TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (C) is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, zinc sulfide and/or lithopone. The component (D) is barium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, barium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, silica, alumina, clay, talc, mica and/or white carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further comprises particles (E) having average particles diameter of 1 mu m to (1.1x t) mu m. The component (A) is copolymer of acryl-type monomer (a1) having secondary or tertiary piperidinyl group which is substituted in 2,6-position, acryl-type monomer (a2) having functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group, and another acryl-type monomer (a3) which does not contain benzotriazole group. The component (E) is nitrogen-containing resin particles. Preferred Film: The plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate film. The solar cell back surface protection sheet further has water vapor barrier layer. Preferred Properties: Particles (E) optionally have melting point of 120 degrees C or more. The thickness of weather-resistance resin layer is 5-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent containing water is at least one component chosen from alcohol and ketone solvents other than water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition comprises thermoplastic resin. Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from cellulose ester resin, acrylic resin, polylactic resin, and polystyrene resin. The void phase has average diameter of 100 nm-5 mu m. The film has a thickness of 1-100 mu m. Preferred Method: The immobilization and precipitation process are performed at 20 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The corrugated pipes are made from thermoplastic resin i.e. polyethylene. The ends of the pipes are made of thermoplastic plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: A releasing agent is applied on an outer circumferential surface of the formed inner insulating resin layer in the step (i). EXAMPLE - Typical insulating cable comprised of (in parts by wt.): very low density polyethylene (85), aluminum hydroxide (160), zinc oxide (10), anti-oxidant system with sulfur (10), antioxidant with a hindered phenol system (4), antioxidant with thioester system (1), lubricant (0.5), carbon (3), and crosslinking agent (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process comprises: a single cell oil production process, which uses a microorganism capable of producing single cell oil and enzymes; and an alcohol production process, where the process comprises the steps of cultivating single cell oil and enzyme producing microorganisms and optionally separating supernatant and microorganism cells from the microorganism culture, cultivating alcohol producing microorganisms and separating alcohol from the microorganism culture, separating single cell oil from microorganism cells, and introducing the microorganism culture, supernatant or a protein enriched fraction of the supernatant or a dilution of the supernatant comprising catalytically active enzymes into alcohol production process or treating feedstock for the process. The product of the process is recovered by using a method preserving the catalytic activity of the enzymes, preferably hydrolytic enzymes. The part of the enzymes is recycled to the single cell oil production process. Preferred Components: The raw material further comprises starch. The microorganism capable of producing both single cell oils and enzymes is a fungus, yeast or a bacterium, preferably belonging to a genus comprising Aspergillus, Humicola, Rhizopus, and Trichoderma, or a yeast belonging to genus Cryptococcus or a bacterium belonging to Streptomyces. The enzymes comprise: exoenzymes, preferably enzymes associated with hemicellulose and/or cellulose hydrolysis; and hemicellulases, xylanases, mannanases, arabinases, galactosidases, glucosidases, mannosidases, xylosidases, arabinofuranosidase, esterases, cellulases, endo-cellulases, exo-cellulases, cellobiases or betaglucosidases, oxidative cellulases and/or cellulose phosphorylase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alcohol production process comprises ethanol, butanol, isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and/or acetonebutanol-ethanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The refrigerant is fluid, which is water or air. The connector is made of copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, nickel, zinc, cobalt and/or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The refrigerant pipe is made of synthetic resin chosen from chloroprene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber, acryl rubber and/or nitrile butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon-containing material comprises silicon, silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The film layer is a metal film layer comprising silver, gold, copper, platinum, copper, nickel, and/or other metallic elements or alloys of these and other metals, and is a nonmetal film layer comprising carbon, oxide and/or nitride. The substrate material includes silicon, silicon-germanium, zinc oxide, gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, sapphire, window glass, solar cell cover glass, soda lime silicate glass, quartz, alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate, sodium boro-silicate glass, Pyrex (RTM: Borosilicate glass), carbon, graphite, nitride, oxide, fluoride, a metal, semiconductor, ceramic or polymer material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic material includes PTFE, fluoroalkysilane, and/or a polymer having a CF3-terminal group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner electronically conductive layer, the outer electronically conductive layer, the inner current collector layer and the outer current collector layer comprises at least one material selected from carbon, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, copper, tin, and an alloy of it. The ion conductive layer comprises at least one material selected from silicate material, an aluminosilicate, metal oxide, and ceramic material. The electronically insulating layer comprises a porous ceramic layer or a porous clay layer. The catalyst comprises platinum or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first agent or the second agent comprises methanol liquid, or gas or vapor selected from hydrogen, methanol, oxygen and air. The ion conductive layer comprises an inorganic ion exchange material or an organic polymeric ion exchange material. The cooling medium comprises liquid water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion conductive layer comprises at least one material selected from macroporous polymer, and ion exchange polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical insulator comprises pyridine or vinyl pyridine, 2-vinyl pyridine or 4-vinyl pyridine. The polymerization of electrical insulator is performed using weak acidic solution containing mixture of ammonium perchlorate and perchloric acid or mixture of methanol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester composition contains haze solution (10-50 %mass) and 0.1-1 weight% of alkali metal element and/or alkaline-earth metal element, and phosphorus compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell module contains indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, gallium-aluminum zinc or fluorine-tin oxide, or copper indium gallium (di)selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium ionic liquid crystal compound is of formula (Ia)-(Ic). The lithium ion transport layer contains polymeric liquid crystal compound. The lithium ion transport layer contains mixed liquid crystal of lithium ionic liquid crystal compound and liquid crystal compound other than lithium ionic liquid crystal compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber layer further comprises at least one graphite fiber, aramid fiber, silicon carbide fiber, boron fiber, silicon carbide fiber and a basalt fiber. The matrix material is a synthetic resin. The synthetic resin is the epoxy resin, phenolic resin, vinyl ester resin, unsaturated polyester resin, a motor to amide resin, double motor to amide triazine resin, cyanic acid ester resin, benzoxazine resin or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The white pigment is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyimide base material is 2,6-polyethylene naphthalate, has a thickness of 200-250 mu m. The white solidified resin composition comprises (wt.%) thermoplastic resin, white pigment (30-70), aluminum hydroxide and isocyanate compound; and further comprises a thermosetting resin, a curing catalyst, styrene resin, acrylic resin and an organic solvent. The battery further comprises a core material laminated on the surface of the base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The soaking step of combined PPy to carbinol solution; and filtering, washing and drying of mixture is performed under vacuum condition at 30-75 degrees C. The drying step is performed for 3-6 hours. Preferred Component: The oxidizer is ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, or soluble salt of iron (Fe3+) and copper (Cu2+). The transition metal salt is at least one of nitrate, sulfate, acetate, oxalate or chloride of iron, cobalt or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is octoalkyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, decyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, cetylhexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium polyacrylate, or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid solution is mixture of hydrochloric acid and water. The thin film has rutile or anatase crystal structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium precursor used in the manufacturing process is titanium butoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium propoxide, or titanium tetrachloride. The crosslinking is carried out in the presence of 4,4'-azobis(cyanovaleric acid). The solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and/or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mesoporous silica particle material has cylindrical-type particles or circular particles with particle size of 0.1-10 mu m. Preferred Property: The barrier layer has pores with size of 1-4 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mesoporous silica material is processed using tetraethoxysilane, alkyltrimethylammonium chloride or alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and/or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic nanoparticles are titania, silica and/or indium-tin-oxide. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of inorganic nanoparticles is 5-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high-boiling-point organic solvent is chosen from 3-methoxypropionitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and (trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, and has boiling point of 150 degrees C or more. The iodinized salt is chosen from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, magnesium iodide, copper iodide, silicon iodide, manganese iodide, barium iodide, molybdenum iodide, calcium iodide, iron iodide, cesium iodide, zinc iodide, mercury iodide, ammonium iodide, methyl iodide, methylene iodide, ethyl iodide, iodide ethylene, isopropyl iodide, isobutyl iodide, benzyl iodide, benzoyl iodide, allyl iodide, imidazolium iodide, pyridinium iodide and pyrrolidinium iodide. The gel-type electrolyte further contains nitrogen-containing additive chosen from 4-tert-butyl pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 2-aminoquinoline, 3-aminoquinoline, 5-aminoquinoline and 6-aminoquinoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The peroxide is peroxyketal or peroxycarbonate group. The oxyradical of the high energy generated by the analysis of the peroxide is selected from radical scavenger including butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, alkylphenol, alkoxyphenol, flavonoid compound, hydroxy halcone (hydroxychalcone) compound, and alkyl or aryl nitron (arylnitrone) compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises the silane compound (0.01-3, preferably plus minus 2) parts by weight. In the composition, the radical scavenger to be added is less than 50 parts by weight to the comparison of peroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer contains copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, titanium, magnesium, tin and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardener is organic peroxide, azo compound, amine compound and/or acid anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin comprises epoxy resin, acrylic resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, alkyd resin and/or polyimide resin. The thermoplastic resin comprises polyamide resin, nitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylic rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber, styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene rubber, polyurethane and/or phenoxy resin. The thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin has hydroxyl group or carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive nickel terminal (150) and negative nickel terminal (160) are formed with a pair of case bottom planes. The air anode comprises the catalyst layer, the nickel mesh, and the air diffusion. The cathode mixture is coated on the nickel mesh used as the current collector; and the coated nickel mesh is adopted to pack. The zinc-air fuel for fuel cell cassette i.e. positive nickel terminal is formed in order to contact the air anode; and negative nickel terminal is formed in order to contact the zinc cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing member is formed with the strong alkali rubber material of the nitrile-rubber system or the ethylene-propylene rubber group in order to prevent the leak of the zinc cathode and the proper humidity maintenance. The pack is formed with the OH- conductivity membrane and polyethylene type specific nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substituent polythiophene in the step (i) includes poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(3-alkoxythiophene) and poly(3,4-dialkylthiophene), poly(3-butylthiophene), poly(3-isoamylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), poly(3-nonyllthiophene), poly(3-phenylthiophene), poly(3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene), poly(3-dodecylthiophene), poly(3-butylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), poly(3,4-dibutyllthiophene), poly(3,4-dioctylthiophene), poly(3,4-di(isoamyl)thiophene) or poly(3,4-di(dodecyl)thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has polydispersity index of 1.5-5 and melt flow rate of 1-50 g/10 minutes. The encapsulating material sheet further contains additive chosen from adhesive agent, photostabilizer, ultraviolet-absorbing agent and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The polar solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, methanol or ethanol. The primary solvent is chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, toluene, dichloromethane, trichloroethylene or xylene. Preferred Layer: The organic solar cell has electron accepting layer made of fullerene or fullerene derivative. The electron accepting layer is formed using metal salt chosen from metal chloride, metal acetate, metal nitrate, secondary polymer chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate, and secondary solvent chosen from water, acetic acid, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conjugated polymer is polyparaphenylene vinylene derivative, polythiophene derivative or polyfluorene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The conductivity carbon support is dispersed in a dispersed solution by utilizing a solvent. Preferred Components: The solvent is chosen from water, acetone or alcohol. The carbon nitride precursor is chosen from melamine (2-amino-4,6-dichlorotriazine), cyanuric chloride, calcium cyanamide, sodium amide, melamine (2,5,8-triamino-tri-s-triazine), urea anhydride (cyanamide) or 2 cyanogen 2 amide (dicyandiamide). The conductivity carbon support is chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, graphene nanofiber, graphite nanofiber and fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal oxide nanoparticle layer contains metal oxide nanoparticles having average particle diameter of 1-80 nm, and made of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, and strontium titanium oxide. The thickness of metal oxide nanoparticle layer in which the dye is absorbed is 2-50 mu m. The thickness of optical scattering layer is 2-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solution: Etching solution used during manufacture of solar cell has viscosity of 20-1500 cp. The etching solution contains mixture of tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution and polymer chosen from polypropylene glycol, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, chitosan, chitin, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, cellulose, ethylcellulose, polyhydroxylethyl methacrylic acid, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene naphthalate and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum powder, conductive powder and glass frit contained with respect to the total content of the aluminum paste composition is 64-75 wt.%, 1-5 wt.% and 0.01-5 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of bismuth dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, boric oxide and strontium oxide is 20-30 %mol, 25-35 %mol, 5-15 %mol, 20-40 %mol and 1-10 %mol, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aluminum paste composition further contains polymer resin (1-25 wt.%), solvent (75-99 wt.%) and additive (1-10 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The manufacture of solar cell involves using aluminum, platinum, molybdenum, copper, nickel, iridium, ruthenium, gold, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride or tungsten nitride. Preferred Composition: The solar cell has oxide fluorescent layer having thickness of 1-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the down-conversion oxide fluorescent composite is 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The down-conversion oxide fluorescent composition further comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, the polycarbonate, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, polyacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carboxylic group containing polymerizable monomer is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and/or succinic acid monohydroxyethy(meta)acrylate. The content of carboxylic group containing polymerizable monomer is 1-17 weight%, preferably 3-16 weight% with respect to total content of 100 weight% of acryl-based copolymer. The cross-linking agent is multifunctional isocyanate compound containing functional group or hexamethylene diisocyanate. The multifunctional isocyanate compound is trimethylolpropane, isocyanurate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate or methylenebis triisocyanate. The catalyst is lewis acid or lewis base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition further contains epoxy resin and adhesive promoter. The content of epoxy resin is 0.01-50 parts weight with respect to content of 100 parts weight of carboxylic group containing acryl-based copolymer. Preferred Property: The carboxylic group containing acryl-based copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 10-170, preferably 60-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant is phosphorus antioxidant and/or phenolic antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ultraviolet-absorbing agent is hindered amine light stabilizer, benzotriazole group, benzophenone group and/or salicylate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The damping unit is made of elastomeric material i.e. entropy-elastic elastomeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the multilayer film, at least one of the first outer layer, the intermediate layer, the second outer layer, and the extruded thermoplastic layer includes a silane. The multilayer film further comprises: a first extruded thermoplastic layer between the first outer layer and the intermediate layer; and a second extruded thermoplastic layer between the second outer layer and the intermediate layer, where the first and second extruded thermoplastic layers include silane. The second outer layer is multilayered.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silane is an amino substituted organosilane. The silane is blended with a functionalized polymer. The intermediate layer has surface polar functionality. The polyester includes at least one homopolymer of polyester, copolymer of polyester, and liquid crystalline polyesters. The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate. The second outer layer includes 1-10% of comonomer. The second outer layer includes a polymer blend. The second outer layer includes interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate. The first outer layer includes at least one homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinyl fluoride, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and homopolymer of vinyl fluoride. The first outer layer includes at least one of interpolymerized units of fluorinated monomers and non-fluorinated monomers. The fluoropolymer is semi-crystalline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloyed metallic layer comprises nickel and gold of 80-120 Angstrom in height. The first layer, the second layer, the third layer, the fourth layer, the fifth layer, the sixth layer and the seventh layer of the center metal layer comprise silver, nickel, aluminum, nickel, aluminum, nickel and gold, respectively. The first layer, the second layer, the third layer and the fourth layer of the first terminal are made of titanium, aluminum, nickel and gold, respectively. The light emitting or absorbing region comprises gallium nitride (GaN). The first terminals are in ohmic contact with p+ GaN and n+ GaN, and the second terminal is in ohmic contact with n+ GaN and p+ GaN. The inorganic semiconductor consists of silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium aluminum gallium phosphide, aluminum indium gallium arsenide, and indium gallium nitride arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic semiconductor consisting of: Jt-conjugated polymers, poly(acetylene)s, poly (pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, polyanilines, polythiophenes, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(para-phenylene vinylene)s (PPV) and PPV derivatives, poly(3-alkylthiophenes), polyindole, polypyrene, polycarbazole, polyazulene, polyazepine, poly(fluorene)s, polynaphthalene, polyaniline, polyaniline derivatives, polythiophene, polythiophene derivatives, polypyrrole, polypyrrole derivatives, polythianaphthene, polythianaphthane derivatives, polyparaphenylene, polyparaphenylene derivatives, polyacetylene, polyacetylene derivatives, polydiacethylene, polydiacetylene derivatives, polyparaphenylenevinylene, polyparaphenylenevinylene derivatives, polynaphthalene, polynaphthalene derivatives, polyisothianaphthene, polyheteroarylenvinylene (ParV), in which the heteroarylene group is thiophene, furan or pyrrol, polyphenylene-sulfide, polyperinaphthalene, and/or polyphthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: F10 stress at 10% elongation along machine direction and transverse direction at 25 degrees C is each of 120 MPa. The polyester film has F10 stress of 10% elongation along longitudinal and transverse direction at 25 degrees C is 0.8-1.2. The thermal contraction rate of polyester film along longitudinal and transverse direction at 200 degrees C is (-5)-5%. The dynamic friction coefficient ( mu d) on at least one surface of polyester film is 0.3-0.8. Preferred Composition: Polyester film contains glycol unit (95 mol.% or more) derived from ethylene glycol and dicarboxylic acid unit (95 mol.% or more) derived from terephthalic acid as structural unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The transition metal compound contains titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper or tungsten. The transition metal compound contains an oxygen atom in the molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing organic substance has hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group, acid halide group, sulfo group, phosphoric acid group, ketone group, ether group and/or ester group in a molecule. The precipitation inhibitor which becomes the catalyst-precursor liquid mixture comprising compound which has diketone structure is used in the manufacturing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic amine unit is of formula (I) or -(Ar1-N(-R5)(-Ar2-N(-R6))c-Ar3)- (II). The carbon cluster structure is of formula (III), preferably of formula (IV). The high molecular compound is obtained by reacting high molecular compound precursor containing crosslinkable group with carbon cluster. The crosslinkable group is of formula (V).Ar1-Ar3=arylene, preferably fluorene heteroarylene or bivalent heterocyclyl (all optionally substituted);R5-R7=H, or alkyl, aryl or monovalent heterocyclyl (all optionally substituted);c=0 or 1;Ar5=Ar1 or optionally substituted bivalent aromatic amine residue;X=single bond, O, S, or alkylene or phenylene (both optionally substituted);Rw,Rx,Ry,Rz=single bond, or 1-20C alkylene or 6-20C arylene (both optionally substituted);ring F=carbon cluster structure;m=1-4;W'=bivalent group containing C or silicon atom;Z=N, O, S or C;p=0-12;q=0 or 1;Y'=single bond, O, S, or alkylene or phenylene (both optionally substituted);W'+ring containing Z=ring;R10=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, monovalent heterocyclyl or crosslinkable group;andt=1 or 2.(i) When p is 0, q is 1, W' is Si; (ii) when p is 1, Z is C; (iii) when p is 2 or more, Z is hetero atom; and (iv) the bonding between adjacent carbon atoms is single bond or unsaturated bond. The carbon cluster structure excludes the group in which one hydrogen atom is removed from the derivative of fullerene C60, group in which one hydrogen atom is removed from the derivative of fullerene C70, or group in which one hydrogen atom is removed from the derivative of fullerene C84.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A cover film is stuck on the surface of the layers (A) and/or (B) before irradiating energy beam. Preferred Film: The cured films (I,II) are semi-hardened film. The cured film (III) has thickness of 0.5-1.5 mm. Preferred Composition: The compositions (A-C) contain allyl ester resin, photoinitiator and heat initiator. The compositions (A-C) have viscosity of 100-10000 mPa.second at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The method enables a hydrocarbon mixture to meet requirements for jet fuel conforming to ASTM D1655 standard and for a diesel fuel conforming to ASTM D975 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor material (s1) and semiconductor material (s2) comprise material containing silicon, germanium, silicon germanide, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, gallium-indium phosphide, aluminum-indium phosphide and/or indium-gallium nitride. The semiconductor material (s2) comprises dopant (1-10 wt.%). The substrate comprises copper or nickel catalyst as vapor-liquid-solid catalyst. Preferred Process: The microstructures are partially or fully embedded in infill material containing polymer. The microstructure further comprises an anti-reflective coating. The vapor-liquid-solid deposition is carried out with gas flow comprising hydrogen and chlorosilane. The deposition of semiconductor material (s2) is chosen from plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, hot-wire chemical vapor deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition, low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, evaporative deposition and sputtering deposition. Preferred Properties: The microwire has diameter of 1-10 mu m, preferably 1.5-4 mu m, and length of more than 50 mu m. At least one portion of coating has thickness of 5-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cathode comprises cathodic enzymes immobilized on teflonized carbon black. The teflonized carbon black is pressed on to a paper substrate. The cathodic enzymes are laccase, ascorbate oxidase or bilirubin oxidase. The anode comprises anodic enzymes immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotube paper. The anodic enzymes are NADH-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The biological cathode comprises enzyme(s) or microorganism(s) deposited on a first thin film and the biological anode comprises enzyme(s) or microorganism(s) deposited on a second thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive contacts are formed from graphite ink.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fuel cell further comprises ionomeric layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst has weight of not greater than 0.1 mg/cm2 of the reaction surface. The catalyst has surface area of not greater than 200 cm2/cm2 of the reaction surface. The catalyst is platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte resin is a copolymer comprising: (a) polymerized units of one or more fluoromonomer comprising 4,5-difluoro-2,2-bis-trifluoromethyl-(1,3)dioxole (A1) or 2-difluoromethylene-4,4,5-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-(1,3)dioxolane (A2); and (b) polymerized units of one or more fluoromonomer (B), where the fluoromonomer (B) is perfluorosulfonic acid monomer or perfluorosulfonate monomer or its derivatives or salts. The fluoromonomer (B) has a structure of formula (CF2=CF-O-(CF2)n-SO2X).n = 2-5;X = F, Cl, OH or OM; andM = monovalent cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Components: The polyethylene copolymer consists of ethylene-alpha-olefin having a density of 0.865-0.9 according to ASTM D 1505 and a copolymer of ethylene-(meth) acrylates anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylene homopolymer is a linear low density polyethylene obtained by metallocene catalysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fastener is partially made of a plastic material such as polyamide PA66 glass fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The side cap comprises a plastic part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises a phenol solvent, a cyclic ketone solvent, and/or a carboxamide solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyimide polymer solution has a viscosity of 1-50000 cp. The first substrate or the second substrate made of the polyimide polymer is used as an UV resistant film having an ultraviolet radiation transmittance of at least 50% (50% cut off) for a wavelength of 395-410 nm. The element layer comprises a second film at the most outside of which, the second film is made of a polyimide polymer. The polyimide polymer of the first film and the polyimide polymer of second film are identical or different. EXAMPLE - 4,4-Bis(aminophenoxy)propane (0.0118 mole) and oxydianiline (0.0275 mole) were added into meta-cresol (119.23 g) in a three-necked bottle under nitrogen gas at room temperature. After 4,4-bis(aminophenoxy)propane and oxydianiline completely dissolved, 4,4'-oxydi(phthalic anhydride) (0.0120 mole) and bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (0.0281 mole) were added into the solution. After bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride completely dissolved, the solution was stirred for 1 hour to obtain a sticky solution of polyamic acid and the sticky solution was heated to 220 degrees C. The heating temperature was maintained for 3 hours, and water was removed during the reaction. After the mixture was cooled to room temperature, it was slowly added into methanol, and polyimide precipitated as threads. The precipitated polyimide was collected by filtration, and dried in a vacuum oven for about 12 hours. The dried polyimide precipitate was added into dimethylacetamide to form the polyimide polymer solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multilayer film includes a silane such as an amino substituted organosilane. The first outer layer, the second outer layer, the intermediate layer, the first adhesive layer and/or the second adhesive layer include silane. The silane is blended with a functionalized polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second outer layer includes interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate. The first outer layer includes a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinyl fluoride, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, a copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and /or a homopolymer of vinyl fluoride, and interpolymerized units of fluorinated monomers and/or non-fluorinated monomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The multilayer film further includes first adhesive layer between the first outer layer and the intermediate layer; and second adhesive layer between the second outer layer and the intermediate layer. The silane is blended with functionalized polymer. The silane in at least one of the first and second adhesive layers is an amino substituted organosilane. The intermediate layer has surface polar functionality. The second outer layer further includes comonomer (1-10%); and is multilayered. Preferred Components: The first outer layer includes at least one of homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinyl fluoride, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene, and homopolymer of vinyl fluoride; and includes at least one of interpolymerized units of fluorinated monomers and non-fluorinated monomers. The fluoropolymer is semi-crystalline. The intermediate layer includes polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyamide. The second outer layer includes polymer blend, or interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The overhang is L-shaped in a cross section to cover the temperature protection device from at least two directions. The overhang includes a visor covering a side of the temperature protection device opposite to a side facing the battery case and a support that supports the visor and covers the temperature protection device from a side. The visor has a low-rigidity portion with rigidity lower than in another portion to allow the visor to deform towards the temperature protection device. The visor of the overhang is tabular and the low-rigidity portion is constituted by a recess provided on a side of the visor opposite the side facing the temperature protection device. The temperature protection device is rectangular in a plan view. The visor of the overhang is rectangular in a plan view to correspond to the temperature protection device. The support is provided on a long side of the visor in a plan view. The sealed battery further comprises: a protection circuit; and a connecting wire connecting the protection circuit with a side of the temperature protection device that is opposite to the side which is connected with a terminal of the battery case, where the protection circuit is located above the cover, and the connecting wire is bent so that a portion of the wire is located on the overhang of the cover. The overhang is formed integrally with the cover. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive electrode active material includes polymethyl methacrylate ( less than or equal to 5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sealing layer comprises diamond and diamond-like carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, fluorinated methacrylate, and polyether ether ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (B) is surface-treated silica. In the composition: an agent for surface treating silica is hexamethyldisilazane; and 2 mm-thick cured sheet of the silicone rubber composition has a total luminous transmittance of at least 90% and a haze of up to 10. Preferred Method: The optical sheet is formed by calendaring or extrusion molding of the composition. EXAMPLE - Mixture of an organopolysiloxane (100 parts by weight (pbw)) containing dimethylsiloxane units (99.425 mol.%), methylvinylsiloxane units (0.50 mol.%), and dimethylvinylsiloxane units (0.025 mol.%) and having an average polymerization degree of 6000, silica (70 pbw) having a Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) specific surface area of 300 m2/g, hexamethyldisilazane (16 pbw) as dispersant, and water (4 pbw) was kneaded by a kneader, followed by heat treatment at 170 degrees C for 2 hours, to prepare a compound. The compound (100 pbw), and C-25A (platinum catalyst)/C-25B (organohydrogenpolysiloxane) (0.5 pbw/2 pbw) as an addition crosslinking curing agent were added after kneading by twin roll, and the mixture was blended uniformly to form composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyol is a polyol with 5-8 hydroxyl groups, preferably containing secondary hydroxyl groups. The polyol with 5-8 hydroxyl groups is a polyether polyol based on sorbitol. The polyisocyanate is an aromatic polyisocyanate. The polyol component further comprises a polyamine of (0.5-5 wt.%, preferably 1.5-2.5 wt.%). Preferred Composition: The polyol component comprises (in wt.%) castor oil (10-25); the polyol with 5-8 hydroxyl groups (1-10); polyether- and/or polyester polyol based on castor oil or soybean oil with a hydroxyl number (150-200 mg potassium hydroxide/g (1-40); and polyether- and/or polyester polyol based on castor oil or soybean oil with an hydroxyl number (210-300 mg potassium hydroxide/g (1-30). EXAMPLE - Typical polyol component composition comprised of (in wt.%) castor oil (16), polyether polyol based on sorbitol with 6 hydroxyl groups (hydroxyl number 490 mg potassium hydroxide/g) (8), Sovermol 805 (RTM: Branched polyether/polyester) (31.3), polyether- and/or polyester polyol based on castor oil or soybean oil with an hydroxyl number (210-300 mg potassium hydroxide/g) (13), zeolite (6), chalk (22), pyrogenic silicic acid (1.5), 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-diethylaniline) (2.2), and the typical polyisocyanate component composition comprised of (in wt.%) Desmodur VKS20F (RTM: Monomeric polyisocyanate) (93.6), Aerosil r972 (RTM: Fumed silica) (6.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganism is a filamentous fungus, yeast or a bacterium, preferably a fungus belonging to a genus selected from Aspergillus, Humicola, Rhizopus, and Trichoderma, or a yeast belonging to genus Cryptococcus, or a bacterium belonging to genus Streptomyces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In the process (P1), the enzymes and lipids are produced by the same microorganism. In the process (P1), the enzymes producing microorganism and the lipid producing microorganism are different. The pulp and/or paper industry process comprises a process, such as dissolving pulp process, Kraft-pulp process, pulp (pre)bleaching, or mechanical pulp process, fiber modification, debarking, recycle fiber process, deinking, fiber modification, papermaking, or slime and/or pitch removal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the process (P1), the organic material fed to the single cell oil production process comprises at least 50% lignocelluloses or a fraction of lignocellulose, preferably at least 10% polymeric sugars. The organic material comprises hemicelluloses, or its fraction (at least 20%, preferably at least 30%). The organic material comprises cellulose or its fraction (at least 20%, preferably at least 30%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The temperature distribution of polyester resin in the direction orthogonal to axial center direction of cylindrical container is controlled to 0.1-10%. The filling rate of polyester resin in cylindrical container is 70-99%. The crystallization of polyester resin is carried out by heating polyester resin at 120-180 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester resin has quantity of terminal carboxylic acid group of 5-20 equivalent/ton, variation of quantity of terminal carboxylic acid group of 1-20%, intrinsic viscosity of 0.7-0.9 dL/g, and variation of intrinsic viscosity of 1-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): An aromatic compound of formula (II) is subjected to reduction reaction, and obtained reaction product is sulfonated to obtain aromatic sulfonic acid derivative (I). Preferred Composition: The concentration of the reaction product obtained during reductive reaction is 1-10 %mass at -20 degrees C to 200 degrees C. Preferred Process: The sulfonating reaction is performed at 0-100 degrees C using sulfuric acid (2-20 equivalent). Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=phenylene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Aromatic sulfonic acid derivatives (I) i.e. sodium 4-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-(4-((sodiooxy)sulfonyl)phenyl)phenyl)benzene-1-sulfonate of formula (IA), sodium 4-(2,5-dihydroxy-3-(4-((sodiooxy)sulfonyl)phenyl)phenyl)benzene-1-sulfonate and sodium 4-(2,5-difluoro-3,6-dihydroxy-4-(4-((sodiooxy)sulfonyl)phenyl)phenyl)benzene-1-sulfonate are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran (400 ml), 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (76.8 mmol), and solvent were refluxed, and zinc residue was removed to obtain white solvent. The obtained white solvent was dissolved in 300 ml ethyl acetate, and the resultant organic layer was washed using water. The resultant product was dried, and distilled to obtain reaction product (21.1 g). The obtained reaction product (10 g) was added to concentrated sulfuric acid (18 mol/l) and cooled at 0 degrees C to obtain sodium 4-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-(4-((sodiooxy)sulfonyl)phenyl)phenyl)benzene-1-sulfonate (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of fluorine atoms of fluorine-containing organosilicon compound (II) is 15% or more with respect to total silicon number of atoms of organosilicon compound (I) and silicon number of atoms of fluorine-containing organosilicon compound (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing organosilicon compound (II) is silsesquioxane formed by polymerizing triethoxyfluorosilane, triethoxy-1H,1H,2H,2H-tridecafluoro-n-octylsilane, trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl triethoxysilane and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trimethoxysilane. Preferred Composition: The sealing-material composition further contains hardening agent and curing catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive material is selected from metal, metallic compound and conductive polymeric material. The metal is selected from aluminum and gold. The metallic compound is selected from manganese protoxide, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide. The conductive polymeric material is heterocycle or aromatic heterocyclic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The negative-electrode structure comprises conductive layer and negative-electrode layer, and the negative-electrode layer is formed on the conductive layer. The conductive layer comprises conductive material. The positive-electrode structure comprises a conductive polymeric film and a conductive nano polymeric powder film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic salt is organic salt without lithium, and selected from sodium iodide, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. The compound of metal ions and acid ions comprises calcium carbonate or natural phytochemicals selected from lignans, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acids, scopoletin, catechin, beta -sitosterol, damnacanthal and alkaloids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymeric material is selected from polyacetylene, poly (arylene vinylene), polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and their derivatives. The high polymer comprises high polymer of glucose is selected from potato starch, water chestnut starch, corn starch, sweet potato starch, lotus root starch, mustard powder and pueraria powder. The conductive nano polymeric powder film is formed on the conductive polymeric film. The conductive nano polymeric powder film comprises chlorophyll powder and conductive nano polymeric powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive material selected from metal, metallic compound and conductive polymeric material. The metal is selected from aluminum and gold, the metallic compound is selected from manganese protoxide, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide. The conductive polymeric material is heterocycle or aromatic heterocyclic compound. The positive-electrode material in powder form further comprises at least one of carbon fiber cloth, carbon powder and conductive polymeric powder, and the carbon fiber cloth and the carbon powder are selected from hard charcoal (or called chaoite), soot carbon, glassy carbon, carbon nanotube, activated carbon, diamond, amorphous carbon, grapheme, fullerene, graphite, carbyne, diatomic carbon, tricarbon, atomic carbon, graphitization carbon, thermolabile carbon, coke, and other allotropes of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The positive-electrode structure comprises a conductive polymeric film and a conductive nano polymeric powder film. The conductive layer comprises conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound of metal ions and acid ions comprises calcium carbonate or natural phytochemicals selected from lignans, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acids, scopoletin, catechin, beta -sitosterol, damnacanthal and alkaloids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymeric material is selected from polyacetylene, poly (arylene vinylene), polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and their derivatives. The high polymer comprises high polymer of glucose is selected from potato starch, water chestnut starch, corn starch, sweet potato starch, lotus root starch, mustard powder and pueraria powder. The conductive nano polymeric powder film is formed on conductive polymeric film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methane-generating pit outer layer uses kieselguhr heat insulating brick material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The inner layer of methane-generating pit uses high-density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane material. The seam filling material for filling joint of HDPE membrane is special sealing glue for methane-generating pit, polyurethane rubber, modified polyurethane rubber, chloroprene rubber, modified-chloroprene rubber, or natural rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The PTFE film is prepared by PTFE resin drying, preparing blank, sintering, and carrying out low temperature plasma surface treatment at 13.56 MHz. The hydrophilic film is formed by carrying out low temperature plasma surface treatment at 13.56 MHz.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed including (Ia) and (Ib).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive is cured and heated polymer adhesive and/or non-polymer adhesive. The non-polymer adhesive is metallic soap, metal complex, metal alkoxide, halogenated silane, 2-alkoxy ethanol, beta -diketone, and/or alkyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The base material layer contains stretched polyimide film base material. The acid-proof layer contains polyvinylidene chloride, polyester resin, urethane resin and acrylic resin, and has thickness of 1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The array further comprises a transparent anti-reflective coating on the transparent protective film. The protective film is made from an inorganic material from silica, alumina or thin glass. The protective film comprises a stack of inorganic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent buffer layer is made from polyimide. The adhesive bonding layer is made from silicone. The insulating layer is made from Kapton (RTM: polyimide film).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The graphene oxide thin film is formed by spin coating or spray coating using ethanol and graphene oxide aqueous solution in volume ratio of 1:1. The graphene oxide thin film is exposed to vapor of the reducing agent formed by heating a reducing agent solution. The thermal reduction and nitrogen doping are performed in chemical vapor deposition equipment by injecting hydrogen and ammonia gas at the same time during heating at 500-1200 degrees C. The mixing ratio of hydrogen and ammonia gas is 55%-65%:45%-35%. The organic electroluminescent device further has an electron injection layer and a hole injection layer. Preferred Composition: The concentration of graphene oxide aqueous solution is 0.2-0.4 wt.%. The reducing agent is chosen from hydrazine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium bisulfate, sodium sulfite, thionyl chloride and sulfur dioxide. The reducing agent contains nitrogen, and chemical reduction and nitrogen doping are achieved at the same time.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is chosen from glass, quartz, silicon/silicon dioxide, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide comprises titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium oxide and aluminum oxide. The acid comprises nitric acid, a hydrochloric acid, and/or acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (I) is of formula C13H27(OCH2CH2)n'-O-P(=O)(OH)-O-(CH2CH2O)n'-C13H27 (III) and C13H27(OCH2CH2)n'-O-P(=O)(OH)-OH (IV). The first additive comprises metal oxide (1-15 pts. wt.). The ratio of compound (III) to compound (IV) is 1:4-4:1. The compound (II) is of formula C13H27(OCH2CH2)n'-O-C(=O)-CH2CH2-COOH (V) and C15H27(OCH2CH2)n'-O-C(=O)-CH2CH2-COOH (VI). The second additive comprises 1-15 pts. wt. metal oxide. The mole ratio of compound (V) to compound (VI) is 1:4-4:1. The mole ratio of first additive to second additive is 1:4-4:1. The first solvent and/or second solvent comprises water, acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropylalcohol, n-propylalcohol, butanol, alpha -terpineol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, and hexane.n'=1-14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive material is a conductive resin selected from group of silver paste, copper paste, nickel paste or molybdenum paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holder is made up of glass fiber reinforced plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The solid medicinal composition further comprises at least one additional agent comprising flavoring agents, opacifier agents, buffering agents, antioxidant, antibacterial agent or antiseptic agent. The composition comprises 0.25-1 (preferably 0.92) wt.% of flurbiprofen, 1-5 (preferably 2.09) wt.% of glycerol dibehenate, 0.5-5 (preferably 0.84) wt.% of acesulfame potassium, 84-98 (preferably 95.64) wt.% of mannitol, and 0.25-5 (preferably 0.52) wt.% of copovidone. Preferred Components: The amount of flurbiprofen for each dosage unit is 5-15 mg or less than 2 g. The flavoring agent is mint flavor (2-10 wt.%). Preferred Method: The balsamic mint flavor (45 mg) is added to the mixture before sieving. ACTIVITY - Antiinflammatory; Antipyretic; Analgesic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of the composition is by oral route in a solid form, preferably lozenges (claimed). No dosage details given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The curing agent is derived from compound having functional group which reacts with 2-4 hydroxyl groups in one molecule of the fluorine-containing copolymer. Preferred Composition: The curing agent having a structure of formula: -X-C(=O)-NH-, is isocyanate curing agent having isocyanate content of 5-35 %mass.X=organic group derived from compound having hydroxy or amino.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing copolymer (A) contains (in mol.%) polymerization unit (a-1) (20-80), polymerization unit (a-2) (1-40) and polymerization unit (a-3) (1-60). Preferred Process: Coating film is formed by subjecting one surface (14) or both surfaces (14,15) of the reflective substrate to sunlight irradiation. Preferred Properties: Coating film formed using coating composition has elongation rate of 10-200%, glass transition temperature of 20-80 degrees C, and crosslinking density of 1x 10-4-9x 10-4 mol/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In protecting the photovoltaic module, the coating that is applied and reapplied is generated from an aqueous coating composition having a pH of 7.0 to 9.6. The aqueous coating composition has a total content of non-volatile solids of from about 5 to 50% by weight. The coating is (meth)acrylate based. The coating is a polyurethane dispersion having a slope of the stress modulus versus temperature curve of -0.50x106 to about -3.00x106 dynes per (cm2)( degrees C). The coating further comprises an anti-reflective composition. The coating, when dry, has a refractive index of 1.25 to 1.7. Preferred Module: In the photovoltaic module, the coating further comprises a spherical antireflective particle having a particle size of 0.5-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: In the electrode, the carbon-comprising material comprises single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), double walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs), multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), graphene, pyrolytic graphite, microcrystalline graphite, or any combination. The electrode further comprises a porous membrane, where the porous membrane supports the carbon comprising body, where the body is a carbon-comprising film. The membrane comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, or porous carbon paper. The carbon-comprising film has a thickness of 20 nm to 100 mu m. The carbon-comprising film is a SWNT film that has been treated by an acid solution for a sufficient period of time to achieve a current density having a magnitude of at least -15 mA/cm2 at -0.4V in a HER with no overpotential when in contact with a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution for a film, having a thickness of 1.5 mu m thick and a mass per unit area of 0.106 mg/cm2. The electrode as well comprises a metal contact to the carbon-comprising body. The onset overpotential is less than 10 mV where an electrolyte solution is pH=1 and less than 70 mV where the electrolyte solution is pH=7. Preferred System: In the system, the primary energy generator comprises a solar cell, wind turbine, or water turbine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester has crystallinity degree distribution of 5-13%, and crystalline diameter distribution of 10% or less (preferably, 3-9%). The crystalline diameter of the polyester before of solid state polymerization is 80-120 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyether polyol is of formula: HO(-R-O)n-H.R=3-8C hydrocarbyl optionally having side chain substituent;andn=integer.The number average molecular weight of urethane resin is 5000-150000. The urethane resin has urethane bond equivalent of 200-3000 and (meth)acryloyl group equivalent of 500-40000. The number average molecular weight of epoxy resin is 450-5000, preferably 500-5000. The adhesive agent contains urethane resin (50-85 weight%) and epoxy resin (5-40 weight%) with respect to solid content of adhesive agent. The polyol component (B) has 2 or more of (meth)acryloyl groups. The polyol component (B) is a compound obtained by adding (meth)acrylic acid to epoxy group of compound having 2 or more epoxy group. Preferred Component: At least 1 of sheet-like component has water vapor barrier layer chosen from metal foil, plastic film with metal oxide layer, and plastic film with nonmetallic oxide layer. The glass transition temperature of the hardened adhesive bond layer is -50 degrees C to 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gas discharged from the reaction tank is introduced in a scrubber (12). The gas from the scrubber is washed with washing liquid containing ethylene glycol, or burnt using catalyst containing rhodium and ethylene glycol is added. The discharged gas is supplied as a portion of mixed gas. The method further involves polycondensation of polyfunctional monomer having carboxylic acid group and hydroxyl group other than the aromatic dicarboxylic acid and aliphatic diol to obtain polyester having intrinsic viscosity of 0.7-0.9 dl/g and terminal carboxyl group concentration of 20 equivalent/ton or less. The polycondensation reaction is carried out in presence of catalyst containing titanium compound. Preferred Composition: The concentration of ethylene glycol and water is 10-1000 ppm, and 0.01-50 ppm, respectively. The content of mixed gas is 0.05-3 m3/kg. The addition amount of polyfunctional monomer is 0.005-2.6 mol%, with respect to the total constitutional units in polyester. The addition amount of terminal blocker is 0.1-6 %mass, with respect to the polyester resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester film containing the structure portion of terminal blocker has crystallinity degree distribution of 5-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The channel structure of the solar cell is formed with lithium fluoride or lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The channel structure of the solar cell is formed with polyethylene dioxythiophene or poly styrene sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is compound which does not have an aromatic ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The laminate has total light transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer is acrylic adhesive layer containing acrylic adhesive comprising alkyl (meth)acrylate and/or alkoxyalkyl (meth)acrylate having linear or branched alkyl group, and a crosslinking agent. Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin layer contains thermoplastic resin comprising copolymer of polyethylene or ethylene, and component other than ( alpha )-olefin. Preferred Component: The base material is plastic base material or glass board material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic alkoxysilane-containing polyolefin copolymer is thermoplastic alkoxysilane-grafted ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer comprising 0.1-2.5 wt.% of grafted alkoxysilane and having density of less than 0.91 g/cc, melting point of less than 105 degrees C for random structure or less than 125 degrees C for block-type structure, preferably less than 95 degrees C, and optionally one or more of 2% secant modulus of less than 150 MPa and glass transition temperature of less than -35 degrees C. The graftable alkoxysilane compound is of formula: CH2=CR1-(R2)m-Si(R3)3.n(OR4)n.R1=H or CH3;R2=alkyl, aryl, or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally including other functional groups e.g. esters, amides, and ethers;m=0 or 1;R3=alkyl, aryl, or 1-20C hydrocarbyl;R4=alkyl or 1-6C carboxyalkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl;andn=1-3, preferably 3.The copolymer optionally has alpha -olefin content of 15-50 wt.%. The photovoltaic module further comprises a layer of film of a thermoplastic polyolefin copolymer disposed on the other surface of the photovoltaic cell, and front and back layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layer material is selected from butyl rubber, ionomers, silicone rubber, polyurethane elastomers, and/or polyolefin elastomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The pigment is carbon black, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, zinc sulfide, and/or lithopone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The other acryl type monomer has secondary or tertiary piperidinyl group, with substituent introduced in 2,6-position. The other acryl type monomer does not have a benzotriazole group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains nitrogen-containing resin particles having an average particle diameter of 1 mu m or more and 1.1 times the thickness of resin layer or less. The plastic film is a polyethylene terephthalate film. The resin layer has a thickness of 5-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound which has partial structure is compound of formula (2). The layer containing compound which has partial structure is produced by solution application process. The cathode is reverse laminated transparent electrode.R1,R3-R6=H or substituent. Preferred Definitions:    X=S;    Y=N;    Z1,Z2=N; and    R1=substituent, electron attractive group or compound chosen from CN, carbonyl group, ester group and fluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first electrode layer is made of a material selected from platinum, titanium and their combination, and the second electrode layer is a transparent electrode. The second electrode layer is made of a material selected from Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The second electrode layer is formed on the N-type cobalt-doped layer by a hot pressing fabrication process. The P-type semiconductor layer is made of a material selected from cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper oxide (CuO) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises cooling down the mixture. Preferred Components: The diester is: a mixture of different diesters of (I); 2-methyl-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester; a mixture comprising 2-methyl-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester, 2-ethyl-succinic acid dimethyl ester, and hexanedioic acid dimethyl ester; a mixture of dimethyladipate, dimethylglutarate and dimethylsuccinate, or a mixture of diethyladipate, diethylglutarate and diethylsuccinate, or a mixture of diisobutyladipate, diisobutylglutarate and diisobutylsuccinate; a mixture comprising 9-17 wt.% of dimethyladipate, 59-67 wt.% of dimethylglutarate, and 20-28 wt.% of dimethylsuccinate; or dimethylsuccinate. The mixture of diesters comprise 70-95 wt.% of 2-methyl-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester, 5-30 wt.% of 2-ethyl-succinic acid dimethyl ester, and 0-10 wt.% of hexanedioic acid dimethyl ester. The weight ratio between the diester and DMSO is 1/99-99/1, preferably 70/30-30/70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoropolymer is polyvinylidenefluoride and copolymer of vinylidene fluoride with comonomers hexafluoropropylene and/or chlorotrifluoroethylene. The fluoropolymer is present at 1-15 wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, n-hexyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or benzyl; and    A1 = 2-methyl-pentane, 3-methyl-pentane or (CH2)r, where r = 2-4.    EXAMPLE - Polyvinylidene fluoride (8 g) was mixed with a mixture of Rhodiasolv (RTM: Dimethyl 2-methylglutarate) and dimethylsulfoxide (80 g). The solution was mixed and heated up until the temperature reached 40 degrees C and worked up to obtain the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The torsional welding is formed on a bearing shoulder (3), along the entire periphery of the closure element. The closure element is surrounded by a centering formed on the housing, which does not extend over the entire periphery of the closure element. The centering is not formed at the junction of the bearing shoulder for the closure element at side surfaces of the housing. The closure element is made with an outlet at the housing. Preferred Method: The centering is formed, subsequently surrounds the closure element on the housing, which does not extend over the entire periphery of the closure element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid state reactant is sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plate body is made of plastic material and the pushing piece is made of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first plate comprises aluminum. The second plate comprises copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulation plate comprises polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate and/or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrically non-conductive plastic is polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first conductive material is a non-metallic conductive filler material of carbon powder, carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber and/or carbon nanotube. The material of carbon powder is made graphite, carbon black and/or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The skin polymer is a polymer plastic, preferably a thermoplastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic polyimide comprises diamine monomers and dianhydride monomers, where the diamine monomers comprise 2,2-bis(4-(4aminophenoxy)phenyl)-hexafluoropropane and 4,4'-diamino benzanilide and the dianhydride monomers comprise 4-4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalicanhydride and 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wood pulp includes alpha cellulose based on ISO 692 standard, the degree of substitution of cellulose is based on American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D871-72 standard, and external protective coating provides light transmittance of 88 percent according to ASTM D1003 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer (a) further contains inorganic fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ultraviolet absorber in layer (a) is 0.1-10 %mass. The ultraviolet absorber is triazine-type ultraviolet absorber, benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber, or cyclic imino ester-type ultraviolet absorber, preferably triazine-type compound (I).R1a-R1e=H or monovalent substituent excluding hydroxy, in which at least one of R1a-R1e is substituent having positive ( sigma )p value based on Hammett rule;adjacent R1a-R1e=ring;R1g-R1k,R1m,R1n,R1p=H or monovalent substituent;andadjacent R1g-R1k,R1m,R1n,R1p=ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The terminal carboxyl group concentration of polyester resin in layer (a) is 5-20 equivalent/tons. Preferred Properties: The intrinsic viscosity of polyester resin contained in layer (a) is 0.7-0.9. The thickness of layer (a) and layer (b) is 1-250 mu m and 1-250 mu m, respectively. Preferred Layer: An easily bonding layer is formed on the opposite surface to the surface which contacts the layers (a) and (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer contains the cured material of sol-gel material, non-hardened sol-gel material, and functional microparticles. The non-hardened sol-gel material contains the partial hardening component of sol-gel material. The inorganic layer contains the mixture of inorganic fine-particles, binder polymer, and sol-gel material. The ratio of fluorine element concentration (Es) in cured product layer-side area of the resin layer and average fluorine concentration (Eb) of the resin layer, is 1-30000, excluding 1, preferably 20-240. The inorganic layer contains hardening component of metal alkoxide and/or metal alkoxide, and semi-hardened component of metal alkoxide. The inorganic substrate is provided on the surface on the opposite side to the surface which has the fine uneven structure of the inorganic layer. The inorganic material layer of microstructure is soda plate glass, quartz glass substrate, sapphire substrate, transparent conductive substrate or silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing (meth)acrylate is of formula (I).R1=-(CH2)6-NH-C(=O)-O-CH2-CF2-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2-CF2)n-O-CF2CF3;n=1-6;R2=-(CH2)6-NH-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH2-O-C(=O)-CR3=CH2;andR=H or CH3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder polymer is cured material of photopolymerizable mixture. The resin layer contains cured material of the photopolymerizable mixture including (meth)acrylate, fluorine-containing (meth)acrylate, and photoinitiator, formed by optical nanoimprint. The resin layer contains 0.01-50 parts weight of fluorine-containing (meth)acrylate, and 0.01-10 parts weight of photoinitiator with respect to 100 parts mass of (meth)acrylate. The resin film is provides on the surface on the opposite side to the surface which has the fine uneven structure of the inorganic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous lithiated solid is provided with lithium aluminate, glass ceramic comprising lithium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide and titanium oxide. The first polarity electrode is provided with lithium iron phosphate and graphite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external polyether ether ketone coating is performed in battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of triazine-type compound (I) in the coating liquid is 3-9 %mass with respect to total content of coating liquid. The coating liquid further contains crosslinking agent which crosslinks the binder. The crosslinking agent is carbodiimide-type crosslinking agent and/or oxazoline-type crosslinking agent. The content of crosslinking agent in the polymer layer is 0.5-40 %mass with respect to binder polymer. Solvent (50 %mass or more) of coating liquid is water. Preferred Process: The coating liquid is coated on the support using a dispersion liquid formed by dispersing triazine-type compound (I) in a solvent. A colored layer is further formed on the support on the opposite side to the side in which polymer layer is formed, using a coating liquid containing pigment and binder, during manufacture of resin film. A protective layer containing binder polymer, is further formed on the polymer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The concentration of binder polymer in the coating liquid is 6-25 %mass with respect to total content of the coating liquid. The binder polymer is fluorine-type polymer and/or silicone-type polymer. Preferred Material: The support is polyester base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agents is carbodiimide-type crosslinking agent and/or oxazoline type crosslinking agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of triazine-type compound contained in polymer layer is 0.2-5.0 g/m2. The support is polyester base material. The polymer in the polymer layer contains crosslinked structure portion containing crosslinking agent. The resin film further has protective polymer layer containing 1 %mass or less of binder, and colored layer containing pigment and binder. The polymer is fluorine-type polymer and/or silicone-type polymer. Preferred Property: The resin film has break elongation after preserving at 120 degrees C and 100 %relative humidity, is 50% or more with respect to the break elongation before preserving.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The non-expanded polyester film is heated using a pre-heating roll, and stretched using a stretching roll. The film is then heated with a near-infrared heater or a far-infrared heater. The surface temperature and periphery atmospheric temperature of pre-heating roll are set to T2 (in degrees C). The temperature (T2) is more than Tg-25 degrees C and less than Tg+40 degrees C. The non-expanded polyester film is stretched in conveyance direction. Preferred Properties: The intrinsic viscosity of the polyester resin is 0.6-0.9 dl/g. The amount of terminal carboxylic group of polyester resin is 5-25 equivalent/t.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anchor is made of polyamide such as a copolyamide of type Pa 6/6-6. The upper sealing lip is made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic substrate includes silicon oxide, silicon nitride oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium fluoride, zirconium oxide or titanium oxide. The front contact includes a transparent conductive oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide doped zirconia or zinc oxide or indium molybdenum oxide. The ceramic substrate also contains aluminum, silver, copper, tantalum, tungsten or nickel. The semiconductor structure comprises amorphous silicon, polymorph, microcrystalline, nanocrystalline or semiconducting oxides, alloys of indium and zinc and zirconium, zinc alloys gallium, gallium alloys, zinc or indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ceramic substrate includes polymeric resin. The ceramic coating also contains ethyl vinyl acetate, or polyvinyl butyral or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material is formed of platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, iridium, palladium, titanium and tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing frame material is formed of polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyimide polyaniline and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. The gasket is made flexible graphite, carbon felt, silicon rubber and PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the reinforced polyurethane foam, at least 50 wt.% of the component (b) comprises compounds having two or three isocyanate-reactive groups and, preferably two isocyanate-reactive groups and a molecular weight of less than 2500 g/mol, based on the total weight of the component (b). The number average molecular weight of the compounds having two or three isocyanate-reactive groups is less than 500 g/mol. The proportion of b2 is at least 50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the component (b). The b2 comprises hydrophobic polyesterols. The proportion b3 is 8-50 wt.%, and b4 is 0-10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the component (b). The average functionality of the b is below 3. The b1 have an average functionality of 3.6-8. The reinforcing agent comprises glass fiber mats, and hollow microspheres.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The content rate of vinyl acetal type polymer is 0.5-15 mass%. The content rate of vinyl alcohol unit of vinyl acetal type polymer is 10-45 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Sheet-like portions are metal foil or plastic film with a vapor deposition layer in which metal oxide or nonmetallic inorganic oxide is vapor-deposited on greater than or equal to 1 surface of plastic film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: Glass transition temperature of component E is -60 degrees C to -10 degrees C. Number average molecular weight of component E is 5000-150000. (Meth)acryloyl group equivalent is 500-40000. Number average molecular weight of component F is 500-5000. Adhesive agent contains 50-85 wt.% component E and 5-40 wt.% component F. Glass transition temperature of active-energy-ray-cured adhesive bond layer is -20-30 degrees C. Preferred Components: Component B has greater than or equal to 2 (meth)acryloyl groups. Preferred Processes: Component B is obtained by adding (meth)acrylic acid to epoxy group of compound which has greater than or equal to 2 epoxy groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacer in the battery module is made up of polystyrene, polypropylene, polyphenylene ether, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, polybutylene terephthalate and silicone groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Silane coupling agent is agent of aminosilane system and epoxy silane system. Transparent resin sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, acrylic resin, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer contains silicon and/or aluminum, and oxygen and/or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The water vapor-barrier film and organic-type ultraviolet-absorber content layer adjoins, and/or organic-type ultraviolet-absorber content layer and fluorine resin film adjoins. Preferred Composition: The organic-type ultraviolet-absorber content layer contains adhesive agent. The organic layer contains curing-type polymeric composition containing (meth)acrylate. Preferred Property: The ( sigma )p value of Hammett rule in ultraviolet absorber (II) is 0.1-1.2. Preferred Layer: The water vapor-barrier film has laminate comprising organic layer and inorganic layer. Preferred Definitions:    R1c=substituent having ( sigma )p value of Hammett rule of positive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte is a semisolid non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolytic solution comprising (I-V) and the electrolyte salt and the non-aqueous solvent is held by a polymer compound. The anode includes an anode active material layer containing a carbon material as an anode active material. The volumetric density of the anode active material layer is 1.55-1.80 g/cc, and the specific surface area of the carbon material is 0.8-4 m2/g. In the secondary battery, an electrode body including the cathode and the anode is housed in a laminate film. The electrolyte salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, and/or lithium hexafluoroarsenate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is present at 0.01-2 mass% and (II)-(V) is present at 0.5-5 mass.%. (I) comprises tetramethyl orthocarbonate, tetraethyl orthocarbonate, tetra-n-propyl orthocarbonate, diethylene orthocarbonate, dipropylene orthocarbonate or dicatechol orthocarbonate, (II) comprises 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,5-difluorol, or 3-dioxolan-2-one, (III) comprises vinylene carbonate, (IV) comprises vinyl ethylene carbonate, and (V) comprises methylene ethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal iodide is potassium iodide potassium iodide, lithium iodide and/or sodium iodide. The content of mixture (A), iodide, guanidine thiocyanate, mixture (B) and mixture (C) is 13.9 weight%, 2.1 weight%, 1 weight%, 7.2 weight% and 75.8 weight%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic amine hydroiodide is triethylamine hydroiodide, tripropylamine hydriodide, tributylamine hydriodide, tripentylamine hydriodide and/or trihexylamine hydriodide. The imidazole salt is 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide, 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium iodide, 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium iodide, 1-methyl-3-pentylimidazolium iodide, 1-methyl-3-hexylimidazolium iodide, 1-methyl-3-heptylimidazolium iodide, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethyl-3-butylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide and/or 1-propyl-3-butylimidazolium iodide. The benzimidazole derivative and/or pyridine derivative is N-methylbenzimidazole, N-butylbenzimidazole and/or tert-butylpyridine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of polyethylene glycol and propylene carbonate is 20/80:40/60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer further comprises: an electron acceptor material; an electron donor material; and an electron acceptor material and an electron donor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron acceptor material comprises fullerenes, oxadiazoles, carbon nanorods, inorganic nanoparticles and/or inorganic nanorods.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electron donor material comprises discotic liquid crystals, polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, polysilanes or polythienylvinylenes. The fully conjugated block copolymer is of formulae (I)-(III).R1, R7-R10 = H, alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, -CN, -NO2, amino, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;R2 = a linear or branched 1-12C hydrocarbon linking group, and comprises ester group, amino, alkyl, or alkoxy;X = a fullerene derivative;o = 3-5000;p = 2-1000; eitherR3, R5 = H, alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, -CN, -NO2, amino, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; orR3R4 = a ring;R6 = 1-12C hydrocarbon linking group, and comprises ester group, amino, alkyl or alkoxy;X = a fullerene derivative;t = 0-100;m = 3-5000; andn = 2-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The purification substrate is activated carbons, aluminas, silicas, silica-aluminas, clay minerals, diatomaceous earth, zirconia, titania, polymeric adsorbents, or ion-exchange resins (preferred).