TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Hematite is obtained from the mine directly, or refined mine. The sludge is mechanically dehydrated in the sewage treatment plant till the water content is less than 85%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 2-(6'-imine pyridyl) benzothiazole is reacted with iron chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2.4H2O), cobalt chloride (CoCl2), nickel(II) alpha -diimine (NiX2.DME), and chromium chloride tetrahydrofuran (CrCl3.3THF) to obtain coordination compound; under protection of inert gas, dripping ethanol/methylene dichloride solution of FeCl2.4H2O, CoCl2, NiX2.DME, and CrCl3.3THF to solution of 2-(6'-imine pyridyl) benzothiazole ligand, with mol ratio of 2-(6'-imine pyridyl) benzothiazole ligand and post transition metal salt of 1:1-1:1.2; and blending for 3-12 hours at room temperature, filtering generated sediment, washing using diethyl ether and obtaining 2-(6'-imine pyridyl) benzothiazole metal coordination compound by drying in vacuum. The chlorination 2-(6'-imine pyridyl) benzothiazole iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II) or chromium (III) coordination compound is used as main catalyst; aluminum oxide alkyl, alkyl aluminum compound or chlorination alkyl aluminum is used as cocatalyst; and the mol ratio of the central metal of the main catalyst and the metal aluminum in the cocatalyst is 200-3000. The aluminum oxide alkyl is methyl aluminum oxide alkyl; and alkyl aluminum and chlorination alkyl aluminum is trimethyl aluminum, triethyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, tri-n-butyl aluminum, tri-n-hexyl aluminum, tri-n-octyl aluminum, diethyl aluminum chloride or ethyl aluminum dichloride. The temperature for ethane oligomerization and polymerization is 0-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is composite of potassium hydroxide and accelerator, sulfuric acid, or potassium hydroxide and sulfonate such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The mass ratio of potassium hydroxide to sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate is 9:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oil grease is vegetable oil, fatty acid or waste cooking oil. The mass ratio of methanol to oil grease is 0.8-1.1:1, preferably 1:1. Preferred Process: The gas phase condition is heating methanol into gas at 100-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The concentration of the bioreagent is 100-400 mg. The bioreagent is lactic acid bacteria, phosphatase, beer yeast or their mixture. The phosphatase is tyrosine specific phosphatase, dual specific phosphatase, fatty acid phosphatase or their mixture. Preferred Strain: The lactic acid bacteria is chosen from Streptococcus lactis, butanedione producing S.lactis, S.thermophilus, Leuconostoc or their mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The stabilizer comprises soybean oil (3-8), glycerol (0.5-1.5) and tung oil (1.5-4). Soybean oil, glycerol and tung oil are heated to 280 degrees C. Methanol, alcohol and potassium permanganate are added to a container and mixed. Acetone and isobutanol are mixed in another container. The obtained mixtures are mixed, and camphor, water and hydrogen peroxide are added. The stabilizer is further added and mixed to obtain the bio-alcoholic oil fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gasoline further contains 7 kg of alkyl alcohol, 4 kg of isopropanol, 1 kg of dialkylaniline, 1 kg of trimethylolpropane, 1 kg of ferrocene, 1 kg of n-hexane and 1 kg of salicylidene propane diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is sodium methoxide, sodium ethylate, magnesium ethoxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, or hydrotalcite ((Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3).4H2O).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, or isopropanol. The solvent is 6# solvent oil, ether, petroleum ether, n-hexane, and/or isohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The tank portion is made of general carbon steel completely, where the interior is processed by lead. The three stainless steel tubes with different positions are fixed on the inner wall of the tank portion form the agitator. The position contacted with the tank portion is processed by lead. The device further comprises condenser connected with tank and water divider connected with the condenser, where the liquid of the water divider enters into the tank portion by the confluence conduit. The confluence conduit connected with the tank portion produce the inverted shape of Chinese character "Ji". The tank portion is connected with the upper side opening of the water divider.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is propane or butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic base is alkali carbonate, alkali bicarbonate or alkali metal hydroxide. The alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The isobutyl halide is isobutyl bromide. The organic solvent is toluene or a polar aprotic solvent comprising dimethylformamide, dimethylamide, acetonitrile, acetone or dimethylsulfoxide. The water scavenger is anhydride, preferably acetic anhydride. Preferred Method: The hydroxylamine base or hydroxylamine hydrochloric acid is added in the presence of alkali formate and either formic or acetic acid. ACTIVITY - Antigout; Metabolic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Xanthine oxidase inhibitor.    EXAMPLE - Ethyl 2-(3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylate (10 g) was reacted with isobutyl bromide (18.9 g) in the presence of potassium carbonate (19 g) and potassium iodide (2.3 g) in dimethylformamide (100 ml) at 70 degrees C during 4 hours. Then hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.6 g) was added and stirred at 70 degrees C during additional 4 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with toluene (90 ml) and washed twice with water (100 ml) and finally with water (50 ml) for the phase separation at 70 degrees C. The separated organic phase was partially distilled under atmospheric pressure in order to remove water residue in the mixture. Acetic anhydride (15 ml) and glacial acetic acid (8 ml) were then added to the dried organic phase. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 107 degrees C during 11 hours to complete reaction. The reaction solvent (20 ml) was distilled out and the residual mixture was cooled to 30 degrees C and worked up to give ethyl 2-(3-cyano-4-isobutyloxyphenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylate (purity of 96.3%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst contained in the photocatalyst content layer comprises titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, oxidation zirconia, molybdenum oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, nitride and sulfide. The co-catalyst contained in the co-catalyst content layer comprises nickel oxide, and ruthenium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The co-catalyst comprises platinum, nickel and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The urease-producing microorganism is obtained using 10 Sporosarcina NO-A10 strain (ATCC NO: NITE P-791) of No-A and/or No-N.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The carbonate is formed using soil particles. The carbonate is precipitated within a hole on rock and/or surface or crack of concrete. The sludge is granulated by precipitating carbonate on surface of sludge particles. The contaminant e.g. heavy metal is immobilized by precipitating the carbonate in soil. The rock, concrete, mortar, plaster, glass, ceramic or solid surface of slate is covered with carbonate. The hole in soil, bedrock or concrete is vacated, and solid containing metal, concrete, plastic, fiber or expandable plastic is inserted. The soil, bedrock or solid comprising carbonate is solidified.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of urea inside the reaction liquid is 0.5-2200 mM. The total concentration of metal ion (A) and metal ion (B) is 0.5-2200 mM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic matter in humic acid is 85-90%. The humic acid comprises (in wt.%): water (2-5), nitrogen (1.6-1.9) and potassium oxide (0.6-0.8). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): rubbish mud ash (100), silt (40), plant fruit peanut bran (40), fermentation agent powder (10) and animal excrement (80). The fertilizer comprises ash made of burnt house waste and industrial waste, rubbish stacked bottom silt, chemical plant silt, organic machining plant silt, street sewage settling pond silt, plant fruit peanut bran, Camellia oleosa seed bran, asteriskasteriskasteriskrape bran or soybean bran. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solution containing trans fatty acid and cyclodextrin is filtered and cyclodextrin is separated from the solvent solution. Preferred Composition: The cyclodextrin is of formula (I).R1,R2=H, methyl or acetyl, preferably methyl;andn=1, 2 or 3.The trans fatty acid has 18-22C unsaturated double bond, and is preferably 1-3C alkyl ester of trans fatty acid or 2-5C polyhydric alcohol ester of trans fatty acid, more preferably methyl elaidate, methyl trans-11-eicosenoate or methyl brassidate. The cyclodextrin is ( alpha )-cyclodextrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves culturing and harvesting ascidians before anaerobic digestion (preferably culturing by using a number of surfaces which are submersed in water, on which surfaces the organisms are cultured before harvest). The method (M1) involves fastening ascidians in larval stage on culturing surfaces, by storing the surfaces submersed in water tanks together with adult individuals of ascidians, to control the water temperature in the tank, causing the adult individuals to start spawning, and larvae that are produced by fusion of gametes, are allowed to settle on the submersed surfaces, which then are transported to the culture site. In the method (M1), the culture is performed by using any of the following methods: rack culture, hanging method, bitin culture, tulus culture, stake culture, tray culture, wig-wam culture, rope-web culture, bouchout culture, raft culture and long-line culture. The method (M1) involves utilizing solid and fluid digestates for production of fertilizer. The method (M2) involves an integrated culture of Ascidiacea and macroalgae from any of the groups: rhodophyta, chlorophyta and phaeophyta. The method (M2) involves anaerobic digestion of the macroalgae together with the ascidians. The method (M2) further involves the utilization of solid and fluid digestate to produce fertilizer. The method (M2) for production of fertilizer, involves culturing and anaerobically digesting ascidians and macroalgae together, and utilizing solid and fluid digestate for production of fertilizer. Preferred Components: The organisms belong to the groups, anthozoa and porifera. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data is given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The permeable layer is adhered with the composting body. An interlayer is arranged between the permeable layer and the composting body. The permeable layer is a semipermeable film. The composting system additionally comprises a humidity sensor electrically connected with the controller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The step (v) comprises returning the digested sludge to the aeration tank or the primary precipitation tank, or respectively returning to the aeration tank and the primary precipitation tank in a certain proportion, where the primary precipitation tank in step (i) receives the digested sludge and the pretreated urban sewage flows to the primary precipitation tank at the same time. The aeration tank in step (ii) receives the digested sludge from steps (v) and/or (i). In the aeration tank, a blasting aeration mode or a mechanical aeration mode are applied to increasing the dissolved oxygen content in the sewage, such that the mixed solution of the sewage with the sludge undergoes a biochemical reaction under an aerobic or oxygen-poor condition. The secondary sedimentation tank in step (iii) separates the sludge from the sewage. The step (iv) comprises applying gravity concentration, mechanical concentration or air flotation concentration to reducing the moisture of the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The outer side of the biochemical tank is provided with an anaerobic device. The anaerobic tank and the biochemical tank are connected via a soft joint.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The inner cylinder, outer cylinder and the cylinder bottom plate are made up of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sludge electrochemical cell hydrolysis is operated in electrochemical oxidation pool using a 3-dimensional electrode structure comprising parallel screen electrode panels made of titanium/ruthenium oxide, in which the supporting electrolysis solution in the electrochemical oxidation pool is 50 mg/L sodium hydroxide solution. The sludge anaerobic acidification is operated in the hydrolysis acidification pool. The sludge anaerobic fermentation and methane production is operated in the methane pool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of resorcinol to glacial acetic acid in the Friedel-Crafts reaction is 1:3-5. The solvent is preferably dimethylformamide. Preferred Process: The methylation reaction involves using acetone as solvent and potassium carbonate as alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The water plant is lotus, bulrush, Scirpus tabernaemontani, cattail, reed, water lily, Victoria amazonica, water chestnut, banana plant, Marsilea quadrifolia, Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum, eelgrass, Potamogeton crispus, water milfoil, water hyacinth, Pistia stratiote, hydrocharitaceae, Azolla imbricata and Salvinia natans. The terrestrial plant is shells of fruits, woody plant or a herbaceous plant. The shells of fruits are peanut shells, sunflower seed shells, nut shells, watermelon seed shells or pine nut shells. The woody plant is fallen leaves of trees, tree skin or wood bits. The herbaceous plant is crop straw, grass, reed, straw, bamboo and/or grass bits. The crop is wheat straw, corn straw, soybean straw, cotton straw or sweet potato straw. The vegetable oil and fat are fat, vegetable oil or waste grease formed by fat or vegetable oil. The waste grease is fat and/or vegetable oil after frying food, fat after being used for a long time at high temperature, or fat after frying food and vegetable oil. The fat is lard oil, beef tallow, chicken fat or mutton fat. The vegetable oil is sunflower seed oil, colza oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, pine oil, palm oil, castor oil or olive oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat value of the fuel is 36-45 MJ/kg and the oxygen content is less than 7%. The transition metal catalyst is yttrium, titanium, zirconium, cerium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, tungsten, manganese, technetium, iron, rhodium, nickel, copper or zinc. The molecular catalyst is aluminum oxide, silica, zeolite, zeolite sieve of molecular porosity molecular sieve, SBA molecular sieve, mesoporous molecular sieve, 3A molecular sieve, 4A molecular sieve, 5A molecular sieve or 13X molecular sieve. The load transition metal molecular sieve catalyst is formed by loading one or two transition metal on the surface of the molecular sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises (in parts by weight): methyl tertiary butyl ether (3.5-10), dimethylbenzene (0.5-2), and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (0.1-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation of low-carbon diesel oil additive comprises, adding 75-85% of crude alcohol to a reaction kettle; heating and controlling the temperature at 45-50 degrees C; orderly adding (in vol.%), fatty acid methyl ester (5-10), Tween (RTM: Polyoxyethylene sorbitan surface active compounds) (0.1-1), dimethyl ether (0.5-2), dimethylmethane (1-4), acetone (2-6), hexamine (0.7-1.5) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-methyl phenol (0.2-0.5) to the reaction kettle; circulating and stirring them to carry out reaction for 4-5 hours; and cooling the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sterilizer is calcium oxide, whose adding amount is 1/200, or it includes a chlorine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrode plate is made of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor metal is chosen from tungsten, titanium, iron, tantalum and zirconium. The concentration of the slurry is 10-60 wt.%. The slurry comprises solvent chosen from terpineol, absolute ethyl alcohol and their mixture. The slurry further comprises ethyl cellulose or polyethylene glycol. The oxide nanometer porous membrane has size of 10-2000, preferably 20-500 nm, pore diameter of 30-1000 nm and thickness of 10-100 microns. Preferred Method: The anodic oxidation substrate is formed by processing anodic oxidation on the precursor metal and sintering the obtained material. The anodic oxidation process involves placing washed precursor metal into an anodic oxidation tank with anode and cathode electrolyte, where electrolyte has distance of 1-5 cm, heating the electrolyte at 30-70 degrees C, applying constant voltage of 10-60 V between anode and cathode and processing anodic oxidation for 0.5-8 hours. The sintering process involves placing the anodic oxidized material into a pipe type furnace, charging oxygen and connecting the pipe type furnace with the atmosphere when the oxygen pressure in the furnace is one atmosphere or more, adjusting the flow rate of oxygen to 40-150 mu l/minute, raising the temperature to 500-800 degrees C by the speed of 1-10 degrees C/minute, maintaining the heat for 0.5-6 hours and cooling the material to obtain the porous electrode containing the anodic oxidation substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The biological oil is biomass pyrolysis oil prepared by quickly thermally cracking biomass raw material and biomass pyrolysis oil primarily refined and extracted. The mixing comprises mechanically stirring, oscillating or ultrasonic method. Preferred Components: The alcohol is monohydric alcohol or divalent alcohol of formula of CmH2m(OH)n. The alcohol is pure substance of small molecular weight alcohol. The alcohol is mixture of more than two kinds of small molecular weight alcohol at any ratio. The diesel fuel or gasoline is hydrocarbon diesel fuel or gasoline obtained by transforming from raw oil. The diesel fuel or gasoline is hydrocarbon diesel fuel or gasoline fuel added with methanol or ethanol.m=3-10;andn=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crude glycerol is present at 5-95 (preferably 40-90) wt.%. The alcohol utilized in step (c) is 1-6C alkyl alcohols, or 5C- or 6C-cyclic alcohol. The alcohol utilized in step (c) is 1-3C alkyl alcohol, preferably methanol, ethanol, or iso- or n-propanol. The alcohol utilized in step (c) is 5C- or 6C-cyclic alcohol, preferably cyclopentanol or cyclohexanol. The catalysts are bases, preferably sodium- or potassium hydroxides, alkoxides, preferably sodium- or potassium methoxide, alkaline ion exchange resins, inorganic acids, preferably sulfuric- and sulfonic acids and acidic, and ion exchange resins. The catalyst is present at 6-10 (preferably 1-3) wt.%, based on the glycerol ester mixture mass. The molar ratio of the amount of the alkyl or cycloalkyl alcohol to the amount glycerol ester mixture in step (c) is 10:1, preferably 5:2. Preferred Method: The crude glycerol is pre-adjusted to a pH of 2.5-7 (preferably 5-7). The crude glycerol is filtered, prior to the step (a). The step (b) is performed by distillation. The reaction in step (c) is performed in the presence of alkaline or acidic catalysts. The separation in step (d) is distillation. The water formed during the esterification reaction in step (a) is azeotropically removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, preferably using esters of lower alcohols comprising ethyl- or n-butyl-acetate (both preferred), iso-propyl-, n-propyl-, iso-butyl- or sec-butyl-acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zinc aluminate catalyst is prepared by mixing zinc oxide with hydrated alumina in presence of mineral-type or organic acid-type peptizing agent, extruding, drying, calcining, milling, storing, and drying the stored catalyst in air at more than 80 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of water is 1700-3000 ppm with respect to content of reactants. The aliphatic monoalcohol is methanol. The weight ratio of alcohol with respect to fat is 2:1-0.1:1. The fat or oil is palm oil, soya oil, palm kernel oil, coprah oil, babassu oil, rapeseed oil, oleic sunflower seed oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, peanut oil, pourghere oil, castor oil, linseed oil and crambe oil, sunflower or rapeseed oil obtained by genetic modification or hybridization, oil partially modified by polymerization or oligomerization, frying oil, rendered oil, fish oil, seal oil, poultry fat, tallow, suet, or fat obtained by treating waste water. The peptizing agent is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and formic acid. The content of ether in glycerin is less than 1%. Preferred Properties: The loss on ignition (LOI) of the dried catalyst is more than 2%. The oil has acid index of less than 0.5 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The glycerin has purity of 95-99.5%. Preferred Condition: The transesterification process is performed in fixed bed at 130-220 degrees C under pressure of less than 10 MPa, preferably 1-7 MPa. The stored catalyst is dried at more than 100-175 degrees C for 12-24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron-nitrogen compound is of formula (N(R2)3B(R3)3) (Ia) or (N(R4)4B(R5)4) (Ib). The ammonium salt includes a cation comprising ammonium, alkyl ammonium and/or aryl ammonium, and an anion including an element comprising Group 15-17 elements of the periodic table. The ammonium salt is ammonium chloride. The ionic compound is metal borohydride. The metal borohydride is monovalent metal borohydrides, alkyl borohydrides and/or aryl borohydride, preferably sodium borohydride. The ammonium salt and the ionic compound are combined in a 1:1 molar ratio.R2-R5 = H, alkyl or aryl.Preferred Process: The step of agitating is further defined as ball milling, attritor milling, stirring or shaker milling. The ball milling is further defined as grinding the mixture at an acceleration of greater than or equal to 1 g for greater than or equal to 0.1 hour. The step of separating is further defined as recrystallizing the boron-nitrogen compound in a solvent, which is an organic solvent, preferably tetrahydrofuran. The step of separating is further defined as dissolving the reaction product in a solvent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Preparation of ammonia borane of formula (NH3BH3) (Iaa) is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - Grinding balls (1842 g, diameter of 5 mm), ammonium chloride (24.91 g) and sodium borohydride (17.63 g) were combined in the absence of solvent in a steel well (702 ml) to form a mixture. The well was sealed and the mixture was agitated in the absence of solvent at a speed of 600 revolutions per minute for 6 hours in a stirred media mill to form a reaction product. The well was unsealed and ammonia borane was separated from the reaction product by recrystallization from tetrahydrofuran to form ammonia borane (10.7 g) as a white powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methane-enriched raw product stream comprises 20 mol% or less of methane and 50 mol% or more of methane and carbon dioxide, based on the moles of methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the methane-enriched raw product stream. The gas stream (C) further comprises steam. The hydromethanation catalyst comprises char by-product comprising alkali metal. Preferred Process: A portion of the char by-product is treated to recover at least a portion of alkali metal content. A portion of the recovered alkali metal content is recycled for further use as hydromethanation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive diluent contains C2-C4 hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide or water or sulfur dioxide. The cleaning mixture contains a non-reactive gas such as helium, neon, argon or nitrogen and a replacement compound selected from a group consisting of COF-2, IF5, IF-7, F2, NCl2F, NF2Cl, NI2F,(CH3)2NF, NOF2, BrF3, IF and CIF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst acts as a heat transfer medium. The catalyst comprises a solid acid; a zeolite (preferably zeolite Y and/or ZSM-5); a solid base; hydrotalcite, a hydrotalcite-like material, a mixed metal oxide, a layered hydroxy salt, a clay, or its calcination product; and alumina. The catalyst is mixed with a particulate inert heat transfer medium. The ionic liquid medium comprises a molten salt hydrate (preferably a halogen anion, especially chloride). The molten salt hydrate comprises a cation selected from Zn, Ba, Ca, Li, Al, Cu, Fe, Cu(NH3), and Cr. The ionic liquid is a molten salt hydrate comprising ZnCl2, CaCl2 and/or LiCl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The (T2-T1) is at least 50 (preferably at least 100, especially at least 200) degrees C. The T1 is less than 200 degrees C, and T2 is greater than or equal to 200 degrees C. The step of converting the dissolved cellulose material to a liquid fuel is carried out in the presence of a catalyst. The step of converting the undissolved lignin to a liquid fuel is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 300-600 degrees C, in a cyclone reactor, a fixed fluidized bed reactor, or a transported fluidized bed reactor. The liquid fuel produced in third step is insoluble in the ionic liquid, where the ionic liquid comprises an organic cation. The process involves comprising the further step of upgrading the liquid fuel obtained in third converting step and/or fourth converting step. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal and/or metal ion containing compound is formed from a metal including an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, aluminum (preferred), iron or zinc. The oxidizing agent is sodium nitrate or hydrogen peroxide. The alkaline agent is sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (I) further comprises applying an oxidizing agent and an alkaline agent to the carbonaceous material. The process (II) further comprises: applying the oxidizing agent, alkaline agent, aluminum powder and water to the carbonaceous material, where the carbonaceous material is in situ or ex situ when the agent(s) and metal and/or metal ion containing compound are applied. Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material is coal, oil sand, oil shale or carbonate rock. EXAMPLE - A borehole was completed into a sub-surface coal, shale or tar sand deposit and was equipped with an oilfield jet pump, which was charged with diesel fuel or a suitable oil carrier fluid and entrained with sodium, alkali metal and/or calcium oxide. The entrained oil was sprayed/delivered to the coal, shale or tar sand deposit in situ under pressure. Then the entrained alkali metal or calcium oxide reacts with the water present in the deposit which results in the rapid and exothermic reaction resulting in generation of heat. The amount of heat generated was controlled by altering the proportions of the entrained alkali metal or calcium oxide. The heat generated by the reaction of the alkali metal or calcium oxide with water in situ was sufficient to cause reduction of the coal, shale or tar sand deposit, to produce liquid and/or gas products including oil, hydrogen gas, methane gas and steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The flow guiding plate is equipped in the primary cooling tower and the secondary cooling tower, and heat conducting ceramic tile is inserted in the flow guiding plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The quick lime powder has particle size of -0.18 mm or less. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises (in wt.%): roots and stems of pteridophyte (15-25, preferably 20), pine leaves (16-28, preferably 20), roots and stems of leguminous plant (15-26, preferably 20), neem (3-8, preferably 5), outer skin of tung tree fruits (3-8, preferably 5), chicken manure (15-25, preferably 20), pigeon manure (8-15, preferably 9.6), zymophyte (0.1-0.5, preferably 0.2) and beneficial microorganism strains (0.05-0.5, preferably 0.2). The water content of roots and stems of pteridophyte, pine leaves, roots and stems of leguminous plant, neem and outer skin of tung tree fruits is 5-30%. The water content of chicken manure and pigeon manure is 5-20%. Preferred Method: The method further involves molding the fermented product to form block-shaped organic fertilizer masses. The primary fermentation processes are performed at 45-50 degrees C for 20-50 days. The secondary fermentation is performed at 36-40 degrees C for 15-40 days. