TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The virgin or non-virgin plant biomass comprises at least one of branch, stem, bush, cane, corn and corn husk, energy crop, forest, fruit, flower, grain, grass, herbaceous crop, leave, bark, needle, log, root, sapling, short rotation woody crop, shrub, switch grass, tree, vegetable, fruit peel, vine, sugar beet pulp, wheat middling, oat hull, or hard and soft wood.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The enzyme is selected from cellulase, complex cellulase of Genencor Multifect B, xylanase, endoxylanase, exoxylanase, beta xylosidase, endomannase, beta-mannosidase, beta-mannase, pectin lyase, pectate lyase, endopolygalacturonase, exopolygalacturonase, rhamnohydrolase, xylogalacturonase, alpha -rhamnosidase, rhamnogalacturonan lyase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, arabinofuranohydrolase, endoarabinase, exoarabinase, endogalactanase, glucuronidase, feruloyl esterase, p-coumaroyl esterase, galactosidase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, protease, lipase, glucoamylase, cellobiohydrolase, alpha amylase, acetyl esterase, methyl esterase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase (preferably endoglucanase, complex cellulase of Genencor Multifect B, and exoglucanase). Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves: converting the hydrolyzed sugar fraction so as to generate biofuel; and mechanically processing the recalcitrant cellulose fraction so as to generate nano-fibrillated cellulose. The converting step involves: fermentation, enzymatic catalysis and/or chemical catalysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nano-fibrillated cellulose comprises lignocellulose. The lignocellulosic material comprises at least one of virgin plant biomass, non-virgin plant biomass, agricultural biomass, commercial organics, construction and demolition debris, municipal solid waste, waste paper, and yard waste; xylan, lignin, protein, beta-glucans, homogalacturonans, and rhamnogalacturonans; or pulp. The pulp is bleached pulp. The nano-fibrillated cellulose comprises fibers having diameters of less than 1 mu m (preferably less than 500 nm, especially 10-300 nm, particularly 20 nm); and length of at least 500 nm to 1 mu m. The lignocellulosic material is not chemically pretreated. In the composition, the nano-fibrillated cellulose has the same thermal stability as that of the lignocellulose material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.