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxygenated intermediates are subjected to: condensation to produce a liquid fuel; or dehydration and alkylation to produce a liquid fuel. The pretreated biomass and the second digestive solvent are operated counter-currently and the countercurrent solvent is provided to the aqueous medium counter-currently to the biomass stream. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The working electrode includes a titanium foil (211) or titanium film coated with titanium dioxide, on which a dye layer (213) has been adsorbed, and a covering layer which includes a water oxidation catalyst. The counter-electrode includes a titanium foil (221) or titanium film coated with a poly(3,4-ehylenedioxythiophene)-poly(ethyleneglycol) composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A first wall of the twin-wall sheet is a conductive transparent polymer. A second wall of the twin-wall sheet is a non-conductive transparent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorescent material is rare-earth metal complex, preferably europium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent material is transparent resin, preferably (meth)acrylic resin. The content of spherical fluorescent substance in the transparent resin composition layer is 0.0001-10 %mass. The wavelength conversion-type solar cell sealing material further has transparent layers other than the resin composition layer. Preferred Property: The refractive index of the transparent material is 1.4 or more and is lower than the refractive index of the fluorescent material. Preferred Process: The fluorescent material is obtained by carrying out emulsion polymerization or suspension polymerization, preferably suspension polymerization of composition containing vinyl monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic compound contains transition metal element chosen from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt and manganese, and is chosen from metal phosphate, metal sulfate, metal nitrate, metal organic acid or salt, metal acid halide, metal alkoxide, metal halide, metal perhalogen acid or salt, metal hypohalous acid or salt and metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound is chosen from phosphorus acid derivative containing fluorine, boric acid derivative containing fluorine and sulfonic acid derivative containing fluorine. The method further involves adding precipitation inhibitor containing compound which has diketone structure. The nitrogen-containing organic compound has amino group, nitrile group, imide group, imine group, nitro group, amide group, azido group, aziridine group, azo group, isocyanate group, isothiocyanate group, oxime group, diazo group, nitroso group, pyrrole ring, porphyrin ring, imidazole ring, pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group, acid halide group, sulfo group, phosphoric acid group, ketone group, ether group and ester group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide is selected from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, antimony oxide, germanium oxide, lithium oxide, graphite oxide, barium titanate, and/or lithium metasilicate. The lithium salt is selected from LiCF3SO3, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiSCN, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, LiN(CF3SO2)2, and/or LiClO4. The active material layer includes the ion-conductive high molecular compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion-conductive high molecular compound is polyalkylene oxide (preferably polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sheet-like component is metal foil or plastic film with vapor deposition layer in which metal oxide or nonmetallic inorganic oxide is vapor deposited on surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The urethane resin has glass transition temperature of -60 degrees C to -10 degrees C, (meth)acryloyl-group equivalent of 500-40000, acid value of 1-30 mg potassium hydroxide/g and number average molecular weight of 5000-150000. The epoxy resin has number average molecular weight of 500-5000. The glass transition temperature of layer containing active energy ray-curable adhesive agent is -20 degrees C to 30 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The polyol component has two or more (meth)acryloyl groups. The polyol component is obtained by adding (meth)acrylic acid to epoxy group of compound having two or more epoxy groups. The active energy ray-curable adhesive agent contains urethane resin (50-85 wt.%) having (meth)acryloyl group and epoxy resin (5-40 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material film is a film with high mechanical strength, such as polyethylene terephthalate, biaxially oriented polyamide, or GXP. The base film has heat sealing strength, and comprises cast polypropylene, polyethylene, or biaxially oriented polypropylene. The protective film layer comprises fluorine-containing coating or fluorine plastic film such as polyvinyl fluoride or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The leachate drainage tank is set at two sides of the bottom slope. The slope range ranges from 2-10 degrees . The leachate drainage tank is provided with a cover plate. The spraying pipeline comprises a liquid dry pipe and multiple liquid return branch pipes, which are connected with each other. The liquid return funnel is connected with a liquid return main pipe. The deodorizing device comprises a deodorizing tank, a net, activated carbon particles and a sun visor. The net is paved on the bottom of the deodorizing tank. The active carbon particles are lying on the net. The sun visor is set at the top of the deodorizing device. The waste inlet is set with a rubber side. The waste inlet is provided with an iron cover. The device comprises a waste sorting chamber and a tool storing chamber. The liquid funnel is set on the waste sorting chamber. The accumulator liquid pool is provided with a tool storing chamber. The leachate drainage tank is connected with the accumulator and wall through a pipeline. The lower part of the biodegradable waste degradation chamber is provided with a waste outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium phosphoric acid compound further contains element chosen from nickel, cobalt, manganese, gold, silver, palladium and copper, and element chosen from boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, zinc, gallium, germanium, niobium, molybdenum, indium, tin, antimony, tellurium, tungsten, osmium, bismuth, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, hafnium, tantalum and zirconium. The lithium phosphoric acid compound is preferably of formula: LixNiyPOz, where x is 0-8.0 (excluding 0 and 8.0), y is 2.0-10 and z is composition ratio of oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The solid electrolyte cell consists of resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The detach film is polypropylene, and copolymer of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite structure further comprises fiber particles comprising glass, silica, fumed silica, alumina, zirconium oxide and/or nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resin having a reactive group comprises unsaturated polyesters, vinyl esters, melamines, urea-formaledehydes, phonemics, methacrylate, acrylates, epoxies and/or urethanes. The photo comprises organic peroxides, azo compounds, quinones, benzophenones, nitroso compounds, acryl halides, hydrazones, mercapto compounds, pyrylium compounds, triacrylimidazoles, bisimidazoles, chloroalkyltriazines, benzoin ethers, benzil ketals, thioxanthones, acetophenones and/or acylphosphine oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The miniature balls are made of a silicon dioxide, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary electrode is cathode. The secondary electrode is anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The partial structure (I) is preferably of formula (II). The compound having organic-type partial structure (I) is copolymer containing thiophene-type structural unit of formula (III).Z3=-N=CR3-, oxygen or sulfur, preferably sulfur;R2-R5=R1;andZ4=carbon, silicon or germanium.Preferred Property: The compound having organic-type partial structure has number average molecular weight of 15000-50000. Preferred Definitions:    Y1,Y2=-NR1-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The carbon dioxide generating agent is applied onto a surface of the separator. The carbon dioxide generating agent is added to positive electrode material containing positive electrode active material and binder as constituents of the positive electrode. The polymerizable compound or the polymer is contained in the electrolytic solution. The lithium secondary battery has a cylindrical outer configuration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon dioxide generating agent is of formula (A1)xCO3, or (A1)yHCO3.A1=alkali metal, or alkaline earth metal;y=1 or 0.5;x=1 or 2.Provided that:(1) x is 2, when A1 is alkali metal;(2) x is 1, when A1 is alkaline earth metal;(3) y is 1, when A1 is alkali metal; and(4) y is 0.5, when A1 is alkaline earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerizable compound is of formula Z'1-X'-A' (I), or Z'1-A' (II). The polymer is obtained by polymerizing the polymerizable compound, and is of formula -(-(Z1)p1-X'-A'-)n1- (III), or -(-(Z1)p1-A'-)n2- (IV). A polymerizable compound of formula Z'2-Y' (V) is further used, where the polymer obtained by allowing the polymerizable compound (I) or (II) and the polymerizable compound (V) to undergo copolymerization is contained. The polymer contains a repeat unit of formula -(-(Z1)p1-X'-A'-)a-(-(Z1)p2-Y'-)b- (VI), or -(-(Z1)p1-A'-)a-(-(Z1)p2-Y'-)b- (VII).Z'1 and Z'2=polymerizable group;X'=1-20C hydrocarbyl, or 1-20C oxyalkylene;A'=aromatic group;(Z1)p1 and (Z1)p2=residue of polymerizable group:n1 and n2=positive integer;Y'=highly polar group.The ratio of a to b is equal to that of the number of (Z1)p1 to (Z1)p2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The polyelectrolyte layer is cationic, and the hydrophilic colloid ions and conductive colloid ions are anions (preferred) and/or cations. The conductive colloid ions, the hydrophilic colloid ions, or both are coupled to the polyelectrolyte layer through electrostatic attraction, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and/or van der Waals forces. The conductive colloid ions are coupled to the hydrophilic colloid ions through dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and/or van der Waals forces. The substrate: comprises metal based material and/or organic material, preferably gold, iron, and/or stainless steel; and is at least one surface of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell component. The conductive colloid ions comprise: carbon based nanoparticles (preferred), which are graphite flakes, carbon platelets, carbon nanotubes, laser-deposited amorphous carbon spheres, and/or carbon black; nanoparticles comprising a thickness of 5-100 nm, a width of about 5-800 nm; or silica nanoparticles. The hydrophilic colloid ions comprise: silica nano particles; and a thickness of 5-100 nm. The hydrophilic colloid ions and conductive colloid ions are applied from a mixed suspension at a pH above the isoelectric point. The coating has a contact resistance of 10-5 to 100 m Omega -cm2, an advancing contact angle of 20-45 degrees , and a receding contact angle of 0-20 degrees . The ratio of carbon in the conductive colloid to silica in the hydrophilic colloid is 1:1-7:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyelectrolyte layer: comprises polyacrylamide (preferred), polyallyl amines, and/or polyamidoamines, or a copolymer of acrylamide and a quaternary ammonium salt; and a width of up to 1 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aspheric powder is aluminum, copper, nickel, gold, silver, palladium and/or platinum. The spherical powder is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder is ethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The conductive material comprises at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: Electroconductive carbon black), carbon fiber, copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, metal fiber or polyphenylene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder comprises at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetylcellulose, PVC, carboxylated PVC, polyvinylfluoride, ethylene oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin or nylon. The separator is a single or multiple layer comprising polyethylene, polypropylene or polyvinylidene fluoride. Preferred Definitions:    M1 = Co;    X = P;    w = 0;    y = greater than or equal to 0.99 to less than 1; and    z = greater than 0 to less than or equal to 0.01.    EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, iron oxalate, diammonium phosphate and cobalt nitrate were introduced into a ball mill process and mixed with ethanol for 49-50 hours. The mixed raw materials were then dried at 100 degrees C to evaporate the remaining organic alcohol. Sucrose was then added and mixed in 5 wt.% based on the total weight of the resulting material to provide a carbon coating on the surface. The mixture was heated at 700 degrees C for 10 hours under the reduction atmosphere to provide the positive active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The backsheet consists of ceramic material containing organosilane, zirconia, silane coupling agent or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal thin film layer contains aluminum, copper, brass, stainless steel or steel sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer is polyethylene terephthalate film or polyvinylidene fluoride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of gold nanoparticles is 1-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of platinum and gold is 3:1-5:3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon support is carbon black, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, fullerene and/or graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ceramic powder is selected from gadolinium, samarium, ytterbium, yttrium, dysprosium, holmium, neodymium, lanthanum and calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reactive monomer is halogenated aryl tertiary amine. A catalyst and a catalyst stabilizer in molar ratio of 1:0-30 into a non-protonic organic solvent and providing the catalyst and the catalyst stabilizer into an oil bath at 20-140 degrees C for 0-10 hours. The catalyst is zero-valent nickel organic coordination compound or divalent nickel organic coordination compound. The molar ratio of the catalyst to the reactive monomer is 2-18:1. The reactive monomer is added with the resultant product is maintained at 20-140 degrees C for 10 minutes to 10 days. A concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to resultant product, washed using 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, acetone and chloroform for 3-5 times, filtered and dried at 80-200 degrees C in a vacuum manner for 4-40 hours, to obtain a porous organic framework material. The catalyst stabilizer is 2,2'-bipyridyl and 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Di-(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel, 2,2'-bipyridyl and 1,5-cyclooctadiene are added in the molar ratio of 1:0-15:0-15 in an organic solvent. The resultant product is added into the oil bath at 20-140 degrees C for 0-10 hours. The organic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N- dimethyl acetylamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, benzene or toluene. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of the porous organic framework material is 1000-3000 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel electrolyte further contains nano particles chosen from alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, zirconia and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nano stannic oxide gel comprises polyvinyl alcohol, citric acid, tartaric acid, amino acid, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, ammonium di-acetic acid or malic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1,2,4,5-tetrazine compound (I) comprises 9 compounds e.g. 3-(4-hexyl-5-(7-methyl-9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-6-(4-hexyl-5-methyl-thiophene-2-yl)-(1,2,4,5)tetrazine compound of formula (i), 3-(4-hexyl-5-(4-methyl-2,5-bis-octyloxy-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-6-(4-hexyl-5-methyl-thiophene-2-yl)-(1,2,4,5)tetrazine compound of formula (ii), 2-(3-hexyl-5-(6-(4-hexyl-5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-(1,2,4,5)tetrazin-3-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-7-methyl-9-(1-octyl-nonyl)-9H-carbazole compound of formula (iii), (3-(3-hexyl-5-(6-(4-hexyl-5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-(1,2,4,5)tetrazin-3-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl-m-tolyl-amine compound of formula (iv) and 10-hexyl-3-(3-hexyl-5-(6-(4-hexyl-5-methyl-thiophene-2-yl)-(1,2,4,5)tetrazin-3-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-7-methyl-10H-phenothiazine compound of formula (v)..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode material powder is mixture of nickel oxide and electrolyte powder. The calcium-titanium mineral oxide is lanthanum-gallium calcium-titanium mineral oxide. The electrolyte powder contains lanthanum-strontium manganate (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d), barium-strontium-cobalt-iron oxide (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d) or lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-iron oxide (La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d), yttrium-containing zirconium oxide, and gadolinium-cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is selected from ethanol, 1,2-ethanediol, ethylcellulose, pine oil alcohol or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is antioxidant, silane coupling agent and/or ultraviolet-absorbing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer of ethylene-methyl methacrylate resin has melt flow rate of 5-10 g/10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor base is includes polymer, cadmium telluride, cadmium manganese telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide (CuInxGa 1-xSe2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The intermediate light guide plate includes a transparent plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made of polyester, polyurethane, polyvinyl butyral, silicone, polyimide, polyamide, polyolefin, PVC, polycarbonate, or polyacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal material comprises an aluminum alloy. The adhesives comprise two-part silicon having a bonding strength of greater than or equal to 2000 N/m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing layer comprises polyvinyl butyral or ethyl vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamidoimide is obtained by reacting cyclohexane polycarboxylic acid, aromatic polycarboxylic acid, and diisocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first multilayer dielectric and the second multilayer dielectric comprise niobium oxide, thallium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent substrates comprise a flexible plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyisocyanate component is obtained by reacting a compound having (meth)acryloyl group and hydroxyl group and a polyisocyanate compound, or a component having an allophanate bond formed by isocyanate group derived from diisocyanate compound and further reacting with urethane bond produced by reaction of compound having (meth)acryloyl group and hydroxyl group, and polyisocyanate compound. Preferred Composition: The polyisocyanate component has carbonyl group-containing partial structure of formula (I) or (II). The content of epoxy resin is 5-40 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of urethane resin having (meth)acryloyl group.R 1=residue formed by removing isocyanate group from diisocyanate compound;andR 2=residue formed by removing hydroxyl group from compound having (meth)acryloyl group and hydroxyl group.Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of urethane resin is -60 degrees C to -10 degrees C, number average molecular weight of 5000-150000 and (meth)acryloyl group equivalent of 5000-40000. The epoxy resin has number average molecular weight of 500-5000. Preferred Component: The sheet-like component is metal foil, or plastic film with vapor deposition layer in which metal oxide or non-metallic inorganic oxide is vapor deposited on at least one surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substance is a polyvinyl acetal, preferably polyvinyl butyral (14) having a weight average molecular weight of 40000-250000 (preferably 170000-250000). The polyvinyl butyral is Butvar B-72 (RTM: polyvinyl butyral). The polyvinyl acetal layer is 1-500 (preferably 5-100) um thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high voltage resistance type solar battery back board, where the thickness of the polyfluortetraethylene film layer is 20-35 (preferably 25) microns. The high voltage resistance type solar battery back board, where the thickness of the glass fiber cloth layer is 10-30 (preferably 20) microns. The high voltage resistance type solar battery back board, where the thickness of the polyethylene film layer is 125-350 (preferably 250) microns. The high voltage resistance type solar battery back board, where the adhesive agent is 10-25 microns is polyurethane resin or epoxy resin, the thickness of the adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of electron-accepting compound contained in functional layer is 10-1000 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of high molecular compound. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Monomer having functional group is dissolved in an organic solvent and polymerized by aryl coupling reaction using an alkali, a catalyst e.g. palladium acetate and bis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium dichloride and a ligand e.g. triphenyl phosphine and diphenyl phosphinopropane to obtain high molecular compound. EXAMPLE - Tributyl(11-(butylsulfanyl)-8,8-bis(3,7-dimethyloctyl)-7-oxa-3,12-dithiatricyclo(7.3.0.02,6)dodeca-1(9),2(6),4,10-tetraen-4-yl)stannane (in mg) (198.9), 5-bromo-2-(5-bromo-4-heptyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-4-hexyl-1,3-thiazole (90) and toluene (14 ml) were added to flask and bubbled with argon for 30 minutes. Tris(2-tolyl)phosphine (5.2) and tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (2.59) were added and stirred at 100 degrees C for 6 hours. Then, phenyl bromide (271) was added to the reaction liquid, and stirred for 5 hours. The reaction liquid was poured into methanol (300 mL), extracted with methanol, acetone, and hexane, and filtered. The remaining polymer was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene (100 mL), and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (2 g) and water (40 mL) were added and stirred under 8 hour. The organic layer was washed and polymer was deposited, filtered and dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weather-resistance binder is chosen from organic-type acrylic resin, and composite resin of organic-inorganic hybrid-type silicon compound. The hard-coat layer contains binder chosen from organic-inorganic hybrid-type silicon compound and fluororesin. The film further has primer layer on other side of base material. The base material is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalate film, polycarbonate film, fluorine resin film, and acrylic resin film. Preferred Definitions:    monovalent substituent=halo, cyano, carboxy, nitro, hydroxy, or thiocyanate or 1-20C alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkyl carbonyl, amino, 1-20C alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfamoyl, or alkylsulfonyl (optionally substituted by substituent chosen from halo, 1-20C alkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkyl carbonyl, nitro, amino, hydroxy, 1-20C alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfamoyl, thiocyanate, or alkylsulfonyl).    The ( sigma )p value of Hammett rule is 0.1-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises a material chosen from glass, metals, ceramics, and polymeric films.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of copper, zinc and tin in the ink is 2:1:1. The ink further comprises an elemental chalcogen, and 10 wt.% or less of additives chosen from dispersants, surfactants, polymers, binders, ligands, capping agents, defoamers, thickening agents, corrosion inhibitors, plasticizers and dopants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one of copper, zinc or tin sources comprises copper-containing, zinc-containing or tin-containing chalcogenide particles. The chalcogenide particles are chosen from sulfide particles, selenide particles and sulfide/selenide particles. The elemental chalcogen is sulfur and/or selenium. The copper source is chosen from copper particles, copper-tin alloy particles, copper-zinc alloy particles, copper(I) sulfide-selenium particles, copper monosulfide-selenium particles, copper-tin sulfide/selenide (Cu2Sn(S/Se)3 and Cu4Sn(S/Se)4) particles and copper-zinc-tin sulfide/selenide (Cu2ZnSn(S/Se)4) particles. The zinc source is chosen from zinc particles, copper-zinc alloy particles, zinc-tin alloy particles, zinc sulfide-selenium particles, and copper-zinc-tin sulfide/selenide (Cu2ZnSn(S/Se)4) particles. The tin source is chosen from tin particles, copper-tin alloy particles, zinc-tin alloy particles, tin sulfide-selenide (Sn(S/Se)2) particles, tin sulfide/selenide particles, copper-tin sulfide/selenide (Cu2Sn(S/Se)3 and Cu4Sn(S/Se)4) particles, and copper-zinc-tin sulfide/selenide (Cu2ZnSn(S/Se)4) particles. The atmosphere comprises hydrogen and/or chalcogen source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper-, zinc-, or tin-containing chalcogenide particles further comprise an organic capping agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The air electrode comprises at least one catalyst chosen from metal, pyrolyzed metal porphyrin, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal phosphate, metal hydroxide, metal nitride and functionalized carbonaceous material. The air electrode comprises an electroconductive current collector chosen from metal, conductive carbon, conductive oxide and conductive polymer. The capacitive electrode comprises electro-inert materials comprising activated carbon, porous carbon, carbon foam, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene and carbon nanoparticles. The capacitive electrode comprises electro-active materials having semimetals, nonmetals, metal oxide, metal borate, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal phosphide, metal nitride, fluorinated carbon, metal phosphate, metal fluoride, metal sulfate, metal borate, metal vanadate, polyoxometalate and conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises non-aqueous electrolyte chosen from organic solvent, polymer gel, polymer, ionic liquid and ion-conductive solid. The organic solvent comprises ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hard transparent resin substrate is formed of polycarbonate resin material. The contact bonding layer contains a polyurethane-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of silver in glass powder is 2.6-8.7 %mass. Conductive slurry comprises (in wt.%) silver powder (60-90), organic carrier (6-35) and glass powder (1-10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Silver compound is silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver carbonate, silver sulfate, silver phosphate and silver acetate. Preferred Properties: The silver powder has average particle diameter of 0.1-0.3 mu m and tap density of 3.5 g/cm3 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier comprises organic solvent, resin and organic additive. The organic solvent is terpineol, dibasic ester and/or isophorone. The organic additive is plasticizer, surfactant, antifoaming agent, wetting agent or thixotropic agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin is ethyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, phenolic resin and/or alkyd resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The geometric isomer organic compound layer contains sheath-type ethylene dicarboxylate (malate) (I) or transformer-type ethylene dicarboxylate (fumarate) (II).R=1-8C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The multi-layered base material layer contains polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoride- ethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and/or ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar greenhouse is equipped with a boiler connected with the solar energy collecting device. The boiler is connected with the sunlight plate thermal measuring heating pool. The north of the sunlight plate thermal cell is 2m in height and the south is 0.85m in height, which presents a structure of high north-low south with included angle 25 degrees C. The sunlight plate thermal measuring heating pool, the sunlight plate thermal hydrolysis acidification pool and the sunlight plate thermal biogas slurry backflow pool are equipped accordingly with the sunlight plate thermal cell. The width of the sunlight plate thermal cell is 5m. The sunlight plate thermal measuring heating pool, the sunlight plate thermal hydrolysis acidification pool and the sunlight plate thermal biogas slurry backflow pool are surrounded by the sunlight plate thermal cell and are separated with 12 walls, where the height of the separation wall is 0.7m, the wall is surrounded by 30 heat preservation walls, and the upper part of the sunlight plate thermal cell is equipped with a polycarbonate hollow sheet of thickness 8mm. The raw material inlet of the sunlight plate thermal hydrolysis acidification pool is equipped with a filter groove (8). The filter groove is paved with a filter gauze element of pore size 7mm. The width of the sunlight plate thermal hydrolysis acidification pool is 1.5m, the depth is 0.7m and the wall and bottom of the pool is paved with red mud plastic cover, and the top of the raw material inlet is equipped with a sunshine plate of 2masterisk2m. The width of the sunlight plate thermal measuring heating pool is 1.5m and the depth is 0.7m. The width of the sunlight plate thermal biogas slurry backflow pool is 1.5m and the depth is 0.7m and the wall and bottom in the pool is paved with red mud plastic cover, and the place where the backflow pool is connected with the inlet is equipped with a one-way valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of titanium dioxide powder, distilled water and acetyl acetone is 20-40:40-80:0.5-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The EVA copolymer comprises 28-34% vinyl acetate. The peroxide crosslinking curing agent is 1,1-bis(tertbutyl peroxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane or orthotertbutyl-ortho-(2-ethylhexyl) monocarbonic ester peroxide. The auxiliary crosslinking agent is triallyl isocyanurate or triallyl cyanurate. The composite antioxidant is a compound of phenol antioxidant and phosphite ester antioxidant, where the phenol antioxidant is beta (3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) methylacetic octodecyl alcohol ester, beta (3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid, or beta (3-ditertbutyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl)methylacetic triethylene glycol ester. The phosphite ester antioxidant is tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenol)phosphite or bis-octadecyl alcohol pentaerythritol diphosphite. The silane coupling agent is gamma -methacrylonitrile acyloxy propyl trimethoxy silane or gamma -methacrylonitrile acyloxy propyl methyl dimethoxy silane. The hindered amine light stabilizer is ethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy piperidine succinic acid ester, poly((6((1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl)amido) 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)((2,2,6,6tetramethyl piperidyl)-imido-1,6dihexane-((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)-imido)), decanedioic acid bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidycol, or decanedioic acid bis-2-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidycol. The UV light absorbent is 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'tertbutyl-5'-octyl propionate)benzotriazole. The grafting modification EVA colloidal particles comprises 1-5% maleic anhydride grafting EVA colloidal particles. Preferred Method: Cooling is carried out at 15-25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium pigment has a density of 4.2-5, and has a refractive index of 2.7-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyvinylidene fluoride has a density of 1.77 g/em3. The modified PE has a melt flow rate of 80-100g/10 minutes. The modified EVA has a melt flow rate of 400-600g/10 minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modified montmorillonite comprises (wt.%) exchangeable interlayer cation (2-15, preferably 5-8) and 2-18C (preferably 2-12C) linear or branched hydrocarbon compounds (5-35, 10-30). The hydrocarbon compound is polyol and/or dicarboxylic acid, preferably 1,3-propylene glycol. The adhesive composition further includes additive(s), preferably UV absorber, UV stabilizer, antioxidant, flame retardant, and/or hydrolysis resistance agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer adhesive is epoxide, acrylate, polysiloxane, phenol adhesive, and/or preferably polyurethane. The polymer film is made of polyester, fluoropolymer, polyamide, and/or polyolefin. The two adjacent polymer films comprise polyester or fluoropolymer, or one of the two adjacent polymer films comprises polyester and the other comprises fluoropolymer. The multilayer film further includes an inner polymer film, and first and second outer polymer films separately adhered to two sides of inner polymer film through first and second adhesive layers. The inner polymer film comprises polyester, and the first and second outer polymer films respectively comprise fluoropolymer. The polyester is polybutylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, and/or polyethylene terephthalate. The fluoropolymer is ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene polymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, and/or preferably polyvinyl fluoride. The multilayer backplate further includes another fluoropolymer film and another adhesive layer. The two fluoropolymer films are separately adhered to two sides of polyester film by the two adhesive layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas phase silica is carbon black processed by hexamethyldisilazane. The crosslinking agent is methyl trimethoxy silane or vinyl trimethoxy silane. The silane coupling agent is gamma -2,3-propyl trimethoxy silane, gamma -aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and gamma aminopropyl triethoxysilane. The catalytic agent is ethyl acetoacetate chelate of isopropyl titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The active nanocalcium carbonate is nanocalcium carbonate processed by fatty acid or resin acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic layer comprises at least one metal comprising silver, platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, aluminum, gold, copper and/or their alloys. The sacrificial anode comprises: a material having a greater oxidation potential than the metallic layer; and an encapsulation structure comprising the material having an oxidation potential operator than that of the metallic layer. The anode comprises a material comprising copper, zinc or magnesium. The reflective article (I) further includes the anode connected to the source of electrons, where the source of electrons comprises a source of electrical potential having a negative terminal in contact with the metallic layer and a positive terminal in contact with the anode. The source of electrical potential includes a photovoltaic array or battery (220). The source of electrical potential comprises: a solar panel (218) connected to the metallic layer and the anode; and a battery connected to the solar panel, the metallic layer and the anode. The base coat comprises at least one metal oxide comprising alumina, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, zinc stannate and/or tin oxide. The reflective article (II) includes a protective coating over at least a portion of the primary reflective coating, where the protective coating comprises an inorganic material comprising silica and/or alumina. The reflective article (II) includes the encapsulation structure formed over the portion of the protective coating, where the encapsulation structure comprises a polymeric material or ceramic enamel. The reflective article (II) further comprises a battery connected to the solar cell, the metallic layer, and the anode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solvent is water or aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The monomer is thiophene or its derivative of formula (I).R=H, aliphatic group, alcohol, amino, alkoxy, acryl, meth(acryl) group, carboxy, ester, (poly)ester, ether, or (poly)ether.The method further comprises using a crosslinking agent. The ratio of photosensitizing agent to monomer is 1-100 vol.%. The photosensitizing agent is immiscible with the solvent and forms droplets. The monomer is a mixture of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), which polymerizes to form poly(HEMA-co-MMA). Preferred Component: The nanoparticles comprise poly(thiophene), thiophene copolymer, and/or their derivatives. The composite is made of biocompatible material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The opening of the one end portion of the metal case is formed to project from a position against which the outer peripheral portion of the resin lens abuts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin lens has a shape bulging out in a direction facing an incident direction of the sunlight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The materials having variable surface morphology are made of an alloy of titanium-nickel, copper-zinc-aluminum, aluminum-copper-nickel, copper-aluminum-beryllium, magnesium-aluminum, nickel-manganese-gallium, and optionally doped alloy. The thermochromic material is made of vanadium oxide, vanadium pentoxide or doped vanadium oxide. The layer of antireflection material includes silicon dioxide, tin oxide. silicon nitride, aluminum oxide. The mechanically resistant material made of aluminum, copper, steel or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shock absorbers are made of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film coating solar battery is made of copper-indium gallium- selenium (CIGS) or dye-sensitized titanium dioxide (DSSC) dye-sensitized or cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide (CdTe/CdS) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) or copper indium selenium (CIS) or polymer multilayer modified electrode type solar cell or crystalline chemical solar battery or amorphous silicon film solar battery or amorphous silicon/microcrystalline silicon laminated solar cell or semi-transparent film solar battery or polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is coated with an adhesive layer and a foaming heat-insulating material e.g. polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The reactive mixture is applied smoothly, preferably homogeneous and in a uniform layer thickness. The polyol- and polyisocyanate component are mixed air-free to the reactive mixture. The edge protective coating is applied in a layer thickness of 5-5000 mu m, preferably 250-750 mu m. The reactive mixture is applied by the casting method on the front edge of the rotor blade. The reactive mixture is applied by a transfer film on the front edge of the rotor blade. The coating made of the reactive mixture is produced, which comprises in addition to the polyol- and the polyisocyanate component at least one pigment, at least one filler, at least one antifoam and/or at least one accelerator. Preferred Components: The polyol component comprises at least one polyols with an average equivalent weight of 50-500 g/mol, preferably 150-250 g/mol and the polyisocyanate component is made of aliphatic polyisocyanate, a mixture of several aliphatic polyisocyanates and/or a prepolymer. The reactive mixture in addition to the polyol- and the polyisocyanate component comprises at least one pigment, at least one filler, at least one antifoam and/or at least an accelerator. The reactive mixture is solvent-free. The edge protection coating comprises at least a polyurethane material with a modulus of elasticity of 100-5000 MPa, preferably 1500-2500 MPa and a breaking elongation of greater than 2%, preferably 4-6%. The polyol component of the polyurethane material comprises at least one polyol with an average equivalent weight of 50-500 g/mol, preferably 150-250 g/mol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The holder is provided with resin having aluminum, copper, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit (b) is 1-100 mol% of the repeating unit with respect to content of repeating unit (a). The repeating unit (a) is of formula: -(CH2-C(-R2)(-R3))- (II). The repeating unit (b) is of formula (III), preferably unit of formula (IV).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ionic polymer has ion exchange capacity of 0.5-3 mEq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition further contains crosslinking agent chosen from compound having 2 or more isocyanate groups. The crosslinking agent is 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate, tris(isocyanate phenyl) thiophosphate, 1,6,11-undecane triisocyanate, 1,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, 3 mol of trimethylol-propane tolylene diisocyanate adduct. The oxidation-reduction pair is pair of iodine, iodine compound or bromine and bromine compound. The electrolyte solution is aprotic organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    A=group derived from polyhydric alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionic polymer is copolymer fluorine-containing repeating unit of formula: -(CF2-CF2)- (IV) or lithium-containing repeating unit of formula: -(CF2-CF(-(OCF2CFX)n-O-(CF2)m-SO2NLiSO2R'g))- (V).X=fluoro or -CF3;n=0-5;m=1-12;andR'g=fluoro, 1-8C fluoroalkyl, or alkyl.Preferred Property: The ion exchange capacity of the ionic polymer is 0.5-3 mequivalent/g. Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte further contains lithium salt other than the ionic polymer. The nonaqueous solvent is mixed solvent of two or more types of solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound containing metal of group 1B-group 3A type chalcogen element is of formula: CuIn1-xGaxS2(1-y)Se2y (II) or CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (III).x,y=0 or 1.The group 1B metal selenide is copper selenide. The group 3A metal selenide is indium selenide and/or gallium selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyether has weight average molecular weight of 105-107. Preferred Process: The heating is performed at 200-600 degrees C for 1-60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The solar cell module is laminated between a glass and/or a back sheet. The glass is template tempered glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic vinyl monomer contained in the polymer block (A) is styrene. The content of styrene unit in the hydrogenated thermoplastic-elastomer is 15-50 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylene polymer is polyethylene containing ethylene and/or ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer containing ethylene unit as main monomeric unit. The ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer is ethylene-octene copolymer which is obtained by using metallocene catalyst. The back sheet is a polyethylene terephthalate film. Preferred Properties: The ethylene polymer has density of 0.85-0.94 g/cm3. The thermoplastic composition has hardness of 90 or less, measured based on JIS 6253A..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: At least 50 wt.% of component (b) comprises compounds with two or three isocyanate reactive groups. The molecular weight of the compounds having two or three isocyanate reactive groups is less than 2500 g/mol. The number average molecular weight of compounds having two or three isocyanate reactive groups is less than 500 g/mol. The compounds having isocyanate reactive groups (b) comprise compounds having two isocyanate reactive groups (at least 50 wt.%), which exhibit a molecular weight of less than 2500 g/mol, based on the total weight of the component (b). The proportion of component (b2) is at least 50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the component (b). The polyesterol (b2) contains hydrophobic polyesterol. The proportion of chain extender (b3) is 8-50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the component (b). The proportion of crosslinker (b4) is 0-10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the component (b). The average functionality of component (b) is less than 3. The polyetherol (b1) exhibits an average functionality of 3.6-8. The reinforcing agent (f) comprises glass fiber mats or hollow microspheres. EXAMPLE - Typical reinforced polyurethane foam comprised of (in wt.%): ethylenediamine based polypropylene oxide (exhibiting a number average molecular weight of 470 g/mol and a viscosity of 4975 MPa.s at 25 degrees C) (28); ethylenediamine based polypropylene oxide (exhibiting a number average molecular weight of 300 g/mol) (20); phthalic anhydride (exhibiting a number average molecular weight of 360 g/mol) (37); propylene glycol based chain extender (12); water (2); silicone stabilizer for polyurethane foams (1); prepolymer made of a mixture (95.2 parts by wt.) of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polymethyl phenyl polyisocyanate and polyesterol (4.8 parts by wt.), which is made of adipic acid (1 part by wt.), oleic acid (6 parts by wt.) and pentaerythritol (2 parts by wt.) (142); and hollow glass spheres (17).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - preferred Components: The getter material is made of 80 wt.% of a metal consisting of zirconium, yttrium and titanium. The palladium-based composites comprise 60 wt.% of palladium, and consists palladium-silver, palladium-copper, palladium-vanadium and palladium-nickel. The auxiliary getter material comprises: aluminosilicates with molecular sieves or zeolites, functionally modified aluminosilicates and alkaline-earth metal oxides; and alkali metal hydroxides with lithium hydroxide and alkaline-earth metal hydroxides, where the functional modification is amminic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric protective layer is made with polysiloxanes, polysiloxanes with hydroxilic or amminic terminations, polysulfones, poly alkanes, polyether ether ketones, polypyrroles, polyurethanes, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyxylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardening agent is acid anhydride-type hardening agent, preferably alicyclic acid anhydride having norbornene structure. Preferred Properties: The difference of hardening start temperature of hardening agent and melting point of solder particles is 15 degrees C or less. The melting point of solder particles is 135-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The encapsulating material is sheet or film-type. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the encapsulating material is 0.2-0.8 mm. The passivation layer of photocell module has optical transmittance rate of 92% or more, overcast drawing of 14% or less and splitting resistance of 60 N/15 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer has density of 0.85-0.91 g/cm3. The number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight of ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer is 1.5-3.5. Preferred Composition: The content of silane-modified ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer is 10-900 parts weight with respect to total content of 100 parts weight of ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer. The encapsulation composition further contains 10-100 parts weight of ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer having different molecular weight or density other than the ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer, additive, ultraviolet absorbing agent, photostabilizer, antioxidant, glass fiber and glass bubble.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer contains silicon and/or aluminum, and oxygen and/or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-type ultraviolet absorber is aromatic ultraviolet absorber, compound having triazine ring structure or triazine-containing compound of formula (I) or (II). The coating layer further contains siloxane-type binder.R1a,R1b,R1d-R1e=H or substituent (a) (excluding OH), where at least one substituent has ( sigma )p value of Hammett rule of positive;R1c=H or substituent (a) (excluding OH), where at least one substituent has ( sigma )p value of Hammett rule of positive, preferably substituent having ( sigma )p value of Hammett rule of positive;or substituents of R1a-R1e=ring;R1f-R1j=H or substituent (a) (excluding OH);or substituents of R1f-R1j=ring;R1k-R1n,R1p=H or substituent (a);or substituents of R1k-R1n,R1p=ring;substituent (a)=halo, cyano, thiocyanate, carboxy, hydroxy, 1-20C alkoxy, nitro, or 1-20C alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylcarbonyl, amino, aryloxy, sulfamoyl or alkylsulfonyl (all optionally substituted by halo, 1-20C alkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylcarbonyl, nitro, amino, hydroxy, 1-20C alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfamoyl, thiocyanate or alkylsulfonyl);andR10a,R10c,R10e=H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The water vapor-barrier film has laminate comprising organic layer and inorganic layer. Preferred Composition: The organic layer contains curing-type polymeric composition containing (meth)acrylate. Preferred Film: The resin film is polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalate film, polycarbonate film, fluorine resin film and/or acrylic resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of light-induced radical polymerization initiator and antioxidant with respect to 100 parts weight of light-induced radical polymerization initiator and antioxidant is 0.001-10 parts weight and 0.01-5 parts weight, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl polymer is a polymer of (meth)acrylate monomer, and is obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization method, and has number average molecular weight of 3000-100000 and ratio of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of less than 1.8. The active-energy-ray-curable composition further contains (meth)acrylate monomer of formula: Rb-OC(O)C(Ra)=CH2. The vinyl polymer is processed using hydrogen-peroxide solution.Rb=6-20C organic group.Preferred Properties: The hardened material of active energy ray-curable composition has glass transition temperature of 0 degrees C or less and storage elastic modulus of 10 MPa or less at 23 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The urethane adhesive further contains silane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (C) is butene-1, hexene-1 and octene-1 as components other than ethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of crystal nucleating agent (D) in resin layer (II) is 0.01-3 %mass. The resin layer (II) further contains component (E) chosen from at least one of petroleum resin, terpene resin, cumarone indene resin, rosin-type resin, olefin compatible resin and its hydrogenated derivative. The total content of alpha -olefin contained in ethylene polymer (C) is 0.1-3 %mass. The resin layer (II) further contains cyclic olefin resin. The resin layer (I) and/or resin layer (II) contain additive(s) chosen from silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber, and weathering stabilizer. Preferred Properties: The softening temperature of olefin compatible resin (E) is 80 degrees C or more and (crystallization-peak-temperature of ethylene-based resin measured with cooling rate of 10 degrees C/minute in differential scanning calorimetry+5 degrees C) or less. The storage elastic modulus of resin layer (I) is 100 MPa or less. The storage elastic modulus of resin layer (II) is more than 100 MPa. The water-vapor-permeation rate of multilayer component having total thickness of 0.3 mm, is 3 g/(m2x 24 hours) measured at 40 degrees C under relative humidity of 90%. The laminate having thickness of 0.3 mm, has water-vapor-permeation rate of 3 g/(m2x 24 hours) at 20 degrees C under relative humidity of 90%, and total light transmittance of 85% or more. The total light transmittance of laminate having thickness of 0.3 mm, is 85% or more, measured based on JIS K7105. The thickness ratio of resin layer (II) in the laminate is 20-70%. Preferred Laminate: The laminate is solar cell sealing material closely adhered and protected to a solar cell element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glass transition temperature (Tg) of resin B (0.1-10 mass%) is 100-400 degrees C. The island component which consists of island part has resin B. The resin B has polyether imide structure of formula (1) and sulfonyl group component. The island structure consists of polyethylene naphthalate (resin A), resin B and resin C. The resin has polyether imide structure of formula (2). Preferred Parameters: The intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the film is 0.4-1.4 dl/g. The micro melting peak (Tmeta) directly under melting point is 200-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of polymerizable optically active imide compound with respect to 100 parts mass of liquid crystal compound is 1-5 parts mass. The infrared reflectiveness layer reflects infrared ray with wavelength of 800-2000 nm, preferably 1200-1800 nm. The liquid crystal compound has a polymerizable functional group, and is of formula (II). The compound (I) is of formula (Ia) or (Ib).ring A11-A13=cyclohexane ring, benzene ring, or naphthalene ring;L11-L13=halo, cyano, nitro, -X15-O-CO-CM13=CH2, 1-10C alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl carbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy;M11-M13=H or methyl;X11-X15=-O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O-CO-O-, -CO-NR11-, -NR11-CO-, -O(CH2)r-, -(CH2)sO-, -SCH2-, -CH2S-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CF2S-, -SCF2-, -CH2CH2-, -CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2-, -CF2CF2-, -CH=CR11-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CF-, -CY1=CY1-, -CC-, -CH=CH-COO-, -OCOCH=CH-, -CC- or single bond;R11=H or 1-12C alkyl;Y1=H, halo, cyano, methyl, or ethyl;r,s=1-6;ando-q=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric substrate is silicon/silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) is a pyridalthiadiazole group, a pyridaloxadiazole group, or a pyridaltriazole group. The non-polymeric compound is an electron acceptor or is an electron donor in an active layer of the electronic or optoelectronic device. The non-polymeric compound has a solubility of at least 5 mg/ml in an organic solvent comprising chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene, methylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, or carbon disulfide. Preferred Definitions:    A1 = optionally substituted thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spiro fluorene, spiro-thiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadiene bithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, or carbazole 9,9-RR1-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3'-RR1 silylene-2,2'-bithiophene, 3,3'RR1-cyclopenta(2,1-b:3,4-b1a)-dithiophene;    R, R1 = 1-30C alkyl or 6-30C aryl; and    B1 = thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadiene bithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, or carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate includes glass, quartz, or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor nanowires includes a Group II-VI compound, a Group II-V compound, a Group III-VI compound, a Group III-V compound, a Group IV-VI compound, a Group I-III-VI compound, a Group II-IV-VI compound, a Group IV compound, and/or a Group II-IV-V compound (preferably ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, AN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, GaSe, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, TiN, TiP, TiAs, TiSb, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, Si, and/or Ge). At least one electrode includes platinum and titanium. The catalyst includes a seed particle and bismuth. The reactant solution includes a metal source (preferably cadmium) and a chalcogenide source (preferably selenium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ligand is an oligomer or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing material is ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer film. The insulation resin is epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, phenol resin, diallyl phthalate resin, acrylic resin, cyanate resin, cyanic acid ester resin-epoxy resin, cyanic acid ester-maleimide resin, cyanic acid ester- maleimide- epoxy resin, maleimide resin, maleimide- vinyl resin or bis-allyl-nadimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, trimethylphosphate, and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The coating is impermeable to metal halides, heavy hydrocarbons, phenols and sulfur compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating comprises a polymer consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-ethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-methyl methacrylate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is of formula (III). In the preparation of the polymer, the mixture further includes a polymerizable compound having a highly polar functional group with a functional group having high polarity and having a polymerizable functional group. The aromatic functional group has the phosphorus-containing functional group. The polymerizable compound has a hydrocarbon group or an oxyalkylene group having 1-20C between the aromatic functional group and the polymerizable functional group. The mixture includes the polymerizable compound (a)or (b), the polymerizable compound (c) and the polymerizable compound (d). The mixture is made to react by mixing a polymerization initiator.R1 = H, aliphatic hydrocarbon, alicyclic hydrocarbon or aromatic group;R2 = phosphorus-containing functional group that contains phosphorus;R3 = functional group having an alkylene oxide group, CN, amino or OH; andR4-R6 = H or hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Acrylic acid 4-cyclohexyl-phenyl ester (115 g), 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-phosphonooxy-ethyl ester (84 g) and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-ethyl ester (18.8 g) were mixed together. Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (1 wt.%) was added as a polymerization initiator based on the total weight of the total monomers, followed by stirring until the dissolution of the AIBN. Subsequently, the reaction solution was sealed and made to react in an oil bath held at 60 degrees C for 3 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was added in methanol (200 ml) to obtain white precipitate. Then, the solution was filtered and dried at 60 degrees C under reduced pressure to obtain the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive grating has a transparent conductive layer of titanium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer consists of polyurethane foams.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cross-linking agent is chosen from triazine compound having aromatic group, and compound having 2 or more nitrogen atoms substituted by hydroxymethyl group and/or alkoxy methyl group. The content of crosslinking agent is 50-400 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of high molecular compounds. The film forming material further contains 10 parts mass or less of acid generating compound with respect to 100 parts mass of organic high molecular compounds, 10 parts mass or less of acid compound having pKa value of less than 4, and a solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic high molecular compound (A) is a compound having carbocyclic group in side chain, and contains structural units of formulae (I) and (II).R1-R12=H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C haloalkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, halo, nitro, formyl, cyano, amino, carboxy, phosphonyl, sulfonyl, or phenyl, furyl, naphthyl or thienyl (all optionally substituted by W8);W8=1-10C alkyl, 1-10C haloalkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, nitro, formyl, cyano, amino, carboxy, phosphonyl or sulfonyl;Z1-Z6=H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C haloalkyl, 1-10C alkoxy or halo;andn,m=1 or more.The organic high molecular compound contains 40 mol% or more of structural units (I and/or II), and has weight average molecular weight of 500 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paintable diffusing agent composition further comprises a condensation product (B1) made from a starting material that is a substituted alkoxysilane of formula (Si(OR5)4) (III). Preferred Components: The condensation product (A1) contains a substituted silicon oxide structure of formula ((-(-Si(X1)O(3/2))n-) (-(-Si(Y1)O(3/2))l-)) (II). The ratio of silicon dioxide-converted mass of condensation product (A1) to condensation product (B1) is 100:0-5:95. The impurity diffusion component (C1) contains a compound of an element in the group III or V. The ratio of the total of the silicon dioxide-converted mass of the condensation product (A1) and that of the condensation product (B1) to the impurity-atom-converted mass of the impurity diffusion component (C1) is 95:5-50:50.X1 = alkoxy;Y1 = organic group, preferably alkyl, aryl, epoxy or -R3-R4;R4 = aryl or a group containing ethylenically unsaturated double bond;R3 = 1-9C alkylene; andR5 = organic group, where the ratio of n:l is 95:5-0:100. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: X-41-1056 (RTM: Organosiloxane) (6.37 wt.%); hydrolyzate of tetraethoxysilane (6.37 wt.%); phosphorus pentoxide (10.11 wt.%); SF8421 EG (RTM: Silicone type surfactant) (500 ppm); and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (balance amount).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first cover comprises a material consisting of aluminum alloy, glass, quartz, aluminum oxide or polymer. A material of the second cover comprises glass, stainless steel or polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer of the first cover comprises poly vinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene or poly propylene. A material of the spacer comprises rubber, silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Substrate is made of stainless steel foil. Preferred Processes: Solar cells are applied to substrate by coating upper surface of substrate with copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) or copper indium gallium diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2). Solar cells are applied to substrate by vapor-depositing amorphous silicon on upper surface of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Substrate is made of polyimide or polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Mixture in material layer contains poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer includes inorganic materials consisting of titania (TiO2), nanocrystalline TiO2, zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO or Cu2O or Cu(x)O ), zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide, sodium titanate, potassium niobate, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, copper sulfide, cadmium telluride, cadmium-tellurium selenide, copper-indium selenide, cadmium oxide (CdO(x)), copper iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, and/or a semiconductive material. The thermally conductive substrate comprises a material consisting of stainless steel, copper, aluminum, and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The scattering centers comprise voids or particles. The particles comprise inorganic material or an oxide or an oxide of titanium, aluminum, silicon, hafnium, and/or zirconium. The particles have median size of up to 10 mu m or 200-1000 nm. The matrix comprises a material selected from glass or a hybrid organic-inorganic material. The filler material further comprises a passivating agent (preferably a sulfide or a halide compound). The filler material further comprises a wavelength converting material, where the wavelength converting material comprises particles in a matrix material and the particles comprise quantum-confined materials. The filler material comprises a first layer containing the reflective material and a second layer containing the wavelength converting material. The quantum confined material comprises a quantum dot, nanotube or nanowire. The wavelength converting material comprises an oxide, a fluoride, a phosphide, or oxynitride; or comprises a doped material containing a luminescent dopant selected from erbium, samarium, manganese, cerium, and europium. When the active region comprises cadmium telluride, the wavelength converting material has excitation region that includes at least one wavelength of light less than 600 nm and/or an emission region that includes at least one wavelength of light of 500-850 nm. The wavelength converting material comprises an up-converting material (preferably lanthanide-doped fluoride); or comprises down-converting material (preferably barium aluminum fluoride doped with samarium or aluminum oxide doped with chromium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The matrix comprises material selected from polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is methyl succinate, ethyl succinate, propyl succinate, butyl succinate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate, dipropyl succinate and dibutyl succinate. In the electrolyte solution, the electrolyte additive is incorporated at a concentration of 0.1-30 wt.%. The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate (10-30 wt.%), propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate (10-50 wt.%), dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate (10-40 wt.%), fluoroethylene carbonate (0-30 wt.%), methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and/or butylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The RHE-diesel fuel comprises: 8-15C short chain paraffins; 15-26C long chain paraffins, where the side chains have 1-5C in each of the side chains, and less than 50% of the total carbons are in side chains; 8-26C long chain esters, ethers and hemiacetals consisting of methyl esters, 1,2-ethanediols, 1,3-propanediols, 1,4-butanediols or 2,3-butanediols, where long chain esters, ethers and hemiacetals containing 10-26C are in a linear or branched chain with oxygen; condensation products of alcohols, polyols, carboxylic acids, and fatty acids; and/or ethers (dipentyl and dihexyl ether) made from condensation of alcohols, polyglycol ethers terminated with alkane groups made from condensation of glycols followed by capping with olefins, polyglycol ethers terminated with alkane groups made from condensation of glycols followed by mild hydrodeoxygenation of terminal hydroxy groups, polyglycol ethers terminated with olefinic groups made from condensation of glycols followed by dehydration of terminal hydroxy groups, polydiol ethers terminated with alkane groups made from condensation of glycols followed by capping with olefins, polydiol ethers terminated with alkane groups made from condensation of glycols followed by mild hydrodeoxygenation of terminal hydroxy groups, polydiol ethers terminated with olefinic groups made from condensation of glycols followed by dehydration of terminal hydroxy groups, mixed ethers, acetals, hemiacetals, dehydrated hemiacetals formed by dehydrogenation of hydroxy containing compounds. Preferred Components: The fuel is blended diesel fuel stock comprising at least one of a RHE-diesel fuel, a cetane enhancer, a low temperature Fischer-Tropsch fuel, high-cetane distillates, high-cetane straight-run distillate, high-cetane overhead products, paraffins, isoparaffins, and/or ethyl hexyl nitrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the vapor-deposited layer of the metal or inorganic oxide is 10-500 nm. The central-line average roughness of the surface of the vapor-deposited layer side of the resin layer (A) is 5-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition (2) further contains coloring agent. The surface opposite to the barrier film of the resin layer has a colored sheet which consists of thermoplastic resin composition containing a coloring agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolytic salt compound is lithium salt compound. An aprotic organic solvent is further added to the composition for solid polymer electrolyte. The negative electrode material consists of a mixture of a negative electrode active material, a conductive support agent, and a binder. The negative electrode active material consists of lithium, carbon, a silicon-type compound, a tin group compound, an aluminum-type compound and their mixture. The positive electrode material has compositional formula: AMO2, AM2O4, A2MO3 or AMB'O4.A=alkali metal;M=transition metal, nontransition metal is included in the one portion;andB'=P, Si or its mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aprotic organic solvent is chosen from ether and ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Solid polymer electrolyte is coated on an at least one of negative electrode material and positive electrode material. The composition for solid polymer electrolyte contains mixture of 1 or more types of polyether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Metal iodide is potassium iodide, lithium iodide, sodium iodide or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic amine hydroiodic acid salt is triethylamine hydroiodic acid salt, tripropylamine hydroiodic acid salt, tributylamine hydroiodic acid salt, tripentyl amine hydroiodic acid salt, trihexyl amine hydroiodic acid salt or their mixture. Imidazolium salt is iodination product of 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium, 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-ethyl imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-pentyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-hexyl imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-heptyl imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-octyl imidazolium, 1,3-diethyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-propyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-butyl imidazolium, 1,3-propyl imidazolium, 1-propyl-3-butyl imidazolium or their mixture. Benzimidazole derivative or pyridine derivative is N-methyl benzimidazole, N-butyl benzimidazole, 4-tert-butyl pyridine or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The colloidal particles comprise carbonate or silicate of alkaline-earth metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal silicate, or metal carboxylate. Preferred Property: The size of the maximum length direction of the void in the porous material is 1-1000 nm. Preferred Process: The porous carbon material is hardly graphitized carbon material or graphitized carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is furfuryl alcohol resin, phenol-aldehyde resin, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, or furfuryl alcohol-phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (B) contains 0.02-0.5 %mass of inert particles having average particle diameter of 100-600 nm. The non-crystalline thermoplastic resin is non-crystalline polyimide. Preferred Properties: The ratio of thickness of layer (B) with respect to average particle diameter of layer (D) is 0.1-10. The ratio of thickness of layer (B) with respect to diameter of dispersion domain by non-crystalline thermoplastic resin contained in layer (A) is 2-20. The biaxially-oriented polyester film has peak temperature of loss tangent (tan-( delta )) of 120-180 degrees C, in dynamic-viscoelasticity measurement of longitudinal direction. The surface of layer (C) has coarse protrusion density of 30/100 cm2 or less in the protrusion height of 0.28 mu m or more, and 3/100 cm2 or less in the protrusion height of 0. 56 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet is formed by ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer. The solar cell integrated roof material is selected from an ionomer resin, polyvinyl butyral, a styrenic thermoplastic elastomer, a silicone resin and polyolefin resin. The said surface layer contains a fluoro-resin, an acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, and polyethylene naphthalate resin. The barrier layer contains polyethylene terephthalate resin, an acrylic resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin and polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A main component in a pressure-sensitive adhesive for constructing the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer comprises a polymer P obtained by cross-linking a polymer A. The polymer A comprises an acrylic polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition containing a (meth) acrylate monomer as a main component. The adherend comprises a hydrophilic coated plate. Preferred Condition: When the surface protective sheet is attached to an adherend and left to stand at 50 degrees C for 24 hours, and then the surface protective sheet is released under a temperature environment of 23 degrees C, a surface of the resultant adherend has a water contact angle of 70 degrees or less. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has an adhesion for a coated steel plate having a ten-point average surface roughness Rz of 8.0 mu m of 0.05 N/20 mm or more. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive layer is formed using pressure-sensitive adhesive containing polymer (P) obtained by cross-linking polymer (A). The polymer (A) contains acrylic polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition having (meth)acrylate monomer as main component. The ratio of visible light transmittance difference and elastic modulus at tension (E) (in GPa) of surface protective sheet is two or less. The sheet is used for protecting surface of substrate having low contamination degree and having an anti-reflection film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a soda lime glass, quartz, fused silica or plastic or other composite materials. The copper-bearing material comprises pure copper or copper-gallium alloy. The chalcogenide structured material comprises a photon absorber of a thin film photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The many compartments includes: a first compartment for forming an electrode layer (1320) overlying the substrate in a vacuum ambient with a pressure of less than or equal to 6.2 mTorr; a second compartment for forming a copper bearing layer (1330), where the second compartment is maintained at the same vacuum ambient of the first compartment; and a third compartment for forming an indium layer (1340) overlying the copper-bearing layer to form the copper-rich copper-indium composite material with copper to indium atomic ratio of greater than 1.2. The first compartment comprises at least one sputtering target disposed in series for depositing the electrode layer with a total thickness of 300-400 nm and a resistivity of 100-10 ohm-cm and less. The second compartment comprises a sputtering target made of copper-bearing material for depositing the copper-bearing layer using a direct current magnetron sputtering technique. The at least one of the many compartments configured to subject the copper-rich copper-indium composite material to a thermal process comprises many nozzles for supplying gas phase sulfur bearing species (1308) and at least one heater for heating the compartment from room temperature to 500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The one-dimensional nanostructure is doped with trivalent or pentavalent element. The trivalent element is boron. The pentavalent element is nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The encapsulating material sheet is made of ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vinyl monomer having sulfonic acid group-containing precursor is chosen from methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butylester, cyclohexyl ester and styrene sulfonic acid phenylester. The crosslinking agent used in manufacture of polymer electrolyte film is diamine compound. The vinyl monomer having carbonyl group equivalent is acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methacrylic acid and/or methyl methacrylate. The carbonyl group contains a portion of amide bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin microparticles are chosen from polyetherketone, polyether imide, polyamidoimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and fluorination vinylidene hexafluoropropylene copolymer. The cast solvent used in manufacture of polymer electrolyte film is an aprotic polar solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Sheet: The solar cell sealing sheet has embossed shape on the surface, and is integrated laminated material in which film forming of fluoro resin sheet and contact bonding layer is carried out simultaneously by co-extrusion process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene copolymer contains (meth)acrylic acid ester component. The contact bonding layer contains dialkoxy silane and/or trialkoxysilane. The fluoro resin sheet contains tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene chloro trifluoroethylene resin, polychloro trifluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro alkylvinyl ether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, or mixture of fluoro vinylidine hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidine fluoride and polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar-cell sealing material further contains crosslinking agent and crosslinking adjuvant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is ethylene-based copolymer or polyvinyl acetal, preferably ethylene-based copolymer. The ethylene-based copolymer is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer and ethylene-(meth)acrylate copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    At least one of R1b, R1c and R1d=substituent whose Hammett value is positive, and chosen from COORr, CONRs2, cyano, trifluoromethyl, halo, nitro and SO3M;    Rs,Rr=H or monovalent substituent;    R1g-R1k,R1m,R1n,R1p=H;and    M=H or alkali metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An inorganic layer (120) is formed by coating surface of organic layer with ionized metal compounds and naturally curing to react with moisture in air. The inorganic layer (110) and inorganic layer (120) are formed by reacting alkyl group-containing compound of formula: M(OR)n and water of formula: nH2O to obtain hydroxyl group-containing compound of formula: M(OH)x and alkyl group-containing compound of formula: nROH.M=Si, B, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ti, Al, Ba, Zn, Ga, Ge, Bi or Fe;R=1-20C alkyl optionally substituted by fluoro or 6-20C aryl;andn,x=not defined.N.B: n and x are not defined. Preferred Properties: The inorganic layer (110) and inorganic layer (120) have thickness of 0.5-30 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base transparent film is film containing polymer or plastic material, preferably polyestersulfone, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, aramid, polyamideimide, polyimide, aromatic polyimide, polyetherimide, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene and/or polyvinyl chloride. The organic material used for coating organic film contains benzocyclobutene, acrylic resin, epoxy-based resin, polyvinyl phenol and/or polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Arrangement: The flexible transparent film has inorganic layer (110), organic layer, and inorganic layer (120) repeatedly laminated on surface or surfaces of base transparent film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum source is chosen from spherical or flake aluminum powder, aluminum alloy, aluminum salt, organometallic aluminum, colloidal aluminum and aluminum oxide. The adhesive component contains oxide of sodium, calcium, potassium, boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, zirconium, ruthenium, indium, tin, antimony, bismuth and thulium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic vehicle is chosen from cellulose resin, acryl resin, urethane resin, urea resin and ester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent cover is made of polycarbonate, acrylic, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The repeating unit (I) comprises 8 compound containing three-ring system having at least one quaternary nitrogen e.g. compound of formula of formula (Ia) and (Ib).R5+R5=ring, or bond with another repeating unit or an end-group of the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric composition has lambda max of greater than 500 nm. Preferred Method: In the method (M1), at least a portion of the repeating unit prior to the transformation is selected from 10 repeating units as given in the specification, e.g. compound of formula (III), where the transformation involves a ring-closing reaction; at least a portion of the repeating unit after transformation is selected from 10 repeating units as given in the specification, e.g. compound of formula (IV), where unsubstituted position of each structure is optionally substituted in form a bond with another repeating unit or end-group of the polymer; and the suitable conditions include exposing the polymer to thionyl chloride or to tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride and n-C4F9SO2F.L'=leaving group;Y'=heteroatom (preferably S or O). Preferred Definitions:    A'=5- or 6-membered (hetero)aromatic ring (optionally substituted; and optionally associated with a ring system);    B'=5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom (optionally substituted; and optionally associated with a ring system);    Z'=N;    R1-R4=H;    a=1.