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant growth stimulant; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The high-temperature combustible gas making device of plant material also comprises a device control box (11) installed at the outer portion of the stove body (1); where the device control box (11) is electrically connected with a gas monitor unit (12) and/or a device operating monitor unit (13). In the high-temperature combustible gas making device of plant material, the microwave heating device (6) comprises a number of microwave pipes (61) annularly installed on the outer side surface of the stove body (1) asymmetrically and a microwave source (62) which is mounted at the outer portion of the stove body (1), and is electrically connected with the microwave pipe (61); an emitting head (611) of each microwave pipe (61) is in communication with the inner portion of the stove body (1); the temperature in the microwave heating device (6) for completely dissociating and gasifying the plant material is 280-350 degrees C; the stove body (1) is set with an agitation device (7) for turning over the plant material; the agitation device (7) and the microwave heating device (6) can be controlled by a circuit control device installed externally; the agitation device (7) comprises a motor (71) installed at the outer side of the top portion of the stove body (1), an agitation shaft (72) having one end that is connected with the motor (7) and other end stretches into the stove body (1), and an agitation vane (73) which is mounted in the stove body (1) and is connected with the agitation shaft (72); a thermal insulating layer (10) is installed on the outer side surface of the stove body (1); the stove body (1) is set with an infrared temperature probe (8) and/or a pressure gauge (9); and the material outlet (2) and the waste outlet (4) are respectively set with a sealing plate (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: In the device, the condensing device is a condensing tank that is set with a control valve, a condensing liquid outlet, and a gas outlet; a low-temperature ice cabinet is arranged outside the condensing tank; a condensing sleeve is arranged outside the condensing tank; the condensing medium of the condensing sleeve is one or more of mixture of ice and water, liquid nitrogen, dried ice, mixture of dried ice and acetone, and low-temperature sodium chloride aqueous solution; and there are 2-4 condensing tanks connected with each other via venting pipelines. Preferred Conditions: In (b), the temperature of the condensing sleeves (5,8) is preferably controlled to be -60 to -10 degrees C. In (b), the temperature of the condensing sleeve (5) is 0-80 degrees C, preferably 10-60 degrees C higher than that of the condensing sleeve (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive composite for improving methane yield, comprises (in parts by weight): urea (1000), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (750), dipotassium phosphate (430), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (100), vitamin B1 (5), vitamin B2 (5) and vitamin B3 (5). Preferred Method: The application of the additive composite for improving methane yield, comprises adding the raw materials into methane liquid in the following ratio: urea (1 g/l), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (0.75 g/l), dipotassium phosphate (0.150-0.85g/l), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.43 g/l), vitamin B1 (0.005 g/l), vitamin B2 (0.005 g/l) and vitamin B3 (0.005 g/l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the straw to the biogas slurry is 1:1-1:1.5. The ratio of water to biogas slurry in the step of adding water to dilute is 1:1-1:1.2. The sealing container is a plastic bag. The straw comprises wheat, corn and/or paddy rice straws. Preferred Method: The pre-treatment is performed for 8-10 days in summer when the environment temperature is 20-30 degrees C. The pre-treatment is performed for 12-15 days in winter when the environment temperature is 10-20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The T culture solution contains 30-50 mu mg/ml of kanamycin or ampicillin in each 100 ml in the step (i). The culture solution contains yeast extract (10 g/l), dipotassium phosphate (2 g/l), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1 g/l), ammonium sulfate (1 g/l), and xylose (20 g/l). Preferred Method: The inoculation in the step (i) is carried out by inoculating into the T culture solution in an inoculum size of 1%. The liquid supernatant is obtained after centrifuging for 5-10 min at 8000-10000 rotations/minute in the step (i). The recombinant Zymomonas mobilis is obtained by taking different bacterial genome DNAs as template, performing PCR amplification and obtaining the target gene, performing splicing on the target gene, connecting the target gene to vectors pUC19 and pZB21, transferring the target gene into Zymomonas mobilis, sieving and obtaining a positive recombinant plasmid, and expressing the recombinant plasmid in the Zymomonas mobilis, thus obtaining the recombinant Zymomonas mobilis, in the step (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is obtained by bacteria enrichment culturing, blood plate streaking primary sieving and re-sieving in blue gel by panel method at a low temperature (5-10 degrees C) in the soil sample below various straw piles accumulated throughout the year and the compost on cattle farms, where the oil discharge diameter of the fermentation solution is greater than 3 cm and the surface tension of the fermentation solution is lower than 40 mN/m. The culture time is 1-4 days. The step of separating and extracting comprises culturing the fermentation solution at 35-37 degrees C for 24 hours, centrifuging and collecting flocculent sediment to obtain a crude product, re-floating with methylene dichloride, filtering and extracting, centrifuging, collecting and settling to obtain the purified surface active agent. The fermentation solution is directly applied or applied after separating and purifying. The fermentation culture is performed at 35-37 degrees C with a pH of 6.8-7.2. Preferred Components: The graft amount is 5-7%. The culture medium comprises 30-31 g/l of sucrose, 1-1.1 g/l of yeast extract, 1-1.1 g/l of ammonium nitrate, 1-1.1 g/l of disodium hydrogen phosphate and 5-6 ml of liquid paraffin. The volume ratio concentration (vol./vol.) of the inorganic salt solution is 3-3.2%. The volume ratio of the biosurfactant to Trichoderma epiphyte is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticle has a particle size of 30-300 nm. The wavelength of the laser irradiation is 21-700 microns while the width is 10 fs-100 ns. The energy density of the laser is 5 mu J/cm2-2000 mJ/cm2. The repetitive rate used in the laser irradiation is 0.001-1000 Hz. The mass ratio of the auxiliary materials to insoluble medicine is 10:1 or 1:10. The nanoparticle is crystal or formless, or mixture of the two. Preferred Components: The auxiliary material includes organic acid, weak alkali, sugar alcohol, polysaccharide, polyalcohol, surfactant and/or cellulose. The organic acid is selected from citric acid, alginic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid and caffeic acid. The weak alkali is selected from sodium bicarbonate, sodium alginate and triethanolamine. The sugar alcohol is selected from D-trehalose, D-sorbitol, sodium alginate, dextran 40, D-galactose, lactose, glucose, mannitol and xylitol. The polysaccharide is selected from gum arabic, glycogen, starch, glucan, chitosan and their derivatives. The cellulose is selected from methylcellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), propyl cellulose (PC), hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The polyalcohol is selected from polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polyethylene glycol methyl ether (MPEG), polybenzoic acid (PBG) and PEG copolymer. The surfactant is selected from phospholipid, cholate, polysorbate 80 or poloxamer 188. The aqueous solution contains distilled water and aqueous buffer solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Component: The insoluble medicine is taxol, etoposide, itraconazole or curcumin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogenation includes activating the magnesium-aluminum material at 300-400 degrees C and 3-6 MPa, and fully absorbing the hydrogen to obtain magnesium-aluminum hydride with magnesium hydride and aluminum as the main phases. The other hydride includes alkali metal, alkali metal hydride, borohydride, ammonia borane, or metal ammonia borane. The salt includes chloride, fluoride, bromide, sulfate, or nitrate. The magnesium-aluminum hydride material is used for hydrolysis production of hydrogen by reacting water and the magnesium-aluminum hydride material at 0-85 degrees C; or reacting acid, alkali or brine solution with the magnesium-aluminum hydride material. The acid includes hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or acetic acid. The alkali includes sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide. The salt in the brine solution includes acid salt, neutral salt, or alkali salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The Mg-Al base material can be prepared with melting, powder metallurgy, or mechanical ball milling method; and has magnesium content of 42.4-66.7 wt.%. The main phase is body-centered cube structure Mg17Al12 intermetallic compound which is breakable, and the material further contains other element or second phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The emulsifier is dark brown transparent liquid, self-ignition temperature is 450 degrees C, the boiling temperature is 100 degrees C, and the freezing temperature is less than 10 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pre-pyrolysis of wastes occurs at 200-320 degrees C for 5 minutes to 2 hours and the washing of the wastes occurs with aqueous solution of calcium acetate and/or magnesium acetate and/or aluminum acetate at concentrations of 0.5-5 wt.% at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 33-600 g/l, at 13-95 degrees C and a treatment time of 5 minutes to 24 hours. The wastes are pre-pyrolysed at 250-300 degrees C. The urban wastes or the industrial wastes or the sludges are pre-pyrolysed for 10-40 minutes. The pre-pyrolysed urban wastes or the industrial wastes or the sludges is washed with aqueous solution of calcium acetate and/or magnesium acetate and/or aluminum acetate at a concentration of 0.5-5 wt.%. The acetate salts can be mixed in the washing solution in relative proportions of the mixed acetate salts of 0-100%. The acetate salts within the washing solution are used successively for successive extractions to achieve the desirable result. In the method, any kind of water from a public water supply system and spring can be used for the preparation of the aqueous solution. The pre-pyrolysed and washed wastes are dried with a combination of mechanical separation processes and of drying in rotational dryers. The acetate salts in the leachate are recovered during the drying process of the pre-pyrolysed and washed raw materials and recycled to the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: prepyrolysis of the biomass and of low-quality coals at 200-300 degrees C (preferably 250-300 degrees C) for 5 minutes to 2 hours (preferably 10-40 minutes); washing prepyrolyzed feedstocks with aqueous solution of calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, aluminum acetate and/or ammonium acetate, at concentrations of 0.5-20 wt.% based on weight of the water, at a solid to liquid ratio of 33-600 g/L and at 13-95 degrees C for 5 minutes to 24 hours. The prepyrolyzed biomass and of low-quality coal is washed with aqueous solution of calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, aluminum acetate and/or ammonium acetate, at concentrations of 0.5-20 wt.%. The acetate salts are mixed in the washing solution in relative proportions of the mixed acetate salts of 0-100%. The acetate salts within the washing solution are used successively for successive extractions to achieve the desirable result. The prepyrolyzed and washed wastes are dried with a combination of mechanical separation processes and drying in rotational dryers. The acetate salts in the leachate are recovered during the drying process of the prepyrolyzed and washed raw materials and recycled to the process. In the method of removing harmful components of the ash, any kind of water (including water form public water supply system and spring) is used for the preparation of the aqueous solution. EXAMPLE - Olive kernel wood from olive kernel oil production plant was prepyrolyzed at 300 degrees C for 1 hour. Subsequently, washing was applied, with an aqueous calcium acetate solution (10 (wt./wt.)%) for 1 hour at a solid to liquid ratio of 300 g/l, under constant stirring and heating at 70 degrees C in a 2 l beaker on hotplate. Then the sample was filtered and dried at 50 degrees C to obtain the pre-treated material, which was free from chlorine and alkaline metals, having reduced sulfur content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The micro-droplets have an average diameter of 20-100 microns. In the method (M1), generating the micro-droplets involves stirring the mixture using a low-shear mixer, or passing a liquid of the first reactant through one of an ultrasonic atomizer, pressure atomizer or pneumatic atomizer to thus produce the micro-droplets. In the method (M1), mixing is performed in a static mixer. The method (M2) further involves holding the remaining content in the separation vessel for less than 0.5 hours to allow the biodiesel fuel and the glycerol to separate from each other. In the method (M2), the remaining content is maintained at a temperature that is at least 20 degrees C lower than the temperature that is greater than the normal boiling point of the alcohol. In the methods (M1) and (M2), transesterification reaction is performed at a temperature above a normal boiling point of the alcohol. The methods (M1) and (M2) further involve flowing the reactant mixture through a tubular reactor of the reaction vessel at an elevated pressure. The method (M2) further involves collection the vapors of the alcohol flashed out of the flash tank into a condenser tank, and using the alcohol as part of the reactant mixture. Preferred Components: The co-solvent includes a biodiesel fuel. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The energy source is selected from chemical, kinetic, potential, magnetic, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, electrical, piezoelectric, and electrochemical energy. The energy is in the form of light irradiation, acoustic or electromagnetic radiation. The irradiative energy is amplified. The energy source is an apparatus selected from frequency generators, electrical generators, plasma generators, arc lamps, pulse generators, amplifying generators, tunable lasers, ultraviolet lamps, ultraviolet lasers, pulse ultraviolet generators and/or ultrasound generators.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (M1) involves providing a catalyst (preferably the catalyst is a semi-conductive material or magnetic material). The process further involves purifying, recycling or reclaiming the component products; using at least one component product to produce energy. In the process the hydrogen gas is produced. Preferred Components: The catalyst is selected from titanium oxides (TiO2), platinized titania, amorphous manganese oxide, copper-doped manganese oxide, titanium dioxide, strontium titanate, barium titanate, sodium titanate, cadmium sulfide, zirconium dioxide, and iron oxide. The catalyst is a semiconductor material selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium, strontium titanate, amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, nitrogenated amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and/or, germanium; or carbon-based graphene or graphite, carbon-doped semi-conductive material, or carbon-doped magnetic material. The energy source is a combination of irradiative energy and catalyst. The energy is ultraviolet irradiation and the catalyst is copper doped amorphous manganese oxide. The target molecule is incorporated onto, into or forms a nanoparticle, where the nanoparticle comprises a metal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is NP-9 (RTM: nonylphenol ethoxylate) and/or NP15 (RTM: nonylphenol ethoxylate). Water has a pH value of 6.8-7.2. The diesel in the organic fuel additive composition is fossil diesel and/or biodiesel. Glycerin has over 85% purity; and is manufactured by adding alcohol and catalyst into vegetable oil (10) to form a mixture, heating the mixture to a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time period, separating the heated mixture into fraction A (40) and fraction B (100), and neutralizing the fraction B with an inorganic or organic acid substance to have a neutral pH value, and then heating the fraction B to a predetermined temperature, and then distilling to obtain purified glycerin (130). EXAMPLE - An organic fuel additive composition was produced by mixing (g) NP-9 (RTM: nonylphenol ethoxylate) (10), glycerin (10), polyethoxy-ester (45), water (5), and diesel (20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The inorganic acid is phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The glycerin has over 85% purity. The fatty alcohol is ethanol or 10C, 12C or 14C long chain alcohols. The diesel is fossil diesel and/or biodiesel. Water has a pH value of 6.8-7.2. The dilutant is sorbitol. The composition optionally comprises 5-15% of fossil diesel, xylene and/or toluene. The vegetable oil is palm oil; and has a content of free fatty acid less than 2.5%, less than 0.5%. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol or 10C, 12C or 14C long chain alcohols. The alcohol and the catalyst are preferably in equal molar ratio; and the ratio of the vegetable oil and the alcohol/catalyst is preferably 4-6:1, preferably 5:1. The organic acid is citrus acid. Preferred Process: The mixture is heated at 70-80 degrees C for 20-30 minutes. EXAMPLE - A fuel additive composition was prepared by mixing (g) 85% pure glycerin (800), purified water (pH=6.8-7.2, 100), biodiesel (100), and ethanol (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lignin-coated biomass fibers are each coated completely with lignin and coated with hemicellulose. The lignin-coated biomass fibers have trace amounts of ammonia. The lignin-coated biomass fibers are corn stover fibers, switchgrass fibers and/or prairie cord grass fibers. Preferred Method: The ammonia treatment is an ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment or a condensed AFEX treatment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), the catalyst is a solid. The catalyst has an acid number of KOH (5-30 mg/g). The catalyst has a specific surface area of 40-300 (preferably 200-300) m2/g. The effective conditions include a pressure of 350-2.8 MPag and a temperature of 130-250 degrees C. The bio-component feed is exposed to the alcohol in the presence of the catalyst for 1-5 hours. The temperature is at least 200 degrees C and pressure is at least 690 kPa, or both. The bio-component feed includes glycerides (at least 90 wt.%). The feedstock is composed of a single glyceride. The reaction product includes alkoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters having different numbers of carbon atoms. The reaction product includes alkoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters having different numbers of alkoxy groups. The fatty acid alkyl ester reaction product has a cloud point that is at least 7 degrees C lower, preferably 10 degrees C lower, than the cloud point of a reaction product containing the corresponding unsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters. The bio-component feed includes glycerides (10-85 wt.%), preferably comprising triglycerides, and/or fatty acids having unsaturated carbon chains. The method (M2) further involves separating the solid catalyst from the alkoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fine particles are pretreated into pellet, briquette or corresponding product such that particles are stayed intact in the coking reactor without being exposed to the pyrolysis gas, and optimal size of the material to-be-supplied to the quenching zone is increased. The fine particles are separated from the raw material flow by screening after drying using drum dryer or by screening before drying from the wet or partially dried biomass. The pellets and/or briquettes are preferably produced of peat, logging residue chips, bark chips or by-products of the wood processing industry including sawdust, screening chips or cutter chips or field biomass (reed canary grass or straw). Different fuel feed bins are used in the gasification process. The fine particles have size of 2-10 mm. The pellet or briquette has diameter of 6-16 mm and length of 2-4 times the diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of bismuth having oxidation state of +3 contained in the catalyst is 0.03-70 atomic%. The metal (a) is platinum. The metal (b) is ruthenium. The catalyst is platinum-ruthenium-bismuth oxide of formula: PtaRubBicOx (I). The catalyst is in the form of a nanoparticle with size of 2-100 nm in cross-section.a=0.3-6.5;b=1;c=0.1-6.4;andx=0.15 to 9.6.Preferred Component: The catalyst further contains a supporting material comprising carbon, titania, alumina or silica and/or activated carbon, carbon black, carbon nanotubes or carbon nanorods.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst is contacted with liquid comprising small organic molecule at room temperature to 140 degrees C, to generate hydrogen. Preferred Compound: The small organic molecule is formic acid, methanol, acetic acid, formaldehyde or ethyl formate. The catalyst is preferably contacted with aqueous solution of formic acid (0.1-100% volume/volume). The formic acid is an intermediate in the water gas shift reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred System: The anaerobic unit comprises sealed cushion layer, upper isolation plate, lower isolation plate and flexible vent pipe. The lower isolation plate is arranged on the bottom portion of the anaerobic unit. The upper plate is connected with the sealed cushion layer. The upper plate is arranged on the lower isolation plate. The flexible vent pipe passes through the sealed cushion layer. The oxygen dispensing unit has height of 50 cm, where the inner portion of the oxygen dispensing unit comprises biological film wall and several medium groups. The biological film wall has height of 50 cm or more. The medium filling materials are filled in the medium groups. The aerobic unit comprises two biological film walls and aerating devices. The film walls are arranged on the horizontal plane of the aerobic unit. The aerating devices are installed on the bottom portion of the aerobic unit. The biological film wall comprises a wall portion and filling material. The wall portion comprises frame and cloth material covered on the outer portion of the frame. The filling material absorbs the microorganism and is placed in the wall portion. The biological film wall has thickness of 5-40 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filling material is chosen from rubber, zeolite, activated carbon, glass fiber, stone fiber, attapulgite, sepiolite and coke.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In pretreating a solid, cellulose-containing biomass material, less than 10% of the dry weight of the solid biomass material is dissolved in the ionic liquid medium; or less than 5% of the dry weight of the solid biomass material is dissolved in the ionic liquid medium. The sub-solvating conditions are obtained by controlling the contact time of the solid biomass material with the ionic liquid medium to be below a predetermined maximum contact time; sub-solvating conditions are obtained by controlling the contact temperature of the solid biomass material with the ionic liquid medium to be below a predetermined maximum contact temperature; or sub-solvating conditions are obtained by controlling the water content of the ionic liquid medium to be above a predetermined minimum water content. The ionic liquid comprises an organic cation, or a molten salt hydrate, where the molten sat hydrate comprises a halogen anion. The halogen anion is chloride. The molten salt hydrate comprises a cation selected from zinc (Zn), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), copper ammonium complex (Cu(H3)x) and chromium (Cr). Ionic liquid is a molten salt hydrate comprising zinc chloride (ZnCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), lithium chloride (LiCl), or its mixture. The process further comprises: (ii) separating the pretreated solid biomass material from the ionic liquid medium; (iii) removing dissolved biomass material from the ionic liquid medium obtained in step (ii); and (iv) regenerating the ionic liquid medium. Step (iv) comprises removing undissolved material from the ionic liquid medium; or step (iv) comprises adjusting the water content of the ionic liquid medium. The process also comprises: (v) of recycling the ionic liquid medium to step (i). The process is a continuous process. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halogen anion is chloride. The molten salt hydrate comprises a cation selected from zinc, barium, calcium, lithium, aluminum, copper, iron, tetraamine copper or chromium. The ionic Liquid is a molten salt hydrate comprising zinc chloride, calcium chloride and/or lithium chloride. The catalyst comprises a solid base selected from alumina or calcined clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is done at 200-600 degrees C. The process further comprises removing water from the ionic liquid, separating the liquid fuel from the ionic liquid, and upgrading the liquid fuel. Preferred Components: Part(s) of the lignin is converted to a liquid fuel. The ionic Liquid comprises an organic cation or a molten salt hydrate comprising a halogen anion. The feedstock comprises a lignocellulosic biomass material. The catalyst comprises a material that is soluble or insoluble in the ionic liquid selected from fluid catalytic cracking catalysts, cat cracker catalysts, hydrocracking catalysts, hydrogenation catalysts, hydrotreatment catalysts and/or pyrolysis catalysts. The liquid fuel is insoluble in the ionic liquid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound (I) is LiBH4+xNiCl2.x=molar ratio 0- less than or equal to 0.3.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen producing apparatus further comprises heating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The enzyme comprises an amylase, a protease, and/or a lipase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pH control agent comprises an acid, preferably citric acid. The surfactant comprises a zwitterion. Component A and component B are added to a combined concentration of 1-400 ppm in the wet air scrubber. The ratio of the Component A and component B is 1:2-1:6 (preferably 1:4). The surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 8-14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The agent is used independently or in combination. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The granular processed fowl droppings fertilizer are fermented hen droppings. The inorganic fertilizer component supplements less content of fertilizer component. Preferred Method: The inorganic fertilizer component is adhered to processed fowl droppings fertilizer by using pH regulator for regulating pH in the outer surface of granulated processed fowl dropping fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The guanidine forming reaction is carried out in solvent 1 at 80-100 degrees C with pH value of 1-5 (preferably 3-4) for 1-24 hours. The cyclization reaction is carried out in solvent 2. The solvent 1 is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butyl alcohol (preferred) or isoamyl alcohol or aqueous solvent. The solvent 2 is alcohol solvent, ketone solvent, ester solvent or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The cyclization reaction is carried out at 50-150 (preferably 80-100) degrees C and pH of 7-12 for hours. The alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butyl alcohol or isoamyl alcohol. The ketone solvent is acetone, butanone, methylisobutylketone or cyclohexanone. The ester solvent is ethyl acetate, isopropylacetate or n-butyl acetate. The aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is methylbenzene or dimethylbenzene. Preferred Method: compound (II) is obtained by subjecting 3-amino-4-methyl benzoic acid and nitrile to guanidine forming reaction under acidic condition of hydrochloric acid in alcohol solvent or alcohol aqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The P.rhodozyma fermentation medium contains 25-40 g/l glucose as carbon source, and corn steep liquor and inorganic nitrogen source as nitrogen source. The glucose concentration is controlled within 1.5% in the fermentation liquor. The glucose concentration is reduced to 0.02-0.5 g/l in the fermentation liquor for one or more times in stable phase of fermentation. Preferred Method: The hot water immersion is performed at 80-100 degrees C for 2-4 times (each time for 5-10 minutes). The method involves processing yeast powder with alcohol in a ratio of 1:7-12, where the alcohol is 85-100% alcohol solution. Preferred Yeast: The yeast is P.rhodozyma (CGMCC 3788).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The flocculating agent is extracellular polymer obtained by treating microorganism strain(s) (CGMCC 3514), (CGMCC 3515) and/or (CGMCC 3516) by fermenting, extracting, separating and purifying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The refined soil is diatomite containing more than 85% diatom shell body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline material is magnesium oxide, quicklime, or preferably sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic carbon source is glucose, ethanol, or preferably sodium lactate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The compressed air pressure in step (A) is 100-150 psi which lasts for 20-30 seconds at an interval of 10 minutes. In step (C), the best pressure ratio for mixing gas and liquid is 1:5, and the mineral salt liquid culture medium is injected at 5-15 L/m2 remedied field area at an interval of 4-10 days. Reinforced microorganism suspension (106-108 cells/L) is injected simultaneously with the injection of mineral salt liquid culture medium. The reinforced microorganism suspension is injected at 5-10 L/m2 remedied field area at 5 ml/minute. Compressing air is performed for 10 minutes at interval of 20 minutes, and the pressure limit of vacuum pump is 0.01 MPa. The air flow velocity is less than 1 L/minute when injecting the reinforced microorganism suspension.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the suspension type biogas device, the feeding hole is 10-30 cm higher than the plane of the bottom of the fermenting storage pool, which is obliquely equipped from the upper to the external; the inner end of the feeding hole is parallel to the bottom of the fermenting storage pool; and the external end is in U-shaped connection with the fermenting storage pool through connecting pipes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The yam material is chosen from sweet potato, Cassava, potato and their mixtures. Preferred Method: The fermenting device has fermenting jar and fermenting tank. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The crude compost is sieved using rotary drum sieve or vibrating sieve with aperture of 1-1.5 cm to obtain compost. The compost is obtained by performing humidification process by atomizing or spraying water, allowing the compost to stand for 12-24 hours at room temperature, adding the compost into columnar stirring pool sleeved with nylon mesh having size of 250-300, soaking the compost in water and stirring the soaked compost for 30 minutes to remove the salt content and organic acid from the compost. The dehydrating process is performed by passing the soaked compost on porous sieve plate and leaching the compost under gravity for dehydration. The dehydration of compost is performed by extruding or centrifugation process. The dehydrated compost is dried by natural drying process, air-drying process or drying with oven. The method further involves storing the waste water produced during dehydration in container or reservoir, precipitating the stored water and detecting the conductivity of the precipitate, where the conductivity is 1.25 ms.cm-1 or more and doping the precipitate with other water for irrigation process. The method further involves packaging the substrate using plastic woven bag at normal temperature and storing the packed bag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The fertilizer is prepared by adding the above-mentioned components to a stirrer and stirring for 80 minutes, removing impurities from the stirred mixture, pulverizing the stirred mixture to obtain powder, adding the pulverized powder to fermentation tank as pile in stacks, covering the powder by plastic cloth and compacting the powder, fermenting the powder for 78 hours, turning the pile for first time, adding liquid human feces in a ratio of 1:0.6 while turning the pile, crushing liquid human feces uniformly while turning pile from lower portion to upper portion and from inner portion to outer portion, covering the powder after pile turning and compacting the powder, continuously fermenting the powder for 78 hours, fermenting the compressed mixture at 80 degrees C or more for 78 hours, turning the pile once every 78 hours, adding liquid human feces in a ratio of 1:0.6 when turning the pile each time from upper layer to inner layer and from inner layer to the outer layer, and continuing to turn the pile for 7 times to obtain the qualified product. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The biotechnological method comprises: (a) cloning gene: cloning FAEES gene like human liver cell FAEES gene; (b) constructing plasmid: connecting FAEES gene to the plasmid pUC19 to obtain FAEES+pUC19, preparing Escherichia coli cell, and transforming into the cell; (c) amplifying plasmid: amplifying plasmid in the cell and extracting plasmid; (d) constructing expression vector: using XhoI and XbaI enzyme cutting plasmid pUC19 to perform electrophoresis, recovering target gene with glue, using XhoI and XbaI enzyme cutting plasmid pKy71 to obtain sticky end, and connecting FAEES gene to the plasmid pHy71 with H to obtain FAEES+ expression vector; (e) transforming into Agrobacterium rhizogenes: preparing A. rhizogenes competent cell, and transforming A. rhizogenes with the plasmid obtained from the previous step; (f) transfecting algae: after transforming, co-culturing the A. rhizogenes with algae, so that FAEES gene is inserted to the algae genome; (g) expressing gene: washing off the A. rhizogenes and culturing transgenic algae in large scale; (h) culturing algae in culture medium containing ethanol in large scale; and (i) detecting fatty acid ethyl ester: detecting content change of fatty acid, when the content does not change, breaking the algae cells and culturing mixture through separating and collecting, and producing biodiesel and by-product glycerol with catalyzing technique. The algae comprises chlorella, microalgae, common algae other uncommon algae, or freshwater and salt-water algae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The EM stock solution has pH of 3.5-4 and live bacteria content of 0.1-0.3 billion/mm. Preferred Method: The H.illucens eggs hatch at 25-35 degrees C. The inoculation density of H.illucens eggs with respect to the culture medium is 0.2-2 g/kg. The thickness of the culture medium is 4-10 cm. The exterior of the culture medium piling area is connected to an insect collection container which is filled with dry rice bran powder for feeding old and mature H.illucens larvae. The garbage is processed for 20-30 days and the culture medium is dried to obtain bio-organic fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bioreactor System: At least one gas inlet includes at least one sparger. At least one gas inlet includes at least one fine bubble diffuser. The pumping means is a multiphase pump. The vessel includes at least one gas/liquid contact module, where the gas/liquid contact module comprises structured packing. The gas/liquid contact module comprises at least one static mixer. The gas/liquid contact module comprises Mellapak. The vessel includes at least one gas/liquid disengagement means. Preferred Gas/liquid Contact Module: The gaseous substrate and fermentation broth pass through the channels in a Taylor flow regime. The module is constructed of ceramic material such as cordierite, porcelain, mullite or alumina. The module is constructed of corrugated sheets of a resiliently flexible material. The channels are approximately 1-5 mm in diameter. Preferred Method: In the method of fermentation of gaseous substrates to produce products in a liquid fermentation broth, the gaseous substrate comprises CO and optionally H2, or CO2 and H2. The substrate comprises a gas obtained as a by-product of an industrial process selected from ferrous metal products manufacturing, non-ferrous products manufacturing, petroleum refining processes, gasification of biomass, gasification of coal, electric power production, carbon black production, ammonia production, methanol production and coke manufacturing. The substrate comprising CO, comprises at least 15-95%, preferably 40-70% CO, by volume. The micro-organism are selected from Clostridium, Moorella, Pyrococcus, Eubacterium, Desulfobacterium, Carboxydothermus, Acetogenium, Acetobacterium, Acetoanaerobium, Butyribaceterium and Peptostreptococcus; where the micro-organism is Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium ljungdahli, Clostridium ragsdalei or Clostridium carboxydivorans. The circulated liquid loop bioreactor is the bioreactor system above. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The process (m1) further involves an external source of an enzyme. Preferred Components: The microorganism is capable of direct fermentation of 5C and 6C carbohydrates. The microorganism is a bacterium. The microorganism is a species of Clostridia (preferably Clostridium phytofermentans or Clostridium sp. quantum dots (Q.D.)). The microorganism comprises at least one heterologous polynucleotide that enhances the activity of at least one cellulase. The microorganism comprises at least one heterologous polynucleotide that encodes the at least one expansin and/or swollenin. The external source of an enzyme comprises a cellulase mixture. The cellulase mixture saccharifies cellulose to produce predominately saccharides with a polymeriziation higher than five. The product further comprises at least one cellulase, B-glucosidase, hemicellulase, xylanase, glucanase or xylanase. The biomass comprises at least one of corn steep solids, corn steep liquor, malt syrup, xylan, cellulose, hemicellulose, fructose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, or xylose. The fermentation end-product is a chemical. The fermentation end-product is an acid. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises at least one expansin and/or swollenin enzymes. The composition further comprises at least one cellulase, B-glucosidase, hemicellulase, xylanase, glucanase or xylanase. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is an inorganic molten salt hydrate. It comprises an organic cation. The cellulosic material is substantially fully soluble in the ionic liquid. It is selected from aquatic biomass, cotton linters, paper; cardboard and its mixtures. The cellulosic material comprises at least one component that is insoluble in the ionic liquid. It comprises lignocellulose. At least one component that is insoluble in the ionic liquid comprises lignin. The ionic liquid medium comprises a molten salt hydrate, where the molten salt hydrate comprises a halogen anion. The halogen anion is chloride. The molten salt hydrate comprises a cation selected from zinc (Zn), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), copper-ammonium complex (Cu(NH3)x) and chromium. Ionic liquid is a molten salt hydrate comprising zinc chloride (ZnCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), lithium chloride (LiCl), or its mixture. The liquid fuel is insoluble in the ionic liquid. Preferred Process: Converting cellulosic material to liquid fuel further comprises separating the at least one component that is insoluble in the ionic liquid prior to converting the dissolved cellulose component. Step (b) is carried out in the absence of a catalyst; step (b) is carried out in the presence of a catalyst; step (b) is selected from pyrolysis; thermal cracking, hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, hydrotreatment or its combination; step (b) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 200 degrees C to 600 degrees C; step (b) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 200 degrees C to 450 degrees C; or step (b) is carried out under autogenous pressure. Water is removed from the ionic liquid during step (b). The process further comprises removing the fuel from the ionic liquid. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material is surplus sludge or digested sludge containing protein. Preferred Components: The apparatus further has disinfection part which disinfects anaerobic microbe in raw material supplied from material supply apparatus using heating, disinfectant, UV-ray, ozone and machine crushing, and sedimentation tank and distillation tank which purifies ethanol from ethanol culture solution of ethanol fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The methane tank is ellipsoid-shaped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The outer walls of the gas chamber and the digestion tank which are exposed to the ground are coated by black heat-absorbing layers and the periphery is provided with a layer of heat-insulating film. The pipe of the gas guide pipe is provided with a spring adjustable pressure valve and a manual valve in a parallel manner. The bottom end of the manure pit is provided with an overhauling opening. The outer wall of the digestion tank is stuck with one layer of heat-insulating layer. The gas chamber is a semi-spherical shell or a semi-oval shell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The target plant is selected from monocots, dicots, cereals, forage crops, legumes, pulses, vegetables, fruits, oil seeds, fiber crops, flowers, horticultural, medicinal and aromatic plants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The transformed plant expresses glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), cellulase, xylanase, cellobio hydrolase(CBH), beta glucosidase enzymes, at significantly higher level than the level of the enzymes expressed by a non-transformed plant of the same species under the same conditions. A cell tissue or organ from a host plant is transformed with the DNA construct mediated by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment, electroporation, and virus-mediated transformation. The DNA construct is incorporated into the plant in a heterozygous or homozygous state. Preferred Components: The promoter is selected from constitutive promoter, inducible promoter, tissue specific promoter and cell type specific promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence that encodes functional glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), cellulase, xylanase, cellobio hydrolase (CBH), beta glucosidase enzymes. The promoter selected is from an inducible promoter, responds to a signal selected from mechanical shock, heat, cold, salt, flooding, drought, wounding, anoxia, pathogens, ultraviolet-B, nutritional deprivation, a flowering signal, a fruiting signal and/or cell specialization. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant; Plant Growth Stimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing 2-3 parts of acid with respect to 100 parts of glycerin-type solid material to form liquefied material of 50-90 vol.%. The method involves mixing 0.1-40 parts of oxidizing agent having 35 %mass of concentration with respect to 100 parts of glycerin-type solid material and 0.1-20 parts of oil. The method further involves using petroleum as oil. The method involves mixing the above-mentioned composition at 30 degrees C or less, cooling the obtained liquid, filtering the cooled liquid, and distilling the obtained filtrate at 150-230 degrees C. Preferred Components: The acid is inorganic acid chosen from hydrochloric acid and acidic acid. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. The petroleum is chosen from kerosene, light oil and fuel oil, preferably kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of waste microbial cell in inside of liquid medium is greater than or equal to 1 preferably 2-10% (W/V). The concentration of natural cellulose material in inside of liquid medium is greater than or equal to 2% (W/V). Preferred Components: The raw materials of waste microbial cell are microorganisms which belong to Trichoderma genus. The microorganisms which belong to Trichoderma genus are Trichoderma reeseis. The natural cellulose material is pulp, beer lees, barley tea extraction lees, wheat bran and/or apple strained lees. The liquid medium contains ammonia nitrogen or amino nitrogen as natural cellulose material, and nitrogen source as carbon field. Preferred Process: The method involves adding waste microbial cell with respect to liquid medium in process of culturing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The bacteria are permeated in the carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The outer container has heat resistance. The pulverized mixture with water content of 60-70% is fermented at 40-80 degrees C. The pulverized mixture is further added with slaked lime (1-1.5 wt.%). The perforated device is taken from the device after fermentation and drying the fermented mixture with water content of 10-20 wt.%. The fermentation temperature is adjusted by adding salt at high temperature and sugar at low temperature. The fermentation mixture is further added with wood vinegar (2 vol.%), during the production of offensive smell in fermentation. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Chlorella Yun-32 is prepared by:(A) changing sodium nitrate content in SE liquid culture medium into 40-610 mg/L, adding 100-1200 mg/L sodium bicarbonate, and sterilizing to obtain modified SE liquid culture medium;(B) inoculating algae seed in triangular flask with modified SE liquid culture medium, putting to illumination incubator, and culturing at 25-31 degrees C for 48-72 hours; and(C) inoculating algae seed to modified SE liquid culture medium, shaking and culturing at 120 revolutions/minute at 28-31 degrees C under illumination intensity of 4000-6000 lux for 5-7 days.Preferred Process: The sterilizing step is moist heat sterilization carried out at 121 degrees C for 20 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: In the method above, the inoculum size is 1000-3000 mg/L. The concentration of the dissolved oxygen is 2-5 mg/L. The hydraulic retention time is 5-16 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The organic material of Chinese milk vetch green manure and straw provides 8-9kg of nitrogen, 2.5-3.3kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 6-7.5kg of potassium oxide for organic rice during growth phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Urea, carbon, nitrogen and water are utilized to prepare straw formulation. Mushroom, water and plastic film are utilized to prepare cotton seed hulls. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In methanol diesel, the methanol modifier with 2% of 5000-6000-mesh natural silicon dioxide powder comprises 20 kg of 5000-6000-mesh natural silicon dioxide powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methanol modifier contains 3% chemical material or 2% of 5000-6000-mesh natural silicon dioxide powder. The methanol diesel comprises 3% methanol modifier comprising 9 kg oleic acid, 6 kg butyl acetate, 2.0 kg petroleum ether, 2.4 kg nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, 2.0 kg chlorinated wax, 2.4 kg tetrachloroethylene, 1.2 kg 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-toluene, 0.8 kg benzotriazole, and 4.2 kg mixed liquid of octanol and n-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In heating and pressurizing step, the pressure is 50-250 MPa and the temperature is at 70-250 degrees C. Preferred Components: The combustion improver comprises kaolin, lime powder, coal ash or coal powder. Preferred Composition: The raw material comprises (pts.wt.) mulberry twig (95-97) and combustion improver (3-5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The forming machine comprises cylinder or polygonal prism. The cylinder is provided with no holes, round holes or square holes. The forming machine is pressing roll loop model briquette forming machine and hydraulic drive piston forming machine. The equipment comprises grinder, mixer, conveyor and forming machine, which are sequentially connected to form automatic production line.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Heating and pressurizing steps are performed at 70-100 degrees C and 50-150 MPa. The formation process comprises applying cylindrical column or multilateral prism with middle parts having no hole, or having circular or quadrate holes. Preferred Composition: The raw materials comprise (pts.wt.) silkworm waste (95-97), odor removing agent (2-3), and combustion aid (1-2). Preferred Components: The odor removing agent comprises lime powder and/or kaolin. The combustion aid comprises burned coal ash and/or pulverized coal ash.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The molding machine comprises annular lump molding machine of roller type or hydraulic driving molding machine of piston type. Connection of devices comprises automatic production line connecting mixer with conveyer and molding machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The processed wastewater sludge is processed in medium containing halogen compound and/or heavy metal ion compound. The concentration of ammonia or inorganic ammonium-ion compound is 1-500 mM. The wastewater sludge is processed using an anode containing stainless steel, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or titanium oxide, and a cathode comprising stainless steel, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or titanium oxide, or carbon electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the fluid, instead 1-20 wt.% of colemanite, 1-20 wt.% of borax is used; or instead of 1-20 wt.% of colemanite or 1-20 wt.% of borax, 50 wt.% of colemanite and 50 wt.% of borax are used. In the fluid, instead of the mixture ratio of (a) and (b) of 1-20 wt.% to 80-99 wt.%, 1-67 wt.% to 33-99 wt.% is used.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fluid is in a closable pressure container from metal, semimetals, plastics, glass or other materials. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the carbonizing furnace, the smoke cylinder is arranged inside the rotating furnace unit and coaxial with the rotating furnace unit; and the smoke cylinder and coaxial line of the rotating furnace unit form an angle with the horizontal line; where the angle is not less than 5 degrees and not greater than 30 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst includes nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, iron and/or osmium. The catalyst includes one metals derived from IB group, IIB group, VIB group and/or VIIB group. The catalyst includes rare-earth metal or metal oxide derived from lanthanum or actinium. The catalyst is loaded on porous and/or mesoporous load. The acid environment is realized by adding acid material into the reaction system or loading the catalyst on the acid load.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol includes 1-8C monohydric alcohol or 1-8C polyatomic alcohol. The mass ratio of alcohol and pyrolysis lignin is 0.05-100:1. The reducing atmosphere is realized by adding hydrogen, methane, sodium borohydride, formic acid and/or sodium formate in the reaction system. Preferred Method: The hydrocracking is done at 100-300 degrees C and pressure of 1-15 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The seed culture medium comprises (in g/l) glucose (15-30), groundnut cake powder (1-5), ammonium chloride (1-5), monopotassium phosphate (1-5), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1-5), sodium ethanoate (1-5), calcium carbonate (1-5) and water. The fermentation culture medium comprises glucose (5-20), groundnut cake powder (5-20), soybean cake powder (5-20), corn starch (20-40), fish powder (2-10), monopotassium phosphate (1-5), magnesium sulfate (1-5), ammonium nitrate (1-5), sodium ethanoate (1-5) and water. The seed culturing process is performed for 20-26 hours by adjusting pH to 6.0-6.5, ventilating amount to 1:0.8-1.2, pressure to 0.5 kg/m2, rotating speed to 150-200 revolutions per minute (rpm), and temperature to 25-28 degrees C. The fermentation process performed for 110-130 hours by adjusting pH to 6.8-7.2, ventilating amount to 1:1.0-1.5, pressure to 0.5 kg/m2, rotating speed to 180-200 rpm, and temperature to 25-28 degrees C. The auxiliary material is preservative, emulsifier, ultraviolet protector, disintegrating agent, adhesive agent, wetting agent, dispersant or filler. The disintegrating agent is microlite cellulose, crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose or sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The adhesive agent is industrial starch, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The wetting agent is lauriol-based sodium sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate. The dispersant is sodium lignin sulfonate, hydroxide radical naphthaldehydes polymer or sodium dibutyl naphthalene sulfonate. The filler is lactose, sucrose, talc or light weight calcium carbonate. The prepared biopesticide is solid powder, and water-soluble and lightly soluble to ethanol, methanol and chloroform. ACTIVITY - Plant protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The centrifugal feeding device with a flow guide plate is provided with a conveying pipe. The centrifugal feeding device with a flow guide plate is provided with a tapered drum. The inner wall of the tapered drum of the centrifugal feeding device with a flow guide plate is welded with a flow guide plate, thus the powder can be fed along the guide flow direction. The center of the centrifugal feeding device with a flow guide plate is provided with a exhaust pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The front part of the carriage is provided with a drying region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage composition comprises sodium borohydride, and sodium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogenation of the first and second raw materials are performed under 2-13 MPa at liquid space velocity of 0.1-3 h-1 in the hydrogen and oil ratio of 150-1500 NL/L at 150-480 degrees C. The composition is further obtained by performing isomerization reaction to the raw materials under 2-13 MPa at liquid space velocity of 0.1-3 h-1 in the hydrogen and oil ratio of 250-1500 NL/L at 150-380 degrees C. The raw materials are hydrogenated or isomerated under the action of catalyst. The catalyst is formed by supporting metal on a support comprising inorganic oxide. The metal is chosen from aluminum, silicon, zirconium, boron, titanium, magnesium, group 6A elements and group 8 elements. The composition further comprises third base material obtained by refining crude oil, synthesis system aviation fuel and their mixtures. The composition further comprises additive chosen from antioxidant, antistatic agent, metal deactivator and deicing agent. The composition satisfies the specification value of aeroturbine fuel oil measured by JIS K2209. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil comprises sulfur containing hydrocarbon (1-100 mass in conversion of sulfur atom). The first bifunctional catalyst comprises 6A group metals chosen from molybdenum or tungsten, group 8 metals and cobalt or nickel. The crystalline substance comprises at least one type of crystal containing silicoaluminophosphate having AEL or minimum energy loss (MEL) structure. The crystalline solid acid property substance comprises one dimensional 10-membered ring aluminosilicate and/or silicoaluminophosphate. The content of 10-membered ring aluminosilicate and/or silicoaluminophosphate is 65-85 %mass. The aluminosilicate has TON, MTT and metal response element (MRE) structure. The silicoaluminophosphate comprises silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-11 and SAPO-34. The aluminosilicate comprises at least one type chosen from zeolite sieve of molecular porosity (ZSM-11), ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-48. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The nanowire structure comprises nanowire network. The electrode base comprises metal or carbon. The electrode has aggregate of fiber structure or porous structure. The electrode contains larger interval and/or pore as compared to cell size of microorganism. The electron donor microorganism is included in pore. The length of interval and/or diameter of pore is 6-20 mu m. The microbial fuel cell comprises electrolytic vessel containing anode and/or cathode, electrolytic solution in tank and nutrition substrate for metabolism of electron donor microorganism. The vessel comprises single tank structure in which cathode has gas permiability. The microbial fuel cell further comprises redox mediator compound, electron mediator, and/or electroconductive fine particles in the tank in which an anode or a cathode is installed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is a mixture of aniline, aminophenol, diaminophenol, pyrrole, thiophene, paraphenylene, fluorene, furan, acetylene or their derivatives, polyaniline, aniline/aminophenol copolymer, or aniline/diaminophenol copolymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquefied gas is liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas or liquefied dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from iron oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and manganese oxide. The concentration of carbon monoxide in activation gas is 1-100 volume%. Preferred Method: The processing temperature of metal oxide is 100-600 degrees C. Water is introduced into active metal oxide at 200-600 degrees C. Hydrogen is separated from gas after introducing water by adsorption separation method, and remaining gas is subjected to regeneration processing at 200-600 degrees C with regeneration processing compound. The regenerated gas is made into activation gas. The regeneration processing compound is chosen from nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The storage tank comprises aeration portion for carrying out aeration of the first and second ozone gases. The aeration portion comprises small and large air diffusion opening mutually arranged for carrying out aeration of small particle size bubble and large particle size bubble, respectively. The storage tank comprises floating component containing fats and oils. The apparatus comprises control portion for controlling supply timing of the ozone gas. The controlling portion maintains the tank in anaerobic-treatment state when the wastewater does not flow into the tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves processing obtained material using processing agent, heating the processed material and drying the heated material. The microorganism is cultivated aerobic microorganism.