TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second side of the monolith is a metal-alloy oxide consisting of aluminum oxide, silicone oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, vanadium oxide, zirconium oxide, germanium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and/or zinc oxide. The second side's face of the monolith is made of anodized aluminum oxide. The first outer electrode is constructed by materials consisting of molybdenum trioxide, chromium trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, vanadium oxide (V6O13), lithium vanadium oxide, manganese dioxide (MnO2), lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide LiNiO2, lithium manganese oxide, lithium vanadium dioxide, lithium chromium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, titania, titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, nickel phosphorus trisulfide, titanium selenide, titanium telluride, molybdenum selenide and indium-selenium, coke, graphite, fluoro hydrocarbons (CFn (C2F)n), cobalt (II) chloride (C7CoCl2)and/or aluminum. The first electrode includes lithium, and the coating is a salt. The first electrode is MnO2 and the coating is an ion-conducting polymer. The salt comprises lithium iodide, lithium bromide, lithium chloride, and/or lithium fluoride. The aqueous solution comprises sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, aluminum chloride, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, cesium chloride, aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chromate, ammonium chromate, sodium chromate, potassium chromate, Zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid, and/or sulfuric acid. The pore coating is an ion-conducting polymer. The ion conducting polymer contains lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl amide and lithium triflate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solution contains a compound consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, methanol, formamide, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxy ethane, dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first outer electrode is constructed by materials further consisting of poly(acetylene), poly (pyrrole), poly(vinylferrocene), poly(aniline), poly(p-phenylene) and/or poly(phenylenesulfide). The ion conducting polymer further comprises polyether, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyleneimine, polybutadiene, polystyrene, polyisoprene, vinylidene fluoridehexafluoropropylene coploymer, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dioctyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate and/or derivatives.