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking adjuvant is chosen from 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,9-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,9-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, and diallyl phthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The filler has gel fraction of 2-6% after crosslinking. Preferred Composition: The polyethylene-type resin is metallocene-type linear low-density polyethylene. The filler further has copolymer formed by copolymerizing ( alpha )-polyolefin and ethylenic unsaturated silane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The sealing material layer further contains 0.05-5 parts weight of silane compound of formula: R1Si(OR2)3 with respect to 100 parts weight of sealing material resin.R1=3-glycidoxy propyl or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl;andR2=1-3C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The fluorine-type weather-proof layer is made of polyvinylidene-fluoride resin. The compaction temperature of sealing material layer is more than melting point of sealing material resin is 130-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The arrester (1) comprises nickel, nickel silicide, niobium carbide, tantalum, or titanium diboride. The n-type semiconductor electrode (2) comprises hexaboride of calcium, strontium or barium, or silicides or antimonides alkaline earth metals, such as magnesium silicide or magnesium antimonide. The n-type semiconductor electrode (4) comprises silicon, tin(II) sulfide, bismuth sulfide, antimony sulfide, or silicide or antimonide of alkali earth metals. The surface of metallic conductive arrester (5) comprises yttrium, titanium carbide, yttrium silicide, rare earth metals, calcium, strontium, barium, or rare-earth doped with aluminum or calcium, strontium, barium or rare-earth-doped magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric comprises polypropylene, polystyrene, or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The silane coupling agent is 3-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane and/or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyisocyanate compound is a mixture of nurate-modified isophorone diisocyanate and adduct-modified hexamethylene diisocyanate. The amount of adduct-modified hexamethylene diisocyanate in the mixture is 50-80 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface of the crystalline semiconductor substrate is made of polycrystalline silicon such as phosphor-doped silicon, sulfur-doped silicon, nitrogen-doped silicon and arsenic-doped silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene-type resin (a) is ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer manufactured using single site-type catalyst. The wavelength-conversion substance (d) is chosen from inorganic-type fluorescent substance, organometallic complex, or organic phosphorescent pigment. The organic phosphorescent pigment is condensation product of barbituric acid and p-(dimethyl)aminobenzaldehyde. The content of polyethylene-type resin (a) and polyethylene-type resin (b) is 90-10 weight% and 10-90 weight%, respectively. The polyolefin resin (y) further contains 0-50 weight% of other polyolefin resin (c) with respect to 50-100 weight%. Preferred Property: The bubble number with average diameter of more than 0.5 mm, contained in the functional film is 2 or less per m2. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Antimicrobial. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The tank wall assembling plate comprises a single glass steel plate and an insulation filler intermediate layer embedded between the glass steel plates. The tank wall assembling plates are arc-shaped plates. The mounting part is a flange provided with a through hole. The connector is a bolt, a nail screw or a wire screw. The left and right flanges of the multiple tank wall assembling plates are connected with the corresponding flange of the adjacent tank wall assembling plate to form a single layer assembly tank body. The layers of the assembly tank body are integrally connected on the vertical direction by the mounting parts of the upper side and the lower side of the tank wall assembling plate. The mounting part of the adjacent assembly tank body is connected through the connector. Each layer of assembly tank body comprises eight tank wall assembling plates which are integrally connected by the connector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulation filler is a 3D glass fiber infiltration fabric, polyurethane foam filler or honeycomb insulation material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The primary active material is graphite fluoride or manganese dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The secondary active material is an organic compound having two or more groups of formula: C=X in a molecule.X=oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or C(CN)2.The secondary active material is an organic compound having two or more sulfide groups in a molecule. During assembling completion of the lithium primary battery, secondary active material is in charging condition. The secondary active material is a compound having cyclic structure containing at least 2 carbon atoms. The cyclic structure is compound comprising conjugated compound with at least 2 ketone groups. The secondary active material is a polymer having a repeating unit containing phenanthrene quinone structure or tetra-ketone structure. Preferred Component: The positive electrode further contains a conductive support agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer contains calcium, barium, sodium, cesium or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer contains conductive polymer, which is poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains only methoxybenzene as solvent or the electrolyte contains a mixture of methoxybenzene solvent with other solvents. The lithium metal anode is protected by a glass-ceramic membrane. The lithium-air semi-fuel cell is protected by oxygen selective, water and water vapor blocking, permeable membrane, over the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains salts comprising lithium hexafluoro-borate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium tris(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium iodide, lithium thioisocyanate and/or lithium tetraphenylborate. The other solvents comprise propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or dimethoxy ethane. The non-aqueous electrolyte additionally contains additives for increasing solubility of lithium oxide and lithium peroxide, comprising tris(pentaflurophenyl)borane and/or boron esters.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte additionally contains a mixture of other aprotic solvents. The other solvents are ionic liquids comprising 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolinium imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and/or bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The operation oil is paraffin oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The rubber is ethylene propylene diene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The adhesive agent is glass powder. The glass powder is bismuth oxide-boron oxide-silica system glass powder or bismuth oxide-boron oxide-zinc oxide system glass powder. Preferred Property: The grain diameter of glass powder is 2-6 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is phosphorus pentoxide and/or gallium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of spherical silver powder and silver-copper-phosphorus alloy powder is 1-2 mu m and 5-6 mu m, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The auxiliary agent is a mixture of wetting and dispersing agent and anti-foaming agent. The wetting and dispersing agent is BYK-163 (RTM: dispersing agent), BYK-P104S (RTM: dispersing agent) and BYK-110 (RTM: dispersing agent). The anti-foaming agent is BYK-141 (RTM: anti-foaming agent), BYK-052 (RTM: anti-foaming agent) and/or BYK-066 N (RTM: anti-foaming agent). The solvent is terpineol, turpentine, Carbitol (RTM: solvent) and/or cyclohexanone. Preferred Process: The raw materials of organic carrier is introduced into a reactor, heated at 70-900 degrees C, mixed in an electric mixer, stirred at a speed of 100-200 rpm, cooled and sieved to 300 meshes size to obtain organic carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic carrier is a mixture of resin and solvent in a weight ratio of 10-25%:75-90%. The resin is methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Components: The rare-earth-metal complex is of formula: (L1)mM(L2)n.L1=ligand (I) or (II);L2=halide ion, or anionic ligand of formula (V) or (VI);M=samarium, europium, terbium, dysprosium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, or yttrium;m=1-2;n=integer corresponding to the valence of the rare-earth-metal ion M;Ra,Rc,Rd=1-20C linear, branched or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbyl, or 1-20C monovalent heterocyclyl containing N, S or O in ring structure (both optionally substituted by fluoro);andRb=H, or 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbyl or 1-20C monovalent heterocyclyl containing N, S or O (both optionally substituted by fluoro). EXAMPLE - 5-Diisopropylsilyl-2,2'-bipyridine (118 mg) and ethanol were mixed at room temperature and uniformly-dissolved. The obtained solution was dripped in aqueous solution (1.31 ml) of sodium hydroxide and stirred, to obtain 5-(hydroxy diisopropylsilyl)-2,2'-bipyridine. 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione was added to 5-(hydroxy diisopropylsilyl)-2,2'-bipyridine and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Aqueous solution (0.2 mol/L) of europium chloride was dripped to reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was filtered, washed and vacuum dried to obtain tris(1,3-diphenylpropane-dionate)(5-(hydroxy diisopropylsiyl)-2,2'-bipyridine)europium (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of water and acetonitrile is 100:0-50:50. The copper and/or copper compound are metal copper, copper oxide (I), copper ammine complex, metal copper, and metal zinc mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Diazo compound (II) is contacted with copper and/or copper compound in presence of solvent containing water, acetonitrile or water, and acetonitrile, and hydrochloric acid using diazotization agent of formula (III). The diazo compound is preferably of formula (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Vulcanizer is lead oxide (PbO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and/or peroxide. Flame retardant is aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Vulcanizing promoter is thiuram or thiazole. Vulcanizer auxiliary agent is N,N'-m-phenylenedimaleimide. Reinforcing agent is high-dispersing white carbon black. Anti-aging agent is N,N-dibutyl dithioamino nickelous formate. Processing auxiliary agent is Vaseline (RTM: petroleum jelly based product) or stearic acid. Flame retardant is antimonous oxide or decabromodiphenyl oxide. Mass ratio of antimonous oxide to decabromodiphenyl oxide is 0.3:1-2. Thiuram is hexasulfide dipentamethylene thiuram. The thiazole is 2,2'-dithiobisbenzothiazole. Vulcanizer, vulcanizing promoter and vulcanizer auxiliary agent form vulcanizing system. Mass ratio of vulcanizing system, PbO, hexasulfide dipentamethylene thiuram, 2,2'-dithiobisbenzothiazole and N,N'- m-phenylenedimaleimide is 5-15:1-3:0:2-0.8:0.5-1.5. The plasticizer is dioctyl phthalate, dioctyl sebacate, chloroparaffin or di-n-octyl adipate. Coupling agent is gamma -glycidyl ether propyl trimethoxy silane, gamma -(methyl acyloxy) propyl trimethoxy silane or gamma -aminopropyl triethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The raw glue substrate is chlorosulfonated polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent is selected from isocyanate compound, epoxy compound and aziridine compound. The isocyanate compound contains more than 3 hexamethylene diisocyanate functional group. The isocyanate compound contains trimethylolpropane adduct, the isocyanurate, and biuret or the triphenylmethane triisocyanate methylenebis triisocyanate having at least 3 functional groups. The catalyst is the Lewis acid and Lewis base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition comprises the polymerizable monomer containing the carboxy radical (1-17 wt.%); and the acrylic copolymer (3-16 wt.%). The adhesive composition comprises polyol. The adhesive composition comprises the acrylic copolymer (100 parts by weight) containing carboxy radical (0.5-20 parts by weight), the cross-linking agent (0.1-12 parts by weight), and the catalyst (0.0001-3 parts by weight). Preferred Components: The copolymer of the polymerizable monomer contains alkyl(meth)acrylate monomer and carboxy radical which are the acrylic copolymer having carbon number 4-12. The polymerizable monomer containing the carboxy radical is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and succinic acid monohydroxy ethyl(meth)acrylate. The acrylic copolymer containing the carboxy radical has weight-average molecular weight of 10-170 (preferably 20-150). The polyol is selected from polyacryl polyol, polyether polyol, polyester polyol, polycarbonate polyol and polycarprolactone polyol. The film is weatherable film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorine plastic film grafted acrylic acid material is selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, glycidyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate 2-hydroxyl ethyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The weather-proof fluorine plastic film is one of the fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-vinyl ether copolymer fluoroalkyl. The moisture resistant film is polyethylene glycol terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The power generating unit is made from composite polymers and alloyed steels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dot contains cadmium selenium/zinc sulfide, cadmium/selenium/cadmium sulfide, zinc tellurium/zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide/mercury sulfide, and/or cadmium sulfide/zinc sulfide. The fluorescent substance contains (cerium,terbium)magnesium aluminum oxide, europium-doped yttria, europium-doped strontium borate, zinc oxide, manganese-doped zinc silicate, manganese-doped zinc germanate, europium-doped yttrium vanadate and zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mixer is made of aluminum, silver and gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light collecting portion contains glass, polymethyl methacrylate, silicone, and epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The low work function cathode layer is selected from one kind of or combination of fluoride, titanium, silicon, calcium, magnesium, cesium, or aluminum. The electron-withdrawing conjugate unit of the solar battery is selected from pyrrole pyrroledione, diazosulfide or thiophene pyrroledione. The electron-donating conjugate unit is selected from carbazole, fluorine, thiaindan or dithiophene benzene. The mixed solution used in the manufacturing process of solar battery is selected from acetate hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent used in the manufacturing process of solar battery is de-ionized water or ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photoelectric active layer is selected from poly(p-phenylene vinylidene), poly(arylene vinylidene), poly (p-phenylene), poly(arylene), polythiophene, polyquinoline, porphyrin or phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic adhesive comprises (in parts by wt.) polyvinyl butyral resin (3-10), an organic solvent (88-95), a wetting dispersant (1-2) and an antifoaming agent (1-2). The organic solvent is ethyl cellosolve acetate, ethyl Cellosolve (RTM: 2-Ethoxyethanol) and/or butyl cellosolve acetate. The wetting dispersant is BYK-163 (RTM: Wetting and dispersing additive), BYK-P104S (RTM: Wetting and dispersing additive) and/or BYK 110 (RTM: Phosphated polyester with residual phosphoric acid). The defoaming agent is BYK-141 (RTM: Solution of foam destroying polysiloxanes), BYK-052 (RTM: Solution of foam destroying polysiloxanes), and/or BYK-066N (RTM: Solution of foam destroying polysiloxanes). Preferred Method: The method comprises heating in a water bath at 70-90 degrees C and maintaining at 4 degrees C, and stirring at a speed of 100-200 revolutions/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The conversion heat of each unit time of cooling the melted resin is calculated to 70-180 KW per kg of melted resin by conversion heat=specific heat of resin composition (J/kgx degrees C)x DT/cooling time (sec), where Delta T is a temperature of melted resin-temperature of the cooled resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The EVA coating comprises (pts.wt.) ethane-vinyl acetate copolymer (100), crosslinking agent (2), nucleating anti-reflection agent (1.5), optical stabilizer (1), antioxidant (1) and tackifier (1). The content of vinyl acetate in ethane-vinyl acetate copolymer is 25-35% and fuse index is 35-60 g/10 minutes. The nucleating anti-reflection agent is nano magnesium oxide, 4-tertiary butyl benzoic acid, diphenylaceticacid, sodium succinic acid, dicyclohexyl-2,6-dimethyl amide, triphenyl dithiazine and/or high purity nano silicon oxide modified by grafting. The grafting modification comprises dispersing silane coupling agent and high-purity nano silicon oxide into methylbenzene solution, refluxing and agitating for 2 hours, heating and curing. The optical stabilizer is hindered de-amine amine optical stabilizer comprising succinic acid (4-hydroxyl-2,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine) ester, and/or bi(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate. The tackifier is 3-glycidyl ether oxygen propyl trimethoxysilane; and the antioxidant is beta -(3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroxy carboxyl)methylacetic 18C alcohol ester. The crosslinking agent is 2,5-dimethylbi(tertiary butyl peroxo) hexane, peroxide-2-ethyl carbonate butyl acetate, and/or 1,1-(biperoxide tertiary butyl)3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane. The silane coupling agent comprises 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N- beta -aminoethyl- gamma -aminopropyl dimethoxymethyl silane, N-( beta -aminoethyl)- gamma -aminopropyl triethoxysilane, dimethyl ethenyl methoxyl silane, and gamma -MPTES.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The phosphate compound copolymerized with triphenylamine in (I) is a substituted phosphate group of formula (II) or di-substituted compound of formula (R4-Ar-R4). The photoelectric functional device component is an organic light emitting diode or an organic photovoltaic cell.R2, R4 = Br, I, Cl, trialkyl tin (1-4C alkyl) or 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxa pentaborane-2-yl;R3 = 1-4C alkyl; andz = 2-12. Preferred Definitions:    Ar = vinyl, acetylene-based group, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrogen-oxygen containing heteroaryl, sulfur containing heteroaryl, silicon containing heteroaryl, nitrogen-sulfur containing heteroaryl or silicon-sulfur containing heteroaryl (substituted by alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkoxy, ester group or carbonyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises adding bisthienyl substituted fluorobenzothiadiazole, adding 1.02 times the number of moles of N-substituted carbazole diborate monomer, 1 times the number of moles of bisthienyl substituted fluorobenzothiadiazole dibromo monomer and methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (20 wt.%) into a dry polymerizing bottle, adding toluene solvent, dissolving all monomers, adding sodium carbonate aqueous solution (2 mol/l), passing argon gas, replacing the air in the polymerizing bottle for three times, adding catalyst tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium (0.005 mol times), replacing the gas for three times, heating the solution under reflux condition, reacting for 72 hours, adding 0.2 mol times of blocking agent, reacting for 12 hours, cooling into room temperature, settling the reaction liquor in methanol, settling the obtained polymerizing product in a mixed solution of methanol and water (10:1 volume/volume), filtering, extracting the collected product in the Soxhlet extractor by using acetone, n-hexane, toluene, dichloromethane and chloroform respectively, concentrating the chloroform extract liquor, settling in the mixed solution of methanol and water (10:1), filtering and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material is chosen from lithium oxide compound of (LiMO2), lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, carbon material or transition metal oxide, where M in the LiMO2 is nickel, manganese or cobalt. The conductive agent is chosen from graphite, acetylene black, carbon nanometer tube, carbon fiber or combination of a conductive macromolecule material. The additive is chosen from sulfite, lithium hydroxide, borate, or combination of lithium fluoride, lithium carbonate and lithium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is de-ionized water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bonding agent is chosen from nitrile rubber, butadiene styrene rubber, butyl rubber or a combination of two or more of polyvinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent is used in the manufacturing process of spherical porous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The cathode is indium tin oxide conductive film, fluorine-doped tin oxide, metal film, and/or metal oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The polar organic solvent is alcohol or mixed solvent of alcohol and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polar unit conjugated polymer containing a polar group or ionic group is of formula -((A)x-(B')y-(C')z)n-. The optically active layer takes conjugated polymer or organic small molecule semiconductor material as electron donor material; and carbon 60 and its derivative, carbon 70 and its derivative, or inorganic semiconductor nanoparticle as electron acceptor material. The electron donor material and electron acceptor material are mixed in an organic solvent; and the obtained solution is subjected to spin coating, brush coating, spray coating, dip coating, roll coating, screen painting, or printing or ink jet printing to form the optically active layer. The optically active layer comprises mixture of conjugated polymer and fullerene derivative.x=0.5-1;y+z=0-0.5;orx+y+z=1;n=polymerization degree, which is 1-300;A=group(s) of formulae (i)-(iv);R1, R2=amino, quat. ammonium salt, nitrile, carboxy, sulfonic acid group, and/or phosphate;B'=non-polar conjugated unit(s) of formulae (v)-(viii);R3, R4 (for formula (v))=H or 1-20C alkyl;R3, R4 (for formula (vi))=H, 1-20C alkyl, or alkoxy;R3, R4 (for formula (vii))=H or 1-20C alkyl carbazole;C'=aromatic heterocycle unit(s) comprising S, N, and Se of formulae (ix1)-(ix18);X=S or Se;R5-R10=H or 1-10C alkyl;andR11, R12=H, 1-10C alkyl, or phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vinyl acetate, flame retardant, plasticizer, antioxidant, operating agent, anti-hydrolysis agent and additives is 20-30 parts weight, 30-40 parts weight, 10 parts weight, 1-1.5 parts weight and 3-5 parts weight, respectively. The flame retardant contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium oxide, red phosphorus and zinc borate in weight ratio of 2:2:1:1:1. The additives are pigment and metal passivator. The pigment is titanium dioxide, iron oxide, cadmium orange, cadmium yellow, phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vinyl acetate has acetic acid content of less than 15%. The plasticizer is methyl vinyl silicone oil and di-octyl phthalate in weight ratio of 2:1. The antioxidant is hindered phenol antioxidant and hindered amine light stabilizer in weight ratio of 1:1. The anti-hydrolysis reagent is bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)carbodiimide. The hindered phenol antioxidant is antioxidant 1010 (RTM: pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)). The hindered amine light stabilizer is light stabilizer HA88 (RTM: 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione). The metal passivator is N,N'-bis(salicylidene)propylenediamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyurethane elastomer is polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. The operating agent contains polyethylene wax and cylinder oil in weight ratio of 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The slurry further comprises inorganic binder comprising boric oxide (10-20), bismuth oxie (20-50), silicon dioxide (5-20), aluminum oxide (10-20), zinc oxide (5-10), vanadium pentoxide (2-8) and zirconium oxide (1-5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic silicon compound is polyether modified organic silicon. The slurry further comprises additive chosen from surface active agent, flatting agent and film-forming agent. Preferred Composition: The modified organic adhesive comprises terpineol (35-50), benzyl alcohol (5-15), butyl carbitol acetate (5-20), 1 hydrogenated castor oil (1-5), ethyl cellulose (1-10), organic silicon compound (1-15), 1 sorbitan stearate (1-5) and additive (0-5). Preferred Property: The silver powder is spherical silver powder with purity of 99.9-99.99%. The average particle diameter of silver powder is 0.5-2.0 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter of the titanium dioxide composite is 100-300 nm. Preferred Components: The modified titanium dioxide composite is composed of titanium dioxide and methyl acryloyl oxygen propyl silane. The antioxidant is chosen from tri (2, 4-di-tert-butyl phenyl) phosphite ester, stearyl pentaerythritol phosphite ester, tetra (beta-(3 5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid) pentaerythritol ester, beta-(4-hydroxyl-3, 5 di-tertbutyl phenyl) propionic acid noctadecanol ester, orthophosphorous acid tri (nonyl benzene and nonyl mixed ester), tri (nonyl phenyl) and/or orthophosphorous acid resin. The cross-linking agent is 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tertiary butyl peroxy) hexane or 1, 1 (tert-butyl peroxide) 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane. The light stabilizer is hindered amine bis (1-octyloxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl--4-piperidiny) diester, bi (2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4piperidyl) sebacate or poly (2, 2, 6, 6, 1 piperidine alcohol ester). The UV light absorbent is chosen from 2-hydroxy-4octyloxy benzophenone, 2-(4, 6-bi (2, 4dimethyl-phenyl)-1, 3, 5-triazine-2yl)-5-(octyloxy) phenol and gaseous-phase silicon dioxide, hydroquinone. The silane coupling agent is gammaglycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxy silane, vinyl triethoxy silane or vinyl trimethoxy silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II), and a mixture of organic palladium or organic phosphorus ligand. The organic phosphorus ligand is tri(o-tolyl)phosphine. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide water solution, sodium carbonate water solution, sodium bicarbonate water solution or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filling is one or more of nanometer-level silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate and zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reinforced resin is one or more of propenoic acid ester or methyl propenoic acid ester rein, the flowability modifier is one or more of phthalic acid ester and phosphate, the thermal stablizing agent is one or more phenol, phosphate and organic tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing plastic is polyvinylidene fluoride or multiple polyvinylidene fluorides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The mica paper is prepared by dissolving sulfone terephthalamide fiber with paraphthaloyl chloride, 4,4-diphenyl sulfone and 3,3,diphenyl sulfone, linear polymer in a solvent to obtain a mixed solution. The resulting product is processed using sodium sulfocyanate and dried. The linear polymer material has repeated structure of formula (I). The adhesive is a silicon resin or epoxy resin. The reinforcing material is alkali-free glass fiber cloth. The mica paper is prepared by reinforcing the material by coating an adhesive. The mica paper composite is baked in an oven and rolled, which is cut into pad to obtain the mica tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crosslinking curing agent is dicumyl peroxide or benzoyl peroxide. The heat conducting function powder is chosen from nanometer zinc oxide, nano-magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide whisker or aluminum nitride whisker.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crosslinking curing accelerator is 1, 2 divinylbenzene. The antioxidant is di (2, 4-di-cumyl phenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite or hard ester base pentaerythritol diphosphite. The silane coupling agent is KH-550 or KH-570. The UV absorber is benzotriazole UV-3 or UV-327.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The efficient degasifying agent is MPP230 or MPP620.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The glue water layer is an acrylic glue water layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine. The silane solution is mixture of alcohol and water. The concentration of silane solution is 0.05-5 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The thermosetting resin layer is formed by coating thermosetting resin-containing solution on surface of graphite crucible. The graphite crucible is surface-treated using silane solution. Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin is phenol resin and/or furan resin. The thermosetting resin-containing solution contains 20-50 weight% of thermosetting resin, 50-80 weight% of alcohol, 10-40 weight% of ethylene glycol and 0.1-5 weight% of halogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate. The catalyst is mixture of organic palladium catalyst, organic phosphine ligand or organic palladium catalyst. The organic palladium catalyst is dibenzylideneacetone dipalladium(0)/tri (o-tolyl) phosphine, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladiumchloride. The solvent is toluene, glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate. Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of the compound (II) to the n-butyl lithium is 1.0:2.0-1.0:4.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mole ratio of the compound (I) and (II) in stille coupling reaction is 1-1.5:1. The amount of catalyst is 0.01-5%. The catalyst is organic palladium and/or organic phosphine ligand in the mole ratio of 1: 2-20. The organic palladium is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, and/or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladiumchloride. The organic phosphine ligand is tris(o-tolyl)phosphine. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dioxane, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene and/or methylbenzene. The atmospheric condition is nitrogen and/or inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Process: The preparation of perylene diimide copolymer further involves dripping copolymer solution into methyl alcohol, depositing resultant mixture, followed by filtering, washing filtered product using methyl alcohol, and drying to obtain copolymer gel. The copolymer gel is dissolved in methylbenzene to obtain copolymer solution methylbenzene. The obtained solution is added into water solution of diethyl sodium dithiocar-bamate, heated to 800-100 degrees C, stirred, followed by separating out copolymer from the mixed solution by column chromatography of alumina. The resultant product is dripped in chlorobenzene and decompresed to separate the organic solvent. The copolymer is extracted from the resultant product by acetone-soxhlet extraction process, to obtain solid copolymer. Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature of stille coupling is 50-120 degrees C, and the reaction time is 24-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion of Bronsted acidic group in segment precursor (A) has aromatic ring of formula (a)-(i). The Bronsted acidic group is a sulfonic acid group.R1=optionally substituted 6-20C aryl;n=1-4;R4=1-6C alkyl, 1-6C fluoroalkyl or optionally substituted 6-20C aryl;andZ=-O- or -S-.Preferred Process: The segment precursor (A) is obtained by preparing an oligomer, and introducing Bronsted acidic group into the oligomer, or introducing the Bronsted acidic group into aromatic ring which has not been coupled with electron-attractive group in the oligomer. The segment precursor (B), -S-, -O- and/or -Ar'-, and group of formula (j) and/or group of formula (k), are coupled to aromatic ring-containing segment precursor (A), during manufacture of polymer electrolyte.Ar'=optionally substituted 6-20C arylene;R2=1-20C alkyl;andR3=1-10C alkylene.Preferred Property: The sulfonic acid group in segment precursor (A) has ion-exchange capacity of 1-10 mequivalent/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide and strontium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material is lead paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powder is cloud glue-level hydrophilic ultra light silicon oxide material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The auxiliary agent is polyvinyl alcohol. The additive is polyethylene glycol ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The assembly is used with an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer comprising electro catalyst made of platinum, base metal or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The donor region of the active layer comprises polymer (preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)). The acceptor region of the active layer comprises fullerene (preferably (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)). The HTL layer comprises p-NiO; sNiO and the active layer comprises poly(N-9''-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT)/(6,6)-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) bulk heterojunction (preferably P3HT:PCBM). The HTL layer is formed via solution processing of metal-organic ink using ink-jet or continuous flow printing. The HTL layer comprises oxygen plasma treated thin film NiO layer. The TCO comprises ZnO-based material; gallium-doped ZnO; aluminum-doped ZnO; Co(Ni)Zn2O4; delafossite structure; and CuAlOx.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - When the first and second electrodes have strip shape, the battery exterior body is a metallic exterior body and when the first and second electrodes have rectangular shape, the battery exterior body is a laminated film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The modified polyolefin layer consists of grafted modified polypropylene. A cover film (E) is provided in the side surface of the laminated material. The cover film (E) is an adhesive tape which is biaxially-stretched polyethylene terephthalate film containing acryl-type or pressure-sensitive silicone adhesive. Preferred Properties: The layer (A) has breaking strength of 150-250 MPa and breaking elongation of 100-150%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate also includes glass or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylenenaphthelate (PEN), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PI) or triacetyl cellulose (TAC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide and benzene. The titanium oxide sol-gel precursor is selected from group consisting of the titanium tetra-isopropoxide, titanium tetrabutoxide and the titanium alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water soluble electrolysis solution is made of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulphonic acid, methanesulphonic acid lead, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal ion is chosen from lead, zinc, tin, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive oxide layer contains transparent conductive oxide chosen from fluorine doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium zinc tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide-silver-indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide-silver-indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide-silver-aluminum zinc oxide. The dye sensitized solar cell has platinum layer as metal layer, and nano-oxide layer comprising titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dye solution contains 50-95 wt.% of dye and 5-50 wt.% of titanate coupling agent dissolved in organic solvent. The solvent is ethanol, methanol, propanol, isopropanol or acetonitrile. The titanate coupling agent is tetraisopropyl-(dioctyl phosphate)titanate, isopropyl dioleyl(dioctylphosphate)titanate, isopropyltri(dioctylphosphate)titanate, isopropyltri(dioctyl pyrophosphate)titanate, isopropyl tristearyl titanate, isopropyltri(dodecylbenzene sulfonate)titanate or diethylene titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass substrate or transparent plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell is obtained from aqueous solution containing zinc nitrate hexahydrate, ammonium hexahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ammonium chloride, sodium hydroxide and deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer is compound thin film containing elements of group IB, IIIA and VIA. The conductive substrate has stainless steel foil and aluminum foil. The transparent layer contains cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali component is made of sodium, potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkali component is made of lithium, rubidium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, francium, cesium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protective layer is made of polyurethane. The substrate comprises a polyether imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent contains 0.001-0.01 wt.% of polyethylene glycol. The content of bis-3-sulfopropyl-sulfide-2-sodium is 0.5-2 wt.% with respect to the mass of polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element group (M) further contains IIA group element and IIIB group element. The negative electrode includes carbon material which occludes and desorbs lithium ion, material which consists of lithium and element which can be alloyed, lithium-containing element which can be alloyed, and/or material (SiOx, where x is 0.5-1.5) which contains silicon and oxygen, and graphite as negative electrode active material. The inorganic fine-particles are chosen from alumina, silica, and Boehmite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (A) is 0.01-5 %mass with respect to total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte. The content of compound (B) is 0.02-5 %mass with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte. The content of the compound (C) is 0.01-3 %mass with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte. The nonaqueous electrolyte further includes sulfonic acid anhydride or a sulfonate derivative, fluoro ether and/or fluoro carbonate, and/or borate or phosphate. The component (A) is alkenoxymethyl cycloalkane or alkenoxyethyl cycloalkane. The compound (C) is chosen from imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, pyrimidine, and triazine. The compound (B) contains several nitrogen atoms, and (meth)acryloyl alkyl group of formula: -R-C(-Q1)=C(-Q2)-Q3 (II) as functional group.R=1-3C alkylene;andQ1-Q3=H, fluoro, 1-3C alkyl, 1-2C fluoroalkyl, cyano, carboxy, 3-5C carboxyalkyl, 1-3C alkoxy, 2-4C alkoxycarbonyl, or 3-5C alkylene alkyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator includes porous layer (A) having thermoplastic resin, and porous layer (B) containing inorganic fine-particles. The positive electrode contains vapor growth carbon fiber as conductive support agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mask base material comprises nanoparticles selected from consisting of carbides, nitrides, oxides, fluorides, oxynitrides and hydroxy fluorides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The network former is selected from a group consisting of acrylic silanes, epoxysilanes, acrylic alkoxy silanes, acrylepoxysilanes, epoxy alkoxy silanes, allyl silanes, vinyl silanes, fluorine alkyl silanes, amino silanes, alkoxy silanes, metal alcoholates, metal oxide acrylates, metal oxide methacrylates and/or metal oxide acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixing process is performed using by ball milling. The obtained anode material is washed using acid. The acid is oxalic acid. Preferred Composition: The anode material contains less than 500 ppm of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connecting channel is made of stainless steel and metallic material with high specific thermal resistance than that of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning is sonification in trichloroethylene, acetone, and isopropanol at 50 degrees C for 20 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The primary material is chosen from conjugated polymer containing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyterthiophene and polybithiophene. The secondary material is chosen from conjugated polymer, dye containing conjugated pi-system, carbon, organic semiconductor, and inorganic species exhibiting d-d orbital transition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Moisture content of biomass fuel is less than or equal to 10 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Plastic is rigid plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the colloidal silica is 3.0-60.0 %mass with respect to the total content of the binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A crosslinking agent (0.5-100 %mass) and surfactant (0.1-10 mg/m2) are further contained in the polymer layer. The crosslinking agent is carbodiimide type compound and/or oxazoline compound. The surfactant is polyoxyalkylene alkylether type nonionic surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The total content of the fluorine type polymer and silicone type polymer is 0.5-12.5 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of iron and/or copper with respect to total amount of cobalt and copper is 10-95 %mass. The metal is iron and copper. The crystallinity degree of catalyst obtained by X-ray diffraction method is 41% or less. The nitrogen atom/carbon atom ratio obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 0.7 or more. The oxygen reduction onset potential of catalyst is more than 0.774V (vs.NHE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The color pigment is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silanol-modified binder resin is silanol-modified polyvinyl alcohol, or silanol-modified polyurethane. The content of the color pigment in the colored layer is 3-20 g/m2. The volume fraction of the color pigment with respect to all the binder resin in the colored layer is 50-200%. The backsheet component further has undercoat (12) and weatherproof layer (16) containing fluorine resin and silicone-acryl composite resin. Preferred Properties: The light reflecting power in wavelength of 550 nm of the colored layer is 70% or more. The polymerization degree of the silanol-modified binder resin is 1000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material has Nasicon-type structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the solvent is 30-1000 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of inorganic materials. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, n-hexane, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, toluene, or ethylene acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the nonionic dispersant is 0.1-35 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of inorganic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coated substrate consists of a back plate (20) comprising nickel, and copper or molybdenum. The substrate is glass substrate, ceramic substrate, metallic board, or polymer substrate. The selenium evaporation temperature is 250-500 degrees C. The solar cell has a buffer layer comprising cadmium sulfide. The transparent electrode of the solar cell comprises zinc oxide, the grid electrode comprises aluminum or nickel/aluminum, and the reflection layer comprises magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyorganosiloxane block portion of silicon-containing structural unit (II) is 2-30 %mass. The component (B) is alkali metal salt and/or alkaline-earth metal salt of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyol which does not contain nitrogen atom, is trimethylol propane, trimethylol ethane, ditrimethylol propane, trimethylol-propane ethoxylate, and/or pentaerythritol. The polycarbonate-type resin composition further contains 0.05-0.3 parts mass of polyorganosiloxane (E), and acidic carbon black (0.05-0.3) having pH of 6 or less, with respect to 100 parts mass of component (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The application layer contains crosslinked structure derived from carbodiimide compound-type crosslinking agent and/or oxazoline compound-type crosslinking agent. The application layer contains filler. Preferred Properties: The protection sheet has break elongation of 50% or more at 120 degrees C and 100% relative humidity, thermal contraction rate of 0-0.5% at 150 degrees C. The application layer has thickness of 0.5-15 mu m. The application layer is the outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic pigment is white pigment, black pigment or blue pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The support contains polyester. The content of the inorganic pigment and binder resin in the polymer layer is 2.5-12.5 g/m2 and 1-12.5 g/m2, respectively. The backsheet further has polymer layer (b), and weatherproof layer containing fluorine resin and silicone-acryl composite resin. The polymer layer contains 2-30 %mass of structure portion derived using crosslinking agent chosen from carbodiimide type-crosslinking agent and oxazoline type-crosslinking agent. Preferred Properties: The backsheet has break elongation rate of 50% or more after preserving at 120 degrees C and relative humidity of 100% for 50 hours, and shrinkage rate of 0.5% or less maintaining the sheet at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes. The polymer layer (a) has adhesive force of 10 N/cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The support contains polyester. The primary polymer layer contains vinyl alcohol resin, olefin resin and/or acrylic resin. The secondary polymer layer contains silicon resin and acrylic resin. The back sheet contains sealing material which seals the solar cell element of solar cell. The solar cell element contains ethylene-vinyl acetate. Preferred Properties: The primary polymer layer has light transmittance of 72% or more at 550 nm and thickness of 1-10 mu m. The thickness of the support is 160-320 mu m. The secondary polymer layer has thickness of 0.5-12 mu m. The back sheet has adhesive force of 10 N/cm or more. The support has break elongation of 50% or more at 120 degrees C and 100% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The film comprises alumina. The etchant further comprises an oxidizer. Preferred Methods: The process further comprises depositing nanoparticles or layer of silicon dioxide on top of the cleaned substrate surface of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The nanoparticles comprise polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal foil tape is an aluminum foil tape, copper foil tape, or a tape laminated with black polyethylene terephthalate. The solar cell of a photovoltaic cell is a copper indium gallium selenide solar cell. The intermediate sealing material is a butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyester resin contains structural component derived from polyfunctional monomer having total of 3 or more of carboxylic acid group and hydroxyl group. Terminal blocker chosen from an oxazoline-type compound, a carbodiimide compound, and an epoxy compound, is supplied with the polyester resin. The amount of structural component derived from polyfunctional monomer is 0.005-2.5 mol% with respect to the total constitutional units. The amount of structure portion derived from terminal blocker is 0.1-5 %mass with respect to polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises a film formed at the surface of the cathode, where the film is derived from either a portion of the additive or the entire additive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive is resorcinol, phloroglucinol or 1,2,4-benzene triol. The additive is present at 0.001-3 wt.% based on the total weight of the electrolyte. The non-aqueous organic solvent is a carbonate-based solvents, an ester-based solvents, an ether-based solvents, a ketone-based solvents, an alcohol-based solvents, and/or a non-protonic-based solvents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is an oxidative polymerization product of the additive. The film has a thickness of 0.05-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemicals comprise a mixture containing sodium, nickel, and chlorine. The membrane comprises sodium super ionic conductor (NaSICON), beta -alumina, and/or solid electrolyte material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The compressible mechanism comprises rubber or an elastic material. The compressible mechanism fills gaps created by shifting chemicals between the anode and cathode cavities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The radical initiator is a peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon type resin is ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer and/or ethylene-aromatic vinyl compound copolymer. The ethylene-aromatic vinyl compound copolymer is a cross copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The transparent front substrate is glass substrate with refractive index of 1.51-1.54.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyethylene type has density of 0.900 g/cm3 or less. The sealing material has melt flow rate of 0.1-1.0 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C and refractive index of 1.40-1.60. Preferred Composition: The sealing material composition does not contain inorganic filler. The composition containing polyethylene type resin, crosslinking agent and crosslinking adjuvant is molded by melting and a non-crosslinked sealing material sheet is produced. The produced sheet is crosslinked such that material with gel fraction of 2-80% is obtained. The crosslinking process is carried out by irradiating ionizing radiation. The polyethylene type resin is metallocene type linear low density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic electronic device has layered structure including substrate, anode, cathode, electron transport material, pn-type junction having p-layer, n-layer, and optionally interlayer, and polymer semiconducting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic layer further contains metal or its ion chosen from silver, aluminum, magnesium, barium, calcium, ytterbium, indium, zinc, tin, samarium, bismuth, europium or lithium, preferably aluminum or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soluble tungsten salt is tungsten chloride, tungsten hexacarbonyl or sodium tungstate. The soluble titanium salt is tetrabutyl titanate, isopropyl titanate, titanium tetrachloride or titanium sulfate. The volume ratio of absolute ethanol and acetic acid is 3-5:5-3. The mass-to-volume ratio of soluble titanium salt and absolute ethanol is 2-4:3-5 g/ml. The volume ratio of acetone, N,N-dimethyl formamide and acetylacetone is 1-2:1-2:1-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The concentration of polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution (B), is 10-20 %mass. The volume ratio of polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution (B) and solution (A) is 10:5-8. The volume ratio of polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution (B) and organic solvent (C) is 10:4-7. Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone is 1300000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The epoxy group is beta-3,4 epoxy ethyl silane, gammaglycidol ether oxygen propyl propyltrimethylsilicane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and/or vinyl triethoxysilane. The siloxane is beta 3,4 epoxy ethyl silane, gamma-glycidol ether oxygen propyl propyltrimethylsilicane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and/or vinyl triethoxysilane. The acrylic ester is methyl acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, methacrylic acid ethylene oxidic ester, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, styrene, butyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate and/or 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate. The mixing modified amine curing agent is one of an amine compound of Formula 175, xy593 modified amine compound or mixed aryl modified amine addition D9340.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition has 50 mass% or less content of the phosphate. The composition has at most 1 mass% preferably 0 mass% of water content. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: condensation product (comprised of tetraethoxysilane) (6.37 wt.%) and methylsilane (-(Si-(OCH3)(O)-O)p-(Si(CH3)(O)-O)q) (6.37 wt.%)) (where p, q = 20/80-50/50); and impurity diffusion component (comprised of dibutyl phosphate (30 wt.%)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The electrochemical cell is charged to a lower voltage than the cathode material's typical or standard upper charging voltage. Preferred Components: The cathode current collector comprises aluminum. The cathode current collector comprises an aluminum alloy. The anode active material is a carbon species selected from graphite microbeads, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon fibers, and graphitic flakes. The anode active material comprises lithium insertion transition metal oxide, phosphate and/or sulfate are in a particulate form, where the particulate form has average equivalent spherical diameter of 1-100 mu m. The cathode exhibits an upper charging voltage of 3.5-5 volts with respect to Li/Li+ reference electrode. The electrolyte solution comprises an organic carbonate selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or ethyl methyl carbonate. The electrolyte solution comprises lithium compound (0.5-2, preferably 0.8-1.2) molar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective, conductive coating comprises conductive carbon or graphite. The protective, conductive coating has a thickness of less than 10 mu m. The lithium compound is CF3SO2N-(Li+)SO2CF3. The lithium insertion transition metal oxide, phosphate or sulfate is selected from LiCoO2, spinel Li(Mn)2(O)4, chromium-doped spinel lithium manganese oxides, layered LiMn(O)2, LiNi(O)2, Li(Ni)x(Co)1-x(O)2, Li(Ni)1-x-y(Co)x(Mn)y(O)2, vanadium oxides, LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, LiVPO4 and LiFeTi(SO4)3.x=0-1;y=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive coating is a composite further containing a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of the polymer (P1) involves: mixing the polymerizable compound of formula (I) or (II) (preferably a compound of formula R4-C(=CH2)-C6H4 (substituted by R1 on phenyl ring)), and polymerizable compounds of formula (III) (preferably R2-C(=CH2)-R5) and (IV) (preferably R3-C(=CH2)-R6); and mixing a polymerization initiator to cause a reaction.R1=H, aliphatic hydrocarbyl, alicyclic hydrocarbyl, or aryl;R2=functional group having alkylene oxide, cyano, amino or hydroxyl group;R3=functional group having aliphatic hydrocarbyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group;R4-R6=H or hydrocarbyl.Preferred Compounds: The compound (VI) is a compound of formula (VII). EXAMPLE - To a mixture of 4-cyclohexylstyrene (50 g), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate (120 g), and methyl methacrylate (9 g), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (as a polymerization initiator) (1 wt.% of total monomer weight) was added, and the mixture was stirred until AIBN dissolved. The reaction solution was sealed and reacted at 60 degrees C for 3 hours. After the completion of reaction, the reaction solution was added to methanol (200 ml) to obtain a white precipitate. The mixture was filtrated and dried to obtain a white polymer (A). The polymer (A) was added to an electrolytic solution (electrolyte salt: LiPF6, solvent: ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC/EMC) 1:1:1 (in volume ratio), an electrolyte salt concentration of 1 mol/l). The concentration of Polymer A was prepared at 2 wt.%. A battery was fabricated using the electrolytic solution, and characteristics evaluation was made, Li metal was used for its anode. It was observed that the battery had capacity of 2.4 mAh, the cycle characteristic: 0.98, the DC resistance: 10 Omega, and the high-temperature storage characteristic of 0.90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative current collector and the positive current collector are made of metal selected from a group consisting of copper, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, titanium and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Dihalo compound of formula: X2-Ar1-X2 (1) and dihalo compound of formula (2) are reacted with amine compound of formula (3) in the presence of palladium catalyst to obtain the random copolymer.X1,X2=halo;andR21,R23=1-18C optionally branched primary alkyl.Preferred Copolymer: The ratio of the structural unit (II) with respect to the total structural units (I and II) is 0.01-0.80, preferably 0.10-0.60. The random copolymer is chosen from formulae (III)-(VI).R9-R20=R21;Ar3=Ar2;or R9+R10 or R12+R13=ring;m,n=1 or more;andn/m+n=0.01-0.80.The random copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 20000-500000, preferably 40000-100000 by polystyrene conversion. EXAMPLE - (In g) 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (1.62), 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylfluorene (0.350), 2-amino-7-hexyl-9,9-dimethylfluorene (1.47), sodium t-butoxide (1.15) and xylene (50 ml) were stirred. Mixture of tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium chloroform complex (25.8 mg), tri-t-butylphosphine (29 mg) and xylene (5 ml) were added and stirred at 130 degrees C for 6 hours. Bromobenzene (50 mu l) and 10% xylene solution of diphenylamine (0.85 ml) were added and reacted for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 80 degrees C and acetone aqueous solution was added. The solid obtained was filtered, dried and mixed with chlorobenzene (50). Basic alumina (4) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was heat-filtered at 80 degrees C after cooling to obtain arylamine random copolymer (1.91) with yield of 88%. The obtained copolymer had weight average molecular weight of 42500 and molecular weight distribution of 2.20. The organic electroluminescent element produced using the obtained copolymer had low drive voltage, high current efficiency, power efficiency and luminance half life of 1320 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The crosslinking agent where thermally disappearing particle has at least one type of unit and two polymerizable unsaturated groups comprises oxypropylene unit and oxy-tetra-methylene unit. The monomer with polymerizable unsaturated group reacts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Protector contains polybutylene-based material and/or polyvinyl-based material. Blocking medium contains polybutylene-based material and/or polyvinyl-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light scattering layer has transparent conductive oxide which comprises tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum and boron doped zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, indium oxide and titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode layer includes a conductive material containing aluminum and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light scattering layer includes polymer such as UV-curable acrylate resin and thermosetting acrylate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition, based on the total weight of the composition, comprises silver flakes (60-90 wt.%), three different resins (2-12 wt.%) and organic medium (10-40 wt.%). Preferred Method: In the method, the front-side of the thin-film photovoltaic cell is sputtered with indium tin oxide. Preferred Components: The conductive silver powder is selected from silver metal powder and/or silver metal alloy powder and the three different resins are a phenoxy resin, a polyester resin and a phenolic resin. The silver metal powder comprises silver flakes. The organic solvent comprises components selected from diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and dibasic esters. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The round belts are made of silicone rubber, polyurethane, polychloroprene and natural rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further having acoustic drivers that are configured and arranged to cause acoustic cavitation within a fluid within the chamber, and the cavitation and chamber adapted to act on the biomass to affect a desired result in a portion of the biomass, comprising lignin. The system further comprises: a pump for moving the fluid or mixture through the system; a pressurizer for applying a static pressure in the chamber; at least one chemical pretreatment stage for applying a chemical agent to the biomass during processing; ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment stage; and a temperature control stage, which may comprise a heating and/or a cooling stage. The pressurizer comprises: a pump that pumps up the fluid or mixture to a given static pressure; and a gas loading vessel for pressurizing the fluid or mixture to a given static pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pretreatment stage comprises ammonia treatment, an acid treatment stage or a base treatment stage. Preferred Process: The catalyzing effect comprises: a thermal effect; and an effect of a catalyst chemical agent. The process further comprises mixing the biomass with another material prior to introduction of the mixture of the biomass and the other material into the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic plastic crystalline compound is alkyl ammonium cation compound of formula (I) that is chosen from pyrrolidinium or piperidinium cation compound, and contains inorganic or organic iodide salt and triiodide ion. The electrolyte contains aprotic solvent containing ionic liquid. The ionic liquid is chosen from ammonium salt type ionic liquid and imidazolium salt type ionic liquid.m=1-4;andn=2-12.Preferred Composition: The content of iodine in the iodide ion is 0.5-50 mole%, and the aprotic solvent is 80 mass%. The ionic plastic crystalline compound has melting point of greater than or equal to 40 degrees C and glass transition temperature of less than or equal to -10 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic assembly comprises mixing (pts.wt.) vinyl epoxy resin (100), low shrink additive (20), antioxidant (0.4), release agent (1.5), pigment (2), curing agent (2), filler (30), glass fiber yarn (5-25), and carbon fiber yarn (5-25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrochemical cell: The cathode is stable to a voltage of at least 3.2 V relative to a magnesium reference and it comprises elemental sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sterically hindered secondary amine is a substituted cyclic secondary amine comprising 5 to 7 ring atoms (preferably tetra-substituted in the ring positions immediately adjacent to the secondary amine nitrogen, more preferably tetrahydropyrrole, piperidine, hexamethyleneimine or piperazine, especially 2,2,6,6-tetra-(1-6C alkyl)piperidine, particularly 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine). The halide of the magnesium halide salt is at least one selected from F, Cl, Br or I (preferably Cl). The LiCl complex of a magnesium halide salt of a sterically hindered secondary amine is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-magnesium chloride-lithium chloride complex. The solvent comprises at least one selected from acetal, ketal, sulfone, acyclic ether, cyclic ether, glyme, polyether or dioxolane, preferably a cyclic ether, especially tetrahydrofuran). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating frame is made of inorganic material such as silicon oxide, aluminum oxide or chromium oxide. The photovoltaic layer is made of amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon. The conductive layer is made of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin zinc oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, cadmium indium oxide, cadmium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and tin fluorine oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating frame is made of polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, phenol, ceramic and resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant is antioxidant 1790. The nano inorganic light stabilizer is titanium white R960.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film further includes (in parts by wt.) alpha -olefin copolymer (2-8), melamine phosphate (3-10). The vinyl acetate content in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 30-33%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multi-cascaded semiconductor P-N nodes comprise III-V group composite semiconductor, II-VI group composite semiconductor, or IV-IV group composite semiconductor. Two or three P-N nodes comprise indium-gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide and/or indium-gallium arsenide. The amorphous substrate is aluminum, copper, iron, glass, plastic and ceramic substrate. The weight concentration of hydrofluoric acid solution is 10-30% (w/w). Preferred Property: The amorphous substrate and aluminum arsenide layer have thickness of 0.1-1.0 mm (preferably, 0.3-1.0 mm), and 10-20 nm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive black is acetylene carbon black (SP), conductive black fiber (carbon nanotubes), conductive graphite and/or mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The water-based conductive ink is prepared using current collector, which is aluminum foil, copper foil, aluminum screen, nickel sheet or stainless steel sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-base emulsion is polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion, butylbenzene emulsion, polyethylene emulsion and/or mixture. The water-soluble polymer thickener is hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylamide and/or mixture. The water-base dispersant is polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and/or mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium dioxide is gas phase or rutile titanium dioxide. The filler is gas-phase or sediment white carbon black, quartz powder, nano silicon micro-powder, nano calcium carbonate, mica powder, aluminum sesquioxide or aluminum hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bicomponent organic silicon photovoltaic component sealant further comprises (in weight parts) cross-linking agent (40-60), tackifier (30-50), dimethyl silicon oil (5-10) and catalyst (2.0-5.0). Preferred component: The hydroxyl silicone oil is hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane. The dimethyl silicon oil is methyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane. The cross-linking agent is methyltrimethoxy silane, methyl triethoxysilane, tetramethyl silicate, tetraethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxymethylsilane, methyl ethylene dimethoxysilane, ethylene triethoxysilane, ethacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, azimsulfuron, vinyl silane compound and/or vinyltri(-methoxyethoxy)silane. The sealant further comprises catalyst that is dibutyltin dilaurate, dioctyl dilaurate tin or tetraisopropyl titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The concentration of titanium dioxide particles of layer (b) is 1-10 %mass with respect to polyester, and is less than the concentration of titanium dioxide particles of layer (a). Preferred Properties: The white laminated polyester film has optical density of 0.4 or more, intrinsic viscosity of 0.58-0.75 dl/g and acid value of 3-15 equivalent/ton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The observation portion is made of transparent or translucent material i.e. poly methyl methacrylate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The flame arrestor plug is molded from an ethylenepropylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) polymer. Preferred Parameter: The flame arrestor plug is of a material having a Shore A hardness of 60-90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The insulating material is nitrogen. The liquid is insulating oil that is silicone oil. The insulating material is solid resin e.g. polyethylene by the saturated bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion polymer connects to an outside electrode or a connecting part to the outside electrode, where the carrier mediating part includes a fullerene skeleton. In the photoelectric conversion polymer: the light absorber is included in a side chain of the photoelectric conversion polymer; the carrier mediating part is included in a main chain of the photoelectric conversion polymer; the main chain connects to an outside electrode or a connecting part to the outside electrode; and the connecting part comprises a carbon number of 2-25. In the photoelectric conversion element the photoelectric conversion polymer is present at 0.2-3 nmol/cm2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sealing member is formed of an ethylene/metacrylic acid copolymer film. Preferred Parameter: A thickness of the sealing member is 50-300 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is at least one selected from LiPF6, Li(N(SO2C2F5)2), Li(N(SO2CF3)2), or LiBF4 (preferably mixture of Li(N(SO2CF3)2) and LiPF6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyether modified silicone oil is at least one silicone compound of formula R-Si(R)2-(O-Si(R)2)k-O-Si(R)2-(CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z' (I); R-Si(R)(-(CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z')-(O-Si(R)2)k-O-Si(R)2-(CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z' (II); or R-Si(R)2-(O-Si(R)(-(CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z'))k+1-O-Si(R)3 (III). The polyether modified silicone oil is present in an amount of 0.2-20 wt.%.k=0-50;m=2-10;n=1-50;R=CH3 or C6H5;Z'=CH3 or C2H5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compounding quantity of the electron-accepting compound is 10-1000 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the high molecular compound. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Benzochromene-containing compound of formula (1) and 3,6-di-thiophen-2-yl-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione compound of formula (2) are polymerized by Suzuki coupling reaction to obtain the high molecular compound.T=boric acid ester residue;andZ=Br, I or Cl. EXAMPLE - (In g) 2-(9,9-dioctyl-12-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(8.4.0.02,7)tetradeca-1(10),2,4,6,11,13-hexaen-5-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.140), methyltrioctyl methylammonium chloride (65 mg) and 2,5-dihexyl-3,6-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-1H,2H,4H,5H-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione (0.120) dissolved in toluene were added to a flask. Sodium carbonate aqueous solution (1.3 ml), tris(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine palladium acetate (0.72 mg), phenylbromide (100 mg) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (1) were added to the flask and stirred at 100 degrees C for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature and liquid-separated. Methanol was added to the organic layer and the deposit was dried to obtain a high molecular compound with weight average molecular weight of 11200 and number average molecular weight of 4800.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive component is electroconductive polymer, polymer convertible into electroconductive polymer, graphite, carbon black, and/or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent or solvent mixture comprises aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably toluene, and/or heterocyclic compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electroconductive polymer is polythiophene (derivative), polypyrrole (derivative), polyaniline (derivative), polyparaphenylene (derivative), and/or polyacetylene (derivative), preferably polythiophene (derivative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): No general preparation given.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyimide has light transmittance of 80% or more at 400 nm, glass transition temperature of 250 degrees C or more linear thermal expansion coefficient of 60 ppm/k or less and solubility of 5 wt.% or more with respect to aprotic organic solvent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Amide group-containing tetracarboxylic dianhydrides i.e. N-(4-(4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-amido)phenoxy)phenyl)-1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxamide of formula (Ia), N-(3-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-amido)phenyl)-1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxamide, N-(4-(4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-amido)phenoxy)phenyl)-1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxamide, N-(4-(4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-amido)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxamide and N-(3-((3-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-amido)benzene)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxamide are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 1,2,4-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid-1,2-anhydride-4-chloride (50) and gamma -butyrolactone (97.2) were reacted in presence of nitrogen, and p-phenylenediamine (11.9) and arylglycidyl ether (75.2) were added, reacted, filtered and dried, to obtain N-(4-(4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-amido)phenoxy)phenyl)-1,3-dioxo-octahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent oo-tert-butyl o-(2-ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 2,5-dimethyl hexane-2,5-di-tert-butyl peroxide, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(benzoylperoxy)-hexane, oo-tert-amyl-o-(2-ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, oo-tert-butyl-o-isopropyl-monoperoxycarbonate, 3,3-bis((tert-butylperoxy)ethyl butyrate and/or n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate. The cross-linking aid is trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, N,N'-m-phenylenebismaleimide, ethyleneglycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, zinc acrylate, triallylcyanurate, triallylisocyanurate and/or dimethyl zinc acrylate. The additive comprises an antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer and a tackifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer sealing membrane comprises (in parts by wt.) ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (100), cross-linking agent (0.1-2, preferably 0.5-1.5), cross-linking aid (0.1-10) and additive (proper amount). Preferred Components: The content of vinyl acetate in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 25-33%. The ratio of cross-linking aid and additive is 1:10-10:1, preferably 1:5-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The composite material comprises graft polyethylene and ethylene propylene diene rubber compatilizer is interface, mineral and glass fiber filling nylon macromolecular coupling agent, nanometer calcium carbonate , nanocalcium carbonate, epoxy resin, N-butyl benzene sulfonamide, any one of silane surface treating agent, polyolefin elastomer (POE) or ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) with maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amide compound is chosen from N-methoxy-N-methylcarbamate, N-methoxy ethyl carbamate, N-methoxy-N-methylcarbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl ethyl carbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl propylcarbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl butylcarbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl 2- fluoroethyl carbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl pentafluoropropyl carbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl-2- (perfluorohexyl) ethyl carbamate, N-methoxy-N-methyl 6-(perfluorobutyl)hexylcarbamate and N- methoxyoxazolidinone. The anion of lithium salt is fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, nitrate ion, dicyanamide anion, tetrafluoroborate ion, perchlorate ion, hexafluorophosphate anion, bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrafluorophosphate ion, tris(trifluoromethyl)trifluorophosphate ion, tetra(trifluoromethyl)difluorophosphate ion, penta(trifluoromethyl)fluorophosphate ion, hexa(trifluoromethyl)phosphate ion, triflate anion, fluorosulfonate ion (CF3CF2SO3-), bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, bis(fluoro sulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)methane, fluorate ion ((SF5)3C-), sulfonate ion ((CF3SO2)3C- or CF3(CF2)7SO3-) and thiocyanate ion. The molar ratio of amide compound and lithium salt is 1-8:1. The glyme compound is 1,2-dimethoxyethane, (bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether), and 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane. The content of glyme compound is 0.5-30 parts weight. The carbonate compound is chosen from polypropylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethyl methyl carbonate and gamma -butyrolactone. Preferred Properties: The electrolyte has viscosity of 1-15 cP, and ion conductance of 1-12 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is an organic palladium catalyst such as Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium/Aldrich-Tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) Palladium or Dichloro-bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II). The basic solution is sodium hydroxide water solution, sodium carbonate water solution, sodium bicarbonate water solution or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide water solution. The organic solvent is methylbenzene, glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran diethyl ester, dichloromethane, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polymer further comprises a phenyl substituted compound of formula (V) and boron substituted compound of formula (VI) that are added into a solvent in an anhydrous anaerobic environment. Preferred Components: The solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and/or toluene. The polymer further comprises alkali solution that is chosen from aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide. Preferred Properties: The phenyl substituted compound of formula (V) is added into the solvent in the anhydrous anaerobic environment between -70 to -85 degrees C. The suzuki coupling reaction is conducted at temperature of 60-120 degrees C for 12-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of additive solutions (I,II) is 2:1. Preferred Properties: The copper foil has a roughness of 1.5 mu m, an elongation ratio of greater than 5%, and a tensile strength of 45 kgf/mm2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The identification unit comprises adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polyethylene glycol is distributed on a contact surface of the semiconductor layer and the substrate in the step of placing the substrate and the semiconductor layer on the conductive polymer layer. The semiconductor layer is made of a combination of a p-type semiconductor material, an n-type semiconductor material and the polyethylene glycol, and the p-type semiconductor layer is poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and the n-type semiconductor layer is phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and the ratio by weight of P3HT and PCBM is 1:1. The ratio by weight of polyethylene glycol and P3HT is 1:5-1:5. The method further comprises: performing a solvent annealing of the semiconductor layer for at least two hours, after the step of forming the semiconductor layer on the substrate; and uniformly applying a pressure to the semiconductor layer and the conductive polymer layer after the step of attaching the semiconductor layer with the conductive polymer layer, so that the semiconductor layer is attached closely to the conductive polymer layer. The step of forming the semiconductor layer on the substrate is to form the semiconductor layer on the substrate by a roll-to-roll manufacturing process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crystal structural layer is coated with zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide or graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of carbon short fiber (A1) and total amount of fiber (b1,b1') is 20:80-80:20. The mass ratio of carbon short fiber (A2) and total amount of fiber (b2,b2') is 20:80-80:20. Preferred Method: A slurry obtained by dispersing carbon short fiber (A2) in medium of liquid, is supplied on precursor sheet (X2), and formed into sheet. The precursor sheet (X2) with three-dimensional entangling structure and precursor sheet (X3) without three-dimensional entangling structure are integrally laminated. Heat-press molding of base material precursor sheet is carried out at less than 200 degrees C, and oxidation-treated at 200-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The base layer has thickness of 0.25-200 mu m, preferably 1-50 mu m. The metallic layer has thickness of 75-500 nm, preferably 100-150 nm. The article further has a tie layer containing metal oxide located between the base layer and the metallic layer. The metal oxide is titanium dioxide. The tie layer has thickness of 0.1-10 nm, preferably 1-5 nm. The metallic layer comprises one or more metals chosen from silver, gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium. The metallic layer comprises a silver layer adjacent to the base layer and a copper layer remote from the base layer. The silver layer has thickness of 70-130 nm and the copper layer has thickness of 20-40 nm. The base layer further comprises a nanofiller dispersed in the block copolymer. The nanofiller is chosen from silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base layer contains an ultraviolet light absorber. The amount of absorber is 0.5-3 wt.% with respect to total weight of the block copolymer and absorber. The article further comprises a top layer in contact with the primary surface. The top layer comprises poly(methyl methacrylate) and has thickness of 50-150 mu m. Each endblock comprises poly(methyl methacrylate) and each midblock comprises poly(butyl acrylate). The block copolymer comprises endblocks (30-80 wt.%, preferably 50-70 wt.%) and midblocks (20-70 wt.%, preferably 30-50 wt.%) with respect to total weight. The base layer comprises mixture of block copolymer and a poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymer (30-95 wt.%, preferably 50-80 wt.%). The base layer comprises blend of the block copolymer with at least one compositionally different block copolymer having endblocks comprising poly(methyl methacrylate) and a midblock comprising poly(butyl acrylate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The solar cell sealing material has volume resistivity of 1x 1013-1x 1018 Omega .cm measured at 100 degrees C and applied voltage of 500 V based on JIS K6911, and aluminum element of 10-500 ppm. The copolymer is obtained by polymerizing in the presence of olefin polymerization catalyst consisting of a metallocene compound and at least 1 type of compound chosen from an organoaluminumoxy compound and an organoaluminum compound. The solar cell sealing material contains resin composition containing organic peroxide (in parts weight) (0.1-3) having half life temperature of 100-170 degrees C for 1 minute, silane coupling agent (0.1-5), a ultraviolet absorber, a heat-resistant stabilizer, and/or a hindered amine type optical stabilizer (0.005-5), and crosslinking adjuvant (0.05-5) with respect to ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer (100). The solar cell sealing material is obtained by carrying out calender molding of the ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer and additive to a sheet form after melt-kneading in a calender molding machine. The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer has B value of 0.9-1.5 calculated from 13C-nuclear magnetic spectrum and derived from relation: B value=(POE)/(2x (PO)x (PE)), where PE is molar fraction of structural unit derived from ethylene contained in ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer, PO is molar fraction of structural unit derived from 3-20C alpha -olefin contained in ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer, POE is molar fraction of alpha -olefin ethylene linkage included in all dyad linkages. The intensity ratio of copolymer by 13C-nuclear magnetic spectrum is 1.5 or less. The olefin copolymer has molecular weight distribution of 1.2-3.5 by gel permeation chromatography. The content of chloride ion of copolymer detected from extract after solid phase extraction by ion chromatography is 2 ppm or less. The extraction amount to total methyl acetate is 5 weight% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The reflective layer has a thickness of 60-150 nm and a reflectance of greater than 94% according to ISO 9050. The thermosetting resin consists of unsaturated polyesters and/or vinyl esters. The thermoplastic resin consists of polyamide and/or polybutylene terephthalate. The adhesion promoter organic coating layer is made of acrylic urethane, multifunctional acrylic monomer, and monofunctional acrylic monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective coating layer is made of an organic coating composition including a cross-linkable organic binder, an antioxidant additive consisting of sterically hindered phenols, phosphites, sterically hindered amines, benzotriazoles, and triazines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further includes chromium, zinc, polyacrylic acid, water-soluble cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The content of chromium and zinc is 0.005-1 %mass and 5-50 mass ppm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water vapor barrier layer is an inorganic thin film layer. The inorganic film layer is an aluminum plating film, aluminum foil, or a metal inorganic compound layer. The inorganic film layer comprises silica, alumina, titania, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate, or barium sulfate, having an inorganic particle of 5-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The oxygen barrier layer is gelatin material. The base material is polyester. The polyester comprises stretched polyethylene glycol terephthalate. The weather resistant layer is a multi-layered polyamide film comprising a fluorine-containing resin. The adhesive layer comprises vinyl acetate, polyurethane, polyacrylate, or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The optionally substituted cyclohexane diamide compound or aromatic diamide compound, and azobenzene diamide compound having (dimethylamino)alkylene group in both terminals are subjected to condensation reaction, to obtain ionic organic compound. The optionally substituted cyclohexane diamide compound or aromatic diamide compound has 4-(chloromethyl) benzamide group in both terminals. Preferred Process: The condensation reaction is performed at 50-80 degrees C in dimethylformamide, during manufacture of ionic organic compound. The anion of the obtained ionic organic compound is substituted with another anion by anion exchange reaction. EXAMPLE - N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4-((E)-2-(4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)diazen-1-yl)benzamide (0.080 g) and 4-methyl-N-(4-((4-methylbenzene)amido)cyclohexyl)benzamide (0.090 g) were stirred in dimethylformamide at 80 degrees C for 48 hours, cooled to room temperature, obtained deposit was filtered and separated, to obtain ionic organic compound having number average molecular weight of 2.35x 104 Da, weight average molecular weight of 6.98x 104 Da and molecular weight distribution of 2.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier is made of polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, rubber, silicon rubber or conductive plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The upper protective layer is made of low-iron toughened glass. The lower protective layer is made of common toughened glass, fireproof glass or semi-toughened glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper rubber layer and the lower rubber layer are made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive agent is graphite, conductive carbon black, hard carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nano tube or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone, absolute ethyl alcohol, or propylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bonding agent is one or the mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride, carboxymethyl cellulose, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber or lanthanum 132, lanthanum 133, or lanthanum 135.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor nanomaterial comprises monocrystalline silicon, and titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and/or zirconium dioxide. The material of base material comprises glass, plastic or metal. The conductive material is indium-tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide or indium-doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickness of the bottom rubber layer ranges from 20-25 mu m. The functional group of the silane material is chosen from a group composed of free amine group, ethylene group, epoxy group, methacrylic group, diamine group and mercaptan group. The molecular weight of the polyurethane resin material ranges from 1500000-2000000. The thickness of the bottom rubber layer ranges from 20-25 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Bivalent group-containing compound of formula: H-A-H (A) or M-A-M (B) is reacted with dichloro compound of formula (C) in presence of a base, to obtain dihalo biphenyl compound (I).M=alkali-metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer further has structural unit of formula: -(((Ar1-Y1)a-Ar2-Z1-((Ar3-Y2)b-Ar4-Z2)c)n(Ar1-Y1)a-Ar2)- (V) and structural unit of formula: -(Ar5)- (VI). The hydrolysis of polymer is performed in presence of alkali-metal halide or halogenated quaternary ammonium, and acid. EXAMPLE - Neopentylglycol (in g) (20.5) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (410) at 20 degrees C, stirred, hexane solution (216 mL) of n-butyllithium was dripped to the reaction mixture, heated to 50 degrees C, stirred for 30 minutes, solution of toluene (500) and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2,2'-disulfonic-acid dichloride (50) was dripped to the reaction mixture, stirred at 50 degrees C for 1 hour, concentrated, solvent was distilled, liquid-separated, organic layer was washed and purified, to obtain (2,2-dimethylpropylene)-4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2,2'-disulfonic acid (29.8). Anhydrous nickel bromide (0.13), 2,2'-bipyridine (0.14) and N-dimethylacetamide (40) were mixed, heated at 65 degrees C, stirred for 30 minutes, cooled to 50 degrees C, (2,2-dimethylpropylene)-4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2,2'-disulfonic acid (1.29) and zinc powder (0.38) were added to the mixture, stirred at 50 degrees C for 1 hour, heated to 60 degrees C, and stirred for 3 hours, to obtain solution containing polymer. Lithium bromide (1.4) and water (3.9) were added to the obtained polymerization solution, heated at 120 degrees C, reacted for 8 hours, the obtained reaction mixture was poured into hydrochloric acid (90), stirred for 1 hour, separated, washed using water and methanol, and dried, to obtain sulfo-group containing polyarylene (0.88).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous defoaming agent comprises mineral oil de-foaming agent, and/or polysiloxane foam inhibitor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aqueous wetting agent comprises anion wetting agent, polysiloxane, and/or aqueous acetylenic diol wetting agent. The hydroxyl-containing aqueous resin comprises hydroxyl-terminated polyurethane dispersion material, hydroxyl-containing polyacrylate dispersion material, and/or hydroxypropionate containing emulsion. The water latent curing agent comprises melamine curing agent and polyisocyanate curing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flame retardant is ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide and/or magnesium hydroxide. The filler is light calcium carbonate, heavy calcium carbonate, talc, superfine mica powder and/or superfine barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thixotropic agent is organic bentonite, fumed silica, hydrogenated castor oil and/or polyamide wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble precursor comprises nitrate, sulfate, acetate, halide, dinitroso diamine salt, and/or acetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The carrier is a specific surface area conductive carbon material of 30-3000 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal active component of the soluble precursor is dissolved in a solvent comprising macrocyclic complex porphyrin, phthalein and nitrogen-containing polymer, 1-8 carbon monoalcohol, 2-8 carbon or 3-8 carbon solvents. The carrier comprises graphite carbon, carbon nano-tube, carbon fiber, carbon microsphere, and/or carbon aerogel. The catalyst comprises a hybrid-type N soluble precursor, which is a 2-16 carbon amine, a heterocyclic compound or an amino group containing a compound with a benzene ring. The soluble precursor comprises nitrate, sulfate, acetate, halide, dinitroso diamine salt, and/or acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The olefin resin of the secondary layer contains ethylene selected from acrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, and vinyl acetate. The main component contains copolymer selected from ethylene- butylacrylate copolymer, ethylene- methacrylate copolymer, ethylene- methacrylic acid copolymer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon oligomer or polymer is a polyvinylphosphonic acid or a polyarylene compound comprising at least one structural elements (Ia), where the polyarylene compound comprising recurring elements of formula (-(-X2-Ar2(W2A1)n-Y2-)m-) (Ib). The aprotic polar solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, gamma -valerolactone, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, 1,2-diethoxy ethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and/or N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone. The alkaline single ion conductor is embedded in a porous matrix or is combined with fiber materials, fillers or other additives.X2, Y2 = -SO2- (preferred), -SO-, -SO2O-, -CO-, -COO-, -CONH-, -CONR2- or -POR2-;Ar2 = phenyl;W2 = anion of sulfonic acid (preferred), sulfamide or phosphonic acid; andR2 = organic residue, preferably alkyl, -S-, -O-, -SO2-NH-SO2-, alkylene, fluorinated alkylene or arylene. Preferred Definitions:    X1, Y1 = -SO2-, -SO-, -SO2O-, -CO-, -COO-, alkylene, fluorinated alkylene, arylene, -CONH-, -CONR1- or -POR1-;    Ar1 = phenylene, naphthylene, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl;    R1 = alkyl, -S-, -O- or -SO2-NH-SO2-; and    A1 = Na+ or Li+.    EXAMPLE - Polyvinylphosphonic acid prepared by free radical polymerization was transferred into its lithium ion form using ion exchange column and solvated with DMSO, to obtain the solvated product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cup retainer, the holder arms and the prop are made of sheet steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas barrier layer is anneal-treated before laminating with respect to the plastic film. The undercoat layer is previously laminated by the surface of the plastic film. The undercoat layer is based on resin which has a urethane bond, resin which has a siloxane bond or a silane coupling agent or their mixture and thickness of 0.01-1 mu m. The gas barrier layer is based on silicon oxide or aluminum oxide with thickness of 10-100 nm. Preferred Parameters: The base film is a polyester film with thickness of 9-100 mu m and breaking strength of greater than or equal to 20 N/15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The additional element comprises sulfur (2-12 mass ppm), oxygen (2-30 mass ppm), and titanium (4-55 mass ppm). The rolled copper foil has a softening temperature of 148 degrees C or less and a thickness of 0.8 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aromatic vinyl type resin contains rubber reinforcement aromatic vinyl type resin (A-1) obtained by polymerizing aromatic vinyl compound and vinylic monomer containing another copolymerizable monomer, optionally in the presence of rubbery polymer, and 5-40 %mass of (co)polymer (A-2) of vinylic monomer. The rubbery polymer is ethylene-( alpha )olefin type rubber, hydrogenated conjugated diene rubber, acrylic type rubber, silicone type rubber or silicone-acryl composite rubber. The saturated polyester resin is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The lamina has a thickness of 4-20 microns. The method further comprises, before the step of constructing a permanent support element on the first surface of the lamina, annealing the lamina to at least 850 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sheet comprises a resin composition containing (in parts weight) crystalline ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer (50-99), amorphous alpha -olefin copolymer (1-50), and organic peroxide (0.1-5) and crosslinking additive (0-5). The amorphous alpha -olefin copolymer has 3-20C alpha -olefin-based polymerized unit (10 mol.% or more). The sheet further has adhesive layer laminated on single surface or both surfaces of the sheet. The adhesive layer contains an ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer (3-40 wt.%) and an ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic-ester copolymer (3-40 wt.%) as a main component. Preferred Properties: The ratio of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of amorphous alpha -olefin copolymer is 5 or less. The crystalline ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer has melt flow rate of 10-50 g/10 minutes, at 190 degrees C under 2160 g load, based on JIS K7210-1999. The ratio of sum total thickness of adhesive layers and thickness of layer containing the resin composition is 99/1-1/1. The ratio of thickness of layer containing the resin compositions and thickness of adhesive layer is 199/1-3/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH of isoelectric point of inorganic particles is 4.5-14. Preferred Composition: The undercoat agent composition further contains titanium coupling agent and/or silane coupling agent. The content of titanium coupling agent and/or silane coupling agent is less than the total content of active hydrogen groups contained in inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer has a silyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflective metal layer is formed by a wet method. The reflective metal layer contains silver or silver alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin plate contains resin containing methacryl resin, polycarbonate resin, and polyethylene terephthalate resin. The resin plate protective layer is curable resin film layer. The curable resin film layer contains thermosetting resin or ultraviolet curable resin. Preferred Property: The resin plate protective layer has gas-barrier property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal reflection layer consists of silver. The hard-coat layer further contains antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hard-coat layer is formed using thermosetting resin consisting of polysiloxane-type compound. The ultraviolet absorber is low molecular triazine-type ultraviolet absorber, polymeric benztriazole-type ultraviolet absorber, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide and/or iron oxide. EXAMPLE - The film mirror is lightweight, and has reduced damage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An ultraviolet absorber is contained in the layer between the reflection layers from light-incidence surface. The reflective layer contains silver. Light-incidence side of the reflective layer has corrosion prevention layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (B) is of formula: CF3(CF2)k(CH2)2O(CH2C(-CH2(CF2)nCF3)HO)l(CH2)3(CF2)m(CH2)2Si(OA)3 (I) or CF3(CF2)k(CH2)2O(CH2C(-CH2(CF2)nCF3)HO)lCH2ZSi(OA)3 (II). The film mirror further has hard-coat layer (7) containing inorganic substance, ultraviolet absorber and/or antioxidant from light-incidence side.A=alkyl;k=10-50000;l,m=1-1000;n=1-100;andZ=(CH2)m, O(CH2)m or (CH2)2O(CH2)mO(CH2) with linear functional group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hard-coat layer carries out coating film forming of polysilazane, and consists of heat-hardened film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ultraviolet-absorbing coating film is an acryl-type ultraviolet-absorbing coating film formed using copolymer of an acryl-type monomer (A) having ultraviolet-absorbing group, and an acryl-type monomer (B). Preferred Process: The acryl-type ultraviolet-absorbing coating film is formed by coating a solvent-type coating material, and drying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The intermediate layer contains resin composition (A) including polyphenylene ether and pigment. The surface layer contains resin composition (B). The resin composition (B) includes polyphenylene ether, and does not include pigment. The resin compositions (A1), and (A) and/or (B) further contain a styrene resin. The mass ratio of polyphenylene ether and styrene resin in the resin composition (A1), is 99:1-60:40. The pigment is a black pigment. The base film is multilayer film having surface layer on both sides of intermediate layer. Preferred Process: The sheet is formed by laminating a gas barrier layer, or integrally laminating sheet and sealing resin layers (12A,12B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame retardant is phosphorus-based flame retardant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin compositions (A) and/or (B) further contain a styrene resin. The mass ratio of polyphenylene ether and styrene resin in the resin compositions (A) and (B), is 99:1-60:40. The pigment is a black pigment and/or white pigment. Preferred Properties: The polyphenylene-ether layered film has thickness of 10-500 mu m. The thickness ratio of surface layer, intermediate layer and surface layer is 0.01-2/6-9.98/0.01-2 Preferred Process: The sheet is formed by laminating a gas barrier layer, or integrally laminating sheet and sealing resin layers (12A,12B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating film contains polyolefin resin, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin or acrylic resin, alumite film or fluororesin chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, ethylene fluoride propylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytrichlorotrifluoroethylene resin, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains cyclohexylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanotubes have a diameter of 3 nm or less, preferably 0.7-3 nm. The carbon nanotubes comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and/or bundled carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes have a solubility of less than 10 mg/l in the organic solvent. The weight ratio of dispersant to carbon nanotubes in the mixed solution is 10:1-1:10. The amount of the carbon nanotubes in the mixed solution is 0.01-1 mg/ml. The amount of the semiconducting carbon nanotubes in the supernatant is 75 wt.% or greater, preferably 99.9 wt.% or greater. Preferred Method: The step of dispersing the carbon nanotubes in the mixed solution is performed at a temperature of -40 to 90 degrees C, preferably 40-70 degrees C. The step of selectively separating the semiconducting carbon nanotubes from the mixed solution comprises separating a supernatant containing the dispersed semiconducting carbon nanotubes from the mixed solution by centrifugation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electronic device comprises a thin film transistor, where the thin film transistor has a hole mobility of 10 cm2/Vs or greater and an on/off current ratio of 106 or greater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises an organic solvent. The organic solvent includes at least one of chloroform, dichloroethane, toluene, xylene, decalin, mesitylene, hexane, and tetrahydrofuran. The amount of the dispersant in the mixed solution is 0.1-1 mg/ml, based on a total volume of the solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polythiophene derivative has a structure of formula (I)-(VII).R = 7-50C alkyl;R1, R2 = H, halo, CH3 or halomethyl;i, s, t, u = 1-40000; andp, q, r = 1-10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic pigment is white inorganic pigment    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The functional auxiliary agent comprises antioxidant and UV-stabilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The weathering layer comprises polyester material as 1,4-polyethylene glycol terephthalate and functional auxiliary agent. The structure enhancing layer component includes polyester material, inorganic pigment and functional auxiliary agent. The barrier layer comprises resin material, e.g. ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and functional auxiliary agent. The structure enhancing layer comprises a polyester material, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate. The ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer contains 20-40 wt.% ethylene polymer. The antioxidant is 5% of the total weight of weather resistance layer. The anti-UV stabilizer is 0.5-2% of the total weight of structure reinforcing layer. The liquid crystal layer is 5% of the total weight of structure reinforcing layer. The white inorganic pigment is 10-30% of the total weight of structure reinforcing layer. The barrier layer is 5% of the total weight of reinforcing layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The solar module conforms to IEC 61646 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back electrode layer is made of metal e.g. molybdenum, titanium or tantalum nitride compound. A front electrode layer is made of n-type semiconductor e.g. aluminum-doped zinc oxide and indium-zinc oxide. The photovoltaically active absorber layer is made of amorphous, micromorph or polycrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, gallium-arsenide or copper-indium (gallium)-sulfur/selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photovoltaically active absorber layer is made of poly vinyl butyral or ethylene vinyl acetate. A gap between the substrate and the cover pane is sealed by an edge seal i.e. adhesive, based on acryl, polyurethane or polyisobutylene. A protective layer of the conductive film is made of polyacryl, polyurethane, polyisobutylene, polyimide, polyester, polyethylene, PTFE, poly vinyl fluoride, poly vinyl butyral, poly ethylene naphthalate, ethylene vinyl acetate, or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive pole sheet is made of aluminum foil. The negative pole sheet is made of copper or graphite sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The isolating film is made from one of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating wheel is made from polyurethane rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective film is made of silicon resin such as siloxane. The siloxane is selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane or polydialkylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises butyl carbitol, dibutyl ether and butyl carbitol acetate. The wetting dispersant comprises BYK-163 (RTM: wetting and dispersing additive), BYK-P104S (RTM: wetting and dispersing additive) and BYK-110 (RTM: wetting and dispersing additive).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant waste comprises straw, hull, thatch, reed, bagasse, tree leaves, Pennisetum hydridum and wood pieces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The biomass filtering material further comprises polyvinyl alcohol solution. Preferred Composition: The biomass filtering material further comprises waste paint mixture that includes (in wt.%) waste amino resin paint (96-98) and polyurethane resin adhesive (2-4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate used for solar cell submodule is formed of clad material of aluminum and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The intermediate sealing material is composed of butyl rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene or isoprene. The fluorine type transparent resin film provided on front surface protective layer is formed of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin, iron (II) phosphorus or polyvinylidene difluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Tape: The tape is attached to an electrode terminal and/or an electrode plate end. The tape is attached to a portion of a separator with which the electrode plate end comes in contact. Preferred Components: The rubber component comprises a polyisobutylene rubber. EXAMPLE - A coating solution (s1) was prepared by diluting Oppanol B200 (RTM: polyisobutylene rubber) (100 parts by weight) having a weight average molecular weight of 2000000 with toluene. The obtained coating solution (s1) was applied on a polypropylene film having a thickness of 30 mu m at an inner portion of greater than or equal to 0.5 mm from its both edges so that the thickness after drying was 15 mu m, and drying the solution to obtain the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conducting ribbons have a metal layer made of copper or aluminum and another metal layer made from one of aluminum, copper, nickel, tin or chrome.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The backsheet comprises a set of polymeric containing layers made from one of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl fluoride, polyimide, kapton (RTM: polyimide film), polyethylene and polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer includes a material of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, a combination of amorphous silicon and monocrystalline silicon, a combination of microcrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon, a combination of amorphous silicon and poly crystalline silicon, a combination of microcrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon, a combination of amorphous silicon and microcrystalline silicon and a combination of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon or a combination of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hardening material comprises aliphatic amines, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, and triethylamine. The interface material is amino silanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of polyvinyl alcohol is 0.001-2 wt.% with respect to content of electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantum dots comprise cadmium selenide nanocrystals. The quantum dots are provided with a protective ligand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective ligand comprises: hexadecylamine and trioctylphosphine oxide; and hexadecanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the polymer comprises: synthesizing luminescent quantum dot nano crystals having a predetermined light emitting wavelength; polymerizing a polyamide polymer from a mixture of the quantum dot nanocrystals and a precursor molecule. Preferred Components: The polyamide host comprises polyamide 6, which is polymerized from 6-aminocaproic acid. The polymer is polymerized in a mold to have a molded three-dimensional form. The precursor molecule is a monomer comprising 6-aminocaproic acid. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: providing a protective ligand sphere to the quantum dot nanocrystals; and after the polymerization step, mechanically removing an excess of ligand by phase separation. The polymerization step is performed at 150-300 degrees C, preferably 220-250 degrees C. The polymerization step is performed under a protecting gas, preferable under nitrogen saturated atmosphere. The polymerization step is performed in a casting mold. The step of synthesizing luminescent quantum dot nanocrystals comprises degassing a mixture of cadmium stearate, hexadecylamine, and trioctylphosphine oxide, at an elevated temperature, injecting a solution of selenium in trioctylphosphine into the mixture, taking aliquots after a predetermined reaction time, where reaction time is adapted for adjusting the light emitting wavelength of the quantum dots to a predetermined value. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sheet comprises molybdenum, titanium, stainless steel, or aluminum, with or without additional coatings on it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The wavelength converter contains a transparent matrix. The transparent matrix does not absorb radiations having a wavelength higher than 250 nm. The converter is capable of absorbing radiations having a wavelength of 200-400 nm and re-emitting photoluminescent radiation of 300-650 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicate or metal-silicate of the hybrid organic-inorganic type is characterized by an X-ray diffractogram having reflections exclusively at angular values higher than 4.7 degrees of 2 theta . The structural units (a) contained in the structure of the silicate or metal-silicate are connected to each other and with the element T, when present, by means of oxygen atoms. The element T contained in the structure of the silicate or metal-silicate is Si, Al or Fe (all preferred), Ti, B, P, Ge and/or Ga. The silicate or metal-silicate contains metal cations. The metal cation is alkaline metals, alkaline-earth metals and/or lanthanide cations. The silicate or metal-silicate has a structure of formula (SiO(1.5).xTO2.y/nMe.zC) (b). The silicate or metal-silicate is eni carbon silicate (ECS)-1, ECS-2, ECS-3, ECS-5 and/or ECS-6. The transparent matrix is a polymeric material or vitreous material. The vitreous materials are silica, titania or zirconia.T = at least one element comprising elements belonging to groups IIIB, IVB, VB or transition metals;Me = at least one cation having a valence n;x, y = 0-2.3, preferably 0-1;n = valence of the cation Me; andz = 0.5-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material is epoxy resins, silicon resins, polyalkylene terephthalates, polycarbonates, polystyrene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The white pigment content layer contains white pigment chosen from basic lead carbonate, basic lead sulfate, basic lead silicate, zinc white, zinc sulfide, lithopone, antimony trioxide, and titanium oxide. The solar cell backsheet has a water vapor barrier layer (54) provided on at least one surface of the liquid crystalline polyester layer. The water vapor barrier layer contains element chosen from aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, or gold, their oxide, oxynitride or nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The liquid crystalline polyester layer contains carbonyl-containing repeating unit of formula: -O-Ar1-CO- (I), dicarbonyl-containing repeating unit of formula: -CO-Ar2-CO- (II) or aryl group-containing repeating unit of formula: -O-Ar3-O- (III). The amount of repeating unit containing 2,6-naphthylene group among repeating units (I)-(III) with respect to total amount of repeating units is 40 mol% or more.Ar1=2,6-naphthylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 4,4'-biphenylylene;andAr2,Ar3=2,6-naphthylene, 1,4-phenylene, 1,3- phenylene, or 4,4'-biphenylylene in which H is optionally substituted by halo, alkyl, or aryl.The water vapor permeability of polyester layer measured at 40 degrees C and relative humidity of 90% is 0.1 g/m2.24 hours or less. The white pigment content layer contains polyester. A polyolefin layer (51) is provided on the front side of the liquid crystalline polyester layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of total quantity of oxygen atom and carbon atom, and quantity of silicon atom is 1.98-2.03, preferably 2 or less. The ratio of quantity of silicon atom and total quantity of oxygen atom, carbon atom and silicon atom is 30-37%. The content of carbon atom with respect to total amount of silicon atom, oxygen atom, and carbon atom is 1-67 atomic%. The film has barrier layer which laminated two or more layer (a) of thin film layer. Preferred Process: The thin film layer is formed into a film by the plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Preferred Properties: The thin film layer has film thickness of more than 50 nm, and density of 0.9-2.2 g/cm3. The barrier film has film thickness of 100-3000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film-forming gas of plasma CVD method is gas of organosilicon compound, and oxygen gas. The organosilicon compound is hexamethyl disiloxane (HMDSO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material contains resin chosen from polyester-based resin and polyolefin resin, preferably polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Copolymerization ratio of the structural units (I) and (II) is 99:1-1:99 by weight. Polyol is polycarbonate polyol and/or polyester polyol. Polycarbonate polyol is polycarbonate diol of formula HO((CH2)x-OC(=O)O)y(CH2)xOH (1). Polyester polyol is polyester diol of formula HO(CH2CH2C(CH3)HCH2CH2OC(=O)(CH2)8C(=O)-O)zCH2CH2C(CH3)HCH2CH2-OH (2). 2nd diamine compound is of formula H2N-R7(Si(R9)(R10)O)mSi(R11)(R12)R8NH2 (3). Copolymerized imide-modified elastomer is held by fiber. Fiber is glass fiber.x=5-6;y=1-76;z=1-37;R7, R8=alkylene group;R9-R12=H, alkyl group, or Ph; andm=8-160.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyolefin resin contains 50 %mass or more of unit derived from olefin monomer. The polyolefin resin is ethylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer. The energy beam is electron beam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of content of element (M) with respect to total content of element (L) and element (X) is 0.01-2. The catalyst composition further contains oxygen reduction catalyst which is obtained by supporting the electroconductive material on noble metal particles and/or noble metal alloy particles. Preferred Layer: The cathode catalyst layer is a layer formed by laminating catalyst layer containing oxygen reduction catalyst and polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is liquid paraffin, solid paraffin, hexane, heptane, dichloromethane, methanol and ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin resin is high polymer polyolefin resin that comprises ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl 1-amylene, 1-octylene and/or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is chosen from anhydrous acetone, anhydrous dimethylbenzene, anhydrous cyclohexanone and anhydrous butyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin is room temperature curable polyurethane modified epoxy resin or polyurethane modified acrylic resin. The curing agent is dry oleyl alcohol acid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst main portion is provided with one of metal selected from group including platinum, iridium, cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, ruthenium, silver, and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprising a metal, manganese dioxide, chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, a peroxide, a metal chlorate, metal bromate, or metal iodate. The electrolyte comprises sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The carbon coating comprises diamond-like carbon and amorphous carbon. The metal oxide coating comprises zirconia, titania, strontia, lanthanum oxide, and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stoke shift chemical element of photo-thermal apparatus is made of phosphor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electronic, optical or optoelectronic device has anode (22), cathode (26), anode interlayer(s), cathode interlayer(s), and polymeric semiconductor component formed between the anode and cathode. Preferred Composition: The polymer semiconductor component is photoactive, and contains a mixture containing polymer (I) as electron-donor component and electron-acceptor compound. The electron-acceptor compound is (6,6)-phenyl-61C-methylbutyrate or its derivative. Preferred Property: The electronic, optical or optoelectronic device has power conversion efficiency of 3% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer (I) is chosen from 21 compounds e.g. compounds of formulae (II)-(VI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (A) comprises: polyamide-block graft copolymer (94-97 wt.%), and metal salt of alkyl alkyl phosphonic acid (3-6 wt.%). (A) comprises only a graft copolymer and metal salt of alkyl alkyl phosphonic acid. (A) further comprises at least one coupling agent. Preferred Components: The polyamide-block graft copolymer comprises 10-50 wt.% of polyamide grafts. The molar mass of polyamide grafts is 1000-5000 (preferably 2000-3000) g/mole. The number of monomer (X) fixed on the polyolefin backbone is 1.3-10. The unsaturated monomer (X) is a carboxylic acid anhydride and an unsaturated epoxide. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): Apolhya (RTM: Graft copolymer backbone consists of a terpolymer of ethylene, ethyl acrylate and maleic anhydride) (90.8); and AF069 (aluminum salt of methyl-methyl-phosphonic acid) (9.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Producing phosphonic acid polymer comprises reacting a reducing agent with a carboxyl group-containing compound represented by formula (2) to obtain a hydroxymethyl group-containing compound represented by formula (3); reacting a (meth)acrylate halide compound or (meth)acrylic anhydride halide compound with the hydroxymethyl group-containing compound to obtain a (meth)acrylic acid-based compound represented by formula (4); addition-polymerizing the (meth)acrylic acid-based compound to obtain a polymer precursor containing a repeating unit represented by formula (5); and hydrolyzing an ester moiety of the polymer precursor.R1=represents a hydrogen atom or methyl group; andR2 and R3=respectively and independently represent a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains (in wt.%) silica (70.6-72.67), alumina (18.6-20.67), magnesium oxide (4.74-10.7), calcium oxide (0-2.07), lithium oxide (0.1-5) and sodium oxide (0-0.05). The composition is free of boron oxide and fluorine. The polymer matrix is thermoplastic polymer chosen from polyester, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene, or thermosetting polymer chosen from epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester, phenolic and vinyl ester. Preferred Properties: The composition has liquidus temperature of 1700 degrees C or less. The glass fiber has specific strength of 1.59-2.1x 106 J/kg, specific modulus of 3.3-3.7x 107 J/kg, pristine fiber tensile strength of 3800-5350 MPa and modulus of 79-88 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The (meth)acrylic acid ester is methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and/or methyl methacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sum total content of (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylic acid ester, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, and vinyl acetate is 3.5-15 mol% in the copolymer. The olefin resin contains ethylene (60-100 %mass) as monomeric unit. Preferred Properties: The olefin resin has a density of 875-920 kg/m2 and a heat-of-fusion of 100 J/g or less obtained by differential scanning calorimeter. The thickness of base material is 50-250 mu m. The ratio of thickness of layer (121) and thickness of layer (122) is 1:9-7:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles contained in the outermost layer is inorganic particles chosen from calcium phosphate, titanium oxide, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate and barium sulfate. The amount of particles contained in the outermost layer is 0.01-0.2 %mass. The particles are porous silica. The central layer contains ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the particles is 0.1-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The laminated polyester film further has coating layer containing co-polyester-type resin, acrylic resin and/or polyurethane-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic vinyl compound is styrene. The olefin is ethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aromatic vinyl compound-olefin-type polymer is cross-copolymer containing styrene and ethylene. The back surface protection sheet further has protective layer containing fluorine resin chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin, and support layer containing cross-copolymer-type resin. The cross-copolymer-type resin is obtained using cross-copolymer and polyphenylene ether resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substance of cross linked portion is chosen from the group of the acid modification polypropylene, an ionomer, polyester, and an ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive has low viscosity, and may be provided in the form of polyester-resin, vinylester-resin, epoxy-adhesive, polyurethane-adhesive, or silicone-adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The two rails comprise aluminum and/or steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The retainer comprises biodegradable polymers consisting of starch-based polymer, cellulose-based polymer, amylase-based polymer, polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate, polybutylenesuccinate, polycaprolactone and polyglycolide. The backside sheet comprises materials consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polybutylene, and polybutylene terephthalate. The adhesive material consists of silicone-based polymer, polyurethane, and epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: hot-bending the first and second glass substrates; and disposing a ceramic frit on a major surface of the first glass substrate in a predetermined pattern. The first and second substrates are bent together at substantially the same time. The second glass substrate has more iron than the first glass substrate. In the process, the laminating involves heating the first and second substrates according to a heating profile that takes into account the different compositions of the first and second substrates. The first and second glass substrates are hot bent together according to a heating profile selected to reflect the different compositions of the first and second glass substrates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The photovoltaic array or the thin film solar cell array solar cell array includes CIGS based solar cells disposed onto a thin foil substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: In the process, the laminating is accomplished using PVB, where the first and second amounts at least initially have a thickness of 0.38-0.76 mm. The laminating is accomplished using UV curable liquid urethanes. The laminating is accomplished using a first amount of PVB or ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) located between the first glass substrate and the solar cell array, and a second amount of PVB of EVA located between the solar cell array and the second glass substrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticles are selected from copper (Cu), indium (In), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and sulfur (S). The nanoparticles containing at least one materials selected from binary or ternary alloys of Cu-In, Cu-Ga, In-Ga, (Al, Ga)-In, Cu-(Al, In, Ga), Cu-Zn, Cu-Sn, Zn-Sn, and from binary, ternary, or quaternary compounds of Cu-(S, Se), (Al, Ga, In)-(S, Se), Zn-(S, Se), Sn-(S, Se), Cu-(Al, Ga, In)-(S, Se), and Cu-Zn-Sn-(S, Se).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The middle dielectric layer comprises silicon oxycarbide (SiCO), porous SiCO, silicon carbonitride, porous silicon carbonitride, fluorinated silicon oxide, porous fluorinated silicon oxide, porous silica film, black diamond, and/or porous black diamond. The dielectric constant of the middle layer is greater than or equal to 1 and is lower than that of silicon oxide. The middle layer has a thickness of 5-500 nm. The thickness of the first dielectric layer is 5-100 nm. The thickness of the second dielectric layer is 5-100 nm. The two dielectric layers comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride. The first dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide or nitride. The second dielectric layer comprises silicon nitride or oxide. The contact layer comprises a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The middle dielectric layer comprises fluorine polymer, porous fluorine polymer, methyl silsesquioxane (MSQ), porous MSQ, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), and/or porous HSQ.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phthalocyanine has a metal complex of formula (I). The phthalocyanine is titanium oxide phthalocyanine, indium chloride phthalocyanine, dihydrogen phthalocyanine, or copper phthalocyanine. The polythiophene has a substituted thiophene structure of formula (III) or (VIII). The weight ratio of the polythiophene to the electron acceptor is 1:99-99:1. The first electrode comprises indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid), carbon nanotube, or graphene. The second electrode comprises aluminum, silver, magnesium, calcium, or their alloys. The hole blocking layer comprises bathocuproine, lithium fluoride, or bathophenanthroline. The electron blocking layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid), molybdic trioxide, or vanadium pentoxide.M = divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent metal atom;X = OH or halo;n = 0-2;(X)n = O;m = number of R substituents on the phenyl ring, or 0-6;R = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl (all optionally substituted), halo, phenoxy, phenylthio, heteroaryl, -CN, or -NO2;p = 0-1; andR3 = alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic device further comprises: a hole blocking layer located between the second semiconducting layer and the second electrode or the cathode; and an electron blocking layer between the first electrode and the first semiconducting layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron acceptor is 60C fullerene, (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester, 70C fullerene, (6,6)-phenyl-71C-butyric acid methyl ester, or a fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The cross-copolymer-type resin is obtained using resin composition containing 40 %mass or more of cross-copolymer and thermoplastic resin. Preferred Composition: The cross-copolymer contains aromatic vinyl compound and olefin monomer. The thermoplastic resin is polyphenylene ether resin. The fluorine resin contains polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of colloidal silica is modified using hydrolyzable silicon group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diol having alicyclic structure is tricyclodecane dimethanol. The active energy ray-curable composition further contains colloidal silica having volume average particle diameter of 200 nm or less, leveling agent containing polydimethylsiloxane structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film sheet-type base material contains polycarbonate, polyester or (meth)acrylic resin. Preferred Layer: The contact-bonding layer is further formed on other surface of film sheet-type base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidant and/or optical stabilizer are phosphorus antioxidant and/or hindered amine light stabilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin is bisphenol-A epoxy resin. The hardenable coating composition further comprises carbodiimide compound and polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali-metal-containing organic substance contains sodium or sulfur. The organic substance is alkyl sulfuric ester salt, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfuric ester salt, or alkylbenzene sulfonate. The gallium concentration in the alloy powder is 45 %mass or less, and the sulfur content in organic substance is 0.01-5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent base materials, the bearing base and the transparent top substrate are made of tempered glass material or fire-proof material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ferroelectric nanoparticles are formed of an inorganic ferroelectric material (preferably tetragonal barium titanate or strontium titanate).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ferroelectric nanoparticles are formed of an organic ferroelectric material (preferably polythiourea, polycyanophenylenesulfide or polyvinylfluoride). The ligands are phosphonic acid ligands (preferably n-octyl phosphonic acid ligands).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material further comprises a dispersion of non-ferroelectric nanoparticles. Preferred Components: The photoconductive polymer matrix is formed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) or di-hexylsexithiophene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shell and the pressing edge sectional material are made of aluminum alloy material. The heat preservation layer is made of aluminum material. The heat absorbing plate and the heat net are made of red copper plate material or high selectivity titanium coating material, which is selected from nickel chromium oxide nylon (NiCrOxNy) or titanium oxide nitride (TiOyNx).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat insulating plate is made of hard polyurethane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The well pool is the large diameter deep pit whose inner wall is of carbon powder and upper part opening is of transparent plastic cloth. The condensed water can naturally flow transparent airtight top cover.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Surface treatment is carried out using fermented astringent persimmon, ceramic glaze or enamel glaze, and inorganic compound e.g. lithium carbonate or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer molecule is polyvinylbutyral, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene, polymethylmethacrylate acrylate copolymer, metallocene polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic rubber, polyolefin or functionalized polyolefin. The functionalized polyolefin is ethylene vinylacetate type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The multi-layer film comprises at least one material selected from silica, alumina, aluminosilicates, diamond-like films, borosilicates, silicon nitride, aluminophosphosilicates, aluminophosphates niobium oxide, niobium nitride, zirconium oxide, zirconium nitride (ZrN), hafnium oxide, hafnium nitride, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, scandium oxide, erbium oxide, tantalum oxide, tantalum nitride, vanadium oxide, indium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, molybdenum nitride, gallium nitride (GaN), lanthanum oxide, zinc sulfide (ZnS), tin oxide, strontium sulfide (SrS), calcium sulfide (CaS), lead sulfide (PbS), indium tin oxide (ITO), tungsten oxide, and/or calcium/titanium oxide. The multi-layer film comprises nanolaminate comprised of at least one material combination selected from hafnium oxide/tantalum oxide, titanium oxide/tantalum oxide, titania/alumina, zinc sulfide/alumina, and/or aluminum titanium oxide. The multi-layer film comprises a layer of silica layer and a layer of alumina; fused inorganic particles such as fused silica particles; or silico-acrylic composition. The particles are comprised of a material selected from silica, glass, or other transparent inorganic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) involves conducting the polymerization reaction in the presence of a polymerizable monomer (10-60 wt.%) selected from compound of formula (IV); catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and their optical isomers; and coniferyl alcohol, dihydroconiferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol.R12-R16=H, hydroxyl, alkyloxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, hydroxy-substituted alkoxy, hydroxy-substituted alkanoyl or hydroxy-substituted alkanoyloxy.Provided that R12-R16 are not simultaneously H. Preparation: No general methods for the preparation of the compounds (I)-(III) are given. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R3 and R5=hydroxyl;    R8-R10=hydroxyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The body comprises a metal plate or a copper plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulating cover comprises a rubber casing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating layer-containing substrate comprises aluminum, zinc, zinc oxide, nickel, magnesium, silane or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyetherdiamine (a) contains primary amino group(s) attached to the terminal of polyether backbone. The polyether backbone is propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide. The polyetherimide intermediate contains aromatic polyetherdiamine and/or monoaromatic diamine. The polyetherimide intermediate is reacted with the organic base, preferably organic base having boiling point of 150 degrees C or more to form water-soluble salt of polyetherimide intermediate. The precipitate is further reacted with aliphatic polyetherdiamine (b) containing primary amino group(s) attached to the terminal of polyether backbone. The polyetherimide intermediate comprises epoxy-based silane. The aliphatic polyetherdiamine (a) and (b) contains 2-20 ether linkages, preferably 2-6 ether linkages. The polyetherimide coating comprises metal oxide nanoparticles, corrosion inhibitor and/or halloysite, and aromatic dianhydride and aromatic diamine. Preferred Property: The polyetherimide coating has dry film having thickness of 1-3 mu m. Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate is steel strip, sheet, wire, rebar or blank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ultraviolet blocker inorganic particles contain oxides of cerium, copper, zinc, zirconium, bismuth, silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, tin, strontium and antimony, preferably titania or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of repeating unit derived from ethylene in polymer (a) and repeating unit derived from chlorotrifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene is less than 50 mol% (preferably, less than 45 mol%) and 30-48 mol% (preferably, 0-2.5 mol%). The polymer (a) is ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer having melting temperature of less than 210 degrees C, preferably less than 190 degrees C. The thermoplastic fluoropolymer composition further contains coating additive chosen from dispersing agent, stabilizer and antistatic agent. Preferred Property: The polymer (a) has heat of fusion of 30 J/g or less, preferably 25 J/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of zinc oxide is 10-20 mass%. The content of titanium oxide is 3-6 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process is carried out by blow-molding extrusion at 220-260 degrees C; by flat extrusion or cast film; and by casting-evaporation or solvent casting. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: two distinct fluoropolymers, of which at least one is a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride. Preferred Components: The fluorinated polymer is homopolymers of vinylidene fluoride and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and at least another fluorinated monomer. The acrylic polymer is a homopolymer of methyl methacrylate or copolymer containing at least 50 wt.% of methyl methacrylate and at least one other copolymerizable monomer with methyl methacrylate comprising alkyl (meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene and isoprene. The film has UV radiation opacity and transparency of less than 25% at 450 nm. The film has a long-term stability, as shown by the test to moist heat (damp heat test) at 85 degrees C and 85% of humidity for 2000 hours, and by the QUV aging test. EXAMPLE - Kynar 720 (RTM: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) homopolymer) and zinc oxide having a dimension (D50) of 1 mu m and a density of 5.6 were mixed in a co-mixer at a temperature of less than 230 degrees C. The resulting solution containing Kynar 720 (RTM: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) homopolymer) (60%) and zinc oxide (40%) were extruded to obtain mixture A. The mixture A was mixed in a co-mixer with Kynar 740 (RTM: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) homopolymer) and mixture B comprising poly(methyl methacrylate) (40%) and titanium dioxide (60%) to obtain composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further comprises an olefin compatible resin consisting of petroleum resin, terpene resin, coumarone indene resin, rosin-type resin, and/or their hydrogenated derivatives, and an olefin resin chosen from linear-low-density polyethylene, polypropylene resin, and/or cyclic olefin resin. The ethylene polymer contains ethylene, and alpha -olefin(s) (0.1-3 %mass) chosen from butene-1, hexene-1 and octene-1. The sealing material consists of a multilayered component having resin layer (I) containing ethylene-type resin and layer (II) containing the resin composition. Resin layer (I) comprises ethylene- alpha -olefin random copolymer and ethylene- alpha -olefin block copolymer. The random copolymer has a crystal melting enthalpy of 0-70 J/g as measured by differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute. The block copolymer has a melting peak temperature of 100-145 degrees C, and a crystal melting enthalpy of 5-70 J/g as measured by differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute. Resin layer (I) is a resin layer containing silane-modified ethylene-type resin. Preferred Properties: The olefin compatible resin has a softening temperature of 80 degrees C or more. The ethylene polymer has a crystallization peak temperature of 30 degrees C or less as measured at a cooling rate of 10 degrees C/minute by differential scanning calorimetry, and a molecular weight distribution index of 2.5-4.5. The olefin resin has a crystal melting enthalpy of 0-100 J/g. A film of thickness 0.1 mm formed using the resin composition has an internal haze of 10% or less as measured by JIS K7105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor layer exhibits: a chalcopyrite compound, preferably copper(indium, gallium) (sulfur, selenium)2; and sodium ions, potassium ions or lithium ions, as a doping material. The adhesive layer contains the doping material in a range of 0.1-4 wt.%, preferably 0.5-2 wt.%. The doping material of the adhesive layer is ionically bonding compound or contains such identical compounds. The adhesive layer exhibits ionomers, preferably copolymers of formula (AB). The component (B) of (AB), exhibits 5-30 wt.%, preferably 10-20 wt.%. The acidic protons of the ionomers, which are substituted by the doping material, exhibits less than 5 wt.%, based on the total amount of acidic protons before the substitution with the doping material. The doping material of the semiconductor layer is adsorbed at least at one of the immigrant surface of the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer exhibits water content of less than 0.1%. A circumferential edge gap between the two substrates is sealed with sealing material serving as a barrier for water. The sealing material is formed such that the sealing material binds water chemically and/or physically. The first electrode layer is a transparent front electrode layer and the second electrode layer is an opaque back electrode layer, where the substrates is arranged between the front electrode layer side facing away from the back electrode layer and the back electrode layer exhibits a barrier layer impermeable to the doping material.A = nonpolar hydrocarbon group, preferably (-(CH2-CHR1)n);B = hydrocarbon groups with sodium-bonded organic acid groups, preferably (-((R3) C (-R2) (-CH2))m);R1 = H, CH3 or CH2-CH3;R2 = COONa, -CH2-COONa, SO3Na, or -H2CSNa;R3 = H, CH3, CH2-CH3 or phenyl; andn, m = greater than 10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound is an inorganic compound comprising titanium dioxide. The titanium compound is an inorganic UV blocker compound made of particles comprising a core consisting of titanium dioxide, and a shell consisting of oxide of silicon and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first composition comprises a polymer comprising recurring units derived from ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene, and titanium compound. The semi-crystalline polymer comprises recurring units derived from ethylene and fluoromonomer consisting of chlorotrifluoroethylene and/or tetrafluoroethylene. The semi-crystalline polymer of the second composition comprises ethylene of 48-52 mol% and chlorotrifluoroethylene 48-52 mol%. The semi-crystalline polymer of the second composition is ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) polymer possessing a melting temperature exceeding 220 degrees C. The ECTFE polymer of the first composition comprises ethylene of 35-47 mol% and chlorotrifluoroethylene of 53-65 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic encapsulation layer is provided with silica nitride (SiN), Silicon oxynitride (SiON), Silicon carbide (SiC), aluminium oxide (AlO), silicon carbonitrate (SiCN), silicon oxide (Si02), titanium dioxide (Ti02), and zirconiumdioxide (Zr02).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of organic encapsulation layer is provided with polymer such as acrylate, polycarbonate and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film further has an ion implantation layer obtained by injecting ion to the layer containing gas barrier layer. The gas is chosen from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, silicon compound and hydrocarbon. The transparent conductor layer consists of electroconductive metal oxide. The electroconductive metal oxide is a zinc-based oxide. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive film has water vapor permeation rate of less than 0.5 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and relative humidity atmosphere of 90%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The area (A) is formed on the surface layer portion of layer containing polysilane compound. The polysilane compound contains silane-containing repeating unit of formula: -(Si(-R1)(-R2))-.R1,R2=H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cycloalkyl oxy, aryloxy or aralkyloxy (all optionally substituted by amino, silyl or halo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of compatible resin is 1-50 %mass with respect to 100 %mass adhesive resin layer. The exterior material further contains thermoplastic resin layer containing sealant layer provided other surface of base material layer. The acid-modified polyolefin resin is graft-modified resin chosen from unsaturated carboxyl acid and acid anhydride of unsaturated carboxylic acid resin, and ester of unsaturated carboxylic acid. The compatible elastomer is styrene-thermoplastic elastomer, hydrogenated styrene-thermoplastic elastomer and/or propylene- alpha -olefin copolymer elastomer. The sealant layer contains polyolefin resin. The polyolefin resin and acid-modified polyolefin resin contain random polypropylene, homopolypropylene and/or block polypropylene. The acid-modified polyolefin resin is maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin resin. The base material layer contains biaxially-stretched polyester film and biaxially-stretched polyimide film. A protective layer is further formed on other surface of olefin foil layer. Molding-improvement layer is further formed between base material layer and aluminum foil layer. The anti-corrosion-treated layer contains polymer having reactive functional group with respect to unsaturated carboxylic derived component of acid-modified polyolefin resin. The polymer is cationic polymer containing polyethylene imine and carboxylic acid. Preferred Property: The exterior material has absolute value of birefringence after heat the thermoplastic resin layer is 60% or more. The adhesive resin layer has withstand voltage of 0.04 kV/ mu m, measured based on JIS-C2110, heat of fusion of 15-80 J/g, measured using differential scanning calorimetry, melting point of 130-170 degrees C, melt viscosity of 1000-7000 Pa.second at temperature more than the melting temperature of sealant layer and adhesive resin layer by 30 degrees C, and color index (L) value of 25 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back surface transparent electrode is made of iron doped tin oxide, boron doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide, carbon nano tube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer is formed from ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat conductive layer is made of aluminum, copper, brass and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layers are made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP), oriented polypropylene (OPP), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), thermo plastic elastomers (TPE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). The adhesive layer is made of EVA and acryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass substrate having curvature of 3 mm or less after forming film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from amide-type solvent, ketone-type solvent, ether-type solvent, pyrrolidone-type solvent and glycol ether solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyimide resin film has linear expansion coefficient of 1-30 ppm/k at 100-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The inorganic filler in the porous film is removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystal consisting titanium boride phase has length of 1-50 mu m and aspect ratio of 3-50. The unalloyed titanium material is sponge titanium or unalloyed titanium scrap. The amount of boron in the boron-containing unalloyed titanium material is 0.01- 0.3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The porosity of pore formed in porous base material containing polyolefin is 40-60%. Preferred Composition: The content of anion exchange resin filled in voids is 0.3-2 g/cm3 with respect to gap of porous base material. Preferred Process: The halogeno alkyl group (II) is converted to quaternary ammonium salt group of formula (III). The polymeric composition is graft polymerized by irradiation of ionizing radiation or plasma to porous base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic-semiconductor material is a fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The electroconductive polymer chain has electro-donativity and the organic-semiconductor molecule material has electron-accepting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silane coupling agent is aminosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of styrene-type elastomer and polypropylene resin is 50/50-90/10. The styrene-type elastomer is styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer. The film further contains silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive resin contains ( alpha )-olefin-ethylene copolymer containing 1-25 wt.% of ( alpha )-olefin which is graft-modified by maleic acid anhydride. The total amount of maleic acid anhydride in the maleic acid anhydride-modified olefin resin is 0.1-3 wt.%. The ( alpha )-olefin is butene or octene. The fluorine resin composition contains tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polychloro trifluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene-fluorine resin, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride resin and/or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluororesin copolymer. The composition for contact bonding layer further contains 0.4-15 parts weight silane compound of formula: R1Si(OR2)3, with respect to 100 parts weight of adhesive resin.R1=3-glycidoxypropyl or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl;andR2=1-3C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Water-soluble binder contains structural unit of formula -(CH2-C(R)(Q-(A)y-Z))- (II).y=0 or 1;Z=alkyl group, -C(=O)-Rc, -SO2-Rd, or -SiRe3; andRc, Rd, Re=alkyl group, perfluoroalkyl group, or aryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic substance is aluminum oxide, boron nitride, silicon nitride, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, and/or aluminum nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene polymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The resin composition further comprises an organic peroxide and a crosslinking adjuvant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The absorbent material consists of sponge rubber, polyester foam or polyurethane foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plugging material is made up of elastic polyurethane caulking glue surface which is coated with polyester cloth and elastic polyurethane dope.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The box main portion is made of high density polyethylene, polypropylene or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier has three-dimensional structure or interlayer structure, and the catalyst is fixed to the structure. The carrier is a clathrate compound or a layer compound, and contains phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, or carboxylic acid group. The carrier has particle size of 0.001-20 mu m. The clathrate compound has pore of three-dimensional network structure, and the catalyst is fixed in the pore. The clathrate compound is inorganic compound which has three-dimensional network structure. The clathrate compound is zirconium phosphate. The layer compound has interlayer structure, and is clay mineral or inorganic compound. The layer compound is zirconium phosphate. The catalyst contains cerium, manganese, tungsten, zirconium, titanium, vanadium, yttrium, lanthanum, neodymium, nickel, cobalt, silver, ruthenium, chromium, iridium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, molybdenum or iron. The catalyst is arranged between the electrolytic membrane, the electrode layer, the gas diffusion layer, the gas-seal material or separator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrolytic membrane is reinforced with reinforcement layer containing fluoropolymer which has sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modified fluorinated resin slices, comprises (in wt.