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolytic solution comprises deuterium and an electrolytic salt selected from a group comprising lithium oxide deuterium, lithium sulfate, deuterium sulfate and potassium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Components: In the system, the reverse water gas shift reactor comprises more than one reverse water gas shift reactor. Preferred Conditions: At least a portion of the thermal energy is transferred to heat input or output gases, or both, of the reverse water gas shift reactor using the heat pumping process. Also, a portion of the hydrogen gas is used in addition to syngas by the unit for generating a mixture of at least hydrocarbon compounds and thermal energy. The heat pumping process comprises ethylene as a working fluid. Preferred System: Alternatively, the system for producing hydrocarbon compounds comprises: (a) a unit for generating hydrogen gas from water and electrical energy; (b) at least one reverse water gas shift reactor supplied with at least carbon dioxide gas and the hydrogen gas, where an effluent stream from the reverse water gas shift reactor comprises at least syngas and carbon dioxide gas; (c) a unit for generating a mixture of at least hydrocarbon compounds from at least the syngas; and (d) a unit for separating at least a portion of the carbon dioxide gas from the effluent stream of the reverse water gas shift reactor before providing the effluent stream to the unit for generating a mixture of at least hydrocarbon compounds from at least the syngas, or a unit for separating at least a portion of the carbon dioxide gas from the effluent stream of the unit for generating a mixture of at least hydrocarbon compounds from at least the syngas, by condensation at a temperature below ambient temperature; where excess heat collected during condensation is transferred to ambient temperature using a heat pumping process, and where at least a portion of the carbon dioxide gas separated by the unit for separating is at a temperature different from the temperature of condensation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method-I further comprises: (a1) acquiring data on pressure, flow and gas composition, and controlling an automated operation of the steam natural gas reforming method by utilizing the data acquired; (a2) separating the carbon dioxide from the hydrogen, and generating electricity from the hydrogen; (a3) separating the carbon dioxide from the hydrogen and pressurizing the carbon dioxide for use in oil recovery; (a4) combusting natural gas with air to boil water to generate additional superheated steam, where the additional superheated steam is utilized during the steam reforming step; (a5) combusting hydrogen with air to boil water to generate additional superheated steam, where the additional superheated steam is used during the steam reforming step, and the hydrogen is separated from the gas mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen; and (a6) utilizing waste heat from a generator to boil water to generate additional superheated steam, where the additional superheated steam is used during the steam reforming step. The steam reforming step operates at a pressure of 1-100 bar. The method-II further comprises: utilizing the synthesis gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to manufacture methanol or dimethyl ether; the step (a1); separating the carbon monoxide from the hydrogen, and generating electricity from the hydrogen; and the steps (a4) to (a6). The hydrogen is separated from the gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Preferred Components: The steam reforming step utilizes a nickel-based catalyst. The water-gas-shifting step utilizes a copper-based catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is pressurized and comprises carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first or second electrode further comprises natural polymer and microorganism is grafted to natural polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenation catalyst contains an effective hydrogenation catalytic amount of at least one metal comprising Group VIB and Group VIII of the Periodic Table. The hydrogenation catalyst is at least one material consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, silver, gold, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum, and the combustion catalyst is at least one material consisting of copper, ceria, yttria or neodymium oxide. The hydrogenation catalyst metal is supported on at least one of alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, lanthana, and magnesia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: In the method: at least a part of the combustion promoting catalyst is employed at the outlet end of the burner tip; and a set a channels is carried within the body adjacent to the inlet end, the channels carrying at least one of the hydrogenation catalyst and combustion catalyst. The interior surface of the body is coated with the hydrogenation catalyst so that the coating is in physical contact with the waste gas stream passing through the interior channel. The body is impregnated with the hydrogenation catalyst so that as the burner tip wears away fresh hydrogenation catalyst is exposed to the waste gas stream. The body is composed of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture of methane and in-situ molecular hydrogen comprises at least 50 vol.% of the waste gas stream, and the at least one unsaturated hydrocarbon comprises less than 50 vol.% of the waste gas stream. The mixture of methane and in-situ molecular hydrogen contains at least 50 vol.% of methane and less than 50 vol.% of molecular hydrogen. The unsaturated hydrocarbon is at least one material consisting of mono-olefin, di-olefin, and aromatic hydrocarbons having 2-8C per molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dissolved polymer is biologically degradable polymer such as dextrin, starch, pectin, cellulose, chitosan, alginate and gelatin, and/or is synthetic polymer based on polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl amine, polyvinyl phosphate, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide and their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The organic ligand is reacted with dicarboxylic acid compound and metal salt chosen from chromium salt, molybdenum salt, tungsten salt, manganese salt, iron salt, ruthenium salt, cobalt salt, rhodium salt, nickel salt, palladium salt, copper salt and zinc salt in a solvent, and metal complex is manufactured. Preferred Definitions:    A=5-(N,N-dimethyl amino)isophthalic acid;    B'=1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridyl, 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiene, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene, 3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 2,2'-bi-1,6-naphthyridine, phenazine, diaza pyrene, trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene, 4,4'-azopyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)glycol and N-(4-pyridyl) isonicotinamide;and    M=zinc.    EXAMPLE - Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (in g) (5), 5-(N,N-dimethylamino)isophthalic acid (3.54) and 4,4'-bipyridyl (2.65) were dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (200 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 393K for 24 hours, and resulting product was washed with ethanol and dried at 50 Pa for 8 hours to produce a metal complex at yield of 88%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modification catalyst is not supported by metal oxide or metal grain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar reflector is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred: The bamboo powder is obtained from Phyllostachys heterocycla. The livestock excreta are pig feces. The grain is rice. ACTIVITY - Herbicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydroxide is in a form of a dry solid or an aqueous solution. The metal salt of the valproic acid has a structure of formulae (A) and (B).M = alkali metal (when n = 1);M = alkaline earth metal (when n = 2);a = 1-10; andb = 0-10, where alkali metal is Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, and alkaline earth metal is Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba. ACTIVITY - Anticonvulsant; Antimigraine.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Valproic acid (144 g) and 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (100 g) were added to a flask. The resulting solution was then put on a rotavapor, vacuum was applied, and heated up to water bath temperature from room temperature to 95 degrees C, to remove the water. After completion of the water removal, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature to give sodium valproate (166 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier is woody substance, fibrous material, sponges or Styrofoam (RTM: Closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M2), the vapor deposition is carried out at a base pressure of 5x 10-9 to 1x 10-6 (preferably 1x 10-7 to 5x 10-6)Pa. The vapor deposition is carried out under a background hydrogen pressure of 5x 10-6 to 5x 10-3 (preferably 1x 10-5 to 1x 10-3)Pa. In the method (M3), the hydrogen-comprising gas is at a pressure of 0.1-5 (preferably 0.5-1.5) MPa and at 10-150 (preferably 15-50) degrees C. The hydrogen storage material is contacted with the hydrogen-comprising gas for 1-24 (preferably 5-10) hours. In the method (M4) and (M5), desorption is monitored and terminated such that, upon termination, n is at least 0.1(x+2y) (preferably at least 0.3(x+2y), especially at least 0.5(x+2y). The molar ratio of x/y is 1.5-4. Preferred Components: The hydrogen source comprises a gas containing molecular hydrogen, and a plasma discharge source capable of generating atomic hydrogen. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.7-0.8;    y=0.2-0.3;    n=0.5(x+2y) to 0.9(x+2y).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution comprises 2-5 kmol/m3 of (a) and 0.1-1.5 kmol/m3 of (b). The component (a) is potassium-N,N-dimethyl glycinate. Preferred Method: The fluid stream is oxygenated and it is obtained from oxidation of organic substances or by anaerobic decomposition of biomass. The absorption agent is regenerated by heating, releasing, stripping with an inert fluid or a combination of two or all of the above steps. EXAMPLE - Typical absorption agent comprised an aqueous solution of potassium-N,N-dimethyl glycinate (7 mol.%) and N-hydroxethyl-piperazine (2 mol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises 10-40 vol.% of the wood or crop particulate, 10-40 vol.% of the wood or crop ash and biochar, and 20-80 vol.% of the nitrogen. Preferred Components: The wood or agricultural crop particulate comprises a sawdust (20) or agricultural crop waste. The sawdust and the agricultural crop residue consist of all organic material. The sawdust consists of high grade fine softwood and/or hardwood fiber sawdust. The wood ash and biochar or agricultural crop residue comprises organic ash or biochar material. The wood or agricultural crop ash and biochar comprises one of fly ash and biochar, boiler ash and biochar, bottom ash and biochar, or ESB ash and biochar generated as a by-product of one of either a timber processing or wood co-generation power plant processing or an agricultural process. The wood or agricultural crop ash and biochar comprises biomass ash and biochar. The nitrogen comprises a nitrogen source formed of dried waste by-product or residue, or natural source crop biomass or food product such as coffee beans, chaff or other agricultural, aquatic, and forest by-products. Preferred Method: The nitrogen comprises natural source dried waste by-product from waste water treatment of food, aquatic, or crops or timber processes and/or waste by-products or residual from agricultural bioenergy processes, or a by-product created from food, aquatic, crop, or timber processing, and the nitrogen comprises natural resource crop biomass or food product. (I) is pelletized and each pellet is coated with mycorrhizae. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The marsh gas tank is provided with a baffle plate by temperature-increasing measures to form two tank bodies; the middle parts are connected through the sludge pump. The hot water circulating pipe is filled with heat-exchange material water. The inclined angle of the hole on the aeration pipe is 10-45 degrees . The circulating water is heated by an air-energy heat pump system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing ratio is 1-67% to 33-99%.1-25% of ambient air is filled as other substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The diameter of the particle is 2-4.5mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The diameter of the particle is 2-4.5 mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The rotting stirring pool is a cylindrical cement pool with a stirrer. The device comprises common pipelines and syrup pump. The conveyor is a belt conveyor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the methane generator, the submersible pump (6) is installed at the bottom of the fermenting jar (5); the top cover of the fermenting jar (5) is made of transparent material or glass material; the discharging valve (9) is arranged at the bottom of the fermenting jar (5); there are two thionizers; and the air compressor (12) is arranged between the two thionizers (10,13).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: In the garage type anaerobic dry fermentation device, the interior of the wall body of the garage type fermentation bunker (1) is set with a heating tube (6) and a heat-insulating layer (7); the different positions of the wall body are set with temperature sensors (9); the bottom in the percolate collection tank (10) is set with a heating system (13); the middle lower part of the tank body is set with a temperature sensor (18); and the top part of the garage type fermentation bunker (1) and the top part of the percolate collection tank (10) are set with gas pressure safety valves (19).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the continuous solar biogas generator, the top of the tank close to the tank body is set with a feeding port; the side wall of the middle part of the tank is set with a discharging port; and the side wall of the lower part is set with the foreign matters discharge port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The wall faces of the container and the container cover are double-layer structures. An insulating material is filled in the double-layer wall faces. A leg frame is arranged at the bottom of the filtering net to install the filtering net in the container in a stable manner. The air inlet device comprises an air pipe and an inflating machine. One end of the air pipe is connected with the inflating machine and the other end is located at the lower part of the container and is communicated with the container. The ventilating device is a pipe body communicated with the container. The ventilating device is a T-shaped three-way pipe, where the tail end is fixed at the top face of the container cover and is communicated with the container. The discharging device is an automatic screw rod discharging machine, where a screw rod is installed in the container and is communicated with the exterior of the container. A motor of the automatic screw rod discharging machine is installed outside the container. The discharging device is a hand discharging door opened on the container wall adjacent to the upper end face of the filtering net. A switch valve is installed on the liquid fertilizer discharging device. The temperature measuring device comprises a temperature measuring end located in the container and a displaying end located outside the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The shell is connected using detachable board. The exhauster is hung between the board and the fermentation tank and connected with the exhaust port of the fermentation tank. The exhauster is connected with an outer deodorization tower. The fermentation tank has temperature sensor connected with the heating device containing high insulation layer and the temperature control system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: In the high efficient biogas fermentation device, the top of the external cavity is equipped with a lightning conductor; the inner wall of the internal cavity and the external part of the internal cavity are set with circulation temperature-increasing devices which are in communication with each other; the periphery of the external cavity is equipped with insulating layer; and the circulation temperature-increasing devices are solar temperature-increasing devices.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flammable plant materials comprise one or more kinds of root, stem, branch, rind or shell of plant, sawdust, bamboo crumbs, leftover bits and pieces of bamboo, or wood processing or waste moldboard. The wood dust is the waste of saw-dust or saw-dust with the secondary use generated in the processing procedure of timber production; and the root, stem, branch, rind or shell of plant comprises one or more kinds of fast growing forest which is regularly cut, tree root, tree rind, all kinds of straw, coconut shell, and deal apple shell. The waste of saw-dust with the secondary comprises waste residue used for nursing all kinds of truffle; and the straw comprises one or more kinds of maize straw, wheat straw, haulm straw, and reed straw. Preferred Process: The drying process in (b) preferably comprises: (a) primarily drying to make the moisture content of the materials be at 12-20%; and (b) putting the primarily dried materials into a storage tank; filling dry hot air flow at 60-80 degrees C into the storage tank to make the hot air flow to drive the materials be outputted to the conveyer belt on the outer part of the tank body from a material outlet of the tank body; and conveying the material to an extruding and molding machine through the conveyor belt; where the dry hot air low is the hot gas formed by air, which is heated with solar energy or electric heating; and the last moisture content of the obtained materials is preferably 15-20%. Preferred Composition: The solid particle fuel in (c) is the cylindrical particles with diameter of 6-8 mm and length of 1-2 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil fat is one of Idesia oil, rubber oil, rap oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil, tea oil, engineering algae oil, lard, and beef tallow. The mesoporous solid base catalyst is one of barium oxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The landfill leachate has chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 10000-50000 mg/L. Ammonia and nitrogen in inflow are present at greater than or equal to 1000-4000 mg/K. Suspended solids are present at more than 10000 mg/L. The aerobic/anaerobic reaction has dissolved oxygen controlled at 1-3 mg/L. Dosage of ozone (O3) is 0.9-1.2 g/L. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added at 1.8-2.4 g/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The regulation tank with the cover uses high density polyethylene film by welding, and the four openings on four ends of the regulation tank lead out the biogas, and the biogas is collected to generate power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the integrated equipment for transforming food residue into biodiesel, the raw material inlet on the squeezing box (2) is equipped with a hanging suction plate (25); the hanging suction plate achieves opening and closing through a magnet; the reacting box (5) is connected with a depositing box (6) through a second electric valve (58); the depositing box is equipped with an oil outlet; the additive inlet of the reacting box (5) is connected with an additive box (7) which is for providing the additive; the additive box is connected with the reacting box (5) through a first electric valve (57); the squeezing mechanism comprises a squeezing motor (81), a press plate (82), and a screw rod assembly (83); the squeezing motor (81) drives the press plate (82) to move up and down through the screw rod assembly (83) to squeeze the raw material; the reacting box (5) is equipped with a heating element (51) and a bender (52); the lower side of the base plate of the squeezing box (2) is obliquely equipped with an oil guide groove (24) to guide the oil into the filter box; the residue outlet door is driven through a door drive motor (22) to open or close; the reacting box (5) is equipped with a smell sensor (55), a temperature sensor (53), and a liquid level sensor (54) in side; the raw material inlet on the squeezing box (2) is equipped with a feed hopper (1); the feed hopper is equipped with a feed door; and the open and close mechanism of the feed door is controlled through a motor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grain size of the charcoal powder obtained in (a) is less than 2 mm; and the grain size of the plant adhesive added in (b) is less than 2 mm. Preferred Components: The plant adhesive in (b) comprises one or more of corn flour, glutinous rice flour, tapioca flour, and potato starch. The bamboo charcoal or wood charcoal is directly processed into charcoal powder by crushing. The flammable plant raw material comprises one or more of root, stem, branch, skin, or shell of plant, wooden flour, bamboo chips, bamboo, or leftover of wood process or waste template. The wood flour is the saw dust produced in the wood producing process or waste after secondary use of the saw dust; the root, stem, branch, skin, or shell of the plant comprises one or more of fast-growing wood required to be cut periodically, tree root, tree skin, various straws, coconut shell, and pine cone shell. The waste after secondary use of the saw dust comprises waste slag after culturing various mushrooms; and the straw comprises one or more of corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw, and reed straw. Preferred Method: The method for processing the flammable plant raw material into charcoal powder comprises: (a) preparing wood charcoal or bamboo charcoal by the flammable plant raw material according to charcoal preparing technique, and crushing into charcoal powder; (b) directly processing the flammable plant raw material into charcoal powder according to the charcoal preparing technique; or (c) crushing the flammable plant raw material, and processing into charcoal powder according to the charcoal preparing technique. The pressed brick in (d) is dried until the water content is 10-12%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: In the epoxidation reaction, the temperature is 30-60 degrees C; the weight ratio of biodiesel and formic acid is 1:0.05 to 1:0.5; the weight ratio of biodiesel and hydrogen peroxide is 1:0.3-1:1; the amount of the resin catalyst is 10-50% of the quality of the biodiesel; and the reaction time is 2-10 hours. In the ring-opening reaction, the temperature is 25-60 degrees C; the weight ratio of biodiesel and formic acid is 1:1 to 1:10; the amount of the resin catalyst is 10-50% of the epoxidized biodiesel; and the reaction time is 1.5-12 hours. Preferred Components: The biodiesel is plant oil, animal oil, microorganism oil, methyl ester, or ethyl ester. The catalysts used by the epoxidation reaction and the ring-opening reaction are strongly acidic resins D001, D002, DH, CR, or 732. The alcohol used by the ring-opening reaction is fatty alcohol having carbon number of 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Weight ratio of hawthorn seeds, phosphate, carbon source, and nitrogen source is 230-280:2-5:2-4:2-4. ACTIVITY - Immunostimulant; Endocrine-Gen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The drainage hole is provided with a retaining valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The steam stripping step is conducted in a stripping column and the extracting step is conducted in a separate extracting column, or the stripping and extracting steps are conducted in a single column comprising alternating and superimposed stripping and extracting stages. The carboxylic acid: that is extracted is recovered from the organic solvent and is separated from the organic solvent by distillation. The stripping is conducted at 40-145 degrees C. In the step of extracting, water is insoluble in the organic solvent. Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises an aliphatic amine having at least 10C and phenols, naphthols or alkylated phenols having 1-40C in their alkyl group. The aliphatic amine is tributylamine, tripentylamine, trihexylamine, trioctylamine and/or tridecylamine. The alkylated phenols are nonylphenol or octylphenol. The concentration of the carboxylic acid present in the aqueous stream fed to the stripping column is less than 5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - The recovery of acetic acid from an aqueous stream was performed in a 36-stage stripper extractor system. The aqueous feed stream containing acetic acid (5 g/l) was fed to the top (stage 36) of the stripper column at a rate of 316050 l/hr. Steam was fed to the bottom (stage 1) at 12% of the aqueous feed rate, which was 37926 kg/hr. The overall feed rate to the top of the extractor matches that of the aqueous feed stream of 316050 l/hr. This feed comprised of 15802 l/hr of fresh solvent (a mixture of Alamine 336 (RTM: Water insoluble tri-octyl/decyl amine) in nonylphenol (30/70)) feed and 10300247 l/hr of solvent recycle. The was acetic acid recycled (95%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The planting is performed at a number density greater than 2000 Tamarix erect trees per hectare, and at a density greater than 6000 Tamarix erect trees per hectare. The planting is performed at a density 4000-7000/hectare. The method further involves, subsequent to the harvesting: coppicing for regrowth of the Tamarix erect trees. The method further involves replanting more Tamarix erect trees subsequent to the harvesting for at least five years. The replanting is from cuttings taken subsequent to the harvesting. The harvesting is performed at least once per two years during at least five years after the planting. The harvesting the biomass is performed once during a time period of one to three years after the planting. The Tamarix erect (TE) trees are cultivated as a short rotation crop for production of the biomass. The cultivating of Tamarix erect (TE) trees is performed in areas where temperature is 52 to -6 degrees C. The method further involves: selecting the area of land to have a soil type selected from: alkaline, saline, acidic and waterlogged. The planting is adapted to reduce a water table of the area of land. The Tamarix erect trees extract a compound selected from a salt and an alkaline compound from soil of the area of land. The cultivating includes irrigating with water selected from: saline water, alkaline water, acidic water, rain water, sewage water, partially treated sewage water, water containing boron, brackish water and water not usable for irrigation of food crops. The sewage water is treated only by gross filtration. The cultivating includes irrigating from a watering and fertilizing management and control system. Preferred Components: The water salinity has electrical conductivity 3-12 deci-Siemens per meter (dS/m). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Medium: The concentration of wheat bran in the liquid medium is 4-15, preferably 3, more preferably 2 weight/volume% or more. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen or amino nitrogen in the liquid medium is 30-660, preferably 40-580 mM. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism belonging to Trichoderma genus is T.reesei. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic ligand is 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridyl, 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiene, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene, 3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 2,2'-bi-1,6-naphthyridine, phenazine, diazapyrene, trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene, 4,4'-azopyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)glycol and/or N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide. Preferred Definitions:    X=NH, oxygen or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound of metallic element is oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of calcium, magnesium, sodium or potassium. Preferred Conditions: The pressure of water vapor is preferably 2.5-3 MPa, and temperature is maintained for 30 minutes or more. The solid content remained in reactor is hydrated. The solid content is mixed and stirred for predetermined time. The mineral salt remained in solid content is eluted in water. The solid content is transferred from reactor to another secondary reactor, and dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: High-temperature fermentation is carried out in chamber (1), and the fermented material (B) is stirred and transferred to chamber (II). While emitting vapors (E) of moisture content out of the fermented material (C) by stirring in chamber (II), dehydration-aging fermentation is carried out in chamber (II). Continuous fermentation is carried out and the completely fermented material (D) is discharged after being transferred to the discharge chamber. Preferred Arrangement: A liquid fertilizer manufacture mechanism (9) comprises a dew condensation chamber (92) equipped with both chambers, and a connected inlet (91), forming a sealed structure. A low-temperature portion (95) is arranged inside the dew condensation chamber. A pool portion (93) of liquid sealing structure is provided at the bottom portion of dew condensation chamber. A heat pipe is provided with the lower end embedded in the earth, in the low-temperature portion. The heat pipe is provided with thermal absorption fins in the exposed portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The seed is seed extract obtained from pickled Japanese apricot. The microbe is thermophilic bacteria. Preferred Method: The method involves performing fermentation process at 25 degrees C or more. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The net-shaped shell is a polygonal column made of plastic. The apertures of the macromolecular porous medium carrier and the porous medium carrier are 1-3 mm and formed by the corresponding materials naturally.