TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is chosen from vanadium pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum oxide (MoO2 and MoOx), vanadium oxide (VOx), tungsten trioxide (WO3), rhenium oxide (ReO3), an oxide of transition group metal(s), preferably rhenium oxide (ReOx), tungsten oxide (WOx), cerium oxide (CeO2, Ce2O3 and Ce3O4), cerium(IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate (C4CeF12O12S4), gadolinium doped cerium oxide (CeO2/Gd), yttrium-doped cerium oxide (CeO2/Y), chromium oxide (CrO3), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), cerium zirconium oxide, cerium tert-butoxide, cerium metal oxide (Ce(MO4)3), cerium oxide compound (CeO4C10H36), cerium orthovanadate (CeVO4) and cerium zirconium tetraoxide. The photovoltaic element further contains encapsulation(s) designed to shield the photovoltaic element, preferably the electrodes and/or the p-semiconductor, from a surrounding atmosphere. Preferred Process: The metal oxide is homogeneously dispersed into the matrix material. The process is performed partly in a low-oxygen atmosphere. The p-semiconductor is produced by a wet chemical processing, and a penetration process involving applying p-conductive organic matrix material(s) to the carrier element(s) and applying the metal oxide to the p-conductive organic matrix material and partly penetrating the metal oxide applied organic matrix material. Preferred Properties: The metal oxide in the p-semiconductor is in a ratio of 0.1-15%, preferably in a ratio of 2.5% based on the proportion by weight of the matrix material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-semiconductor comprises organic matrix material(s). The matrix material comprises low molecular weight organic p-semiconductor(s) comprising spiro compound(s). The spiro compound(s) is 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9, 9'-spirobifluorene compound of formula (I). The liquid phase(s) further comprises solvent (s), preferably an organic solvent chosen from cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, benzofuran and cyclopentanone.A1-A3=divalent organic units comprising one, two or three optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromalic groups, where, in the case of two or three aromatic or heteroarornatic groups, two of these groups in each case are joined to one another by a chemical bond and/or via a divalent alkyl residue;R1-R3=R, OR, NR2, A3-OR or A3-NR2 substituents;R=alkyl, aryl or monovalent organic residue comprising one, two or three optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic groups, where, in the case of two or three aromatic or heteroaromatic groups, two of these groups in each case are joined to one another by a chemical bond and/or via a divalent alkyl or NR11 residue;R11=R;andn=0,1,2 or 3.Provided that the sum of the individual n values is greater than or equal to 2, and two or more of R1-R3 residues are substituents of OR and/or NR2.