NOVELTY - Producing an electrode comprises: providing a substrate; applying dispersion to the substrate and allowing the dispersion to solidify to form a first layer, where the dispersion comprises at least one polymeric anion and at least one polythiophene having substituted thiophen-2,5 diyl repeating units (I), and 50 wt.% of particles in the dispersion are smaller than 50 nm; and applying at least one organic hole-injecting material to the first layer to form a second layer.    USE - The method is useful for producing an electrode, which is useful in: electroluminescent arrangement (claimed); electro-optical structures; and inverted organic light-emitting diode (OLED) or organic solar cell (OSC) structures.    ADVANTAGE - The method: is performed without the need for complex and expensive physical vapor deposition or sputtering processes, thus allowing inter alia application on large surfaces; and can be applied on polymeric, flexible substrates, which generally tolerate only low-temperature processes and cannot withstand the temperatures for indium-tin oxide (ITO) deposition. The method provides electrode that: eliminates the need of the conventional transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layers including ITO or thin metal layers in OLEDs and OSCs; is very ductile and flexible, thus bending the substrate does not lead to cracks in the brittle TCO layers and a failure of the electro-optical structure in flexible substrates; and utilizes organic layers, which are simpler to structure than inorganic layers including ITO layers; reduces the short-circuit probability for OLEDs and OSCs; and increases electroluminescence efficiency in OLEDs.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Producing an electrode comprises: providing a substrate; applying dispersion to the substrate and allowing the dispersion to solidify to form a first layer, where the dispersion comprises at least one polymeric anion and at least one polythiophene having substituted thiophen-2,5 diyl repeating units of formula (I), and 50 wt.% of particles in the dispersion are smaller than 50 nm; and applying at least one organic hole-injecting material to the first layer to form a second layer.    A = 1-5C alkylene (optionally substituted);    R = 5-12C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-18C aralkyl, 1-4C hydroxyalkyl or hydroxyl (all optionally substituted) or 1-18C alkyl (optionally substituted and optionally branched); and    x = 0-8.    INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for:    (1) an electrode (A) prepared by the above process; and    (2) an electroluminescent arrangement comprising: at least two electrodes; and an electro-optically active layer disposed between the electrodes, where one of the electrodes is the electrode (A).    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a schematic representation of a portion of an organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) display.    Transparent support (1)    Electrical leads (2a)    Pixel frames (2b)    Polymeric electrode layer (3)