TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biofouling resistant surface is a surface on an engineering substrate, which has a surface area of 25 square inches. The microscale surface structures comprise many raised structures having a length of 1-250 mu m. The microscale surface structures are produced using: a pattern multiplication process, in which a smaller patterned area is reproduced multiple times to generate a larger patterned area; or lithography to generate a master surface structure, where casting is utilized to replicate the master surface structure into a negative replicant and molding is utilized to replicate the negative replicant into a positive replicant. The molded positive replicant is electroplated in at least one step to produce a positive replicant of the master surface structure. The nanoscale surface structures comprise polymer nanostructures. The polymer nanostructures comprise self-assembling polymer nanostructures. The self-assembling polymer nanostructures are produced by applying a mixture of first and second polymers, separating the polymers into first and second nanoscale domains, and removing the second nanoscale domains while leaving the first nanoscale domains as polymer nanostructures. The biofouling resistant chemical functionality comprises a surface coating of biofouling resistant chemical. The polymer nanostructures are formed on a polymer film applied to the surface. The polymer film is prepared by a grafting-to method. The surface coating is substantially non-water soluble. The polymer comprises a crosslinked zwitterionic polymer produced by copolymerizing a zwitterionic monomer and a crosslinkable monomer, and crosslinking the resulting polymer. The polyelectrolyte layers are alternating layers of positively and negatively charged polymers. The polyelectrolyte layers comprise a crosslinked positively charged polymer on the outermost surface. The polyelectrolyte layers function as a sacrificial coating. The polyelectrolyte layers comprise nanoscale surface structures. The surface structures are microscale structures. The surface coating comprises hydrophobic particles and charged microparticles or nanoparticles, which are embedded in a polymer carrier layer. The charged particles are located on the outermost surface of the coating. The charged particles comprise cationic particles. The cationic particles comprise metal particles. The cationic particles comprise particles of fluorinated polymer having cationic groups at both ends. The polymer carrier layer comprises polydimethyl siloxane and/or a cationic derivative of polydimethyl siloxane. The cationic particles are attached to the structured surface through chemical or physical attachment. The structured surface is a metal substrate. The surface coating comprises at least one polycationic polymer comprising poly(dimethylaminomethyl methacrylate), poly(allylamine hydrochloride), poly(vinyl pyridine), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and/or polydimethylsiloxane. The polycationic polymers are mixed with polyethylene glycol functionalized methacrylates. The surface coating comprises at least one polycationic polymer that is attached to the structured surface via chemical or physical attachment. The polymers are grafted on the surface by a surface initiated polymerization method. The microscale surface structures comprise scales. The active polymeric system is in the form of nanoscale surface structures on the microscale surface structures. The battery function of the active polymeric system comprises many battery cells, where each cell comprises a first polymer functioning as an anode and a second polymer functioning as a cathode. The biofouling resistant surface further comprises cationic charges on the surface of the polymeric system that resist biofouling. The structured surface functions as a cathode of the battery. The anode of the battery consists of aluminum and carbon or similar materials in contact with the electroactive polymer. The electroactive polymer is patterned. The surface structures are nano or microscale structures, which are produced using either self assembly block copolymers or different combinations of homopolymers or copolymer incompatible blend materials. The surface structures are microscale sized structures.