TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises at least one of a silicon substrate, a glass substrate, a gallium-nitride substrate, a silica substrate, a polyethylene terephthalate substrate (preferred), a polyethylene naphthalate substrate, a polyether sulfone substrate, a nickel substrate, a cobalt substrate, a iron substrate, a platinum substrate, a palladium substrate, a gold substrate, an aluminum substrate, a chromium substrate, a copper substrate, a manganese substrate, a molybdenum substrate, a rhodium substrate, a iridium substrate, a tantalum substrate, a titanium substrate, a tungsten substrate, a uranium substrate, a vanadium substrate, or a zirconium substrate. The substrate comprises a material having a Young's modulus of 0.01-100 gigaPascals. The graphene has an area of 1 square millimeter or greater. The graphene includes about ten or less wrinkles per 1000 square micrometers area, or per square millimeter of the graphene. The graphene covers an area of about 99 percent or greater per 1 square millimeter area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder layer is a cured resin layer formed from at least one of a room-temperature curable resin, a thermally curable resin, a hot-melt resin, or a low-pressure curable resin. The binder layer comprises the reaction product of curing at least one of a room-temperature curable resin, a thermally curable resin, a hot-melt resin, or a low-pressure curable resin. The room temperature curable resin comprises at least one of cellulose ether, a glue, a vinylacetate, a nitrocellulose, a urethane, a synthetic rubber, a cyanoacrylate, or a polyester acrylate. The thermally curable resin comprises at least one of an epoxy, a melamine, a silicone, a phenol, or a resorcinol. The hot-melt resin comprises at least one of a polyethylene, a vinylacetate copolymer, or thermoplastics. The thermoplastics comprise at least one of a polyurethane, a polyvinylchloride, a polystyrene, a polyamide, a polyethylene, a polyacetal, a nylon, or an acrylic. The binder layer has a thickness of 0.01-1000 nanometers. The binder layer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate directly on the substrate. The graphene is present directly on the binder layer. Preferred Process: The step of forming the graphene comprises a vapor-phase method, a polymer method, or a liquid-phase method. The step of contacting the binder layer composition and the graphene comprises contacting under a pressure. The step of removing the graphitization catalyst film comprises contacting the graphitization catalyst film with an acid.