%) fluorinated resin (50-80), a plasticizer (5-15), a stabilizer (1-4), a coupling agent (0.2-10, preferably 0.5-3), an antioxidant (0.2-10, preferably 1-5) and a filler (2-43, preferably 5-42). The antioxidant is 2,6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl propionic acid octadecyl ester, triphenyl phosphate or tri(nonylphenyl) phosphate. The fluorinated resin is polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer or chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gel plate comprises (pts. wt.) Z-165 (RTM: reinforcing agent) (1-3), IB531 (RTM: active agent) (0.8-2), antioxidant 264 (0.7-1.8), and NOBS (1-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The cell further comprises a separator between the anode and the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The spiro ammonium salt is selected from salts of formula (A1)+n(Y1)(n-) (I), and salts of formulae (A1)+(A2)+(Y1)(n-) (IIa); (A1)+ (A2)+(A3)+(Y1)(n-) (IIb); and (A1)+(A2)+(A3)+ (A4)+(Y1)(n-) (IIc). The cation of the spiro ammonium salt is spiro-1,1'-bipyrrolidine-1-ylium. The electrolyte contains at least one electrolyte solvent (c1) selected from N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, carbonates, sulfolanes, sulfones, N-substituted pyrrolidones, acyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, xylene, polyether including glymes and siloxane. The electrolyte contains at least one lithium salt (c2). The lithium salts (c2) are selected from LiPF6, LiBF4, LiB(C6H5)4, LiSbFe, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiCF3CH3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiC4F9SO3, LiSbFe, LiAlO4, LiAlCl4, LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2) (where x and y are natural numbers), LiSCN, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, and/or LiNO3. The electrolyte contains at least one polymer selected from polyethers, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, polyimides, polypho-phazenes, polyacrylonitriles, and/or polysiloxanes or their derivatives, copolymers. The Li-based anode contains at least one anode active Li-containing compound selected from Li-metal, Li-alloys and Li-intercalating materials. The cathode contains at least one cathode active material selected from sulfur, MnO2, SOCl2, SO2Cl2, SO2, (CF)x, I2, Ag2CrO4, Ag2V4O11 , CuO, CuS, PbCuS, FeS, FeS2, BiPb2O5, B2O3, V2O5, CoO2, CuCl2 and Li intercalating C.n=2-4;A1+=spiro ammonium cation of formula (R1)(R2)(R3)-N-(R);A2+A3+A4+=ammonium cations and spiro ammonium cations;Y1(n-)=monovalent, bivalent trivalent or tetravalent anion;NRR1 or NR2R3=3- to 9-membered heterocycle (optionally mono- to penta-substituted by R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous membrane layer is made titanium dioxide or zinc oxide. The interface buffer layer contains bentonite nanoparticles, alumina nanoparticles and magnesium oxide nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrolytic foil has tensile strength of more than 380 MPa and extension rate of more than 6%, at normal temperature. The electrolytic foil has tensile strength of more than 200 MPa and extension rate of more than 8%, at high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The supporting portion is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mirror layer is made of silver and the supporting portion is made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting portion is made of polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyimide or bakelite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Backsheet further contains inorganic pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive-type low-molecular-weight substance is crosslinking compound of formula: R2O-Si(-OR1)(-OR3)-X-(CH2)n-X-R.R1,R2,R3=H, or 1-8C alkyl;R=aliphatic group, carboxy, amine, ester or aromatic group;X=C, O, N or S;andn=1-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acryl is selected from one among or combination of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, meth acrylic acid, acrylic acid 2 ester, acrylic acid 2 acrylate, acrylic 4-meth acrylate, 2-meth acrylate, isobutyl acrylic acid tert-butyl ester, acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate stearyl, acrylic acid iso borneol and acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl ester, acrylic acid methyl glycol ester, acrylic 2-ethyl ethyl ester, acrylic acid tetrahydrofurfuryl ester, benzyl acrylate, acrylic acid ethyl card without alcohol ester, acrylic acid phenyl ethyl ester, acrylic acid phenyl ethylene glycol ester, acrylic acid phenyl ester, acrylic acid methyl ester, acrylic 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, 2, 2, 3, 3 tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, 1H, 1H, 5H-fluorine amyl ester, acrylic acid imide ester, methyl acrylate, acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl ester, isononyl acrylate, acrylic acid iso fourteen alkyl ester, acrylic acid 2-butoxy ethyl ester, acrylic acid 2ethyl ester, acrylic acid ester, acrylic acid isodecyl, acrylic diethyl amino ethyl ester, acrylic acid dimethyl amido ethyl ester, 2-propylene acyloxy ethyl succinic acid, 2-acryloyloxy ethyl hexahydrophthalic acid, 2-acryloyloxy-2hydroxypropyl-phthalic acid, glycidyl acrylate, 2-propylene acyloxy ethyl phosphate, 1, 4-glycol di acrylate, 1, 3 glycol di acrylate, 1, 6-glycol di acrylate, 1, 9 diol di acrylic ester, 1, 10 di acrylate, 2-nbutyl-2-ethyl-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supersaturated solution is sodium thiosulfate solution or sodium acetate solution. Preferred Property: The melting point of solute in the supersaturated solution is 80 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The packing material is the polyvinyl chloride sheet having thickness of 1-3 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum-silicon alloy powder is of formula: Al1-xSix, where x is 0.01-0.2. The lead-free glass powder comprises (in weight%) bismuth(III) oxide (20-60), silica (5-20), zinc oxide (10-50), tin oxide (2-15), alumina (1-10) and antimony trioxide (2-15), and potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide and/or manganese(IV) oxide with total content of 1-15 weight%. The content of organic solvent, thickening agent and organic additives is 10 weight%, 2-12 weight% and 0.3-0.6 weight%, respectively. Preferred Properties: The aluminum-silicon alloy powder has particle size of 5-8 mu m and oxygen content of less than l00 ppm. The particle size of aluminum powder and lead-free glass powder is less than 12 mu m and 4-5 mu m, respectively. The viscosity of aluminum paste is 60-70 Pa.second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is terpineol or tributyl citrate. The organic additive is flatting agent, defoamer, surfactants and/or anti-settling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickening agent is ethyl cellulose or nitrocellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive glass is indium-tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode is magnesium/silver electrode, calcium/aluminum electrode or lithium fluoride/aluminum electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electron blocking layer contains 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonic acid or zinc oxide, and has thickness of 35-50 nm. The donor material is poly-3-hexylthiophene, poly(2-methoxy-5-((2'-ethylhexyl)oxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene). The content of fullerene in the liquid crystal molecule is 40% or more. The ratio of donor and receptor material in the mixed solution is 1:0.5-1:6. The concentration of mixed solution of donor and receptor material is 5-40 mg/ml. Preferred Property: The thickness of active film is 100-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fillers in the anode and cathode chambers are graphite particles or active carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cation exchange resin is strong acid cation exchange resin, strong alkaline anion exchange resin, weak acidic cation exchange resin and/or weak alkaline anion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate. The inorganic acid is phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid is citric acid or phytic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The inert solid particle is (a) organic inert solid particle, preferably polyethylene and/or polypropylene particle, (b) inorganic inert solid particle, preferably zeolite and/or activated carbon particle, or (c) inert solid raw material. The inert solid particle is spherical, cubical, cylindrical or rectangular particle, where the diameter of the spherical particle is 5-20 mm, and length of cubical, rectangular, and cylindrical particle is 5-20 mm, 10-100 mm and 10-100 mm respectively. The liquid culture medium comprises glucose, fructose, sucrose, and/or coconut water. Preferred Method: The inert solid particle is obtained by heating polypropylene resin and mixing inert solid raw material with melted polypropylene resin, adding materials (in parts weight): polypropylene inert solid particles (50-60, preferably 50), soybean powder (10-20, preferably 20), yeast extract (10-20, preferably 20) and beef extract (10-20, preferably 10) to the mixture. The fermentation is carried out by shake flask fermentation or mechanical stirring process, where the flask is rotated at the speed of 80-250 rotations/minute (rpm), and mechanical stirring is performed at 100-250 rpm. The method further involves separating inert solid particles from the produced cellulose after completion of fermentation process. Preferred Organism: The organism used for fermentation is Acetobacter xylinus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The inorganic filler is calcium carbonate, micalex, talcum powder, titanium pigment, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and/or barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The curing agent is amine curing agent, anhydride curing agent and/or isocyanate. The organic filler is anti-UV absorbent for mycoplasma vaccine of swine, anti-aging agent and/or anti-hydrolysis stabilizing agent. The solvent is acetone, butanone, benzene, toluene, ethyl acetate and/or ethyl butyrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The resistance resin is epoxy resin, amino resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin and/or fluorocarbon resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The flexible acrylic copolymer comprises (in weight parts) acrylic ester (1-4), methacrylate (13-45).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent polymer film is polyester film or polycarbonate film. The conductive conjugate-based polymer is preferably 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Preferred Property: The thickness of conductive conjugate-based polymer is 10-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV light stabilizer is hindered-0,2,6,6 tetramethyl--4-piperidinyl sebacate, phosphorous acid tri (1,2,2,6,6methyl-piperidine), (1,2,2,6,6 methyl--4-piperidinyl) sebacate, bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl--4piperidinyl) sebacate or di (1-octyloxy2,2,6,6-tetramethyl--4-piperidiny) di-ester. The coupling agent is vinyl triethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, gamma-ethyl trimethoxy silane and gamma-glycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxy silane. The peroxide is 2,5-dimethyl--2,5-di (tertiary butyl peroxy) hexane, 1,1 (tert-butyl peroxide) 3,3,5-trimethyl, tert-butyl hydroperoxide-2-ethyl hexyl acrylate or tert-butyl peroxy benzoate. The antioxidant is tetra (beta-(3,5-di-tert-butyl--4-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid) pentaerythritol ester, beta-(3, 5-di-tert-butyl--4hydroxyl phenyl) propionic acid N-octadecanol ester, tri (nonyl phenyl and nonyl mixed ester), bi (2,4-di-tertbutyl phenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite or tri (2,4-one or more of di-tert-butyl phenyl) phosphite ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polycarbonate film is prepared by mixing polycarbonate resin, antioxidant and hindered amine UV light stabilizing agent. The ethylene vinyl acetate film is made by vinyl acetate mass content, compatilizer, peroxide, antioxidant, hindered amine UV light stabilizing agent and silane coupling agent. The compatilizer is ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cellphone has a solar cell made of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon. The packaging layer is made of glass, epoxy resin, polycarbonate or epoxy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic plates are spaced apart from each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the titanium ion contained in positive electrode electrolyte solution is 50% or more of the concentration of manganese ion. The diaphragm is ion-exchange membrane. The concentration of manganese ion and titanium ion contained in positive electrode electrolyte solution, and concentration of each metal ion contained in negative electrode electrolyte solution optionally substituted 0.3-5M. The positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution contain less than 5M of sulfate anion. The positive electrode and negative electrode contain ruthenium, titanium, iridium, manganese, palladium, gold and platinum. The redox flow cell contains dimensional stable electrode containing composite material, conductive polymer, graphite, glassy carbon, conductive diamond, electroconductive diamond-like carbon and nonwoven fabric containing carbon fiber. The diaphragm is porous membrane, swelling diaphragm, cation exchange membrane and/or anion exchange membrane. The positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution contains sulfuric acid, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, hydrophosphoric acid, nitric acid and/or potassium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structure further comprises: a surface modifier (240) over only the dielectric portion; and a top electrode. The second layer is platinum, a capping layer, and a passivation layer. The copper portion of the first layer: is an interconnect line of a semiconductor device; and is a bottom electrode of a memory device. The dielectric: is one of a silicon dioxide-based material, silicon carbonitride, carbon-doped silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon dioxide, methyl-silsesquioxane, SiLK (RTM: Semiconductor dielectric resin) by Dow chemical, parylene or organic low-k polymers; and further comprises a hard mask layer at the surface of the dielectric regions, where the hard mask comprises a silicon-based material comprising silicon carbide of formula (SiCx), silicon nitride of formula (SiNx) or silicon carbonitride of formula (SiCxNy).x, y = not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the vinyl aromatic compound-conjugated diene copolymer and/or its hydrogenated derivative is 5-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the total content of polyphenylene ether resin and vinyl aromatic compound-conjugated diene copolymer and/or its hydrogenated derivative. The mass ratio of vinyl aromatic compound and conjugated diene compound is 80/20-20/80. Preferred Property: The interlayer peeling strength of the layers (I,II) is less than 3.0 N/25 mm width.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The linker is alkylene group and/or poly (oxyalkylene) group. The monomer unit is a radically-polymerizable monomer, preferably (meth)acryloyl monomer unit. The inorganic material is silicon-oxygen bond. The ion-conductive material further contains lithium salt. The ionic liquid contains imidazole-type cation component and sulfonyl group-containing anion component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluororesin is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene. The weather-resistant resin is polyethylene. Each layer is laminated through an adhesive bond layer (15) formed using an adhesive agent of two-liquid type containing a main component and a curing agent. The main component contains a mixture of polyurethane diol and aliphatic polycarbonate diol. The polyurethane diol is the reaction material of isophorone diisocyanate and aliphatic polycarbonate diol, and 1,6-hexanediol. The polyurethane diol has a number average molecular weight of 7000-13000. Preferred Properties: The thickness of fluororesin layer is 15-75 mu m. The thickness of unextended polypropylene resin layer is 20-180 mu m. The total thickness of intermediate layer (II) is 20-180 mu m. The thickness of weather-resistant resin layer is 15-180 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyisocyanate compound (b) is hexamethylene diisocyanate and/or isocyanurate-modified isophorone diisocyanate. The amount of hexamethylene diisocyanate is 40-70 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The resin compound (a) has hydroxyl value of 10-40 mg/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluororesin is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene. The weather-resistant resin is polyethylene. Each layer of the laminated structure is laminated through an adhesive bond layer formed using an adhesive agent of two-liquid type containing a main ingredient and a curing agent. The main ingredient contains a mixture of polyurethane diol and aliphatic polycarbonate diol. The polyurethane diol is a reaction material which uses an isophorone diisocyanate as a raw material with aliphatic polycarbonate diol, and 1,6-hexanediol. The polyurethane diol has a number average molecular weight of 7000-13000. Preferred Properties: The thickness of fluororesin layer is 15-75 mu m. The thickness of polycarbonate type resin layer or modified polyphenylene ether type resin layer is 20-180 mu m. The thickness of weather-resistant-resin layer is 15-180 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing resin layer is made of polyolefin resin and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent or semi-transparent sealing resin formed in the accommodating portion is made of ethylene, epoxy resin or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises polyethylene naphthalate, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, fluorinated or non-fluorinated styrene polymer precursors, fluorinated or non-fluorinated methyl styrene polymer precursors, fluorinated and/or non-fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymer precursors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase change material is selected from calcium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium chloride, barium hydroxide hydrate and acetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The phase change material is made of polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alpha -olefin is butene and/or octane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive bond layer further contains 0.05-5 parts weight of silane compound of formula: R1-Si(-R3)n-(OR2)3-n (I). The fluororesin sheet comprises fluororesin chosen from tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, fluorinated vinylidene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethylmethacrylate.R1=3-glycidoxy propyl or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl;R2,R3=1-3C alkyl;andn=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The functional group of fluororesin is an acid anhydride residue. The fluororesin consists of ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and/or ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer. The functional group of heat bondable resin is glycidyl group. The heat bondable resin consists of polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The volume resistivity of sealing material as measured at 100 degrees C and applied voltage of 500 V based on JIS K6911 is 1x 1013-1x 1018 Omega .cm. The content of aluminum element in the copolymer is 10-500 ppm. The copolymer preferably has a melt flow rate of 10-27 g/10 minutes. The sealing material is obtained by carrying out extrusion-molding of the copolymer and additive after melt-mixing, into a sheet form. The copolymer has a B value of 0.9-1.5 as measured by 13C-NMR spectrum. The intensity ratio (T( alpha )( beta )/T( alpha )( alpha )) in 13C-NMR spectrum is 1.5 or less. B value=(P(OE))/(2x (P(O))x (P(E))), where (P(E)) is ratio (molar fraction) of structural unit derived from ethylene in the copolymer, (P(O)) is ratio (molar fraction) of structural unit derived from 3-20C alpha -olefin in the copolymer, and (P(OE)) is ratio (molar fraction) of alpha -olefin ethylene chain included in all the dyad chain. The copolymer has a molecular weight distribution of 1.2-3.5 as measured by gel permeation chromatography. The content of chloride detected from the extract after solid-phase extraction process of the copolymer by ion chromatography is 2 ppm or less. The extract amount of the copolymer with respect to methyl acetate is 5 wt.% or less. The sealing material is in sheet form. Preferred Composition: The copolymer is polymerized in the presence of an olefin polymerization catalyst consisting of a metallocene compound, and organoaluminoxy compound and/or organoaluminum compound. The sealing material comprises an ethylene resin composition comprising (in parts weight) silane coupling agent (0.1-5), crosslinking agent (0.1-3), copolymer (100), UV absorber, heat-resistant stabilizer, and/or hindered amine type optical stabilizer (0.005-5), organic peroxide (0.005-5) having a 1-minute half-life temperature of 100-170 degrees C, and crosslinking adjuvant (0.05-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the plate-shaped metal particles is 7-40 %mass. Preferred Properties: The plate-shaped metal particles have aspect-ratio of 10-100, thickness of 0.01-10 mu m, and length of 0.1-100 mu m along surface direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The base is made of ceramic material and can be obtained by extrusion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesion layer further contains 0.05-5 parts weight of silane compound of formula: R1-Si(-R3n)-(OR2)3-n (I) with respect to 100 parts weight of maleic acid anhydride-modified olefin resin.R1=3-glycidoxypropyl or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl;R2,R3=1-3C alkyl;andn=0 or 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine resin sheet contains fluorine resin chosen from at least one of tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polychlorotrifluoroethylene-resin, polyvinylidene-fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkylvinyl-ether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, fluorinated vinylidene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethylmethacrylate. Preferred Sheet: The solar cell sealing sheet is a integrated lamination of fluorine resin sheet and contact bonding layer formed by co-extrusion process. The solar cell sealing sheet has emboss shape on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type semiconductor layer is nickel oxide or a copper aluminum oxide. The n-type metal oxide semiconductor is titanium dioxide. The n-type metal oxide semiconductor in electromotive force layer is one of the tin oxide, titanium dioxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The electronic device further comprises a patterned insulating layer defining openings, where the point electrical connections extend into the openings; an electrode electrically connected to the heterojunction portion; and a conductive layer that is transparent to the radiation, and the conductive layer is disposed between the principal conductor and the heterojunction portion, where the conductive layer comprises indium-tin-oxide, aluminum-tin-oxide, zinc oxide, a conductive polymer, gold, silver, copper, and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate surface comprises a glass panel and is heated at greater than or equal to 400 (preferably greater than or equal to 700) degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica nanoparticle is a nominally spherical and/or an elongated nonporous particle having a volume average particle diameter of not greater than 60 (preferably not greater than 20) nm. Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding coated glass panel to a photovoltaic cell to make a photovoltaic module.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silica nanoparticle and the polymer latex dispersion form a core-shell particle. The coating composition has a pH of less than 6 or 7-13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The vapor deposition layer is layer containing alumina, silica, alumina-silica, inorganic particles or inorganic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic resin is obtained by polymerizing 0.2-1.2 parts mass of chain transfer agent and mixed monomer containing 0.2-5 parts mass of polyfunctional monomer with respect to 100 parts mass of ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The resin layer is formed by coating emulsion containing acrylic resin, and drying. The emulsion is white enamel coating material containing white pigment. The resin sealing sheet contains ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic ester copolymer, or polyolefin resin. The resin sealing sheet has gel fraction of 0.1-65 %mass and has crosslinked structure formed by ionizing radiation exposure. The resin sealing sheet contains adhesive resin excluding silane coupling agent. The protection sheet contains polyester-based resin or fluoro resin. The protection sheet has water permeation rate of 2.0 g/m2/day or less at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity. The protection sheet contains vapor deposition layer and/or water vapor barrier layer. The water vapor barrier layer is coating layer, aluminum foil or polyethylene terephthalate film. Preferred Process: The resin sealing sheet, resin layer and protection sheet are laminated by dry laminate method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardening agent comprises aliphatic isocyanate-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester polyol type-compound is polyester polyurethane polyol. The main ingredient comprises neopentyl glycol, bisphenol-A epoxy resin or silane compound having epoxy group. The resin sealing sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated-carboxylic ester copolymer and/or polyolefin resin, or adhesive resin (excluding silane coupling agent). The resin sealing sheet has crosslinked structure formed by ionizing radiation exposure. The protection sheet contains polyester-based resin or fluorine resin. Preferred Properties: The resin sealing sheet has gel fraction of 0.1-65%. The water-vapor-permeation rate of protection sheet is 2 g/m2/day or less measured at 40 degrees C and relative humidity of 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The reflective substrate is glass substrate (11a) having reflection layer (11b) comprising metal or metal oxide. The reflective surface side of the substrate is mirror finished. The metal in the substrate is aluminum, aluminum alloy or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains pigment component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester polymer has average of 3 or more hydroxyl groups and number average molecular weight of 500-5000. The ratio of isocyanate group of the hardener is 0.5-1.5 mol times with respect to 1 mol of the total number of hydroxyl groups in the fluoropolymer and polyester resin. The mass ratio of the fluoropolymer and polyester polymer is 45/55-95/5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive filler is silver flake. The primary catalyst is antimony hexafluoride-based catalyst. The conductive filler includes electroconductive composite particles. The composite particles are chosen from silver coated glass particles, silver coated copper particles, silver coated nickel particles, silver coated graphite particles, nickel coated graphite particles and gold coated glass particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low-viscosity diluent comprises glycidyl ether and neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The toughening agent contains aliphatic polyester diol. The alicyclic epoxy resin is cycloaliphatic epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 100-150. The blocked isocyanate has isocyanate equivalent of 450-500. The secondary catalyst is dibutyl tin dilaurate. The glycidyl ether is 12-14C glycidyl ether having epoxy equivalent of 250-325. The neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether has epoxy equivalent of 100-150. The low-viscosity diluent is chosen from glycidyl ether, glycol ether, glycol ether ester and glycol ether ketone. The toughening agent is chosen from aliphatic polyester diol, modified-butadiene polymer, modified butadiene-acrylonitrile polymer, modified-carboxy terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer, and adducts of epoxy resin and dimer acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The solar energy conversion system comprises at least one light-to-heat converters; and optical elements positioned relative to light-to-heat converter, with optical elements coated with nanoparticle coating comprising polymer core surrounded by shell comprising nonporous silica particles disposed on polymer core.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonporous spherical silica particles have volume average particle diameter of less than or equal to 60 nm. The coating composition has pH of less than or equal to 5. The optical element is lens, or minor. The optical component reflects at least major portion of average light across first range of wavelengths corresponding to absorption bandwidth of photovoltaic (PV) cell, and transmits a major portion of the light that is outside the first range of wavelengths. Preferred Processes: The coating is rinsed prior to drying. The coating composition is dried in ambient air, and heated during drying. The method comprises heating optical element to approximately 300 degrees C. The optical element is placed into solar energy conversion system prior to optical element coated with coating composition. The nanoparticles are spherical, or elongated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The minor comprises polymer layer, glass layer, metal layer or polymeric optical stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas comprises oxygen. The microporous separator comprises at least one of polypropylene, polyethylene, glass, and other compositions of matter insoluble in the electrolyte. The lithium salt is selected from LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiCH3CO2, LiCF3CO2, LiCH3SO3, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiB(C6H5)4, LiB(C2O4)2, LiB(C2O4)F2, LiB(OCH2CO2)F2, LiSCN, LiNO3, and LiBF4. The cathode comprises a fluorination of at least one of graphite, coke, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, charcoal, and other carbon powders. The cathode comprises fluorinated carbon CFx mixed with a conductive carbon and binder, where x is 0 to 1.2. When the cathode comprises 60% CFx active material, 35% carbon and 5% polytetrafluoroethylene binder, the electrolyte comprises 1M LiBF4 in PC/DME 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode comprises at least one of a lithium metal and a lithium metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from N-methyl pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, gamma-butyrolactone, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl formamide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate and/or ethyl butyrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte comprises a polymer and forms a gel. The polymer comprises any of polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile methyl acrylate copolymers, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyimides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte composition further contains compound (B) containing thioether group, and compound (C) having azole ring. The average particle diameter of the compound (B) having thioether group is 0.01-0.5 mu m. The microporous membrane is made from polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Properties: The pore distribution of the microporous membrane has distribution center at pore diameter of 0.7-5 mu m. The ion-exchange capacity of the polymer electrolyte is 1.3-3 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is single-layered or multilayered.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionic liquid contains 2 hydroxyl groups, and is 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer has a thiophene structure, and is preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel plate further contains titanium (less than 0.6), niobium (less than 0.6), zirconium (less than 0.6), copper (less than 1.00), nickel (less than 1.00), vanadium (1.0 or less), tungsten (1.0 or less), calcium (0.1 or less), magnesium (0.1 or less), rare earth element (0.1 or less) and/or boron (0.1 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode interconnection comprises at least one material selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), carbon nanotube (CNT), and nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent electrode interconnection comprises conductive polymer. The transparent resin comprises underfill resin and/or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doped conversion material is fluorine-containing compound, rare-earth metal halide, rare-earth metal oxide or rare-earth metal sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline-earth metal compound is barium compound. The content of barium compound is 0.5-20 g/L based on conversion of oxide per unit volume. Preferred Property: The cerium oxide has average particle diameter of 2-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar battery component comprises a fluorescent powder coating that is made of europium doped yttrium oxide or ytterbium and erbium doped sodium yttrium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reflective layer is made of polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene, and the back plate is made of polyvinyl fluoride compound filter material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing element is made of rubber material i.e. ethylene-propylene-dine-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-aqueous electrolyte battery has vinylidene fluoride polymer which is a copolymer including vinylidene fluoride homopolymer or vinylidene fluoride monomeric unit and hexafluoropropylene monomeric unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal consists of silver, nickel, cobalt, copper and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The Fresnel condensing lens is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additive is pyridine additive (preferably 2-aminopyridine, 4-methoxypyridine, 4-ethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidine, 2,5-lutidine, 2,6-lutidine, 3,4-lutidine, or 3,5-lutidine); or has heterocyclic ring (preferably N-methylimidazole). The solvent is 3-methoxypropionitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, or mixed liquid of acetonitrile and valeronitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-woven fabric is polyolefin, polyester, or cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte includes a solution of 1M sodium sulfide, 0.1M sulfur, 0.2M potassium chloride and a mixture of pure water and methanol. The quantum dots are formed from magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfide, magnesium selenide, magnesium telluride, calcium oxide, calcium sulfide, calcium selenide, calcium telluride, strontium oxide, strontium sulfide, strontium selenide, strontium telluride, barium oxide, barium sulfide, barium selenide, barium telluride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, mercury oxide, mercury sulfide, mercury selenide, mercury selenide, aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfide, aluminum selenide, aluminum telluride, gallium oxide, gallium sulfide, gallium selenide, gallium telluride, indium oxide, indium sulfide, indium selenide, indium telluride, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, tin oxide, tin sulfide, tin selenide, tin telluride, lead oxide, lead dioxide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, lead telluride, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum antimonide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, indium nitride, indium phosphide, indium arsenide and indium antimonide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible substrate electrode is formed of polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate coated with tin-doped indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gasket is made of polyurethane or ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting device is formed as the single-piece from plastic e.g. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-polycarbonate, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyurethane, PVC, polyethylene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene oxide and PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The warning lamp is made of high intensity polycarbonate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layer of photoluminescent pigments is applied between glass sheets of polymethylmethacrylate or of polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardening agent is sulfonium salt of formula (I).R1=H, 1-4C alkyl, or halo;R2=benzyl optionally substituted by 1-4C alkyl, 1-4C alkyl or ( alpha )-naphthylmethyl;R3=1-4C alkyl;Q=RO-, H-C(=O)- or HO-C(=O)-;X=SbF6, PF6, CF3SO3, (CF3SO2)2N, BF4, B(C6F5)4 or Al(CF3SO3)4;andR=H, acetyl, methoxycarbonyl, or benzyloxycarbonyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the hardening agent is 1-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of epoxy resin. The bisphenol-A epoxy resin (b1) has epoxy equivalent of 2000-3500 g/equivalent. The polyhydric-alcohol type glycidyl type epoxy resin (b2) is polyethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether. The content of the epoxy resin is 4-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of silver powder. The electroconductive composition further contains fatty-acid silver salt. The fatty-acid silver salt is fatty-acid silver salt having carboxy silver salt group (-COOAg) and hydroxyl group (-OH), and/or polycarboxylic acid silver salt having 3 or more of carboxy silver salt groups (-COOAg). The content of the fatty-acid silver salt is 1-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An undercoat layer (114) composition containing (in %mass) urethane (meth)acrylate (45-95), compound (1-50) having radically polymerizable double bond (excluding urethane (meth)acrylate) and photoinitiator (0.1-15), or composition containing urethane (meth)acrylate (25-90), compound (1-50) having radically polymerizable double bond (excluding urethane (meth)acrylate), photoinitiator (0.1-15) and microparticles (1-60), is formed on the surface of base material (112) of a mold, and aluminum or its alloy is vapor deposited as metal thin film (116) on the surface of the undercoat layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capacitor type storage battery is provided with one type of compound selected from the group which consists of indium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon, and carbon of tin-oxide mixing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Primary electrically conductive film are made from iron, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, nickel, silver, magnesium, copper, tin, gold, platinum, indium, palladium, titanium, tantalum and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell structure comprises molybdenum layer for lower electrode, copper-indium-gallium selenide (CIGS) absorption layer, cadmium sulfide buffer layer, undoped zinc oxide window layer, n-doped zinc oxide window layer, anti-reflective layer, and a nickel and aluminum layer for upper electrode, stacked successively on the diffusion barrier dielectric. The sacrificial layer comprises aluminum-containing ternary aluminum/gallium/arsenide (AlxGa1-xAs, where x is 0.8 to less than 1) compound. The diffusion barrier dielectric is thin film layer comprising binary compound semiconductor gallium arsenide. Preferred Properties: The CIGS absorption layer has band gap of 1.04-3.49 eV. The thin film layer has thickness of 150-1000 nm and thermal expansion coefficient of 5.88-6.12x 10-6/K at 300-1000K.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The support film comprises polymer layer and support layer formed on the polymer layer. The polymer layer is formed of polydimethylglutarimide material. The support layer is formed of rubber or bisazide with a thickness of 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modifier is chosen from polyol (c-1) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g, polyol (c-2) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g and acid value of 2-20 mg potassium hydroxide/g, modified rubber (c-3) and epoxy compound (c-4) having epoxy equivalent of 150-700 g/mol. The polyol (c-1) is chosen from aromatic castor oil-type polyol having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g and acid value of 2-20 mg potassium hydroxide/g, polybutadiene-type polyol having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g and polyisoprene-type polyol or its hydrogenate having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The component (c-3) is acid-modified polybutadiene or acid-modified polyisoprene. The component (c-4) is polyepoxy compound having epoxy equivalent of 150-250 g/mol, preferably polymer having modified structure with epoxy equivalent of 500-700 g/mol. The ionic liquid contains cation chosen from imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, ammonium and sulfonium, and anion chosen from halogen, carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate, thiocyanate, aluminate, borate, phosphate, phosphinate, amide, antimonate, imide and methide. The antistatic-improving agent is chosen from acidic phosphoric acid ester, carbodiimide compound and vinyl ether-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The two-component urethane adhesive composition further contains ionic liquid as antistatic material (0.5-10 %mass) and antistatic improvement agent (0.02-30 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene of the A-layer is chosen from linear low-density polyethylene, high-pressure low-density polyethylene or their mixed resin. The polypropylene resin in the B-layer contains resin chosen from homo polypropylene, and random or block copolymer of ethylene and propylene, and mixed resin of the resin and polyethylene (less than 30 weight%). The polyolefin resin multilayer film further has ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polybutylene terephthalate resin has amount of terminal carboxyl groups of 30 meq/kg or less and intrinsic viscosity of 0.8 dL/g or more. The polybutylene terephthalate resin film has thickness of 150 mu m and strength retention of 50% or more after processing at 120 degrees C, 203 kPa and relative humidity of 100% of 100 hours. Preferred Composition: The brominated flame retardant comprises brominated polycarbonate resin or brominated epoxy resin. The composition further contains carbodiimide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hard-coat layer contains antioxidant (0.1-5 %mass) and triazine-type ultraviolet absorber or inorganic ultraviolet absorber (0.1-10 %mass). The content of inorganic ultraviolet absorber in hard-coat layer is 1-50 %mass. The inorganic ultraviolet absorber is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide or iron oxide, or microparticles with number average particle size of 10-100 nm. The surface of inorganic ultraviolet absorber has a coating layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidant is hindered amine-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hard-coat layer contains resin formed by hardening acryl-type ultraviolet curing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ethylenic unsaturated silane compound is chosen from vinyl trimethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, allyl triethoxysilane, dimethoxymethyl vinyl silane, diethoxymethyl vinyl silane, p-styryl trimethoxysilane, and p-styryl triethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing material contains (in parts weight) hindered amine light stabilizer (0.1-10), ultraviolet absorber (0.01-0.1) and phosphorus antioxidant (0.01-1) with respect to modified hydrogenated block copolymer (100). Preferred Layer: The layer (I) contains a layer forming agent containing a hindered amine light stabilizer (0.1-5) and ultraviolet absorber (0.01-0.2) with respect to modified hydrogenated block copolymer (100). The layer contains a layer forming agent containing hindered amine light stabilizer (0.1-5) and ultraviolet absorber (0.01-0.2) with respect to (co)polymer (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises cross-linking agent(s) consisting of compound containing isocyanate groups. The active hydrogen containing compound residue A is derived from polyhydric alcohol. The cross-linking agent is 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone-diisocyanate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate, tris(isocyanate phenyl) thiophosphate, 1,6,11-undecane triisocyanate, 1,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate and/or 3 mole of trimethylol-propane. The oxidation reduction pair is a pair of iodine compound or bromine compound. The electrolyte solution is an aprotic organic solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The salt of metal ion is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains a nonaqueous organic solvent and a phosphorus compound. The phosphorus compound is chosen from phosphoric acid ester compound, phosphazene compound, phosphonic acid ester compound, and phosphite compound. The phosphoric acid ester compound is compound of formula: Rp11-O-P(=O)(-O-Rp12)-O-Rp13. The phosphazene compound is of formula: -(N=P(Rp21)(-Rp22))np2-. The phosphonic acid ester compound is of formula: Rp32-O-P(=O)(-O-Rp33)-Rp31. The phosphite compound is of formula: Rp41-O-P(-O-Rp42)-O-Rp43.Rp11-Rp13,Rp31-Rp33,Rp41-Rp43=alkyl or aryl;Rp21,Rp22=halo, alkoxy, or aryloxy;andnp2=1 or more.The amount of phosphorus compound with respect to total of electrolyte solution is 5-40 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The siloxane oligomer has partial structure chosen from structure of formulae: R2O-Si(-R1)(-OR2)-O-asterisk (a), asteriskasterisk-Si(-R1)(-OR2)-O-asterisk (b), asteriskasterisk-Si(-O-asterisk)(-OR2)-O-asterisk (c), asteriskasterisk-Si(-O-asterisk)(-R1)-O-asterisk (d), and asteriskasterisk-Si(-O-asterisk)(-O-asterisk)-O-asterisk (e). The molar fraction of total amount of partial structure (a,b) is 70-100 mol% with respect to total amount of partial structure.asterisk,asteriskasterisk=connection portion with other partial structure.The siloxane oligomer is obtained by using alkoxy silane compound and hydroxy carboxylic acid in the presence of salt of metal ion. Preferred Composition: The amount of siloxane oligomer with respect to total electrolyte solution is 2-80 %mass. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl or -OR2;    -OR2=ethoxy or group of formula: -O-C(-R4)(-R5)-COOR3;    R3=alkyl;    R4,R5=alkyl or H;and    or R4+R5=ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst composition is carried per unit volume of honeycomb carrier by 100-300 g/L (mass per 1 liter of catalysts) load. The content ratios of each component of a catalyst composition are 0.5-20 mass parts of basic provision compounds with respect to 100 mass parts of aluminas in 10-200 mass parts of cerium-nickel even density mixed oxides, and 0.1-15 mass parts of platinum group metals. The cerium-nickel even density mixed oxide contains 10-50 mol% of nickel. Preferred Process: The manufacture of hydrogen-producing catalyst further includes coating slurry obtained by setting, mixing and wet-grinding a basic provision compound in addition to alumina and cerium-nickel series even density mixed oxide to a honeycomb carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light-diffusion layer contains polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyethylene terephthalate glycol. The protective layer comprises (in parts weight) hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose (15-35), dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (100) and octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (10-20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Solar cell module is silicone resin sheet, which is selected from polyvinyl butyral sheet and ethylene vinyl acetate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solder paste slurry comprises acid rosin, solvents and viscosity modifiers. The buffer layer has thickness of 50-300 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The buss wire comprises copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), Cu-plated with nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), and/or tin-silver (Sn-Ag). The buffer layer comprises metal comprising Al, Cu and W. The interface layer comprises metal of Ni, vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt). The buss wire comprises Cu, Al, Cu-plated with Ni, Sn and/or SnAg. Preferred Process: The buss wire is soldered to flux at melting point temperature of 130-230 degrees C. The solder paste comprises tin-lead (SnPb), SnAg, tin-silver-copper (SnAgCu), tin-silver-copper-nickel (SnAgCuNi), tin-gold (SnAu), tin-copper (SnCu) and tin-bismuth (SnBi). The metal particles comprise SnPb, SnAg, SnAgCu, SnAgCuNi, SnAu, SnCu, and SnBi. The metal particles include alloy particles comprising Sn/0.58Bi, Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-2Ag-0.8Cu-0.5Sb, or Sn-3.5Ag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the battery, a powder of the nanocomposite has a tap density greater than 0.92 g cm-3. The battery has a sulfur content greater than 70 wt.% in the nanocomposite. The adsorbed particles are arranged in sulfur layers between graphene layers in a stack of alternating graphene layers and sulfur layers. Preferred Process: The process further comprises: mixing the graphene-sulfur nanocomposite with a second solution comprising a polymer and a solvent, and then removing the solvent; and forming a stack of alternating graphene and sulfur layers, where the sulfur layers comprises adsorbed particles between graphene layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The battery further comprises a polymer contacting the nanocomposite to minimize diffusion of polysulfide into the electrolyte, where the polymer coats the nanocomposite surfaces. The polymer, the graphene sheets, and sulfur particles compose a mixture. The polymer is a cationic membrane comprising a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer. The polymer comprises polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cells are connected to each other by the wires, where an adhesive layer is interposed between the solar cells and the circuit board. The solar cell module further comprises: the transparent resin at least partially surrounding the solar cells, where the transparent resin comprises at least one of under fill resin or ethylene vinyl acetate; and a transparent panel disposed on the transparent resin. The energy conversion module is a solar cell module which converts light energy to electrical energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wires comprise at least one of copper, nickel, gold or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The metal terminals are formed at opposite ends of the circuit board. The metal circuit board is divided into many regions, where the metal circuit board comprises first and second regions extending lengthwise in parallel, and a third region at least partially surrounding the first and second regions. The substrate is a circuit board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Components: The thermoformable thermoplastic molding material layer is measured at 10% higher melt viscosity according to ISO 11443 at residual moisture content of less than 0.03%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The core layer consists of polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polybutylene terephthalate or polypropylene. The molding material layer consists of polyamide 6, polyamide 66 or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The composite film is the co-extruded film. In the inner cladding layer polytetrafluoroethylene film is located above the surface of the polyimide film. In the outer cladding layer polytetrafluoroethylene film is located below the surface of the polyimide film. The core layer is a complex material layer i.e. polyethylene terephthalate layer. The thickness of the polyimide film and polytetrafluoroethylene film is 12-50 mu . The thickness of the core layer is 75-275 mu . The inner cladding layer and outer cladding layer has same thickness of 24-100 mu .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer film is composed of polycarbonate film, polyvinyl chloride film, polyester film or polyurethane film, polyurea film, polyethylene and copolymer film, polyethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and the zinc salt ionomer film. The small hole is a sealing glue material is composed of silicon rubber, thermoset resin such as epoxide resin, polyurethane, alpha-cyano acrylic acid resin, polyethylene, copolymer, polyethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and the zinc salt ionomer. The mixture is composed of polyester, polyurethane, acrylic acid, and alcohol acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The solar greenhouse is a right-angled trapezoid structure, and the inclined plane of the right-angled trapezoid is a sunward surface. The material is a transparent polycarbonate (PC) plate. The top surface of the greenhouse is a flat layer for installing the solar air heat collector. The inclination of the sunward surface is local latitude and the direction is 5-10 degrees southwest. The ventilation equipment comprises a spiral blade fan and a horizontal airflow fan installed in the solar greenhouse. The heat storage layer comprises black cobblestones with a grain diameter of 40-100 mm, and the paving thickness is 200-500 mm. The sludge turnover equipment is a crossing sludge turnover machine. The solar air heat collector is a flat-plate solar air heat collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The content of platinum in the platinum catalyst is 2000-8000 ppm. The platinum catalyst is a chloride platinum catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inhibitor is alkynol, vinyl annulus, ether compound, fumaric acid ester compound and cyanogen compound. The two components are mixed at a weight ratio of 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dual vinyl silicone oil is dual vinyl silicone oil having 0.27-3.8% vinyl. The methylbenzene solution containing VMQ silicone resin is methylbenzene solution containing VMQ silicone resin having 0.8-5% of ethylene, where M/Q is 0.6-1. The hydrogen-containing silicone oil is hydrogen-containing silicone oil at middle of molecular link, where the hydrogen content is 0.6-3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Metal is utilized in the cell, where the metal is selected from chrome, vanadium, neodymium, tantalum or molybdenum. Thermal expansion buffer layer comprise the polyimide. The electrode layer comprises molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elastomeric barrier element has a hardness of 20-100 Shore A Durometer/ASRM D224000. It maintains an adhesive joint between the connection zone and/or connector housing and polymeric frame of ?40 to 85 degrees C. The barrier element comprises a polyisobutylene tape. It can be silicone, polychloroprene, butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer, polyurethane, or polyisobutylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The graphite sheet comprises compressed expanded or resin impregnated compressed natural graphite, or graphitized polyimide sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - 4,7-Dibromo-2-dodecylbenzotriazole (100 mg) and tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane were dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml). Then dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) (50 mg) was added to the mixture at room temperature. The resultant mixture was refluxed for 12 hours under argon atmosphere. Then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the crude product was purified to obtain (2-dodecyl-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo(d)(1,2,3)triazole) (TBT). The obtained TBT was dissolved in an organic solvent (chloroform, dichloromethane, nitromethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or diethyl ether). Then ferric chloride was suspended in an organic solvent and slowly added to the TBT solution. The resultant mixture was stirred and added into an alcohol to obtain a precipitate. The precipitate was then dissolved in an organic solvent and extracted with water or brine for several times. The resultant organic phase was dried with a drying agent and evaporated. Then the residue was dissolved in an organic solvent and the mixture was stirred with a reducing agent (hydrazine or hydrated hydrazine, hydroxy bases or metals) to de-dope polymer completely. Then the organic solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The organic solvent was added to the residue and organic phase was extracted with water or brine. Then the combined organic phases were evaporated and the residue was stirred in acetone or alcohol to remove unreacted monomers to obtain the conducting polymer, which was then filtered and dried under vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A backside sheet of module is a non-glass flexible sheet made of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polybutylene or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises: a solidified mixture of largely uniformly distributed plastic particles (12) and graphite particles (7), or graphite-containing graphite particles; and at least one phase change material, which is paraffin, preferably soft paraffin. The graphite particles and plastic particles are distributed homogeneously in the mixture. The mixture contains 5-90 wt.% preferably 20-50 wt.% of plastic particles. The plastic particles includes: thermoplastics and/or thermosetting polymers; PVC, polypropylene, polyamides, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyether ketone, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluoropolymers, benzoxazines and/or polysulfone; epoxy resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, urea resins and/or polyester resins, preferably unsaturated polyester resins. The substrate has a thickness of 0.5 cm, preferably 1 cm. In the cladding element, tubes or pipes are embedded in the substrate for passing a heat transfer fluid. The cladding element: comprises an absorber layer (8), disposed on one side of the substrate, facing the sunlight for converting solar radiation into heat; comprises a protective layer on the side facing the sunlight, preferably on the substrate or the absorber layer; is roughened or pretreated for receiving plaster and/or color; is plastically deformable; and formed into a predetermined contour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the vinyl-acetate unit in the ethylene-vinyl acetate resin is 8-25 %mass. The layer (C) is white layer containing white-colored coloring agent, transparent layer and semi-transparent layer. The laminated sheet has water-vapor barrier layer (D) as intermediate layer. The water-vapor barrier layer (D) has vapor deposition film containing metal and/or metal oxide, formed on surface of a resin layer. Preferred Properties: The absorption factor of the laminated sheet is 60% or more with respect to light having wavelength of 400-700 nm, and 50% or more with respect to light having wavelength of 800-1400 nm. The thickness of the laminated sheet is 30-900 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the vinyl-acetate unit in the ethylene-vinyl acetate resin is 8-25 %mass. The laminated sheet has water-vapor barrier layer (C) as intermediate layer. The water-vapor barrier layer (C) has vapor deposition film containing metal and/or metal oxide, formed on surface of a resin layer. Preferred Properties: The absorption factor of the laminated sheet is 60% or more with respect to light having wavelength of 400-700 nm, and 50% or more with respect to light having wavelength of 800-1400 nm. The thickness of the laminated sheet is 30-900 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluororesin sheet comprises tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, fluorinated vinylidene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and/or mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethylmethacrylate. Preferred Properties: The viscoelastic storage elastic modulus of the silane-modified polyolefin resin at 100 degrees C measured by dynamic property test method according to JIS K6394 is 1x 104-5x 106 Pa. The sealing sheet is an integrated laminate of fluororesin sheet and adhesive layer coextruded and laminated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic filler contains alumina, silica, boron nitride, aluminum nitride and/or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin is trifunctional-type epoxy resin. The thermosetting resin is nylon. The content of inorganic filler is 0.1-10 wt.% with respect to total content of resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Adjuvant and excipient are added to hydrolysis stabilizer, comprising at least one of long chain dibasic acids and branched dihydric alcohol and organic silicon coupling agent . Coupling agent is organosilicon coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Double-component polyurethane resin adhesive comprises component A and component B. The first component (A) is a polyester and isocyanate/polyether with benzene ring with mass ratio of 75/25-55/45, which is added with auxiliary agent to obtain aqueous polyurethane prepolymer emulsion (PU). The component B is epoxide comprising glycidyl ethers epoxy resin of (0.25-0.45%) and melamine-formaldehyde resin external crosslinking agent composition. Glycidyl ethers epoxy resin is phenolic polycondensation of linear phenolic resin and the epoxy chloropropane and multi-epoxy resin. PEN/PET co-catalyst is zinc acetate or hindered phenol antioxidant 1010. Nylon resin is nylon toughening agent grafted elastomer (3-8 wt.%.). Nylon plasticizer comprises graft polyethylene and ethylene propylene diene rubber compatibilizer, mineral and glass fiber filling nylon macromolecular coupling agent, nanocalcium carbonate, nano-calcium carbonate, epoxy resin, N-butyl benzene sulfonamide, silane surface treatment agent, polyoxyethylene or ethylene-propylene drive monomer with maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The wavelength of ultraviolet ray is 200 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The gas-barrier film is formed on at least one surface of resin base material containing silicon-compound layer containing polysilazane. The gas-barrier film has gas barrier-property layer containing silicon oxide is formed by irradiating ultraviolet ray at 200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The aromatic polyether polymer contains fluorene-containing structural unit of formula (I) and/or (II), and aromatic repeating unit of formula (III) and/or (IV). The molar ratio of fluorene-containing structural unit and aromatic repeating unit is 50:50-100:0. The weight average molecular weight of aromatic polyether polymer by polystyrene conversion by gel permeation chromatography is 5000-500000.R1-R6=1-12C monovalent organic group;a-d=0-4;Y'=single bond, -SO2- or group of formula (i);R7,R8=halo, 1-12C monovalent organic group, or nitro;g,h,e,f=0-4;m,n=0 or 1;andZ=single bond, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, group (i), -CONH, -COO, or 1-12C divalent organic group.R7 is not cyano group, when m is 0. Preferred Film: The base material has total light transmittance of 85% or more by transparency testing method according to JIS K7105 in thickness of 30 mu m, and yellow index of 3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The color pigment is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The crosslinking agent is polymer containing an oxazoline group or a carbodiimide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The attaching comprises the reaction of: 3-triethoxy-silylpropylamine with chloromethylbenzo-18-crown-6 followed by the hydrolysis of the crown ether-functionalized silanes; triethoxysilane with a crown ether of formula (CH2=CH(CH2)8CH2OCH2-18-crown-6) using platinum catalyst followed by the hydrolysis of the crown ether-functionalized silanes; 3-glycidoxypropyltri(ethoxy)silane or 2-chloroethyltriethoxysilane with a crown ether of formula (HOCH2-18-crown-6) followed by the hydrolysis of crown ether-functionalized silanes; methacryloxypropyltris(methoxy)silane with vinylbenzo-18-crown-6 followed by the hydrolysis of crown ether-functionalized silane; 7-octenyltrimethoxysilane (or 10-undecenyltrimethoxysilane) with undecylenylhydroxymethyl-18-crown-6 followed by the hydrolysis of crown ether-functionalized silanes; and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propane-1-thiol with chloromethylbenzo-18-crown-6 followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether, where this can also be functionalized with alumina. Preferred Components: The chelating agents comprise at least one of a crown ether, a podand, a lariat ether, a calixarene, a calixcrown, or a mixture of two or more of these chelating agents, where the chelating agents are attached to at least one of the polymer material or ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The second electrode is made of lithium fluoride/aluminum, lithium fluoride/calcium/aluminum, calcium/aluminum, barium fluoride/aluminum, barium fluoride/barium/aluminum, barium/aluminum, aluminum, gold, silver, magnesium/silver or lithium/aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flexible organic solar cell manufacturing method utilizes optical activity solution comprising electron donor and electron-receptor mixed in a weight ratio of 1:3-1:5 in ortho-dichlorobenzene concentration (0.5 wt.%). Preferred Components: The electron donor is poly (3- hexylthiophene) or poly ((9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl)-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl). The electron-receptor is (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methylester or (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methylester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of glass, quartz, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthelate, polyperopylene, polyimide, polycarbornate, polystylene, polyoxyethlene, acrylonitrile styrene copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer or triacetyl cellulose. The surfactant is chosen from BYK-306 (RTM: polyether modified dimethylpolysiloxanne copolymer), BYK-307 (RTM: polyether modified dimethylpolysiloxanne copolymer), BYK-310 (RTM: polyether modified dimethylpolysiloxanne copolymer), BYK-333 (RTM: polyether modified dimethylpolysiloxanne copolymer), or BYK-444 (RTM: polyether modified dimethylpolysiloxanne copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid or organic acid is hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ethyl orthosilicate is methyl silicate and ethyl silicate. The low ester alcohol is ethanol, isopropanol and n- propanol. The inorganic acid or organic acid is formic acid or acetic acid. The weak acid is formic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid. The salt is alkaline metal salt potassium salt, sodium salt, calcium salt and lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The alkyl siloxane is methyl trimethoxy silane, methyl triethoxy silane and ethyl triethoxy silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating structure is made of epoxy zinc-enriched coating and fluorocarbon resin coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The superconductor is niobium-germanium, lanthanum barium copper oxide, yttrium barium copper oxide, titanium-barium-calcium-copper oxide, mercury-barium-calcium-copper-oxide, bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, lanthanum strontium copper oxide or niobium-nitrogen. Titanium dioxide and distilled water are utilized to produce photo-electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: acetyl acetone and hydroxypropyl cellulose are utilized to produce photo-electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive resin used is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has structure of formula: -(R1-O)a-(R2-CH(-R4-X-HTM)-O)b-CH2(R3-CH(-R5-X-crown ether)-O)c- (I).R1=optionally branched 2-8C alkylene;R2,R3=1-8C optionally branched alkylene;R4,R5=1-6C optionally branched alkylene;X=O or NH;anda+b+c=1.The hole transport material is chosen from formulae (II)-(VII) and the crown ether is chosen from formulae (VIII)-(X).R6=alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl, naphthyl or carbazolyl;R7=alkyl or thiophenyl;R9,R11=alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl or naphthyl;R10=alkyl, alkoxy or phenyl;andR12=alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or hydroxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of electron donor and electron acceptor is 1:0.5-1:4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacer comprises an elastomer selected from a group consisting of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, butyl rubber and silicone rubber. The frontside and backside sheets are glass sheets. The backside sheet is made of materials selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polybutylene, and polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic assembly further contains material chosen from silicone-based polymer, butyl rubber, acrylic foam tape, polyurethane and epoxy or preferably UV-stable adhesive. The clamp contains rigid portion and elastomeric portion. The elastomer is chosen from ethylene-propylene drive monomer (EPDM) rubber, butyl rubber and silicone rubber. The frontside sheet is glass sheet and the backside sheet is glass sheet and non-glass flexible sheet. The backside sheet contains materials consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polybutylene and polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The backside sheet contains material chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polybutylene and polybutylene terephthalate. The frameless photovoltaic module contains interconnected copper indium gallium selenide cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The 2nd polymer film is poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) and 1st thermoplastic polymer film. The 1st polymer contains polymer chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, poly(methylmethacrylate), fluorinated ethylene propylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane coupling agent comprises gamma-chloropropylmethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris(beta-methoxyethoxy)silane,gamma-vinylbenzylpropyltrimethoxysilane, N-beta-(N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, gamma-mercaptopropylmethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and/or N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The organic peroxide comprises 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-betylperoxy)hexane-3, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, dicumyl peroxide, alpha, alpha1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy) butane, 1,1 -bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1 -bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate and/or benzoyl peroxide. The alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid comprises acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid and/or monomethyl maleic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second polymeric encapsulant layer comprises a polymeric composition consisting of poly(vinyl acetal), ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, copolymer of alpha olefin and alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and ionomers, silicone elastomers and epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by using 2-pyrrole formaldehyde as a starting material of the monomer; reacting the starting material with 4-alkoxy benzene, 4-alkoxy benzyl bromide, or 4'-alkoxy-4- (bromomethyl)biphenyl to prepare N-substituted-2-pyrrole formaldehyde; and (b) performing Witting reaction to N-substituted- 2-pyrrole formaldehyde and 3-alkyl-2,5-dimethylene phosphate so as to prepare each monomer. Preferred Method: Polycondensation reaction is performed to starting material and squaric acid in a mixed solvent of n-butanol and toluene for 16 hours at reflux temperature to obtain target polymer. Blend film and 3-hexyl thiophene are used as photoactive layer of polymer solar cells. Preferred Definitions:    Ar'=groups of formulae (a)-(d); and    R1, R2=H, or 1-20C linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: 30-90% Of the metal conductive layer is coated with insulating layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer conductive layer contains homopolymer including hydroxyl group-containing structural unit of formula: -(CH2-CR(-Q-(A)x)-OH)- (I), or copolymer including hydroxyl group-containing structural unit (I) and structural unit of formula: -(CH2-CR(-Q-(A)y)-Z)- (II).R=H or methyl;Q=-C(=O)O- or -C(=O)-NRa-;Ra=H or alkyl;A=optionally substituted alkylene, or -(CH2CHRbO)x-;Rb=H or alkyl;Z=alkyl, -C(=O)-Rc, -SO2-Rd or -SiRe3;Rc-Re=alkyl, perfluoroalkyl or aryl;x=1-100;andy=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Pr Composition: The protection sheet has a portion extending from the catalyst layer. Preferred Property: The exfoliation adhesive strength of the protection sheet is 0.01-1 N/cm based on JIS K 6854-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zirconia-type powder is 15-22 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of zirconia-type powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic binder is (meth)acrylic-type copolymer having hydroxyl value of 8-80, acid value of 0.1-10, and amine titer value of 5-50. The plasticizer is polyester plasticizer having hydroxyl value of 5-50 and acid value of 0.1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support plates, the support and the claw stopper are manufactured from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elastomer is an olefin type elastomer chosen from ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymerized elastomer and ethylene-propylene-diene copolymerized elastomer. The base film is obtained by block polymerizing a polymeric composition containing cyclic olefin monomer, elastomer, and polymerization catalyst. Preferred Property: The base film has a thickness of 1-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluororesin film is formed by solidifying tetrafluoroethylene resin or ethylene resin, and has thickness of 0.01-0.025 mm. The adhesive is polyurethane or acrylic acid adhesive, and has thickness of 0.01-0.025 mm. Preferred Method: The surface chemical treatment is plasma surface treatment or corona surface treatment. Coating comprises reverse roll coating, spray coating, or coating by intaglio printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (c) is an oligophosphate compound of formula (I). The battery housing comprises 9-11 parts by weight of the component (b) (based on the sum of the parts by weight of components (a)-(c)), 4-11 parts by weight of the component (c), and 0.1-0.6 parts by weight of the component (d) (based on the sum of the parts by weight of components (a)-(c)). The component (c) is monophosphate or oligophosphate (I). The component (f) is at least one additive comprising lubricants, mold release agent, nucleating agents, antistatic agents, stabilizers, dyes, pigments, fillers, reinforcing agents and finely divided inorganic compounds, where the finely divided inorganic compound has an average particle diameter of less than or equal to 200 nm.R1-R4 = 1-8C allyl (which is optionally substituted by halo), 5-6C cycloalkyl, 6-10C aryl or 7-12C aralkyl (which are respectively optionally substituted by halo and/or substituted by alkyl);n = 0-1;a = 0-4;q = 0-30, preferably 1.06-1.15;R5, R6 = 1-4C alkyl, preferably CH3 or halo, preferably chloro or bromo; andY1 = 1-7C alkylidene, 1-7C alkylene, 5-12C cycloalkylene, 5-12C-cycloalkylidene, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- or -CO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The orthosilicate is methyl orthosilicate or ethyl orthosilicate. Preferred Properties: The thickness of anti-reflection film on the surface of glass is 130 plus minus 20 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lower alcohol is ethanol, isopropanol or n-propanol. The inorganic acid or organic acid is formic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. The alkyl siloxane is methyltrimethoxy silane, methyl triethoxysilane or ethyl triethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mica is non-calcined white mica or calcined white mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sulfone terephthalamide fiber comprises paraphthaloyl chloride, 4,4-diphenyl sulfone and 3,3-diphenyl sulfone as the main raw material polymer, which is linear polymer. The adhesive comprises at least one epoxy resin. The reinforcing material is alkali-free glass cloth, a polyester fiber non-woven fabric, a polyimide film or a polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is made of polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene or polysulfur nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The transparent substrate is glass substrate or transparent plastic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The mesoporous carbon electrode contains mesoporous carbon electrocatalyst having amorphous carbon wall. The working electrode has nano-oxide layer, in which dye is absorbed. The dye-sensitized solar cell further contains liquid electrolyte or semi-solid electrolyte. The counter electrode further contains deposited transparent conductive oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mesoporous carbon electrocatalyst has pore diameter of 4-22 nm. Preferred Process: The reduction reaction of triiodide in electrolyte is carried out. Preferred Composition: The dye is ruthenium-based dye. The transparent conductive oxide layer contains transparent conductive oxide chosen from fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, indium-zinc-tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide-silver-indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide-silver-indium-zinc oxide, indium-zinc-tin oxide-silver-indium-zinc-tin oxide and aluminum-zinc oxide-silver-aluminum-zinc oxide. The nano-oxide layer comprises titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoinitiator is chosen from methylbenzoyl benzoate, benzophenone or 4-methylbenzophenone. Preferred Property: The ultraviolet-absorbing agent absorbs light having wavelength of 300 nm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The encapsulating material further comprises additives chosen from heat cross-linker, crosslinking support agent, photostabilizer, antioxidant and ultraviolet-absorbing agent. The optically-curable pressure-sensitive adhesive is hot-melt adhesive having melting point of 160 degrees C and viscosity of 3000-5000 cps or warm-melt type adhesive having melting point of 120 degrees C and viscosity of 3000-5000 cps. Preferred Properties: The ethylene-vinyl acetate composite sheet has thickness of 0.2-1.2 mm. The thickness ratio of optically-curable pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and ethylene-vinyl acetate sheet is 1:1-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low melting-point compound is the alloy which mixed aluminum, an indium, bismuth, lead, and cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor nanomaterial is titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and/or zirconium dioxide. The conductive material is indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide and/or indium-doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises nitrile, ester, amide, alkane and/or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electro-insulating material is selected from the group of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electro-insulating material is selected from the group of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyfluoride-hexafluoropropene, polycycloolefine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon number of alkyl group and/or perfluoroalkyl group is 1-4. The organic solvent (A) is hydrophobic solvent, and has vapor pressure of 1 mmHg or less at room temperature. The organic solvent (B) is hydrophilic solvent, and has vapor pressure of 1 mmHg or less at room temperature. Preferred Property: The organic solvent (A) and organic solvent (B) have different evaporating rate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyimide contains carboxyl group-containing repeating unit of formula (I). The polyimide resin composition further contains 0-20 mol% of 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane with respect to total content of diamine components, and has glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more.Ar1=group of formula (i);Ar2=-(CH2)n-(Si(-R2)(-R1)-O)m-Si(-R3)(-R4)-(CH2)n- or group of formula (ii) or (iii);T=-C(CH3)2- or -C(CF3)2-;R1-R4=H, hydroxy, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl, F, Cl or Br, in which at least one of R1-R4 is 1-4C alkyl;n,m=1-10;W'=-C(CH3)2 or -C(CF3)2-;X,Y'=-C(=O)-, -SO2-, -O-, -S-, -(CH2)a-, -NHCO-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -C(=O)O- or single bond;a=1-5;R5-R7=H, hydroxy, 1-4C alkyl, phenyl, F, Cl, or Br, in which at least one of R5-R7=1-4C alkyl;andp1-p3=1-4.Preferred Properties: The solubility of polyimide is low with respect to solvent with slow evaporating rate. The polyimide resin composition has viscosity of 20000-200000 mPa.second under shear rate of 1-100 second-1, and thixotropy coefficient of 1.5-10. Preferred Process: The polyimide membrane is formed by screen-printing method, inkjet method or dispensing method. A primary electrode is formed by applying an electroconductive material on main surface of crystalline-silicon substrate containing which single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon, and insulating film is coated by printing method on the surface of primary electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer further contains 0.4-15 parts weight of silane with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-glycidylmethacrylate copolymer resin. The silane compound is of formula: R1Si(OR2)3 (I).R1=3-glycidoxy propyl or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl;andR2=1-3C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-glycidylmethacrylate copolymer resin further contains (meth)acrylate component. Alternately, the adhesive layer contains ethylene-acrylic acid ester-maleic acid anhydride terpolymer containing 71-93 wt.