TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant of the silicon consists of antimony, phosphorus, arsenic, boron, aluminum and gallium. The metal consists of iron, lithium, sodium, magnesium, copper, nickel, zinc, aluminum, germanium, gallium, silver and manganese. The cation of the non-aqueous electrolyte consists of alkylammonium and haloalkylammonium. The ionic liquid is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium:(HF)2F:(HF)3F(EMI-(HF)(2.3)F). The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises fluoride including hydrogen fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and potassium fluoride and having a concentration of 0.001-50 wt.% of the electrolyte, water having a concentration of 0.001-95 wt.% of the electrolyte, and silicic acid having a concentration of 0.001-70 wt.% of the electrolyte. The catalyst consists of palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, oxide, and/or carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-ionic polar solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte consists of alkylnitrile solvent, nitroalkane solvent, diethylether, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dioxolane, methyltetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, butyrolactones, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, nitromethane, nitrobenzene, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrolidone, dimethylsulfone, tetramethylene sulfone, sulfolane and thiophene. The anion of the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises halide (F(FH)n)-, where n is an integer of 1-4. The ionic liquid, a cation in the ionic liquid of the non-aqueous electrolyte consists of alkali metal cation, alkaline earth metal cation, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolium, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinium, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolium, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolium, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinium, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolium, substituted or unsubstituted triazolium, substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,4-triazolimum, substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrazolinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, uronium, guanidinium, 3-alkyl-1-methylimidazolium, 1-alkylpyridinium, N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium, 1-methyl-4-alkyl-1,2-triazolinium, 1-methyl-(2, 3 or 4)-alkyltetrazolinium and tetraalkylammonium. The ionic liquid, an anion in the ionic liquid of the non-aqueous electrolyte consists of an anion having (F(FH)n)-, where n is an integer of 1-4, perfluoro-1,1-dimethylpropyl alkoxide, mono-perfluorosulfonate, diperfluorosulfonate, and further ionic liquid of (CF3)2PF4-, (CF3)3PF3-, (CF3)4PF2-, (CF3)5PF-, (CF3)6P-, SF5CF2SO3-, SF5CHFCF2SO3-, (CF3SO2)2CH-, (SF5)3C- and (O(CF3)2C2(CF3)2O)2PO-.