TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon-containing material is silicon, silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The film layer is a nonmetal film layer comprising carbon, oxide, or nitride. The substrate material includes silicon, silicon-germanium, zinc oxide, gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, sapphire, window glass, solar cell cover glass, soda lime silicate glass, quartz, alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate, sodium boro-silicate glass, Pyrex (RTM: clear, low-thermal-expansion borosilicate glass), carbon, graphite, nitride, oxide, fluoride, or a metal, semiconductor, ceramic or polymer material. The surface is of a material that includes a metallic, wooden, or ceramic material. The arrangement of nanopillar tips has a protruding nanopore with titania (TiO2) nanoparticles, where the protruding nanopore has a concave shape at the tip of the nanopillar that includes TiO2 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are glass, silica, or titania nanoparticles. The adhesion material is titanium or chromium. The nanowire structures are zinc oxide nanowires or silicon oxide nanowires. The arrangement of nanopores is an array of vertically aligned nanopores of anodized alumina (Al2O3) or nanotubes of TiO2. The nanopillars or nanowire trenches include silicon oxide nanopillars, zinc oxide nanowires, silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, or loose or tangled nanowires and nanotubes of silicon, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, or titania. The nanopillars are made of anodized aluminum oxide, titania, silica, silicon, zirconia, or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The film layer is a metal film layer comprising silver, gold, copper, platinum, copper, nickel, or other metallic elements or alloys of these and other metals. The coating material can be palladium (Pd). The deposition material is zinc metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises coating the array of pillar structures with a hydrophobic layer of a hydrophobic material. Preferred Component: The hydrophobic material includes PTFE, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl) silane, fluoroalkysilane (FAS), or a polymer having a trifluoromethyl (CF3)-terminal group. The coating comprises dip coating the array into a thin layer of uncured PTFE, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to form a mushroom-shaped tip. The substrate is a compliant polymer or metal foil substrate. The stamp comprises a PDMS-based elastomeric mold having a periodic array of nanopattern structures. The coating material is PTFE or ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The transparent polymer liquid includes PMMA.