% of ethylene component, 5-28 wt.% of acrylic acid ester component and 0.1-4 wt.% of maleic acid anhydride component. The fluorine resin sheet contains tetrafluoroethylene-ethylenic copolymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polychlorotrifluoroethylene-resin resin, polyvinylidene-fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro alkylvinyl-ether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride resin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, fluorinated vinylidene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride or polymethyl methacrylate. Preferred Sheet: The solar cell sealing sheet is integrated laminated material (C) in which film forming of the fluorine resin sheet and adhesive layer is carried out simultaneously by co-extrusion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tubes are tubes made of cross-linked polyethylene and covered with an antioxydant barrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is made of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon structure comprises carbon aerogel, or carbon nanofoam, carbon xerogel, templated mesoporous carbon, templated macroporous carbon, and/or carbon nanotube/nanofiber assembly. Preferred Property: The pores have average diameter of 2 nm to 1 micron. Preferred Process: The composite is exposed to gaseous oxygen or ambient air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating contains oxide (MnOx), polymer or ceramics, where x is not defined. The electrolyte contains aqueous alkaline hydroxide or aqueous polymer electrolyte, or nonaqueous liquid or gel. Preferred Properties: The coating has thickness of 50 nm or less, preferably 20 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The A block consists of ethylene and 0.03-2 mole% of non-conjugated diene, based on total moles of monomer in block copolymer. At least one of the vinyl silane, free radical initiator and co-agent is present. The vinyl silane is vinyl tri-ethoxy silane or vinyl tri-methoxy silane and free radical initiator is peroxide. The unsaturated organic compound is maleic anhydride. The free radical initiator is photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material is in the form of a monolayer film in intimate contact with at least one face surface of the electronic device. The polymeric material further comprises a scorch inhibitor in an amount of 0.01-1.7 wt.%; further comprises at least one glass cover sheet (13); and a polyolefin polymer grafted with an unsaturated organic compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation and at least one carbonyl group. The polyolefin copolymer is crosslinked such that copolymer contains less than 85% xylene soluble extractables as measured by ASTM 2765-95. The nodular polymer in the method contains coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curing catalyst is complex of lead, tin, titanium, zinc or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The disiloxy unit is preferably of formula: ((CH3)(C6H5)Si02/2) or ((CH3)2Si02/2). Preferred Composition: The solvent is aromatic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further comprises an organosiloxane resin and curing catalyst. The organosiloxane resin is silsequioxane resin, and contains 60 mol% or more of trisiloxy unit. The content of organosiloxane block copolymer, organic solvent and organosiloxane resin in the curable composition is 40-80 weight%, 10-80 weight%, and 5-40 weight%, respectively. The non-linear blocks of organosiloxane are aggregated in nano domains. Preferred Properties: The solid composition has melt flow temperature of 25-200 degrees C, storage modulus (C) of 0.01-500 MPa at 25 degrees C, 10-500000 Pa at 120 degrees C and 10-100000 Pa at 200 degrees C, loss modulus (G") of 0.001-250 MPa at 25 degrees C, 10-50000 Pa at 120 degrees C and 5-8000 Pa at 200 degrees C, and optical transmittance of 95% or more. Preferred Definitions:    R2=phenyl, napthyl or methyl;and    R1=methyl or phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second layer may include epoxy resin impregnated fiberglass cloth, epoxy resin impregnated carbon fiber cloth, epoxy resin impregnated aramid fiber cloth, or epoxy resin impregnated omni-directional mat of pressed glass fibers. The first layer may include an adhesive backed polymer that has a silver reflective layer or an adhesive backing disposed on an aluminum reflective layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method enables forming the anode of the former PV cell with particles selected from a group of titanium oxide, tin oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of transparent conductive oxide selected from a group consisting of cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide, and fluorine-doped tin oxide. The semiconducting layer is made of material selected from a group consisting of cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, tellurium-rich cadmium telluride, vanadium sulfur telluride, cadmium manganese telluride, and cadmium magnesium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic precursor is selected from the group consisting of cadmium telluride (CdTe), zirconium ditelluride (ZrTe), Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe), Cadmium selenide (CdSe) and copper indium gallium di-selenide (Cu(In, Ga)Se2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover is made from one of ethylene-vinyl acetate, PTFE or casting resin. The front sheet and the back sheet are made from one of polymethyl methacrylate, PTFE, polyethylene terephthalate and plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymeric precursor compound is copper indium selenide (CIS) or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) precursor (preferably Cu/Ag/In/Ga/Se (CAIGS) precursor containing silver atoms or Cu/Ag/In/Ga/Al/S/Se (CAIGAS) precursor containing aluminum atoms). The inorganic source compounds selected from indium selenide, In2Se3, gallium selenide, Ga2Se3, copper selenide, CuSe, Cu2Se, InCl3, GaCl3, CuCl, Cu2Cl, In(NO3)3, Ga(NO3)3, indium oxide, In2O3, gallium oxide, Ga2O3, copper oxide, CuO, and/or Cu2O, or their nanoparticle forms. The first or second ink contains sodium alkali ions (0.01-2.0 atom%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymeric precursor compounds have the stoichiometry of copper indium selenide (CIS), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), silver indium selenide (AIS), silver indium gallium selenide (AIGS), copper silver indium selenide (CAIS), copper silver indium gallium selenide (CAIGS), copper indium gallium silver selenide (CIGAS), silver indium gallium silver selenide (AIGAS) or copper silver indium gallium silver selenide (CAIGAS) precursor. The final material layer is a CIS, CIGS, AIS, AIGS, CAIS, CAIGS, CIGAS, AIGAS or CAIGAS material layer. The substrate consists of a semiconductor, a doped semiconductor, silicon, gallium arsenide, insulators, glass, molybdenum glass, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon nitride, a metal, a metal foil, molybdenum, aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhenium, rhodium, silver, stainless steel, steel, iron, strontium, tin, titanium, tungsten, zinc, zirconium, a metal alloy, a metal silicide, and/or a metal carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate consists of a polymer, a plastic, a conductive polymer, a copolymer, a polymer blend, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyester, Mylar (RTM: Polyester film), polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyimide, polyvinylchloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer, silicone, epoxy, paper, and/or coated paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anti-slip part is made of silicone. The roof membrane is made of plastic i.e. PVC, bitumen or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paint further comprises 4-10 parts by wt. of expandable graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound (R2Si(OR3)3)n is trimer 1,3,5-tris(3-trialkoxysilylalkyl)isocyanurate of formula: (NCO-R4Si(OR3)3)3. The compound Si(OR1)4 is 1,3,5-tris(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)isocyanurate.R4=(CH2)n.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The gas barrier layer laminated on the surface of primer layer is formed by plasma chemical vapor deposition. The film thickness of gas barrier layer is 0.2-2 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    R1=C2H5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic is chosen from polyurethane, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, glass fabric laminated with epoxy resin, ethylene propylene diene monomer, polymethylpentene, polysulfone, polyethylene imine and fluoropolymere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - The inner and/or outer support is made of mineral or rock wool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. The elemental phosphorus is phosphoric acid. The metallic element contained in polyester resin composition is magnesium, calcium, manganese, cobalt, antimony, titanium and/or germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyoxyalkylene glycol is polyethylene glycol having number average molecular weight of 400-6000. The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Property: The polyester resin composition has intrinsic viscosity of 0.55-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains activated charcoal. The negative electrode contains carbon material and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crosslinking agent is chosen from melamine-type crosslinking agent, isocyanate-type crosslinking agent, carbodiimide-type crosslinking agent and oxazoline-type crosslinking agent. The content of crosslinking agent is 5-90 %mass with respect to urethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated siloxane film is further formed on external surfaces of ultraviolet absorption layers. Preferred Properties: The high light transmission substrate has thickness of 10-500 mu m. The ultraviolet absorption layer has thickness of 1-10 mu m. The fluorinated siloxane film has thickness of 0.01-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foam material is polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The extrusion process is carried out under oxygen concentration of 0-500 ppm. Preferred Composition: The quantity of terminal carboxylic acid group of polyester raw resin is 8-25 equivalent/ton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic semiconductor material is metal oxide, preferably zinc oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, magnesium oxide, hafnium oxide and/or aluminum-and-gallium-doped zinc oxide. Preferred Properties: The direction and concentration of the dipole are controlled such that the interface electrical transmission of the electric charge is suppressed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The material which induces dipole through spontaneous polarization is conjugated polymer electrolyte membrane, self-assembled monolayer and ionic liquid or lithium fluoride layer. The conjugated polymer electrolyte has cation and counter ion on side chain of cation. The counter ions of conjugated polymer electrolyte is chosen from poly(9,9'-bis(6"-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumhexyl)fluorene-co-alt-phenylene)bromide counter ions, anionic poly-(9,9'-bis(3"-propanoate)fluorene-co-alt-phenylene)sodium salt counter ions, cationic poly(9,9'-bis(2-(2-(2-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)fluorene-co-alt-phenylene)bromide counter ions, cationic poly(9,9"-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumhexyl)fluorene)bromide counter ions, poly(9,9"-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethyl ammoniumhexyl)fluorene-co-alt-2,2"-bithiophene)bromide counter ion and cationic poly(9,9'-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumhexyl)fluorene-co-alt-1,4-(2,5-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumhexyloxy))phenylene)bromide counter ions. The light-emitting layer comprises fluorescence organic material, phosphorescent organic material, fluorescence polymer and/or phosphorescent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains vinylic monomer having phosphoric acid group, and vinylic monomer having ring structure. The vinylic monomer is (meth)acrylic acid-type monomer. The ratio of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of vinyl polymer is less than 1.8. The principal chain of vinyl polymer is manufactured by living radical polymerization method. The living radical polymerization is atom transfer radical polymerization performed using a copper complex as a catalyst. The principal chain of vinyl polymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer chosen from (meth)acrylic-type monomer, acrylonitrile-type monomer, aromatic vinyl-type monomer, fluorine-containing vinyl-type monomer and silicon-containing vinyl-type monomer, preferably (meth)acrylic acid ester or acrylic ester, using a chain transfer agent. The number average molecular weight of vinyl polymer is 3000 or more. The curable composition further contains an initiator chosen from a thermal polymerization initiator, a photoinitiator and a redox initiator. The composition is hardened by heating and/or active energy ray chosen from ultraviolet and electron beam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickness of fluorinated siloxane film forming layer or silicon-titanium film layer is 0.01-5 mu m. The outer surface of fluorine-containing coating is subjected fluorine-containing coating process to form fluorinated siloxane film forming layer by the plasma silicon fluoride. The inner surface or the surface of base layer is subjected to fluorine-containing coating process to form the silicon-titanium film layer via plasma silicon-titanium. The fluorine-containing coating is tetrafluoroethylene base film layer or vinyl chloride film layer. The thickness of fluorine-containing coating is 5-200 mu m. The base layer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer, or PE superfine closed foaming layer. The thickness of base layer is 0.1-10. The thickness of EVA film layer is 0.01-0.1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting body is made of polytrimethylene terephthalate, polyethylene 2, 6-polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide or polyethylene glycol terephthalate. The weather resistant layer is made one among polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent mixture comprises 5-25 wt.-ppm of water. The ion exchanger or molecular sieve comprises at least partially lithiated ion exchanger or at least partially lithiated molecular sieve or non lithiated ion exchanger or not lithiated molecular sieve. The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide or lithium bis(oxalato)borate. Preferred Method: The separation over the ion exchanger and the molecular sieve in the step (ii) is carried out by filtration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or methyl ethyl carbonate. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate (8.2 kg) with a water content of 20 ppm and ethyl methyl carbonate (97.6 kg) with water content of 53 ppm were pumped into circulation through the molecular sieve in the pressure suction filter. Then lithium hexafluorophosphate (31 kg) and vinylene carbonate (4.4 kg) were added to the mixture to obtain to obtain a solvent mixture
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The organic solar cell comprises: at least one first electron transport layer (23), where the electron transport layer comprises a material (I); an additional electron transport layer, where the first electron transport layer is doped and the additional electron transport layer is undoped, and the additional electron transport layer is adjacent to a donor-acceptor heterojunction and the first electron transport layer is in between the additional electron layer and a cathode (24); and at least one semiconductor polymer layer and one electron transport layer. The electron transport layer is n-doped. The additional electron transport layer is at least one of hole blocking layer or exciton blocking layer. The donor-acceptor heterojunction comprises the material (I), preferentially as acceptor, where the donor-acceptor hetero junction is a bulk-heterojunction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermosetting resin is at least one of unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin, vinyl resin, phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, polyurethane resin, melamine resin, amino resin or bismaleimide resin. The fiber is at least one of glass fibers, polymeric fibers, carbon fibers, hemp fiber or bamboo fibers. The fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin is formed by curing fibers, resins and additives, where the additive is at least one of diluent, toughener, plasticizer, mineral additives or anti-UV aging agent. The toughener is acrylic elastomer, liquid nitrile rubber, polyurethane or epoxy-modified liquid nitrile rubber. The mass percentage of the thermosetting resin in the fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin is 20-80%. The thickness of the back plate is 0.2-3 mm. The water vapor barrier layer is acrylic resin, organic silicon, fluorine-containing resin, polyamide, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer or inorganic substances. The thickness H of the water vapor barrier layer satisfies the condition of H is more than zero and less than or equal to 0.05 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The transition metal is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, rhenium, rhodium, platinum, silver, osmium , iridium, palladium and/or gold, preferably copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ligand is derivative of dithiocarbamic acid of formula: S-C(=S)-N (-R1)(-R2) or S-C(=S)-R3, preferably hexamethylene dithiocarbamic acid.R1=aliphatic hydrocarbyl, aryl, heterocyclyl (all optionally substituted);andR3=optionally substituted heterocyclyl containing nitrogen atom(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coordination polymer further has bromine ion and iodine ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2= optionally substituted bivalent 5-membered heterocyclic ring, preferably optionally substituted thiophenylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal salt is nitrate, halide, carboxylate, hydroxide, carbonate, phosphate or sulfate of nickel, cobalt, copper, silver, platinum, gold or palladium. The aluminum salt is aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride or alkoxy aluminum compound. The mass ratio of chelating agent and transition metal is 20:80-70:30. The content of wetting agent is 0.1-1 wt.% with respect to total solid content of two sol-gel mixture. The mass ratio of chelating agent and aluminum salt is 20:80-70:30. The molar ratio of transition metal and alumina in the hydrosol is 10:90-90:10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chelating agent is citric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, diethylenetriamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, or formamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wetting agent is fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, fluorine-modified polyoxyethylene ether or organosilicon-modified polyoxyethylene ether type non-ionic surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The composite material is chosen from silver, aluminum, copper, gold, platinum, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, palladium or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composite material is chosen from carbon nanotube, graphene or electro conductive composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass powder is boria-silica-lead oxide type glass powder and/or boria-silica-bismuth oxide-zinc oxide type glass powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide additive is bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, barium oxide, and/or calcium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is terpineol, docosyl ferulate, ethanol, and/or stearate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The macromolecule resin is ethyl cellulose resin, nitrocellulose resin, and/or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains normal glass, quartz, ceramic substrate or flexible organic polymer film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The maximum length between any two points of the bottom surface of single prism is 1 mu m. The surface textured zinc oxide transparent conductive film has surface roughness of 15-60 nm, preferably 25-60 nm, and 360 nm haze factor of 20-80%, preferably 30-80%. The thickness of crystal seed layer is 80-150 nm. The total thickness of seed crystal layer and covering layer is 800 nm to 1.8 mu m. The distance between evaporation source and substrate is 4-9 cm in the thermal evaporation method of physic deposition. The direct current sputtering power or radio frequency sputtering power of magnetron sputtering method is 60-200 W, preferably 100-200 W. Preferred Composition: The total content of doping element is 0.25-5 mol%, preferably 0.5-3 mol% of zinc. Preferred Process: The preparation of zinc oxide crystal layer or doped zinc oxide seed crystal layer involves chemical deposition method or physic deposition method. The chemical deposition method involves lifting through sol gel, spinning through sol gel or scraping through sol gel using zinc acetate with zinc ion concentration of 0.05-1.5 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanoparticles (A2 and B2) are gold, silver, copper, platinum and/or palladium nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layers (A1 and B1) further includes conductive polymers (A4 and B4), respectively. The conductive polymers (A4 and B4) are poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate):polyglycol(glycerol), polyaniline:poly(4-styrene sulfonate), polyaniline:camphor sulfonic acid, and/or dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inorganic film packaging material is metal oxide, metal sulfide, or metal nitride. The metal oxide comprises calcium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum sesquioxide, dichromium trioxide, tin dioxide, nickel oxide, and antimony pentoxide. The metal sulfide comprises titanium disulfide, iron sulfide, chromium sulfide, copper sulfide, zinc sulfide, tin disulfide, nickel sulfide, cobalt(III) sulfide, antimony sulfide, lead sulfide, lanthanum sulfide, cerium sulfide, and zirconium disulfide. The metal nitride comprises silicon nitride and aluminum nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method comprises preparing optoelectronic device; providing inorganic salt packaging material thin layer on the optoelectronic device; and providing UV light-cured resin layer on the inorganic sealing material layer by curing for 30 seconds. The inorganic sealing material and UV light-cured resin packaging layer is provided by vacuum evaporation, ion beam deposition, ion plating, direct current sputtering coating, radio frequency sputtering coating, ion beam sputtering coating, ion beam assisted deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, inductively coupled high density plasma chemical vapor deposition, catalytic chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, ink jet printing, electroplating, spraying, spin coating, dip coating, roller coating, and Langmuir-Blodgett film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inorganic film packaging material comprises metal oxide comprising calcium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum sesquioxide, dichromium trioxide, tin dioxide, nickel oxide, and antimony pentoxide; metal sulfide comprising titanium disulfide, chromium sulfide, copper sulfide, zinc sulfide, tin disulfide, nickel sulfide, cobalt(III) sulfide, antimony sulfide, lead sulfide, lanthanum sulfide, cerium sulfide, and zirconium disulfide; or metal nitride comprising silicon nitride and aluminum nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method comprises preparing optoelectronic device; providing inorganic salt packaging material thin layer on the optoelectronic device; preparing UV light-cured resin layer on the inorganic sealing material layer; and curing. The inorganic sealing material and UV light-cured resin layers are provided by vacuum evaporation, ion beam deposition, ion plating, direct current film coating, radio frequency sputtering coating, ion beam film coating, ion beam assisted deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, inductively coupled high density plasma chemical vapor deposition, catalytic chemical vapor deposition, ink jet printing, electroplating, spraying, spin coating, dip coating, and Langmuir-Blodgett film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon-contained organic matter can be organic carbon, acetylene black, carbon fiber or carbohydrate. Preferred Method: Alcohol is added when a rolling mill is used for mixing. The mixture formed is prepared into solution A with mol concentration of 1.5-2 mol/L; then, high-molecular compound is added to the solution A to be used as thickening agent to obtain solution B, where dosage of thickening agent is 30-40 mass% of solution B, and spray-drying by drying the solution B in an air current type spraying drier into mixed powder, where feeding solution is fed by a peristaltic pump at feeding speed of 20-25 ml/minute; when the air flow of a nozzle is under 0.15 MPa, atomization is generated, and temperature of an air inlet is 400-500 degrees C and air outlet is 200-300 degrees C; and the air of the outlet is vacuumed via first-stage vortex separation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickening agent is polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode contains zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and yttrium. The cathode contains metal oxide chosen from vanadium pentoxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt oxide, titanium oxide and lead oxide. The electrochemical further has current collector (18) including metal foil containing nickel, stainless steel, gold and/or aluminum. The concentration of zinc salt in the ionic liquid is 0.2-0.75 M, preferably 0.45-0.65 M. Preferred Properties: The thickness of each of anode layer and cathode layer is 8-60 mu m. The electrolyte has thickness of 1-15 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte salt dissolved into ionic liquid releases cation chosen from zinc ion, aluminum ion, magnesium ion and yttrium ion, and anions chosen from chloride, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, trifluoromethansulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The ionic liquid contains cation chosen from imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, pyridinium, piperidinium, phosphonium and sulfonium, and anion chosen from chloride, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, trifluoromethansulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. Preferred Property: The liquid electrolyte has ionic conductivity of more than 2.3 mS/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is chosen from poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride) hexafluorophosphate, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(methyl methacrylate), epoxy derivative and silicone derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbonate and/or sulfate of the alkaline-earth metal are calcium carbonate and/or barium sulfate. Preferred Properties: The carbon black (B) has average primary particle diameter of 5-30 nm, and dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 0-60 cm3/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyphenylene ether resin composition has comparative tracking index (CTI) of 250 V or more in thickness of 3 mm measured based on IEC60112, Charpy impact strength of 7 kJ/m2 or more at 23 degrees C measured based on ISO179, flame resistance value of V-0 in thickness of 0.75 mm measured based on UL94, and Hunter brightness value of 10 or less measured based on JIS Z-8722. The polyphenylene ether resin (a1) has weight average molecular weight of 500000 or more. Preferred Composition: The resin component (A) contains polyphenylene-ether resin (a1) (85-100 wt.%) and styrene resin (a2) (0-15 wt.%). The polyphenylene ether resin composition further contains 1-30 parts weight of phosphorus based flame-resistant, 0.01-3 parts weight of flame-resistant adjuvant and 1-20 parts weight of elastomer with respect to 100 parts weight of resin components (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The auxiliary metal wiring for negative electrodes is made from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Tn), silver (Au) and gold (Ag). The auxiliary wiring for positive electrodes contains silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The auxiliary wiring for positive electrodes contains hydrophilic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction accelerator is phosphonium compound or phosphine. Preferred Property: The molecular weight of monofunctional glycidyl ether compound (I) is 800 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The acid value of polyester is less than 25 equivalent/ton. The polyester film has acid value of less than 15 equivalent/ton. The breaking elongation (%) of polyester film after preserving at 120 degrees C under relative humidity of 100%, is 50% with respect to breaking elongation of polyester film before preservation, calculated by setting reserve time to 75 hours or more. Preferred Composition: The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate. The polyester film further contains buffering agent. Preferred Process: The solid state polymerization of polyester is carried out. The polyester film is biaxially stretched. Preferred Definitions:    n=2-100;and    R2=ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Inorganic filler is used during manufacture of branched polybenzoxazole type-material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The functional group is amino group, hydroxyl group, or carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The branched polybenzoxazole type-material is obtained by reacting branched polybenzoxazole precursor and an aromatic compound having terminal functional group, and two functional groups or more, and converting into oxazole. 4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-dihydroxy biphenyl is silylated by a silylating agent, and monomer other than 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-dihydroxy biphenyl contained in the monomer mixture is polymerized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching is performed using an alkaline solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer of polymeric solution is polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl cellulose or sodium dodecyl sulfate, and has molecular weight of 1000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound is an organic chelate titanium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The concentrated liquid oxidant is halogen (preferably bromine). The electrolyte is hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, or similar liquid electrolyte. The cathode current collectors are made from Hastelloy, tantalum, niobium, or other halogen compatible, electrically conductive material. The anode current collectors are made from Hastelloy, tantalum, niobium, other halogen compatible, electrically conductive material, or carbon fiber paper with microporous layer of carbon and polytetrafluoroethylene. The anode and cathode consist of catalyst consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium or other material known for its desirable catalytic properties or of some combination of these materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric-resilient portion of terminal contacting portion is made of nitrile butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber, and high cis polybutadiene (HBR), styrene butadiene rubber, chloroprene rubber, ethylene propylene terpolymers, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hybrid material comprises titanium and/or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hybrid material comprises organo-functional silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkali-metal phosphate is 0.5 mol/t or more. The alkali metal is sodium or potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester layer contains phosphoric acid and alkali-metal phosphate in molar ratio of 0.25-1.5. The polyester of the polyester layer includes ethylene-terephthalate repeating unit having elongation half life of 80 hours or more, and repeating unit derived from ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate having elongation half life of 110 hours or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (a) is formed using resin composition containing (in parts mass) vinylidene fluoride resin (95-50) and methacrylate resin (5-50). The acryl-type thermoplastic elastomer of layer (b) contains 50-90 %mass of n-butyl acrylate. The content of conjugated diene in the styrene-conjugated diene block copolymer is 50-80 %mass. The thickness of layer (a), layer (b), layer (c) and layer (d) is 10-50 mu m, 10-30 mu m, 10-30 mu m and 100-300 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The germanium-resin is obtained using germanium tetrachloride as starting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The water storage tank is made of stainless steel, plastic or ceramic. The water storage tank is a U-shaped water groove, which is connected by the U-shaped bottom plate and two end plates. The upper part of the base is a U-shaped structure, which is adapted to the appearance of the water storage tank, and the lower part is a support. The transparent water steam condensation film is made up of transparent plastic or glass. The lower edges of the two sides of transparent water steam condensation film are in sealing connection with the outer walls of the upper edges of two sides of the base. The lower edges of two ends of the transparent water steam condensation film are in sealing connection with the outer walls of the upper edges of two sides of the base and the water storage tank. The lower edges of the two sides of transparent water steam condensation film are in sealing connection with the outer walls of the upper edges of two sides of the base through an adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium carbonate powder is 0.5-1 wt.% with respect to total weight of active material, conducting agent and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin film solar cell comprises a composite material includes silver, aluminum, copper, gold, platinum, chrome, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, iron, carbon nanotube, poller lean, graphene and electro conductive composite materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanopattern comprises the transparent conductive oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The nanopattern has a shape of a nanopillar having a concave-convex part. The nanostructure comprises: zinc oxide; and the nanoparticle layer, where the nanoparticle layer comprises a nanopore. The nanostructure comprises a nanorod layer. The nanopattern and the first electrode comprise substantially the same material, preferably a transparent conductive oxide. The photo-electro conversion layer comprises: a semiconductor electrode layer on the first electrode; and an electrolyte layer on the semiconductor electrode layer. Preferred Method: The step of forming the nanopattern comprises: forming a monolayer on the transparent conductive oxide layer using a polystyrene nanoparticle or a silicon oxide nanoparticle; and patterning the transparent conductive oxide using the polystyrene nanoparticle or the silicon oxide nanoparticle as a mask. The step of forming of the nanoparticle layer comprises: dissolving a zinc oxide precursor in an organic solvent to form solution; doping the solution on the substrate; and heating the substrate to remove the organic solvent. The first electrode is formed as the transparent conductive oxide. The method further comprises: forming a semiconductor electrode layer on the first electrode; and forming an electrolyte layer on the semiconductor electrode layer. The step of forming the nanorod layer comprises: forming a nanoparticle layer on the nanopattern; and growing the nanoparticle layer by using the nanoparticle layer as a seed layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermal pocket is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Equivalence ratio of isocyanate groups of component B with respect to hydroxyl groups of component A is 1-2.5. Component A has 2.1-2.5 OH groups. Sheet-like material is a metal foil or a plastic film consists of a vapor-deposited layer, wherein a metal oxide or a non-metallic inorganic oxide is vapor-deposited on greater than or equal to 1 surface of the plastic film. Solar cell module contains light-receiving surface side ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer type filler layer (II) positioned between components I and III. Preferred Processes: Component A is obtained by reacting polycarbonate diol (A-1), diisocyanate (A-2), and polyfunctional polyisocyanate (A-3) with greater than or equal to 3 isocyanate groups or polyfunctional polyol with greater than or equal to 3 OH groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light-transparent film layers are ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The average refractive index difference of the composition or the film as measured at 400-800 nm between the polymeric particles and the film-forming polymer or continuous polymeric phase is no more than 0.01 and the average refractive index difference measured at 800-2500 nm between the polymeric particles and the film-forming polymer is at least 0.08. The average particle diameter of the composition is 1.5-10 mu m. The polymeric particles of the composition or the film have a refractive index gradient at 1.57-1.63. The average particle diameter of the film is 1.5-10 mu m or 110-300 mu m. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in parts by weight): mixture A1 (comprising water (400) and sodium carbonate (1.2)); mixture B1 (comprising n-butyl acrylate (300), 10% aqueous sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (15) and water (60)); and mixture C1 (comprising sodium persulfate (72) and water (11.9)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The primary particle diameter of inorganic fine particles is 10-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer has layer (r1) comprising inorganic fine particles and binder, and a layer (r2) comprising polymer (p2) provided on layer (r1). Preferred Composition: The polymer (p1) comprises polyester. The content of structural moiety derived from compound having oxazoline group in adhesive layer is 5-50 %mass with respect to structural moiety derived from acrylic resin. The content of inorganic fine particles in adhesive layer is 20-120 vol.% with respect to binder. The polymer (p2) comprises polyolefin resin or acrylic resin. Preferred Property: The base material film has heat-shrinkage ratio along the in-plane direction of 0.5% or less, when heating at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second and third layers comprise a polymer e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene and ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive compound particles are powder comprises at least one type of compound selected from Cr2B, CrB2, VB, TaB2, WB, Cr3C2, WC, VC, TaC, Mo2C, Cr2N, VN and TaN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound is obtained by polymerizing acrylate monomer (IV). The high molecular compound is crosslinked three-dimensionally. Preferred Definitions:    L1=bipyridinyl group of formula (a) or (b);    L2=dicarboxy-substituted bipyridinyl group of formula (c);    M1,M2=H, metal atom or ammonium ion;    R41,R42,R61,R62=R11;    R43-R46,R63,R64,R71,R76=R13;    or R71+R7 and/or R75,R74+R73 and/or R76=ring;    R50-R53=H, alkyl, alkenyl or aryl;    R50+R51,R52+R53=ring;    e1-e4,f1-f4=0-3;    g1,g2=0-4;    p1,p2=0 or 1;    W'=chalcogen or NH;and    p2=0 or 1.    (i) When f1 is 2 or more, 2 or more R44 combined to form a ring; (ii) When f1,f2 are both 1 or more, R43+R44 form ring; (iii) When g1 is 1 or more, R45 and R50 and/or R51 form ring; (iv) When g1 is 2 or more, 2 or more R45 form ring; (v) When g2 is 1 or more, R46 and R52 and/or R53 form ring; (vi) When g2 is 2 or more, 2 or more R46 form ring; (vii) When f3 is 2 or more, R63 form ring; (viii) When f4 is 2 or more, R64 form ring; (ix) When f3,f4 is 1 or more, R63 and R64 form ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The molding portion is made of polyolefin-based resin and polyester-based resin. The polyolefin-based resin is selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, polyethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and polypropylene-acrylic acid copolymer. The polyester-based resin is selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic fluorescent material is 0.0001-1 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electron-accepting compound is 10-1000 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of high molecular compound. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Monomer having sulfonate group such as trifluoromethane sulfonate group and p-toluene sulfonate group, monomer having halogen such as bromine, iodine and chlorine or monomer having boronic acid residue or boronic acid ester residue, is polymerized by Suzuki coupling reaction in presence of inorganic base or organic base palladium complex or nickel complex as catalyst to obtain high molecular compound containing pyrrole-type repeating unit (I). EXAMPLE - 3,6-Bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihexyl-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione (99 mg), toluene (120 mg), trioctyl methyl ammonium chloride (55 mg), and 2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)-5,8-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)quinoxaline (11 ml) were bubbled under argon atmosphere, deaerated, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (1.1 ml) and tris(methoxyphenyl)phosphine (2.9 mg) were added and refluxed for 6 hours. Phenyl boric acid (14 mg) and sodium-diethyl dithio carbamate aqueous solution (10 ml) were added to the reaction solution, refluxed, cooled, and poured to methanol. The resultant mixture was filtered, washed and dried to obtain pyrrole-type repeating unit-containing high molecular compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal of the metal film and the metal oxide film is selected from titanium, tungsten, aluminum, iron and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent inorganic oxide layer of organic thin-film solar cell is provided with titanium oxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent conductive film is made of polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The coupling agent is silane coupling agent having amino group, epoxy group or methacryloxy group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The copolymer is cross-copolymer, and contains styrene as aromatic vinyl compound and ethylene as olefin. The energy beam is electron beam. The copolymer is molded in sheet form and the coupling agent is coated or applied on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film base material contains resin composition (a1) comprising ethylene-based-copolymer resin and polyamide resin copolymerized with maleic acid anhydride, or resin composition (a2) containing aliphatic polyester blended with polyamide resin. The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated carboxylic acid alkylester maleic acid anhydride copolymer. The aliphatic polyester is polycaprolactone. The polyamide resin is nylon 6 or nylon 66. The stretched polyimide film in the cladding material is biaxially stretched polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermal contraction rate of polyester film at 150 degrees C in longitudinal direction and width direction is -0.5% to 0.5%. The ratio of light absorbency (A1460) of peak at 1460 cm-1 vicinity derived from urethane component in application layer with respect to light absorbency (A1530) of peak at 1530 cm-1 vicinity derived from aliphatic polycarbonate component in application layer is 0.5-1.55, measured by infrared-spectroscopy spectrum of the said application layer. Preferred Film: The polyester film is obtained by polymerizing aluminum and/or phosphorus compound containing phenol site in presence of polycondensation catalyst. The polyester film has carboxyl terminal concentration of 25 eq/ton or less with respect to polyester, and intrinsic viscosity of 0.6-0.9 dl/g. Preferred Composition: The urethane resin is urethane resin containing aliphatic polycarbonate polyol as structural component. The mass ratio of urethane resin with respect to block isocyanate is 1:9-9:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of materials selected from the group consisting of glass, polymer, molybdenum, aluminum, copper and stainless steel. The conductive layer is made of material selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, copper aluminate, tin oxide fluoride and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer matrix material is a B-staged partially cured epoxy made from a material selected from thermosetting resin, epoxy, vinyl ester, silicone, cyanate ester, bismaleimide, polyamide, polyolefin, polyurethane, phenolic, a carbonizable resin and/or polyfurfural. The thermal interface material further comprises covering the first face with a removable ply; and a support where sheet is wound onto the support like a tape. The ply is made from a material selected from PTFE, polyester, nylon, coated paper, coated fabric, silicone, wax, polyolefin, metal and/or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate layer includes glass or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic stack includes amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for the preparation of (I) is given. Preferred Components: The cyclic hydrocarbon or the heterocyclic ring comprises a three-membered ring, a four-membered ring or a five-membered ring. The heterocyclic ring further comprises pyrazolo, pyrrolidine or isoxazole. The thermally polymerizable functional group comprises a styryl group, a vinyl group, benzocyclobutene, 1,2,2-trifluorovinyl ester or diacetylene. The photochemically polymerizable functional group comprises oxetane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerizable fullerene derivative further comprises a spacer connected with the bridging functional group and the polymerizable functional group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Compounds are disclosed as (I), e.g. 3,5-bis(4-vinylphenyloxbenzyl) 61-phenyl-(1,2-methanofullereneC60)-61-butanoate (Ia); 4-vinylbenzyl 61-phenyl-(1,2-methanofullereneC60)-61-butanoate; 3,5-bis(4-vinylphenyloxbenzyl) 71-phenyl-(1,2-methanofullereneC70)-71-butanoic acid); 4-vinylbenzyl 71-phenyl-(1,2-methanofullereneC70)-71-butanoic acid; and 5-(methoxy)-3-(3-(3-methyl-oxetan-3-ylmethyloxy)-propyloxy)benzyl 61-phenyl-(1,2-methanofullereneC60)-61-butanoate.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resilient material has density of more than 400 kg/m3, preferably resilient material comprises crumbed or recycled rubber. The high density rubber has density of more than 1400 kg/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate or lithium bis(pentafluoroethyl sulfonyl)imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Vinyl ether of formula: H2C=CH-O-(CH2-CH2-O)n-R (II) and (1,3)dioxol-2-one are radically polymerized to obtain the copolymer. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium contained in the solid polymer electrolyte and oxygen is 5-30 with respect to lithium. The copolymer has number average molecular weight of 2000-100000. The solid polymer electrolyte has glass transition temperature of 0 degrees C or less. EXAMPLE - (In g) diethylene glycol monovinyl ether (1012) and potassium hydroxide (1.7) were heated to 140 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere. Ethylene oxide was addition-reacted at 140-145 degrees C to obtain vinyl ether-ethylene oxide addition product (965). The addition product (965) and sodium hydroxide (259) were heated to 80 degrees C and further to 120 degrees C. Methyl chloride (215) was added at 75-85 degrees C. Warm water (1200) was added after the reaction completion and the salt precipitated was liquid-separated, and polyethylene oxide-vinyl ether containing 5 ethylene oxide repeating units was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermal-contraction rate of test sample of sealing material film with dimension of 100 mmx 100 mm before and after heating at 100 degrees C for 10 minutes is 10% or less. The gel fraction of sealing material is 70-99% after heat treating at 140-160 degrees C for 10-30 minutes. Preferred Composition: The vinyl acetate content of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 28-33 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler is flat inorganic powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cation polymeric compound contains epoxy compound having saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon group or 2 or more cyclohexyl group in a repeating unit, and oxetene compound having epoxy compound having hydroxyl group, or silicone structure. The saturated-hydrocarbon compound has bifunctional oxetanyl group of formula (II) in a molecule, and ether structure in a principal chain. The sealing agent further contains filler, silane coupling agent and curing retarder.n=1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersing agent is nonionic dispersant. The gas-diffusion layer further contains electroconductive carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight of hydrophobic resin is 1 million to 5 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst metal of aliquot is supported by the adsorption site (1a) of the electroconductive support substrate, and the catalyst metal is moved from the adsorption site on electroconductive support surface by heat processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of crosslinking agent and crosslinking adjuvant with respect to 100 parts mass of low-density polyethylene is 0.5-2.0 parts mass and 0.5-1.5 parts mass, respectively. The crosslinking adjuvant is polyfunctional monomer having carbon-carbon double bond and/or epoxy group, preferably triaryl isocyanurate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate or 1,9-nonanediol diacrylate. The functional group of the polyfunctional monomer is chosen from allyl group, (meth)acrylate group and vinyl group. Preferred Properties: The melt mass-flow rate of the low-density polyethylene is 6-40 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C. The low-density polyethylene is density of 0.900 g/cm3 or less. The gel fraction after crosslinking at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes is 5-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The lithium ion conduction effect part containing structure and/or polyfunctional group containing structure contain metal-oxygen bond type structure containing crosslinked structure by metal-oxygen bond of formula R6-(M((R2)n2)((R3)n3)-R1)m1-M((R4)n4)((R5)n5)-R7 (I) as polymerization component. The lithium ion conduction effect part containing structure and/or polyfunctional group containing structure bond together through polymerizable unsaturated double bond and/or metal-oxygen bond. The lithium ion conductive material contains lithium ion conductive liquid. The lithium ion conductive material contains Lewis' acid, phosphate ester, and/or inorganic particle as additive.M=Si, Ti, Al, V, Zr, Sn, or Cr;R1=1-100C bivalent hydrocarbon group, alkylene oxide, or oxygen atom;R2-R7=H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, acetonato, acetylacetonate, acetate, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy, vinyl, allyl, hydroxyl group, or group of formula -O-M-;n2-n5=0 or 1;n2+n3+2, n4+n5+2=valence of M; andm1= greater than or equal to 1.Preferred Parameter: The conjugated body is particulate structure. The viscosity of lithium ion conductive material when measured at rotation amount 50 rpm and temperature of 20 degrees C is 10-10000 mPa.s. Preferred Composition: The ratio (MA/MB) of molecular weight (MA) of lithium ion conduction effect part containing structure and molecular weight (MB) of polyfunctional group containing structure is 0.01-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The isocyanate and crosslinking agent are alicyclic or aliphatic isocyanate without a double bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition comprises (in parts mass) modified rubber (100), tackifier (10-150), and crosslinking agent (5-50). The tackifying resin is a resin saturated by hydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The emitted-heat amount generated during reaction between heat-generating material (a) and water is more than 1 kJ/g per unit mass of heat-generating material (a). The heat-generating material (a) is hydroxide of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, lithium hydroxide monohydrate or calcium hydroxide, and has 80 volume% or more of particles with particle size of 0.1-70 mu m, average particle diameter of 0.1-20 mu m and specific surface area of 5-30 m2/g. The heat-generating material (b) is oxide of alkaline-earth metal or calcium oxide, and contains 80 volume% or more of particles having particle size of 0.1-70 mu m and average particle diameter of 0.1-20 mu m. The mal-distribution portion contains aluminum or its alloy having average particle diameter of 15-75 mu m and thickness of 0.1-5 mu m. The portions other than mal-distribution portion contain aluminum, silicon, zinc, magnesium, or their alloys having average particle diameter of 0.1-30 mu m and thickness of 0.1-5 mu m. The content of the heat-generating material in the mal-distribution portion is 30-90 %mass. The content of the metal material in hydrogen-producing material composition is 85-99 %mass. The content of the mal-distribution portion is 40 %mass or less with respect to total content of hydrogen-producing material composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of divalent platinum contained in the powder material is 10-30 volume%. The amount of platinum-cerium alloy or platinum-zirconium contained in powder material is 5-40 volume%. The solution containing cerium or zirconium ion is cerium nitrate aqueous solution or zirconium-oxy chloride aqueous solution. Preferred Properties: The size of nanoparticles is 1-100 nm. The size of microparticles is 0.1-10 mu m. Preferred Condition: The calcination process is performed at 300-500 degrees C under oxygen gas atmosphere. The baking process is performed under hydrogen gas atmosphere. The drying process is performed at 300-900 degrees C for 25-50 hours. The oxidation-reduction potential in the acidic solution is 0-1V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hot melt resist comprises waxes and hydrogenated rosin resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame retardant is solid-state, water-insoluble phosphazene compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flame-retardant layer contains (in %mass) non-fluorine-type organic polymer (2-10), flame retardant (87-97) and thickener (1-3). The non-fluorine-type organic polymer is polymer containing aromatic vinyl compound or conjugated diene compound, preferably styrene-butadiene copolymer and acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer. Preferred Process: The aqueous slurry containing non-fluorine-type organic polymer, flame retardant and thickener is coated on a resin film or metal foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Porous electrode is compressible porous felt or mat of carbon fibers. The electrically conductive planar intercell interconnects include conductive aggregate of graphite particles and resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The covering layer is made of polycarbonate honeycomb material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of diol component with respect to 1 mol of dicarboxylic acid component is 0.15-0.5 mol times. The addition amount of metal salt compound is 1-3.5 mol/ton. The addition amount of phosphoric acid alkali metal salt is 0.1-7 mol/ton. Phosphoric acid alkali metal salt is mixed with phosphorus compound and diol component, and added as solution or slurry. The amount of phosphorus compound with respect to amount of phosphoric acid alkali metal salt is 0.1-7.5 mol times. Trifunctional copolymerization component having three or more functional groups is added before starting polycondensation reaction and after esterification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastically deformable unit includes a helical spring and/or a block made of elastomer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer is provided with layer of cadmium sulphide. The transparent electrode is provided with layer of zinc oxide which is doped with aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - One of the electrodes is provided with molybdenum material. The chalcopyrite semiconductor material is provided with layer of copper indium diselenide, copper indium gallium diselenide, and copper indium gallium disulphide. The substrate is made of metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made of polyimide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant atoms include rare earth elements comprising erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), or ytterbium (Yb). The mixture of up conversion materials comprises a mixture of grains of sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) doped with Er and grains of NaYF4 doped with Ho. The up conversion materials include quantum dots capable of absorbing photons having wavelengths longer than the absorption edge of the semiconductor material and emitting photons having wavelengths shorter than the absorption edge. The quantum dots are formed of lead(II) sulfide, lead selenide, cadmium sulfide, or cadmium selenide. The cavities are lined with a thermal oxide material. The photon-absorbing semiconductor material comprises silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dispersion medium comprises an optical epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas-liquid separation and capturing device is tube, membrane filter, diffusive evaporator, differential pressure or channeling solution flow. The tube has different dielectric than the surrounding solution and is provided between the anode and cathode. The gas-liquid separation and capturing device comprises hollow fiber membrane filter and expansion tank. The wave form is sine wave. The individual wave forms from the transducers collide in the region between the cathode and the anode arranged in pairs.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains 5% of dissolved noble gas, iodide salt or iodate salt, and organic acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: A portion of surface of the electroconductive film is surface-treated. After providing the region where wettability differs with respect to tin-ion-containing solution (60) in the surface of electroconductive film, the surface of electroconductive film is contacted with the tin-ion-containing solution. Precipitation growth of nanocrystal of tin oxide is selectively carried out from the solution to the region having high wettability, and microstructure of tin oxide is formed. Surface-treatment is carried out by exposure process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is equipped with solid polymer resin as electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte battery further comprises a laminate film functioning as an exterior member.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chain carbonate ester is present at 0.05-1 mass%. The polysiloxane compound is present at 0.05-1 mass%. The mass ratio of the content of the chain carbonate ester to the content of the polysiloxane compound is 0.25-2. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution containing ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate and vinylene carbonate at a mass ratio of 25:60:14:1, respectively, was prepared. Ditetradecyl carbonate (0.03 mass%) and polydimethylsiloxane (0.05 mass%) were added to the mixed solution, to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive film further comprises tackifier which is gamma -ammonia propyl triethoxy silane. The crosslinking agent is peroxide benzoic acid tert-butyl ester, or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butyl-peroxy) hexane. The antioxidant is phosphorous acid tris(nonyl benzyl ester). The light stabilizer is bis(2,2,6,6-methyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate. The silane coupling agent is kh-570CAS or KH-570. The titanium compound is titanium oxide, tetra-alkoxy titanium compound, titanium acyl compound or titanium chelate. The silicon-containing compound is silicon dioxide, silicide, triethylsilane, aluminum silicate, single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon. The brightener is liquid plastic brightening agent ZEP-2 or ASK auxiliary agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is made of any one material selected from a group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and carbon nano tube (CNT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mole ratio of 5,15-dibromo-10,20-alkyl carbazole porphyrin and di-boric acid ester is 1:1.5-1.5:1. The catalyst is organic palladium catalyst, at 0.05-20%. The organic palladium catalyst is mixture of organic palladium and the organophosphorus ligand, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)/tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium or bis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(II) chloride, at mole ratio of organic palladium to organophosphorus ligand at 1:2-20. The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, sodium carbonate aqueous solution, sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide water solution; and alkaline solution maintains reaction system in alkaline environment having the pH of greater than or equal to 10. The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, chloroform, dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene or methylbenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The (I) is prepared by adding 5,15-dibromo-10,20-alkyl carbazole porphyrin, di-boric acid ester anthracene, catalyst and alkaline solution in organic solvent, performing Suzuki reaction for 24-72 hours at 50-120 degrees C in protection of the inert gas, and obtaining (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The outside support element is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The inside element is made of Tedlar (RTM: Backing sheet) sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermally conductive and electrically insulating material is thermally conductive and insulating resin i.e. alumina charged epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor comprises titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sensitizing dye comprises 5-eth-(E)-ylidene-3,5-dihydro-imidazol-4-one of formula (III).R6 = H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, NH2, CN or heterocyclic (all optionally substituted);Y1 = S, O or Se; eitherR7, R8 = alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, NH2 or heterocyclic (all optionally substituted), H, halo, OH, thiol group, or CN; orR7R8 = ring;n = 0 or more; andX = acidic, when including a carbon-carbon double bond in (III) may be cis arrangement or trans arrangement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a polymer polymerized on the photoelectric conversion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polysiloxane is contained in frame of polydimethylsiloxane type copolymer. The polycaprolactone is contained in frame of polydimethylsiloxane type copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The obstruction unit is provided with the resin layer joined to the wall surface made of resin, and the metal layer is laminated by the resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron acceptor material is selected from a group consisting of fullerene or derivative of fullerene, Chinese gromwell or derivative of Chinese gromwell, naphthalene or derivative of naphthalene, quinones or semiconductor III-V group and II-VI group nanocrystal. The electron-withdrawing conjugated units are made of pyrro-pyrroledione, diazosulfide or thieno-pyrrole dione materials. The electron corrugated units are made of carbazole, fluorine and benzo-dithiophene or dithieno benzene materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron donor material is selected from a group consisting of polyphenylene ethenylenes, polyarylene vinylidenes, polyp-phenylenes, polyarylenes, polythiophenes, polyquinolines, porphyrins and phthalocyanines or copolymers that are formed by coupling free electron-withdrawing conjugated units with donor conjugated units.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer contains resin composition comprising polyolefin resin as main component, and ultraviolet absorber and/or weather stabilizer, or resin composition comprising polyethylene-type resin and silane-modified ethylene-type resin and having crystal heat of fusion of 0-70 J/g measured by differential scanning calorimetry with heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute. The ethylene-( alpha )-olefin block copolymer is ethylene-octene multi-block copolymer. Preferred Property: The absolute value of difference of average refractive index of polyethylene-type resin and silane-modified ethylene-type resin is 0.01 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst used during polyester polymerization is aluminum compound and phosphorus compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyfunctional epoxy compound is bifunctional epoxy compound or aromatic compound. Preferred Process: The polyester composition is further subjected to thermal oxidation. The thermal oxidation reaction is performed by freeze-pulverizing polyester composition to size of 20 meshes or less, vacuum-drying at 130 degrees C for 12 hours, adding 0.3 g of pulverized powder of polyester composition in glass test tube, vacuum-drying at 70 degrees C for 12 hours and heating at 230 degrees C for 15 minutes. Preferred Properties: The terminal carboxyl amount of polyfunctional epoxy compound is 5 equivalent/tons or less with respect to polyester. The difference between the amount of terminal carboxyl group after thermal oxidation of polyester composition with respect to the amount of terminal carboxyl group before thermal oxidation is 15 equivalent/tons or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Polyethylene film, white plastic film, black plastic film and hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene terephthalate film are sequentially laminated using adhesive agent. Preferred Properties: The back surface production sheet has adhesive sheet of 2 N/15 mm or more at 85 degrees C.85% relative humidity, and breaking strength of 60% or more at 120 degrees C.100% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layers have homogeneity of plus minus 5%. The solar cell arrangement contains transparent conductive oxide layer (3) of zinc oxide with haze of 25% deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), transparent conductive oxide layer (11) as back electrode of zinc oxide having homogeneity of haze of 10% deposited by LPCVD, and white foil (13) as a back reflector, preferably polyvinyl butyral equipped with white reflecting particles having thickness of 0.5 mm. The solar cell arrangement has light induced degradation of less than 10%. The alpha -silicon cell comprises 10 nm silicon p-type layer, 210 nm hydrogenated amorphous silicon ( alpha -silicon:H) absorber layer and 30 nm n-type layer. The microcrystalline silicon cell comprises 24 nm p-type layer, 900 nm absorber layer of hydrogenated microcrystalline and 36 nm n-type layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The copolymer film has glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more measured by thermomechanical analysis method. The copolymer film has maximum peak corresponding to 2( theta ) at 22-24 degrees measured by X-ray diffraction method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of electron accepting compound contained in functional layer is 10-1000 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alpha -olefin in the ethylene- alpha -olefin random copolymer (C-1) and ethylene- alpha -olefin block copolymer (C-2) is propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing material (D) contains ethylene- alpha -olefin random copolymer (D-1) having crystal melting enthalpy of 0-70 J/g measured by differential scanning calorimetry at heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute and ethylene- alpha -olefin block copolymer (D-2) having crystal melting peak temperature of 100 degrees C or more and crystal melting enthalpy of 5-70 J/g measured by differential scanning calorimetry at heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The second plate is formed of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first plate is formed of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semi-conducting tape for thermal radiation stuck (B) is further attached to at least one portion of an outer wall of housing unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesive layer consists of acrylic adhesive or silicone pressure sensitive adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluororesin base material has total emissivity of 0.9 or more and surface resistivity of 1x 102 to 1x 106 ( Omega )/square.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphite is of formula: R1O-P(-OR2)-OR3. The phosphonate is of formula: R4-P(=O)(R5O)-OR6. The bisphosphonate is of formula: R8O-P(=O)(-OR9)-R7-P(=O)(-OR10)-OR11. The content of the phosphate ester-type compound in the electrolyte medium is 20 %mass or more or 40 %mass or more. The electrolyte medium further contains fluorinated carbonate, carbonates excluding fluorinated carbonate. The fluorinated carbonate is fluorinated cyclic carbonate. The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is fluoroethylene carbonate. The content of the fluorinated carbonate is 0.1-10 %mass. The concentration of the supporting salt is 0.8-3 M. The metal oxide (B) has an amorphous structure. The metal of metal oxide is silicon. Exterior component has an aluminum laminate.R1-R3=optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or silyl;R4=H or optionally substituted alkyl;R5-R6=R1-R3;andR7=alkylene R8-R11=R1-R3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode binder is polyimide or polyaminoamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The width of the mesh in sheet is 5-40 times the wire diameter of warp or weft.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weather-proofing layer contains ultraviolet absorber and resin composition containing acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin and fluororesin. The fluororesin is polytetrafluoroethylene, 4-fluoroethylene-perchloro alkoxy copolymer, 4-fluoroethylene-6-fluoropropylene copolymer, 2-ethylene-4-fluoroethylene copolymer, poly-3-fluoroethylene chloride, and/or polyvinylidene fluoride. The cover film further has water-vapor barrier layer containing inorganic oxide on the surface and polyolefin resin layer. The component (B) is ethylene-octene multiblock copolymer. Preferred Property: The polyolefin resin layer has light reflectance of 80% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diol component is 1,4-diol component preferably 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol. The dicarboxylic acid component is 1,3-dicarboxylic acid compound (preferably isophthalic acid) or 1,4-dicarboxylic acid compound (preferably terephthalic acid). The antioxidant is phenolic antioxidant, phosphorus antioxidant, or sulfur-type antioxidant. The ultraviolet absorber is chosen from benzoxaxine-type absorber, triazine type absorber and benzonitrile-type absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyester resin is obtained by which polycondensing 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid. The polyester film further contains antioxidant (0.05-2 wt.%) and ultraviolet absorber (0.01-2 wt.%). Preferred Properties: The polyester film has tensile strength of 10% or more after treating for 150 hours in pressure cooker test, 50% or more in oven test and 40% or more in sunshine weatherometer test. Preferred Definitions:    ring (A)=cyclohexane ring;and    ring (B')=benzene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diol component is 1,4-diol component preferably 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol. The dicarboxylic acid component is 1,3-dicarboxylic acid compound (preferably isophthalic acid) or 1,4-dicarboxylic acid compound (preferably terephthalic acid). The antioxidant is phenolic antioxidant, phosphorus antioxidant, or sulfur-type antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyester resin is obtained by which polycondensing 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid. The polyester film further contains antioxidant (0.05-2 wt.%). Preferred Properties: The difference in thermal expansion coefficient of film in machine direction and transverse direction is 30 ppm/ degrees C or less. The difference in absolute value of thermal contraction rate of the film in machine direction and transverse direction is 1.5% or less. The film has tensile strength of 50% or more after treating film at 200 degrees C for 100 hours and glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more. Preferred Definitions:    ring (A)=cyclohexane ring;and    ring (B')=benzene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a glass (preferably), a ceramic, a glass ceramic, sapphire, silicon carbide, a semiconductor and/or a polymer. The binding material is a glass. The particles comprise glass, a ceramic, a glass ceramic, sapphire, silicon carbide, a semiconductor and/or metal oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat conductive filler comprises an oxide, a nitride, and/or titanate. The heat conductive filler comprises aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, and/or titanium oxide. The heat conductive filler comprises zirconium nitride, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The interleave layer comprises graphite, organic compound or organic small molecule material. The material with heat-dissipating properties comprises a thermally conductive epoxy material which is white.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The interrupter includes a housing made of an electrically insulating reinforced plastic material. Each battery pole cover is made of an electrically insulating plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nano-sized particles are silica, titanium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Substrate is a thermoplastic material, a thermoset material, a metal-containing material, a ceramic material, or a glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The back substrate is made of organopolysiloxane. The sealing member is made of one of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polydialkylsiloxane (PDAS). The back substrate further includes a fiber material. The fiber material includes fibers formed in a mesh shaped structure. The fibers are at least one of glass fibers, graphite fibers, nylon fibers, polyester fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, and silicon carbide fibers. The sealing member includes at least one of a pigment, a dye, and a fluorescent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar module has cavity to define side wall and extending edges with peripheral edges of front and back supports where the cavity is filled with silicone, poly isobutylene and other insulative material. The solar module has light transmissive seal made of polymer material such as polycarbonate, acrylic silicone and polyurethane. The solar module has moisture barrier with desiccant material made of poly isobutylene. The solar module has additional material call primer and is an adhesive made of organosilane and titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A preferably pluggable, completely or partially transparent adapter module (3) replaces the spacer at least at one point. At least one preferably solar cell/photovoltaic cell is present movably/foldably attached to the adapter module. The solar cell present in the adapter module is optionally replaceable, and without which the insulating glass disc is opened or separately constructed. The solar cell is present directly or at a distance to the adapter module or the adapter module itself completely or partially represents the solar cell/photovoltaic cell. At least one 3-dimensional mold is present in the insulating glass disc, and the mold is designed as the solar cell/photovoltaic cell. The configuration of the mold is elongated, preferably is positioned horizontally or vertically and is present directly or at distance to the spacer or on or in the adapter module. At least one movable, net-like or lattice-like, narrow or wide-meshed, translucent to transparent device, preferably at least one preferably movable, light- and/or device made of plastic is present in the insulating glass disc and the device occupies the available space between the glass discs completely or partially in a preferably curtain-like or foldable shape, where the device is designed as the solar cell/photovoltaic cell. At least two separately present devices made of plastic are present within the insulating glass disc and the devices are placed preferably next to each other and/or are moved independently of each other at different running levels to close the available total area completely or partially, where the surface of the device is designed facing to the sun.