TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The M(n+1)Xn is titanium (Ti3C2), titanium (Ti3CN), titanium (Ti2C), tantalum (Ta4C3), or vanadium (V(1/2)Cr(1/2))3C2. The layer is present in the form of a plane, a scroll, or a tube. The surfaces are coated with a coating comprising alkoxide, carboxylate, halide, hydroxide, hydride, oxide, suboxide, nitride, sub-nitride, sulfide and/or thiol. The coating comprises fluorine atoms or fluoride ions. The coating comprises hydrated or anhydrous oxide and/or sub-oxide. Preferred Components: The crystal cells having an empirical of formula (Ti3C2) or (Ti2C), where the surfaces are coated with a coating comprises hydroxide or oxide and/or suboxide. The crystal cells have an empirical of formula (Ta4C3), where the surfaces are coated with a coating comprising hydroxide and/or oxide. The substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells defines a plane, where the plane is substantially aligned with the plane of the polymer composite. The flexural strength and/or stiffness in the planar dimension of the polymer composite is greater than the flexural strength and/or stiffness of a corresponding polymer composition without the composition. The surfaces has bound to it alkoxide, carboxylate, halide, hydroxide, hydride, oxide, sub-oxide, nitride, sub-nitride, sulfide and/or thiol. The number of layers is 2-50. The average area of the layers is 100-10000 nm2 or 100-100002. The atoms and/or ions are intercalated between at least some of the layers. The atoms and/or ions are lithium atoms and/or lithium ions. The atoms (A) are removed by a process comprising a treatment with an acid. The acid is a strong acid. The strong acid is a fluorine-containing acid. The fluorine-containing acid is aqueous hydrofluoric acid or a substantially anhydrous gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition is electrically conductive or semiconductive, and is capable of intercalating atoms and/or ions between at least some of layers. Preferred Method: The method further comprises sonication.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer composite has a configuration defined by a two-dimensional plane, where the organic polymer is oriented coincident with the plane of that planar configuration. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.