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The engineered E.coli expresses sulfatide enzyme, acyl-coenzyme A reductase, fatty aldehyde decarboxylase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase after induced by isopropyl thio- beta -D-galactoside. Preferred Components: The engineered E.coli is cultured using shake flask or fermentation tank. The n-hexane is recycled after reduced pressure evaporation. The components and the contents of fatty alcohol are analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: In the electrolysis-supported fermentative hydrogen-producing device with single tank, the anode of the electrolytic fermenting tank (2) is a graphite electrode (8); the cathode is platinum electrode (7); the electrolytic fermenting tank (2) is set with a salt bridge (6) extending into the electrolytic fermenting tank (2) through a rubber plug (11); and a sampling pipe (9) of the electrolytic fermenting tank (2) extends into the electrolytic fermenting tank (2) through a rubber plug (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The number of theoretical plate of rectifying tower 1 is 10-40 blocks of filler tower or plate tower. The number of theoretical plate of rectifying tower 2 is 15-70 blocks of filler tower or plate tower. The distilling kettle 3 is scraper plate steamer, centrifuge film steamer, short-range steamer, lifting (descending) steamer and stirring kettle type steamer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The condensing times of fermenting solution is 3-6 times. The glycerin adding amount is 6-15 times of salt in the fermenting solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of the returned sludge is greater than or equal to 8 g/L; the concentration of the volatile solid is not less than 3.5 g/; and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in sewage entering the anaerobic region from internal source denitrification pond is not greater than 1.5 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pine is used as raw material to prepare the biological oil. The soybean is used as raw material to prepare biological diesel oil. The added emulsion aid is octanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The strain is incubated at 15-35 degrees C. The illumination intensity during culture process is controlled at 50-200 mu mol/m2.second. The strain is induced by illuminating light intensity of 150-300 mu mol/m2.second to accumulate oil. The pH of the culture medium is 7-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The anaerobic reactor is wet anaerobic reactor. The raw material used in the fermentation process is chosen from organic wastewater, excrement sewage, food processing waste, straw, grass and urban sludge. The decarburization device is vacuum decarburization device or blast type decarburization device. The amount of dissolved oxygen entering into anaerobic reactor is 40 mg/l or less. The blast type decarburization device is capable of hydrolyzing the raw material to produce acid by solid fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The methyl cellulose raw material is chosen from maize straw, wheat straw, rice straw, sorghum stalk, groundnut stem, grass and bamboo product processed waste. Preferred Method: The anaerobic fermentation is wet fermentation or wet-dry combined fermentation. The methane purification is performed by pressure swing adsorption method, elutriation method, low-temperature separation method and film separation method. The microalgae are cultured using equipment for culturing single-type microalgae or multiple microalgae, where equipment raises the temperature and light of the microalgae in winter through burning partial methane. The ratio of carbon and nitrogen is adjusted to 20-30:1. The fermentation process is performed in anaerobic reactor for 15-35 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The cultured bacteria are mixed at a ratio of 0.5-2:0.8-2.2:0.6-2.1:0.8-2.2:0.5-2:0.8-2.2:0.6-2.1 volume/volume%. The concentration of the mixed bacterial suspension is 0.5-5%. The enzymes are mixed at a ratio of 0.8-2:0.2-2.5:0.5-1:0.2-1:0.2-1:0.5-1:0.5-1.5 volume/volume%. The concentration of the mixed enzyme is 0.2-5 volume/volume. Preferred Components: The mixed bacterial strain is Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, B.cereus, B.megaterium, B.natto or B.pumilus. The composite enzyme is chosen from acid protease, neutral protease, alkali protease, alpha -amylase, beta -amylase, xylanase, cellulase, pectinase, glucoamylase and phytase. Preferred Method: The method involves culturing the bacteria independently to late logarithmic phase and adding kitchen wastewater to the cultured bacteria. The microorganisms are cultured at 15-60 degrees C for 4-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The discrete material and constituent particles contain polyacrylamide or its derivative, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, iron sulfate, ferric chloride or polyaluminum chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves capturing methane produced during treatment of the wastewater by a wastewater treatment system. The algae comprises Spirulina. The algae comprises lipid-or oil-producing algae selected from bacillariophytes, chlorophytes, cyanophytes, and chrysophytes. The carbon dioxide is captured at night, where the captured carbon dioxide is used during the day. The oxygen is from the algae contained within the wastewater treatment system, where the oxygen is captured during the day. The captured oxygen is used during the night.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred system: The wastewater treatment system comprises a population of bacteria (preferably anaerobic bacteria), where the carbon dioxide is from anaerobic digestion of constituents found in the wastewater. The wastewater treatment system comprises a membrane operating system or membrane biological reactor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method is performed at 1200-1300 degrees C. The amount of material powder added to the mixture is 0.1-2 mol.%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The hydrolytic enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme. The hydrolytic enzyme further comprises an enzyme selected from cellobiase, pectinase, xylanase, and/or mannose. The microorganism is selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium strains.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M2) further involves partially de-ashing the sludge by physical unit. In the method (M2), the cellulase enzyme is produced by taking a quantity of the sludge from the pulp mill process; partially de-ashing the sludge by physical unit; further treating the sludge with an acid, and then washing off the acid with water; further treating the sludge with an alkali; and using the resulting sludge as a substrate to produce the cellulase enzyme. In the method (M1) and (M2), the cellulase enzyme is produced using a cellulase producing microorganism. The physical unit for partially de-ashing the sludge is selected from the water-washing on a screen, continuous centrifugation, air flotation, and solid/liquid separation methods. The pulp mill process is a Kraft paper mill process. The resulting sludge is a primary carbon source and mixtures of organic salts are a primary nitrogen source. Preferred Components: The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and lactic acid (preferably sulfuric acid). The alkali is selected from sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide (preferably sodium hydroxide). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gelling agent is: a hydrocolloid gelling agent; protein-based or polysaccharide-based; or natural gum, agarose or gelatin. The gelling agent gelates at an aqueous concentration of less than or equal to 20 wt.%. The water-in-gas emulsion is a water-in-air emulsion. The exogenous gas is methane, hydrogen, krypton, carbon dioxide, a hydrocarbon or natural gas. The aqueous solution of the gelling agent is at an elevated temperature. Preferred Process: The water-in-gas emulsion is obtained by: agitating an aqueous solution of the gelling agent in the presence of hydrophobic particles; gelating an aqueous solution of the gelling agent to form a gel and agitating the gel in the presence of hydrophobic particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atomic ratio of the strontium and phosphate apatite is 1.60-1.75. The strontium-phosphate apatite is Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ethanol is obtained using biomass as raw material. The synthesized butanol is transferred to the reaction system continuously or intermittently. The ethanol and catalyst are made to react at 200-350 degrees C. The moisture content in the ethanol is 10% or less. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The feedstock fraction comprises feedstock derived from Switchgrass, Indian grass, big bluestem, broadleaf weeds, grass straws, Corn stalks, dedicated energy crops or seed residue. The feedstock fraction comprises feedstock derived from a dedicated energy crop. Preferred Method: The method-1 comprises selecting biomass feedstock from at least two feedstock fractions, each having a known moisture composition and net energy value, in relative amounts to produce pellets having a predetermined net energy value and moisture content; and step (b), where at least one of the feedstock fractions comprises feedstock derived from wood and agricultural crops. The grinding step utilizes hammer mill blade speeds of 1750-2100 rpm. The grinding step heats the feedstock at at least 190 degrees F. The method-2 further comprises prior to the forming step, the step of conditioning the feedstock by heating the feedstock without the addition of moisture or conditioning agents; prior to the selecting step, the step of determining the net energy value and moisture content of the feedstock fractions, where the determining and selecting steps are performed by an automated process; and prior to the selecting step, the step of processing biomass feedstock bales by rotating the bales clockwise and counterclockwise into a hammer mill grinder apparatus to form at least one of the feedstock fractions. The conditioning step comprises heating the feedstock to a temperature above 210 degrees F. In the method-2, the forming step comprises extruding the feedstock through an extruder pellet die operating at 150-175 degrees F with a die size of inside diameter 34 13/16 inches, outside diameter 42 13/16 inches, 13 inches overall die tract, 120 mm die, with a thickness of 4 inches. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ammonia and/or ammonium cleavage step is carried out electrolytically or thermolytically. An electrolytic cleavage of MAP is carried out in a device that operates at 25-374 degrees C and 1-700 Bar, and at a pH of 0-6 or 8-14. The gaseous mixture is mixed with the biogas. Preferred Component: The cleavage is carried out in the presence of transition metal(s) from cobalt, nickel, iron, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, palladium, iridium, copper, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, or lead. The gaseous mixture, obtained by the cleavage step, is a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen, or nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia, and in which the mixture is used to produce electric power (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The anaerobe microorganism contains Pseudomonas FK916 microorganism. The facultative anaerobe microorganism is chosen from lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and yeast. Preferred Composition: The composite microbial group further comprises bromelain enzyme. The culture medium is obtained by mixing rice bran and Japanese-cedar chip. The culture medium further comprises sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is strong acid such as mineral acid, organic acid or acidic ion-exchange resin. Preferred Composition: The catalyst is sulfuric acid present at greater than 90 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material is crude tall oil, crude fatty acid mixture or crude resin acid mixture. The alcohol is methanol. Preferred Method: The raw material is esterified with formic acid to avoid losing fatty acids in internal esterification with sterols and other groups which comprise alcohols. Preferred Composition: The catalyst is p-toluene sulfonic acid present at approximately 0.01-5 (preferably 0.1-0.5) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidant is sodium bromate, manganese dioxide, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone, sodium metaperiodate or potassium persulfate. The molar amount of thiocyanate salt and oxidant is 1-10 (preferably 1-3) moles/mole of 4-trifluoromethoxyaniline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction is performed at a room temperature to 50 degrees C. Preferred Components: The thiocyanate salt is sodium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate or ammonium thiocyanate. ACTIVITY - Neuroprotective.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - 4-Trifluoromethoxy aniline (50 g), ammonium thiocyanate (65 g) and potassium persulfate (90 g) were suspended in acetic acid (250 ml) and the suspension was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature, then for 2 hours at 40 degrees C to complete the reaction. The resultant mixture was diluted with water (500 ml) and ethanol (100 ml), and treated with ammonia until pH 14 was reached. The resulting suspension was filtered and the solid was dried under vacuum to yield raw riluzole. The raw product was then dissolved in a mixture of ethanol (150 ml) and water (250 ml) under reflux. The solution was then cooled to room temperature with crystallization of the desired product. The solid was filtered and dried under vacuum to yield pure riluzole (85%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transesterification of the natural oil takes place at 80-130 degrees C. Preferred Components: The alkanol is methanol and/or ethanol. The aliphatic sulfonic acid is methanesulfonic acid or perfluorobutane sulfonic acid. The aliphatic sulfonic acid is greater than 98 wt.% of methanesulfonic acid or greater than 70 wt.% of methanesulfonic acid azeotropic distillate. The natural oil is a plant oil, preferably soya oil or rapeseed oil. EXAMPLE - Soya oil (600 g), methanol (130.4 g) and methanesulfonic acid (12.1 g) were heated at 110 degrees C and 3.6 bar, and stirred for 100 minutes. Excess methanol was distilled off, the phases were separated, the biodiesel phase was washed with water (200 ml) and residual water was removed to obtain biodiesel (599 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pH of hydrazine containing liquid is maintained at 12.4 or more. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide is silica wool, potassium titanate, and/or silica gel. Preferred Condition: The oxidative-coupling reaction is performed at 600-900 degrees C under atmosphere of steam and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coolants: The natural coolant is butane, isobutane, propane, carbon dioxide or ammonia. The artificial coolant is 1,1-difluoroethane, iodinated trifluoromethane or fluoromethane. Alternately, the working fluid contains mixture of artificial and natural coolants. An inert gas is mixed with working fluid in predetermined ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbonaceous material is subjected to reverse water gas transfer reaction, hydrogenation, carbon dioxide reforming reaction or carbon-carbon dioxide gasification reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The internally cooled methanation regions comprise a nickel containing methanation catalyst. The gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen is synthesis gas obtained by reacting a carbonaceous feed and oxidant in a gasification reaction. The carbonaceous feed comprises coal or petroleum coke.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) includes (wt.%) oleoresin component (0.25-2.25, preferably 1.0-1.5); essential oil (0.1-0.75); and antioxidant i.e. oleoresin of rosemary (0.01-0.25, preferably 0.04-0.07). The oleoresin of Capsicum has a minimum of 500000 scoville heat units. ACTIVITY - Animal Repellent. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Animal repellent was formulated from (wt.%) oil of black pepper (0.5), oleoresin of black pepper (40% piperine, 0.5), oleoresin of Capsicum (0.55), oleoresin of rosemary (0.05), polyvinyl acetate adhesive (9.0), Kelgum (RTM: mixture of xanthan gum and locust bean gum) (0.07), Mapeg (RTM: mixture of polyethylene glycol esters of mono- and diesters of various fatty acids) (0.5), lecithin (3.0), acetic acid (0.6), soybean oil (5.0), and water (80.23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition has a reducibility of at least 85%, preferably at least 90%. The composition has the proportion of supported oxide of at most 75 wt.%, preferably at most 30 wt.%. Preferred Components: The divided particles or aggregates of supported oxide have a size of at most 50 nm, preferably at most 5 nm. The supported oxide of the composition is a mixture of cerium oxide, zirconium oxide and at least one oxide of a rare earth element other than cerium, where the atomic ratio of cerium/zirconium is at least 1 and the composition, after calcination of 6 hours at at least 800 degrees C, has a reducibility of at least 35%, preferably at least 40% measured at 50-700 degrees C. The supported oxide of the composition: comprises alumina or alumina stabilized by at least one element comprising rare earth element, silicon and zirconium; is a mixture of cerium oxide, zirconium oxide and a rare earth oxide other than cerium, and is based on alumina stabilized by an element of the group consisting of barium, strontium and lanthanum; and is a mixture of cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide and an oxide of a rare earth other than cerium and praseodymium, and is made of alumina stabilized by an element of the group consisting of barium, strontium and lanthanum. The mass further comprises at least one reducible oxide comprising oxides of the nickel, copper, cobalt, iron and manganese elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous metal support comprises iron, chromium, iron-chromium alloy, stainless steel, nickel, nickel-chromium alloy, cobalt alloy, manganese alloy and/or aluminum alloy. The porous barrier layer is stabilized zirconia and/or substituted ceria, and mixed oxide of spinel structure. The porous electrode layer comprises a mixture of nickel oxide, stabilized zirconia and/or substituted ceria. The dense electrolyte layer comprises stabilized zirconia. The barrier reaction layer and air or oxygen porous electrode layer comprise substituted ceria. The ionic conductor comprises stabilized zirconium and substituted ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolysable metal consists of zinc, nickel or manganese. The anode is made of titanium nitride, chromium copper alloy and chromium copper alloy and nitride alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fatty acid alkyl ester is 4-25C fatty acid methyl ester. The 2-butyl alcohol or isobutyl alcohol is derived from biomass. The iodine number of the fatty acid alkyl ester is 60 g/100 g or less. Preferred Composition: The composition contains 2-butyl alcohol or isobutyl alcohol (1-50 vol.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas selective-combustion layer of gas detection unit comprises sintered alumina supporting a catalyst comprising alloy containing palladium and/or platinum.The gas sensing layer and distortion sensing layer consists of tin oxide.The electric insulation layer and protective layer consist of silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The sensing electrode layer and conductive layer consists of palladium, platinum and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The wetland plant is Canna, reed, wild rice shoots, cattail, Scirpus tabernaemontani, Thalia dealbata, or Cypella herbertii.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is fine sand, crude sand, gravel, scree, zeolite, ceramsite, crock, ash, blast furnace slag, or slag. The substrate can be 0.8 m thick which comprises, from bottom to top, 0.25 m thick big gravel having grain diameter of 50-60 mm, 0.4 m thick small gravel having grain diameter of 20-30 mm, and 0.15 m thick sand having grain diameter of 10-15 m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The steps of utilizing the facultatively anaerobic degrading bacteria to degrade the benzene compound in underground water comprises: (A) selecting Microbacterium schleiferi HBSD-C which is refrigerated and stored on an inclined face by an inoculating ring; inoculating it into a 30 mL sterilized test tube which contains 10 mu L of benzene, 10 mu L toluene, 10 mu L dimethylbenzene, 10 mu L sym-trimethylbenzene and 10 mL inorganic salt separation culture medium; and activating and culturing for 36 hours at 15-40 degrees C by constant-temperature shaking to obtain activated bacteria suspension liquid; (B) mixing the benzene compound polluted underground water and activated bacteria suspension liquid at a ratio of 50 mL to 50 mu L; and (C) then culturing at 15-40 degrees C for 72 hours to obtain the degraded underground water. Preferred Components: The benzene compound comprises benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene and sym-trimethylbenzene, and the mixing ratio is any ratio when more than two of them are mixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The soaking is done at 80-100 degrees C. The vacuum drying is done at 30-50 degrees C. Preferred Component: The ratio of bamboo leaves and water is 1:15-25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The capsule further comprises fat and oil raw material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves removing organic acid from the to-be-processed liquid resin by adjusting the pH in the range of 7 plus minus 1. The ion exchange resin is a strongly basic anion resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert gas comprises nitrogen. The dryer can remove moisture present in the lignocellulosic material such that an absolute moisture content of the lignocellulosic material is less than 15 wt.%. The dryer employs energy received from a hot gas at up to 1000 degrees C. The system further comprises a combustion unit which produces a flue gas supplied to the dryer for drying lignocellulosic material. Preferred Method: The torrefaction reactor operates at 5-20 bar and 220-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: vibrating the mechanical reactor for at least 2 hours; and sealing the pre-mix for at least 48 hours. Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium hydrate, sodium hydroxide, ethoxyethanol acetate and 99.9 vol.% of ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbe includes a methanogen type of microbe. The type of microbe is selected from algae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and/or protist. The biochar is a carbonized plant material. The microbe is bacteria. The reactor comprises an anaeorobic digester. Preferred Method: The manure is a material selected from poultry litter, and/or dairy manure. The material includes both biomass (preferably algal biomass) and manure. The gas is methane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves: directing the biogas produced during the incubating step to a combined heat and power unit; cutting or grinding the biomass prior to the mixing step, where the cutting or grinding step is performed until the biomass comprises particles with an average size of 2-50 millimeters; pretreating the biomass with alkali; and dewatering the effluent prior to the mixing step. The incubating step further involves: adding a supplemental portion of the digestion effluent to the mixture during the incubating step, where the adding step is performed intermittently during the incubating step. The mixing step is performed outside the solid state anaerobic digester. Preferred Components: The biomass comprises a lignocellulosic material. The solid organic biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Preferred System: The system further comprises: a pump integrated along the conduit, where the pump oriented to receive digestion effluent from the liquid anaerobic digester and impel it toward the solid waste digestion vessel; a mixing chamber integrated along the conduit, where the mixing chamber comprises unit for mixing the solid organic biomass with the digestion effluent; a size reduction unit comprising unit for chopping or grinding the solid organic material to reduce particle sizes; a pretreatment holding chamber connected to the mixing chamber comprising in it an alkali and the solid organic material; and a combined heat and power unit in communication with the solid state anaerobic digester. The communication comprises at least one of biogas communication and hot water communication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microbial species are Pachysolen tannophilus that are immobilized in calcium alginate that is in the form of beads having a diameter of 3 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The production comprises cooking the wood chips in a pressure reactor. The separation comprises pressing the biomass residue to express a portion of the liquid hydrolysate from the biomass residue, and pressing the cooked wood chips to express a portion of the liquid hydrolysate from the cooked wood chips and the cooked wood chips comprise the biomass residue. The process further comprises removing lignin from the biomass residue to form a paper pulp. The high value product is removed by adsorption or by filtration. Preferred Components: The monosaccharrides (more than 80%) in the separated liquid hydrolysate are converted to ethanol. The compacted biomass has a water content of less than 45 (preferably 25%). The compacted biomass comprises hemicellulose ( not greater than 10 wt.%), and has an energy density of greater than 7500 Btu/lb. The compacted biomass has a water content of less than 45 (preferably 25%). The compacted biomass comprises hemicellulose ( not greater than 10 wt.%), and has an energy density of greater than 7500 Btu/lb. The biomass fiber source is wood or bagasse. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton-acid group is of formula: -CnH2n-SO3Y'.Y'=H, sodium, potassium, or silver, preferably silver;andn=1-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aromatic polyether has repeating unit of formula (I) and repeating unit of formula (II). The aromatic polyether is copolymer having repeating units of formulae (III) and (IV), or copolymer having repeating units of formulae (V) and (VI).X=H, proton-acid group, -CmH2m+1, -Cl, -F, -CF3 or -CN;A1,A2=direct bond, -CH2-, -C(CpH2p+1)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -O-, -SO2 or -CO-;A3=-SO2 or -CO-;j,k,l=0 or 1;m,p=1-10;R1-R6=H or -CrH2r+1;andr=1-8.(i) At least one of X is proton-acid group; (ii) The copolymerization ratio of the repeating units (III) and (V) is 0.2-0.8; (iii) The copolymerization ratio of the repeating unit (IV) and (VI) is 0.8-0.2; and (iv) The sum of each of the copolymerization ratio of the repeating units (III) and (IV), and repeating units (V) and (VI) is 1. Preferred Process: The maximum heating temperature of the thermal decomposition is 500-1000 degrees C. Preferred Property: The thickness of the carbon film is 20-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing sawdust biomass and lees in weight ratio of 70:20, pressing and drying the mixture until 10-20% of moisture content is removed, and pelletizing the dried mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves increasing carbon content of the soil. The biodiesel co-product (BCP) is neutralized with phosphoric acid. The BCP comprises carbon (20-70%). The BCP is obtainable by transesterification of triglycerides. The pH of BCP is decreased to pH of 6.5-10 before applying the BCP to the soil. The BCP is neutralized before applying the BCP to the soil. The pH of the BCP is decreased with phosphoric acid. The method (M3) involves increasing carbon and/or nitrogen content of the soil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The produced hydrogen comprises specified amount of carbon monoxide (CO). The steam-reforming catalyst particle comprises nickel (Ni)/alumina (Al2O3)pellets. The hydrogen selective element is made of palladium (Pd)-silver (Ag) foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The co-solvent contains ethanol and methanol in ratio of 1:1. Preferred Surfactant: The surfactant is fatty acid methyl ester, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, triethanolamine or ammonia. The fatty acid is oleic acid. Preferred Catalyst: The combustion catalyst is calcium naphthenate, iron naphthenate or kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The system further comprises (d) decomposition product addition apparatus which adds a substance to decompose protein in the organic sludge. The heat emitted from waste heat boiler (e) is utilized by the system, where the heat boiler is attached to the cement manufacturing equipment. The system performs indirect heating of the sludge using waste gas or thermal medium. Preferred Method: The Method involves adding the substance to decompose protein to the drying apparatus before performing drying step. The condensed water is desalted water. The method further involves adding activated carbon to the condensed water. Preferred Composition: The substance comprises strong base, strong acid and substance of one or more protein degradation enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The first immobilized microbe strain is a bacterium. The second immobilized microbe strain is a yeast. The second immobilized microbe strain is capable of fermenting a hexose mannose to a biofuel. The immobilized fermentative microbe strain is Pichia, Candida, Klyveromyces and/or Zymomonas mobilis (NREL strain 8b).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The immobilization medium is a calcium alginate bead having a diameter of 0.1-5 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon compound is silane compound, alkylsilane compound, alkoxysilane compound, siloxane compound or silazane compound. The aluminum compound is alkylaluminum compound or alkoxyaluminum compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermosetting resin is thermosetting phenol resin. Preferred Property: The surface-treated molded product has arithmetic mean height of 0.4-1.4 mu m based on JIS B0601:2001.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme is enzyme that has decomposition activity of hydrogen sulfide or trimethylamine. Preferred Cell: The microbial cell of L.paracasei is obtained by culturing L.paracasei at 25-40 degrees C in liquid medium containing protein hydrolyzate, where the liquid medium further contains skimmed milk powder and acetic acid, the pH of the liquid medium is 5-6.5, and the L.paracasei is L.paracasei strain HAK-Niotwo (FERM AP-21474). The culturing process is performed until the microbial cell proliferates in culture solution and reaches lag phase. The microbial cells are crushed by using high voltage emulsification apparatus. The pH of the deodorizer is 4.5-5.