TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor nanocrystalline is cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide or cadmium sulfide. The conducting anode is indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped silicon dioxide conducting glass. The electronic barrier layer is poly-3,4-vinyl dioxo thiophene/polystyrolsulfonic acid, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium pentoxide or tungstic oxide. The hole barrier layer is 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-orthophenanthrolene, zinc oxide nanocrystalline, titanium dioxide nanocrystalline or lithium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal cathode is calcium, magnesium, aluminum, magnesium/silver or calcium/aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conjugated polymer is poly(p-phenylene vinylene), Poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene ethynylene) or a copolymer of p-phenylene vinylene and 2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene ethynylene. Preferred Processes: The conjugated polymer precursor solution is prepared by adding 8.57-25.7 Mm p-dichloroditolyl silane and thiophane at molar ratio of 1:3 to three-neck flask equipped with agitator, condenser tube and temperature gauge, taking 20-60 ml methanol as reaction medium, and reacting in oil bath for 24-48 hours at 50-60 degrees C, adding cold acetone (125-375 ml) at 0 degrees C to reaction solution, separating white precipitate, filtering, washing for 5-8 times with cold acetone, placing precipitate product in vacuum dry oven, drying at 30-60 degrees C until constant weight, and obtaining a,a'-dichloro-p-xylene thiophane sulfo salt of formula (I); adding 0.2-0.6 M methanol solution of (I) and water solution of sodium hydroxide to four-neck flash equipped with constant pressure drop funnel, agitator and nitrogen gas ingress pipe and delivery line, maintaining solution at 0-10 degrees C, reacting for 0.5-2 hours, neutralizing with 0.1-1 M hydrochloric acid until pH of 6.5-7.5, and stopping reaction; and pouring reactant to dialysis bag with truncated molecular weight of 8000-14000, dialyzing with deionized water for a week, and obtaining poly(p-phenylene vinylene) precursor solution, with mass concentration of 2-5%, and poly(p-phenylene vinylene) of formula (II). The poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene ethynylene) precursor solution is prepared by adding 2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-p-dichloroditolyl silane and thiophane at molar ratio of 1:3 to three-neck flask equipped with agitator, condenser tube and temperature gauge, taking methanol (20-60 ml) as reaction medium, and reacting in oil bath for 24-48 hours at 50-60 degrees C, with concentration of 2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-p-dichloroditolyl silane in methanol at 8.57-25.7 Mm; and adding 125-375 ml of cold acetone at 0 degrees C to the reaction solution, separating white precipitate, filtering, washing for 5-8 times by cold acetone, placing precipitate product in vacuum dry oven, and drying at 30-60 degrees C until constant weight; adding 0.2-0.6 M methanol solution of a,a'-dichloro-p-2,5-dialkoxy-p-araxylene thiophane sulfo salt and water solution of sodium hydroxide to four-neck flash equipped with constant pressure drop funnel, agitator and nitrogen gas ingress pipe and delivery line, maintaining solution at 0-10 degrees C, reacting for 0.5-2 hours, neutralizing by 0.1-1 M hydrochloric acid until pH 6.5-7.5, and stopping reaction; and pouring reactant to dialysis bag with truncated molecular weight of 8000-14000, dialyzing by deionized water for a week to remove excess small molecular, and obtaining poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene vinylene) precursor solution, with mass concentration of 2-5%, and structures of the a,a'-dichloro-p-2,5-dialkoxy-p-xylene thiophane sulfo salt of formula (III) and poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene vinylene) of formula (IV).n=392-980;R=CmH2m+1;andm=1-8.