reflective rate of 2-2.15. The passivation layer contains hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: (a) preparing a precursor molecule, which carries a group Y1a and/or T1a, and is unbridged in a relevant position; (b) converting the group Y1a and/or T1a to Y1b and/or T1b by undergoing a ring closure reaction; and (c) performing the ring closure reaction to introduce the bridging Y1 and/or T, where the groups Y1a, T1a, Y1b and T1b are not defined. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 152 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. substituted 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Ie)    EXAMPLE - 2-(5-(8,8-Dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridin-2-yl)-2-(8,8-dimethyl-8H-indolo(3,2,1-de)acridin-3-yl)-4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl)-propan-2-ol (42 mmole) was dissolved in degassed toluene (1200 ml) and mixed with a suspension of polyphosphoric acid (40 g) and methanesulfonic acid (28 ml) and heated for 1 hour at 60 degrees C. The obtained mixture was cooled and mixed with water. The obtained solid was dissolved in methylene chloride/tetrahydrofuran (1:1). The solution was gently alkalized with 20% sodium hydroxide, the phases were separated and dried over magnesium sulfate and the resulting solid was extracted from heptane to obtain substituted 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine compounds (Ia) (26.3 g, 36.5 mmole, 87% of the theory, purity of 99.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing material comprises (in wt.%) silver iodide (40-55), manganese nitrate (6-12), cobalt(II) oxide (2-4), chromium(III) oxide (3-5), aluminum hydroxide (10-15), yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-20) and modified muscovite (15-30), or silver iodide (40-65), manganese nitrate (5-9), copper oxide (2-4), zinc oxide (1-3), cobalt(II) oxide (2-4), chromium(III) oxide (2-5), aluminum hydroxide (10-15), yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-20) and modified muscovite (15-30), or silver iodide (40-65), manganese nitrate (5-9), copper oxide (2-3), cobalt(II) oxide (2-3), iron(III) oxide (2-4), chromium(III) oxide (2-5), aluminum hydroxide (10-15), yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-20) and modified muscovite (15-30), or silver iodide (40-65), manganese nitrate (6-8), copper oxide (2-4), vanadium trioxide (3-5), cobalt(II) oxide (1-3), chromium(III) oxide (3-5), aluminum hydroxide (10-15), yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-20) and modified muscovite (15-30), or silver iodide (40-65), manganese nitrate (6-8), lead oxide (6-8), cobalt(II) oxide (2-4), chromium(III) oxide (2-4), aluminum hydroxide (10-15), yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-20) and modified muscovite (15-30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Dihydroxy group-containing compound of formula (III) is treated with phosphoryl chloride to obtain chlorine-containing compound of formula (IV). The obtained compound is reacted with heteroatom-containing compound ((R3)n-ENa) to obtain triazine-type compound (I). Preferred Compound: The triazine-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (V). The triazine-type structural unit (II) is preferably of formula (VI).R4=monovalent hydrocarbyl or H;E'=S or O;andX'a,X'b=chloro, bromo or iodo . EXAMPLE - 4-(4-(2,7-Dibromo-9-(4-hexylphenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-6-sulfanylidene-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazin-2-one was treated with hydrogen peroxide solution (30 weight%) in presence of 1N sodium hydroxide at 0 degrees C to obtain 6-(4-(2,7-dibromo-9-(4-hexylphenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizing portion comprises oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Aromatic diamine is 3,4-diamino-diphenyl ether, 3,3'-diamino-diphenyl ether, 1,4-di(4'-amino-phenoxyl)phenyl, 1,3-di(4-amino-phenoxyl)phenyl, 1,3-di(3'-amino-phenoxyl)phenyl, 1,4-di(4'-amino-phenoxyl)hexafluoro-isopropane, 2,2'-di-trifluoromethyl-4, 4'-biphenyl-diamino, 2,5-di((4'-amino-phenoxyl)phenyl)diphenyl-phosphine oxide, 3,5-di((3-amino-phenoxyl)phenyl)diphenyl-phosphine oxide, and/or 2,5-di((4-amino-2-trifluoro-methylphenoxyl)phenyl)diphenyl-phosphine oxide. Organic solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone, metacresol, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetylamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, and/or 1,2-dichloroethane. Molar ratio of 2,3,3',4'-diphenyl ether tetracid dianhydride to aromatic dianhydride is 1:(0.95-1) (1:(0.99-1)), molar ratio of 2,3,3',4'-diphenyl ether tetracid dianhydride to acetic anhydride is 1:(2-10), and molar ratio of 2,3,3',4'-diphenyl ether tetracid dianhydride to pyridine is 1:(2-8) (1:3). Preferred Conditions: Reaction time is 10-30 (20-25) hours, and temperature is 0-35 degrees C (15-25 degrees C). Preferred Definitions:    n=20-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkyls represented by R1 and R2 are optionally branched or cyclic alkyl. The aryls and/or heteroaryls represented by R1 and R2 are optionally substituted aryls and/or heteroaryls; and non-adjacent methylenes, arylenes, and/or sub-heteroaryls in the alkyls, aryls and/or heteroaryls can further be connected by groups (-O-, -S-, -NH-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCO-O-, -SCO-, -CH=CH-, -CC-) in mutually independent manner. Alkyls represented by R3-R5 are optionally branched or cyclic alkyl. Aryls and/or hetero-aryls represented by R3-R5 are optionally substituted aryls and/or heteroaryls. Alkyls and/or alkoxys represented by R6-R8 are optionally branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxys. The alkalescent condition is aqueous solution of metallic hydroxide, metallic carbonate, or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide. The reaction solvent of the polymerized reaction is methylbenzene, tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, or N,N-dimethylformamide. The polymerized reaction is further added with catalyst comprising organic palladium catalyst or mixture of organic palladium catalyst and organic phosphorus ligand. The organic palladium catalyst is Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) Palladium, or Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)chloride. Preferred Methods: The polymerized reaction is carried out at 60-95 degrees C for 24-168 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: Preheating the silicon chip with the silver film comprises feeding argon as protective gas, annealing at 300 degrees C, heating at 10 degrees C/minute, preserving heat for 30-180 minutes, reacting at 20-70 degrees C, and corroding for 30-120 minutes. Preferred Materials: The corrosive liquid for corroding the silicon chip is hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal catalyst is noble metal, transition metal and their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of the metal precursor in step (C) is 1:1-4:1. The polyalcohol in step (D) is used as reducing agent. The polyalcohol is glycol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): 1,7-Dibromine-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride is reacted with 3,4,5-trialkoxy-1-aminobenzene in presence of organic reaction solvent (I) to obtain perylene diimide dibromide monomer. A polymerization reaction is performed to the perylene diimide dibromide monomer, 4,7-dithiophene-2,1,3-diazosulfide dibromide and bis-borate ester of N-alkyl-carbazole in organic reaction solvent under oxygen-free condition and reacted at 60-100?Oc for 1-72 hours, to obtain perylene diimide-carbazole-dithienyl diazosulfide conjugated polymer. Preferred Process: The perylene diimide dibromide monomer, 4,7-dithiophene-2,1,3-diazosulfide dibromide and bis-borate ester of N-alkyl-carbazole are further added in an organic reaction solvent (II) in the molar ratio of x:y:1 and reacted at 50-120 degrees C for 24-72 hours to obtain perylene diimide-carbazole-dithienyl diazosulfide conjugated polymer. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of 1,7-dibromine-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 3,4,5-trialkoxyl-1-aminobenzene is 1:3-10. The organic reaction solvent is quinoline, imidazole, butanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or propionic acid. The catalyst is organic palladium catalyst or mixture of organic palladium catalyst and organic phosphine ligand. The organic palladium catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium or palladium acetate. The molar ratio of mixture of organic palladium catalyst and organic phosphine ligand is 1:2-20. The organic reaction solvent (II) is tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, N,N-dimethylformamide or methylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compound: The ceramic forming metallic compound is chosen from metal salt and metal complex compound. The metal salt is chosen from chloride, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, perchlorate, phosphate and/or bromated of nickel, cobalt, manganese, yttrium, titanium, iron and/or cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The silane coupling agent is organosilicon compound having hydrolyzable group at one terminal of molecular structure, and reactive functional group at other terminal. The silane coupling agent has functional group chosen from vinyl group, epoxy group, styryl group, methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, amino, ureido group, chloropropyl group, mercapto group, polysulfide group and isocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solution: The solution contains silane coupling agent and polymeric material. The polymeric material is chosen from cellulose polymer, polyalkylene glycol, acrylic resin, urethane-type resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyether. The weight reduction rate of polymeric material at thermal decomposition start temperature of metallic compound is less than 100 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anhydrous tricarboxylic acid chloride is anhydrous cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid chloride. The organic solvent is chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, gamma -butyrolactone, cyclopentanone and their mixed solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin material has solubility of 20 wt.% or more with respect to organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The film thickness of thin film of indium tin oxide is 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Oxide particles (I,II) have an average particle diameter of 0.1-10 mu m. The thin film sheet formed using the vapor-deposition material has a water-vapor permeability of 0.3 g/m2.day or less when left at 20 degrees C and 50% relative humidity for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film webs are made of thermoplastic polyurethane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of chalcogen in compound semiconductor layer is 0-90%, preferably 40-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Polyimide precursor solution is obtained reacting aromatic tetracarboxylic acid component with 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride as main component, and aromatic diamine component with p-phenylenediamine as main component, in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mixing thin-film layer has surface roughness of 2 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active semiconductor structure includes a doped silicon layer or a doped gallium arsenide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The barrier layer is made of a barrier-layer metal selected from the group consisting of noble metals and nickel. The joining layer is made of a joining-layer metal selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective layer is formed of magnesium fluoride, silicon oxide, or silicon nitride. The matching layer is formed of tantalum pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The clay is made of carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon donor includes oxides of carbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to produce a compound containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon-based anti-reflective layer or coating is made from one of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solvent has boiling point of 40-210 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The dissolution parameter (R) of fluorine-containing copolymer in the solvent is less than 25, based on Hansen solubility parameter, and satisfies a relation: 4x (( delta )d-15.7)2+(( delta )p-5.7)2+(( delta )h-4.3)2 (I), where ( delta )d, ( delta )p and ( delta )h are dispersion term, polar term and hydrogen bond term, respectively. The average particle diameter of microparticles of fluorine-containing copolymer is 0.005-2 mu m at 20 degrees C, measured by small-angle-X-ray scattering method. Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit derived from comonomer other than tetrafluoroethylene in fluorine-containing copolymer, is 0.1-50 mol%. The fluorine-containing copolymer has carboxylic acid group, acid-anhydride group and/or carboxylic acid halide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite is chosen from expanded graphite, graphite flakes and spheroidized graphite. The carbon black is chosen from acetylene black and Ketchen Black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from chlorinated polyethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The masking layer is removed by immersing in an organic solvent chosen from acetone, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone. A protective layer consisting of ceramic material is formed (S50) on upper surface of coating layer, after removing masking layer. The protective layer contains binder material. Preferred Properties: The protective layer has hardness of H or more, haze of 1% or less and permeability of 95-100%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The masking layer is made of polyester, polyvinyl chloride, petroleum resin, acrylic resin, natural rubber resin and polymethylmethacrylate copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains 0.01-10 parts mass of fumed silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 1-90 parts mass of the component (a), 0.1-50 parts mass of the component (b) and 1-50 parts mass of the component (c). The composition further contains a polymerization initiator. The methacrylate compound and/or acrylate compound is 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate and/or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The fluorine-containing polymer has 10-50 mol parts of tetrafluoroethylene or cyclic structure chosen from formulae (I)-(III), 0-50 mol parts of hexafluoropropylene, 90-10 mol parts of vinylidene fluoride and 10-100 mol parts of vinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyvinyl alcohol-type resin is grafted polyvinyl alcohol-type resin. Preferred Process: The adsorption layer is obtained by coating a sheet base material using coating liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyvinyl alcohol-type resin is grafted polyvinyl alcohol-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum group metal is chosen from rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum. The rare-earth element in the rare-earth-element oxides (a) and (b) are chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and cerium. The alkaline-earth-element oxides (c) and (d) contain magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. The content of rare-earth-element oxide (a), rare-earth-element oxide (b), alkaline-earth-element oxide (c), alkaline-earth-element oxide (d) and platinum group metal is 2-25 %mass, 0.01-5 %mass, 0.1-15 %mass, 0.01-3 %mass and 0.01-1 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pressure of fluorine gas at the time of contact with the particles is 0.5-200 kPa, and the temperature is 0-400 degrees C. The fluorinated particles are heated at 150-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A silicon carbide rod (3) is installed in the reactor. The silicon carbide rod is obtained by impregnating silicon into porous silicon carbide. The mass ratio of silicon carbide and impregnated silicon is 80:20-95:5. An insertion container is installed in the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ceramic formation metallic compound is metal salt of transition metal or transition metal complex compound. The metal salt is chloride, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, perchlorate, phosphate or bromate of transition metal compounds such as nickel, iron, manganese and titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric material is polyalkylene glycol resin, acrylic resin, urethane type resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene or polyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide is alumina, silica, zirconia and/or titania. Rare earth element oxide and/or alkaline earth metal oxide are further supported to support. The rare earth element oxide is oxide of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and/or cerium. The alkaline earth metal oxide is oxide of magnesium, calcium, strontium and/or barium. The combination of rare earth element oxide and alkaline earth metal oxide is cerium and strontium, cerium and barium or magnesium and lanthanum. Preferred Conditions: The steam reforming reaction is carried out at 350-700 degrees C. Ammonia treatment process of reformed gas is not carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alumina source is pseudo-boehmite. The ammonium sulfate is used as 0.1-5 mmol/l solution. The content of sulfur in the sulfate radical alumina is 1-5 %mass. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon oil is contacted with sulfate radical alumina at 100 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The basis plastic matrix comprises polypropylene, polyvinylchloride and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfonic acid compound is benzene sulfonic acid compound of formula (II). The electrolytic polymerization liquid further contains aromatic nitro compound of formula (III)-(V) as additive. The conductive monomer is pyrrole or its derivative.R'=1-15C linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Compound: The platinum compound is hydrated platinic acid. The baked product contains (in %mass) nickel (45-75), zinc (3-40), porous inorganic oxide (10-30) and platinum (0.05-5) by elemental conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyether polyol is aliphatic polyether diol. The polycarbonate polyol is aliphatic polycarbonate diol. The content of urethane (meth)acrylate compound is 90-100 %mass with respect to total amount of resin composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The primer layer contains urethane-type resin having elongation rate of 300% or more measured at normal temperature according to JIS K6732.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyvinyl acetate (b) is polyvinyl butyral. The composition further comprises softener (d) (0.1-300 parts mass). The mass ratio of the components (a1) and (a2) is 99:1-50:50. Preferred Product: The composition attaches on polar resin, resin containing inorganic filler, ceramics or metal to obtain molded product. The content of inorganic filler is 0.1-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkyl metallic compound is alkyl zinc compound of formula: R2Zn and/or RZnX, or alkyl magnesium compound of formula: RMgX and/or R2Mg.R=alkyl having beta -hydrogen;andX=Cl, Br, or I.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst containing palladium is complex obtained by mixing zero valent palladium, zero valent palladium complex obtained from II valent palladium complex, and compound (A) chosen from ketone, diketone, phosphine, diamine and bipyridyl. The catalyst containing nickel is complex obtained by mixing zero valent nickel complex, zero valent nickel complex, and compound (A). Preferred Method: The compound (I) is of formula: C(-R')(-H)=C(-F)(-F) (1) or of formula (2). The compound (1) is obtained by reacting trifluoroethylene having organic group, and organic magnesium compound or organo zinc compound in the presence of catalyst containing nickel or palladium. The compound (2) is obtained by reacting trifluoroethylene having organic group, and organic magnesium compound in the presence of catalyst containing nickel or palladium.R'=alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The organic semiconductor material has carrier mobility of 10-1 cm2V-1second-1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer electrodes are made of silver, aluminum and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The texturing booster is ketone compound, ester compound, alcoholates, glycol ether compound, ion, or nonionic surfactant or their mixtures. The primer composition comprises organic base, or inorganic base or their mixtures. The organic base is chosen from potassium, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium gluconate and EDTA. The inorganic base is chosen from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, morpholine, tetramethyammonium and tetraethylammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The deposited film materials include silver sulfide, silver selenide, silver oxide, aluminum oxide arsenic sulfide, barium oxide, bismuth sulfide, bismuth selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium oxide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc sulfide, cerium oxide, cobalt sulfide, cobalt selenide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, copper bismuth sulfide, copper gallium selenide, copper (indium, gallium) selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper indium selenide, copper (I) sulfide, copper sulfide, copper (I) selenide, copper selenide, copper (I) oxide, copper oxide, iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, iron (III) oxide, iron(II,III) oxide, ferric sulfide (Fe2S3), ferric sulfide (Fe3S4), gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium oxide, gallium phosphide, gallium sulfide, gallium oxide hafnium oxide, mercury (II) sulfide, mercury (II) selenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, indium oxide, indium phosphide, indium sulfide, indium selenide, lanthanum oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese sulfide, manganese oxide, molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum selenide, niobium oxide, niobium sulfide, nickel sulfide, nickel selenide, nickel oxide, lead mercury sulfide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, lead telluride, lead oxide, rhenium trioxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium dioxide, ruthenium oxide, antimony sulfide, antimony selenide, silicon-germanium, silicon oxide, tin (II) sulfide, tin disulfide, tin selenide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, thallium sulfide, thallium selenide, thallium oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The species is selected from a group consisting of diborane, carbon dioxide, Tetrafluoroethylene, Boron trifluoride, Arsine, Phosphine, Germane, Germanium Tetrafluoride, Phosphorus triiodide, Arsenic Triiodide, Nitrogen, Ammonia, mixture of phosphorus and hydrogen, mixture of carbon and fluoride, mixture of Aluminum and Chlorine, mixture of Germanium and hydrogen, mixture of Germanium and fluoride. The molecular ions are selected from a selected from a group consisting of a mixture of carbon and hydrogen, mixture of Boron and hydrogen, mixture of Boron and fluoride, mixture of Arsine and hydrogen, mixture of Phosphorus and hydrogen, mixture of carbon and fluoride, mixture of Aluminum and Chlorine, mixture of Germanium and hydrogen, mixture of Germanium and fluoride, mixture of carbon and hydrogen, mixture of carbon and hydrogen, mixture of carbon and hydrogen, mixture of phosphorus, carbon and hydrogen, mixture of phosphorus, carbon and fluoride, mixture of phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen, mixture of Boron, carbon and hydrogen, mixture of Boron, carbon and fluoride, mixture of Boron, carbon and nitrogen, mixture of Arsine, carbon and hydrogen, mixture of Arsine, carbon and fluoride, mixture of Arsine, carbon and nitrogen, mixture of Germanium, carbon and hydrogen, mixture of Germanium, carbon and fluoride, mixture of Germanium, carbon and nitrogen, mixture of Aluminum, carbon and hydrogen, and mixture of Aluminum, carbon and fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal substrate comprises aluminum, stainless steel, steel material or their clad material. The insulating layer comprises oxide film, nitride film or oxynitride film of aluminum, silicon, titanium and iron. The photoelectric conversion layer comprises compound semiconductor consisting of I-b group element chosen from copper and silver, III-b group element chosen from aluminum, gallium, and indium, and VI-b group element chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layer of solar cell structure is formed of silver/aluminum layer. The intrinsic layer of solar cell structure is formed of amorphous silicon germanium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass film has a thickness of 200 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The glass film consists of tin phosphate glass comprising (in mol%) tin oxide (35-80), phosphorus pentoxide (5-40), and boria (1-30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide mixture contains zinc oxide phase, titanium oxide phase or titanium nitride phase. The oxide sinter phase contains zinc oxide phase, zinc titanate phase or titanium nitride phase. The titanium oxide phase is titanium (III) oxide or titanium (II) oxide. The film forming material is manufactured in reducing environment containing nitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide, vacuum or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tin dichloride solid raw material is fluorine-containing tin chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal of metal microparticle is gold, silver, copper, palladium, platinum and/or tin. The metal oxide of metal oxide fine particles is zinc oxide and/or tin oxide. The ratio of metal microparticle and/or metal oxide fine particles in electron-accepting material is 0.01-50 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative is sulfur containing fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (II) is t-butyl vinyl ether. The molar ratio of vinyl ether with respect to fluoro olefin is 45/55-55/45.