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the device, a bottom of the separation tank is further provided with an ultrasonic generator, and a place close to an outlet of the condenser is further connected with a reverse tube, an end of which is connected with the condenser. The device comprises: a first condenser which is provided at a downstream side of the reaction vessel to condense gas distilled from the reaction vessel; a separation tank which is provided at a downstream side of the first condenser to separate liquid condensed from the condenser into water and oil; a second condenser which is provided at a downstream side of the separation tank to re-condense non-condensed and non-liquefied gas from the first condenser; and a mixing tank which is provided at a downstream side of the second condenser to mix liquid condensed by the second condenser with liquid condensed by the first condenser and from the separation tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the thermal pyrolysis cracking step, the internal pressure of the reaction vessel is kept at below 1 kg/cm2, preferably 0.5-0.8 kg/cm2, and the temperature control is divided into several phases at 130-500 degrees C and is preferably divided into three phases. The separation step includes using an ultrasonic generator at the separation tank to cut off polymers in liquid inside the separation tank. The process comprises step (a)-(c) as above per se, guiding non-liquefied gas from the condensation and separation steps into a second condenser for cooling at temperature lower than that of the first condenser, allowing part of the gas to be re-condensed as liquid, guiding the liquid which is condensed through the second condenser into a mixing tank and mixing the liquid with oil in the liquid which is guided into the mixing tank from the separation tank, and discharging outside non-liquefied gas in the mixing tank by a suction pump. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Peptide: The cellulose binding peptide comprises 20-30 amino acid residues. Preferred Method: The solution is incubated until 20% or more of cellulose binding peptide is disconnected. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The bioreactors are interconnected with one another by gas lines and separated by electrically controlled valves. All measured gas values are read in a free programmable controller, processed, visually displayed and adjusted on a computed-aided visualization according to the actual and desired value specifications. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The inclined culture comprises (in g): of potato (200), peptone (10), glucose (40), agar (20) and 1000 ml of water. The liquid culture comprises glucose (20), yeast powder (20), monopotassium phosphate (0.5) and bran (60). The Verticillium lecanii strain (CGMCC NO 3521) is isolated from Verticillium lecanii belonging to Aleyrodidae family. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The drying processing system further has a decomposition product addition apparatus used for adding substance which decomposes protein in organic sludge, into drying apparatus. The heat source is thermal medium discharged from incineration boiler (3) attached to waste incinerator. The waste incinerator and incinerated ash water cooling/washing apparatus are adjoined with a cement manufacturing equipment. The incinerated ash from the incinerator is used as cement raw material (R) after washing. Indirect heating of organic sludge is carried out with waste gas or thermal medium. The substance which decomposes protein consists of strong base, strong acid substance and/or protein degradation enzyme. Activated carbon is added to condensed water when using condensed water as desalted water (L) of incinerated ash. The waste incinerator incinerates waste plastic, municipal solid waste, car shredder dust and/or wood chip.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic matter where the microalgae act is at room temperature. Preferred Components: The acid is phosphoric acid. The non-polar solvent is hexane. BIOLOGY ? Preferred Components: The microalgae used belong to the Botryococcus species. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The culture soil is obtained by further adding lightweight materials to the sludge mixture. The fermentation process is carried out in aerobic state. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cellulose is chosen from endoglucanase, exoglucanase and beta -glucosidase. Preferred Method: The cellulose containing substance is chosen from waste material containing used paper and paper sludge collected from paper pulp factory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises a biodiesel fuel. Preferred Components: The phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant has the structure of formula (a). The diphenylamine antioxidant has the structure of formula (b). The sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant has the structure of formula (c). The diphenylamine antioxidant comprises at least one octylated/butylated diphenylamine antioxidant and also comprises thiodiethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate). The phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant is octylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine. The diphenylamine antioxidant and (A) are present: in a weight ratio of 9:1-1:9 to each other, respectively; and at 0.3-7 (preferably 0.5-3 or 0.9-3.5) parts by weight, or less than about 2.1 parts by weight. The biodiesel fuel is present at 1-50 wt.%, or 0.5-6 parts by weight. The biodiesel fuel comprises at least one fatty acid methyl ester of a vegetable or oleaginous seed oil. The fatty acid methyl ester is a soy oil fatty acid methyl ester, a rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester, a palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, or a coconut oil fatty acid methyl ester. The biodiesel fuel is a first, second, or third generation biodiesel fuel. The base oil is American petroleum institute (API) Group II or Group III base oil, preferably API Group II base oil.R1 = 6-12C aryl (optionally substituted by 1-3 1-18C alkyl);R1a = H, 1-18C alkyl or 7-14C aralkyl;x = 0-6;y = 2-20; andR = 1-6C alkyl.Preferred Method: (I) is diluted with the biodiesel fuel in a lubricant sump of a diesel engine. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of (in wt.%): 80/20 weight ratio of a mixture of octylated/butylated diphenylamine and thiodiethylene bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) (1.35); and 15W-40 oil (i.e. heavy duty diesel engine oil) (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflector contains titanium dioxide particles with particle sizes of sub-micrometer or nanometer. The near-infrared absorber contains an inorganic pigment based on rare earth elements. The photo-bioreactor is made of mineral glass or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The optical brightener contains a compound of thiophene-benzoxazole basis. The photochromic dye contains spiro-naphthoxazine or naphthopyran. The antimicrobial additive contains a compound of carbamate- or silver-basis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is formed as amorphous or semicrystalline. The polymer is a transparent polyvinylchloride, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polystyrene, polyethyleneterephthalate and/or polybutyleneterephthalate, partially or completely fluorinated polymers e.g. polyvinylidenefluoride or perfluoralkoxyalkane, or their copolymers or alloys. The plastic molded parts are formed from different layers by co-extrusion, lamination or coating, and the additives in the different layers have different concentrations. The tube-shaped extruded plastic molded parts have a tube wall with a spiral-shaped inner surface. The tube wall has a cavity-free inner surface. The tube wall is formed on the inside as a static mixer. The tube-shaped plastic molded parts are connected with a tri-clamp connection. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complex mixture of natural occurring oils and fats includes inedible oils, animal fats, highly saturated oils, waste food oils and/or by-products of the refining of vegetable oils. The fatty acids are the only feedstock of the steam-cracker. The fatty acids are introduced in the steam-cracker as mixed with at least a conventional feedstock of liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha or gas oil. The fatty acids have been obtained by: steam distillation or vacuum distillation of the complex mixture; and hydrolysis of triglycerides to make glycerol and fatty acids and removal of glycerol, where the hydrolysis has been carried out thermally or catalytically. The triglycerides consist substantially of the solid triglycerides fraction, obtained by segregation of fats and oils into a substantially liquid triglyceride fraction and a substantially solid triglyceride fraction by winterization or dry fractionation and the solid triglyceride fraction is hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol and the glycerol removed. The fatty acids are hydrogenated to obtain substantially saturated fatty acids. The triglycerides are hydrogenated to obtain triglycerides with substantially saturated fatty acids moieties. Preferred Process: In the steam-cracking process, the hydrocarbon feedstock is mixed with steam in a ratio of 0.3-0.5, preferably 0.3-0.4 kg steam/kg hydrocarbon feedstock. The mixture is heated up to a temperature of 750-950 degrees C at a residence time of 0.05-0.5, preferably 0.05-0.15 seconds. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The high pressure electrolysis is carried out at a pressure of greater than 10 bars, preferably greater than 100 bars. The PEM-high pressure electrolysis is carried out at a temperature of 5-100 degrees C. The obtained gases are stored in a high-pressure accumulator or a gas cylinder (11, 20). The high pressure electrolysis is carried out using excess energy obtained from wind power plant. The total balance of carbon dioxide is improved by using eco-friendly energy. The high pressure electrolysis produces a primary pressure of 10 bars and further the compression is carried out by a mechanical compressor (5). The gas produced is purified.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electrolyzer is connected downstream with another compressor. The device further comprises: a gas cylinder for direct filling of the generated gases; and units for purifying the produced gases (6, 7). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chemical agent comprises (in wt.%) insecticidal component (0.5-5), caking additive and base material in incense sticks form comprises one or more types of di-t-butylphenol type stabilizer at 250 degrees C or more. The pyrethroid compound is chosen from one or more types of compound chosen from metofluthrin, profluthrin and transflurthrin. ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism can reduce the amount floating solid content whose weight concentration of a sewage sludge is 25% or more at 60 degrees C and cultured for 48 hours. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is Anoxybacillus MS8 (FERM AP-21818).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The agent further comprises cyanocobalamin. Preferred Component: The concentrate is waste liquid obtained by fermentation of treacle using yeast.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ion exchange resin contains conjugated cation as proton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The solid catalyst is washed at temperature of boiling point vicinity of alcohol. Transesterification is carried out by batch process. The reaction product remained in system is extracted in batches, before washing the solid catalyst. The manufacturing apparatus has a drain valve provided in lower position of circulation piping (18), which connects the entrance and exit sides of container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of water is 5-15 volume%, preferably 6-13 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: contacting the catalyst precursor mixture and the chemical hydride prior to contacting with water; and contacting the generated hydrogen with one or more fuel cells. Preferred Components: The fuel source comprises a pellet. The chemical hydride comprises sodium borohydride. The catalyst precursor comprises one or more water-soluble salts of halides, nitrates, sulfates, acetates, phosphates, carbonates, cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), tungsten (W), indium (In), tin (Sn), and/or tantalum (Ta). The hygroscopic salt comprises one or more of calcium sulfate, potassium acetate, alkali hydroxides, calcium chloride zinc chloride, cobalt (II) chloride, copper chloride, iron chloride, nickel (II) chloride and/or nitrate salts. The catalyst precursor and the hygroscopic salt are pre-mixed. The pellet comprises a concentration gradient of the catalyst precursor. In the fuel source, an inner portion of the pellet comprises a higher concentration on the concentration gradient of the catalyst precursor as an outer portion of the pellet. The two or more pellets are stacked. The inner pellet within the stacked pellets has a higher concentration of catalyst, hygroscopic salt or both. The water is: from ambient; and produced by the fuel cell reaction. The electrochemical cells comprise the fuel cells. EXAMPLE - Sodium borohydride (0.37 g) was mixed and ground with cobalt (II) chloride (0.005 g) at 1 wt.%. Then, the mixture was pressed as a pellet. The pellet was exposed to the ambient humidity to generate hydrogen, and worked up to give a fuel source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves using heterotrophic culture containing waste material as an organic carbon source and culturing the algae or algae like species in a dark fermenter or bioreactor. The method further involves using carbon dioxide produced during the phototropic culture process as carbon source for heterotrophic culture process. Preferred Components: The biomass comprises lipids. The waste material is chosen from wastewater and waste solids. The wastewater and waste solids are chosen from agricultural wastes, industrial pulps, organic fraction municipal waste, algae biomass residue, and any other organic waste containing available organic carbon utilized by the cultured microorganisms. The seed produced from the heterotrophic culture has a cell count of 107 to 109 cells/ml or more. Preferred System: The system further comprises (i) one or more detectors for detecting and providing output regarding growth conditions in the open pond or reactor, (ii) one or more controllers for controlling shut down or start up operation of the open pond or reactor in response to the output provided by the detectors. The growth conditions are chosen from light, temperature, and presence of contamination. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises separately preparing a palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component and a USY-type zeolite, and mixing them. Preferred Components: The ratio (by weight) of the palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component to the USY-type zeolite is 0.1-1.5 (palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component/USY-type zeolite). The amount of supported palladium and/or platinum in the palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component is 0.1-5 wt.%. The support for the palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component is silica. The specific surface area of the silica support for the palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component is 450 m2/g or more. The USY-type zeolite has a silicon dioxide/alumina ratio of 5-50. EXAMPLE - Silica, which was a support for the palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component, was pulverized to 20-40 mesh, sized and dried. A 50 mg/ml aqueous solution of diamminepalladium(II) nitrate (8.8 ml) was added drop by drop to the silica (20 g). After sufficiently impregnating the solution into pores, the silica was dried in a drying machine at 120 degrees C for 12 hours. The above process of impregnation and drying was repeated two more times. The silica impregnated with palladium was calcined at 450 degrees C in the air for 8 hours. Subsequently, it was mechanically pulverized to give a palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component. A mechanically powdered proton-type USY zeolite with a silicon dioxide/alumina ratio of 10, was used as a USY-type zeolite. The palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component thus prepared and the USY-type zeolite were homogeneously mixed and the mixture was molded by a tablet-compression and sized to give a granular molded catalyst having an average particle size of 1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The final landfill gas stream comprises 96 mol.% of methane, less than 1 mol.% of carbon dioxide, and less than 4 mol.% of nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: A soft metal oxide film is further laminated on metal oxide film. The thermal spray decomposition method is carried out by spraying heated solution obtained by dispersing metal complex in a solvent. The solvent is toluene. The metal complex is acetyl acetonate complex having aluminum as metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a regulating unit for individually controlling the rate at which each feed is fed into the pyrolysis unit. The regulating unit can serve to modulate the properties of the produced pyrolysis oil. The separation unit utilizes a distillation technique. The hydrotreating unit comprises a supported active catalyst component comprising cobalt-molybdenum, nickel-molybdenum and/or noble metals. The isomerization unit comprises a supported noble metal isomerization catalyst. In the system, there are at least three feeds in communication with the pyrolysis unit, where the feeds comprise a biomass feed, a waste plastic feed, and a Fischer-Tropsch wax feed. The Fischer-Tropsch wax feed is supplied from an integrated gas-to-liquids processing unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second catalyst surface comprises a particle consisting of gold (Au)/titanium dioxide (TiO2), platinum (Pt)/silicon dioxide (SiO2), silver (Ag)/sulfur dioxide (SO2), Au/aluminum trioxide (Al2O3), Pt/Al2O3, palladium (Pd)/Al2O3, rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, and metals of Au, Pt, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd and/or Rh with ceramic particles consisting of TiO2, SO2, SiO2 and/or Al2O3. The first catalyst has an average particle size of 2-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises capturing the thiophene as a liquid or gaseous phase. The dehydrogenation is carried out in many microchannel reactors, where the pressure in each succeeding reactor is less than the prior reactor, and the temperature in each succeeding reactor is higher than the prior reactor. The alkane thiol moiety is a pentane thiol, a hexane thiol or a heptane thiol, each having the thiol moiety at the N1 position or its mixture. The liquid organic material is optionally substituted cyclic thioether having 0-2 (1-2C) alkane groups as the substitutions at positions at 2,4, or 3,5 of the thiophene at a ring carbon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic gas is carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. The gas mixture comprises carbon dioxide, and methane or carbon dioxide, and hydrogen as main components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The partial structure (I) is preferably of formula: -(CH2-C(-R1)(-C(=O)-O-W'1-(L2)l-R7))- (III). The partial structure (II) is preferably of formula (IV). The gas separation film is formed using a composition (A) containing fluorine-containing compound of formula: H2C=C(-R1)(-J'1-W'1-A) (V), and/or coupling group-containing compound of formula: (H2C=C(-R2)-J'2-W'2)y-L1 (VI), or a composition (B) containing bivalent coupling group-containing compound of formula: H2C=C(-R1)(-J1-W'1-R5) (VII) and/or bivalent coupling group-containing compound of formula: (H2C=C(-R2)-J2-W'2)n-L2 (VIII), or composition (C) containing fluorine-containing compound (V) and/or bivalent coupling group-containing compound (VIII). The fluorine-containing compound (V) is preferably of formula: H2C=C(-R1)(-C(=O)-O-W'1-(L2)l-R7) (IX). The bivalent coupling group-containing compound (VIII) is preferably of formula (X).R7=R2;L2,L3=-CF2- or -CF2CF2O-;l,m,x,z=1 or more;J'1=-CO-, -COO-, -CONR3-, -OCO-, methylene, phenylene or -C6H4CO-;R3,R4=R6;A=fluoro or substituent having fluoro;J'2=-CO-, -COO-, -CONR40-, -OCO-, methylene, phenylene or -C6H4CO-;R5,R7=R1;andW'3,W'4=W'1.Preferred Property: The gas separation film has glass transition temperature of 50 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The API (0.01-40 wt.%) is opioid receptor antagonist, anesthetics, local anesthetics, anti-asthmatics, antiinflammatory substances, analgesics, opiates, bronchodilators, anti-hypertensive drugs, hormones, contraceptives, anti-nauseants, anti-histamines, stimulants, anti-anginal drug, opiate receptor agonists, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, neuromuscular drugs, anabolic drugs, anti-emetics, decongestants, vasoconstrictors, sedatives, psychotropics, diuretics, vasodilators, hypnotics, anti-pyretics, and anti-spasmodics consisting of sulfentanil, lidocaine, piroxicam, fentanyl, albuterol, diclofenac, estradiol, buprenorphine, clonidine, ethinyl estradiol, ketoprofen, loratadine, qranisetron, memantine, naltrexone, nicotine, methylphenidate, nitroglycerin, oxybutynin, risperidone, norelgestromin, rivastigmine, scopolamine, selegiline, rotigotine, testosterone, tulobuterol, desloratadine and dexmethylphenidate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The HMW PIB is pre-processed in a single-screw extruder prior to being fed into extruding apparatus, where the extruder is heated to 85-500 degrees F. The HMW PIB has mol. wt. of 100000-800000 (preferably 200000-425000) g/mol. The HMW PIB and LMW PIB are mixed in twin-screw extruder. The LMW PIB having mol. wt. of 35000-100000 (preferably 36000-75000) g/mol is heated to temperature of 65-500 degrees F. The ratio of HMW PIB to LMW PIB is 20:80-85:15. The method includes adding additive(s) to API/PIB melt; laminating the composition (C1) between backing layer and release liner to produce a transdermal delivery device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The concentration in inside of liquid medium of barley tea extraction lees is greater than or equal to 3 preferably 4-15% (w/v). The concentration in inside of liquid medium of ammonia nitrogen or amino nitrogen is 30-660 preferably 40-580 mM. Preferred Component: The microorganisms which belong to Trichoderma genus are Trichoderma reeseis. The barley tea extraction lees contains 6-row barley, and/or 2-row barley. Preferred Process: The method involves adding barley tea extraction lees with respect to liquid medium in process of culturing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic waste is resin containing methyl methacrylate unit.
ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is capable of producing hydrogen. The microorganism is methanogenic strain. Preferred Method: The culturing of microorganism generates nitrogen and methane from the waste water. The fermentation process is performed under anaerobic condition. The culturing process is performed in room containing light-emitting diode (LED) light source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The materials are carbonized in the carbonizer for 15-20 minutes. The gas added in the carbonizer decreases carbonization temperature to 50-80 degrees C. The hot wind formed in the sealed delivery belt enters into a sealed delivery belt for drying and preheating the materials. When the gas in carbonizer is discharged at normal pressure, the compressor exhausts gas at - 1 to 2 MPa negative pressure. Steel balls with different sizes are arranged in the carbonizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The oil is vegetable oil that is selected from soy oil, babassu oil, peanut oil, corn oil or Jatropha oil. The fat is animal fat that is selected from pork fat, beef fat, poultry fat or fish fat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Primary alcohol is also used in the preparation of fatty acid esters. The primary alcohol is methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: After removing the liquid CO2, the methane is transferred to a liquefier in which it is cooled with liquid nitrogen and the resulting methane gas/nitrogen mixture and liquid methane are taken off. The gaseous methane is circulated and, in particular, returned to the cyclone stage. The pressure of the liquefied methane is reduced by a throttle and the resulting gas phase is used for cooling the incoming methane gas stream, while the liquid phase is transferred to suitable tanks, containers and cylinders for further use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The thickness of the biofilm is 100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass raw material is crab shell or shrimp shell, and bamboo. The weight ratio of the bamboo and crab shell is 1:2. Preferred Process: The adsorption of methane using the storage material is carried out at carbonization temperature of 900 degrees C under impregnation ratio of 1 and pressure of 3.5 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfite is chosen from sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, potassium sulfite and calcium sulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 20C or less isoparaffin contained in component (C) is 30 %mass or more. The content of component (A) is 0.1-3 %mass. The component (C) further contains solid oil component. The composition further contains tetramethyl trihydroxy hexadecane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film is zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred precursor: The precursor is solid precursor dissolved in solvent having boiling point closely matched to that of the solid precursor to create as solution-based precursor. The concentration of the solution is 0.05-1 (preferably 0.1) M. Preferred Components: The solvent is alkane, alkene, alkyne or aromatic. The oxygen precursor is water vapor, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, ozone, N2O, nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, other alcohols, other acids or another oxidant. The nitrogen precursor is ammonia, hydrazine or amine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Precursors are specifically claimed as the precursor (P1) i.e. (MeCp)2ZrMe2, (Me5Cp)2ZrMe2 and (t-BuCp)2ZrMe2.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of limonene in the cooled pasteurized citrus waste solids is below 3000 (preferably below 1500) parts per million (ppm). The preheater reactor is indirectly heated by the separated vapor containing water and peel oil components and where the separated vapor containing water and peel oil components is condensed to form condensed water and peel oil components. The condensed water and peel oil components are separated into water and oil fractions. The method is operated on a continuous basis. The microbial count in the cooled pasteurized citrus waste solids exhibits at least a 5 log reduction in microbial colony forming units in comparison to untreated citrus waste. The preheating is conducted at 55-99 degrees C. The heating is conducted at 100-160 degrees C, and at a pressure of 0-300 psi for 1-300 minutes. The method consists essentially of pretreating the solid citrus waste by preheating the solid citrus waste through indirect heating in a preheater reactor to form preheated solid citrus waste and conveying the preheated solid citrus waste to a main reactor, heating the preheated solid citrus waste at 90-200 degrees C through a combination of indirect and direct heating in a main reactor to produce pasteurized citrus waste solids and a vapor containing water and peel oil components, separating the pasteurized citrus waste solids and the vapor containing water and peel oil components to produce separated pasteurized citrus waste solids and separated vapor containing water and peel oil components, cooling the separated pasteurized citrus waste solids to produce cooled pasteurized citrus waste solids, and saccharifying and fermenting the cooled pasteurized citrus waste solids; and optionally reducing the particle size of the citrus waste prior to the preheating. The water is added in the method only in the form of steam during the heating. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves performing aeration treatment of underground soil and/or water before reducing dissolved oxygen concentration, and adding trace elements and organic substance which assist the growth of microorganisms. Preferred Component: The contaminant is chlorinated volatile organic compound and nitric acid nitrate nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent comprises an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol, an ester, a carboxylic acid or a ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition further comprises catalyst, where the catalyst is calcium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition is oxygen-free. The fuel composition has: a level of oxygen that is less than the level of oxygen in biodiesel; and a level of oxygen that is less than 2000 parts per million oxygen based on the fuel composition. The fuel composition includes molecules and each of the molecules has a carbon chain length of 12-14C. The fuel composition comprises an alkane. The cloud point of the fuel composition is lower than the cloud point of the alkyl ester-containing product. Preferred Components: The oil is biological sources including vegetable oil, crop seed oil, animal oil and/or animal fat. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and/or butanol. The alkyl ester-containing product comprises alkyl ester comprising methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, isopropyl ester and/or butyl ester. The alkyl ester-containing product comprises biodiesel. Preferred Method: The reacting step is conducted in accordance with a transesterification reaction. The removing step is conducted in accordance with a nucleophilic acyl reaction. The removing step further comprises removing a portion of carbon atoms from the alkyl ester-containing product. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The B.antarctica comprises a 16S rRNA exhibiting at least 95% homology to sequence corresponding to B.antarctica strain AL-1 deposited under accession number KCTC 11531 BP. The 16S rRNA comprises a 1022 base pair sequence exhibiting at least 95% homology to base pair sequence capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with the base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) fully defined in the specification. The method involves culturing B.antarctica by spreading sample containing seawater and brown algae on a multilayer plate medium and isolating B.antarctica. The multilayer plate medium comprises (in weight/volume%): lower layer containing sodium chloride (2.5), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.1), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (0.05), potassium chloride (0.05), ammonium chloride (0.1) and agar (2%) and an upper layer containing sodium alginate (1) and agar (2). The culture solution of the B.antarctica is prepared by inoculating the B.antarctica into medium containing alginate, laminarin and peptone and culturing the B.antarctica at 20-35 degrees C for 12-60 hours. The supernatant is obtained by centrifuging the culture solution of the B.antarctica at 10000-15000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 1-30 minutes. The lysate of the B.antarctica cells is prepared by disintegrating the B.antarctica cells present in the culture solution using a sonicator. An acidic catalyst is further added during the saccharifying process. The method further involves pretreating the brown algae before the saccharification process to obtain polysaccharides. The pretreating process involves heating brown algae biomass at high temperature or treating brown algae biomass with acid. The method further involves fermenting monosaccharides using microorganism. The microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pachysolen tannophilus. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The cleaning treatment of wastewater is performed using composite coagulant of organic polymer coagulant and inorganic coagulant, organic polymer coagulant or inorganic coagulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ratio of circulating stream to fresh gas stream is less than that used in a method of producing methanol comprising the steps (a)-(e) alone. The ratio of circulating stream to fresh gas stream is 10-90% (preferably 50-80%) than that of a method for producing methanol comprising the steps (a)-(e) alone. The ratio of circulating stream to fresh gas stream is regulated depending on the portion of inert components in the fresh gas stream. In the step (g): the obtained gas stream is separated from the process; and the obtained methanol is supplied to further product processing. The methanol obtained in the step (g), before supplying to product processing, is combined with the methanol obtained in the step (b). The synthesis reactor, water-coolers, gas-coolers and secondary reactors are adiabatically operated. Two synthesis reactors are provided, where the first synthesis reactor is operated as a water-cooler and the second reactor is operated as gas-cooler. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The waste liquid comprises cutting fluid. The method involves adding fixed quantity of microorganism continuously for every fixed time. The method further involves blowing air or oxygen to the organic waste liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The seaweed is chosen from Gelidiaceae, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, cottonii, spinosum, Irish morris, tangleweed, wakame, Mozuku seaweed and sporophyll of Mozuku seaweed, Monostroma nitidum and Spirulina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole regulator comprises hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves culturing microorganism in culture medium containing nitrogen source and performing autolysis by lipase at 80-120 degrees C for 1-24 hours. The gene encoding lipase is introduced or amplified in microorganism. The microorganism is Rhodococcus opacus. The gene encoding lipase is chosen from SEQ ID NOs: 5, 8, 17, 18 and 19. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganisms are chosen from one of 85 microorganisms e.g. Aeromonas, Achromobacter, Acidovorax delafieldii, Acidovorax facilis, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Aplanochytrium, Aspergillus, Aphanothece, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Bordetella pertussis, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Caulobacter and Chromobacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fatty Acid: The oil is chosen from triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, phospholipid, sterol lipid, sphingolipid, saccharolipid, prenol lipid and polyketide. The free fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. The free fatty acid is chosen from oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, ricinoleic acid, vaccenic acid, gadoleic acid, arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and lignoceric acid. The free fatty acid contains substituent chosen from aromatic cyclic, epoxy radical, cyano and halogen group. The lipase is chosen from triacylglycerol lipase monoacylglycerol lipase and lysophospholipase. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photocatalyst exhibits catalytic property, when irradiating with visible light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The first metallic element M is calcium and second metallic element M' is lithium. The ratio of lithium and calcium is 1:3. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-butanol is 70 wt.% percent by weight and the biodiesel is 30 wt.%. The biodiesel comprises FAMEs. The VOCs are less than about 0.0120 Ib VOC/start. The fuel source soaked with the composition attains a temperature of at least 35O degrees F in less than 30 minutes. The n-butanol is biobutanol. Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the lighter fluid composition comprises at least 60 wt.% of n-butanol and less than 40 wt.% of biodiesel. The fuel source is selected from charcoal, wood and/or paper. The amount of lighter fluid composition deposited is at least about 1.6 fluid ounces per pound of fuel source. The fuel source attains a temperature of 35O (preferably 400) degrees F. The fuel source attains a temperature of at least about 350 degrees F in less than 30 minutes (preferably less than 20 minutes). The fuel source maintains a temperature of at least 350 degrees F for at least 30 minutes. The method (M2) further involves allowing the lighter fluid composition to soak into the bed of coals prior to igniting. The lighter fluid composition is allowed to soak in for at least 2 minutes. EXAMPLE - A lighter fluid composition comprising (wt.%): n-butanol (70) and biodiesel produced from pure soybean oil (30) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode plates are made of steel, stainless steel, aluminum, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustible gas comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant is monocot or dicot i.e. cotton plant. The nucleic acid domain responsible for coding the protein has (SEQ ID N0: 3). The protein provides delta -endotoxin. ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The first and the second stages of biological working is used the complex suspension, in which the general maintenance of bacterial of cells composes 10-10 cells/ml, pH of suspension is 6.8-7.3, and its biodestructive activity according to the method of gravimetry is not less than 60%. The agrochemical working is achieved by loosening two times per month with the interval of 10-14 days and simultaneous introduction in the soil cover the mineral fertilizers ( not less than 40 to 60 kg/hectare). The first stage of biological working is achieved through 2-3 weeks after agrochemical working. The additionally introducing biohumus with the consumption of 3 ton/hectare into the soil, before 2-6 days the first stage of biological working. The second stage of biological working is carried out through 2-3 weeks after phytoland reclamation, which is achieved through 2-4 weeks after the first stage of biological working. In the method, before conducting of phytoland reclamation is accomplished the preliminary preparation of the seeds of oil tolerant grasses via their moistening during 2-4 hours in the complex suspension from the strains Cephaliophora tropica and agricultural biological preparation of albite of the calculation is not less than 30 g of suspension by 1 ton of seeds; and the phytoland reclamation is achieved via the sowing of oil tolerant grasses into the prepared soil of the calculation not less than 20 kg/hectare; and the load of petroleum pollution by 25.30% the first stage of biological working is achieved repeatedly with the interval of 2-3 weeks after conducting of the additional loosening of soil cover. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat-conducting fluid comprises colemanite, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate, calcium boron hydroxide nesosilicate or inyoite, priceite, probertite or ulexite, boracite, hydroboracite or hydrated magnesium carbonate, hydrous aluminosilicate (Mx/n((AlO2)x(SiO2)y)zH2O), 80-99% of carbon dioxide or chlorodifluoromethane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, chlorodifluoroethane, 111-trifluoroethane, pentane, ethylene, propane, ethane, octafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, butane, pentafluoroethane, propane, 1,2-Difluoroethane, a mixture of pentafluoroethane(44%), tetrafluoroethane (4%) and 111-trifluoroethane (52%), a mixture of difluoromethane (23%), pentafluoroethane (25%) and tetrafluoroethane (52%) and a mixture of pentafluoroethane (15%), pentafluoroethane (15%) and tetrafluoroethane (70%) or a mixture of pentafluoroethane (7%), 111-trifluoroethane (46%) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (47%), a mixture of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (60%), chlorodifluoroethane (15%) or a mixture of difluoromethane (50%), pentafluoroethane (50%), a mixture of pentafluoroethane (50%) and 111-trifluoroethane (50%), a mixture of trifluoromethane (46%) and hexafluoroethane (54%), a mixture of pentafluoroethane (65.1%) and tetrafluoroethane (35.1%), a mixture of butane (3.4%), tetrafluoroethane (88%) and octafluoropropane (9%), a mixture of butane (3%), tetrafluoroethane (78.5%) and pentafluoroethane (19.5 %), a mixture of butane (1.4%), pentane (0.6%), pentafluoroethane (46.6%) and tetrafluoroethane (50%), a mixture of butane (3.4%), pentafluoroethane (85.1%) and tetrafluoroethane (11.5%) and a mixture of butane (3.4%), pentafluoroethane (86%), octaflouropropane (9%) and propane (5%) and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first fluid is selected from petrodiesel, a petroleum product and/or its distillate, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 4 fuel oil, No. 6 fuel oil, kerosene, jet fuel, algal bio fuel, ethanol, fuel produced from cellulose, non-ester renewable diesel, butanol, biobutanol, and oils from plants. The second fluid is a downstream by-product of biomass pyrolysis (preferably methanol). The mixture obtained has a final ratio of first fluid to bio-oil from 95:05 to 05:95. Preferred Method: The mixture is dewatered and filtered before shipping or storage. The mixture is filtered using an acid esterification reaction that raises pH of the mixture and provides oxidative stability. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method given.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises soil and earthworm cast in the weight ratio of 50:50-90:10. The bio cover further comprises methane-oxidizing bacteria chosen from Methylomonas, Methylomicrobacterium, Methylobacter, Methylocaldum, methylophaga, Methylosarcina, Methylothermus, Methylosphaera, Methylocystis, Methylocella, Methylocapsa and Methylococcus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method given. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises soil and earthworm cast in the ratio of 50:50-90:10. The biocover further comprises methane oxidizing bacteria chosen from Methylomonas, Methylomicrobium, Methylobacter, Methylocaldum, Methylophaga, Methylosarcina, Methylothermus, Methylophilus, Methylosphaera, Methylocella, Methylocapsa, Methylosinus and Methylococcus. The biocover further comprises oxygen containing component. The oxygen containing component is magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide and sodium percarbonate. Preferred Method: The method further involves adding sample containing methane to methane reduction system. EXAMPLE - None give.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The Massilia sp. is separated from aquatic plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves: introducing at least a portion of the aqueous phase to a fermentation vessel; withdrawing the bottoms stream from the second distillation column and introducing at least a portion of the withdrawn bottoms stream into a fermentation vessel; introducing at least a portion of the aqueous phase to a fermentation vessel; purging at least a portion of the gas phase comprising the non-condensable gas from the process. At least a portion of the withdrawn bottoms stream and at least a portion of the aqueous phase are combined before introduction to a fermentation vessel. Preferred Components: In the method, a non-condensable gas is present in the feed. The non-condensable gas comprises carbon dioxide. The feed comprises an organic phase obtained from an extractive fermentation. The butanol concentration in the feed is 0.1-40 wt.%. The butanol comprises 1-butanol or isobutanol. The extractant comprises at least one solvent selected from 7-22C fatty alcohol, 7-22C fatty acids, esters of 7-22C fatty acids and/or 7-22C fatty aldehydes (preferably oleyl alcohol). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali catalyst is an alkali hydroxide (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide), preferably sodium hydroxide or an alkali alkoxide (a sodium alkoxide, a potassium alkoxide, a magnesium alkoxide or an aluminum alkoxide), preferably sodium methoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture resulting from the transesterification further comprises a carboxylic acid alkali salt and water. The carbon dioxide converts the carboxylic acid alkali salt into a free carboxylic acid and at least one of an alkali carbonate and an alkali bicarbonate. The method further comprises separating the free carboxylic acid, the alkali carbonate, and/or the alkali bicarbonate from the mixture. The method comprises: adding the carbon dioxide to the mixture to convert the alkali catalyst into a solid phase; and separating the solid phase from the mixture. The step of adding the carbon dioxide to the mixture forms an ether and the alkali carbonate, where the water, the carbon dioxide and the alkali carbonate react to form the alkali bicarbonate. The mixture: results from the transesterification of a triglyceride; and is at least one of a product, an unreacted reactant or a participant of the transesterification reaction. The transesterification product comprises a carboxylic acid ester and an alcohol, which is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The engineered cyanobacterium further produces at least one n-alkene or n-alkanol including n-pentadecene, n-heptadecene or 1-octadecanol. The method further comprises isolating the n-alkane, n-alkene or n-alkanol from the engineered cyanobacterium or the culture medium. Preferred Components: At least one of the recombinant enzymes is heterologous with respect to the engineered cyanobacterium. The enzymes are encoded by: a plasmid; recombinant genes incorporated into the genome of the engineered cyanobacterium; genes which are present in multiple copies in the engineered cyanobacterium; or genes which are part of an operon, and where the expression of the genes is controlled by a single promoter. The n-alkanes comprise predominantly n-heptadecane and/or n-pentadecane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method, the sugar composition is produced from lignocellulosic material by pretreatment of at least one lignocellulosic material to produce pretreated lignocellulosic material; enzymatic treatment of the pretreated lignocellulosic material to produce the sugar composition. The fermentation is conducted under anaerobic or oxygen limited conditions. Preferred Components: The mixed sugar cell is of the genus Saccharomyces (preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The mixed sugar cell comprises a deletion of an aldose reductase gene. The mixed sugar cell comprises overexpressed pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)-genes transaldolase (TAL1), transketolase (TKL1), ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase (RPE1) and ribulose 5-phosphate isomerase (RKI1). The mixed sugar cell comprises xylose (xyl)A-gene and/or specific xylulose kinase (XKS)1-gene. The genes have been introduced in the mixed sugar cell by introduction into a host cell: a cluster consisting of PPP-genes TAL1, TKL1, RPE1 and RKI1, under control of strong promoters, a cluster consisting of a xylA-gene and the XKS1-gene both under control of constitutive promoters, a cluster consisting of the genes araA, araB and araD and/or a cluster of xylA-gene and the XKS1-gene; and deletion of an aldose reductase gene; and adaptive evolution of the mixed sugar construct to produce the mixed sugar cell. The host cell is an inhibitor resistant cell. The host cell is an industrial strain. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparing crystalline form of prasugrel hydrobromide involving providing a solution of prasugrel and/or hydrobromic acid in its solvents or aqueous; precipitating the solid prasugrel hydrobromide, and recovering the prasugrel hydrobromide in crystalline form. Preferred Compound: The crystalline form of prasugrel hydrobromide having X-ray powder diffraction pattern spectrum, differential scanning calorimetry endotherm, or infrared absorption spectrum, as given in the specification. ACTIVITY - Cardiovascular-Gen.; Thrombolytic. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor (P2Y12) antagonist.    ADMINISTRATION - The administration is oral, buccal, parenteral, ophthalmic, rectal and transdermal routes. No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - Acetone (75 ml) and prasugrel base (5 g) were charged in a clean and dry 4 neck round-bottom-flask (RBF) followed by stirring for about 15 minutes. Hydrobromic acid (2.7 g) (48 vol./vol.%) was added dropwise at 25-30 degrees C over 10 minutes. The resultant reaction solution was stirred at 25-30 degrees C for 3 hours. The separated solid was filtered and the solid obtained was washed with 2x 20 ml of acetone. The solid obtained was dried at 50-60 degrees C under vacuum for 48 hours to give crystalline form of prasugrel hydrobromide (yield 4.7 g, purity by HPLC 99.5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixers and reactors are made from copper, tin or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The unloading housing is filled with dielectric incompressible fluid including polymethylsiloxane liquid PMS-10, isolated from gas generated in HPHG by elastic diaphragm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. The catalyst is palladium, iron, nickel, and cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon gas is methane, followed by oil gas, acetylene, propane, butane, natural gas or mixture of hydrocarbon gases. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The oligochaetes are aquatic oligochaetes, preferably species from Aeolosomatidae, Lumbriculidae, or Naididae, preferably Aulophorus furcatus; and/or terrestrial oligochaetes, preferably species from Lumbricidae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The anoxic sludge is contacted with oligochaete material, preferably by adding oligochaete material to the container. The oligochaete material comprises intact oligochaetes, severed oligochaetes, debris from oligochaetes, oligochaete extract, excrements of oligochaetes, and/or parts of oligochaetes. Aqueous medium is added to the container in an amount such that water comprised by the aqueous medium has a hydraulic retention time of 5-500 hours, preferably 10-96 hours. The aqueous medium comprises sludge and/or water. The aqueous medium or sludge is discharged in the sedimentation tank at any depth lower than 70, preferably lower than 90% of the average depth of the sedimentation tank. The content of the sedimentation tank is gently stirred using a stirring mechanism. The added sludge comprises 0.1-8.0, preferably 0.1-5.0 g/L dry material. The container comprises 5-120, preferably 15-30 g/L dry material. The sludge in the container is held under ambient temperature, or at 4-45, preferably 10-20 degrees C. The retention time of the sludge in the container is 40-150, preferably 60-90 days. The sedimentation tank comprises an inlet for filling of the sedimentation tank with sludge; discharging mechanism for discharging water; and stirring mechanism. The inlet is positioned at a depth lower than 70, preferably lower than 90% of the average depth of the sedimentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst is alumina and zeolite. The heteropolyacid catalyst is tungstophosphoric acid, silicotungstic acid and molybdophosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves replenishing saccharogenic amylase. Preferred Components: The amount of lignin in the biomass is 10 % or less. Preferred Apparatus: The first enzyme supply portion is for supplying saccharogenic amylase from first reaction tank to second reaction tank. The conveyance portion is for adding residue instead of adding saccharified liquid to the second reaction tank. The control portion produces signal after the step (a). The separation portion is a unit in which sedimentation separated saccharified liquid and residue are collected. The water and cellulose biomass are added before saccharification reaction to the second reaction tank and third reaction tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the mixture is contacted with the distillation alcohol at atmospheric pressure. The method further involves separating the distillation alcohol from the at least one distilled volatile component after distilling at least a portion of at least one volatile component, where the distilled volatile component is separated from the distillation alcohol by reducing the temperature of the distilled volatile component below a dew point of the distilled volatile component. The method further involves reheating the distillation alcohol after separating the distillation alcohol from the distilled volatile component and recycling the distillation alcohol; and continuously removing at least a portion of the non-volatile component from the mixture after distilling at least a portion of at least one volatile component, where portion of the non-volatile component is continuously removed from the mixture using a screw auger. In the method, the mixture is contacted with the distillation alcohol under a moderate vacuum, where the mixture comprises less than 50 wt.% or up to 100% volatile components prior to heating. Preferred Components: The volatile component comprises an alkyl ester and the distillation alcohol to alkyl ester molar ratio is 1:1 to 500:1. The volatile component comprises glycerol and the distillation alcohol to glycerol molar ratio is 1:1 to 500:1. The distillation alcohol partial vapor pressure is 100 mmHg (about 13.3 kPa) to 7600 mmHg (about 1011 kPa). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The high-melting-point high-boiling-point type impurity having a melting point higher than that of tower-top temperature is solidified in the fractionating column by supplying to condensers before the fractionating column and cooling to a temperature lower than the temperature of tower top. The raw-coal acid gas from which a portion of the impurity is removed is supplied to the fractionating column. When the impurity obstructs, the condenser is changed. Carbon dioxide gas discharged from the fractionating column top gas-liquid separator is heated to normal temperature and supplied to the condenser before the fractionating column. The high-melting-point high-boiling-point type impurity is evaporated and sublimed. A portion of gas of liquid carbon dioxide containing high-boiling-point type impurity is returned to the fractionating-column top portion as reflux, and is 95-97% of feed rate of raw-coal acid gas. Flow (I) is 90-99% of flow volume of carbon dioxide gas discharged from the tower top, and flow (II) is 1-10% of flow volume of carbon dioxide gas discharged from the tower top. Preferred Components: The low-boiling-point type impurities are 1-4C alkane, 2-4C alkene, and 2-4C alkyne. The high-melting-point high-boiling-point type impurity is 6C or more aromatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further involves: subsequently circulating water from the body of water through a filter to remove dead insect bodies from it. The surfactant is added at an amount of 1-5 mg/l of water. The surfactant is added to the body of water by spraying or pouring a solution in it onto the exposed surface; is added to water in the circulation system of the swimming pool, with or without the addition of a chlorine-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is derived from non-petrochemical sources; or derived from soap nuts, such as in liquid or powder form. The surfactant is a saponin. ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The insecticide component is dissolved using organic solvent. The surfactant is added to the dissolved component. The resin is impregnated with at least one compound chosen from insect repellent component or molded product. ACTIVITY - Insect Repellent. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl alcohol is methanol. The acid value of the fat and oil material is 5 or more. The fat and oil material is derived from Jatropha curcas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves washing alkali processed material. The method involves subjecting alkali processed material to saccharification by reducing water content of obtained cellulose fraction without drying process. The cellulose fraction comprises (in %mass) cellulose type IV (90 or more) and cellulose type II (90 or more). The method involves adjusting pH of cellulose fraction. The enzyme is chosen from cellulase and beta -glucosidase. The method involves fermenting the obtained saccharide to obtain ethanol or lactic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The membrane contains selective gas membrane for removal of hydrogen, thiocarbonic acid and/or carbon dioxide and/or unwanted gasses.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biogas includes carbon dioxide, hydrogen, thiocarbonic acid and/or hydrogen sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biogas includes methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant belongs to the genus Allium. The plant is cultivated garlic (Allium sativum L.). Preferred Composition: (I) comprises: 30-45% of eugenol; 30-45% of cinnamaldehyde; and 10-40 (preferably 24-26)% of garlic extract. The plant extract comprises at least one thiosulfonate or thiosulfinate compound of formula (R-SOa-S-R1a), preferably di(n-propyl) thiosulfinate and/or di(n-propyl) thiosulfonate.R, R1a = alkyl; anda = 1 or 2. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in mg): eugenol (41.7); cinnamaldehyde (41.7); and garlic extract (166.7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electrodes of the membrane-electrode assembly are designed as gas diffusion electrodes or as metallic foils. The selective proton-conducting membrane includes ceramic membrane or polymembranes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aminohydrocarbon formed between the steps (a) and (b) is separated from the reaction mixture or separated after the step (b) from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture after separation of a portion of the formed hydrogen and aminohydrocarbon is recycled into the process. At least 30% (preferably at least 98%) of hydrogen present in the reaction mixture is separated from the mixture. The hydrogen removal step is carried out at 20-800 degrees C (preferably 70-350 degrees C) and by providing a voltage of 0.05-2000 (preferably 100-800) mV. At least one portion of current produced in step (b) is utilized for simultaneous removal of hydrogen in the steps (a) and (b). At least one portion of heat generation in reaction zone is supplied for removing the hydrogen in the step (b). Preferred Components: The oxygen-containing stream comprises at least 15 mol.% of oxygen. EXAMPLE - Nickel-copper/aluminum oxide (20 ml) was arranged as a solid bed in an amination reactor. Subsequently, benzene (68 g/hour) and ammonia (44 g/hour) were added into the reactor at 350 degrees C and a pressure of 40 bar. A mixture comprising benzene, aniline, hydrogen (3900 ppm), nitrogen (1100 ppm) and ammonia (balance amount) was obtained and was supplied to an electrocell comprising a gas-tight membrane electrode assembly (MEA). MEA was used as anode and palladium film having 10 mu m was used as cathode. The electrocell was operated at 190 degrees C and a voltage of 250 mV was generated. Hydrogen was oxidized to proton on the anode and the proton, after penetrating through the membrane, was reduced to hydrogen on the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anodic and cathodic electrocatalysts are metals or metal alloys made of noble metals selected from rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, platinum, palladium, gold, and silver, or non-noble chosen in the group iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, copper, manganese and molybdenum. The electrocatalysts for the cathode are selected from nickel, cobalt, and/or iron. The electrocatalysts for the anode are selected in the group copper, cobalt, nickel, and/or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid comprises a molecule capable of forming hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bond in the molecule exist in interface with air bubbles of liquid is shorter than distance of a hydrogen bond in liquid at normal temperature and pressure. The liquid is water. The concentration of gas contained into a liquid is more than saturation dissolution concentration of gas with liquid. The gas has a pressure of 0.12 MPa or more. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises oscillation unit for providing vibration to the repellent. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Fungicide; Insecticide; Insect repellent; Animal repellent. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Herbicide. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The particulate biomass is Dakota Reed-Sedge. The decomposed reeds, sedges, marsh grasses and plants is Dakota Reed-Sedge. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier which supports the metal catalyst is selected from a group consisting of alumina, zinc oxide, silica, zirconium oxide, diatomite, niobium oxide, vanadium oxide, activated carbon, zeolite, antimony oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide and iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dehydrogenation catalyst comprises metal catalyst selected from a group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is selected from one of nickel, nickel-molybdenum, alpha alumina, aluminum silicon dioxide, other air electrode oxygen reduction catalysts, and other catalysts for hydrocarbon cracking. A nichrome heating element electrically heats the injector nozzle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is made to react with one or more internal sources of oxygen selected from methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE), ethanol, other octane and cetane boosters and other fuel oxygenator agents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The initial composition of the treated material is modified by adding magnesium oxide, ferrous oxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium oxide and/or silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The mixer is a static mixer, which is a pump, preferably a centrifugal pump.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide solution at a concentration of 0.5-2.5 mass%. The proportion of carbon monoxide in the feed mixture is 1-10, preferably 2-7 mass%. The feed mixture contains hydrogen. The feed mixture is a stream from a 4C-hydroformylation plant. Preferred Process: The treatment is carried out with the aqueous solution at a pressure of 0.5-5 MPa. The extraction is carried out in a mixer-settler unit or an extraction column. The extracted n-butane/n-butene-mixture is removed whole or in part as liquid from the extraction apparatus. The hydrogenation is carried out in liquid phase by a palladium catalyst at 20-140 degrees C and at pressure of 0.6-3 MPa. The extracted n-butane/n-butene-mixture is dehydrated by distillation. The hydrogenated discharge product is dehydrated by distillation. The 5C-hydrocarbons are removed through distillation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacterial strain belongs to Comamonadaceae family of Comamonas genus, preferably C.putranensis sp.. The bacterial strain is capable of producing 10-66% of PHA by cell dry weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The synthetic acids are acetic, butyric, lactic, propionic, valeric acids and other organic acids. The PHAs are chosen from polymer of hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxyvaleric acid or other hydroxyl acids, and their copolymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer is poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) P(3HB-co-3HV). The P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymer produced from the selected bacterial strain with P(3HV) monomer units is of 0-86 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The media substrate comprises anaerobic microorganisms active in nitrate reduction; solid substrate; and biofilter. It has a density coefficient less than water. The method further comprises returning the media substrate to the aquaculture system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Denitrification is performed in a denitrification unit. The conditions to form phosphate salts comprise the presence of excess phosphate in the brackish or salt water of aquaculture system. They comprise a basic pH. The phosphate salts comprise calcium phosphate or magnesium phosphate. The method further comprises removal of phosphate salts from media substrate. Removal of phosphate salts comprises solubilization with a dilute volatile mineral acid or an organic acid. The dilute volatile mineral acid is hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic acid is acetic acid. The method further comprises removal of methane from the waste material, where removal comprises burning methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation: No isolation method given. Preferred Bacterium: The extracellular glucose is exuded from cells or released from extracellular polysaccharides by the action of one or more endogenous secreted glycosyl hydrolases. Preferred Method: The method further involves processing the obtained glucose into ethanol. The carbon is fixed into glucose and at least one other carbon's is equated to carbon credit units included in the calculation. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride comprises lanthanum nickel (LaNi5), lanthanum nickel manganese (LaNi4.6Mn(0.4)), manganese nickel cobalt aluminum (MnNi(3.5)Co(0.7)Al(0.8)), manganese nickel cobalt manganese aluminum (MnNi4.2Co(0.2)Mn(0.3)Al(0.3)), titanium iron nickel (TiFe(0.8)Ni(0.2)), calcium nickel (CaNi5), Vanadium titanium iron (V(0.9)Ti(0.1))(0.95), vanadium titanium iron (V(0.9)Ti(0.1)(0.95)Fe(0.05)), and lanthanum nickel aluminum (LaNi(4.7)Al(0.3)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The oxygen permeable membrane comprises expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The chlorous acid compound is acid alkali metal salt or acid alkaline-earth metal salt of chlorite, preferably sodium chlorite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The malonic acid compound and chlorous acid compound are reacted in presence of carboxylic acid or carboxylic anhydride and polar solvent. Preferred Component: The carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of energy in a quantity of (I) is at least equal to an amount of energy of the quantity of coal. (I) has energy content of at least 1100 British thermal units (BTUs) per pound. The moisture content of (I) is 4-6%. The pH level of (I) is 7-8. In (I), a sulfur content is less than 100 ppm, a chlorine content is less than 100 ppm, a mercury content is less than 0.2 ppm, a level of cadmium is less than 1 ppm, a level of arsenic is less than 5 ppm, a level of selenium is less than 1 ppm, and a lead content is less than 5 ppm. (I) yields less than 4% ash. Preferred Components: The emission reducing agent is 1-5% of the blend. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carbon material has a micropore volume of 0.9-1.6 cm3/g. The micropores represent at least 75 vol.% of the porous material. The material is presented in the form of powder. The porous carbon material is prepared by a method comprising: (a) at least one step of chemical vapor deposition of at least one unsaturated organic compound on at least one zeolite at a temperature of 500-800 degrees C; (b) at least one heat treatment at a temperature of 850-1000 degrees C during a period of 1-10 hours; and (c) dissolution of the zeolite in an excess of hydrofluoric acid. The zeolite has a structure type of BEA, MOR, MFI, FAU, LTL and EMT. The gas mixture is synthesis gas or natural gas. The gas mixture is biogas comprising at least 40% volume of methane and at least 20% volume of CO2. Preferred Process: The step (a) is carried out by a step of impregnating the zeolite by at least one alcohol followed by a step of polymerization of alcohol in the porosity of the zeolite at a temperature of 60-170 degrees C. The total pressure P1 is 5-100 bars. The total pressure P2 is 1-5 bars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated organic compound is olefins, diolefins or alkynes. The alcohol is furfuryl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The calcium compound is calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The voltage is of 2-6 V. The current density is 0.001-0.005 A/cm(E)2. The electrolysis of water is accomplished with electrodes having sufficient surface area to provide the current density and to sustain microbial growth. The surface area is of 10-100 cm2/l of reactor volume. The electrodes comprise a non-noble catalytic material, stainless steel, graphite (both preferred), a graphite-based material, nickel, steel, a metal alloy or a metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises digesting organic matter with fermentative microorganisms to produce the carbon dioxide. The fermentative microorganisms further produce acetate, and the acetate is contacted with a second species of methanogenic microorganisms to produce methane. The fermentative microorganisms comprise facultative microorganisms and oxygen produced during the electrolysis of water improves rate of digestion of the organic matter by the facultative microorganisms. The oxygen produced during the electrolysis of water reduces hydrogen sulfide concentration in the biogas. The applied power is balanced with rate of oxygen consumption to reduce concentration of oxygen in the biogas. The organic matter is a component of the aqueous medium in which the water electrolysis is occurring. The electrochemically active aerobic microorganisms biocatalyze production of oxygen gas during the electrolysis of water. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The photocatalytically active semiconductor oxide is titanium dioxide. Additionally at least one metal or metal oxide loading is present on the photocatalyst. The additional metal or metal oxide loading is platinum, palladium, copper, gold, silver, tungsten, nickel, zirconium, lanthanum and/or their oxides. The amount of metal or metal oxide loading is 0.001-5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Carrier fixed Solectro (RTM: Titanium dioxide layer) was coated on a titanium substrate, as described in DE 19841650A1. The coating process was carried out in an aqueous electrolyte comprising EDTA disodium salt dihydrate (0.1 mole/l), 25% ammonium hydroxide (0.007 mole/l), ammonium acetate (0.013 mole/l), 2-propanol (0.65 mole/l), acetylacetone (0.5 mole/l) and tetraethyl orthotitanate (0.05 mole/l) to obtain corresponding photocatalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises NRRL deposit accession no. NRRL B-50298. The composition (C1) comprises substantially all of the bacterial strains containing NRRL deposit accession no. NRRL B-50298.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water is contacted with the composition effective to oxidize at least 50% of the ammonia in the water. The step of contacting involves inoculating the water with the composition and incubating in a biological reactor. The conditions includes a temperature of 5-40 (preferably 5-20) degrees C. Preferred Components: The water comprises wastewater. The reactor comprises a suspended-growth reactor; attached growth reactor; or fluidized bed reactor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises contacting the hydrolyzate with a fermenting organism to produce a fermentation product, performing a simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, and recovering the fermentation product. Preferred Components: The xylanase is immobilized GH10 xylanase. The dissolved sugars accumulating in the recycled aqueous washing solution is transported to the fermentation step or separated, and fermented with a C5 fermenting organism.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lignocellulose-containing material originates from materials selected from corn stover, corn fiber, hard wood, such as poplar and birch, soft wood, cereal straw, such as, wheat straw, switch grass, rice hulls, municipal solid waste, industrial organic waste and/or office paper. The lignocellulose-containing material in is chemically pretreated using acid (0.1-2 wt.%) selected from sulfuric acid (preferably), acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and/or succinic acid; mechanically pretreated at a high temperature and/or a high pressure; and or subjected to steam explosion, dilute acid steam explosion and/or wet oxidation. The washing solution comprises water and/ organic solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus controls quantity of fuel oil and water ratio continuously with respect to combustion temperature or exhaust gas concentration of emulsion-fuel. Preferred Components: The fuel oil is gas oil, kerosene, mineral oil, vegetable oil or waste oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises component A, and at least one components C, D and E and optionally component B. The composition additionally comprises component B. Preferred Components: The component A is ethyl valerate, and has a boiling point of 100-170 degrees C. The component A has a boiling point of atmost 100 degrees C. The component C is 2-methyl furan and/or 2,5-dimethyl furan. (ii) is present at 0.5-40 vol.%. The other oxygenate component is components C, D and E. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in vol/vol.%): ethyl valerate (51); ethanol (10); and 2-methyl furan (39).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The recombinant microorganism is chosen from bacterium, filamentous fungi, yeast and algae, preferably bacterium and yeast. The bacterium is E.coli. The yeast is chosen from Saccharomyces, Candida, Pichia and Yarrowia. The recombinant microorganism produces at least 0.5 g/l, 5 g/l or 15 g/l of fatty alcohol. Preferred Gene: The gene encoding the FAR comprises a codon optimized nucleic acid sequence. The nucleic acid sequence exhibits at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 13. The nucleic acid sequence is integrated into the chromosome of the recombinant microorganism. The nucleic acid is present on a vector. The polynucleotide is codon optimized for expression of E.coli, yeast, Yarrowia or Saccharomyces. Preferred Cell: The host cell is E.coli, Yarrowia or S.cerevisiae. Preferred Method: The FAR enzyme exhibits at least 75% or 80% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 6 and 14 or their functional fragments. The method further involves isolating the fatty acid composition. The produced fatty alcohols include 12-18C, 0-14C, 0-16C, 0-18C, 1-16C and 1-18C fatty alcohols. The cultured microorganism secretes at least 25% or 50% of the produced fatty alcohols. The culturing of microorganism is performed at 20-45 degrees C, at pH 5-7 for 16-144 hours using assimilable carbon source comprising fermentable sugars obtained from a cellulosic feedstock. The fatty alcohol is produced by an acyl-CoA independent pathway. The method further involves reducing the fatty alcohol composition to yield an alkane composition. The method further involves performing esterification of the fatty alcohol composition to produce fatty esters. The recombinant E.coli further comprises an inactivated or silenced endogenous fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase gene, endogenous fatty acyl-CoA synthetase gene or both. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method, when the alcohol concentration reaches 18-25 degrees , the reaction mixture will be subjected to a preliminary process of refining alcohol from distillate spirits. When the alcohol concentration reaches 35-50 degrees , the reaction mixture is sent to an alcohol tower for further refinement until the alcohol concentration reaches 95 degrees . The method further involves transient pressure relief and real-time water-adding temperature relief. The recovering step further involves pretreatment using an alcohol which is different from the fuel alcohol, liquid ammonia and dilute alkali NaOH. Preferred Components: The cellulase further comprises beta -glucoside acid enzyme, transacetylase, xylanase, beta -xylanase, galactomannan enzyme and glucomannan enzyme. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises step (f) recovering the paracetamol by filtration, and recovering the neopentyl bromide or neopentyl iodide by distillation and returning it to step (a). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The substance which transmits information between microorganisms is 4C-homoserine lactone, 8C-homoserine lactone, 10C-homoserine lactone, 12C-homoserine lactone, 14C-homoserine lactone, 3-oxo-6C-homoserine lactone, and/or 3-oxo-12C-homoserine lactone. The substance is produced by microorganisms or obtained by chemosynthesis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The gas storage vessel further comprises a gas adsorbed on the carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material exhibits: a gravimetric methane storage capacity of 15-20%, a surface area of 2400-2600 m2/g and a total pore volume of 1-1.5 cm3/g; and a peak pore volume of greater than 0.1 cm3/g for pores comprising a diameter of less than 2 nm and comprising a peak pore volume of greater than 0.1 cm3/g for pores comprising a diameter of 5-12 nm. The carbon material further exhibits a peak pore volume of greater than 0.04 cm3/g for pores comprising a diameter of 2-4 nm. The carbon material exhibits a surface area of 1500-2500 m2/g, preferably 1500-2000 m2/g or 2000-2500 m2/g, and a total pore volume of 1.2-1.5 cm3/g, preferably 1.4-1.5 cm3/g or 1.2-1.4 cm3/g. The carbon material comprises mesopores comprising a diameter of 5-12 nm or 2-4 nm. The molar ratio of resorcinol to catalyst is 10-300. The catalyst is sodium carbonate. The weight ratio of resorcinol to water is 0.01-2. Preferred Process: The gelling of the sol comprises: heating at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to convert the sol to a crosslinked gel; and heating at 900 degrees C for 1-7 days. The washing of the gel with acid comprises washing the gel with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. The washing of the acid-washed gel comprises washing the gel with tert-butanol. The pyrolyzing of the solvent-exchanged gel comprises: heating at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to convert the gel to a carbon material; and heating at 1050 degrees C for 4 hours under nitrogen. The heating at a temperature and for a time sufficient to provide an activated carbon material comprises heating at 900 degrees C under carbon dioxide. The time is 10-120 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organosilsesquioxane segment is ethylsilsesquioxane, propylsilsesquioxane and/or hexylsilsesquioxane. The covalent bond is an ether bond and/or urethane bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, poly(ethylene imine) and/or polyimide comprising a repeating unit obtained from aromatic diamine including at least one ortho-positioned hydroxyl functional group. The chemically crosslinked polymer membrane has geometry, which are sheets, hollow fibers or tubes. EXAMPLE - Cellulose acetate polymer (5 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane solvent (119.5 g). 3-Isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (1.29 g) was added to the cellulose acetate solution. After the solution was heated at 60 degrees C for 48 hours, a solution containing 5 wt.% of the crosslinkable cellulose acetate-urethane propyltriethoxysilane organic-inorganic membrane material was obtained. About half of the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose acetate polymer had been substituted by triethoxysilyl groups through urethane linkages in the crosslinkable cellulose acetate-urethane propyltriethoxysilane organic-inorganic membrane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gasification reaction is carried out under atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate is controlled with respect to catalyst. The catalyst is potassium carbonate (6-50 wt.%). The coal is derived from sub-bituminous coal, preferably Pasir coal or wood coal, preferably Mulia charcoal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The total processing time by centrifuge is 5-15 times of standard residence time, preferably 8-12 times. Waste edible oil is circulated and centrifuged for several times. Processing of waste edible oil further involves performing far infrared irradiation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The method utilizes at least one intermediate evaporator and/or at least one intermediate capacitor. The column is provided with two partitions continuously arranged in the longitudinal direction of the column from one end to the other end of the column, which separates the column interior into three column sections.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The column is fed with a single feed mixture and provided with a single continuous partition wall, which separates the column interior into two column sections, which are completely separated from each other. At least one vapor or fluid side stream is removed from the column. A first fraction is removed from the bottom of the first column section, and the vapor stream from the first column section is led into the bottom of the second column section. The bottom stream of the second column section (4) is led to the top of the first column section, and a second fraction is removed from the top of the second column section. The second fraction is removed from the top of the third column section. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred RNA: The 16S ribosomal RNA sequence is at least 99%, 98% or 97% similar to the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferred Method: The harvesting of the biomass comprises ceasing agitation of the algae cultivation system and pooling slurry of the biomass produced by the cyanobacterial strain having the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The algae cultivation system includes aqueous environment. The aqueous environment includes seawater and/or fresh water. The aqueous environment is in a photobioreactor or in pond or vessel. The harvesting of the biomass comprises ceasing agitation within the algae cultivation system. The harvesting of the biomass comprises allowing the biomass produced by the cyanobacterial strain having the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1 to settle near or at bottom of the algae cultivation system. The strain is grown in an algae cultivation system. The biomass produced by the strain is harvested. The biomass produced by the strain is harvested by ceasing agitation of the algae cultivation system. The biomass produced by the strain is harvested by the biomass settling to at or near the bottom of the algae cultivation system. The algae cultivation system includes pond. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal support body is stainless steel. The temporary support body is copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The predetermined gas is carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon type gas of methane or propane contained in source gas, or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The highly inflammable admixture comprises magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is present only on the outer periphery, and the lower side has a distance of up to 8 mm from a planar substrate. Recesses or projections in the form of grooves, circles, curves or letterings are attached on at least one side. The fuel consists of compressed carbon particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The steam is a volcanic steam produced by injecting water to the magma. Heavy water is used as raw material to be converted to hydrogen and oxygen gas. Coal-steam mixture is used as new hybrid fuel for boilers and power plants. Bunker-steam is used as new hybrid fuel or boilers, heater and power plants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is nickel alloy, cobalt alloy or stainless steel. Perforated stainless steel sheet or plate with 1-25 mm is used as electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porcine fibrin glue powder aerosol comprises (in wt.%): porcine fibrin and collagen frozen powder (31.3-95.9), porcine thrombin frozen powder (2.3-9.7), sodium chloride (0.6-16.8), sodium acetate (0-6.2), calcium chloride (1.2-26.8) and/or tromethamine (0-7.2) and antistatic agent (0-6.2). The porcine fibrin glue powder aerosol further comprises antistatic agent having diameter of 90-250 microns. Preferred Method: The method involves mixing (in g) histidine (1-100), sodium citrate (10-100), sucrose (100-500), sodium chloride (10-100), polysorbate (80-50), and arginine (0.1-100) with water (1600-2000 ml) and adding the obtained mixture to the fibrin and collagen mixture. ACTIVITY - Hemostatic; Vulnerary.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The treatment additive is: sufficient to keep the presence of the undesired lactobacilli to a level below 1 times 106, or below 5 times 105 viable cells per ml of mash; and added to mash in a fermentor. The treatment additive is formed by: preparing a portion of mash from representative feedstock and water; optionally, allowing the portion of mash to incubate in the absence of yeast, and accelerating growth of undesired microbes; adding a multi-phage, high titer phage composition comprising lactococcal phages to the mash; incubating the mash, until 1-3 lysis cycle has been achieved; optionally inactivating the undesired microbes in the portion of mash by heat, chemicals, or antibiotics, including especially a pristinamycin-type antimicrobial agent and/or a polyether ionophore antimicrobial agent; and adding this small batch of active-phage-rich mash to the a second portion of mash to undergo fermentation, either before or soon after fermentation starts. Preferred Components: The treatment additive comprises: a lactococcal phages to add 104, 105, or 106 phages per ml of mash; phages from at least two of the 936, c2, and P335 groups; several viruses specific against the number of different Lactobacilli that have been isolated from fuel ethanol plants; bacteriophages and trehalose, an aqueous suspension and further comprises a buffering agent that controls a pH level to 4-9; and a liquid comprising 109-1012 phages per ml of treatment additive. The treatment additive further comprises phages from at least one of the P034 and KSY1 groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The treatment additive further comprises a divalent alkaline earth metal salt, salts of gluconic acid, or both.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The engineered microorganism is a photosynthetic microorganism, preferably Cyanobacterium. The engineered cell further comprises mutation in a A1174 hydrolase, where the mutation reduces the activity of the hydrolase. Preferred Components: The fatty acid is an odd-chain fatty acid. The odd-chain fatty acid is tridecanoic acid. The mutation is a knockout mutation. The recombinant nonA gene is a heterologous gene which comprises a recombinant promoter. Preferred Method: The recombinant 1-alkene synthase is an endogenous 1-alkene synthase expressed, at least in portion, from a promoter other than its native promoter. The recombinant 1-alkene synthase is a heterologous 1-alkene synthase. The recombinant 1-alkene synthase is expressed from a heterologous promoter. The 1-alkene synthase is endogenous to the microorganism. The method further involves isolating the 1-alkenes from the Cyanobacterium or the culture medium. The concentration of the fatty acid in the culture medium is at least 1 mu g/ml. The 1-octadecene produced is at least 0.039% dry cell weight. The method further involves isolating the olefin from the Cyanobacterium or culture medium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkaline cracking reagent with respect to content of butyl octanol raffinate is 0.2-1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The substitute fuel and the binder are crushed and the crushed starting materials are added to a pelletizer, a die press or an extruder. Preferred Components: The binder is: a waste material based on tar, pitch, wax, resin, bitumen, oil, varnish and/or grease; or crushed roofing waste and/or wax waste. The mixing ratio of substitute fuel to binder is 2:1 to 4:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass comprises grasses, trees, canes, animal waste, food waste, algae, municipal solid waste, green waste, purpose grown non-food energy crops, harvest residuals or other waste and crop biomass materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises the step of combusting carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen, to produce heat and electricity, where the heat and electricity are recycled back into the process to perform step (c). In the process: at least a portion of the thermal energy produced by the gasification of the residual biomass is recycled back into the process to perform step (a); the step (a) includes a pretreatment process and a hydrolysis process, where the pretreatment and hydrolysis processes are done by using a hot wastewater; the alcohols generated in step (a) are further converted to at least one olefin by a dehydration reaction, where the olefins are ethylene, propylene, butene and/or iso-butylene; the olefins undergo an oligomerization in an oligomerization reactor in step (c) to generate at least one commercially viable products comprising chemicals, transportation fuels, linear and branched higher olefins, feedstock, detergents, petrochemicals, oil additives or high-octane gasoline; the alcohol is ethanol, where the ethanol is further dehydrated in the process to yield ethylene; and the step (c) further comprises an oligomerization step for converting the olefin (e.g. ethylene) to a hydrocarbon fuel. In the process (I), the process is a stand-alone process or can be implemented as a bolt-on addition to existing alcohol producing plants. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.