TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The energy storage device has open-circuit voltage of 0.6 volts or more. At least one of two electrodes has specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more which is in direct contact with electrolyte. The energy storage device has energy density of 300 Wh/kg or more and power density of 5 Kw/kg or more. Preferred Component: The electrode is cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is liquid electrolyte or gel electrolyte containing lithium ions. The active material on at least one of the two electrodes includes a functional group which reversibly reacts with lithium atom or ion. The anode active material is preloaded with lithium. The anode active material and cathode active material are a porous disordered carbon material (a) chosen from soft carbon, hard carbon, polymeric carbon or carbonized resin, meso-phase carbon, coke, carbonized pitch, carbon black, activated carbon or partially graphitized carbon, a graphene material (b) chosen from single-layer sheet or multi-layer platelet of graphene, graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene or chemically or thermally reduced graphene oxide, exfoliated graphite (c), meso-porous carbon (d), carbon nanotubes (e) chosen from single-walled carbon nanotubes or multiwalled carbon nanotubes, component (f) chosen from carbon nanofiber, metal nanowire, metal oxide nanowire or fiber and conductive polymer nanofiber, carbonyl-containing organic or polymeric molecule (g), and/or functionalized graphene material (h) containing carbonyl, carboxylic or amino group. The anode active material or cathode active material is a graphene material which does not contain a functional group. The functional material is combined with or supported by nano-structured material chosen from nano graphene, carbon nanotubes, disordered carbon, nano graphite, metal nanowire, conductive nanowire, carbon nanofiber and/or polymeric nanofiber. The anode active material or cathode active material is non-functionalized graphene material chosen from single-layer sheet or multilayer platelet of pristine graphene, graphene fluoride, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene or chemically or thermal reduced graphene oxide. At least one of active materials is single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The electrolyte comprises lithium salt-doped ionic liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The functional material is poly(2,5-dihydroxy-l,4-benzoquinone-3,6-methylene), lithium-containing complex (LixC606 and Li2(C6H204), where x is 1-3), lithium terephthalate, lithium trans-trans-muconate, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicacid-dianhydride sulfide polymer (PTCDA), PTCDA, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride, benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone and/or tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone. At least one of the functional materials has functional group chosen from -COOH, -NH2, -OR or -COOR.R=hydrocarbyl.