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluoro olefin/vinyl alcohol copolymer is further obtained by copolymerizing vinyl ether of formula: CH2=CHOR6.R6=group which is not deprotected during deprotection process.Preferred Property: The copolymerization ratio of the fluoro olefin and vinyl alcohol is 95% or more. The 10 %mass thermal decomposition initiation temperature of the copolymer is 340 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive layer (12) contains silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive layer (13) contains polymer of formula: -(CH2-CX1(-O-R1-OH))l-.-(CH2-CX2(-COO-R2-OH))m-.-(CH2-CX3(-CONH-R3-OH))n- (I).X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;l,m,n=structure rate (mol%);andl+m+n=50-100.Preferred Property: The height of conductive layer (12) is 0.5-1.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molded product is obtained by injecting an ion into the layer comprising the polysilazane compound and clay mineral by plasma ion-implantation. The ion is ionized using at least of gas chosen from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, silicon compound and hydrocarbon is ionized.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polysilazane compound is perhydropolysilazane. The content of the polysilazane compound is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of the clay mineral. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The curing agent is a compound having two or more crosslinkable reaction groups of formula (I), benzylbenzene derivative of formula (II), imidohydrazide compound of formula: H2NHN-C(=NH)-R'f-C(=NH)-NHNH2, and/or hydroxyimidamide compound of formula: HON=C(-NH2)-(-CF2-)n-C(-NH2)=NOH.R1=-NH2, -NHR2, -OH or -SH;R2=fluoro or monovalent organic group;R3=-SO2-, -O-, -CO-, 1-6C alkylene, or 1-10C perfluoroalkylene;R4=-C(=NH)(-NHNH2) or -C(=NOH)(-NH2);R'f=1-10C perfluoroalkylene;andn=1-10.The ammonia-generation compound is urea or ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass plate further has substrate film. The layer (13) contains zinc oxide as main component, and layer (14) contains tin oxide as main component. The film further has transparent conductive layer (A). Preferred Properties: The film has surface roughness of 40 nm or less. The ratio of total area of holes with respect to area of the film, is 10-40%, along film thickness direction. The layers (13 and 14) have thickness of 180-600 nm, and 200-1000 nm, respectively. Preferred Process: Etching component used in manufacture of glass plate, is oxidized in presence of mixed gas containing oxidizing agent and film-forming gas containing oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of diol is 1-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of triol. The diol is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol and/or 1,6-hexanediol. The triol is glycerol, trimethylol propane, 1,2,4-butanetriol and/or 1,2,4-benzenetriol. The content of total compounding quantity of diol and triol is 5-40 parts mass, with respect to 100 parts mass of 1,5-napthalene diisocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching material is mixed gas of tetrafluoromethane and oxygen. The silicon sheet is cleaned using hydrofluoride acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flocking of silicon sheet is performed by placing the silicon sheet in sodium hydroxide solution and isopropanol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doping and growing of the zinc oxide film at gradient on the basis of the zinc oxide transparent conductive film with the non-doping boron or low-doping boron is carried out for 1-4 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second front electrode layer contains a material obtained by mixing zinc oxide, tin dioxide, and/or titanium dioxide with metal material. The first front electrode layer contains aluminum-doped zinc oxide; and the second front electrode layer contains boron-doped zinc oxide. The intrinsic semiconductor layer of the photoelectric conversion unit contains amorphous silicon and/or microcrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The intrinsic semiconductor layer of the photoelectric conversion unit contains germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion-conductive group is cation conductive group or anion conductive group. The abundance of ion-conductive group is 0.01-10 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The molar ratio of group III metal with respect to whole mixing melt at the time of crystal growth start is 15-30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber material comprises cadmium tellurium, the dopant comprises copper, the buffer layer comprises cadmium sulfide and the window layer comprises transparent conductive oxides. The dopant barrier layer comprises at least one material selected from tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), hafnium nitride (HfN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), tungsten nitride (WN), molybdenum nitride (MoN), nickel nitride (NiN), ruthenium nitride (RuN), praseodymium nitride (PrN), titanium tungsten nitride (TiWN), tantalum silicon nitride (TaSiN), titanium silicon nitride (TiSiN), hafnium silicon nitride (HfSiN), zirconium silicon nitride (ZrSiN), tungsten silicon nitride (WSiN), molybdenum silicon nitride (MoSiN), nickel silicon nitride (NiSiN), ruthenium silicon nitride (RuSiN), praseodymium silicon nitride (PrSiN), tantalum oxynitride (TaNO), titanium oxynitride (TiNO), hafnium oxynitride (HfNO), zirconium oxynitride (ZrNO), tungsten oxynitride (WNO), molybdenum oxynitride (MoNO), nickel oxynitride (NiNO), ruthenium oxynitride (RuNO) and praseodymium oxynitride (PrNO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Polishing is carried out using alumina abrasive grains.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface area of transparent conductive film is 101-200 mu m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulating layer contains calcium phosphate and silicon oxide. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles is 10-350 nm. The dust core has specific resistance of 10000 mu Omega -cm or more, maximum permeability of 60-150, core loss of 70 kW/m3 or less in 0.1T and 5 kHz, core loss of 150 kW/m3 or less in 0.1T and 10 kHz and core loss of 400 kW/m3 or less in 0.1T and 20 kHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the lower layer of membrane is titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of the middle layer of membrane is gold, silver, copper, aluminum or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The silicon substrate further comprises single crystalline silicon or multi-crystalline silicon having a thickness of 5-500 mu m. The silicon substrate further comprises deposited microcrystalline silicon having a thickness of 1-10 mu m. The silicon substrate further comprises deposited amorphous silicon having a thickness of 1-10 mu m. The silicon substrate further comprises both deposited microcrystalline silicon and deposited amorphous silicon having a thickness of 1-10 mu m, arranged as one of either (a) an amorphous layer and then a microcrystalline layer and an amorphous layer, or (b) an amorphous layer, and a microcrystalline layer. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector further comprises a second silicon substrate having a substantially planar second substrate first surface available to the incident radiation and a second substrate second surface, the second substrate second surface disposed adjacent the first semiconductor substrate first surface; a second substrate layer disposed at the second substrate first surface, the second substrate layer comprising a layer anti-reflective to infrared and visible light wavelengths of incident radiation; a second substrate second textured layer disposed at the second substrate second surface, the second substrate textured layer comprising a layer anti-reflective for infrared wavelengths of radiation, where the semiconductor solar cell or photodetector further comprises a stacked second and first silicon substrates where the second substrate second surface and the first semiconductor substrate first surface are separated by a gap that creates a discontinuity of index of refraction at least greater than 1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The number of hydroxyl groups in the silanol group is preferably 30-250% with respect to the number of silicon atoms in the siloxane type polymer. The compounding quantity of metal oxide particles is 100-1500 parts mass. The metal oxide particles have a number average primary particle diameter of 1-100 nm. The resin composition is used for covering the light-emitting element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The composite powder has average particle diameter of 1-10 nm. Preferred Composition: The paste composition contains 60-80 %mass of fluid medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound which has hydroxyl group and thiol group is 1-thioglycerol or dimercapto pentaerythritol. The inorganic oxide dispersion comprises inorganic oxide (P) chosen from tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, antimony-containing tin oxide (ATO), indium oxide (ITO), phosphorus containing tin oxide (PTO), fluorine-containing tin oxide (FTO), aluminum containing zinc oxide (AZO) and gallium containing zinc oxide (GZO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has average molecular weight of 1000-20000. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Conditions: The transfer component has a recess (51) on the surface. When bonding the transfer sheet and transfer component, the joining film and transfer component are not joined in a position corresponding to the recess. The joining film corresponding to the shape of recess selectively remains in the base material. The base material and to-be-adhered component are partially joined with the joining film corresponding to the shape of recess. The transfer sheet and transfer component are joined by providing compressive force of 0.2-100 MPa. The joining film of temporary assembly is heated at 60-200 degrees C. The power density of high frequency during plasma generation in the plasma polymerization method is 0.01-100 W/cm2. The base material is a flexible base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The sum total content of silicon atom and oxygen atom is 10-90 atomic% among the atoms except hydrogen atom. The abundance ratio of silicon atom and oxygen atom in the joining film is 3:7-7:2. The crystallinity degree of silicon skeleton is 45% or less. The joining film includes silane bond. The infrared light absorption spectrum of the joining film shows a peak intensity of 0.001-0.2 belonging to silane bond, when the peak intensity belonging to siloxane bond is 1. The leaving group is alkyl group, preferably methyl group. The peak intensity belonging to methyl group is 0.05-0.45. The average thickness of joining film is 1-1000 nm. The joining film is a solid without fluidity. Preferred Component: The joining film comprises polyorganosiloxane having a polymer of octamethyltrisiloxane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrofluoric acid contained in waste liquid is reacted with silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide or sodium silicate, and converted into silicofluoric acid. The number of moles of silicon of silicon oxide compound is 0.2-0.33 times with respect to number of moles of hydrofluoric acid. The number of moles of sodium compound is 2.1-3.3 times with respect to number of moles of silicofluoric acid. The sodium compound aqueous solution is heated at 35-70 degrees C, and sodium silicofluoride is produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The welded-construction structure contains (in %mass) carbon (0.02 or less), silicon (0.01-0.3), manganese (1 or less), phosphorus (0.04 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), alumina (0.02-0.3), nickel (0.2-2), chromium (20-25), molybdenum (1.2 or less), niobium (0.05-0.6), titanium (0.05-0.4), nitrogen (0.025 or less), aluminum (0.02-0.3) and remaining iron and unavoidable impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer is made of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride and/or zinc-silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic layer and inorganic layer are formed on both surface of the base material. The alkylene oxide-modified fluorene acrylate is of formula (I).n1+n2=1-20, preferably 1-6;R1,R2=H or methyl;andR3-R6=H, methyl or ethyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material is polyethylene naphthalate film or polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The transparent resin film is formed by coating photocurable resin composition on surface of the decorating printing film layer by knife coat, curtain coat, comma coat and/or lip coat, and hardening. The decorating printing film layer is a layer to which adhesion-facilitating process(s) chosen from at least one of anchor-coat process, corona discharge treatment, plasma processing and priming-coat process, are carried out. Preferred Property: The photocurable resin composition has viscosity of 100-20000 cps. Preferred Composition: The cage-type silsesquioxane resin is obtained by hydrolyzing a silicon compound of formula: RSiX3 in presence of an organic polar solvent and basic catalyst, and re-condensing obtained hydrolysis product in presence of nonpolar solvent and basic catalyst. The cage-type silsesquioxane resin is of formula: (RSiO3/2)n (II).R=(meth)acryloyl group of formula: H2C=C (-R1)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-, glycidyl group of formula (i) or vinyl group of formula: CH2=CH-;X=hydrolyzable group;n=8, 10, 12 or 14;R1=H or methyl;andm=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic laminar compound is smectite. The inorganic thin-film layer contains inorganic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier resin composition further contains silane coupling agent having an organic functional group, and crosslinking agent having hydrogen bonding group as an additive. The sum total content of silane coupling agent and crosslinking agent in the gas-barrier resin composition is 0.3-20 %mass. Preferred Process: An anchor-coat layer containing resin composition comprising silane coupling agent (0.1-10 %mass) having organic functional group is formed between inorganic thin-film layer and gas-barrier resin composition layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermal-dissociation soluble group is a group which carries out thermal dissociation at 100-300 degrees C by reverse Diels-Alder reaction, preferably ring containing etheno group or ethano group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron-accepting compound is of formula: (R11-(A1)+-R12)n1.Z1(power)(n1)-, (R22-A2+(-R21)-R23)n2.Z2(power)(n2)-, or (R32-A3+(-R31)(-R33)-R34)n3.Z3(power)(n3)-.R11,R21,R31=organic group;R12,R22,R23,R32-R34=substituent, where two or more R11-R34 combines with each other to form ring;A1=element of group 17;A2=element of group 16 of periodic table;A3=element of group 15 of periodic table;Z1-Z3=counter anion;andn1-n3=arbitrary positive integers corresponding to ionic valency of counter anions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer has repeating unit of formula (I) or (II), repeating unit of formula: -(Ar31-N(-Ar33)-((Ar34)N(-Ar35))m-Ar32)-.X3,X4=H;X1,X2=6-15C bivalent cyclic aromatic hydrocarbyl or 5-50C bivalent aromatic heterocyclyl (both optionally substituted);ring A0=optionally substituted aromatic ring in which dissociated group bonds with aromatic hydrocarbyl ring or aromatic heterocyclyl;S1,S2,R41,R46=H, hydroxy, or alkoxy, aromatic hydrocarbyl cyclic group, aromatic heterocyclyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyloxy, acylamino, arylamino or heteroarylamino (all optionally substituted);n1-n4=0-5;m=0-3;andAr31-Ar35=direct bond, or aromatic heterocyclyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl (both optionally substituted), in which Ar33 and Ar35 are monovalent groups and Ar34 is bivalent group.Ar31 and A32 are not direct bonds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Steel: The steel further comprises (in %mass): copper (0.1-3), boron (0.0003-0.005), and tungsten (0.01-0.5 or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The refractive index of transparent conductive layer is more than refractive index of overcoat layer. The overcoat layer comprises low-refractive index particles having refractive index of smaller than matrix resin of overcoat layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The non-lead glass powder has basicity of 0.3-0.8 and glass transition point of 300-450 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of bismuth trioxide, boron trioxide and zinc oxide in the non-lead glass powder is 10-55 mol%, 20-50 mol% and 0.1-49.9 mol%, respectively. The alkaline-earth metal oxide is chosen from barium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and strontium oxide. The metal ion is chosen from iron ion, manganese ion and copper ion. The non-lead glass powder further contains 2 mol% or less of titania, silica, alumina and/or zirconia, and more than 0 mol% of nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Conditions: Patternization by light irradiation is carried out by scanning of laser beam or using photomask. Solvent is removed from the non-irradiated portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound is of formula (III, IV, V or VI). The pi -conjugated condensed aromatic ring has non-planar surface pi -conjugated condensed aromatic ring, graphene, coronene, and/or helicene. The non-planar surface pi -conjugated condensed aromatic ring is fullerene (derivative), corannulene (derivative), carbon nanohorn, and/or carbon nanocup. The wavelength of irradiated light is 300-700 nm, and the intensity is 10-300 mJ/cm2. The organic conductor has an electroconductivity of 0.1-10000 S/m, and the organic semiconductor has a carrier mobility of 0.8-100 cm2/V.second.p=1-10;A= pi -conjugated condensed aromatic ring;X=arbitrary coupling group, preferably -(CH2)q-, group of formula (i), -O-, -S-, -NH-, =N-, -C(=O)-, -SiH2-, -CH=CH-, =CH-, -O-C(=O)-, or their combined groups, in which hydrogen atom is optionally substituted by monovalent organic group or halo;andq=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The oxide-containing layer includes borosilicate glass and phosphorus-silicate glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide-containing layer comprises silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, silane, hygroscopic oxide and/or tetraethylorthosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin-film dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, tetra-ethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and/or semiconductor. The metal is selected from Au, Ag, Cu, Al and/or their alloy. The semiconducting material is selected from the group IV semiconductors, and/or the III-V or II-VI semiconducting compounds. The metal oxide nanoparticles are high-refractive index oxides selected from Al2O3, Ta2O5, Ti3O5, TiO2, ZiO2, Nb2O5, CeO2 and Si3N4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The thin-film dielectric has a thickness of 10-300 (preferably 50-100) nm. The average dimensions of the nanoparticles are 100-300 nm and the average distance between the particles is 200-700 nm. At least part of the nanoparticles is metal nanoparticle, semiconducting nanoparticle or metal oxide nanoparticle. At least part of the nanoparticles has a substantially spheroidal shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thin-film dielectric layer comprises organic resin and/or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas barrier film comprises organic membrane which is formed between the substrate and gas barrier film. The oxidation degree of the silicon oxide is 1-2. The substrate comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). The gas barrier is formed by vacuum evaporation method using silicon oxide or silicon dioxide as film forming material. The thickness of the gas barrier film is 10-150 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin polyfunctional epoxy resin with average functional group number of more than 2. The core contains two or more types of hardening agents chosen from amine-type hardener and/or imidazole-type hardening agent. The polyfunctional epoxy resin includes structure of glycidyl amine compound. The epoxy resin contains polyfunctional epoxy resin more than tetrafunctional. The amine-type hardening contains hardening agent which contains triethylenetetramine as a raw material. The amine system hardening agent has rigid structure chosen from 47 structures e.g. benzene structure, naphthalene structure, biphenyl structure, triphenyl structure and anthracene structure. The mass ratio of hardening agents is 100:10-100:10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The squarylium dye compound is of formula (I).R1,R2=single bond or bivalent coupling group, preferably methine;andR3,R4=6-30C aryl or 4-30C heterocyclic group.The photoelectric conversion element has a doped organic-material layer arranged between the transparent conductive film and the photoelectric conversion film, an exciton block layer arranged between the photoelectric conversion film and the electroconductive film, and a positive hole transport layer between the doped organic-material layer and the photoelectric conversion film. The doped organic-material layer is an electroconductive polymeric layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic electrically conductive material comprises a polymer of thiophene derivative. The photosensitive resin layer comprises a photopolymerizable compound which contains a binder polymer and an non-ethylene-saturated bond, and a photosensitive resin composition which contains a photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film consists of metal oxide. The metal oxide is indium oxide or zinc-based oxide. The total content of zinc oxide and indium oxide is 90 %mass or more. The gas is chosen from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon, xenon and krypton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas barrier layer contains polysilazane compound. The polysilazane compound is perhydropolysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid material is metal or its oxide, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal nitride, metal phosphide, metal carbide, metal silicide, metal boride, a component of a transistor device, a component of a display device, or a component of a solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves reacting a diazadiene compound of formula (II) with alkyllithium compound of formula Li(R10)(R11) (III) and Li(R12)(R13) (IV) to form dilithium diamide of formula (V); and reacting the dilithium diamide (V) with a dihalide of formula M'Cl2. Preferred Method: The method (p1) further involves alternately depositing a second reactant after each deposition of the cyclic amide. The cyclic amide is deposited with a second reactant. Preferred Definitions:    R1 to R22=H or 1-4C alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds i.e. cyclic tin amide of formula (IA) and cyclic lead amide of formula (IB) are specifically claimed as the compound (I).    EXAMPLE - To methyl lithium (50 ml, 1.6 M in ether) in cold (-30 degrees C) ether (250 ml) was added 2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3,6-diaza-3,5-octadiene (6.73 g) in several portions (some heat evolution) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for ca. 1.5 hours. This solution was recooled to -30 degrees C and SnCl2 (7.58 g) was added in portions with vigorous stirring. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuum, followed by crystallization from concentrated pentane solutions at -30 degrees C or sublimation (60 degrees C, -0.03 mmHg) onto a -78 degrees C cold finger to obtain analytically pure cyclic tin amide compound of formula (IA) (6.85 g, yield 54%) as a yellow solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material further comprises at least one of an inorganic metal and an inorganic metal salt. The nitrogen-containing crystalline organic compound: is nitrile compound, amide compound or quinacridone compound; has at least one group comprising nitrile, amido, 4-quinolone structure, an unsaturated bond per molecule, halogen, or hydroxy group; is a pigment; and has a nitrogen content of 0.1-55 mass%. Preferred Method: In the preparation of nitrogen-containing carbon alloy, baking is carried out at 500-1000 degrees C in a stream of inert gas or non-oxidizing gas, where the inert gas or non-oxidizing gas flows at a flow rate of 0.01-2 l/minute/36 mm inner diameter. EXAMPLE - Pigment Red 254 (RTM: 3,6-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione) (1.001 g) was weighed into a quartz boat. The quartz boat was placed in the middle of a quartz tube and inserted in a tubular furnace. Nitrogen was made to flow at a rate of 300 ml/minute for 30 minutes. The Pigment Red 254 (RTM: 3,6-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione) was heated at a rate of temperature rise of 1 degrees C/minute from 30-300 degrees C and then at 10 degrees C/minute from 300-800 degrees C, and maintained at 800?C for 1 hour, and cooled for 3 hours to obtain a carbon material (P1) (0.346 g). The (P1) obtained was ground in an agate mortar to obtain a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The inorganic film has a thickness of 20 to 150 nm, and the laminate film has a center line average roughness of 2 to 75 nm. The laminate film has a Young's modulus of less than or equal to 6 Gpa. The inorganic film contains at least one metal, metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, metal fluoride or their composites. Preferred Method: The method further involves: forming an organic film on a front surface side of the support before forming an inorganic film. The support is wound on a roll after the laminate film is stuck onto a front surface side of the inorganic film or the support is wound on a roll after the laminate film is stuck onto a back surface side of the support. The laminate film is stuck to a back surface side of the support, before the organic film is formed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic film contains one of radiation-curable monomer and oligomer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Chemical modification is provided to first or second end of the magnetic graphene or magnetic graphite faces in order to produce magnetic asymmetry. The ends are zigzag ends. Preferred Composition: The chemical modification involves providing CH group, SiH group, nitrogen group, phosphorus group and/or PH2 group to one end and providing CH2 group, BH group, AlH group, SiH2 group, silicon group, NH group, PH group, PH3 group, oxygen group and/or sulfur group to the other end. The magnetic graphene has molecular weight of 500-50000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A mixed gas comprising silicon tetrahydride and hydrogen is used in the manufacture of the silicon nanowire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sputtering gas is argon. The purity of the copper target is 99.999%. The purity of silicon target is 99.99%. The purity of indium target is 99.995%. The purity of argon is 99.999%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer contains zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium zinc sulfide, cadmium telluride, and/or cadmium sulfide. The absorber is formed using copper indium diselenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium sulfide and/or copper gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of thiourea to cuprous chloride in the step (i) is 2:1. The volume (l/mole) ratio of de-ionized water to cuprous chloride in the step (ii) is 3.5-4:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The dew point of odorizing agent-containing fuel gas is -30 degrees C to 10 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The residual sulfur compound in the processed fuel gas is 10 ppb or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer component is foam cotton pad.