NOVELTY - The article such as a photovoltaic cell (100) comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive material disposed between the first and second electrodes. The first electrode comprises a first layer (121), a second layer (123), and a third layer (125), and has a light transmittance of 70% during use of the article and a sheet resistance of 10 ohm/square. The first layer comprises a grid (122), and an electrically insulating material (124), and has a root mean squared surface roughness of 5 nm and a maximum peak height of 200 nm.    USE - Used as an article such as a photovoltaic cell (claimed) including dye sensitized photovoltaic cells, inorganic photoactive cells, a hybrid photovoltaic cell and a tandem photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE - The article such as a photovoltaic cell can be easily, efficiently and economically manufactured with improved transparency, light transmittance and electrical conductivity, enhanced cell performance, long lifespan, high production yield and good fill factors and without causing short circuit.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The article such as a photovoltaic cell (100) comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive material disposed between the first and second electrodes. The first electrode comprises a first layer (121), a second layer (123), and a third layer (125), and has a light transmittance of 70% during use of the article and a sheet resistance of 10 ohm/square. The first layer comprises a grid (122), and an electrically insulating material (124), and has a root mean squared surface roughness of 5 nm and a maximum peak height of 200 nm. The second layer is placed between the first layer and a photoactive layer, and comprises an electrically conductive material. The third layer is placed between the second layer and the photoactive layer, and comprises a hole blocking material and an electrically conductive metal oxide. The grid comprises a metal or an alloy, and has a surface contacting the second layer. The electrically conductive material comprises metal nanoparticles or an electrically conductive polymer. The metal nanoparticles have a shape of a sphere, tube, rod, or needle. Some molecules of the hole blocking material are cross-linked by a cross-linking agent that comprises an epoxy-containing compound. The electrically insulating material has a surface contacting the second layer. The surface of the electrically insulating material is the same level as the surface of the grid. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method of forming an electrode layer.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The diagram shows a schematic cross sectional view of a photovoltaic cell.    Photovoltaic cell (100)    Substrate (110)    Electrode (120)    First layer (121)    Grid (122)    Second layer (123)    Electrically insulating material (124)    Third layer. (125)