TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive material comprises indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, aluminum tin oxide, graphite, or carbon nanotube. The donor material is prepared using metal nanomaterial comprising nanotitanium, nanoplatinum, nanoplatinum, nanogold, nanosilver, nanomanganese, nanocopper, nanozinc oxide, nanotin, and nanocobalt; semiconductor nanomaterial comprising nanosilica, nanotitanium oxide, nanozinc oxide, nanosilicon oxide, nanotin oxide, nanocadmium oxide, nanonickel oxide, nanogallium arsenide, gallium nitride, nanocrystal gallium, nanosulfide, nanocadmium sulfide, nanocopper sulfide, nanozinc sulfide nanocrystalline selenium lead, nanocrystalline selenium-tellurium, nanocrystalline cadmium selenide, nanocadmium telluride, nanocrystalline cuprous oxide, nanocrystalline copper tin indium oxide, nanocopper-indium sulfur, copper-indium-gallium-selenium nanocrystal, nanocrystalline copper-indium-gallium-selenium sulfur, and nanocrystal copper-zinc-tin-selenium. An oxidizing agent used comprises ammonium persulfate, potassium peroxydisulfate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, ferric trichloride, ferric sulfate, or p-methyl benzene sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A solvent used in preparing the donor material comprises water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, chloroform, methylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, and N,N-dimethyl formamide. A dopant used in the method comprises methyl benzene sulfonic acid, camphor sulfonic acid, salicylsulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid, nonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, sulfamic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, benzene sulfonate, p-methyl benzene sulfonate, dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and sodium dodecyl sulfonate. A carbon material used in preparing the active layer material comprises graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and their derivatives. The solvent used in the method comprises water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, chloroform, methylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, or N,N-dimethyl formamide. A modified agent used in the method comprises silane coupling agent, titanic acid ester coupling agent, aluminate coupling agent, or zirconate coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The conjugated polymer is polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly-p-benzene and their derivatives. The dopant comprises polystyrene, polyethylene sulfonic acid, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, polystyrene sulfonates, and vinyl sulfonate.