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The red orange color light has wavelength of 580-630 nm. The red orange color light is laser beam used for laser processing. The red orange color light source irradiates the red orange color light to the whole to-be-processed substrate. The laser processing is implemented in the gas in which ozone, oxygen and water vapor are mixed. The concentration of the ozone in the gas is 5-15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The water-soluble organic compound is water-soluble aromatic compound having sulfo group and/or sulfonyl group and/or water-soluble aliphatic compound or its derivative(s) having double bond at terminal. The water-soluble aromatic compound or its derivative(s) is aromatic sulfonic acid or its derivative(s) of formula (I), aromatic sulfonamide of formula (II), aromatic sulfonimide of formula: Q3-SO2NM4SO2-Q4 and/or saccharin of formula (III). The water-soluble aliphatic compound or its derivative(s) is aliphatic sulfonic acid or its derivative(s) of formula: R3-SO3M6, aliphatic sulfonamide of formula: R4-SO2NM7M8 and/or aliphatic sulfonimide of formula: R5-SO2NM9SO2-R6.Q1-Q4=6-22C aromatic ring;M1-M9=H or alkali metal;R1,R2=1-4C alkyl;m1,m2=1-4;n1,n2=0-4;andR3-R6=2-6C alkenyl having double bond at terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mean particle diameter of oxide powder (A) and oxide powder (B) is each 0.1-10 mu m. The water permeability of thin film is 0.3g/m2.day, when roughness is 50% and temperature is maintained at 20 degrees C for 1 hour. The water vapor permeability of thin film is set as S, when relative humidity is 50% and temperature is maintained at 20 degrees C for 1 hour. The water permeability of thin film is set as T, when relative humidity is 90% and temperature is maintained at 85 degrees C for further 100 hour. The change rate (T/Sasterisk\100) is 200% or less, with respect to water vapor permeability S and water vapor permeability T.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid contains hydrochloric acid or nitric acid as inorganic acid, niobium alkoxide as niobium compound and titanium alkoxide as titanium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass powder has a basicity of 0.3-0.8 and a glass transition point of 300-450 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of bismuth oxide in the glass powder is 10-55 mol%, the content of boria is 20-50 mol%, and the content of zinc oxide is 0.1-49.9 mol%. The alkaline-earth metal oxide is magnesium oxide, barium oxide, calcium oxide, and/or strontium oxide. The glass powder contains trace component (greater than 0 mol% and 2 mol% or less) chosen from titania, silica, alumina, zirconia, and nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Structure: The fullerene derivative is 60C fullerene derivative having spherical structure. The electron donor is a high-molecular compound. EXAMPLE - (In mg) paraformaldehyde (115), 60C fullerene (512), N-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine (234), and toluene (500 ml) were dissolved and heat-refluxed under nitrogen atmosphere for 5 hours. The solvent was concentrated and the residue was purified using toluene, to obtain a precursor (238) as dark brown component. The obtained precursor (56.3) was dissolved in toluene. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (32), DL-thioctic acid (31), and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2) were added and stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Water was added to the reaction liquid. The organic layer was dried and solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified using toluene, to obtain a fullerene derivative (28.5) of formula (IA) with a yield of 41%. An organic thin-film solar cell obtained using the fullerene derivative had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lead-zinc compound is lead-zinc selenide compound ((Pb50-xZnx)Se50, where x is 30-45).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution contains water, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and/or phosphoric acid. The electric power generation layer contains amorphous silicon and microcrystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is alcohol, ketone, hydrocarbon, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, glycol and/or glycol ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar cell further has support layer. The dopant barrier layer comprises doped or undoped nitride, or doped or undoped oxynitride. The dopant barrier layer is transparent. The absorber material comprises cadmium tellurium. The dopant comprises copper. The buffer layer comprises cadmium sulfide. The window layer comprises transparent conductive oxides. The dopant barrier layer comprises tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, hafnium nitride, zirconium nitride, tungsten nitride, molybdenum nitride, nickel nitride, ruthenium nitride, praseodymium nitride, titanium tungsten nitride, tantalum-silicon nitride, titanium-silicon nitride, hafnium-silicon nitride, zirconium-silicon nitride, tungsten-silicon nitride, molybdenum-silicon nitride, nickel-silicon nitride, ruthenium-silicon nitride, praseodymium-silicon nitride, tantalum oxynitride, titanium oxynitride, hafnium oxynitride, zirconium oxynitride, tungsten oxynitride, molybdenum oxynitride, nickel oxynitride, ruthenium oxynitride and/or praseodymium oxynitride. Preferred Properties: The dopant barrier layer has thickness of 1-100 nm, preferably 5-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) further comprises at least one of gallium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, or antimony, as an additive element, and content of additive element is equal to or less than 0.08. (I) has a resistivity of equal to or lower than 5, (preferably less than or equal to 100) k Omega cm. In the method, average grain size of the raw material powder is less than or equal to 1 mu m. The tin content in the raw material powder is 0.23-0.50. The zinc stannate compound includes at least one of zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) having a tin element as solid solution at the Zn site, Zn2SnO4 introduced with oxygen deficit, and Zn2SnO4 with a non-stoichiometric composition having a ratio of Sn/(Zn+Sn) that is a little deviated from that of Zn2SnO4. Preferred Method: In the method, mixing time of the raw material powder is equal to or longer than 18 hours, preferably equal to or longer than 20 hours. The sputtering method is a direct current sputtering method, where a direct current charge power density of over 1.764 W/cm2 is charged to the target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The graphene sheet comprises 1-300 (preferably 1-60) graphene unit layers. The width and length of the graphene sheet are each greater than or equal to 10 (preferably 1-1000) mm. A peak ratio of D band intensity to G band intensity of the graphene sheet is less than or equal to 0.2 when determined from a Raman spectrum of the graphene sheet, where D band is not observed in a Raman spectrum of the graphene sheet. Preferred Substrate: The graphene substrate further comprises a graphitizing catalyst layer interposed between and in intimate contact with the substrate and the graphene sheet. The graphitizing catalyst layer comprises a metal catalyst in the form of a thin film or a thick film. The graphene substrate further comprises a blocking layer interposed between the substrate and the graphitizing catalyst layer. The blocking layer comprises a compound selected from SiOx (where x is not defined), TiN, Al2O3, TiO2, and/or Si3N. The substrate comprises silicon. EXAMPLE - A graphitizing catalyst film was formed by depositing Ni on a 1.2 cmx 1.5 cm silicon substrate on which 100 nm of SiO2 was coated by sputtering to form a Ni thin film with a thickness of 100 nm. The silicon substrate on which the SiO2 and Ni thin film were formed was disposed in a chamber, and the substrate heat-treated at 400 degrees C for 20 minutes using a halogen lamp as a heat source while acetylene gas was added to the chamber at a constant rate of 200 sccm to form graphene on the graphitizing catalyst. A 7 layered graphene sheet having a size of 1.2 cmx 1.5 cm was formed by removing the heat source and naturally cooling the interior of the chamber to grow graphene in a uniform arrangement. The substrate including the graphene sheet was immersed in 0.1 M HCl for 24 hours to remove the Ni thin film. The graphene sheet separated from the substrate during the immersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The ceramic material comprises the impregnation material. In the product, at least 80% by number of the pores that have a section of convex hexagonal shape in the transverse plane have a roundness index of greater than 0.75. In the cross-section plane: at least 50 (preferably 90)% by number of the pores have a section of convex hexagonal shape; the mean pore size is greater than 0.25 (preferably 1) mu m; and the mean pore size is less than 20 (preferably 10) mu m. In the product, at least 70% by number of the pores are frustoconical tubular pores opening at their two ends with wide and narrow apertures, respectively, known as through-pores, and the ratio of the mean equivalent diameter of the narrow apertures to the mean equivalent diameter of the large apertures of the through-pores being less than 0.95. The product has been sintered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The homopolymer of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro propene is obtained by adding ion-exchange water (1000 g) with butyraldehyde compound of formula (I), adding nitrogen gas, heating the mixture at 70 degrees C, adding ammonium persulfates (APS) (10 ml), reacting the mixture, stirring the mixture at 600 revolutions/minute (rpm), applying internal pressure of 0.75-0.8 MPa, discharging unreacted monomer after 30 hours of reaction, and cooling the product to obtain aqueous dispersion liquid (2.3 %mass).n=10-11. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass has a thermal expansion coefficient of 80x 10-7/ degrees C-130x 10-7/ degrees C at 30-300 degrees C, and softening point at 400-550 degrees C. The glass comprises (in %mass): zinc oxide (28-42), barium oxide (19-27), strontium oxide (2-14), RO (10-27) and R2O (8-15).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The magnet comprises lattice defect (3) which is formed between the core and the shell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ingredient that absorbs wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum is ferric iron. The coating is titanium oxide film on the first surface of the glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The oxide film is a porous anodic oxide film having a thickness of 5-30 mu m. The anodic oxide film is obtained by anodizing the aluminum alloy using sulfuric acid or oxalic-acid aqueous solution, and sealing in boric-acid aqueous solution containing sodium borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The central atom comprises copper, cobalt, nickel, palladium or platinum. The ligands are preferably bidentate ligands. The ligands comprises acetylacetonate, trifluoroacetylacetonate, hexafluoroacetylacetonate, bis(6,6,7,7,8,8.8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises either reacting an anthracene derivative, which is substituted with a reactive leaving group, with a pyrimidine derivative, which is substituted with a boronic acid group or a boronic acid ester group, or reacting an anthracene derivative, which is substituted with a boronic acid group or a boronic acid ester group, with a pyrimidine derivative, which is substituted with a reactive leaving group. Preferred Components: (I) are of formula e.g. (IV), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII). Preferred Definitions:    Ar = naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, benzanthracene, chrysene, benzophenanthrene or pyrene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. 5-(10-benzo(a)anthracen-4-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-pyrimidine of formula (Ia), 2-(10-benzo(a)anthracen-4-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-5-phenyl-pyrimidine and 5-(10-phenanthren-3-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-2-pyridin-2-yl-pyrimidine.    EXAMPLE - 4-(10-Bromo-anthracene-9-yl)benzo(a)anthracene (20 g) and 5-pyrimidine boronic acid (7.2 g) were suspended in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (600 ml) and ethanol (150 ml). The reaction mixture was mixed with 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution (200 ml). To this suspension, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (500 mg) was added and heated for 12 hours under reflux. After cooling, the precipitated solid was suctioned off, washed with water and ethanol, and dried. The residue was extracted with toluene and finally recrystallized from toluene to obtain 5-(10-benzo(a)anthracen-4-yl-anthracen-9-yl)-pyrimidine (Ia) with a purity of 99.9% and yield of 10 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of amorphous aluminum silicate and porous metal oxide is 3:97-95:5. The mean pore diameter of porous metal oxide is 5-10 nm. The specific surface area of porous metal oxide when measured by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method is 500-800 m2/g. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The contact angle with respect to the pure water of the outermost surface of the film is 40-70 degrees measured based on ASTM/JIS R 3257.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises introducing at least one arylamino group into a spirobifluorene derivative by organometallic coupling reaction.Preferred Components: (I) is a spiro complex of formula (II).A1, A2 = diphenyl amine groups of formulae (55 groups given) e.g. (a) to (j). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 27 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. N2,N2,N7,N7-tetra(p-tolyl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2,7-diamine of formula (Ia), 2',7'-dimethyl-N2,N2,N7,N7-tetra(p-tolyl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2,7-diamine, 2,7-bis(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene), 2',7'-dimethyl-N2,N2,N7,N7-tetra(m-tolyl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2,7-diamine and N2,N7-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-N2,N7-di(p-tolyl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2,7-diamine.    EXAMPLE - 2,7-Dibromospirobifluorene (100 g ) (Beijing Aglaia Tech Dev Co. Ltd.) and sodium butoxide (60.8 g) were added in 1.5 l absolute toluene and degassed for 30 minutes by passing nitrogen gas in a 4 litre four-neck flask with internal thermometer, stirrer and reflux condenser. Subsequently, di-t-butylchlorphosphin (1.65 ml) and palladium acetate (1.15 g) were added. Then di-p-tolylamine (104.1 g) was added and stirred for 12 hours under reflux. Acetic acid (100 ml) was added drop wise to the cooled mixture, then ethanol (500 ml) and another amount of acetic acid (100 ml) was added. The precipitated solid was filtered over a frit and dried at 40 degrees C in vacuum to obtain N,N,N',N'-tetra-p-tolyl-9,9'-spirobifluorene-2,7-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The wet silver powder is obtained by washing solid-liquid separation. The wet silver powder is washed in water, preferably deionized water for several times. The resistance rate of the washing solution is 0.8-1.2 MQ.cm, preferably 1 MQ.cm. The wet silver powder is washed in alcohol chosen from butyl Carbitol (RTM: 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol) for 1-4 times, preferably 3 times. The obtained material is pulverized using a three-roller grinder for 3-5 times until the fineness is 8 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer has iron layer and aluminum layer. The conductive substrate is made of carbon fiber, carbon paper and/or silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The polymer film is formed using 1-benzyl-2-methyl imidazole and 4,4-diamino diphenyl methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The bonding layer is obtained using polymer. A catalyst layer is provided between carbon nanotube and bonding layer. The electric device is formed using a polymer film comprising epoxy resin, polyimide, polyurethane and/or diglycidyl ether bisphenol A.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Aluminum oxide powder (0.1-50 wt.%) is added to aluminum nitride powder. Preferred Conditions: The passage amount of aluminum nitride powder is 10-30 kg/hour. The flow rate of combustible gas is 8-15 m3/hour, the flow rate of combustion oxygen is 15-30 m3/hour, and the flow rate of diluting air is 25-50 m3/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The double walled separator is made of plastic i.e. polypropylene. The flat cells are designed as lithium-polymer cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline corrosion liquid in step (iii) comprises alkaline liquor (0.5-2%), isopropanol (0.3-2%) and alkyl sulfonate aqueous solution (0.2-1%) and concentration range in 5x 10-5-5x 10-3 mol/l. The alkaline liquor is atleast one of the sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate alkaline liquor. The monocrystalline silicon uses P type or N type silicon chip, (100)-oriented monocrystalline silicon substrate, the resistance is 0.5-7 omega cm, and the thickness is 180-300 mu m. Preferred Method: The textured surface of the monocrystalline silicon piece in step (iv) forms a uniform suede with its pyramid side length of 0.5-8 mu m and the corrosive thickness of the monocrystalline silicon is 5-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is group X element or group XI element, preferably zinc. The inorganic particles are zinc oxide. Preferred Process: Metal ion is reduced by polythiophene without using a reducing agent, during manufacture of inorganic particle colloid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is water, methanol or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of zinc oxide, boron and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The square resistance of the diffusing process is 40-120 ohm-2. The silicon dioxide is used for masking the surface of silicon slice, and has thickness of 35-55 nm. The silicon nitride is used for masking the surface of silicon slice, and has thickness of 35-55 nm. The resistivity of the silicon slice is 0.2-30 ohm cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The back nano black silicon antireflection layer has diameter of 50-1000 nm, height of 100-10000 nm and reflectivity of less than 1% with respect to sunlight with wavelength of 200-3300 nm. The dimension of micro light absorbing layer is 1-50 microns. The micro light absorbing layer is provided with a micro structure formed by spheroid-like, prismatic table-shaped, pyramid-shaped, or column-shaped structural array, or a V-shaped or U-shaped grating micro structure. The silicon substrate is monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or amorphous silicon, is N type or P type conductive substrate, and has thickness of 100-800 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The plasma reactor consists of plasma reacting container provided with air exhausting hole, air inlet hole and material inlet hole. The lower end of the plasma reacting container is provided with a magnetic stirrer, and the pipeline on the connection of the vacuum pump and the air exhausting hole is provided with a fist control valve. The pipeline on the connection of the first control valve and the air exhausting hole is provided with a vacuum gauge which is used to measure the vacuum degree. A by-pass is used to connect the vacuum gauge with the pipeline and is provided with a second control valve. The pipeline on the connection of the air inlet hole and the air supply bottle is provided with a third control valve and a flow rate adjusting valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sp2 hybridized carbon nano material comprises carbon nanotube and two-dimensional carbon nano material. The carbon nanotube is multi-wall carbon nanotube, and the two-dimensional carbon nano material comprises carbon nanosheet and graphene. The concentration of the concentrated nitric acid is 60-65 %mass. The addition amount of the purified nano material is 100-500 mg/L. The plasma reactor contains nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, argon, steam and/or oxygen as working gas. The metal salt precursor solution contains chloroplatinic acid, potassium hexachloroplatinate, dilute solution of ruthenium containing platinum, osmium containing platinum or iridium containing platinum. The content of the noble metal in the metal salt precursor solution is 1-40 %mass of the mass of the sp2 hybridized carbon nano material, and the content of the platinum is 5-100 %mass of the mass of the content of the noble metal. The reducing agent is ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride, formaldehyde, sodium sulfite and/or sodium thiosulfate. The inert gas is argon or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active layer is light absorbing layer, migration layer or charge injecting layer. Preparation: No preparation method is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron-accepting material is fullerene (derivative). The electron-donating material is a polycyclic compound having four or more rings. The particles have an average particle diameter of 20-80 mu m. The content of particles with a particle size of 10 mu m or less is 10 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The distance of the metal film adjoining arbitrary points in opening portion is 100 mu m or less. The metal film is physical development silver formed by silver salt diffusion process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The liquid-phase ink further comprises dopants comprising boron, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Method: In producing flat glass, during the deposition of the glass nano particles on the glass ribbon the temperature of the glass ribbon is between 400 degrees C and 50 degrees C above the glass transition temperature. The glass nanoparticles are transported to the glass ribbon by means of a, preferably temperature controlled, stream of air or inert gas. The glass ribbon is formed either by pouring the glass melt on a bath of molten tin or by rolling the glass melt. The flat glass (11) is made of soda lime glass, where the surface of the flat glass (11) is at least once toughened, where the toughening is preferably carried out before the deposition of the glass nanoparticles. The flat glass is toughened by a chemical process or thermally tempered. Preferred Pane: In the glass pane, the nano-structured surface comprises structures with a depth of 50-400 nm, preferably 100-300 nm. The structures are randomly distributed over the whole surface of the glass pane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: Lithium and/or sodium and/or magnesium ions are exchanged by potassium and/or silver ions. The gaseous or liquid stream is created by melting or dissolving potassium superoxide, potassium hydroxide, or potassium nitrate. Reactive removal of sodium ions from the surface layer of flat glass is carried out by using gas containing fluorine so that fluorine reacts with sodium to form sodium fluoride. The flat glass is made of soda-lime-silicate glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The target is a ceramic target comprising cadmium stannate, cadmium oxide, and cadmium sulfide (Cd2SnO4+xCdO+yCdS, where x, y and x+y are 0-10, with x and y preferably being 2-8).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Sputtering is carried out in an atmosphere containing oxygen and inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of tin atoms is preferably 0.04-0.163 times with respect to number of indium atoms. Preferred Property: The specific resistance of transparent conductive film is 3.5x 10-4 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Porous metal film is selected from one of the aluminum (Al), Silver (Ag), gold (Au), potassium (Pt), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Titanium (Ti).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The soft magnetic powder is iron-based alloy powder containing pure iron and silicon (0.2-9 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The difference of height Y and X is 10-40 mm. The solidification rate (V3) in the third region is 5-30 mm/hour. Preferred Properties: The oxygen concentration in the cross-section center portion in the height of 30 mm from the bottom face of crucible is 4x 1017 atmosphere/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The difference of height Y and X is 10-40 mm. The solidification rate (V3) in the third region is 5-30 mm/hour. A silica multilayer coating layer (27) comprising slurry bed (28) and stucco layer (29) is laminated in the bottom face of the crucible. Preferred Properties: The crystal orientation ratio distributed in the (101) region is 10% or less. The oxygen concentration in the cross-section center portion in the height of 30 mm from the bottom face of crucible is 4x 1017 atmosphere/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diluted sulfuric acid has concentration of 3-6 mol/l. The vanadium pentoxide and the oxalic acid are at mole ratio of 1:1. The dosage of the vanadium pentoxide into per liter of diluted sulfuric acid solution is 181.8-455 g. The substance with the hydrogen ions can be salt with hydrogen ions, inorganic acid except for sulfuric acid, or simple organic acid. The salt with hydrogen ions is potassium and/or sodium salt with hydrogen ions. The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and/or phosphoric acid. The dosage ratio of the vanadium ion solution to the additive (volume/weight L/g) is 1:5-25. The potassium salt with hydrogen ions is potassium bisulfate and/or potassium hydrogen phosphate. The sodium salt with hydrogen ions is sodium bisulfate and/or sodium dihydrogen phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The simple organic acid is formic acid, acetic acid and/or oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A sealing pad sheet of the anode and cathode frames is made of rubber, fluororubber, silicon rubber, PTFE or glass fiber coated with PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The number average molecular weight of active-energy-ray-curable compound is 3000-100000. The active-energy-ray-curable compound has (meth)acryloyl-group equivalent of 250-1600. Preferred Process: The acrylic-type monomer (in weight%) (a1) (10-80) having piperidinyl group and (meth)acryloyl group, acrylic-type monomer (a2) (0.1-20) having fluorine atom containing functional group and (meth)acryloyl group, acrylic-type monomer (a3) (10-80) having hydroxyl group and (meth)acryloyl group, and acrylic-type monomer (a4) (0-10) having (meth)acryloyl group and hydroxyl group are copolymerized to obtain acrylic-type prepolymer. The obtained prepolymer is reacted with acrylic-type monomer (a5) having isocyanate group and (meth)acryloyl group to obtain active-energy-ray-curable compound. Preferred Component: The fluorine atom-containing functional group is perfluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The amorphous transparent conductive material is indium oxide-zinc oxide, indium oxide-gallium-oxide-zinc oxide or indium oxide-gallium-oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layers including dielectric materials selected from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conducting film is made from metal oxide and dopant. The metal oxide is chosen from zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, cadmium oxide, titanium oxide, cadmium-indium oxide (CdIn2O4), cadmium-tin oxide (Cd2SnO4) and zinc-tin oxide (Zn2SnO4). The dopant is chosen from tin, antimony, fluorine, aluminum, germanium, gallium, zirconium, boron, molybdenum, nickel and zinc. The mask is metal mask made from stainless steel, copper, silicon sheet, aluminum, nickel or their alloys. The main component of the main grating metal electrode and the thin grating metal electrode in the prepared crystalline silicon solar cell comprise silver, aluminum, gold, copper and nickel. The main grating metal electrode has width of is 0.5-5 mm. The main component of the passivation layer is chosen from silicon nitride, silicon monoxide, alumina and amorphous silicon. The passivation layer has thickness of 1-600 nm and refractive index of 1.1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 10%. The molybdenum metal foil test specimen is 200x 200x 0.012 mm. Ions are injected by increasing arc pressure to 60 V, increasing trigger pressure to 80 KV, increasing high pressure to 60 KV, adjusting trigger frequency during the injection, and keeping beam flow density at 2-2.5 mu A.cm2 and vacuum degree during the injection at 1x 103 Pa. The dose of the injected silver ions is 1.7x 10 17 ions/cm2. The energy injected is 126 KeV. The silver salt plating liquid comprises (g/liter) silver nitrate (30), sodium sulfite (100), sodium phosphate (35), sodium citrate (35), and sulfo-semicarbazide (8). The pH value is 6-7. The temperature is 25 degrees C, and the current density is 0.4-2 A.dm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconducting materials consist of silicon, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, and/or gallium nitride. The atomically thin dopant includes gold(lll)chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A diyne compound of formula (II) is reacted with organotransition metal compound and halogen-containing compound of formula: ArPU2, and oxidized, to obtain phosphole compound (I).U=halo.Preferred Component: The phosphole compound (I) is preferably of formula (Ia).R4=U;andZ=haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl (all optionally substituted). EXAMPLE - (In g) 1,7-bis(tributylstannyl)-1,6-heptadiyne (20.4) was added to isopropyl magnesium chloride (2 M) and ethyl oxide solution (450 mL) containing titanium isopropoxide (8.8 mL) at -70 degrees C. The obtained mixture was stirred at -50 degrees C for 2 hours. Then, ether solution (150 mL) of dichloro(4-dodecyloxy phenyl)phosphine (30 mmol) was added to the mixture and stirred at 0 degrees C for 1 hour. Then, saturated ammonium chloride solution was added to the obtained mixture, filtered, and organic layer was separated and the water layer was extracted. The extract was evaporated and oily residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (100 mL). Then, hydrogen peroxide (30 wt.%) was added to the solution and organic layer was separated. The product was dried and purified by silica gel column chromatography, to obtain pale yellow oil of 1-dodecyloxy phenyl-2,5-bis(tributyl stannyl)phosphole (1.76).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Diketone compound and o-phenylenediamine compound are added to obtain dibromide intermediate of quinoxaline heteroarylic ring compound. Stille-type coupling reaction of the intermediate is carried out with 4,4-dialkyl 2,6-di(trimethyltin)-cyclopentadiene(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene compound, and 4,4-dialkyl-2,6-dibromo-cyclopentadiene(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene compound to obtain cyclopentadienedithiophene-quinoxaline conjugated polymer. Preferred Method: The preparation of dibromide intermediate and/or Stille-type coupling reaction are carried out under anaerobic reaction. The dibromide intermediate is obtained by reacting diketone compound and o-phenylene diamine in organic solvent in ratio of 1:0.1-10, at 20-120 degrees C for 1-24 hours. The organic solvent is acetic acid, methanol, ethanol or butanol. Stille-type coupling reaction of 4,4-dialkyl 2,6-di(trimethyltin)-cyclopentadiene(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene compound, 4,4-dialkyl-2,6-dibromo-cyclopentadiene(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene compound and intermediate is carried out at 50-150 degrees C for 24-72 hours in ratio of 1:1-100:1 in organic solvent chosen from tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene and toluene. A catalyst is added during coupling reaction. The catalyst is organic palladium catalyst or mixture of organic palladium catalyst and organophosphorus ligand. The amount of the catalyst is 0.05-50 mol% of 4,4-dialkyl-2,6-di(trimethyltin)-cyclopentadiene(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene compound. The organic palladium catalyst is Pd2(dba)3/P(o-Tol)3, Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd(PPh3)2Cl2. The molar ratio of organic palladium catalyst and organophosphorus ligand is 1:2-20. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R5=group of formula (a)-(c);and    R7-R10=1-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: An isocyanate group-containing unsaturated compound is reacted with the hydroxyl group of the alkylene oxide group which is formed at the terminal of the component (A1). The fluoroalkyl group is 4-6C perfluoroalkyl group. The liquid repelling resist composition further comprises photocrosslinking catalyst (B), solvent (C), crosslinking agent (D), and alkali-soluble polymer (E), and optionally fluorine-type polymer (A2) containing (in parts weight) perfluoropolyether group-containing alpha -substituted acrylate (a1-2) (100) of formula: CmF2m+1-(OCF(CF3)CF2)-OCF(CF3)CH2OCOC(X)=CH2 (III), component (a2) (5-60), component (a3) (10-40), and unsaturated organic acid (a4) (5-45), as repeating units. The component (B) is radical polymerization initiator. The component (D) is polyfunctional (meth)acrylate.X=H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, CFX1X2, fluoroalkyl, cyano, 1-20C linear or branched (un)substituted benzyl, (un)substituted phenyl or 1-20C linear or branched alkyl.Preferred Properties: The fluorine-type polymer (A2) has fluorine concentration of 15-40%, acid value of 10-200 mg potassium hydroxide/g, and weight average molecular weight of 3000-20000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The front zinc oxide-based film layer and the back zinc oxide-based film layer are zinc oxide, zinc-magnesium oxide, zinc-cadmium oxide, zinc-beryllium oxide and zinc-calcium oxide films.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The films are transparent conductive films formed by mixing hydrogen, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, scandium, yttrium, silicon, germanium, tin, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, cerium, dysprosium and/or erbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The purifying of highly-pure tellurium by straight pulling includes vacuumizing container to pressure of less than or equal to 5 Pa. The hydrogen is highly-pure hydrogen having pressure of greater than or equal to 5 N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dosage of interfacial agent (B) is 10-50 pts. wt. The dosage of compound (1) is 2-9 (preferably 3-8) pts. wt. The dosage of water (D) is 700-50000 (particularly 900-45000) pts. wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The difference of semiconductor band gap of particles (A) and filler (B) is less than 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of rutile-type titanium dioxide, barium sulfate and silicon dioxide with respect to total mass of layer (A) is 2-6 %mass, 16-24 %mass and 0.5-3 %mass, respectively. Preferred Properties: The number average particle size of rutile-type titanium dioxide, barium sulfate and silicon dioxide is 0.1-1 mu m, 0.5-3 mu m and 2-5 mu m, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (B) further contains inorganic particles and incompatible polymer. Preferred Properties: The white polyester film has illumination intensity of 100 mW/cm2 and yellowish-variation quantity of less than 5 when irradiated using ultraviolet ray at 60 degrees C for 48 hours and relative humidity of 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive metal oxide comprises tin doped indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrochemical solution comprises carboxylic acid including carbonic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, alpha -chloroacrylic acid, alpha -cyano acrylic acid, crotonic acid, alpha -phenyl acrylic acid, sorbic acid, alpha -chloro sorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chlorocinnamic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, fumaric acid, tricarboxy ethylene, oxalic acid, maleic acid, benzenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid and 1,2,3 propane tricarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The deposited buffer layer of the solar cell has thickness of 4 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The difference of melting point of raw material with respect to melting point of dopant oxide is preferably plus minus 200 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The dopant oxide is silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of the spherical particle is 5-40 vol.% with respect to whole transparent sheet. The distance between the spherical particles in the transparent sheet is 100-300 nm. The transparent resin is epoxy resin or acrylic resin. The spherical particles are particles of metal oxide containing silicon. The refractive index difference of the transparent resin to spherical particle is 0.1 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The component which permeates light is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curable composition contains 0.001-20 parts weight of benzophenone compound with respect to 100 parts weight of total amount of vinyl polymer and polyether polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer chosen from (meth)acrylic type monomer, acrylonitrile type monomer, aromatic vinyl type monomer, fluorine-containing vinyl type monomer and silicon-containing vinyl type monomer. The vinyl polymer is preferably (meth)acrylic type polymer containing acrylic polymer or acrylic acid ester polymer as the principal chain. The crosslinkable functional group of the polymer is crosslinkable silyl group of formula: -(Si(R1)2-b(Y')bO)m-Si(R2)3-a(Y')a.R1,R2=1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-20C aralkyl or triorganosiloxy of formula: (R')3SiO-;R'=1-20C monovalent hydrocarbyl;Y'=OH or hydrolyzable group;a=0-3;b=0-2;m=0-19;anda+mb=1 or more.The vinyl polymer has molecular weight distribution of less than 1.8 and number average molecular weight of 10000-40000. The principal chain of the vinyl polymer is manufactured by living radical polymerization or atom transfer radical polymerization. The vinyl polymer has 1.1-4 crosslinkable silyl groups in the molecular chain terminal. The composition further contains polyether polymer having 1.1-4.0 crosslinkable silyl group(s). The ratio of vinyl polymer to the total weight of vinyl polymer and polyether polymer is 1-100 wt.%, preferably 30-100 wt.%. The polyether polymer has polypropylene oxide as principal chain, and number average molecular weight of 3000-50000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water dispersion of colloidal silica occupies 50-95% of the coating film surface area by silicon conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (B) has polyoxyethylene-polyoxyalkylene-polyethylene basic skeleton containing 3C or more alkylene chain, polyorganosiloxane having polyoxyalkylene group containing 2C or more alkylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly N-isopropyl acrylamide or hydroxypropyl cellulose. The dispersion (A) is emulsion obtained by polymerizing alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated monomer. A composition inclination layer is formed in the film thickness direction of the coating film. Preferred Process: The drying and hardening is carried out at 0-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inorganic chemical substance composition is obtained by processing with alkali metal hydroxide or aqueous ammonia, after supporting inorganic chemical substance composition using ruthenium-chloride hydrate as active-metal species precursor containing ruthenium (33-44 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel further contains niobium (0.5 or less), molybdenum, copper, vanadium and/or zirconium (0.05-0.5), and rare earth element (0.001-0.05) and/or calcium (0.0005-0.01).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrochemical cell is the hydrogen fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloy comprises the alpha -phase of bismuth-palladium (Bi2Pd). The catalyst is present only on the anode. The electrolyte comprises a proton-conducting membrane, where the proton conducting membrane comprises a proton-conducting organic polymer. The proton source comprises a Bronsted acid or water, where the water is optionally ionized and/or acidified. Preferred Definitions:    M = Ni, Pt, Re, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Ag and/or Au; and    z = 0
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: A-layer and B-layer contain 3-15 mass% of non-crystalline thermoplastic resin (Q) with glass transition temperature of 150-220 degrees C, and B-layer is 1-30% of the total film thickness. Non-crystalline thermoplastic resin (P) and non-crystalline thermoplastic resin (Q) are non-crystalline polyimides. Preferred Parameters: Peak temperature of the loss tangent in the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of a longitudinal direction is 120-180 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The protection layer is made of aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel and chromium-nickel-steel alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulator material layer comprises Teflon (RTM: PTFE), Polyetheretherketone, biaxial oriented polyester foil, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene ether and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The height of the silicon nanowire array layer is 1-50 mu m, preferably 3-15 mu m. The silicon nanowire array layer is a silicon nanowire array layer, which is modified by surface alkylating and decorated by metal granules. The height of the porous silicon array layer is 3-90 mu m, preferably 6-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silicon chip is P-type or N-type monocrystal silicon chip or polycrystal silicon chip, with resistivity of silicon chip of 0.1-20 cm, and thickness of 50-500 mu m. The re-dispersion is phosphorus dispersion or boron dispersion, with resistivity of dispersed block is 10-50 omega /square. The surface wetting agent is hydrophobic substance-containing carboxylate, sulfate, and hydroxy or mixing solution of substances and deionized water. The function medium thin film is silicon nitride thin film, silicon dioxide thin film, titanium dioxide thin film, aluminum oxide thin film, silicon carbide thin film, zinc oxide thin film and magnesium fluoride thin film or compound film of multiple medium thin films, with total thickness of the film of 2-200 nm. Preferred Processes: The method comprises performing wetting treatment to illuminated face of silicon chip to spray surface wetting agent to illuminated face of silicon chip or soak the silicon chip in surface wetting agent or spin surface wetting agent on the illuminated face of the silicon chip or print the surface wetting agent on the illuminated face of silicon chip. The surface hydrophobicity treatment is to perform acid chemical liquid spraying to surface of shallow emitter of illuminated face or soak silicon chip in acid chemical liquid. The acid chemical liquid spraying manner is hydrofluoric acid water solution spraying manner or hydrofluoric acid water solution spraying manner after hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid water solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon content in the composite nanotube is 1-10 %. The solvent of the soluble organic matter solution can also be water. The composite nanotube has an inner diameter of 3-10 nm. Preferred Method: The drying process in step (2) is carried out at room temperature to 200 degrees C for not less than 30 minutes. The burning process in step (3) is performed at 300-500 degrees C for 1-6 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble organic matter is glucose, cane sugar, soluble starch, fructose, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid or melamine. The solvent of the soluble organic matter solution can be alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Machine: The diffusion source is phosphoric acid solution. The roller ring is clamped on the rolling shaft by elasticity of the body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of silica film on the surface of the base component is 100-120 nm. The thickness of titania film on the outer surface of the base component is 80-120 nm. The thickness of other silica film is 15-25 nm. The thickness of other titania film is 5-15 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The refractive index of sputter-deposited film of silicon dioxide is less than 1.4, preferably less than 1.3. The sputter-deposited film of silicon dioxide has an average refractive index of less than 1.41 at a wavelength of 300-1850 nm. The antireflective coating is a multilayer antireflective coating (160) having an average front surface reflectance of less than 20%, preferably less than 3%, at 300-1850 nm. Preferred Components: The high-refractive-index material comprises titanium dioxide, hafnium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, and/or niobium pentoxide. The antireflective coating comprises alternating layers of silicon dioxide, and another material chosen from titanium dioxide, hafnium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, and niobium pentoxide. The outermost layer of multilayer antireflective coating comprises silicon dioxide, and the innermost layer comprises tantalum pentoxide. Preferred Condition: The operating pressure is at least 15 mTorr, preferably at least 10 mTorr but not greater than 25 mTorr. Preferred Method: A film of silicon dioxide is deposited on a substrate by providing a vacuum chamber, positioning a target of silicon within the vacuum chamber, applying power to the target to effect sputtering of silicon from the target, positioning a microwave generator within the vacuum chamber, introducing oxygen into the vacuum chamber proximate to the microwave generator, applying power to the microwave generator to generate a plasma containing monatomic oxygen, moving the substrate past the target to effect the deposition of silicon on the substrate, and moving the substrate past the microwave generator to effect the reaction of silicon with oxygen to form silicon dioxide on the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal is nickel. The second metal is gold, silver and copper. The third metal is gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal plating film is the copper plating film. The backing plate is copper plate. The thickness of the metal plating film is 0.1-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The metal oxide or carbide layer (16) is a TCO layer such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Fluor Tin Oxide (FTO), Aluminum Zinc Oxide (AZO) or Antimony Tin Oxide (ATO), a metal oxide such as iron oxide (FeO) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or a carbide such as titanium carbide (TiC) or silicon carbide (SiC).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: Laser patterning comprises the application of a laser wavelength being below 355 nm, favorably below 200 nm. Laser pulses with an intensity of more than 1015 W/cm2 are applied during the step of laser patterning.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The reflective layers have total thickness of 49 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photoelectric conversion element further has polymeric-material layer provided porous semiconductor fine particle layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive metal support contains metal chosen from titanium, aluminum, copper, nickel, iron, stainless steel, zinc, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium and zirconium, and has thickness of 10-200 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing compound (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(V), more preferably (VI) or (VII).LL=bivalent coupling group chosen from alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene;R,R1-R4=H, aliphatic group, aromatic group or heterocyclyl group coupled with carbon atom;or R1+R2=ring with substituent on LL;andB'=atomic group which forms ring with to carbon atom and nitrogen atom on benzene ring. Preferred Definition:    Y1,Y2=carboxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone, cyclohexane or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The thickness of the resin film formed on the base material is 0.8-5 mu m. The thickness of the film formed on film in step (c) is 0.02-0.8 mu m. The steps (a) and (b) are performed sequentially.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon crystal growing crucible further has a holding layer which holds the liquid-repellent layer. Preferred Composition: The holding layer comprises quartz glass or casting container formation material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cylindrical component has silicon dioxide layer formed on the silicon carbide layer. Silica particles are formed on the silicon dioxide layer to form coating layer. The coating layer is sintered to form silicon dioxide sintered layer. The surface of sintered layer is nitrided to form silicon oxynitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film contains alumina ceramics, and has roughness 10-20 mu m. The gas-supply electrode further has an alumina ceramic spray-deposited film which is formed on the film of gas-supply surface by plasma metal spray. The spray-deposit film contains stainless steel, aluminum and nickel-aluminum and roughness of 10-30 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is acid resistance or alkali resistance, and has nickel-tungsten-phosphorus alloy, nickel-phosphorus-Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) alloy or nickel-phosphorus-silicon carbide alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The main component of photoelectric conversion semiconductor particle is a compound provided with chalcopyrite structure and is selected from group consisting of copper, silver, aluminum, gallium, selenium and tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The main component of photoelectric conversion semiconductor particle is made of sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred: The ( beta )-iron silicide thin film contains single crystal of ( beta )-iron silicide formed on substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electrochemical device further has frequency modulated high-voltage exciter (1001) and ion-release device (1002) comprising fullerene derivative (Cm(OH)n) affected by frequency modulated high-voltage exciter to release hydroxyl ions, where m and n are 1 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode electrode and cathode comprises air electrode and metal electrode. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains water and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative is preferably fullerene derivative (C60(OH)n).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The crossbar comprises Inconel, stainless steel, Kovar, Invar, steel, titanium, molybdenum, or tungsten. The frame comprises Stainless steel, steel, aluminum, titanium, Kovar, or Invar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The europium-magnesium-containing complex oxide is preferably of formula: Eu(1-x)YbxMgAl10O17, Eu(1-x)DyxMgAl10O17, Eu(1-x)CexMgAl10O17 or Eu(1-x-w)DyxBawMgAl10O17. The white illumination device further contains green phosphor, red phosphor and yellow phosphor. The blue phosphor is excited by ultraviolet ray having wavelength of 200-400 nm or blue light having wavelength of 400-420 nm, and blue light is emitted. The blue light has major emission peak of 476 nm and CIE coordinate of (0.172,0.297).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: At least one portion of conductive polymer or aqueous binder is crosslinked. The conductive polymer comprises pi -conjugated group electroconductive macromolecular component and poly anion component. The poly anion component is polysulfone acidic radical. The aqueous binder consists of polymer of formula (A). Wet washing of transparent conductive layer is performed. The organic functional layer adjacent to transparent conductive layer is positive hole injection layer. The positive injection layer contains poly anion having fluorine.X1-X3=H or methyl;R1-R3=5C or less alkylene;andl+m+n=50-100 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric conversion element contains nitride compound semiconductor layer comprising n-or p-gallium nitride type, n- or p-gallium-aluminum-nitride type or n- or p-aluminum nitride type compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film is a crystalline transparent conductive film containing element(s) (M) chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably titanium. The content of element (M) is 1 atomic% or less with respect to the total content of indium, cerium, and element (M). The film does not contain tin. The cerium content is preferably 0.3-5 atomic%. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive film has a refractive index of 2.1 or more at a wavelength of 460 nm, a specific resistance of 8x 10-4 Omega .cm or less, preferably 4x 10-4 Omega .cm or less, and a carrier electron mobility of 35 cm2.V-1.second-1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The area ratio (A1) and area ratio (A2) are 65-99.8% and 0.2-12%, respectively. The metal tape material further contains crystal particles. The metal is copper having purity of 99.9% or more. Preferred Property: The crystal particles has particle size of 400 mu m or more. The direction (A) is length direction (3). Preferred Process: The surface of the magnetic tape material is coated by a metal having melting point of 250 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous films (a) and (c) comprise heat-resistant polymer (50-70 wt.%) and swellable polymer (30-50 wt.%), and further contains polyvinylidene fluoride and polyacrylonitrile. The porous film (b) comprises thermoplastic polyurethane and polyvinylidene fluoride. Preferred Property: The thickness of porous film (b) is 10-40% total thickness of laminated structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metallation reagent is organolithium compound, lithium metal, magnesium metal or organomagnesium compound. Preferred Definitions:    X =s ulfur, oxygen, selenium or tellurium;    A1, A2 = optionally substituted benzene ring;and    M = phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, boron, aluminum, gallium, palladium, nickel, platinum, indium, zinc, copper, silicon, tin, or germanium.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 9 Fused ring compounds e.g. 10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole of formula (Ia), 5,10-dithia-indeno(2,1-a)indene, 5-Thia-10-selena-indeno(2,1-a)indene, 5-thia-10-tellura-indeno(2,1-a)indene and 10-phenyl-10H-5-thia-10-phospha-indeno(2,1-a)indene are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 3-Bromo-2-(2-bromophenyl)benzo(b)thiophene (203 mg), sodium tert-butoxide (60 mg), palladium complex (101 mg), and toluene (5 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to obtain reaction liquid. The obtained reaction liquid was stirred at 125 degrees C for 24 hours, diluted using dichloromethane (30 ml), cooled, extracted, washed and dried to obtain 10-phenyl-10H-benzo(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)indole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The alicyclic epoxy compound is obtained by preparing alicyclic olefin compound by dehydrating alicyclic hydroxy compound of formula (II), preferably of formula (III) or (IV), and then epoxidizing the olefin compound. Preferred Component: The alicyclic epoxy compound is preferably of formula (Ia) or (Ib). EXAMPLE - (In g) phenol (11.3) and strongly acetic cation-exchange resin were added to para menthan-1, and stirred for more than 3 hours. Toluene (30) was added to the reaction liquid, filtered and obtained filtrate was washed using distilled water, to obtain fractions (19.5) having boiling point of 138-148 degrees C. The obtained fraction was mixed with 200 mL of 2-propanol and powdery 5%-ruthenium-supported alumina catalyst in stainless steel autoclave, sealed and nitrogen substituted. The reaction mixture was reacted for 10 hours under pressure of 40 kg/cm2. Then, 300 material of ethanol was added to the suspension liquid, suction-filter and catalyst with separator, to obtain alicyclic hydroxy compound. The alicyclic hydroxy compound (15) and potassium hydrogen sulfate (1.2) were mixed, heat-stirred and distilled, to obtain alicyclic olefin compound (5.9). The m-chloro perbenzoic acid (6.7) was dissolved in 20 mL of ethyl acetate, dried and filter, to obtain ethyl acetate solution of n-chloro perbenzoic acid. The obtained solution was mixed with alicyclic olefin compound (5) and stirred for more than 2 hours. Sodium sulfite aqueous solution (10) was dripped to the reaction liquid and unreacted m-chloro perbenzoic acid was deactivated. The organic phase was washed, solvent distilled and concentrated, to obtain alicyclic epoxy compound (3, yield of 56%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydroxide salt of the cation and acid of anion of formula: HC(-R1)(-R2)-C(=O)-OH (I) in the ionic liquid are reacted.R1,R2=amino or hydroxy (both optionally protected), H, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, halo, or 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 6-20C aryl, 2-20C alkynyl, 4-20C heteroaryl, 7-20C aralkyl or 4-20C heteroaralkyl (all optionally substituted and optionally form ring).The cation compound is ammonium, imidazolium, imidazolinium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolinium, pyrazinium, pyrimidinium, triazonium, triazinium, triazine, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, indolinium, quinoxalinium, thiazolinium, morpholinium, piperazine or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of the anion exchange resin is 1.0-10.0 times the mol ratio of cation compound. The anion exchange resin is contacted with a cation compound and a hydroxide salt of a cation is produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The ratio of number of fluorine atoms and number of hydrogen atoms is 0.5-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content ratio of fluorine-containing diether and fluorine-containing monoether is 0.5-4. The sum total content rate of fluorine-containing diether and fluorine-containing monoether is 80-100 mol%. The content ratio of fluorine-containing diether and lithium salt is 2-10. The lithium salt is lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate as lithium sulfonate, lithium sulfonylamide containing fluorine atom as lithium sulfonylamide or lithium perchlorate. The lithium sulfonylamide containing fluorine atom is lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide and/or lithium (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metal-ion adsorptive substance is polymer having carboxyl group or hydroxyl group, and/or inorganic substance. The hydrogen-ion conductive polymer is perfluoro-type polymer benzimidazole-type polymer, polyimide-type polymer, polyether imide-type polymer, polyphenylene sulfide-type polymer, polysulfone-type polymer, polyether sulfone-type polymer, polyether ketone-type polymer, polyether-ether ketone-type polymer and/or polyphenyl quinoxaline-type polymer. Preferred Properties: The hydrogen-ion conductive polymer has moisture content of 5-50 %mass. The expansion ratio of hydrogen-ion conductive polymer satisfies a relation: (mass of water/(mass of water+mass of polymer)x 100%). Preferred Process: The polymer electrolyte membrane is obtained by coating a coating solution obtained by mixing metal-ion adsorptive substance and hydrogen-ion conductive polymer on a release film, drying and peeling the release film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compounds: The ( pi )-electron-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (III). The ( pi )-electron-type compound (II) is preferably of formula (IV).R11,R21=optionally substituted phenyl or optionally condensed thienyl, preferably unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted thienyl;andR12,R22=optionally condensed phenyl or optionally condensed thienyl substituted with fluoro or chloro, preferably perfluoro phenyl or perfluoro thienyl. Preferred Definitions:    R3,R4=thienyl;    L1,L2=single bond;and    R0=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 ( pi )-Electron-type compounds e.g. 5,11-diphenyl tetracene of formula (Ia), 2-(6,12-diphenyl-8-(thiophen-2-yl)tetracen-2-yl)thiophene, 5-pentafluorophenyl-11-phenyl-naphthacene, 2-(11-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-8-(thiophen-2-yl)tetracen-2-yl)thiophene and 12,24-diphenyl-6,18-dithiahexacyclo(11.11.0.03,11.05,9.015,23.017,21)tetracosa-1(13),2,4,7,9,11,14,16,19,21,23-undecaene are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Dibromo tetracene (1.7 g), phenyl boronic acid (698 mg), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (79.5 mu l), bis(2-diphenylphosphino phenyl)ether (308.1 mg) and potassium carbonate aqueous solution (18 ml) were mixed, stirred at 95 degrees C for 4.5 hours under nitrogen atmosphere, solvent was distilled to obtain 5,11-diphenyl tetracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonitride has single phase structure. The photocatalytic material comprises oxynitride containing at least one of group 5 element, and carbon. The oxynitride has single phase structure. The carbon is doped by the oxynitride. The group 5 element is pentavalence element. The group 5 element is tantalum or niobium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-shaped semiconductor layer is cadmium sulphide, zinc sulphide, cadmium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc telluride or other II-VI group ternary compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive substrate is metal conductive film choosing from molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, copper or stainless steel, and the collection layer is made of nickel, aluminum, golden, silver, copper, titanium and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive particles comprise silver particles, or aluminum particles. The doping material includes diboron trioxide, phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, or aluminum salt. The substrate includes silicon oxide substrate, or silicon substrate. The binder includes a thickening agent or a wetting agent. The conductive glue further includes an additive, and a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An insulating layer including zinc oxide, is formed on a buffering layer includes cadmium sulphide, zinc sulphide or indium sulphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hexagon sheet is formed by 5-20 nm rutile phase titanium dioxide crystal particles arranged in fixed direction. The time for water heating reaction in step (C) lasts for 1-18 hours. The time for water heating reaction in step (D) lasts for 1-8 hours. The time for water heating reaction in step (E) lasts for 1-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The particle dimension of the polystyrene small sphere is 200 nm; and the standard derivation is smaller than 10%. The pH of the deionized water is 7; and the resistivity is 20 M omega . The granularity of the polystyrene microparticle is 10 nm-5 mu m. Preferred Process: The method further comprises forming mask layer comprising polystyrene microparticles on silicon wafer by utilizing printing way, with substance of mask layer comprising polystyrene small spheres, other regular or irregular polystyrene microparticles, and substances of mask layer uniformly laid on surface of silicon wafer; taking tetrafluorocarbon (CF4) as air source, etching silicon sheet laid with single layer of two-dimensional polystyrene small sphere array under 1-60 W, with etching time for 1-30 minutes, and flow of CF4 at 5-60 sccm; and taking oxygen (O2) as air source, oxidizing etched silicon wafer for 1 hour at more than 600 degrees C, and removing polystyrene material on surface, with flow of O2 of 0.1-20 L/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The convex solar cell is manufactured with silicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by weighing oxide or salt of lead, molybdenum, tungsten or ytterbium; fully mixing and sintering for 2-6 hours at 1200-1400 degrees C under air or nitrogen; and cooling to room temperature and taking out, fully grinding and obtaining desired compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pre-treatment comprises cleaning polycrystalline silicon at 1/3 of bottom part of polycrystalline silicon with hydrofluoric acid; using deionized water to clean hydrofluoric acid on silicon; and drying silicon in a swinging manner. The preheat treatment is that pre-treated silicon is preheated for 1 hour at temperature more than 1200 degrees C. The second heat treatment is that heat treatment is performed for 4 hours at 650-1150 degrees C. The acid-washing is to corrode and texture silicon surface with acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The metal powder is formed of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, iron and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metalloid substrate is composed of: silicon; or germanium. The II-VI compound is composed of: zinc and selenium; zinc and sulfur; cadmium and tellurium; or cadmium, mercury and tellurium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass-containing composition includes glass particles of a preselected size, a preselected solvent, a dispersant, and a binder that forms a paste for dispensing of the glass-containing composition into the void space. Preferred Method: The step of heating is carried out at temperature of 0.1-8 degrees C/minute. The method further comprises crystallizing the glass structure to retain the structure attained during expansion of the glass, where the crystallized glass has a melting temperature of above 1100 degrees C. The step of crystallizing the glass comprises a glass crystallization temperature of at least 750 degrees C above. The step of dispensing comprises dispensing the glass-containing mixture at a thickness of greater than or equal to 700 mu m in the void space of the electrochemical device. The step of dispensing the glass-containing composition into the void space to seal void space comprises dispensing the glass-containing composition in a form of a pellet, a shaped pellet, a ball, a disc, a free-flowing liquid and/or a paste. Preferred Components: The glass has a thermal expansion that matches component materials in the device to which it seals within plus minus 10%. The glass is aluminosilicate glasses or borosilicate glasses. The glass is a G-18 glass comprising calcium aluminosilicate glass. The softening temperature of the glass is at least 650 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas-releasing agent is strontium carbonate. The quantity of the gas-releasing agent is up to 15 wt.% or 1-10 (preferably 1-8) wt.%. The gas-release temperature for release of gas from the gas-releasing agent is 650-850 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The removing step involves etching the transfer substrate, or peeling the transfer substrate from the glass layer. The method further involves providing the transfer substrate wrapped as a roll (24), and wrapping the glass-polymer laminate as a roll. The laminating step involves depositing an adhesive on the glass layer, polymer substrate or both. The laminating step involves using a hot lamination process. The method involves laminating an additional glass layer to the glass-polymer laminate, and forming an additional glass layer on the transfer substrate. The method involves applying the glass frit material by printing in a pre-designed pattern. Preferred Components: The transfer substrate is a metal foil. The glass frit material is applied by inkjet printing. The glass layer has a thickness of 25, preferably 6 mu m or less. The metal foil comprises copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, stainless steel, chrome, steel, iron, brass or their combinations. The adhesive is polyurethane-based adhesive, acrylic-based adhesive, epoxy-based adhesive or ethylene vinyl acetate-based adhesive. The transfer substrate is coated with a priming coating for hindering adhesion between the transfer substrate and the glass layer. The glass frit material comprises lead-based glass frit, bismuth-based glass frit, zinc-based glass frit, bismuth and zinc oxide-based glass frit, borosilicate frit, zinc borosilicate frits alumina or zirconium-based frit. The glass layer has a refractive index which is substantially matched to the refractive index of the polymer substrate. The glass frit material comprises at least one pigment or color forming chemical substance. The glass frit material is applied to the transfer substrate by screen printing, roller printing, spray coating, curtain coating, dip coating, gravure or flexographic printing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The baking process is carried out at 400-600 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The baked product has average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m, measured based on laser-diffraction-type particles size distribution measurement, and BET specific surface area of 2 m2/g or more. Preferred Definitions:    a=more than 0.33 to less than 0.65;and    M=aluminum, calcium, iron or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or tetramethylammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 1,6-hexanediol in the etching solution is 1-200 mmol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The volume change of active material component by charging/discharging is 200% or more. The thickness of porous insulating layer is 1-10 mu m. The porosity of porous insulating layer is more than porosity of separator. The thickness of porous insulating layer with respect to thickness of separator is 5-40%. The alloy group active material is silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer of top cell of the photoelectric conversion layer is an amorphous silicon. The layer of bottom cell is microcrystal amorphous silicon-germanium, microcrystal silicon, or silicon-germanium. The laser is alexandrite laser, ruby laser, titanium sapphire laser, helium neon laser, krypton ion laser, or aluminum-gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sputtering target has structure having sodium sulfide phase, which is dispersed in substrate of metal phase containing copper and gallium. Preferred Property: The sodium sulfide phase has average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A disk having diameter of 19 cm and thickness of 1 mm is obtained by hot-pressing the resin composition. The black-speck foreign material number ( alpha ) of each front and back of 3 sheets of the disk is 50 or less, measured in area of 1700 cm2. Preferred Composition: The resin composition is thermoplastic resin composition. Preferred Property: The melt flow rate of the polyethylene is 3 or less at 190 degrees C and load of 2.16 kg. The reduced viscosity of the polyphenylene ether resin is 0.25-0.45, measured using chloroform solution (0.5 g/dL) at 30 degrees C. The average aspect-ratio of the dispersed phase is 3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The biaxial oriented film has sea island structure or sea-island lake structure which is observed when the film is in cross-sectional direction using electron microscope. The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate and their modified component. The resin is polyether imide with different glass transition temperature. Preferred Property: The biaxial oriented film has haze value of 0-50%, average refractive index of 1.600-1.850 along longitudinal direction and width direction, humidity expansion coefficient of 0-6.0 ppm/% relative humidity at 30 degrees C and relative humidity of 40-80%, and temperature expansion coefficient of -5.0 ppm/ degrees C to 8.0 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermal contraction rate of biaxially-oriented polyester film is 0-3% at 150 degrees C, in longitudinal direction and/or width direction. The resin (A) has glass transition temperature of 100-400 degrees C. The biaxially-oriented polyester film has intrinsic viscosity of 0.68-1.4, and micro melting peak at 200-250 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of resin (A) in the biaxially-oriented polyester film is 0.1-10 %mass. The island portion comprises resin (A). The resin (A) is polyether imide having isoindoline-type structure of formula (I) and sulfonyl group component. The sea-island structure further contains resin (B). The resin (B) is polyether imide having isoindoline-type structure of formula (II). The mass ratio of resin (A) with respect to resin (B) is 10:90-50:50. The total content of resin (A) and resin (B) is 20-70 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film forming material contains zinc oxide phase, copper-aluminic acid compound phase or copper-gallium acid compound phase. The film forming material is manufactured in reducing environment containing nitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide, vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mask is made of stainless steel, aluminum, iron, copper, nickel or an alloy containing the above metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The partition base material has specific resistance of more than 100 ohm.cm. Silicon of base material has purity of 99.99 atomic% or more. Preferred Gas: The source gas contains silane and hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal adsorption agent further comprises rare metal chosen from lithium, beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, gallium, germanium, selenium, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, palladium, indium, antimony, tellurium, cesium, barium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, platinum, gold, thallium, bismuth, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium or poisonous metal chosen from lead, iron, copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, manganese, cobalt, bismuth, uranium and/or tin as metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer is a fluorine-containing thermoplastic resin or a polymer containing hardened material of fluorine-containing photocurable composition. The contact angle of film containing thermoplastic resin with respect to water is 90 degrees or more. The content of fluorine atom in thermoplastic resin is 35 %mass or more. A thin film of water repellent (18) is formed at the surface of hardened substance. The water repellent is fluorine-containing silane coupling agent. Preferred Properties: The base material is a transparent base material. The difference of refractive index of hardened material and refractive index of transparent base material bonded to surface of precursor layer using adhesive is less than 0.05. The width and height of convex portion or recessed portion of fine structure is 20 nm to 30 mu m and 10 nm to 10 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A metal halide or hydrate of formula: MX3 (1) is reacted with an aromatic compound to obtain an aromatic metal halide of formula: (Ar1MX2)2 (2). The compound (2) is reacted with silver in the presence of water to obtain a complex of formula: (Ar1M(OH2)3) (power(m+)) (3). The complex (3) is reacted with an aromatic compound of formula: Ar2Y' in presence of water and a ligand to obtain the compound (I).X=halo.Preferred Compound: The metal complex is chosen from 13 complexes, e.g. complexes of formulae (Ia)-(Ie). Preferred Definitions:    M=iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, osmium, nickel, iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, platinum, or palladium;and    Y'=carboxy, sulfo, phenolic hydroxy, phosphoric acid, amino or hydroxymethyl.    EXAMPLE - (In g) iridium hexachloride in methanol (6 ml) was added to eta 5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene (1.5 ml) and heat-stirred for 37 hours in argon atmosphere. The reaction solution was cooled to 0 degrees C and the obtained deposit was filtered-separated and vacuum dried to obtain bis(cyclopentadienyl iridium chloride) with yield of 73%. The obtained complex (0.96) was added to silver sulfate (0.83) dissolved in water, and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The deposit was filtered and vacuum dried to obtain iridium cyclopentadienyl aqua complex with yield of 86%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorescent material is an ortho metalation complex of metal atom chosen from iridium, osmium and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material is of formula (I), preferably of formula (II).A1,A2=(un)substituted 6-60C aryl;Cz1-Cz3=(un)substituted carbazolyl;A3=6-30C (un)substituted aryl;X=(un)substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclyl;Y1,Y2=1-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy, 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic haloalkyl, linear, branched or cyclic haloalkoxy, linear, branched or cyclic 1-10C alkylsilyl, 6-30C arylsilyl, 6-30C aryl, 2-10C aromatic heterocyclyl (all optionally substituted), H, fluoro or cyano;a,p,q=0-3;b=0-4;andl,m,n=1-3.Preferred Layer: The light emitting layer contains organic electroluminescent element material as host material and phosphorescent material. The organic thin film layer has an electron injection layer (7) formed between the cathode and the light emitting layer, and electron carrying layer formed between cathode and light emitting layer. The electron injection layer contains nitrogen-containing ring derivative. The electron carrying layer contains organic electroluminescent element material. Preferred Definitions:    l,m,n=1;    X=pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring, triazine ring or indole ring;    Cz1-Cz3=group of formula (i) or (ii);    Y3,Y4,Y'3-Y'5=Y1;    c,c',d=1-4;    ,d'=1-3;    e'=1-5;and    q=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The lithium battery is iron phosphate lithium battery. An electric supply complementary automatic switcher is arranged in the intelligent photovoltaic controller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is: substituted (buta-1,3-dienyl)-dimethyl-amine compound (III); substituted (buta-1,3-dienyl)-dimethyl-amine compound (IV); substituted (buta-1,3-dienyl)-dimethyl-amine compound (V); or substituted dibenzyl-(buta-1,3-dienyl)-amine compound (VI). Preferred Definitions:    A1, A2 = alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, alkyl-oxycarbonyl, aryl-oxycarbonyl, N-alkyl-carbamoyl, N-aryl-carbamoyl or CN (all optionally substituted); or    A1A2 = ring having active methylene group, including (a)-(e); and    X1, X2 = aryl, alkyl-oxycarbonyl, aryl-oxycarbonyl or CN; or    X1X2 = saturated ring in which N and C atoms are embedded.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 36 compounds (I) is disclosed e.g. (E)-5-(benzyl-(3-((benzyl-((E)-4,4-dicyano-buta-1,3-dienyl)-amino)-methyl)-benzyl)-amino)-2-cyano-penta-2,4-dienenitrile of formula (Ia), (2E,4E)-5-(bis-cyanomethyl-amino)-2-cyano-penta-2,4-dienoic acid dodecyl ester, (2E,4E)-5-(bis-cyanomethyl-amino)-2-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyl)-penta-2,4-dienenitrile, 2-((E)-3-(bis-cyanomethyl-amino)-allylidene)-malononitrile and (cyanomethyl-((E)-3-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-(1,3)dioxan-5-ylidene)-propenyl)-amino)-acetonitrile.    EXAMPLE - Solution of cellulose acetate having 2.94 averaged degree of substitution (100 parts by mass), methylene chloride (475.9 parts by mass), methanol (113 parts by mass), butanol (5.9 parts by mass), (E)-5-(benzyl-(3-((benzyl-((E)-4,4-dicyano-buta-1,3-dienyl)-amino)-methyl)-benzyl)-amino)-2-cyano-penta-2,4-dienenitrile (0.1 parts by mass) and citrate ester (0.01 parts by mass), was prepared. Then casting method was performed on the resultant solution to obtain cellulose acylate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin film is dissolved or subjected to swelling using a liquid. Preferred Property: The solubility parameters of liquid are 7-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is formed by solution process method. The organic electric device has electrode (102), organic layer and electrode (108) in order. The organic layer is chosen from hole implant layer (103), hole transport layer (104), light emitting layer (105), electron transport layer (106) and electron injection layer (107). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 Indole derivatives (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetraphenyl-5-(1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine of formula (Ia), 1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetraphenyl-5-(3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 5-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 2-(1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1-N,1-N,4-N,4-N-tetraphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine and 5-(1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1-N,1-N,3-N,3-N-tetrakis(4-phenylphenyl)benzene-1,3-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous polymer film comprises polypropylene, polyethylene, and/or their blends. The polymer consists of polyolefins, fluorocarbons, polyamides, polyesters, polyacetals (or polyoxymethylenes), polysulfides, polyphenyl sulfide, polyvinyl alcohols, and/or their co-polymers and blends.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is of formula (II), (III) or (IV).R3'=H, optionally substituted alkyl or cyano;R6,R7=H;Y'=S, O or Se;n=1 or more;R8,R9=optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or heterocyclyl;andn8,n9=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion element consists of an active layer comprising an electron-donating layer containing the electron donor, joined to an electron-accepting layer containing the fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Fullerene, glycine derivative chosen from N-hexadecyl glycine, N-octyl glycine, N-ethyl glycine, and N-methyl glycine, and aldehyde compound chosen from 2-methoxy aldehyde, 2-methyl aldehyde, and 2-methoxy benzaldehyde are added to a solvent, heat-refluxed, and reacted. The solvent is removed and the reaction mixture is purified using silica gel flash column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, to obtain the new fullerene derivative. Preferred Compounds: The fullerene derivative is preferably of formula (II). Structure (I) is preferably of formula (III).ring A=60C or more fullerene skeleton.The glycine derivative is N-ethyl glycine, and the aldehyde compound is 2-methoxy benzaldehyde. Preferred Composition: The composition further contains an electron donor, which is a high-molecular compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl;and    R2=methoxy.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) 60C fullerene (250), sarcosine (46), and 2-methoxy benzaldehyde (94) were taken in a flask, chlorobenzene (50 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was heat-refluxed for 3 hours. The solvent was removed after cooling to room temperature. The reaction mixture was purified using silica gel flash column chromatography using carbon disulfide/ethyl acetate, and preparative thin layer chromatography using carbon disulfide, to obtain a fullerene derivative (37) with a yield of 12%. An organic thin-film solar cell obtained using fullerene derivative had an open end voltage of 0.77 V, a fill factor of 0.55, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.74%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method comprises putting silicon sheet in diffusion furnace, increasing temperature from 810 degrees C to 840 degrees C, ventilating POCl3 (700 sccm), O2 (200 sccm) and N2 (6 slm) for 12 minutes; stabilizing for 2 minutes at 840 degrees C, ventilating O2 (300 sccm) and N2 (6 slm), increasing temperature from 840 degrees C to 870 degrees C, ventilating POCl3 (500 sccm), O2 (300 sccm) and N2 (6 slm); reducing temperature from 870 degrees C to 800 degrees C, ventilating O2 (500 sccm) and N2 (6 slm); and stabilizing for 2 minutes at 800 degrees C, ventilating POCl3 (1200 sccm), O2 (500 sccm) and N2 (9 slm), and taking silicon sheet out of diffusion furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The precipitation temperature of transition layer is at 500 degrees C. The precipitation temperature of ITO layer is at 300 degrees C. The precipitation temperature of zinc oxide-based film layer is 200-350 degrees C. The method also comprises subjecting multi-layer film to on-line continuous growth, or off-line segmental growth of several devices; washing semi-finished product by washing liquid; and drying. The corrosion reaction is carried out in acid corrosion solution for 1-400 seconds at 10-70 degrees C. The washing step is carried out using commercial electronic detergent or directly uses de-ionized water at 5-60 degrees C. Preferred Component: The substrate comprises to ultra-white glass. The transition layer comprises silicon dioxide or silicon nitride (SiNx). The ITO layer comprises indium oxide film doped by tin. The zinc oxide-based film layer is doped by aluminum, gallium, or zirconium. The transition layer has thickness of 10-100 nm. The ITO layer has thickness of 10-1000 nm. The zinc oxide-based film layer has thickness of 50-1000 nm. The vacuum precipitation method comprises sputtering method. The gas for sputtering precipitation comprises high-purity argon. The mixed gas comprises high-purity argon and oxygen, or high-purity argon and nitrogen. The transition layer comprises silicon nitride. The washing liquid comprises de-ionized water or commercial electronic detergent at 5-60 degrees C. The corrosion solution is hydrochloric acid.x=0.1-1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The corrosion solution can be oxalic acid, or other available acid with concentration of 0.1-1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The annealing step is carried out at 500-800 degrees C for 30-60 minutes under mixed gas environment of nitrogen and vapor at volume ratio of 20-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The optical conversion film is prepared by spraying, vacuum evaporation coating film, sputtering and coating film, ion forming film, chemical vapor phase deposition, or liquid phase reaction deposition. Preferred Component: The surface of solar battery is covered by optical conversion film, which is in the form of strip, belt, ring, or disc. The surface of optical conversion film is uniform and smooth and has thickness of 1 nm to 1 mm; or it can be like nano straight column with column space of 1-1000 nm and thickness of 1 nm to 1 mm; or nano inclined column with inclination angle of 1-89 degrees C, column space of 1-1000 nm, and thickness of 1 nm to 1 mm; or conical with conical space of 0-100 nm and thickness of 1 nm to 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The optical conversion film is yttrium aluminum garnet, aluminum gadolinium borate, gadolinium lithium fluoride, gadolinium fluoride, gadolinium sodium fluoride, barium fluoride, aluminum gadolinium ytterbium borate, or gadolinium borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sintering and activation material contains a metal element i.e. magnesium, existing in a form of magnesium simple substance e.g. super-thin magnesium powder, alloy containing magnesium such as silver-magnesium, silver-magnesium-nickel, and di-element and poly-element alloy of magnesium-lead, magnesium-tin, magnesium-zinc and magnesium-nickel series, and metal compound containing magnesium such as the material containing silver-magnesium, magnesium plumbide and magnesium stannide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The silicon sheet is a crystal silicon sheet with specific resistance of 0.5-10 Omega cm. Preferred Method: The conventional surface treatment comprises washing and carrying out texture treatment on surface. The oxidized silicon sheet is entered to and taken out from the furnace at low temperature of 300-700 degrees C. The process of annealing for improving the passivation performance of the oxide film is carried out in the furnace tube, which is the same tube used in the growing process of the oxide film, and thus there is no need of converting the furnace tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer is formed of material selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc oxide-boron, zinc oxide-aluminum, tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium, zinc oxide-gallium oxide, zinc oxide-aluminum oxide, tin oxide-fluorine or tin oxide-antimony oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inner walls of sputtering chambers are arranged with zinc oxide rotating targets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particulate silicon oxide has particle diameter of 5-200 nm. Preferred Composition: The transparent electrode layer further has carbon layer. Preferred Condition: During manufacture of substrate, the base layer is formed under electric power density of more than 0.8 W/cm2 to 5.6 W/cm2 or 0.4-0.8 W/cm2, pressure of 0.10-2.00 Pa and ratio (Ar/O2) of argon and oxygen of 5-50 or 5-200. The carbon layer is formed by sputtering method using hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high-melting-point metal component is selected from group of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), silicon (Si) and nickel (Ni). The low melting metal component is selected from group of tin (Sn), indium (In), bismuth (Bi) and gallium (Ga).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The optical semiconductor has wurtzite-type crystal structure. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.5;and    y=2 or 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesive tape has terminal portion (24) exposed to the surface at the side of the adhesive layer. The mean area of terminal portion per through-hole (25) in the adhesive tape is 50000-500000 mu m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (A) has phenyl group in the structure. The chain-shaped silicone portion contained in component (A) is dimethyl substituted portion and/or diphenyl substituted portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with respect to total content of epoxycyclohexyl group-containing organopolysiloxane and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin is preferably 2-40 weight%. The curable resin composition further comprises polyhydric carboxylic acid (D) which is obtained by reacting 5C or more polyhydric alcohol having functionality of 2-6 and saturated aliphatic cyclic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment (I) is preferably of formula (II) or (III), more preferably of formula (III). The heterocyclic quaternary salt compound is of formula (IV), preferably of formula (V) or (VI).X=nonmetallic atom group capable of forming 6 or 7 membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring by bonding with benzene ring, preferably methylene;R4-R7=alkyl, alkoxy or aryl;n3=1 or 2;Rx=-(CR31-R32-CR33R34-O)a-;Q=optionally substituted atom group which can form 5-6 membered aromatic cation with N;Zx-=I-, N(CF3SO2)2-, BF4-,Ry-COO, Rz-SO3 or SCN-;Ry=H, alkyl perfluoroalkyl or aryl;Rz=alkyl, perfluoroalkyl or aryl;R55=-(CR51-R52-CR53R54-O)b;R31-R34,R51-R54=H or alkyl;a,b=2-20;R56-R60=H or substituent;andtwo or more R55-R60=ring. Preferred Definitions:    B1=H2C=C(-CN)(-COOH) or H2C=C(-R12)(-R11);and    R11-R12=cyano or acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic quaternary salt compound is of formula (II), preferably (X) or (XI). The pigment (I) is of formula (III)-(IX).Rx=substituent including -(CR31R32-CR33R34-O)a- coupling;R31-R34,R51-R54=H or alkyl;a,b=2-20;Q=optionally substituted atom group which forms 5-6-membered aromatic cation with nitrogen atom;Zx=anion;A=atomic group which forms ring with carbon-nitrogen bond;Y1,Y2=at least one is acidic group, both is acidic group, or one is acidic group, the other being electron attractive group, where acidic group is carboxylic acid group;L=single bond or bivalent coupling group;Y3=acidic group;LL=single bond or bivalent coupling group chosen from alkenylene, alkynylene and arylene;R,R1-R4=H, or heterocyclic group bonded with aliphatic group, aromatic group or carbon atom;or R1+R2=ring;B'=atomic group which forms ring with two carbon atoms and nitrogen atom on benzene ring;R55=substituent including -(CR51R52-CR53R54-O)b- bonding;R56-R60=H or substituent;Zx=anion, preferably I-, N(CF3SO2)2-, BF4-, Ry-COO-, Rz-SO3- or SCN-;Ry=H, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl or aryl;Rz=alkyl, perfluoroalkyl or aryl;andor two or more of R55-R60=ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterocyclic quaternary salt compound is of formula (II), (III) or (IV). The pigment (I) is preferably of formulae (Ia)-(Id).R=-(CR31R32-CR33R34-O)a-;R31-R34=H or alkyl;a=2-20;Q=atomic group which can form 5-6 membered aromatic cation with nitrogen atom;Z-=anion;R2-R9=H or substituent, where at least one of R2-R9 is pigment residue is of formula: -(C(-R10)=C(-R11))r-C(-R13);R10,R11,R13=R1;r=0 or more;R12=group or acidic nucleus which has acidic group(s), preferably of formula (b) or =C(-CN)(-COOH)-;R14=H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio or heterocyclyl;R15=R1;R17=S;R18-R21=cyano or acidic group;R55=-(CR51R52-CR53R54-O)b-;R51-R54=H or alkyl;b=2-20;R56-R60=H or substituent;(Zx)-=anion (preferably I-, Rz-SO3-, N(CF3SO2)2-, BF4-, SCN- or Ry-COO-), where at least two of R55-R60 combines to form ring;Ry=H, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, or aryl;andRz=alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, or aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluorine affinity compound is lithium halide, magnesium halide or zinc halide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A fluorine-affinity compound is further added and/or heated and reacted. The catalyst contains palladium and is preferably tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)-palladium, (1,2-disdiphenyl phosphino ethane)palladium, bis(tricyclohexyl phosphine)palladium, bis(tri-t-butyl phosphine)palladium, tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium. The phosphine is triaryl phosphine or trialkyl phosphine. The fluoro olefin is of formula: C(-F)(-R)=CF2 or C(-R)2=CF2, preferably tetrafluoroethylene or trifluoroethylene. substituted fluorine-containing olefin of formula: C(-R')(-R)=CF2. The organic magnesium compound is of formula: RMgX or R2Mg.R,R'=alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted), preferably lower alkyl optionally substituted by monocyclic aryl group, bicyclic aryl group, tricyclic group or lower alkoxy, lower alkenyl, or lower alkoxy;andX=Cl, Br or I. ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of total content of lead oxide and bismuth oxide to total content of silica and zinc oxide is 1 or more. The composition for conductor formation further comprises solvent and/or binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process further comprises treating the composite to selectively remove the polyester block of the block copolymer to form many pores having average pore diameter of 1-500 nm (preferably 10-50 nm). The process comprises treating the composite with a chemical etchant. Preferred Components: The polyolefin is polyethylene (preferred) and/or polypropylene. The cyclic ester is D,L-lactide (preferred), glycolide, caprolactone, menthide and/or dihydrocarvide. The polyester blocks are polylactide blocks. EXAMPLE - Polymer as a 10% solution in tetralin was dissolved at 140 degrees C. The hot solution was transferred to the aluminum pan and the high temperature was maintained while the solvent slowly evaporated over 2 hours. This was initially done to attempt to adopt an equilibrium microphase separated structure. The dry polymer film was kept at 140 degrees C for an additional 4 hours. The polymer films stuck to the aluminum. They were separated by dissolving the aluminum in a 4M solution of aqueous hydrochloric acid. Melt-pressing of the block polymer precursors into cylindrical discs was done in a hot press using molds with 13 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. The porous samples were prepared by submerging pieces of the block polymer in a 0.5M sodium hydroxide solution in 40% aqueous methanol (aq. MeOH). The solutions were kept at 70 degrees C for 3 days and the porous pieces were washed with slightly acidic aq. MeOH and then pure MeOH and further dried for 2 days at 60 degrees C in vacuum to give the polymer composite as films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises soda lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Both of Fermi level pinning at the first interface and the strain field from the first interface to the second interface cause a reduction or flipping in internal electric field strength at the second interface, which reduces a barrier for hole tunneling across the second interface from the absorber to the anode (preferably the strain field in the anode layer and Fermi level pinning at the first interface causes a reduction of internal electric field strength or causes a flipping of internal electric field direction at the second interface for facilitating hole collection by the anode layer from the absorber).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer comprises a film made by material selected from fluorine doped tin oxide (TFO), indium tin oxide (ITO), silicon nitride (Si3N4), SiO2 (silicon dioxide) and/or molybdenum. The absorber comprises a p-type semiconductor layer made by CdTe (cadmium telluride) material or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) material (preferably comprises cadmium telluride with p-type dopant). The AZO layer comprises a heavily doped aluminum (Al) species ranging from 5x 1019 to 1x 1021 cm-3. The substrate comprises an optically transparent material. The buffer layer comprises cadmium sulfide with n-type dopant. The window layer comprises a transparent conductive oxide including aluminum doped zinc oxide. The cathode layer comprises heavily aluminum doped zinc oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating process is performed at 300-700 degrees C. Preferred Components: The base precursor is a Group I-III-VI selenide. The controlling precursor has a: thickness of 1-3000 nm; and a particle size of greater than or equal to 1 nm. In solar cell structure, the diffraction angle corresponding to the maximum diffraction peak of the crystal face (112)/(103) of the light absorption layer is larger than 26.7 degrees . EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dots are inorganic materials, metallic materials, and semiconductor materials including elements from Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V, or Group VI including II-VI and III-V materials. The materials of the groups includes cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), mercury telluride (HgTe), gallium nitride (GaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium antimonide (InSb), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), aluminum antimonide (AlSb), lead selenide (PbSe), lead sulfide (PbS), lead telluride (PbTe), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), and aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlInGaP). The wafer is epitaxial grown material including InP, InAs, ZnS, ZnSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InSb, Si, silicon carbide (SiC), Ge, AlAs, AlSb, PbSe, PbS, PbTe, InGaAs, InGaN and AlInGaP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The impurity concentration of oxygen is less than 1015 cm-3, preferably less than 1018 cm-3. The gallium nitride crystal further comprises at least one compensatory dopants comprising at least vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium or mercury, where the concentration of the compensatory dopant is less than 1015 cm-3, preferably less than 1017 cm-3. The optical absorption coefficient at wavelengths of 395-460 nm is less than 10 cm-1, preferably less than 0.2 cm-1. The other structures are preferably less than 0.1% in volume. The substrate member has a thickness of greater than 1 millimeter, and a length greater than 20 millimeters, the length is preferably greater than 100 millimeters. The crystalline substrate member is characterized by: crystallographic radius of curvature of greater than 100 meters; or an infinite crystallographic radius of curvature. The crystalline substrate member has a root-mean-square surface roughness of 1 nanometer and less. The group III metal nitride has an oxygen content in the group III metal nitride material provided as a group III metal oxide or as a substitutional impurity within a group III metal nitride that is less than 1 part per million. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: providing a getter at a level of at least 100 ppm with respect to the group III metal nitride source material and providing the getter into a chamber with the group III metal nitride source material; and providing a compensatory dopant. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The jig is equipped with metal cores and the surface of the metal cores is covered by the non-metal material. The jig is used in order to crush the solid substance containing raw material. The jig is used in order to open the flow path which allows the silicon melt solution to pass through when the jig extracts the silicon melt solution produced by heating. The heating furnace is an arc furnace provided with the furnace for accommodating the raw material. A portion of the inner wall of the component which covers the upper portion of the comprises refractory material with phosphorus content of less than 0.01 %mass (100 weight ppm). The refractory material has heat conductivity of 0.5 W/mk or more and contains 50 %mass or more of alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The non-metal materials are carbon fiber reinforced carbon material, silicon impregnated carbon fiber reinforced carbon material, or their composite materials. The raw material for silicon manufacture contains 0.1 %mass or less of iron. The raw material contains 0.001 %mass or less of boron and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cutting scrap including silicon carbide and silica raw material containing silicon carbide are mixed (S1) and mixed powder raw material is subjected to perform briquetting (S1') and heating. Preferred Composition: The total content of iron, aluminum, calcium and titanium, and content of boron and phosphorus, in the cutting scrap are 0.1 %mass or less and 0.001 %mass or less, respectively. The total content of iron, aluminum, calcium and titanium, and content of boron and phosphorus, in silica raw material, are 0.1 %mass or less and 0.001 %mass or less, respectively. The mass ratio of silicon and silicon carbide in cutting scrap is 5:95-95:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles contain silica nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film of electrode consists of tin oxide, and gallium doped zinc oxide. The electrode consists of zinc oxide. The substrate consists of silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The substrate is formed using alloy including metal microparticles containing 2 or more of gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, and palladium. The temperature of wind when parallely contacted to coated surface, is 5-40 degrees C. The difference in temperature of base material and coated surface which contacts wind parallely, is 1-45 degrees C. The mesh-shaped structure is formed in less than 20 seconds. Preferred Process: The base material is warmed at 15-50 degrees C in a heating apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The oxide films are crystalline layers in which amorphous crystal and/or microcrystal are mixed. The base material of n-type transparent conductive oxide film is zinc oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide or nickel oxide. The base material of p-type transparent conductive oxide film is complex oxide of zinc and cobalt, rhodium and/or iridium, or zinc-magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic filer in the heat-transfer layer is made of one among alumina, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, magnesium oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The buffer layer and light absorption layer have thickness of 0.2-1 mu m and 0.1-10 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: The translucent conductive layer comprises components chosen from fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, niobium-doped titanium oxide and other transparent conductive oxide. The metal oxide semiconductor layer comprises components chosen from titania, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, niobium pentoxide, tantalum pentoxide and oxide having photocatalytic activity. The back electrode comprises molybdenum, gold, silver, carbon, aluminum, platinum and other electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell was formed with the semiconductor selected from group consisting of nitride. The solar cell is formed as the crystal mixed with mixture selected from group consisting of gallium nitride and the indium nitride. The adjustment layer contains material selected from group consisting of aluminum nitride or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode contains material that is selected from group consisting of titanium, aluminum, tungsten, gold nickel, or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The niobium oxide film is formed by sputtering niobium oxide or niobium metal as target. The ratio of oxygen gas flow and argon gas flow is 5-7 volume%. Preferred Condition: The annealing treatment is carried out at 900 degrees C or more in a vacuum. Preferred Properties: The niobium oxide film has visible ray transmittance of 60% or more and electrical resistivity of 10-2 ( Omega )-cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains (in %mass) rare-earth element and/or calcium (0.1 or less) and molybdenum (0.05-0.5), niobium (0.4 or less), copper (0.05-0.5), vanadium (0.05-0.5), tungsten (0.05-0.5) and/or zirconium (0.05-0.5). The average content rate of boron in grain boundary is 1.2 times or more of the average content rate of boron inside the grain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powder comprising silicon is at least partially a powder, which occurs during wire sawing a silicon block, preferably during wire sawing a silicon block exclusively with bound cutting edge products. The gas flow is a hydrogen-containing gas flow. Preferred Process: The powder comprising silicon is subjected to a chemical and/or mechanical cleaning before it is fed into the gas flow. The gas flow used is heated by a plasma generator. A silicon compound is added to the gas flow, where the silicon compound is thermally decomposed at the selected gas temperature. The gas flow is introduced into a reactor, in which the collecting and optionally condensing of the liquid and/or gaseous silicon are carried out. The collected liquid silicon is subjected to a vacuum treatment before cooling and directional solidification during cooling. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gaseous chlorine is reacted with oxygen to produce liquid chlorine which is used for chlorination of silicon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-radical is generated by a pulse thermal plasma generator. Preferred Process: Mixed gas of argon and hydrogen is supplied to the pulse thermal plasma generator, to generate pulse thermal plasma. The obtained plasma and chlorosilane-type substance containing hydrogen-radical are mixed and reacted on a substrate, to obtain silicon-deposited substrate. The chlorosilane-type substance is trichlorosilane or tetrachlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gas barrier layer is formed by plasma chemical vapor deposition method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anchor layer contains polyol and isocyanate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The gas barrier laminated film has spectral transmission factor of 85% or more at 400-1000 nm. Preferred Composition: The overcoat layer contains water-soluble polymer or its hydrolyzate and metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parts: The pre-heating layer upstream edge part is equipped with the source gas supply means and the water supply means. The source gas supply means is changed to the pre-heating layer upstream edge part, and the first heat exchange chamber is equipped with it. Outer side of the second partition upper stage part is further equipped with fourth partition. The source gas supply means is changed to the pre-heating layer upstream edge part, and the upstream edge part of the source gas flow path formed in the interval of fourth partition and the second partition is equipped with it, and the water which passes a pre-heating layer, and the source gas which passes through this source gas flow path are comprised so that it might be made to mix in the first heat-exchange chamber. Communicating hole is provided. The lower end part of the first heat exchange chamber is equipped with the water trap part which captures the liquid water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The preparation of nanowire solar cell with aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanowire/nano silicon nip/aluminum oxide/AZO transparent top electrode radial structure comprises forming AZO nanowire on metal or transparent conductive glass by chemical method, such that nanowire has diameter of 30-70 nano, length of 1-5 mu m, and resistivity of zinc oxide nanowire of 0.01-0.10 omega -cm; preparing n-type nano silicon layer by PECVD and phosphorus-doped comprising adjusting flows of silane and hydrogen, and controlling structure and performance of nano silicon layer by flow of phosphine and power of radio frequency and sediment temperature, such that thickness of n-type nano silicon layer is 2-6 nano; preparing intrinsic nano silicon absorption layer by PECVD method comprising changing flow ratio of silane and hydrogen; controlling crystallization rate, size of nano silicon layer and content of hydrogen in nano silicon layer by power of radio frequency and sediment temperature, such that thickness of intrinsic nano silicon layer is 10-20 nano; preparing p-type nano silicon layer by PECVD method and boron-doped comprising adjusting flow ratio of silane and hydrogen so that thickness of p-type nano silicon layer is 2-6 nano and optical band gap is 1.7-1.9 eV; preparing aluminum oxide passivation layer by ALD using trimethyl aluminum source to thickness of 1-5 nano; preparing transparent top electrode by ALD comprising preparing AZO-doped layer using diethyl zinc source and trimethylaluminum source to thickness of 5-15 nano.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The spiro-carbazole compound (I) is of formulae (II)-(VI).Ar2=2-60C alkyl, 1-60C alkenyl, 5-60C arylene, 5-60C aryl (all optionally substituted), or 1-50 alkyl, 1-60C heteroarylene or 1-60C heteroaryl (all optionally substituted and including S, N, P, O and/or Si);andR8,R9=Ra-Rd.Preferred Device: The organic electronic device has organic layer and electrodes (102,107). The organic layer comprises hole implant layer, hole transport layer (104), light emitting layer (105) and/or electron injection layer. The spiro carbazole compound is used as fluorescence host material in light emitting layer. The light emitting layer is formed by solution processing method. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 110 Spiro-carbazole compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 11'-phenyl-11'H-spiro(fluorene-9,5'-indeno(1,2-b)carbazole) of formula (Ia), 11'-(naphthalen-1-yl)-11'H-spiro(fluorene-9,5'-indeno(1,2-b)carbazole), 11'-(naphthalen-2-yl)-11'H-spiro(fluorene-9,5'-indeno(1,2-b)carbazole), 11'-(4-phenylphenyl)-11'H-spiro(fluorene-9,5'-indeno(1,2-b)carbazole) and 11'-(anthracen-9-yl)-11'H-spiro(fluorene-9,5'-indeno(1,2-b)carbazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal hydroxide comprises metal hydroxide (A) chosen from at least one of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2), gallium hydroxide (Ga(OH)3), indium hydroxide (In(OH)3) and tin hydroxide (Sn(OH)4), metal hydroxide (B) chosen from at least one of yttrium hydroxide (Y(OH)3), zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4), hafnium hydroxide (Hf(OH)4), scandium hydroxide (Sc(OH)3), gallium hydroxide (Ga(OH)3) and lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH)3) and metal hydroxide (C) chosen from at least one of lithium hydroxide and titanium hydroxide. The molar ratio of metal hydroxide (A), metal hydroxide (B) and metal hydroxide (C) is 1:0-0.2:0-0.2. The acid/base titrant is ammonia, tetramethyl ammonia hydroxide, methylamine, urea, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and/or hydrogen peroxide. The molar ratio of metal hydroxide (A) with respect to metal hydroxide (C) is 1:0-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stress relaxation layer is made of an alkali metal or a compound containing silicon oxide as a main component and sodium oxide or zirconium nitride, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, alumina, zirconium oxide. The metallic substrate is made of Kovar and compound semiconductor of cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photoelectric converting layer is formed of a compound semiconductor selected from a group consisting of chalcopyrite structure, copper, silver, aluminum, gallium, indium, sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The metallic substrate is formed as a two-layer base material of steel material, alloyed steel material or titanium foil. The alloyed steel material consists of carbon steel and ferrite type stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyanion comprises sulfo group. The polyanion is sulfonate or its derivative(s). The polymer comprises 500-2000 mg/g of hydroxyl group. The transparent conductive film is obtained by providing electroconductive metal layer on the transparent support material, and heating the electroconductive metal layer at 100-200 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of ytterbium oxide and holmium oxide is 1:1-7, preferably 1:5. The molar ratio of ytterbium oxide and niobium oxide is 1:1270-1400, preferably 1:1331. The molar ratio of ytterbium oxide and lithium carbonate is 1:580-625, preferably 1:611. The molar ratio of ytterbium oxide and potassium carbonate is 1:865-950 or 1:914. Preferred Components: The mixed powder comprising ytterbium oxide, holmium oxide, niobium oxide, lithium carbonate and potassium carbonate in step (a), is grinded in the agate mortar for 2.5-3.5 hours. The heating rate of crystal growth furnace in step (c) is 70-140 degrees C per hour. The crystal growth furnace in step (c) is heated to 950-970 degrees C and this temperature is maintained for 5-7 hours. The step (d) comprises: heating the furnace to 1340-1370 degrees C at a heating rate of 70-140 degrees C per hour and maintaining this temperature for 4.5-7.5 hours; and cooling the mixture to 1295-1305 degrees C at a cooling rate of 15-25 degrees C per hour to obtain the uniform melt. The step (e) comprises: cooling the uniform melt to 1255-1265 degrees C, annealing and cooling again to room temperature at a cooling speed of 30-70 degrees C per hour; or cooling the uniform melt at a constant cooling speed of 0.6-0.9 degrees C per hour and maintaining a cooling temperature of 0.6-0.9 degrees C for 0.6-0.9 hours for each time of cooling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The radialene compound is preferably of formula (II), (III) or (IV). Electrolyte contains nonaqueous solvent having dielectric constant of 10-30, and salt of anion and cation is dissolved in the nonaqueous salt. The nonaqueous solvent is a mixture of solvent (a) having dielectric constant of 10 or less and solvent (b) having dielectric constant of 30 or more. The solvent (a) is chosen from linear carbonate ester, chain-shaped ester and chain-shaped ether. The solvent (b) is cyclic carbonate or cyclic ether. The cation contains quaternary ammonium ion or lithium ion. The negative electrode includes material which can occlude-discharge metallic lithium, lithium ion or lithium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone, zinc acetate dihydrate, hydrogen peroxide, distilled water, and sodium hydroxide is 1:(0.3658-10.98):(8.333-166.7):(466.7-625):(3.333-25), preferably 1:3.685:41.67:591.7:6.667. The obtained zinc oxide is sea urchin-shaped micron zinc oxide. The mass ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone, zinc acetate dihydrate, hydrogen peroxide, distilled water, and sodium hydroxide is 1:18.29:(8.333-166.7):(466.7-625):(3.333-25), preferably 1:18.29:41.67:591.7:6.667. The obtained zinc oxide is conical. The mass ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone, zinc acetate dihydrate, hydrogen peroxide, distilled water, and sodium hydroxide is 1:(29.27-36.85):(8.333-166.7):(466.7-625):(3.333-25), preferably 1:29.27:41.67:591.7:6.667. The obtained zinc oxide is six-prism self-assembled solid ball-shaped micron zinc oxide. The mass ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone, zinc acetate dihydrate, hydrogen peroxide, distilled water, and sodium hydroxide is 1:(0.3658-18.29):(8.333-166.7):(466.7-625):(0.1667-1.667), preferably 1:3.658:41.67:616.7:1.667. The obtained zinc oxide is candied fruit-shaped micron zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nitrogen doped carbon nanotube conductive material e.g. carbon black, active carbon or graphite is mixed with binding agent e.g. PTFE or Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) solution. The solvent e.g. isopropanol is mixed to the nitrogen doped carbon nanotube conductive material mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous metal electrode layer is made of titanium, aluminum, silver or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of tetrachloroauric(III) acid aqueous solution is 24.7 mM. The concentration of sodium borohydride is 0.01 M. The concentration of silver nitrate aqueous solution is 10 mM. The concentration of sulfuric acid aqueous solution is 0.5 M. The concentration of chloropalladite solution is 2 mM. The concentration of potassium chloroplatinite solution is 2 mM.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution is 0.1 M. The concentration of ascorbic acid aqueous solution is 0.1 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Purification medium is ammonia water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): 1,6-Dibromo pyrene is reacted with halogen compound of formula: R'X or R"X in the presence of palladium catalyst to obtain pyrene compound of formula (B). The obtained compound (B) and bromine or N-bromo succinimide are reacted to obtain bromine-containing pyrene compound of formula (C). The compound (C) is reacted with amine-based compound of formula (D) in the presence of palladium catalyst to obtain substituted pyrene derivative (I).X=halo. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 70 Substituted pyrene derivatives (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 1-N,6-N-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1-N,6-N-diphenyl-3,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3a,3a1,5a,5a1-tetrahydropyrene-1,6-diamine of formula (Ia), 1-N,6-N-bis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1-N,6-N-diphenyl-3,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3a,3a1,5a,5a1-tetrahydropyrene-1,6-diamine, 1-N,6-N-bis(3-fluorophenyl)-1-N,6-N-diphenyl-3,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3a,3a1,5a,5a1-tetrahydropyrene-1,6-diamine, 1-N,6-N-bis(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-1-N,6-N-diphenyl-3,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3a,3a1,5a,5a1-tetrahydropyrene-1,6-diamine and 1-N,6-N-bis(4-fluoronaphthalen-1-yl)-1-N,6-N-diphenyl-3,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3a,3a1,5a,5a1-tetrahydropyrene-1,6-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The substrate planes are oriented parallel with respect to its vertical component. A frame is arranged between the substrates for forming a closed process space. The device is provided with: a substrate-transport system (5,6), which is formed for transporting the substrate by passing through the device, to the process tool; and/or a process tool-transport system, which is formed for transporting the process tool by passing through the device, to the substrate. The process tool is arranged between the two substrate planes and/or the process tool is a heat source, which is arranged outside the two substrate planes. The substrate planes exhibit rolling elements (9), which are formed for supporting the substrate. The substrate-transport system exhibits rolling elements. The rolling elements are formed in a groove shape, for forming a guide channel (10) for the substrate. At least one gas inlet is provided in the processing area and/or at least one tank is arranged below the substrate planes. A frame is arranged between the substrate planes. Preferred Method: The method comprises: introducing a carrier- and/or a process gas between the substrate planes. The substrates are moved towards the process tool and/or the process tool is moved towards the substrates. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The HARM-structures are made of polymer, paper, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate, acrylic and Teflon (RTM: PTFE manufactured by DUPONT company).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average grain size of compound semiconductor thin film is 1-50 nm. Preferred Composition: The light absorption layer comprises boron, titanium, iron, nickel and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode has positive electrode material layer (34) containing positive electrode active material, electroconductive material and a binder on at least one surface of positive electrode collector. Preferred Properties: The porosity of inorganic porous layer is 50-70%. The porosity of porous sheet base material is 35-60%. The bed density of positive electrode material layer is 1.7-2.7 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lead and cadmium is 4-2000 mass ppm and 3-2000 mass ppm, respectively. The total content of lead and cadmium is 4-2000 mass ppm. The concentration of gallium oxide in the gallium oxide zinc-oxide type sputtering target is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lead and cadmium is 4-2000 mass ppm and 3-2000 mass ppm, respectively. The total content of lead and cadmium is 4-2000 mass ppm. The concentration of aluminum oxide in the aluminum-oxide zinc-oxide type sputtering target is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive thin film layer contains anatase-type titanium oxide. The ratio of content of niobium with respect to total content of total content of niobium and titanium is 0.1-10 atomic%. The ratio of tantalum with respect to total content of tantalum and titanium is 0.1-10 atomic%. The outer surface layer of substrate is gallium nitride layer, gallium nitride indium layer, and gallium nitride indium aluminum layer. The buffer layer contains crystal phase of monoclinic-type ( beta )-gallium oxide structure. Preferred Property: The buffer layer has thickness of 0.1-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc blend structure is of formula: Zn(TeySe1-y) or Zn(TexSe1-x), where x is 0.8-1 and y is 0.55-1. The light absorption layer further contains sulfur, selenium or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred: The thickness of the tin-plated film is 0.5-600 mu m. The diameter of crystal grains of the tin-plated film is 1 mu m or less. The ratio of maximum value of film thickness with respect to minimum value of tin-plated film is 20% or less. The molten salt contains anion of formula: (R1-S(=O)2-N-S(=O)2-R2)- (I). The cation further contains alkaline-earth metal and/or alkali metals other than sodium.R1,R2=F or fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The firing process is carried out in firing furnace having a moving belt with width of 20 cm or more. The core-shell particles are preferably formed by coating palladium on the surface of silver particles. Preferred Property: The silver particles and core-shell particles have mean particle diameter of 0.1-10 mu m and 0.1-20 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: The content of core-shell particles is 0.01-20 wt.%, based on total amount of the paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: Alternately, the p-type semiconductor layer is obtained by adding arsenic and tellurium to amorphous selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor film is made of amorphous silicon-carbide, amorphous silicon-germanium, microcrystal silicon-carbide, microcrystal silicon-oxide, microcrystal silicon-germanium, amorphous silicon or microcrystal silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Target: The main surface has average particle diameter of 15 mu m or less and maximum height Rz of 1/2 or less. The zinc oxide sintered compact sinters a cold isostatic pressing (CIP) molded product which is obtained by performing process removal by making at least 10 mm into a raw machining allowance from external shape during molding. The casting molded product is obtained by casting the slurry to which the shaping die provided in the bottom portion of the water absorbing material and side wall portion of non-water absorptive material disperses raw material powder. The sputtering target coats the raw material powder with water absorbing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide sintered compact contains aluminum, gallium, silicon, boron and/or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion beam contains nitrogen molecule ion. Preferred Property: The number of nitrogen atoms with respect to the injection rate of sum total of nitrogen molecule ion and nitrogen ion is 1.5x 1014-4x 1016 piece/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The nitrogen ion is injected to glass edge portion at a rate of 1.5x 1014-4.0x 1016/cm2 with the number of nitrogen atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The components of copper indium gallium selenide target comprise CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 with purity of more than 99.9%. The copper indium gallium selenide thin film is provided with copper pyrite phase structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The double-layer Mo sputtering is carried out at substrate rotating speed of 8-20 revolutions per minute, substrate temperature of 25-550 degrees C, target distance of 5-10 cm, Ar gas flow rate of 10-100 sccm, direct current power supply of 0.4-0.8 A, voltage of 140-300 V, sputtering pressure of first layer Mo of 1-3 Pa for 5-10 minutes, and sputtering pressure of second layer Mo of 0.1-0.5 Pa for 10-20 minutes. It can be carried out at substrate rotating speed of 8-20 revolutions per minute, substrate temperature of 25-550 degrees C, target distance of 5-8 cm, Ar gas flow rate of 10-100 sccm, radio frequency power supply of 150-210 mA, voltage of 700-1100 V, sputtering pressure of 2-3 Pa for 90-180 minutes. The substrate is then naturally cooled after spluttering. The selenylation annealing is carried out at CIGS area temperature of 400-580 degrees C, Se area temperature of 200-350 degrees C, selenylation annealing time of 30-60 minutes, and Ar carrier gas flow rate of 500-2000 sccm, such that gas inlet of Ar gas and gas outlet during selenylation process can make reading numbers of vacuum meter present with positive pressure for preventing air from entering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell or solar module are manufactured with amorphous silicon or amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. The zinc oxide is doped in alumina in a range of about 0.25-2.5 weight percentages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound semiconductor is compound semiconductor having chalcopyrite structure, preferably group Ib element, group IIIb element and group IVb element. The group Ib element is copper and/or silver. The group IIIb element is aluminum, gallium and/or indium. The group IVb element is sulfur, selenium and/or terbium. The lower electrode contains molybdenum. The diffusion prevention layer (52) contains nitride as insulator. The nitride is titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, boron nitride or aluminum nitride, preferably aluminum nitride. Preferred Layer: The photoelectric converting layer is divided into several elements by several open-groove portions, and these elements are electrically connected in series. The alkali supply layer contains silicate glass-containing sodium compound, and is formed by sputtering method. The diffusion prevention layer prevents diffusion of alkali metal between alkali supply layer and electric-insulation layer to the substrate with insulating layer. The electric-insulation layer is anodized film of aluminum having porous structure. Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate is a laminated sheet obtained by laminating a metallic substrate and aluminum-type material by pressurization joining method. A metallic substrate is two-layer base material of steel material, alloyed steel material or titanium foil. The alloyed steel material contains carbon steel and ferrite-type stainless steel. Preferred Properties: The alkali supply layer, lower electrode, diffusion prevention layer have thickness of 50-200 nm, 200-400 nm and 10-100 nm, respectively. The difference of linear thermal expansion coefficient of metallic substrate with respect to photoelectric converting layer is 3x 10-6/ degrees C or less, preferably 1x 10-6/ degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: One of the first species and the second species is an n-type species and the other of the first species and the second species is a p-type species, where the n-type species is selected from phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As) and the p-type species is selected from boron (B), aluminum (Al), and gallium (Ga).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant comprises antimony and bismuth. A source of the surfactant comprises trimethylbismuth and trimethylantimony. The impurity and the unintentional dopant comprise carbon, sulfur, silicon and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal comprises a part of an electrode layer, and is chosen from aluminum, silver, gold and copper. The vapor deposition film contains silver and magnesium or aluminum and calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The content of impurity in the argon gas is reduced using adsorption agent, after adsorbing carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide in the impurity by pressure-swing-adsorption method. Nitrogen in the impurity is adsorbed by thermal swing adsorption method at -10 degrees C to -50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ketal is acetone dimethylacetal. The alcohol is methanol. The ketone is acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conversion amount of iron formate-type additive into iron formate, is 30-50 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the electrode (A): the first layer has a conductivity of at least 300 Scm-1; the first layer has a surface roughness Ra of less than 2.5 nm; and the first layer has a dry film thickness of 10 to 500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the polythiophene (optionally substituted) is applied to the first layer as a second dispersion, where the second dispersion further comprises at least one polymeric anion. Preferred Components: The dispersion further comprises at least one additive comprising ether group-containing compounds, lactone group-containing compounds, amide group-containing compounds, lactam group-containing compounds, sulfones, sulfoxides, sugars, sugar derivatives, sugar alcohols, furan derivatives, di-alcohols and/or polyalcohols, where the dispersion comprises at least 0.1 wt.% of the additives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric anion comprises an anion of polymeric carboxylic or sulfonic acid, preferably an anion of polystyrene sulfonic acid. The polythiophene and the polymeric anion are present in the first layer in a ratio by weight of 0.5:1 to 20:1. The organic, hole-injecting material comprises polythiophene (optionally substituted) having substituted thiophen-2,5 diyl repeating units of formula (II) and/or thieno(3,4-b)thiophen-4,6-diyl moiety. (I), and (II) and/or thieno(3,4-b)thiophen-4,6-diyl moiety are poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The organic, hole-injecting material comprises doped or undoped material comprising substituted or unsubstituted phthalocyanines and/or phenylamines.Y1 = O or S. Preferred Definitions:    A = 2-3C alkyl; and    x = 0 or 1.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The region within 300 mm from the solidification interface is preferably maintained at 1280 degrees C or more, during manufacture of polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent conductive film consists of conductive layer containing metal material formed in pattern shape and conductive layer containing high molecular compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic layer contains 100-1000 %mass of water-soluble binder with respect to high molecular compound in the dispersion liquid. The average particle diameter of at least 90 %mass of particles in the dispersion liquid is 5-100 nm. The polyanion has structural unit of formula (III).M=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element as dopant source is boron or oxygen. The concentration of boron is more than 5x 1018 atoms/cm3 to less than 5x 1019 atoms/cm3. The concentration of oxygen is more than 1x 1016 atoms/cm3 to less than 1x 1018 atoms/cm3. The concentration of boron in the primary region is larger than the concentration of boron in secondary region. The concentration of oxygen in the primary region is smaller than the concentration of oxygen in secondary region. The primary region is located upstream with respect to primary direction. The secondary region is located downstream with respect to primary region. The decreasing rate of concentration of oxygen in primary region is smaller than the decreasing rate of concentration of oxygen in secondary region. Preferred Process: The solidified component is further pulverized along orthogonal direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene (Fu) is fulleropyrrolidine derivatives of formulae (II and III) that are shown by the (hetero) aryl 61 carbon butyric acid ester and shown by 60 carbon, respectively.Ar1=4-16C aromatic ring;andR3-R5=1-24C organic group.Preferred Process: The photoelectric conversion element forms a bulk heterojunction because the photoelectric converting layer removes an organic solvent from the solution consisting of the high molecular compound (A) and the electron-accepting compound (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The corrugated pattern layer comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, acrylic resin, or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube layer is formed by coating carbon nanotube dispersion liquid comprising carbon nanotube having average particle diameter of 200-1000 nm on base material, and removing solvent from the dispersion liquid. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon nanotube in the carbon nanotube layer is 15 mg/m2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing gas is hydrogen. The halogenated tin is chosen from tin fluoride (SnF4 or SnF2), tin chloride (SnCl4 or SnCl2), tin bromide (SnBr4 or SnBr2), tin iodide (SnI4 or SnI2) and oxide of tin astatine (SnAt4). Preferred Properties: The particle diameter of indium complex oxide particles is 1-100 nm. The ratio of number of moles of halogen to sum of total number of moles of indium, total number of moles of tin and total number of moles of halogen is 0.0005-0.05. The indium complex oxide particles have electroconductivity of 9.81 MPa under pressure of 1x 10 S/cm or more. Preferred Process: The indium oxide particles are mixed with aqueous solution of halogenated tin such that the content of water in the aqueous solution is 100 parts weight or less with respect to 100 parts weight of indium oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front antireflection layer is made of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium germanium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive region comprises at least one fullerene and/or its derivative as the fullerene compound, C60 or (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The photoactive donor-acceptor transition is present in the form of a bulk heterojunction. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R4, R6, R7, R10-R12=H;    R1a, R1b=H or D;    R1, R9=H, phenyl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, naphthyl, naphthyloxy, naphthylthio, (1-12C alkyl)phenyl, (1-12C alkyl)phenyloxy, (1-12C alkyl)phenylthio, (1-12C alkyl)naphthyl, (1-12C alkyl)naphthyloxy or (1-12C alkyl)naphthylthio; and    R5,R8=H, OH or 1-12C alkoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 6,15-dideuterio-naphtho(2,3-c)pentaphene-5,9,14,18-tetraone of formula (Ia) is specifically claimed as (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive layer has film thickness of 20-500 nm and sheet resistance value of 1000 Omega /square or less. Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide-type electroconductive material contains gallium, indium and/or silicon (0.01-10 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier layer contains material comprising oxygen atom (10-70%), carbon atom (10-70%) and silicon atom (5-35%), and polyorganosiloxane-type compound of formula: -(Si(-Rx)2-O)- (I) or of formula (I).Rx,Ry=H, or alkyl, alkenyl or aryl (all optionally substituted), where both Rx of polyorganosiloxane-type compound (I) are not H.Preferred Property: The gas barrier layer has thickness of 30 nm to 10 mu m. Preferred Process: The gas barrier layer is obtained by injecting ion to surface layer portion (121) of layer containing polyorganosiloxane-type compound by plasma ion implantation, and ion is generated by ionizing hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, noble gas and/or fluorocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic compound is alkali metal salt, preferably potassium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electric-charge transportable organic compound is dibenzofuran compound of formula (I). The solvent of organic layer application-liquid (A) or organic layer application-liquid (B) is fluorinated alcohol. The total content of electric-charge transportable organic compound and metallic compound in organic layer application-liquid (B) is 0.1-3 %mass. The organic electric-charge transport layer is electron-carrying layer. The organic functional layer is organic electroluminescent layer.Ar',Ar"=aromatic ring;andn=0-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The halogenated polycarbonate has glass transition temperature of 230 degrees C or more, weight average molecular weight of more than 50000 and oligomer content of 0.6 wt.% or less. The optical film has psychometric-chroma-coordinate (basterisk) value of -1 to 3 based on Lasteriskaasteriskbasterisk colorimetric system, linear expansion coefficient of 60 ppm/ degrees C or less, tensile elongation of 2.5% or more, molecular weight distribution of 4.5 or less, total light transmittance of 85% or more and haze of 2% or less. Preferred Composition: The content of residual solvent in the optical film is 0.1 weight% or less. The halogenated polycarbonate has structural unit of formula (I), preferably 2,2-bis(3,5-dihalogeno-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane as main repeating unit.Z=groups of formulae (a)-(c);group (a)=bivalent group chosen from linear, branched, cyclic or bicyclic bivalent group, aliphatic or aromatic bivalent group, (un)saturated bivalent group, 1-15C bivalent group containing 5 or less sulfur atoms and/or halo;group (b)=-S-, -S2-, -SO-, -SO2-, -O- or -CO-;group (c)=single bond;X= H, linear or cyclic 1-12C alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or aryloxy, preferably H or methyl;D1,D2=halo;a,b=1-4, preferably 2-4;c=4-a;andd=4-b.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The aromatic compound (I) is manufactured by performing Suzuki coupling reaction in presence of palladium catalyst. Preferred Definitions:    Ar11=-(Ar21)m-(Ar22)n-(Ar23)p-;    at least one of Ar21-Ar23=thieno thiophene diyl or thiophene diyl (both optionally substituted);    m,n,p=1-10;    m+n+p=1-10;    Ar12,Ar13=phenyl;and    X13-X16=S.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Aromatic compounds (I) i.e. 5,5'-bis(3-dodecyl-benzo-(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)-2-thienyl)-2,2'-bithiophene of formula (IA), 2,5-bis(3-dodecyl-benzo-(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)-2-thienyl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene, 2,5-bis(3-nonyl-benzo-(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)-2-thienyl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene and 5,5'-bis(3-nonyl-benzo-(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)-2-thienyl)-2,2'-bithiophene are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 2-Bromo-3-dodecyl-benzo-(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene (in mg) (86), 5,5'-bis(n-tributyl stannyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (62), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (12.1), and toluene (2 ml) were stirred at 85 degrees C for 24 hours, and extracted. The obtained mixture was filtered, and toluene was distilled from the organic layer and recystallized using toluene-hexane to obtain 5,5'-bis(3-dodecyl-benzo-(4,5)thieno(3,2-b)-2-thienyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (IA) (41) having yield of 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer is formed by solution process. The organic electronic device consists of organic layer laminated between electrodes (102,108). The organic layer is hole implant layer (103), hole transport layer (104), light-emitting layer (105), electron transport layer (107), or electron injection layer (106). The light-emitting layer contains compound (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    L=bivalent linking group;and    m=1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 56 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. (1,3-diphenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-diphenyl-amine of formula (IA), naphthalen-2-yl-(1-naphthalen-2-yl-2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl-amine, naphthalen-1-yl-(1-naphthalen-1-yl-2,3-diphenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl-amine, (1-biphenyl-4-yl-1H-indol-5-yl)-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-phenyl-amine, and biphenyl-4-yl-(1-biphenyl-4-yl-1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The organic photoelectric device further has light-emitting layer, hole-transport layer, hole implant layer, electron-transport layer, electron injection layer and/or hole-blocking layer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1-Ar4=phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, perylenyl, chrysenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl (all optionally substituted);and    ring B1=phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pyrenyl, perylenyl, chrysenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl (all optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 184 triphenyl-type compounds e.g. 2-(3,5-bis(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-1,3-benzoxazole of formula (Ia), 4-(3,5-bis(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-3-oxa-5-azatetracyclo(11.4.0.02,6.07,12)heptadeca-1(13),2(6),4,7(12),8,10,14,16-octaene, 4-(3,5-bis(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-5-oxa-3-azatricyclo(7.4.0.02,6)trideca-1(9),2(6),3,7,10,12-hexaene, 2-(3,5-bis(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-1,3-benzoxazole and 4-(3,5-bis(2,6-diphenylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-3-oxa-5,11,14-triazatetracyclo(11.4.0.02,6.07,12)heptadeca-1(13),2(6),4,7(12),8,10,14,16-octaene are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer composition is a melt processable semicrystalline aromatic polymer composition. In the polymer, x and y are such that the molar ratio of Q1 to Q2 is between 30/70 and 90/10, where the polymer composition x+y=n, where n is a value such that the polymer has an inherent viscosity of at least 0.5 dL/g. The polymer further comprises a filler. Preferred Components: The filler is mica, glass, quartz, clay, glass fibers, carbon fibers, polyarylamide fibers or ceramic fibers. The polymer composition further comprises a second polymer comprising polybenzimidazole (preferred), polyarylamide, polysulfones, polyketones, polyimides, polyetherimides, polyphenylene sulfides, fluoropolymers, polyesters or polycarbonates. The polyketone is a polymer comprising poly (aryl ether ketone), poly (ether ether ketone), poly (ether ketone ketone), poly (ether ketone) or poly (ether ketone ether ketone ketone). The polysulfone polymer poly (ether sulfone) or poly (aryl ether sulfone). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cyclic compound (I) is of formula (II).Ring D1, E1 = aromatic heterocycle optionally having a substituent;andW1, W2 = H, halo, alkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, arylalkyl sulfonate, boric acid-ester residue, methyl sulfonium, methyl phosphonium, methyl phosphonate, monohalogeneized methyl, boric-acid residue, formyl, vinyl or organic tin residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyester resin is 0.5-5 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.% of polyester resin and polyphenylene sulfide resin. The polyphenylene sulfide resin contains 30 wt.% or more of copolymerizable polyphenylene sulfide resin. Preferred Property: The thermal contraction rate of the biaxially-oriented polyphenylene sulfide film is 2.5% or less, when heated at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The using ratio of diborane is greater than or equal to 0.5 mol with respect to 1 mol of sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is chosen from hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer is made of copper and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The device has source bottle, hard tube, bubbling gas inlet tube, and air outlet tube, which are all made of quartz material and are welded as a whole when manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor containing tellurium is sodium tellurite or tellurous acid. The precursor containing platinum is chloroplatinic acid or ammonium chloroplatinate. The reducing agent is hydrazine hydrate or formic acid. The reducing atmosphere includes hydrogen gas distribution (5 vol.%) and inert argon gas distribution as other component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier is carbon nanotube or Vulcan XC72 (RTM: Carbon black).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass frit has softening point of 400-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate is fluorine doped titanium oxide electric conductive glass, indium tin oxide electric conductive glass, zinc oxide doped with aluminum oxide electric conductive glass, normal glass or ceramic, polyethylene, polystyrene or non-woven fabric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: During the step of repeatedly operating to obtain laminated composite film of single-element zinc and titanium oxide, it needs to remove the single-element zinc by an acid liquid as long as certain layers of laminated composite films are plated. The titanium dioxide thin film with high specific surface area is annealed for 0.1-1.5 hours at 80-600 degrees C. Preferred Components: The reacting gas is either pure oxygen or air. The working air is argon and/or nitrogen. The acid liquid is diluted hydrochloric acid, diluted sulfuric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, diluted phosphoric acid or diluted nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used is acetone, chloroform, methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation layer is configured by an oxide film, a nitride film, or an oxynitride film composed of any one of aluminum, silicon, titanium, and iron. The metal base is configured by any one of aluminum, silicon, titanium, and iron. The metal substrate is made of an aluminum clad material. The main component of the photoelectric conversion semiconductor comprises at least one kind of compound semiconductor containing a group Ib element, a group IIIb element such as gallium and indium, and a group VIb element such as tellurium and selenium. The photoelectric conversion semiconductor comprises any one kind of thin-film solar cells selected from the group consisting of copper indium diselenide/copper indium gallium diselenide (CIS-CIGS) based thin-film solar cells, thin-film silicon based thin-film solar cells, cadmium tellurium (CdTe) based thin-film solar cells, group III-V based thin-film solar cells, dye-sensitized thin-film solar cells, and organic thin-film solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Photodiode: In the photodiode, the n-type chalcogenide compound formed on an upper surface of the p-type semiconductor material to form a pn-junction structure with the p-type semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type semiconductor material is a p-type chalcogenide compound, and where the pn-junction is a homojunction. The p-type semiconductor material is selected from XaSbbS1-a-b, XaSbbTe1-a-b or XaSbbSe1-a-b. The p-type semiconductor material is Ge2Sb2Te5. The p-type semiconductor material is a silicon material or a group III-V compound semiconductor material, and where the pn-junction is a heterojunction. The n-type chalcogenide compound is obtained from a p-type chalcogenide compound by substituting bismuth (Bi) for at least part of an element included in the p-type chalcogenide compound. The n-type chalcogenide compound is selected from Xa(Sb1-xBx)bS1-a-b, Xa(Sb1-xBix)bTe1-a-b or Xa(Sb1-xBix)bSe1-a-b. The n-type chalcogenide compound is Ge2(Sb1-xBix)2Te5. The n-type chalcogenide compound is formed by a co-sputtering process using a first target including bismuth (Bi) and a second target including no Bi. The first target is Ge2Bi2Te5, and the second target is Ge2Sb2Te5, where the amount of Ge2Bi2Te5 in the n-type chalcogenide compound is 30-60 mol.%. The p-type semiconductor material is formed of silicon.a and b=0-1;X=silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and/or nickel (Ni);x=0-1 (preferably 0.3-0.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The glass plate has thermal expansion coefficient of (75-90)x 10-7/ degrees C, volume electrical resistivity at 150 degrees C of 11.5 or more and density of less than 2.8 g/cm3. The amount of alkaline elution of the glass plate is 1 mg or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The masking material is deposited using a three-dimensional masking printer. The method involves: removing the masking pattern from the masked portions of the workpiece. The step of depositing a masking material on portions of the workpiece involves: depositing the masking material on a curved surface of the workpiece; depositing the masking material in an isogrid pattern on portions of the workpiece; depositing an elastomer dissolved in at least one organic solvent on portions of the workpiece; or depositing at least one organic solvent. The chemically removing material from the unmasked desired milling areas of the workpiece involves subjecting the workpiece to a chemical bath that includes an aqueous solution of acid. Preferred System: The system includes: a milling chemical operable to remove portions of the surface of the unmasked desired milling areas; and a chemical bath in which the milling chemical is applied to the workpiece, where the chemical bath includes an aqueous solution of acid. The predefined masking pattern includes an isogrid pattern, where the masking material includes an elastomer dissolved in at least one organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid includes ferric chloride. The organic solvent is selected from toluene, xylene, and/or perchloroethylene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramic product further comprises a porous substrate, where the oxygen separation membrane is formed on the substrate. Preferred Components: The oxygen separation membrane and the connecting member are each formed of an oxide ceramic having a perovskite structure of formula (Ln1-xAexMO3). The bond part and the crystalline-amorphous composite material each comprises (in mass%): silicon dioxide (50-70); aluminum trioxide (10-20); sodium oxide (5-20); potassium oxide (5-20); magnesium oxide (0-3); calcium oxide (0-3); and strontium oxide (0-3), where the combined amount of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide is greater than or equal to 3 mass%.Ln = at least one lanthanide;Ae = Sr, Ca or Ba;M = Mg, Mn, Ga, Ti, Co, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, In, Sn, Zr, V, Cr, Zn, Ge, Sc or Y; andx = 0-1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Anodic oxide film provided on the entire surface of the metal composite substrate, is 1-200 mu m thick and is porous. Anodic oxide film is made in a sealing. Insulating light reflection substrate has a light reflective surface, in which the total reflection factor in greater than or equal to 320-700 nm wavelength is greater than or equal to 50%, and the total reflection factor in 300-320 nm wavelength is greater than or equal to 60%. Light reflective surface has an unevenness with an average wavelength of 0.01-100 mu m. Preferred Process: Coating is by hot-dipping. Preferred Components: Core material is steel. Light absorption layer is formed on the metal composite substrate through the back surface electrode layer, and contains compound consists of cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride (CdS/CdTe), cadmiun indium sulfide (CIS), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of IB group element, IIIA group element and VIA group element is 1:1:2 or 1:1:2-4. The additional VIA group element powder contains pure selenium, pure sulfur or selenium sulfur mixed material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The matrix of metal mixed layer contains silicon oxide or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal mixed layer contains nickel, aluminum, titanium, silver, gold, cobalt, antimony, palladium and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The hole transport material and the p-dopant are deposited together within the hole transport layer. The hole transport material and the p-dopant are deposited separately, each as at least one sub-layer within the hole transport layer. Preferred Components: The hole transport material is a crosslinked polymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Compounds are specified as the electron deficient material e.g. 2,7-dimethyl-benzo(lmn)(3,8)phenanthroline-1,3,6,8-tetraobe (NAPHIMDE-Me), 4-(difluoroaminooxy)-8-(difluoroboryloxy)naphthalene-1,5-dione, 1,3,5-tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzo(d)imidazol-2-yl)benzene (I'), 6,6'-(4,4'-(4,4'-(perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(2,4-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine), and Nasterisk5asterisk,Nasterisk5asterisk,Nasterisk5''asterisk,Nasterisk5''asterisk-tetrakis-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-(2,2';5',2'')terthiophene-5,5''-diamine.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The at least one powder in powder tank of formation device of first transparent conductive oxide layer comprises indium-tin oxide, tin oxide, indium-titanium oxide or aluminum-zinc oxide; at least one powder in powder tank of formation device of copper-indium-gallium-selenium layer and cadmium sulfide layer comprises copper-indium alloy, copper-indium-gallium compound, copper-indium selenide, copper-indium-gallium selenide, copper-indium sulfide or copper-indium-gallium sulfide powder; at least one powder in powder tank of formation device of zinc oxide layer comprises zinc oxide powder; at least one powder contained in powder tank of formation device of second transparent conductive oxide layer comprises indium-tin oxide, tin oxide, indium-titanium oxide or aluminum-zinc oxide; at least one solvent in solvent tanks of formation device of first transparent conductive oxide layer, formation device of copper-indium-gallium-selenium layer and cadmium sulfide layer, formation device of zinc oxide layer and formation device of the second transparent conductive oxide layer comprises alcohol, amine, dispersant, adhesive or delusterant. The impurity-phase cleaning device includes impurity-phase cleaner comprising sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide or bromide. The backward sulfur-selenium reaction device sequentially and respectively inflated with hydrogen sulfite and hydrogen selenide for backward vulcanization reaction and backward selenide reaction at increasing temperature. The cadmium sulfide layer includes aqueous solution comprising sulfur and cadmium; copper-indium-gallium-selenium layer is immerged into aqueous solution; the cadmium sulfide layer is formed on the copper-indium-gallium-selenium layer; the aqueous solution comprising chlorate, ammonia water, and thiourea; and the chlorate comprising cadmium chlorate, cadmium sulfide, cadmium iodide and/or cadmium diacetate.