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerence derivative is ester group, imino group, alkyl group, aralkyl group or thiophenyl group. The content of fullerence derivative is 40-70 %mass. Preferred Definitions:    R1=2-ethylhexyl, octyl or tert-butyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (I) contains resin composition including polyolefin resin as main component, and ultraviolet absorber and/or weathering stabilizer. The copolymer (B) is ethylene-octene multiblock copolymer. The copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) includes same ( alpha )-olefin. Preferred Properties: The solar cell sealing material has oscillation frequency of 10 Hz measured by dynamic-viscoelasticity measurement, storage elastic modulus (E') at 20 degrees C of 10-100 MPa, crystal melting peak temperature measured at heating rate of 10 degrees C/minutes in differential scanning calorimetry, of 110-145 degrees C, and total light transmittance of 85% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are polybutadiene and/or polybutadiene-polystyrene-co-polymer, exhibiting a particle diameter of 40-120 nm. The polymeric nanoparticles comprise the group of polysiloxanes. The polymeric nanoparticles are surface compatibilized by polymethyl methacrylate derivatives. The thermoset component comprises bisphenol A diglycidyl ether resins, bisphenol-F diglycidyl ether resins or their brominated derivatives, epoxidized phenol-novolacs, multi-functional epoxy resins of methylenedianiline (tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline) or phenol type (triglycidyl p-aminophenol), cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, phenolic resins of resol type, cyanate esters and/or epoxidized cyclopentadiene. The hardener component comprises an acid anhydride, an aliphatic and/or aromatic amine and/or polyamine. The acid anhydride is either methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride or a methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nanofiller admixture is a nanoparticle impinged dispersion, which exhibits the same basic matrix like the base matrix of the unfilled infusion resin formulation to be improved. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The expanded graphite powder has average particle diameter of 5-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): A bisthiophene compound of formula (1) and thiophene compound of formula (2) are reacted to obtain the thiophene polymer.R2=halo or trialkyl tin.(i) When R3 is halo, R2 is trialkyl tin; and (ii) When R2 is halo, R3 is trialkyl tin. Preferred Definitions:    R1=2-ethylhexyl, n-octyl or t-butyl.    EXAMPLE - Dioctyl-di(trimethyl tin)thiophene (233 mg), 4,7-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (313 mg) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (58 mg), toluene (40 ml) and dimethylformamide (10 ml) were reacted in argon atmosphere for 20 hours at 110 degrees C. The reaction mixture was returned to room temperature and reprecipitated with methanol. The precipitate was deposited, filtered and purified by column chromatography. The organic solvent was distilled off and thiophene polymer (71 mg) was obtained with yield of 24%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoroplastic weatherproof layer is fluorine plastic alloy layer of vinylidene fluoride (more than 30 wt.%). The transition layer is acrylic acid or its ester polymer layer containing acrylic acid or fluorine plastic polymer of Salvia polysaccharide and its ester series and containing polyvinylidene fluoride group to form the alloy layer. The two adhesive layers are adhesive resin layer. The adhesive resin layer is polar segment of ethylene copolymer. The polymer with polar segment is vinyl copolymer including ethylene-polar resin copolymer and graft polar group-containing ethylene segment copolymer. The structure reinforcing layer is polyester layer from polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The polyolefin layer is polyolefin alloy layer with main carbon chain. The polyolefin layer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene. The polyolefin elastomer is plastic alloy, where anti-aging agent, pigment and filler are added to form the alloy layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The glass transition temperature of acryl rubber is -30 degrees C to 20 degrees C. The adhesive composition further contains conductive particles. The adhesive composition contains polar functional group-containing (meth)acrylate. The average molecular weight of urethane (meth)acrylate is 5000-30000. The total amount of urethane (meth)acrylate and a radical polymerization initiator 1.5-30 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The (I) is prepared by carrying out Suzuki reaction with heterocyclic compounds (II), (III), (IV) and (V) as monomer raw materials, and adding catalyst and aqueous alkali to organic solvent under protection of inert gas at 65-120 degrees C for 24-72 hours to obtain (I). Preferred Components: The molar ratio of (II), (III) to (IV) is 1:a:b, with Suzuki reaction at 85-100 degrees C for 48-64 hours. The catalyst is organic palladium catalyst, at 0.5-10%. The organic palladium catalyst is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)/tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and bis(triphenyl- phosphine)palladium(II) chloride. The aqueous alkali is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, sodium carbonate aqueous solution, sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution; and the aqueous alkali is used for maintaining reaction system in alkaline condition with pH of greater than or equal to 10. The organic solvent is toluene, tetrahydrofuran, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate.a, b=more than 0;ora+b=0.9-1.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The Schiff base is aromatic conjugated poly (Schiff base) of formula (=NR1N=CHR2CH=)n. The aromatic diamine monomer comprises N,N'-biphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-anilino) biphenyl hydrazine, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-anilino) diaminophenol, N,N'-bis( beta -naphthyl)-N,N'-bis(4-anilino) diaminophenol, N,N'-bis( alpha -naphthyl)-N,N'-bis(4-anilino) biphenyl hydrazine, p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, or diamino triphenylamine. The terephthalaldehyde-aldehyde compound comprises o-phthalaldehyde, m-formaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, amino benzaldehyde, triphenylamines trialdehyde, thiophene dialdehyde, glutaric dialdehyde, bipyrrole aldehyde, carbazole dialdehyde, furan-bialdehyde, or aromatic straight chain hydrocarbon dialdehyde.n=1-100;R1=phenyl groups of formulae (1)-(8);R2=phenyl groups of formulae (9)-(13), thieno groups of formulae (14) and (17), pyrrolo groups of formulae (15) and (18), furo group of formula (16), or -(CH2)3-;R'=H or CH3;m=1-8;R''=(CH2)pCH3;andp=0-8.Preferred Method: The heating and refluxing is performed at 140 degrees C for 20 hours under protection of nitrogen atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The current collection wiring is adjoined to the periphery of substrate through plastic molding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel-type electrolyte comprises a lithium salt comprising lithium perchlorate, lithium triplate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and/or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cellulose-based polymer is cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, butyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate and/or carboxymethyl cellulose. The strength reinforced polymer comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride-based polymer, a polyvinylchloride derivative, an acrylonitrile-based polymer derivative, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polysulfone and/or polyurethane. The polyvinylidene fluoride-based polymer includes polyvinylidene fluoride, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) and/or poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene). The acrylonitrile-based polymer derivative includes: a copolymer of acrylonitrile, methylmethacrylate and/or polyacrylonitrile; and polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polybutylacrylate and/or polybutylmethacrylate. The inner layer is formed of amorphous polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate and/or ethylene vinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of applying a force to the mixture involves a dispersion of 2-dimensional material. The process further involves: allowing the formation of a thin film layer from the mixture, where the thin film layer is formed by vacuum filtration; and coating a substrate with the mixture, where the coating involves spray coating or dip coating or Langmuir Blodgett deposition. Preferred Components: The water-surfactant solution comprises a solution of sodium cholate and water. The 3-dimensional layered material is selected from a 3-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), transition metal oxides, boron nitride (BN), Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3, or TiNCl (preferably the transition metal dichalcogenides have formula MX2).M=Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Tc, Re, Mn, Ni, Pd or Pt;X=O, S, Se or Te. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive rubber is made from Levapren 700HV (RTM: highly sophisticated rubber from LANXESS chemical corporation) material, ethylene propylene diene rubber material, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer material, magnesium hydroxide material, magnesium carbonate material, red phosphorus material, A-172 type silane coupling agent material, dimethyl silicone polymer material, conductive carbon black particles- 2000 type material, peroxide cross linker material, antioxidants, auxiliary cross-linking agent TAIC (RTM: chemicals and chemical compositions for use in resins and polymers) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The film conforms to DIN EN 410 standard, and the measurement of the specific volume resistance of the film takes place in accordance with DIN IEC 60093.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive film consists of plasticizer such as di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, di-isononyl, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-hexyladipate, dibutyl sebacate, triethylene glycol bis-2-propylhexanoate, triethylene glycol bis-i-nonanoate, di-2-butoxyethylsebacate and triethylene glycol-bis-2-ethylhexanoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The warp yarn is comprised with a bundle of glass fiber or synthetic resin fiber, and the weft is comprised with a conductor wire that is provided with bundle of a carbon fiber which has electro conductivity, or the conductor wire which covered the metal fine wire in the coil shape to the surface of the bundle of the carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ultraviolet absorber containing inorganic compound is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide and/or iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hard-coat layer contains ultraviolet absorber containing organic compound and/or ultraviolet absorber containing inorganic compound. The ultraviolet absorber containing organic compound, is triazine-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The hard-coat layer is formed by performing ultraviolet hardening of the ultraviolet cured resin containing acryl-type monomer. The film mirror has a layer containing antioxidant on base material. Preferred Component: Fluorine-containing leveling agent is silicone-type polyacrylate-type polymer obtained by polymerizing polyvinyl-ether-type polymer, or polyvinyl-ether-type polymer and a monomer unit having fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) contains magnesium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester in the layer (A) contains compound derived from titanium catalyst. The layer (A) contains organic chelate titanium complex obtained by reacting titanium catalyst containing organic acid as ligand and compound derived from titanium catalyst. Preferred Properties: The difference of melt viscosities of the layers (A,B) is 1-100 Pa.second. The terminal carboxyl concentration of the layer (B) is 25-38 equivalent/ton. The degree of plane orientation of the layers (A,B) is 0.16-0.18, respectively. The polyester in the layer (A) has melting point of 245-260 degrees C. The layer (A) has thickness of 0.3-20 mu m. The difference of intrinsic viscosity of the layers (A,B) is 0.01 or more. Preferred Process: The layer (B) is subjected to corona treatment, flame treatment or glow discharge process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The reflection layer is silver reflection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of adhesive layer is 5-30 mu m. Preferred Film: The polymer film contains particles having diameter of 1-10 mu m, on its surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing material or intermediate film comprises polyvinyl acetal resin (40 %mass or more) having an average polymerization degree of 600-1100, a plasticizer (10 parts mass or less with respect to 100 parts mass of resin), and rubber (1-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of resin) having a glass transition temperature of -10 degrees C or less. The difference between refractive index of rubber and resin is 0.04 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor is coated with flexible protection layer that protects PTC thermistor from oxygen constituent and alkaline constituent contained in gas atmosphere filled in interior space of casing. The protection layer is configured in multilayer structure consisting of flexible oxygen-proof protection layer that covers periphery of PTC thermistor and flexible alkali-proof protection layer that covers periphery of oxygen-proof protection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The oxygen-proof protection layer is formed by coating periphery of PTC thermistor with epoxy resin material. The alkali-proof protection layer is formed by covering periphery of coating layer of epoxy resin material with multiple strips of polypropylene tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanotubes are partially covered with polypyrrole, manganese(IV) oxide and/or ruthenium(IV) oxide as coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating layer has polymer and fiber-reinforced polymer composite as material. The energy storage devices contain carbon nanotubes or carbon nanotube-infused fibers. Each stress carrying layer contains fiber-reinforced polymer composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method (M2) further involves absorbing a ruthenium-based organic dye in the surface; and absorbing a molecular sensitizer onto the surface by forming interfacial bonding via coupling reaction of terminal carboxylic acid groups with the hydroxyl groups. In the method (M2), exposure of the O2 plasma is less than 10 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the method (M1), the semiconductor anode is thin layer of TiO2 deposited from an aqueous solution of TiCl4; or the semiconductor anode is TiO2 or ZnO. The molarity of the TiCl4 is 0.2 M. The molecular sensitizer is selected from semiconducting nanocrystals. The plasma is O2 plasma. In the method (M2), the semiconductor anode is TiO2 or ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molecular sensitizer is selected from organic dyes. The molecular sensitizer is a ruthenium-based organic dye (preferably cis-diisothiocyanato-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II) bis(tetrabutylammonium)). The electrolyte is an ionic liquid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molecular sensitizer is selected from conjugated homopolymers and conjugated block copolymers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The measuring unit is connected to a control unit (9) via a wire unit e.g. Ethernet, or a wireless unit such as wireless fidelity (Wifi) or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (wimax).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is chosen from whisker-like compound including potassium titanate, magnesium sulfate, silicon carbide and calcium carbonate. The amount of inorganic compound with respect to 100 parts mass of active energy ray curable resin is 5-80 parts mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains a phenol-type compound of formula (I) and urethane acrylate (10-30 parts mass) with respect to active energy ray curable resin (100 parts mass).R1,R2=methyl, H or t-butyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Broensted acid is chosen from trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, bis(fluoro sulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methane, tris (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methane, tetrafluoroboric acid, hexafluoro phosphate, tris(fluorosulfonyl) methane, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, or their derivatives. The Broensted bases are tertiary amine of formula: RaRbHN and/or RaRbRcN.Ra,Rb,Rc=1-18C alkyl;andor Ra+Rb=4-8 membered ring with nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer (a) is obtained by polymerizing maleimide compound of formula (I) and vinyl compound of formula: CH2=CH(-R2)(-X2) (II).R1,R2=bivalent hydrocarbyl;X1,X2=H or substituent (a) having active hydrogen;substituent (a)=hydroxy, primary amino, -NHRd or -N+HReRf, preferably hydroxy;andRd,Re,Rf=hydrocarbyl.Preferred Composition: The polymer (a) is cellulose e.g. bacterial cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide semiconductor particles (I,II) are titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and niobium oxide, preferably titanium oxide. The transparent electrode base material is polymer film with transparent conductive film. The content of metal oxide semiconductor particle (II) in the dispersion of metal oxide semiconductor particle (II) is 1-30 weight%. The paste further contains metal-atom complex of formula (I).M=1-6 valent metal atom;R1-R3=H or monovalent substituent;andn=1-3.The arrow line shows coordinate bond or ionic bond form oxygen to M. The broken line chows non-localizing bond in diketonate compound structure. Preferred Property: The viscosity of solution is less than 100 mPa.second. Preferred Process: Before or after coating of dispersion of metal oxide semiconductor particle (II), each of pressurizing process, ultrasonic fusion process, microwave irradiation treatment, ultraviolet light irradiation treatment, ozone treatment, flash lamp annealing treatment, laser annealing process, discharge plasma sintering process or excimer lamp process is performed to metal oxide semiconductor electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide semiconductor particle (I) contains 0.1-10 weight% of binder resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The haze value of protective sheet after heat processing is 5% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal with high power function is silver or gold. The material of transmitting electronics is titanium dioxide, cesium carbonate, zinc oxide or tin oxide. The material of transmitting cavity is nickel oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium pentoxide or tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal with low power function is aluminum, calcium-aluminum alloy, barium-aluminum alloy or magnesium-silver alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic donor material is thiophene micromolecules, thiophene homopolymer or thiophene polymer, aromatic amine material, poly( p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) material, aromatic compound, phthalocyanines dye, phthalocyanine dye, fullerene or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protecting layer is made from polytetrafluoro ethylene, perfluor copolymer, polyperfluoro alkoxy resin, polytrifluoro chloroethylene, ethyl netrifluoro chloroethylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The curing agent is a latent curing agent. The crystalline epoxy resin is a bisphenol type epoxy resin or biphenyl type epoxy resin, preferably bisphenol type epoxy resin. The bisphenol type epoxy resin is bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)methane. The film-forming material comprises a phenoxy resin and an acrylic rubber. Preferred Method: The surface electrode (3a) and the cable parts are connected at a temperature of less than or equal to 160 degrees C. The method for producing the solar cell module further comprises a sealing step for sealing the photovoltaic cell (20) and the cable parts with a sealing material using a laminator, where the surface electrodes and the cable parts are connected in the sealing step. EXAMPLE - PKHC (RTM: Phenoxy resin) was dissolved in ethyl acetate for the production of 6.67 g of a 45% mass solution. Then Novacure HX-3941HP
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A heat retention container and a heat retention lid are made from expanded polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Fiber is chitin fiber e.g. chitin nonwoven fabric. Silsesquioxane has cage-type or partial cage-type structure of formula (A-1), formula (A-2), and/or formula (A-3). Polymerizable functional group is oxiranyl, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl, oxetanyl, acryl, or (meth)acryl. Weight average molecular weight of polymer is 3000-4000000. Composition contains polymerization initiator e.g. cationic polymerization initiator or radical polymerization initiator. Composition contains curing agent e.g. acid anhydride or amine. Composition contains epoxy resin or oxetane resin.R=1-45C alkyl in which -CH2- not adjoining is optionally substituted by O or cycloalkylene, 4-8C cycloalkyl, or aryls optionally substituted by 1-10C alkyl or halo, wherein H and arbitrary H may be substituted with F;R1=1-4C alkyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or Ph; andX=1-10C alkyl optionally substituted by H, vinyl group, polymerizable functional group, cycloalkyl, or Ph.Preferred Parameters: Linear expansion coefficient of fiber composites is less than or equal to 120 ppm/K. Preferred Processes: Curing reaction is thermosetting reaction e.g. photocuring reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte contains sulfide containing lithium, phosphorus and sulfur, preferably sulfide glass containing lithium sulfide or phosphorus pentasulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of nitrile group-containing polymer unit in the polymer is 10-28 %mass. The polymer is hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dielectric component comprises a poly(dimethylsiloxane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrically conductive material and material of first electrode convergence component are metal material or composite material. The materials of first connection component and second connection component contain highly thermally conductive and electrically insulative plastic doped with nanometer-scale carbon particles, metal powder or carbon powder as substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid precursor is a silane, an oligosilane and a polysilane with linear branched and particulate structures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor elements are configured to produce a silicon oxide coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises on its surface or consists of polyester based material or an organic material. The substrate is a metal substrate painted with a polyester based paint layer or with an organic film. The substrate comprises on its surface or consists of a heat sensitive material, where the heat sensitive material is polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC) or Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The decking is made of PVC or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The resin receiving layer is provided with carbon fiber material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The barrier layer is also made of silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier layer includes polybutylene-based materials, polyethylene-based material, polyvinyl-based materials, polyisobutylene, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulation film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. The encapsulating film comprises ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The body has a receiving length of at least 5 cm and is configured to receive at least 5 cm of a solar module edge. The protector, when applied to a solar module can provides at least 1 cm of clearance between the solar module edge and the ground.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The body comprises a polymer, where the body comprises a UV stable polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One of the light transmitting substrate is made of ETFE copolymer. The fiber material is comprised of a mesh of glass fiber, quartz fiber, graphite fiber, nylon fiber, polymer fiber, armid fiber, polyethylene, polypropylene or silicon carbide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer resin comprises a maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin, preferably maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene, a medium density polyethylene and/or linear low density polyethylene. The maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene has a density at 0.91-0.97 g/cm3. The sealing material has adhesion strength to a substrate at 5-7 kgf/cm2. Preferred Method: The sealing material is formed by heating at 120-200 degrees C, utilizing a pressure heating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silica cladding of the fiber includes material selected from germanium, fluorine, boron, phosphorus and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foam core is made of plastics material such as polymethacrylimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyimide precursor has logarithmic viscosity of 0.2 dL/g or more at 30 degrees C measured using 0.5 g/dL of N,N-dimethylacetamide solution as solvent. The polyimide has light transmittance at wavelength of 400 nm of 50% or more and average thermal linear expansion coefficient at 50-200 degrees C of 50 ppm/K or less, measured using film having thickness of 10 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=group of formula (i)-(iii);and    R3=H, 1-6C alkyl or alkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyester contains acid component including terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and glycol component containing ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The total amount of terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid with respect to total acid components is 90 mol% or more. The amount of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol with respect to total glycol components is 90 mol% or more. The resin composition does not contain compound having hydroxyl group or carboxyl group, and reactive substituent. The amount of polyester in the resin composition is more than 90 %mass. The resin composition has heat-resistant oxidative degradation parameter of 0.25 or less. The polyester is obtained by polymerizing using a calcium compound, an antimony compound, a lithium compound and a phosphorus compound as a catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of high-molecular-weight hindered amine-type optical stabilizer is 1200 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer has ratio of average molecular weight and number average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography of 8 or less, and ratio of melt viscosity (m1) and melt viscosity (m2) of 8 or less. Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains organic peroxide (0.2-5 parts weight) and silane coupling agent (0.01-5 parts weight) with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer. The content of high-molecular-weight hindered amine-type optical stabilizer is 0.01-2.5 parts weight and content of benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber is 0.05-2 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer. The ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer is ethylene-1-butene copolymer, ethylene-1-hexene copolymer or ethylene-propylene-1-hexene terpolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal strip is dried by using surface treatment solution such as boric acid, sodium fluoride, chromium trioxide, and potassium dichromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reflection strip is provided with a polymer composition made of fluorine-containing polymer, polyester, polyolefin, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polycarbonate, polyurethane, silica gel, epoxy resin or combination of multiple polymers. The solar batteries are encapsulated in an encapsulation layer made up of a polymer material selected from ethylene-vinyl acetate, ionomer, poly vinyl butyral, polyurethane, PVC, polyolefins, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, acid copolymer, silica gel, epoxy resin and a combination of multiple polymer materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The secondary conducting particles comprise at least one particle type selected from carbon, aluminum, copper, gold-nickel, gold-iron, gold-cobalt and gold-iridium, bi-metallics and their oxides, LiNiCoO2, LiNiCoAlO2, LiNiMnCoO2, coke, graphite, tin, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), silicon, non-metal oxides and metal oxides, Pb and PbO2, platinum, silver, zinc, silver oxide, zinc oxide, and other nanometals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating further comprises an organic polymer selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, styrenic compounds, polyurethane, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose, gelatin, chitin, polypeptides, polysaccharides, poly(methlmethacrylate), and/or polynucleotides, or ceramic hybrid polymers, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, phosphine oxides, chalcogenides, and other organic polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The front shell main portion has USB interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The other metal alloy comprises (in weight%) zinc (0.005-0.013), magnesium (0.005-0.01), titanium (0.018-0.05), chromium (0.008-0.013) and nickel (0.01-0.06). The flexible package aluminum foil comprises (in weight%) silicon (0.2-0.6 or 0.5-0.8), iron (0.9-1.1 or 1.2-1.35), copper (0.007-0.8 or 0.008-0.9), manganese (0.04-0.05) and remainder of aluminum. The total content of other metal alloy in the foil is less than 0.12 weight%, preferably less than 0.10 weight%. Preferred Property: The roughness of the working roller in the roller process of aluminum foil is 0.5-0.18 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The auxiliary agent is carbitol, butyl carbitol acetate, terpineol, trimethyl pentanediol monoisobutyrate, tributyl citrate, ethylene glycol, phenyl carbinol, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, stearic acid, castor oil, silicone oil, Span (RTM: surfactant), Tween (RTM: nonionic surfactant), diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, BI-108 or KS-66.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic adhesive contains ethyl cellulose, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, or alkyd resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The conductive substrate is fluorine doped tin oxide conductive glass, indium doped tin oxide conductive glass, aluminum-indium doped tin oxide conductive plastic film, indium doped tin oxide polyethylene naphthalate conductive plastic film or metal substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano metal oxide is titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, scandium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, promethium oxide, erbium oxide, samarium oxide, dysprosium oxide, terbium oxide, thulium oxide, gadolinium oxide, holmium oxide, ytterbium oxide and/or lutetium oxide. The metal layer contains nano palladium particles, nano platinum particles and/or nano copper particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium white powder is rutile-type titanium white powder and/or anatase-type titanium white powder. Preferred Property: The longitudinal stretching ratio of in the biaxial stretching direction is 2-5 times as the transverse stretching.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidant is hindered phenol, phosphorous acid ester, thioether, metal ion passivator and/or amine. The anti-hydrolysis agent is nanocarbonized diimine and/or polycarbonized diimine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamide resin is polyamide 6 resin, polyamide 66 resin, polyamide 11 resin, polyamide 12 resin, polyamide 46 resin, polyamide 610 resin, polyamide 612 resin and/or polyamide 1010 resin. The polyester resin is polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and/or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The chlorine tank is composed of an inner cover and an outer cover. An inner cover is provided with a connecting pipe, and the outer cover is provided with the inner cover connected with the tube hole. The water storage tank is provided with a connecting shell. The connecting shell is provided with a screw hole. The chlorine tank is provided with a cross-section stepped circumferential edge. The edge surface and orientation is provided with multiple screw holes, and an outer side of the stepped circumferential edge surface is provided with distributed center for the flat flow hole equipped with a hollow disk and disk cover. The inner cover connected with the lower pipe is provided with a bowl cover, where bowl cover bottom end is provided with external plane edge, and multiple screw holes. The dechlorination tank bottom is provided with densely distributed water storage box cavity connected to the water hole. The dechlorination tank and dechlorination lid junction is provided with three sealing ring and outer fly edge is set with flash of the step of the layer and the layer sealing ring is located at the inner and outer flash cover to get rid of chlorine. The other end of two thick layer sealing ring on the fly edge and outer removal tank are provided with fly edge to get rid of chlorine tank and outer fly edge is set corresponding to the screw hole on the sealing ring. The outer connecting pipe is sleeved with the upper part of arc-shaped rubber ring. The top of the outer cover hole is pressed on the arc-shaped rubber ring. The inner wall of the outer cover is provided with a reinforcing rib. The jar to get rid of chlorine and the connecting sealing ring of pot cover, screws and caps are located on the outer cover of the lower circumference ring to get rid of chlorine. The bottom of the tank is greater than the inner diameter of tank opening chlorine tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Property: The reduction potential of methano fullerene derivative is 1160 mV or more. EXAMPLE - Tosyl hydrazone (375 mg) was added o ortho-dichlorobenzene (5 ml) in presence of argon atmosphere. Potassium-t-butoxide (0.76 ml) was added, stirred at 150 degrees C for 15 minutes, concentrated, separated and purified to obtain methano fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The enclosure comprises aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The enclosure comprises an elastomeric or polymeric material such as microwavable plastic, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, vinyl, and metalized polyethylene terephthalate (MPET) i.e. space blanket.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film of support layer is made of polyvinyl fluoride e.g. Tedlar (RTM: Polymer film) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is chosen from calcium compound, antimony compound, lithium compound and phosphorus compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film contains white microparticles (5-20 %mass). The film has 3-layered structure comprising core layer, and outer layer which consists of polyester layer containing white microparticles and a polyester layer containing many cavities derived from thermoplastic resin incompatible to polyester. The polyester contains 90 mol% or more of acid components chosen from terephthalic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and 90 mol% or more of glycol component chosen from ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The polyester resin composition does not contain compound which has substituent capable of reacting with hydroxyl group or carboxyl group. The content of polyester in the polyester resin composition is more than 90 %mass. Preferred Property: The polyester resin composition has heat-resistant oxidative-degradation value of 0.25 or less. Preferred Process: The polyester is obtained using catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of fluorescent substance is modified with metal sulfide, preferably a zinc compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture-barrier layer comprises aluminum or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The weather-resistant layer comprises chlorinated polyethylene having a content of greater than 90 wt.% of the weather-resistant layer. The moisture-barrier layer comprises polyvinylidene chloride and a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol. The chlorinated polyethylene has a chlorine content of 25 wt.% of the chlorinated polyethylene, and is acrylic acid grafted chlorinated polyethylene, sulfonate grafted chlorinated polyethylene or maleic anhydride grafted chlorinated polyethylene. The insulating layer comprises polyester, polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate. The first and adhesive layers comprise copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid, copolymer of ethylene and maleic anhydride, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral and two-part polyurethane. The tie layer comprises a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elastic core plate is made of one of iron (Fe) base material, copper (Cu) base material, titanium and nickel (TiNi) based alloy material, fiber base material and polypropylene (PP) plastic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating gasket is made of PP material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester contains terephthalic acid and/or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (90% or more) as acid component and ethylene glycol and/or diethylene glycol (90 mol% or more) as glycol component. The polyester is homopolyethylene terephthalate or homopolyethylene naphthalate, or copolymer comprising ethylene terephthalate, and having content of acid component other than terephthalic acid of 7 mol% or less and content of glycol other than ethylene glycol of 7 mol% or less. The polyester resin composition does not contain component having substituent which reacts with hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group. The content polyester in polyester resin composition is 90 %mass or more. The polyester resin composition contains hindered phenolic compound (10-200 ppm). Preferred Properties: The film of polyester resin composition has heat-resistant oxidative-degradation parameter of 0.25 or less. The hydrolysis-resistant polyester film has apparent specific gravity of 0.7-1.3. Preferred Process: The polyester is polymerized using aluminum compound, antimony compound, germanium compound and/or titanium compound, or calcium compound, antimony compound, lithium compound and/or phosphorus compound as a polymerization catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains sulfur dioxide group-containing structure of formula: -P'-(CRf7Rf8)m-(SO2NMSO2-(CRf5Rf6)k)a-SO2NMSO2- (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound having hydroxyphenyltriazine structure, is of formula (I). The monomer component of component (A) contains 1-20 %mass of monomer having triazole structure.R1-R3=H, linear or branched 1-18C alkyl or -CH(-R4)C(=O)OR5;R4=H or methyl;andR5=linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fatty acid silver salt is chosen from fatty-acid silver salt (a1) having carboxy silver salt group (-COOAg) and hydroxyl group, and polycarboxylic acid silver salt (a2) having 2 or more carboxy silver salt groups (-COOAg). The fatty-acid silver salt (a1) is of formula: (R1)n-C(-COOAg)-(R2-OH)3-n, R1-C(-COOAg)(-R1)-OH, or R1-C(-R3-COOAg)(-R1)-OH, preferably silver 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-n-butyrate and/or silver 2-hydroxyisobutyrate. The fatty-acid silver salt (a1) has hydroxyl group in carbon atom of ( alpha )-position and/or ( beta )-position with respect to carboxy silver salt group. The polycarboxylic acid silver salt (a2) does not have hydroxyl group, and is of formula: R4-(C(=O)-O-Ag)m, preferably 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid silver salt. The resin is thermosetting resin, preferably epoxy resin. The content of the resin and fatty-acid silver salt with respect to 100 parts mass of silver powder is 0.5-10 parts mass and 1-100 parts mass, respectively.n=0-2;R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;R2,R3=1-6C alkylene;m=2-6;andR4=1-24C m-valent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl, 2-12C m-valent unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl, 3-12C m-valent alicyclic hydrocarbyl or 6-12C m-valent aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive fine particles are spherical aluminum powder having an average particle diameter of 0.5-20 mu m. The content of aluminum powder is 60-85 wt.%. The paste further contains glass frit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound is 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol and/or trimethylolpropane. The organic solvent is terpene group solvent are polyhydric alcohol having carbon number/hydroxyl-group number ratio of less than 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fill material comprises a functional material (preferably neutron sensitive material, especially lithium fluoride, gadolinium and boron). The 3-D structure comprises silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support material is selected from photoresist, polymer and dielectric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ends of the heat collecting units are provided with a protective sleeve made of silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lithium perchlorate is dried at 120 degrees C for 20 hours, added and dissolved in the beaker by propylene carbonate and organic solution is prepared having concentration of 1 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The transparent insulating layer consists of quartz glass, silicate glass, high silica glass, sodium-calcium glass, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate or polyester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode layer contains indium tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, gallium-zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gold, aluminum, silver or carbon nanotube conductive film. The cathode layer consists of aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, magnesium-silver alloy, indium-tin oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive layer contains phthalocyanine dye, pentacene, porphyrin, cyanine, fullerene, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, perylene, its derivative, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, titania, zinc oxide, lead sulfide, tin oxide, carbon nanotube or graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyurethane containing fiber layer has at least one gel coat layer. A spacer layer is present on the side of the polyurethane-containing fiber layer, opposite to the gel coat layer, and a further polyurethane containing fiber layer is present on the spacer layer. A spacer layer is present on a side of the polyurethane containing fiber layer, and a further polyurethane containing layer is present on the spacer layer. A spacer material layer and after that a fiber material layer are introduced after the step (b) and before the step (c) in the mold half. EXAMPLE - Polyether polyol (48 g) with hydroxy number of 380 mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g and a functionality of 3 were mixed with Eurepox710 (RTM: Bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resin) (12 g) and degassed for 60 minutes at a pressure of 1 mbar. Then Desmodur VPU 60RE 11 (RTM: Polyisocyanate) (55076 g) was added and stirred for 5 minutes at 1 mbar. Then the fiber reinforced shaped body was obtained by vacuum infusion of the reaction mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanostructured active metal oxide layer comprises a porous sintered material selected from titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide (WO3), niobium oxide (Nb2O), and/or titanium oxide strontium (TiSrO3). The microlens components comprise microspheres, which are made of silica, particularly light transmissible silica. The dye-sensitized solar cell further comprises supporting underfill layer filled between interstitial spaces between the microspheres, where underfill layer is made of an electrically conductive metal oxide. The microlens components comprise concave depressions formed in a metal oxide layer of material, where metal oxide layer is operable to transmit light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The microspheres are polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene polymer is ethylene- alpha -olefin diene copolymer and ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer. The content of optical stabilizer is 0.05-1 wt.% with respect to 100 parts weight of ethylene polymer. The sealing film further contains a crosslinking agent and an adhesive adjuvant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor comprises a titanium oxide. The hole transport layer comprises a salt comprising an organic anion (preferably Li((CF3SO2)2N)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sensitizing dye has a substructure of formula (III). The repeat unit derived from the divalent organic group (IV) is derived from a thiophene derivative, a pyrrole derivative or a furan derivative.R6=H, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, amino, cyano or heterocyclic group;Y1=S, O or selenium atom;R7 and R8=H, halo, hydroxyl, thiol, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino or heterocyclic group;orR7+R8=a ring;n= greater than or equal to 0;X=an acidic group.Provided that when a carbon-carbon double bond is included in the compound (III), the double bond is optionally either a cis-form or a trans-form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer further comprises a repeat unit derived from a divalent organic group of formula -(Ar')- (IV). The hole transport layer comprises the polymer in an amount of 50-100 (preferably 90-100)mass.%. The hole transport layer is subjected to hole doping and an amount of doped hole is 0.15-0.66 hole per one repeat unit of formula (I) or (II). The polymer which is subjected to hole doping has an ionization potential of 4.5-5.5 (preferably 4.7-5.3) eV. The polymer is formed via electropolymerization carried out on the photoelectric conversion layer. The polymer is formed via electropolymerization while being irradiated with light. The photoelectric conversion layer is formed via electropolymerization employing a monomer of formula (Ia) or (IIa), or its multimer.Ar'=an organic divalent group having a pi -conjugated structure. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=straight chain 6-18C alkyl;    n=1.    At least one of R1-R4 is a straight chain 6-18C alkyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A frame is made of aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous support further comprises a macromolecular binder. The inorganic particles are titanium oxide, barium-titanium (BaTiO3), lithium oxide, lithium fluoride, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitride, barium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, lithium-aluminum oxide (LiAlO2), silica, alumina, strontium-titanium oxide (SrTiO3), stannous oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide and/or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent used in manufacturing method of the porous support is an organic solvent or water based solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic group is hydroxyl group, lactone group, or carboxyl group. The oxidizing solutions are sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphorous acid, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, chloric acid, hypochlorous acid, and chromic acid. Preferred Parameter: The supporting density of catalyst particles is 30-70 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The strip conductors are made of metal e.g. copper, copper alloy, nickel, silver, palladium and aluminium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is formed based on epoxides, cyanate ester, epoxy-bismaleimide triazine, polyphenylene ether, PTFE, liquid crystal polymer, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, allylated polyphenylether, polyphenylene oxide, thermoplastic polyester or duroplastic polyesters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first conductive particles are formed of metal particles containing at least one metal selected among copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), and magnesium (Mg) as a main component. The interconnector includes a conductive metal formed of a lead-free material containing an amount of lead (Pb) equal to or less than 1,000 ppm. The solar cell module further comprises a junction box; a lead wire configured to electrically connect the interconnector to the junction box; and a second conductive adhesive film positioned between the interconnector and the lead wire, where the second conductive particles are formed of metal particles containing at least one metal selected among Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co, Ti, and Mg as a main component. Each of the interconnector and the lead wire includes a conductive metal formed of a lead-free material containing an amount of Pb equal to or less than 1,000 ppm. Preferred Parameter: A width of the portion of the at least one first conductive particle embedded in the interconnector is equal to or less than 2 mu m. A width of the portion of the at least one second conductive particle embedded in the interconnector and the lead wire is equal to or less than 2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of antioxidant is 0.005-1 part weight. The amount of ultraviolet absorbing agent is 0.1-0.5 part weight. The amount of light stabilizer is 0.01-0.3 part weight. The antioxidant is phenolic antioxidant, phosphorus-containing antioxidant and/or sulfur-containing antioxidant. The ultraviolet absorbing agent is benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorbing agent and/or benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorbing agent. The light stabilizer is hindered amine light stabilizer. Preferred Property: The copolymer resin has melt index of 6-30 g/10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer blend of the outer layer is expanded to a density of less than 150 kg/m3 according to ISO 845. The expanded polymer blend has a thermal conductivity of less than 0.10 W/mK at 0 degrees C according to EN 12667. The polymer blend is crosslinked. The polymer content of the polymer blend is elastomeric. The polymer blend comprises at least one of heat or reversion stabilizing system. The structures of the inner layer show at least one of triangular, sinus like, trapezoidal, rectangular, (semi)circular (semi)multi-edge cross-section. The surface structures are on both sides of the inner layer. The surface structures are on any side of any of the three layers. The structures of the inner layer are ridge structures. The material comprises additional layers for protection, barrier and shielding purposes at least one of on, under or within other layers. Pipes or tubes of plastics and metal are covered by the insulation layers to form pre-insulated parts. Preferred Process: The process is a continuous process. The material has thermal conductivity of less than 0.051 (preferably less than 0.045) W/mK at 0 degrees C. The polymer blend layer is expanded to a density of less than 75 kg/m3. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bottom layer is formed of butyl rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber and polyurethane adhesive. The semi-rigid layer comprises UV-stabilized polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode material and the second electrode material is a hole collector material (preferably indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or silver) and the other of the first electrode material and the second electrode material is an electron collector material (preferably aluminum). The inorganic semiconductor material comprises silicon or cadmium selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substituted fullerenes are provided by (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The organic donor material comprises phthalocyanine, and/or oligoacenes. The organic acceptor material comprises substituted fullerenes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is polyacrylonitrile, preferably solution comprises polyacrylonitrile (1-40 wt.%) or polyacrylonitrile (20-40 wt.%) in dimethylformamide. The organic material is polythiophene. The organic material is a bulk heterojunction organic material (preferably mixture of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and substituted fullerenes).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The core layer is formed using siloxane-based resin. The clad layer is made of silicon oxide film. The passivation film is silicon nitride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic component has silicon p/n junction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate is polymer substrate. The immobilizing layer is polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Oxygen-containing substance contains greater than or equal to 50% oxygen. Oxygen-containing substance contains titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), zinc (Zn), silicon (Si), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), indium (In), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), or strontium (Sr). Oxygen-deficient material contains Ti, W, Zn, Si, Pt, Ag, Cd, Fe, Sn, In, Sb, Bi, V, Mo, Pb, or Sr. Oxygen-deficient film layer contains oxide of Ti, W, Zn, Si, Pt, Ag, Cd, Fe, Sn, In, Sb, Bi, V, Mo, Pb, or Sr. Preferred Processes: Oxygen-deficient particles are plated or piled on the surface of a board supported by a glass or plastic to form an oxygen-deficient film layer. Oxygen-deficient film layer and oxygen-containing substance consists of nano-sized oxide particles are contacted to form the composite material. Oxygen-deficient film layer is immersed in an oxide colloidal solution containing the board, oxygen-deficient film layer is taken out, and solvent remaining in the oxygen-deficient film layer is volatilized and removed. High-temperature heating, electron beam heating, argon ion collision, laser peeling, or chemical gas phase reaction is carried out. Oxide particles are separated from the oxide colloidal solution and allowed to float in carrier gas. Water content of composite material is removed by heating at less than or equal to 100 degrees C for greater than or equal to 1 hour. After contacting oxygen-deficient film layer and oxygen-containing substance, organic substance or metal is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition further contains (in wt.%) vanadium, tellurium, and barium, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, manganese and/or zinc, silver oxide (5-60), phosphorus pentoxide (5-50), vanadium pentoxide (0-5), tellurium oxide (0-30), and another oxide (0-40) chosen from barium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide and zinc oxide, or silver oxide (10-50), vanadium pentoxide (20-50), phosphorus pentoxide (10-30), tellurium oxide (0-30), barium oxide (0-20), tungsten oxide (0-10), iron oxide (0-10) and zinc oxide (0-15). The sum total content of silver oxide and phosphorus pentoxide in glass composition is 30-86 wt.%. The sum total content of vanadium pentoxide and tellurium oxide in glass composition is 14-50 wt.%. The content of glass composition is 0.2-20 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode-forming paste. The content of particles containing silver is 3-15 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode-forming paste. The content of particles containing aluminum is 0.2-20 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode-forming paste. The content of particles containing copper is 3-15 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of electrode-forming paste. Preferred Properties: The glass composition has transition point of 392 degrees C or less, preferably 310 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The solar cell element comprises silicon substrate, current collection electrode containing electroconductive glass composition (0.1-5 vol.%) comprising transition metal and phosphorus or vanadium and phosphorus, and conductor containing aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is butylcarbitol acetate or ( alpha )-terpineol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin binder is ethyl cellulose or cellulose nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound is chosen from silicon compound and aluminum compound. The inorganic compound contains silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride-oxide, nitride oxide-silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal is silicon or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluororesin contains ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The lead-free glass powder has size of 10-40 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is triethanolamine, hydrogenated castor oil and/or lecithin. The organic solvent further comprises coupling agent, leveling agent, dispersing agent and thixotropic agent. The coupling agent is silicon, titanate, aluminate and organic complex. The leveling agent is acrylate. The dispersant is stearic amide and high grade alcohol. The thixotropic agent is gas phase silicon dioxide, deposited silicon dioxide and/or organic bentonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cellulose is ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and/or carboxymethyl cellulose. The plasticizer is dibutyl phthalate and/or acrylic acid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molecular weight of polyethylene is 1000000 or more. The mass ratio of mineral oil and antioxidant is 500-1800:1. The mass ratio of mineral oil and polyethylene is 3-9:1. The concentration of alkane extracting agent is 80-99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic nanoparticles are chosen from nano-aluminum oxide particles, nano-titanium dioxide particles, nano-magnesium oxide particles, nano-zirconia particles, nano-silicon oxide particles and nano-zinc oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is lithium dioxalate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium terafluoborate, di(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)lithium imide and/or di(fluorosulfimide)lithium. The solvent used during manufacture of polymer electrolyte is water, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetic acid, ethyl ether, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and/or tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte further contains plasticizer chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butanedinitrile and polyethylene glycol, and inorganic nanoparticles. Preferred Properties: The weight-average molecular weight of the macro-molecular polymer (a) is 4x 104-6x 106. The weight average molecular weight of the macromolecular polymer (b) is 2x 104-66x 106.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bench has a polycarbonate cover.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The laminated solar cell small component comprises polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer, a solar cell layer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer and a polycarbonate layer overlapped from top to bottom to form a package.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of the polymer, comprises polymerizing a monomer composition by Suzuki- or Buchwald-process. Preferred Definitions:    n = 2;    m, o, p = 1;    Ar1, Ar3, Ar9 = benzene-1,4-diyl;    Ar6 = 9,9-disubstituted-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl moiety of formula (IIa);    R5 = 1-40C alkyl, 1-40C (thio)alkoxy (both linear), 3-40C alkyl, 3-40C (thio)alkoxy (both branched or cyclic), silyl, substituted 1-40C keto group, 2-40C alkoxycarbonyl, 7-40C aryloxycarbonyl, -CN, -C(=O)NH2, -C(=O)-X, -C(=O)-H, isocyano moiety, isocyanate moiety, thiocyanate moiety, thioisocyanate moiety, NH2, OH, NO2, CF3, Cl, Br, F, crosslinkable group, (hetero)aromatic ring with 5-60 ring atoms (optionally substituted) and/or (hetero)aryloxy with 5-60 ring atoms; or    at least one group R5, R5+ring = mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring;    X = halo; and    Ar5, Ar7 = 9,9-disubstituted-9H-fluorene-2-yl moiety of formula (IIb) or biphenyl-4-yl.    EXAMPLE - 6,6'-Bis(4-bromophenyl)-9,9'-diphenyl-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole (2 mmol), N4,N4'-bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (2 mmol) and sodium-tert-butoxide (0.577 g) were dissolved in toluene (20 ml). Then the obtained reaction solution was heated to 80 degrees C under inert gas atmosphere and the reaction was started by adding palladium acetate (3.6 mg) and tri-tert-butylphosphine (69 mg) dissolved in toluene (1 ml). Then the reaction mixture was heated for 1 hour to boiling until the solution becomes viscous. Then the polymerization was stopped by adding bromobiphenyl (3 mg) and the reaction solution was heated further for 1 hour to boiling. Then the reaction mixture was worked up to obtain the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the electrolyte and dilute sulfuric acid is 1:2 or 1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nano particles are gold, silver, copper, zinc and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is diethylene ether or glycol butyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The colloid quantum dot is narrow forbidden band semiconductor colloid quantum dot containing lead sulfide or lead selenide. The metal electrode is aluminum electrode. The multilayer electrode is calcium-aluminum layer. The metal alloy electrode is alloy of magnesium and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The tank wall assembling plate comprises single glass steel plate and insulation filler intermediate layer embedded between glass steel plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulation filler is 3-D glass fiber infiltration fabric, polyurethane foam filler or honeycomb insulation material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-metal-air batteries are selected from lithium ion cells, lithium ion polymer cells, nickel metal hydride cells, nickel cadmium cells, nickel hydrogen cells, nickel zinc cells and silver zinc cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode active material is molybdenum group compound or molybdenum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membranous polymer material is selected from one or combination of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regeneration cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonation EPDM, styrene - butylene rubber and fluorine rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additives include nanotubes, nanowires and/or nanoparticles, and phosphor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermally conductive substrate comprises stainless steel, copper, aluminum, and/or molybdenum. The absorber layer includes inorganic materials comprising titania, nanocrystalline, zinc oxide, copper oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide and other oxides, sodium titanate, potassium niobate, cadmium selenide, cadmium suflide, copper sulfide, cadmium telluride, cadmium-tellurium selenide, copper-indium selenide, cadmium oxide, copper iodide, copper thiocyanate, and/or a semiconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first resin system comprises a thermosetting resin impregnated into the sheet at a level of 5-35 wt.%. The first resin system comprises a resin comprising polybenzoxazine resin and/or epoxy resin. The structure formed on one of the major surfaces of the sheet comprises channel along the surface of the sheet. The second resin system is applied to the sheet at a level of 0.1-9 wt.%. The second resin system comprises a methacrylate resin. The heat curable polymerizable monofunctional and polyfunctional methacrylate resin is applied to the surface treated sheet at a level of 0.05-10 wt.%. The second resin system comprises a dye. Preferred Method: The method further comprises surface treating the resin-impregnated sheet to form at least one structure on at least one of the major surfaces of the sheet to form a surface treated sheet prior to treatment with the second resin. The first resin is at least partially cured prior to surface treating of the resin impregnated sheet. The surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet comprises embossing a channel along the surface of the resin-impregnated sheet. The methacrylate resin is applied to the sheet at a level of 0.2-6 wt.%. Preferred Composition: The second resin further comprises a free radical initiator, where the free radical initiator comprises a substituted azonitrile compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coiling core is made of one of polymers including polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide and polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains structural unit of formula (I)-(VII).P'=hydrophobic portion chosen from 6 groups e.g. groups of formulae (a)-(e);P"=hydrophobic portion chosen from 12 groups e.g. groups of formulae: -(CH2-CH2)p-, -(CF2-CF2)p-, -O-, -SO2-, or -(CH=CH)p-;R1,R2=H, fluoro, hydroxy, or 1-10C hydrocarbyl or fluoro-hydrocarbyl (both optionally substituted by ether bond, sulfonyl or hydroxy);R3,R4=1-10C hydrocarbyl or fluoro-hydrocarbyl (both optionally substituted by ether bond, sulfonyl or hydroxy);r,s=0-8;r+s=1-8;u=2-9;X-=counter-anion;andt,r+s+t=1-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material layer and the aluminum foil are adhered through a urethane-type adhesive agent. The aluminum foil and the innermost layer are adhered through epoxy-group-containing urethane-type adhesive agent, acid-modified polyolefin resin, or polyolefin resin. The thin-layer-coating layer is crosslinked thin-layer-coating layer containing metal fluoride or its derivative(s) and substance which passivates the surface of aluminum foil. Preferred Properties: The laminated component has tensile rupture elongation of 50% or more, along machine direction and transverse direction based on JIS K7127. The innermost layer has thickness of 20-40 mu m. The adhesive strength of aluminum foil and the innermost layer is 20N/inch or more, measured by tearing-off measuring method based on JIS C6471.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primer layer is made of silane coupling agent. The hydrolyzate of metal alkoxide containing methyl and ethlyl group is included in the gas barrier coating layer. The inorganic compound layer is made of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide or zinc oxide. The metal in metal alkoxide is silicon, aluminum, titanium or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydroxyl group of polyol or functional group of isocyanate group is included in the coupling agent of primer layer. The base material such as polyethylene terephthalate film is stacked with the primer layer. The polyvinyl alcohol or ethylenevinyl alcohol copolymer is provided in the gas barrier coating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of the phosphate compound (I) is 0.001-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polyvinyl butyral resin. The phosphite compound (I) is 6-(3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetra-t-butyl-dibenz(d,f)(1,3,2)dioxa phosphepine. The piperidine compound is bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate, (methyl-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate and/or bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate. The ultraviolet absorber is 2-hydroxy-4-n-octyloxy benzophenone or 2-(3-t-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains piperidine compound of formula (II), and/or ultraviolet absorber.R8=H, 1-20C alkyl, or 1-20C alkoxy;andY"=oxygen or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer (c-1) is acrylic acid addition product of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether or isocyanuric acid ethylene oxide modified diacrylate. The acrylic monomer (c-3) is i-butyl acrylate or 2-ethylhexylacrylate. The photoinitiator is acylphosphine oxide type photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The acrylic polymer has molecular weight distribution of 2.0-5.0 and gel fraction of less than 3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin (in parts mass) (100) contains metal salt (0.01-10) of element of group (I) or (II) in periodic table, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or oxide (0.01-10) of element of group (I), group (II) or group (XII) in periodic table, and halogen-type element (0.01-5). The resin comprises plasticized polyvinyl acetal or unplasticized polyvinyl acetal, ethylene vinyl acetate, or unsaturated carboxylic-acid copolymer. The polyvinyl acetal is polyvinyl butyral. Preferred Process: The volatile material in resin is removed such that the content of volatile material is adjusted to 0.01-6 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface structure contains silicone, polymethyl methacrylate, acrylic glasses, organic glasses, light transparent plastics, ionomers, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyurethane, silver, aluminum, copper, nickel, nickel alloy and/or brass. The tool consists of curable plastics, fluoridated hydrocarbons, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, plastics, polymethyl methacrylate, aluminum, copper, nickel, nickel alloy or brass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Preparation of the catalyst (D1) involves: dispersing a carbon support in water to form slurry; adding dissolved platinum salt to the slurry; dissolving a salt of transition metal (Y') in a suitable solvent, such as a concentrated acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid) or an alcohol (e.g. ethanol) and then it added to a solution of a salt of transition metal (X'); and adding a solution containing transition metal (X') and transition metal (Y') to the platinum/carbon suspension to obtain the catalyst (D1). Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (D1) is optionally supported on a conductive support material. Preferred Definitions:    X'=nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper, titanium or manganese;    Y'=tantalum or niobium.    EXAMPLE - Tantalum pentachloride (16.5 g) was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid (60 ml) and added to a solution of cobalt (II) chloride (43.89 g) in water (200 ml). The resulting solution was added to slurry of Ketjen EC300J (RTM: electroconductive carbon black) (35 g) dispersed in water (6 liter). The stirred slurry was neutralized to pH 8 with 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). When the pH had stabilized at 8, a solution of potassium tetrachloroplatinite (32.18 g) dissolved in water (500 ml) was added. After warming the slurry to 60 degrees C, 1M NaOH was added until the pH stabilized at 8. The slurry was cooled, collected by filtration, washed with water and dried at 105 degrees C to obtain catalyst (80.7 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cadmium-containing compound includes a cadmium-selenium compound, a cadmium-halogen compound, or both. It includes one or more of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium bromide (CdBr2), and cadmium acetate (Cd(CH3CO2)2). The selenium containing compound includes a selenium-amine compound, a seleniumhydrazine compound, or both. It includes one or more of hydrogen selenide (H2Se), Na2SeSO3, selenourea, and a selenium-containing hydrazine compound. The first non-aqueous solvent is different from the second non-aqueous solvent. It is the same as the second non-aqueous solvent. The first non-aqueous solvent, the second non-aqueous solvent, or both, includes one or more of ammonia, a hydrazine compound, alcohol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, isopropanol amine, formamide, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, acetamide, N-methyl acetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Preferred Method: Manufacturing solar cell further comprises adding a co-solvent to the mixed solution. Exposing the electron conductor film to the mixed solution includes dip coating; or exposing the electron conductor film to the mixed solution includes a non-vacuum deposition process. The method also comprises one or more of drying and annealing the electron conductor film having the cadmium and selenium quantum dot layer deposited to it; and disposing a zinc sulfide (ZnS) shell on the electron conductor film having a cadmium and selenium quantum dot layer deposited to it. Disposing ZnS shell on the electron conductor film having cadmium and selenium quantum dot layer deposited to it forms a target photoelectrode. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carboxylic acid compound (I) is formic acid or acetic acid. The alcohol compound (II) is methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. The aldehyde compound (III) is formaldehyde or acetaldehyde. The amine compound (IV) is ammonia or urea. The solid support material contains carbon, oxide, nitride and/or nanotube. The liquid phase further contains solvent. The solvent is polar and protic solvent, preferably water. The concentration of carboxylic compound (I), alcohol compound (II), aldehyde compound (III) or amine compound (IV) in the liquid phase is 0.01-26.52 M, preferably 0.1-10 M. The concentration of the catalyst in the liquid phase is 0.01 M or less, preferably 0.0005 M or less. The metal (B) is chosen from copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium. The molar ratio of the metal (B) with respect to metal (A) polymetallic nanoparticles is 1:1. Preferred Process: The contacting process is performed at 100 degrees C or less, preferably 40 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The nanoparticles (b) have mean particle size of 1-50 nm. The work function of the metal (B) is less than 5.6 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further comprises polymer and solid support material. The polymer is chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol and poly(ethylenimine), preferably poly(ethylenimine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin binder is glycol-modified polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Properties: The laminated porous film has an air permeability of 2000 seconds/100 ml or less, and beta -crystal activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass fiber plate has a thickness of 0.3 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The core material is wood pulp paper or recycled paper having a length that is the same with the length of the glass fiber plate, thickness of 3 mm, and width of 6 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The glass fiber plate is an epoxy resin glass fiber plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic cathode active material is chosen from silicon, silicon alloys, silicon oxide, tin, tin alloys and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halocyclic carbonate is fluoro ethylene carbonate, fluoro propylene carbonate, chloro-ethylene carbonate, chloro propylene carbonate, difluoro ethylene carbonate, difluoro propylene carbonate, dichloro-ethylene carbonate and/or dichloro propylene carbonate. The linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate and/or ethyl propyl carbonate. The 3-halo benzonitrile is 3-fluoro-benzonitrile, 3-chloro benzonitrile, 3-bromo benzonitrile and/or 3-iodo benzonitrile. The 2-halo-4-hydroxy benzonitrile is 2-fluoro-4-hydroxy benzonitrile, 2-chloro-4-hydroxy benzonitrile, 2-bromo-4-hydroxy benzonitrile and/or 2-iodo-4-hydroxy benzonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is made of poly carbonate, PVC and polyurethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fluorocarbon-containing gas is tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6), tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4), and/or trifluoromethane (CHF3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Resin material is fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat spreader comprises a thin metal strip coated, by a thermally conductive dielectric, on side(s) of the metal strip.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat spreader is mounted to the backsheet with a thermal adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The apparatus further comprises a target material for each of the magnetrons, where each of the target materials has a composition comprising one of copper indium gallium, copper gallium and copper indium. The web comprises a metal foil or plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elongated base member comprises polycarbonate, PVC, fiberglass, acrylic, aluminum, or other polymer or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface treatment layer contains intermediate layer and surface layer. The content of alkaline-earth metal in intermediate layer is less than the content of alkaline-earth metal in fluorescent material base. The content of alkaline-earth metal in intermediate layer is less than the content of alkaline-earth metal in surface layer. The content of alkaline-earth metal in intermediate layer is 2/3 or less of content of alkaline-earth metal in fluorescent material base. The alkaline-earth metal contained in surface treatment layer is alkaline-earth metal derived in fluorescent material base. The fluorescent material base contains silicate-based fluorescent substance containing alkaline-earth metal. The boric acid is further added in the surface treatment layer. The complex ion contains specific element and fluorine. The fluorine is of formula: AF62-. The fluorescent material base contains silicate-based fluorescent substance of formula: (Sr1-xMx)ySiO4:Eu2+ or (Sr1-xMx)ySiO4:Eu2+D.M=metal chosen from barium, calcium, magnesium or zinc;D=halo chosen from fluoro, chloro or bromo;andA=group 4-6 element.Preferred Property: The electrical conductivity of water of 1 part weight of fluorescent substance immersed in 300 part weight of pure waters for 10 minutes is 100 or less m.Second/m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electron transporting layer (90) is placed between the organic photoactive layer (80) and a metal electrode layer (60). A metal recombination layer is placed between the n-type amorphous silicon layer (30) and hole transporting layer (70). The hole transporting layer is made of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, strontium-titanium oxide, lithium fluoride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), polyaniline or polypyrrole. The electron transporting layer is made of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, strontium-titanium oxide, lithium fluoride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), polyaniline or polypyrrole. The metal recombination layer is made of gold, silver, nickel, aluminum, titanium, platinum, palladium or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first photovoltaic module includes silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), or organics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The interconnection component includes a thin sheet of metal including accordion folds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The interconnection component is potted inside the protector using a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit further comprises alumina (0-10 mol%). The conductive powder comprises metal chosen from iron, aluminum, nickel, copper, silver, gold, molybdenum, magnesium, tungsten, cobalt and zinc. Preferred Property: The particle diameter of conductive powder is 0.1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thickness of silicon dioxide film is set to 80-120mm. The thickness of titanium dioxide film is set to 80-100nm. The protective layer is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive substrate is a conductive glass or a conductive polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: Substrate is glass e.g. sapphire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal rails contain copper, silver, or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Polymeric adhesive contains polymethacrylate. Polymeric bars are polyurethane bars.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic surface comprises nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pattern comprises a directly electroplateable resin (DER).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-transmitting conductive material is indium tin oxide, indium tin oxide containing silicon oxide, organoindium, organotin, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide containing zinc oxide, zinc oxide doped with gallium, tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, or indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide. The active material is activated carbon or a polyacenic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-transmitting conductive material is water-dispersible polyester. The light-transmitting electrolyte layer includes polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The photoelectric converting layer containing compound with phthalocyanine structure (1) is produced by solution coating method. Preferred Definitions:    A=aryl; and    Z1-Z4=benzene ring or naphthalene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bivalent atom or atom group is O, CO or COO. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution is derived from the fluorine-type solvent and hydrocarbon based solvent which mutually show incompatibility. The carbon atoms in fluorine-type solvent and hydrocarbon-based solvent contain the solvent of the structure bonded through the bivalent atom or atom group. Preferred Parameters: The carbon number contained in a fluorine-type solvent is greater than or equal to 1.4N when carbon number of the hydrocarbon based solvent is set to N while the fluorinated rate of the fluorine-type solvent is 0.25-0.75.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The additive contains slurry stabilizer and cement procoagulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano-objects and/or nanostructures are made of metal oxides e.g. rare doped earth oxides and magnetic nanoparticles e.g. silver manganese, iron oxide, magnetite nanoparticles. The absorber has an upper surface provided with a coating made of transparent material chosen from transparent conductive oxides such as indium and tin oxide, and aluminum doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nano-objects and/or nanostructures are made of material e.g. carbon, metals e.g. gold, copper, manganese or aluminum and metal alloys e.g. gold, copper, manganese or aluminum alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the matrix is chosen from thermoplastic polymers e.g. polyolefins, polyethylenes and polypropylenes, polymers and copolymers of cyclic olefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters e.g. polycarbonate, polymethacrylate, polyethylene terepthalate, and polyethylene naphthalate. The nano-objects and/or nanostructures are made of organic polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic moldings are constructed of several individual plastic moldings. The plastic moldings are constructed of individual bonded plastic moldings. The plastic moldings are constructed by several plastic moldings by polymerizing at least one plastic molding, which is colored with at least one fluorescent dye, between two further plastic moldings. The plastic moldings are colored with at least one fluorescent dye on the basis of rylene, perylene, terrylene and/or quaterrylene. The plastic moldings are colored with at least one dye based on complex lanthanide compounds. The plastic moldings are colored with at least one dye based on nanoscopic semiconductor structures (quantum dots). A photonic layer (1) is arranged on the plastic molding. The photonic layer of a dielectric interference filter that is formed as an edge filter or as a band-pass filter is arranged on the plastic molding. The photonic layer that is composed of photonic crystals is arranged on the plastic molding. The photonic layer that is formed as an inverse opal is arranged on the plastic molding. A flat reflector (3) is arranged below the plastic molding. A mirror, white foil and/or plate as the reflector are arranged below the plastic molding. The photonic layer is arranged on the plastic molding and the reflector below the plastic molding. EXAMPLE - Prepolymer methylmethacrylate syrup (1000 wt.parts) was dissolved in 2,2'-azo-bis(2,4 dimethyl valeronitrile) (1 wt.parts) and a mixture consisting of Lumogen yellow 083 (RTM: Perylene dye) (0.15 wt.parts), Lumogen orange 240 (RTM: Perylene dye) (0.16 wt.parts) and Lumogen red 305 (RTM: Perylene dye) (0.40 wt.parts) were added. The mixture was polymerized in a water bath at 45 degrees C for 16 hours to obtain a homogeneous red fluorescent disk of 10 mm thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive film contains electroconductive material mixed with resin, or electroconductive compound. The electroconductive material is carbon black. The electroconductive compound is graphite sheet. The electroconductive oxide layer contains indium oxide or zinc oxide as a main component. The carbon thin film layer is a diamond-like carbon thin film. Preferred Property: The total thickness of electroconductive oxide layer and carbon thin film layer is 20-100 nm. The electroconductive barrier film has resistivity of 1-100 Omega .cm and water contact angle of 65-120 degrees . Preferred Method: The electroconductive oxide layer and carbon thin film layer are formed by sputtering method.
Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2, R5, R6 = H;    R3, R4 = F;    W1 = polyoxyethylene; and    R7 = -CF3, where at least two of R 1 to R 4 are fluorine atoms.    EXAMPLE - A reaction mixture comprising trioxa-3,6,9-decyl alpha -trifluoromethacrylate (21.2 g), tert-butyl peroxypivalate (0.58 g) and acetonitrile (50 ml) was introduced into the reactor equipped with a manometer, a rupture disk, a mechanical stirrer, and valve gas inlet. The reactor was degassed followed by three vacuum-argon cycles. Then, the reactor was again put under argon and degassed before introducing vinylidene fluoride (18 g) (VDF). The initial molar ratio VDF/trioxa-3,6,9-decyl alpha -trifluoromethacrylate was 98/2 mole/mole. The reactor was heated gradually with stirring at 75 degrees C and held at that temperature for at least 6 hours. During heating, the pressure was increased to a maximum of 28 bars and then dropped to 22 bars. The reactor was then cooled, introduced into an ice bath for 40 minutes and then degassed. After opening the reactor, the solvent of crude reaction mixture was evaporated, then the copolymer was precipitated in cold pentane (500 ml) with vigorous stirring, and filtered to give a white powder of copolymer (13.7 g, 35%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chain-shaped carboxylate ester with total carbon of greater than or equal to 4 is chain-shaped carboxylate ester of formula R1-C(=O)-O-R2. The content of chain-shaped carboxylate ester with total carbon of greater than or equal to 4 is 0.1-40 mass%.R1,R2=hydrocarbon (optionally branched) in which sum total of carbon number is 3-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyacid and/or polyacid compound are heteropolyacids and/or heteropolyacid compounds which have greater than or equal to 2 types of polyelement. The heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid compound are compounds of formula Ax(BD12O40).yH2O. The content of polyacid and/or polyacid compound is 0.1-10 mass%. The gel-like film contains amorphous polyacid and/or polyacid compound which have three-dimensional network structure and nonaqueous electrolyte. The separator, positive electrode, negative electrode, nonaqueous electrolyte and/or separators contain polyacid and/or polyacid compound.A=H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Al, NH4, quaternary ammonium salt or phosphonium salt;B=P, Si, As or Ge;D=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Rh, Cd, In, Sn, Ta, W, Re or Tl;x=0-7; andy=0-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte comprises plasticizer and lithium salt chosen from lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluorosulfonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and lithium chloride. The concentration of lithium salt in the electrolyte is 0.2-1.2 mol/L. The plasticizer is ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, and/or glycol dimethyl ether. The fluorine-containing polymer solution comprises solvent chosen from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethanol, and isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material comprising quantum dots is a compound semiconductor alloy or as a cation containing one or a combination of elements of group IV of the periodic table comprising lead (Pb) and tin (Sn), and as anion one or a combination of elements of group VI of the periodic table comprising sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te), and the barrier material contains quantum dots is a compound semiconductor alloy or as a cation containing one or a combination of the elements comprising zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), and as anion one or a combination of elements of group VI of the periodic table comprising S, Se and Te. The levels in the quantum dots are confined electrons or holes to be used as intermediate band. The intermediate band solar cell contains quantum dots of different sizes within the device for generating multiple optical transitions energies. The emitters are of the same semiconductor material used as barrier material of the quantum dots, or other semiconductor (same or different between the two emitters) with band gap (gap) equal to or greater than that of the barrier material. Front transmitter is of type p and n-type bottom, or vice versa, where one or two emitters include a higher doping layer or greater gap to reduce surface recombination speed. Intermediate band solar cell comprises low doping layer between one of the emitters, or both, and the quantum dot material, to avoid that the quantum dots are located within the loading area Device space. Preferred Method: The semiconductor substrate is replaced by a low-cost substrate (glass, brass, steel, or plastic), well suited for the growth technique for growing the layer structure on the new substrate, either because it is separated by physical or chemical methods of semiconductor device substrate after growing it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solar battery sheet is clamped between inner and outer layers of isolation layer. The outer isolating layer is further overlapped with toughened glass layer. The inner and outer isolating layers are made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Photovoltaic stack contains amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material of the main body is glass, metal or an alloy. The laser source is a carbon dioxide laser or neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser or a femtosecond laser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The nanostructure comprises many regular, repeating units. The pitch between the adjacent units is 10-500 nm. The height of each unit is 10-100 nm. In the housing, each unit is saw-tooth-shaped, hump-shaped, square-shaped, step-shaped or multistep-shaped. The surface roughness of the nanostructure is 1-10 nm. Preferred Method: The nanostructure is formed in the interface by a laser source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate glass is selected from one of a super rolling glass, float glass, common float glass or Low E-type film glass. The front packaging glass is selected from one of a super rolling glass, float glass, common float glass or anti-reflection film glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyisocyanate-type curing agent is 10-100 parts mass with respect to total content of 100 parts mass of fluoropolymer and polyester polymer. The mass ratio of fluoropolymer and polyester polymer is 45/55-95/5. The coating composition further contains pigment. The polyester polymer has average of 3 or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. Preferred Property: The polyester polymer has number average molecular weight of 500-5000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general method for preparation of the precursor (II) is given. Preferred Definitions:    R1= not greater than 8 methylene;    R2=methyl or ethyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The borophosphorosilicate glass (BPSG) is deposited to form multiple BPSG layers atop the gate oxide layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Multiple polysilicon layers are formed in the trench areas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive fiber is metal nanowire. The metal nanowire consists of silver, and/or metals other than silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, and/or cellulose derivative. The solvent is water or preferably alkaline solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The olefin polymer (A) has crystal melting peak temperature of 30-95 degrees C. The olefin polymer (B) has extrapolation crystal melting starting temperature of 100-130 degrees C. The difference of crystal melting peak temperature of polymer (A) and extrapolation crystal melting starting temperature of polymer (B) is 35 degrees C or more. The olefin polymer is alpha -olefin random copolymer. The olefin polymer (B) is ethylene- alpha -olefin block copolymer, preferably ethylene octene multiblock copolymer. The mass ratio of olefin polymer (A) and olefin polymer (B) is 99-50/1-50. The resin composition further contains additive chosen from silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and weather stabilizer. The sealing material has a laminated structure having at least two layers differing in storage elastic modulus measured at 20 degrees C and oscillation frequency of 10 Hz by dynamic viscoelastic measurement, preferably layer (D1) having storage elastic modulus of less than 100 MPa and layer (D2) having storage elastic modulus of 100 MPa or more. The sealing material has laminated structure having layers (D1/D2/D1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic group (I) is preferably of formulae (II), (III) and (IV). The organic group (II) is preferably of formulae (V). The polymer electrolyte further contains aromatic hydrocarbon-type polymer having ion exchange group and fluoropolymer ion exchange group. The polyarylene-type compound further contains ion exchange group or ion exchange precursor group of formula (VII), nitrogen-containing structural unit of formula (VIII) and organic group of formula (IX).E=-SO- or -S-;Y 001=-SO 2- or -CO-;R 001-R 006,R 008-R 014,R 033=B 1;R 007=3-20C aryl or 1-20C alkyl (both optionally substituted) or H;Y 04=groups (i),(ii),(v)-(vii) or (x);r=1-4;andQ 01=ion exchange group or ion exchange precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shaft is made of aluminum. The absorber includes a coil made of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tube is made of polyoxymethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The luminescent material comprises quantum dots or an organic dye. The quantum dots comprise material selected from lead sulfide (PbS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium arsenide (InAs), and indium phosphide (InP). The quantum dots comprise material selected from zinc selenide (ZnSe), and titanium dioxide (TiO2). Preferred Parameter: The quantum dots comprise particles of 1-10 nm in size.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic module has an average peel strength between the first film layer and the second film layer of greater than 10 lbf/in, measured after exposing the photovoltaic module to conditions of 85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity for 1000 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is butyl acrylate. (III) is glycidyl methacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the method, an additional layer is adhered to the surface of the encapsulant layer opposite the surface that contacts portions of the surface of the second layer. Preferred Components: The transparent multilayer film comprises a product of crosslinking the blend composition. The encapsulant layer comprises a polymeric material comprising ethylene acid copolymers, ionomers of ethylene acid copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(vinyl acetal), polyurethanes, polyvinylchloride~s, polyethylene~s, polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, silicone elastomers and/or epoxy resins. The surface of the first film layer i.e. in contact with the second film layer is modified with an aminosilane. The blend composition is at least partially crosslinked. The surface of the first film layer is modified with an aminosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fatty-acid silver salt has hydroxyl group at alpha -position and/or beta -position of carbon atom, with respect to carboxy silver salt group. The fatty-acid silver salt is a compound of formula: (R1)n-C(COOAg)-(R2-OH)3-n, R1-C(R1)(-COOAg)-OH or R1-C(-R3-COOAg)(-R1)-OH, preferably 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-n-butyric acid silver salt, 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid silver salt, and/or glycolic acid silver salt.n=1 or 2;R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;andR2,R3=1-6C alkylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is thermosetting resin chosen from epoxy resin, polyester resin, silicone resin, and urethane resin. Content of fatty-acid silver salt and content of resin is 1-100 parts mass, and 0.5-10 parts mass, respectively, with respect to 100 parts mass of silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of electrolyte additive is 0.01-0.5 M. The halide is oligo(ethylene glycol)dichloride. Preferred Process: The benzimidazole-containing compound (III) and halide are reacted at 70 degrees C for 12 hours or more. The methyltrioctylammonium chloride or dimethyl sulfoxide is added during reaction of benzimidazole-containing compound (III) and halide. Preferred Definitions:    R=H or CH(OH)CH3;    A=methyl;and    n=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene compound (I) is preferably of formula (II). The organic layer is a bulk heterojunction layer containing fullerene compound (I) and conjugated polymer material.R2-R4,R8-R11=H or substituent, preferably 6C or more alkyl, alkoxy, amino or alkylthio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass is ordinary optical glass, indium-tin oxide glass and oxide glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The doped ion used in preparation of film is erbium, ytterbium and bismuth ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropanol and n-butanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The PEG is PEG-1000, PEG-1500, PEG-2000, PEG-4000, PEG-6000, PEG-10000 and/or PEG-20000. The film-forming agent used during preparation is polyurethane, polyacrylic acid, acrylic resin and butadiene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (I) further comprises: forming a resistive transparent buffer layer between the transparent conductive oxide layer and the n-type thin film layer; and step (iv) as above per se, where the first isolation scribe forms part of the anisotropic conductive layer and is filled with polymeric binder and conductive particles (23). Preferred Components: The anisotropic conductive paste: comprises a polymeric binder and many conductive particles; and in the method (II) fills the first isolation scribe. The conductive particles: have a size sufficient to traverse the anisotropic conductive layer to provide a direct conductive connection between the p-n junction and the metal contact layer; have an average diameter of 4-8 mu m, where the anisotropic conductive layer has a thickness of 4-6 mu m; and comprise metal plated glass beads, metal particles and/or metal plated polymeric beads. The anisotropic conductive layer: defines a thickness, where the conductive particles have an average diameter that is greater than or equal to 50% thickness of the anisotropic conductive layer; further comprises an inert filler material; and has a resistance of 0.1-100 ohms in the z direction and a resistance of greater than or equal to 100Kohms in both the x and y direction. The n-type thin film layer comprises cadmium sulfide and the p-type thin film layer comprises cadmium telluride. In the method (I) at least two adjacent individual conductive particles positioned within the first isolation scribe define a break to disrupt electrical flow through a plane defined by the anisotropic paste layer. The first isolation scribe has a width of 50-150 mu m (preferably 75-125 mu m). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic fine particles contains oxide of cerium, zinc, titanium, iron, zirconium, tag stainless steel and/or strontium, and silicon, aluminum, oxygen and/or nitrogen. Preferred Property: The inorganic fine particles have average particle diameter of 100 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer contains urethane-type adhesive agent. The plastic film is polyester resin film. The ultraviolet blocking layer and fluorine resin film are bonded by adhesive layer (5). The organic layer is formed using hardening polymeric composition containing (meth)acrylate. Preferred Properties: The fluorine resin film has thickness of 10-1000 mu m. The protection sheet has total light transmittance of 85% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of resins (A,B) is 30:20-30:60. Resin (A) contains a non-halogen-type flame retardant. Preferred Property: Resin layer (4) and protection sheet are integrated previously. The tab line is joined to a surface electrode provided in the light-receiving surface of the photovoltaic cell with a conductive adhesive. The sealing resin sheet is laminated on the protection sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The film of non-hardened active-energy beam-curable resin composition is blasted using blast particles having maximum particle size of 80 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin contains 2-20 wt.% of polar group containing monomer. The mixed resin sheet has melt flow rate of 0.5-15 g/10 minutes when the sheet is melted at 190 degrees C. The mixed resin sheet contains a crystal nucleating agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front contact layer and the back contact layer are made of a transparent conductive oxide e.g. aluminum doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The patterned discontinuous conductive layer is made of a metal e.g. silver, copper, aluminum, indium, tin, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum and titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photo-absorber layer is made of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is flexible material, glass, or polyimide. The material of absorbing layer is copper indium gallium selenium, copper indium selenium, or copper gallium selenium. The coating layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cationic hardener is sulfonium salt of formula (I). The fatty acid silver salt is chosen from fatty acid silver salt (B1) having carboxy silver salt group or hydroxyl group, and/or polycarboxylic acid silver salt (B2) having two or more carboxy silver salt groups. The compound (B1) is of formula: (R1)n-C(-COOAg)-(R2-OH)3-n (II), R1-C(-COOAg)(-R1)-OH (III) or R1-C(-R3COOAg)(-R1)-OH (IV). The compound (B2) does not have a hydroxyl group, and is of formula: R4-(C(=O)-O-Ag)m (V).X=OH, RO-, R-C(=O)-O or R-NHC(=O)-O;Ar=aryl;R=optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbyl or aryl;n=0-2;R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;R2,R3=1-6C alkylene;m=2-6;andR4=1-24C optionally saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl with m valence, 3-12C alicyclic hydrocarbyl or 6-12C aryl with m valence.(i) When carbon number of R4 is p, m less than or equal to 2p+2. The compound (B1) has hydroxyl group in the carbon atom of alpha -position and/or beta -position with respect to the carboxy silver salt group. The compound (B1) has 2 hydroxyl groups, and is preferably 2,2-bis(hydroxy methyl)n-butyric acid silver salt and/or 2-hydroxy isobutyric acid silver salt. The compound (B2) is 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid silver salt. The content of the component (B) is 1-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the silver powder (A). The content of the hardener is 0.1-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the epoxy resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin is resin to which ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide are added. The content of the epoxy resin is 1-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Relation: The concentration of catalyst metal satisfies a relation: content (in %mass) of catalyst metalx 100/(standard %mass of carrier particles+standard %mass of catalyst metal)=10-80. Preferred Composition: The carrier particles are carbon block and/or electroconductive metal oxide-type particles. The content of catalyst metal in the catalyst layer is 0.05-2 mg/cm2, with respect to effective area of membrane electrode assembly. The content of ionomer with respect to content of carrier particles in the catalyst layer is 0.2-3. Preferred Properties: Carrier particles have median diameter of 30 nm to 1 mu m, and BET specific surface area of 100-1500 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The electronic supply component further contains protective layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive layer contains fiber base material including woven fabric or nonwoven fabric, and holes which transmit ions. Electrolyte layers (13 and 14) contain electroconductive hydrogel including electrolytic salt in water-containing gel which holds water at least in hydrophilic resin matrix. Preferred Process: Protective layer and/or electrolyte layer (14) transmit electromagnetic waves having wavelength of 340-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electron toner is high molecular compound having thiophene diyl group and/or fluorene diyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxo acid salt is borate, carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphite, phosphate, and/or preferably silicate.The silicate is lithium silicate, sodium silicate, and/or potassium silicate.The phosphate ester is phosphoric acid dihexadecyl ester, diphenyl phosphate ester, phosphoric acid di (polyethyleneglycol-4-nonylphenyl) ester, phosphoric acid cresyl diphenylester, phosphoric acid mono-n-dodecyl ester-disodium salt, and/or phosphoric acid oleyl ester. The phosphate ester is phosphate triester. The phosphate triester is trimethyl phosphate ester, tributyl phosphate ester, and/or phosphoric acid triaryl ester.The phosphonic acid ester is phosphonic acid dibenzyl ester, phosphonic acid di-n-butylester, phosphonic acid didodecyl ester, and/or phosphonic acid diethylester.The electrolyte has compound containing phosphoric acid group and polyoxyethylene group. The compound containing phosphoric acid group and polyoxyethylene group is compound of formula R1-O-(R2O)n-P(=O)(OB')-OA', compound of formula R3-O-P(=O)(OB')-O-R4, or compound of R5-P(=O)(OB')-OA'.The negative electrode consists of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The positive electrode has positive electrode catalyst layer containing platinum or positive electrode catalyst layer containing manganese dioxide. The positive electrode has positive electrode catalyst layer containing perovskite type complex oxide of formula ABO3.R1 = 1-4C hydrocarbon group;R2 = -CH2CH2- or -CH(CH3)CH2-;n = 1-8;A', B' = H, sodium atom, potassium atom, or lithium atom;R3, R4 = H or 1-6C hydrocarbon group;B = H, sodium atom, potassium atom, or lithium atom;R5 = 1-6C hydrocarbon group;A = La, Sr, and/or Ca; andB = Mn, Fe, Cr, and/or Co.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mold comprises fused silica, graphite, silicon nitride, single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is a cyclic quaternary ammonium salt of formula (A)-(G), preferably (A) or (B), which further comprises a hydrophobic portion P1b bonded to P1a.P1a, P1b = a hydrophobic portion, where P1a is a substituted benzene moiety of formula (a), 1-benzenesulfonyl-4-phenoxy-benzene moiety of formula (a1), -(CF2-CF(Y1-(CH2)m-CH3))n-, -(CH2-CH(Y1-(CH2)m-CH3))n-, a substituted ethyl-benzene moiety of formula (a2) or -(CH(Y1-(CH2)m-CH3)=CH)n-, and P1b is -(CH2-CH2)p-, a benzene moiety of formula (a3), 4-(4-phenoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenol moiety of formula (a4), (4-hydroxy-phenyl)-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-methanone moiety of formula (a5), (1,2,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-4-phenoxy-cyclobutoxy)benzene of formula (a6), -(CF2-CH2)p-, (2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)benzene moiety of formula (a7), a cyclohexane moiety of formula (a8), ethyl benzene moiety of formula (a9), -O-, SO2-, -(CH=CH)p-;n, p = greater than or equal to 1;m = greater than or equal to 0;Y1 = a direct bond or O;b = 1-4;R1, R2 = H, F, OH, or 1-10C-(fluorinated)hydrocarbyl optionally containing ether bond, sulfonyl bond, and/or OH;R3, R4 = (fluorinated)hydrocarbyl or 1-10C-fluorocarbon (both optionally contains ether bond, sulfonyl bond, and/or OH); eitherr, s = 0-8; orr+s = 1-8;u = 2-9;X- = a counter anion; andt = 1-7.Provided that: in formula (F) the sum of r and s is 0-7 with the proviso that r and s do not simultaneously represent 1, and in formula (G), the sum of r, s and t is 1-7 with the proviso that r, s and t do not simultaneously represent 1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: disposing the nanorods between first and second electrodes, where the each nanorod has one end in electrical contact with the first electrode and electrically insulated from the second electrode through a thin polymer layer at the other end; growing nanorods on a substrate providing the first electrode before providing nanorods and photoresponsive nanocrystals; and depositing the second electrode after polymerizing the monomer, where the second electrode is electrically insulated from the nanorods through a thin polymer layer. Providing nanorods and photoresponsive nanocrystals comprises providing the nanocrystal capped with first capping agent containing at least one of binding functionality. The exposing step comprises capping the nanorods with the second capping agent, where the first capping agent has weaker affinity for the nanocrystals than the second capping agent, where the second capping agent preferentially displaces the first capping agent to bind to the nanocrystal. The second capping agent replaces some but not all first capping agents on the nanocrystals, where in combining step free ends of the second capping agent bind to the nanorods.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first capping agent is octanethiol. The binding functionality is thiol, selenol, amine, phosphine, phosphine oxide or an aromatic heterocycle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The average pore size of the continuous pores is not more than 0.2 (preferably not more than 0.1) mu m. The polytetrafluoroethylene is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The side cover is made of high-temperature resisting plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: In the catalyst carrier, among the protective layer for carbon, a vicinity part of an interface between the protective layer for carbon and the carbon comprises silicon carbide, while a surface part of the protective layer for carbon comprises silicon oxide. Preferred Material: In the catalyst material, the catalyst comprises at least one element selected from ruthenium, palladium, iridium, platinum or gold. Preferred Components: The protective layer for carbon comprises at least one element selected from titanium, germanium, niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tin, tantalum, tungsten or osmium. The surface of the protective layer for carbon comprises at least one functional group selected from phosphate group and sulfonic acid group. The silicon content of the protective layer for carbon is greater than 20 atomic % based on elements consisting of metal elements, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, selenium and tellurium among elements detected when the ingredients of the protective layer for carbon are analyzed through an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer. The protective layer for carbon is less than 10 nm in thickness. The precursor comprises alkoxide. EXAMPLE - Allylhydridopolycarbosilane (1.2 g) was mixed with hexane (5 g), followed by sufficiently mixing with carbon black (1 g) having a specific surface area of 800 m2/g using a mortar. The resultant mixture was dried at 50 degrees C in the atmosphere to remove hexane, followed by heat treatment at 200 degrees C in the atmosphere for 12 hours. Furthermore, a 3-hour heat treatment at 900 degrees C in argon was carried out and a catalyst carrier comprising silicon (19 wt.%, 100 atomic %) was derived.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main structural components of clay membrane are natural clay or synthetic clay. The natural clay or synthetic clay is mica, vermiculite, montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite, magadiite, ilerite and/or kanemites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The raw material of glass fiber reinforced plastic is thermosetting resin. The thermosetting resin is unsaturated polyester resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, melamine resin or vinyl ester resins. The weight ratio of glass fiber reinforced plastic with respect to all solid state of glass fiber is greater than or equal to 25%. The clay membrane has clay containing water-soluble resin as additive. The water-soluble additive is cellulose resin, alkyd resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, fluororesin, acrylic resin, methacryl resin, phenol resin, polyester resin, polyvinyl resin and/or polyacrylic resin. The weight ratio of additive with respect to clay membrane is less than or equal to 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic sulfur additives are selected from alkane thiols, alkyl disulfides, optionally substituted aryl thiols, or hydroxyalkanethiols.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The absorbent is selected from polyethyleneimine, polyethylene glycol, or poly(ionic) liquids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The logarithmic viscosity of the polyamic acid of polyamic-acid solution composition is 2 dL/g or less. The thickness of the polyimide membrane is 40 mu m or less. Preferred Process: Another material is laminated on the polyimide membrane surface of the polyimide membrane laminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The olefin resin material is an ethylenic copolymer chosen from ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer and ethylene-vinyl-ester copolymer. The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer has density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3 and melt flow rate of 0.05-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C and 21.18-N load. The polyphosphate type flame retardant is intumescent type flame retardant. The olefin resin material contains additive(s) chosen from cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer. Preferred Material: The sealing material comprises two or more layers of top sealing material layer and lower sealing material layer. The lower sealing material layer consists of resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitrogen-containing compound is chosen from bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate and bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)piperidin-4-yl) decanedioate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or a mixture of metals comprises nickel. The dielectric material membrane is membrane of alumina, silica, a material expressed as SivOwCyHz or SivOwCxNyHz, where v, w, x, y and z all are other than 0, and a polymer or block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The n-doped semi-conductor layer is made of silicon or gallium-arsenide or copper-indium-diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The frame exhibits electric resistance according to CEI IEC 61730-2 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layers are made of transparent conductive oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The third electrode layer and the fourth electrode layer are made of platinum or graphite. The barrier layer and other barrier layer are made of titanium foil. The dye layer is provided with titanium dioxide coated and sensitized layer made of pyridine ruthenium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light-transmitting layer and the euphotic layer is made of polymeric foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-iron phosphate active material powder contains primary particles and secondary particles. The binder (A) is difluoroethylene partial white powder having molecular weight of 60-1200000. The binder (B) is difluoroethylene partial white powder having molecular weight of 20-600000. The pre-coating of nanocarbon layer is metal aluminum foil. The electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate. The ball ratio of secondary particles and primary particles is 1-20:99-80, when the content of binder (A) and (B) is 1-5 parts weight and 0.5-1 part weight, respectively. The ball ratio of secondary particles and primary particles is 20-50:80-50, when the content of binder (A) and (B) is 3-6 parts weight and 4 parts weight, respectively. The ball ratio of secondary particles and primary particles is 50-80:50-20, when the content of binder (A) and (B) is 2-5 parts weight and 2-5 parts weight, respectively. The ball ratio of secondary particles and primary particles is 80-99:1-20, when the content of binder (A) and (B) is 1-4 parts weight and 2-3 parts weight, respectively. Preferred Properties: The particle size of primary particles and secondary particles is less than 1 mu m and 1 mu m or more, respectively. The collector has thickness of 15-30 mu m of the aluminum foil. The thickness of pre-coated nanocarbon layer is l-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The membrane is Celgard 2500 (RTM: microporous monolayer polypropylene membrane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The seal material is a solder material comprising lead, tin, bismuth, indium, silver, zinc, antimony and/or copper. The solder further comprises transition elements such as titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and hafnium. The seal material is a lead-free solder comprising tin-silver, tin-silver-bismuth, tin-silver-copper, tin-copper, tin-silver-copper-antimony, tin-bismuth, and tin-zinc-bismuth. The substrates are coated with indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, metals, metallic oxides, antireflective coatings and/or silicon nitride coatings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The first standoffs further comprise ceramic. The material of the insert is ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first standoffs comprise tungsten carbide, steel, ceramic, or aluminum. The workholder includes insert(s) secured to a body portion of the workholder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first standoffs can comprise polyimide. The workholder further defines second standoffs extending above the surface of the workholder and having a second height above the surface of the workholder that is less than a first height of the first standoffs above the surface of the workholder. The second standoffs comprise a compliant material including rubber or plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal particle is formed of a first nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) mixture. The substrate structure further comprises a first porous shell formed of a third Ni-Fe mixture on the surface of each first metal particle, where the Fe content of the first porous shell is richer than the Fe content of the first metal particle. The second metal particle is formed of Ni or second Ni-Fe mixture. The structure further comprises a redox stable anode functional layer coated on the porous metal substrate structure by a high-voltage high-enthalpy argon-helium-hydrogen atmospheric-pressure plasma spraying process. The redox stable anode functional layer is formed of lanthanum strontium chromium manganese oxide (La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3), strontium yttrium titanium oxide (Sr0.86Y0.08TiO3), or lanthanum strontium titanium oxide (La0.33Sr0.66TiO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate includes: a composite material comprising the hydrocarbon material; the base and the first layer over the base, where the first layer includes the hydrocarbon material and the base includes a metal, preferably stainless steel; and a gas flow field formed in it including many lands (14) and channels (16), where the porous surface layer is over only the lands and not over the channels. The first layer includes carbon black and/or graphite particles mixed with an organic resin. The porous surface layer is super-hydrophobic having a contact angle of greater than 130 degrees . The porous surface layer includes silicon dioxide or (I). The porous surface layer includes silicon bonded to oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A gas atmosphere is provided in each treatment space, where the gas atmosphere comprises 4-25% oxygen, preferably 6-21% oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The method further comprises manufacturing a multi-layer stack structure (12) comprising substrate, barrier layer, adhesive layer, barrier layer, and a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises: a metal iodide salt, iodine and/or an additive. The low gelling temperature of (I) is 0-50 degrees C. Preferred Components: The acrylonitrile is present at 85 wt.% or more in the acrylonitrile-based copolymer. The number-average molecular weight of the acrylonitrile-based copolymer is 250000-750000. The acrylonitrile-based copolymer is poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate). The acrylonitrile is present at 87-97 wt.% and vinyl acetate is present at 3-13 wt.% in the poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate). Preferred Components: The nitrile-based solvent is a nitrile compound of formula (R1-CN). The nitrile-based solvent is acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, propionitrile or butyronitrile.R1 = 1-5C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl, 2-4C alkynyl or -R1-O-R2; andR1, R2 = 1-4C alkyl, 2-3C alkenyl or 2-3C alkynyl, where the total carbon number of R1 and R2 is less than 6. EXAMPLE - Lithium iodide (0.1 M), iodine (0.05 M), 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (0.6 M), and 4-tert-butylpyridine (0.5 M, 96%) were dissolved in acetonitrile to form a liquid electrolyte. Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) (7 wt.%) was dissolved in the liquid electrolyte at 25 degrees C and evenly stirred to form an electrolyte composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: An intermediate layer (3) containing granular titanium carbide is formed between the base material and carbon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of oxygen and silicon in the arbitrary points of 5% of the surface side of the depth direction of the barrier layer is more than 1.5 to 2.2. The ratio of oxygen and silicon in the arbitrary points of 95% of the base-material side of the depth direction of the barrier layer is more than 1 to 2. Preferred Properties: The surface roughness of the barrier layer is 0.1-5 nm. The dew point of gas-barrier film during excimer modification is preferably -100 degrees C to -20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide film of the metal oxide coated metal electrode substrate has a titanium element ( not less than 95 wt.%) having a valence of not less than 4. The metal oxide coated metal electrode substrate is a metal oxide coated titanium substrate having an electrically conductive film formed of platinum and/or carbon on its surface. The metal oxide film of the metal oxide coated metal electrode substrate is a tetravalent titanium oxide film having a thickness of not less than 50 nm. The dye-sensitized solar cell further comprises a collector electrode provided on an inner surface and comprising metal oxide coated metal electrode substrate and glass substrate having the transparent electrically conductive electrode film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The (meth)acryloxyalkylsilane silane coupling agent is 3-(meth)acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable composition further comprises a poly(meth)acrylate compound, a photopolymerization initiator, and phyllosilicate and an insulative spherical inorganic filler. Preferred Components: The hydrogenated elastomer derivative comprises a hydrogenated polybutadiene or hydrogenated polyisoprene in its main chain. The hydrogenated polybutadiene derivative is obtained through a reaction between a hydrogenated polybutadiene polyol and a hydroxy(meth)acrylate compound by using a polyisocyanate as a linking group. The hydrogenated polyisoprene derivative is obtained through a reaction between a hydrogenated polyisoprene polyol and a hydroxy(meth)acrylate compound by using a polyisocyanate as a linking group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible film is selected form a group consisting of vinyl material such as PVC, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene and ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The radiating layer is made of aluminum and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The radiating layer is made of aluminum alloy or stainless steel alloy. An adhering layer is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic solution is aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, citric acid and/or acetic acid. The metal oxycarbonitride contains niobium or titanium. The catalyst layer further contains electroconductive particles. Preferred Property: The metal melting amount of the catalyst is 15 %mass or less, which is calculated by the relation: metal melting amount = metal mass melt when catalyst is immersed in 1 N sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 60 degrees C for 150 hours/mass of catalyst (before immersion)x 100. Preferred Condition: The metal oxycarbonitride is made to contact with acidic solution having concentration of 0.01-15 N, at 15-100 degrees C for 0.1-500 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The reflective substrate (mirror-finished reflective substrate) contains a glass substrate (11a) and a reflection layer (11b) containing metal and/or metal oxide, and is obtained by forming reflection layer containing metal and metal oxide, on reflective surface side of substrate containing metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The substrate containing metal is substrate containing aluminum, aluminum alloy, and/or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing polymer further has a polymerized unit ( alpha 3) derived from monomer chosen from alkyl vinyl ether, alkyl vinyl ester, alkyl allyl ether, alpha -unsaturated cyclic ether, and (meth)acrylic acid ester, and polymerized unit ( alpha 4) derived from monomer having cross-linkable group (excluding optionally substituted oxetanyl group). The content rate of polymerized units ( alpha 1 and alpha 2), content rate of polymerized unit ( alpha 3), and content rate of polymerized unit ( alpha 4) is 30 mol% or more, 5-50 mol% and 1-20 mol%, respectively, with respect to all polymerized units in fluorine-containing polymer. The molar ratio ( alpha 1/ alpha 2) of polymerized units ( alpha 1 and alpha 2) is 20/80-80/20. The molar ratio ( alpha 3/ alpha 4) of polymerized units ( alpha 3 and alpha 4) is 5/20-50/1. Coating composition further contains compound having 2 or more reactive functional groups which form a chemical bond by reaction with optionally substituted oxetanyl group in fluorine-containing polymer, and a pigment component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium ion insulating material is made of silicon dioxide gel, cotton and polyethylene. The heat accumulation layer is made of glauber salt, ammonium alum, soda, acid ester, paraffin and sodium sulfide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Certain amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is added to the fiber during preparation process of hybrid fiber battery clapboard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The elastic component is made of polypropylene, and/or polyethylene. Preferred Property: The support has length of 2-8 mm and height of 2-10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element further comprises 60C fullerene or its analog as a pi-electron acceptor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The element further comprises a thin film formed by photopolymerizing a polymerizable functional group of a pi-electron donor. The pi-electron donor and the pi-electron acceptor are mixed to form a mixed composition as an active phase in the form of gel and macromolecule. The mixed composition is dissolved in an organic solvent for coating or printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling tubes are formed from different materials e.g. steel, copper and chromium-nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrotalcite is baked product formed by heating hydrotalcite, at 200-800 degrees C. The hydrotalcite has BET specific surface area of 1-200 cm2/g and average plated surface diameter of 0.01-0.9 mu m. The composition contains 0.1-2000 parts weight of benzophenone series compound with respect to 100 parts weight of the hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The benzophenone series compound has molar extinction coefficient of 1000-15000 (l/mol.cm) at 340 nm, and melting point of 25-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The two porous transition metal oxide layers are made of metal selected from a group consisting of titanium, zirconium, strontium, zinc, indium, lanthanum, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, samarium, and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon doped gelling agent is silicon dioxide (SiO2) with specific surface area of 100-300 m2/g; and 2.5-13.5 wt.% colloid electrolyte. The flowing improver comprises antifungin crystal whisker, aluminum borate crystal whisker, hexapotassium titanate crystal whisker, silicon calcium magnesium crystal whisker, magnesium sulfate crystal whisker, calcium sulfate crystal whisker and/or magnesium aluminate crystal whisker. The flowing improver has diameter of 1-30 nm, length of 5-250 nm, and length and diameter ratio of 5-10:1. The electrolyte comprises 0.03-0.8 wt.% flowing improver. The polyalcohol comprises sodium alginate, pentaerythritol, polyvinyl alcohol and konjaku flour. The electrolyte comprises 35-45% dilute sulfuric acid. The silicon doped gelling agent is silicon dioxide (SiO2) with specific surface area of 100-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass powder comprises zinc oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide powder, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and boron trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is one of polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyphenyl acetylenem polyvinyl benzene, polythiophene ethylene, polyfuran ethylene, polyphenylene sulphide, polyphenylacetylene, polyselenophen, polyfuran, polynitrophenylamine, polynitropyrrole, polybiphenylamine, polyiodine, polythiophenepyrrole, polyfluorene, polypyridine and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pole plate side frame is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of copper, silicon wafer or nickel sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method confirms an auxiliary agent that is provided with ethylene glycol, pentanol, average molecular weight of polyvinyl alcohol
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic material in the metallic nano-particle layer is one of gold, beryllium, cobalt, palladium and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layer is formed by a transparent material such as zinc oxide, indium tin oxide or tin dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: Each of pair of spaced apart layers is formed from metal sheet with polymer coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The webs are formed from polymer. The polymer of webs and polymer coating are formed from plastic configured to deform during application of heat and/or pressure to seal cooling element to insulating element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode and cathode do not contain ruthenium-, rhodium-, palladium-, iridium-, or platinum-containing catalyst. Ammonia is introduced into the fuel cell as aqueous ammonia. Urea is introduced into the fuel cell as aqueous solution. The counter cations contain ammonium, metal or hydrogen ions, preferably ammonium ions. The anode comprises nano-sized nickel-containing particles and/or metal nitride-containing particles. The cathode comprises nano-sized particles of magnesium dioxide or nickel-containing oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid cation exchange membrane in fuel cell comprises permanently charged polymer comprising polymer-bound anions and counter cations or polymer doped with ammonium salt, sulfonated fluoropolymer, and neutral polymer(s). The neutral polymers are chosen from polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl butyral, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic fine particles are rutile type titanium dioxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The in-plane fluctuation of light reflectance of polyester film, is less than 5% with respect to average value of light reflectance. The polyester film has thickness of 30-300 mu m and partial discharge voltage of 550 V or more. Preferred Film: The number of cavities existing in the film-thickness direction is 5 or more. The number density of cavity in the film is 0.1-7/ mu m, which is calculated by a formula: number density of cavity = number of cavities in thickness direction of film/film thickness (in mu m). The film further has a coating layer, which essentially has a urethane resin having an aliphatic polycarbonate polyol as a structural component. The film is used in the near surface and/or outermost surface of a solar cell module, and is in contact with the filler layer. Preferred Process: A masterbatch which consists of polyester resin and inorganic fine particles is formed. Solid state polymerization of masterbatch is carried out. The masterbatch is then supplied into an extruder, along with the polyester resin which does not contain inorganic fine particles, and melt-extruded, to form polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The half value width of peak 800-1000 cm-1 of lithium-transition metal compound is 30 cm-1 or more. The carbon black has microcrystal size of 10-40 Angstrom . The product of weight average molecular weight (S) and nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (M) of binder satisfies relation: (S)x (M)/1000 less than or equal to 7500. The electroconductive material has average particle diameter of 35 nm or less and volatile component of 0.8% or more. Preferred Composition: The active material further contains boron and/or bismuth, and molybdenum and/or tungsten. The amount of electroconductive material layer is 0.5-15 wt.%. The active material further contains lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide. The carbon black is oil furnace carbon black or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The binder has weight average molecular weight of 600000 or less. Preferred Composition: The binder is polyvinylidene dimethyl fluoride. The
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethylenically unsaturated-carboxylic-ester monomer is of formula: CH2=CR-C(=O)-OR'.R=H or methyl;andR'=1-10C alkyl, 3-10C cycloalkyl or 1-10C hydroxyalkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer is obtained by neutralizing polymer obtained by performing emulsion polymerization using alkali metal salt in presence of reactive surface active agent. The emulsion contains fluorine-containing (meth)acryl-modified polymer. The positive-electrode active material contains compound having olivine structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weather-proof layer contains 1-20 %mass of optical stabilizer and 1-20 %mass of organic compound-type ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing copolymer is fluorine-type polyol resin having tetrafluoroethylene as main component. The fluorine-containing copolymer is obtained by polymerizing fluorine-containing monomer of formula: CF2=CFX (I), alkyl group-containing monomer of formula: CH2=CR(CH2) (II) alkoxy group-containing component of formula: CH2=CHR1, monomer which does not have crosslinkable functional group, and copolymerizable monomer. The content of chlorine in adhesive layer is 50 ppm or less. The chemical-conversion-treated layer is formed using chemical conversion liquid containing aminated phenol polymer, trivalent chromium compound, phosphorus compound and epoxy resin.X=fluoro, H or trifluoromethyl;R=1-8C alkyl;R1=-OR2 or -CH2OR2;andR2=hydroxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The ratio of energy amount of vacuum UV ray in the coating film surface received in periods other than period (T) and energy amount (E1) is greater than 0 and 0.25 or less. The ratio of the time of whole period (Z) of UV irradiation of period (T) is 30% or more. The ratio of period (Z) and period (T) is 70% or more. The number of period (T) is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The repeating unit (I) is chosen from units of formulae (A-1) to (A-4). The repeating unit (II) is chosen from 12 claimed units e.g. unit of formulae (C-1) to (C-5). The repeating unit (III) is chosen from 16 claimed units e.g. unit of formulae (E-1) to (E-5). The high molecular compound has number average molecular weight of 3000 or more by polystyrene conversion. The electron accepting compound is fullerene derivative. Preferred Definitions:    R=fluoro;and    R1=1-30C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer contains silicon or aluminum and oxygen or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic layer is formed by hardening polymeric composition containing (meth)acrylate. The outermost layer is formed using fluororesin composition containing 99 wt.% or more of fluororesin, solvent and pigment. The plastic film is polyester resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The primary inorganic layer contains silicon and/or aluminum, and oxygen and/or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The thickness of fluororesin film is 0.5-100 mu m. The protection sheet has total light transmittance of 85% or more. The plastic film is polyester resin film. The film (5) is adjoined with secondary inorganic layer. The organic layer is formed by hardening polymeric composition containing (meth)acrylate. The film (5) is obtained by hardening a fluorine resin composition containing fluorine resin (99 wt.% or more), a solvent and a pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery pack is set around reinforcing insulating epoxy resin plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of LiBOB is 0-20% of the total weight of electrolyte. The conductive agent is SP, superconductive carbon black, and/or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent comprises propylene carbonate (20-50 wt.%), diethyl carbonate (20-40 wt.%), and ethyl methyl carbonate (20-40 wt.%). In the electrolyte solution, the concentration of electrolyte is 0.8-1.5 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is polyacrylic latex binder (LA132), W811, and/or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal jacket is made of a light-gauged cold-formed steel sheet, a stainless steel sheet, an aluminum sheet, a copper sheet or an alloy sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of surfactant is 10-300 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of carbon precursor. The carbon precursor is low-molecular-weight substance having molecular weight of 200 or less, or oligomer substance having molecular weight of 500-50000, preferably phenol, resorcinol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and/or oligomer. The surfactant is of formula: (EO)l-(PO)m-(EO)n, CpH2p+1(OC2H4)rOH or CH3C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2C6H4(OC2H4)sOH, preferably (EO)106-(PO)70-(EO)106, (EO)100-(PO)39-(EO)100, (EO)80-(PO)30-(EO)80, (EO)5-(PO)70-(EO)5, (EO)20-(PO)70-(EO)20 and/or (EO)20-(PO)30-(EO)20.EO=ethylene oxide;PO=propylene oxide;l-n=5-200;andp,r,s=5-100.Preferred Process: The silicon particles are capped with organic amine. The graphite particles are treated with acid. The carbon precursor is sintered at temperature at range of carbonization temperature of carbon precursor to 1400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous film comprises a material selected from the group consisting of perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing material layer further contains flame-resistant composition containing flame retardant (D). The flame retardant is non-halogen-type flame-retardant compound, preferably phosphazene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (A) is ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer having density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3 and/or propylene/ alpha -olefin copolymer. The polymer (A) is manufactured by single site catalyst. Preferred Properties: The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer has density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3, melt flow rate of 0.05-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under load of 21.18 N, melt viscosity of less than 9.0x 10-4 poise at 100 degrees C and shear rate of 2.43x 10 sec-1 and melt viscosity of less than 1.8x 10-4 poise at 100 degrees C and shear rate of 2.43x 102 sec-1. The polyolefin resin (B) is low density polyethylene (B1), ethylene vinyl-ester copolymer (B2), very-low-density-polyethylene resin (B3) having density of 0.86-0.91 g/cm3, linear-low-density-polyethylene resin (B4) having density of less than density 0.91-0.94 g/cm3, high-density-polyethylene resin (B5) having density of 0.94-0.97 g/cm3, ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer rubber (B6) and polypropylene resin (B7). The resin composition further contains additive chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing material layer further contains wavelength conversion agent chosen from fluorescent material of rare-earth element, its ion, its organometallic complex and/or organic fluorescent dye. The ( alpha )-olefin-type polymer is chosen from ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer (A1) and propylene/( alpha )-olefin copolymer (A2), has density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3. The ( alpha )-olefin-type polymer is manufactured using single-site-type catalyst. The content of wavelength conversion agent is 0.001-5 parts weight. The polymer (B) is chosen from high-pressure radical method low-density polyethylene (B1), ethylene-vinyl-ester copolymer (B2), very-low-density-polyethylene resin (B3) having density of less than 0.86-0.91 g/cm3, linear-low-density-polyethylene resin (B4) having density of less than 0.91-0.94 g/cm3, high-density-polyethylene resin (B5) having density of 0.94-0.97 g/cm3, ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer rubber and polypropylene resin (B7). The composition further contains additive chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane-coupling-agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet-absorber, optical stabilizer and processing aids. Preferred Properties: The ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer has density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3, melt flow rate of 0.05-50 g/10 minutes measured at 190 degrees C under load of 21.18N, melt viscosity of less than 9x 10-4 poise at shear rate of 2.43x 10 second-1 measured at 10 degrees C is, and less than 1.8x 10-4 poise at shear-rate of 2.43x 102 second-1 at 100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The shock absorbing material is polyurethane gel (5) having Young's modulus of 300000-20000 Pa (sic). The polyurethane gel is obtained by reacting polyurethane prepolymer containing polyol component including polyol having alkylene-oxide chain, and polyurethane polyisocyanate prepolymer including polyisocyanate component having alkylene-oxide chain. The ratio of hydroxyl group of the polyol component with respect to the isocyanate group of the polyisocyanate component is 1.3-2.5. The alkylene-oxide chain is liquefied hydrophobic propylene-oxide chain at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The flame retardant is of formula (I).R1=1-18C alkyl, 5-12C cycloalkyl, 7-18C bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbyl or 7-15C phenyl alkyl;R2-R5=1-4C alkyl;R2+R3 and/or R4+R5=pentamethylene;andR7=H or 1-12C linear or branched alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The olefin resin material contains alpha -olefin-type polymer and/or ethylene vinyl ester copolymer (5-100 wt.%), and other olefin resin (0-95 wt.%). The olefin-type polymer is ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer having density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3 and melt flow rate of 0.05-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C and load of 21.18 N. The resin material further contains additive chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer. The amount of crosslinking agent with respect to 100 parts weight of olefin resin material is 0.2-5 parts weight. The sealing material comprises 2 or more layers of top sealing material layer and bottom sealing material layer. The top sealing material layer contains the resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The precursor has alkali metal containing seed layer made of sodium and potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is meta-chloro perbenzoic acid. Preferred Process: The compound (I) is obtained by processing 2-azaadamantane with acid halide, processing obtained 2-azaadamantane N-( alpha )-haloalkyl carbonyl compound of formula (V) in presence of metal catalyst using oxidizing agent and processing obtained 5-hydroxy-2-azaadamantane N-( alpha )-haloalkyl carbonyl compound of formula (VI) using (meth)acrylic-acid halide. Preferred Definitions:    R2=H;and    X=chloro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), when the hydrogen gas permeable shell comprises at least two connectable sections, then the closing the of the hydrogen gas permeable shell involves engaging the at least two connectable sections. At least two connectable sections are frictionally connected together, adhered together, and/or welded together. The method (M2) further involves opening the hydrogen gas permeable shell to remove the solid-state hydride material after the solid-state hydride material is depleted of hydrogen gas. In the method (M2), extracting of the hydrogen involves passing the capsule from the fuel tank to a hydrogen gas extraction zone (where the hydrogen gas extraction zone is a reaction zone or a hydrogen extraction tank); and selectively heating sections of the fuel tank. Passing of the capsule involves controlling a rate of flow of the capsule through the extraction zone to control the rate of hydrogen release. After the depleted solid-state hydride material has been removed from the hydrogen gas permeable shell, the depleted solid-state hydride material is rehydrogenated such that it can be reused. After the hydrogen gas permeable shell is opened, the hydrogen gas permeable shell is recycled such that it can be reused as a hydrogen gas permeable shell. Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas permeable shell comprises a material selected from porous alpha -alumina, coarse alpha -alumina base coated with finer layers of alpha -alumina and a top layer of gamma -alumina, porous synthetic silica membranes, perforated metal, vitreous silica glass membranes, microporous crystalline zeolites, microporous metal-organic frameworks with interconnected pores and/or templated ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrogen gas permeable shell comprises microporous network polymers or microporous expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nanowire or metal nanotube has average length of 5-100 nm in short axis, average length of 2-50 mu m in long axis, and aspect ratio of 100 or more, and is silver nanowire. The developing solution is water or alkaline aqueous solution. Preferred Substrate: The substrate has electroconductive region having thickness of 5-100 nm, surface resistance of 10-200 ohm/square and total light transmittance of 90% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from 1-methoxy-2-propanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diacetone alcohol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol, and triethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, preferably 1-methoxy-2-propanol. The compound having (meth)acryloyl is a compound having 2-6 (meth)acryloyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The compound having amide is a polymer having weight average molecular weight of 10000-5000000, preferably 100000-1000000, and containing a structural unit derived from a compound of formula (I)-(VIII), preferably poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone).R1=H, hydroxy or 1-10C alkyl or alkenyl in which -CH2- is optionally substituted by -O-;X=oxymethylene, oxyethylene, amino methylene, or amino ethylene;andm=1-10.Preferred Composition: The coating-film forming composition (in wt.%) contains metal nanowire or metal nanotube (0.1-1), compound (0.1-1) having amide, compound (0.1-1) having (meth)acryloyl, solvent (96.7-99.69) and photoinitiator (0.3 or less), and has viscosity of 0.2-10 mPa.second at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermosol is made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The solid electrolyte material has grain diameter of 2-10 mu m. The nanocrystalline powder has grain diameter of 50-200 mm. Preferred Composition: The material contains rare-earth element chosen from praseodymium, neodymium, yttrium, cerium, samarium or gadolinium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is water, ethanol and/or ethanediol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble high polymer is polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode grid alloy material comprises Pb, Cux, Bag, Biy, Alu, Snq, Agw and Cat.x=0.02-0.05;g=0.004-0.005;y=0.005-0.01;u=0.02-0.06;q=0.05-0.1;w=0.07-0.1;andt=0.12-0.15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel agent containing-silicon is silicon dioxide (SiO2), with specific surface area of 200-500 m2/g; and content of SiO2 of colloidal electrolyte of storage battery of 2-10 wt.%. The layer-shaped silicate is montmorillonite, kaolin, attapulgite, mica, active carclazyte, vermiculite and kieselguhr. The particle size of layer-shaped silicate is 0.1-2 mu m. The ratio of sheet-layer width and sheet-layer height of layer-shaped silicate is 100-2000:1. The thixotropic agent comprises 0.05-0.5 wt.% in colloidal electrolyte of storage battery. The composite additive comprises (wt.%) polyatomic alcohol (1-5), cobalt sulfate (0-0.5), sodium sulfate (0.5-3) and phosphoric acid (3.5-5.5) in colloidal electrolyte of storage battery. The polyatomic alcohol is glucose, pentaerythritol, polyvinyl alcohol and tartaric acid. The electrolytic liquid is dilute sulfuric acid (35-45%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves mixing ultraviolet absorber and piperidine compound having structure of formula (II).R4=H, 1-20C alkyl or 1-20C alkoxy;andY'=oxygen or nitrogen.Preferred Composition: The content of phenolic compound (I) is 0.001-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of polyvinyl butyral resin. The phenolic compound (I) is 3,9-bis(2-(3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionyloxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5.5)undecane. The piperidine compound of formula (II) is bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacic acid or bis(2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacic acid. The ultraviolet absorber is 2-hydroxy-4-n-octyl benzophenone or 2-(3-t-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methyl phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: In producing precipitated lignin from black liquor, the lignin is precipitated by decreasing the pH of the black liquor. The temperature of the black liquor is increased to 150-200 degrees C, preferably 170-190 degrees C, and where the black liquor is treated at increased temperature for 1-60 minutes, preferably 1-5 minutes. The pH of the black liquor is at least partly reduced before the heat treatment. The black liquor before the heat treatment has a solid content of 30-50% ts. Preferred Lignin: The average molecular weight of the lignin is reduced. The degree of impurity with respect to residual hemicellulose is reduced. The filterability of the precipitated lignin is improved. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (D) is rutile-type titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having ethylenically unsaturated bond and oxirane ring, is of formula (IV). The reflective sheet further contains photoinitiator (E), phosphorus flame retardant (F) and metal hydroxide (G). The component (B) is melamine and/or melamine derivative having 2 or more epoxy groups in a molecule. The component (C) contains compound containing 2 or more (meth)acryl groups, and having (meth)acryl equivalent of 200 g/equivalent or more.A2=2-10C alkylene;andq=0 or 1-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The copolymer resin (A1) and/or (A2) contain 5-40 %mass of aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton. Preferred Properties: The copolymer resin (A1) and/or (A2) have acid value of 30-150 mg potassium hydroxide/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic polymer contains reactive group containing monomer of formula (X-A-(CH(R1)-C(R2)(L1)(Y1))-) (I) or (-(CH(R3)-C(R4)(L2)(B1)) -(CH(R5)-C(R6)(L3)(X))-)(II). The easily bonding layer contains micro-particles containing the hydrophilic polymer and a chemical bond.R1-R6=H or hydrocarbon;X=reactive group;A,L1-L3=single bond or coupling group;Y1=-NHCOR7, -CONH2, -CON(R7)2, -COR7, -OH, -CO2M, -SO3M, -PO3M, -OPO3M or -N(R7)3Z1;R7=alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=H, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, or onium;Z1=halo ion;andB1=-(CH(R1)-C(R2)(L1)(Y1))-.The film mirror has a silver corrosion-inhibitor layer provided on both surfaces of the silver reflection layer that is formed on the resin base material surface, and UV absorber layer above the corrosion-inhibitor layer and a gas barrier layer above the UV absorber layer provided on the resin base material surface. The adhesive layer is provided for maintaining the adhesiveness of each substances between the resin base material and a silver reflection layer or between the resin base material and the corrosion inhibitor layer. Preferred Property: The thickness of the whole layer including the resin base material is 75-250 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hybrid siloxane polymer further comprises: a curing agent having at least two silicon hydrogen bonds; and hydrosilylation catalyst. Preferred Components: The second siloxane resin has a structure of formula (R7SiO(3/2))(T)(R8R9SiO)(D)(R10R11R12SiO(1/2))(M). The first siloxane resin further comprises a moiety of formula (-Si(R13)(R14)-Ar1-Si(R15)(R16)-). The first siloxane resin has a number average molecular weight of 500-20000. The first siloxane resin and the second siloxane resin are present at 5-50 wt.% and 15-80 wt.%, respectively.R7-R12, R13-R16 = 1-10C alkyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-20C arylalkyl, 1-20C heteroalkyl, 2-20C heterocycloalkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 1-10C alkoxy and/or halo (all optionally substituted), provided that at least one of R10, R11, and R12 is an alkenyl group;T = greater than 0;D = greater than or equal to 0;M = greater than 0, where T+D+M is 1; andAr1 = 6-20C aryl (optionally substituted). EXAMPLE - 1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disiloxane (205.04 g) was added to toluene (600 g) in a flask with an agitator, a temperature controller, a nitrogen gas-injecting device, and a cooler, while nitrogen was flowed through and dissolved in it. A small amount of a PS-CS-1.8CS (Unicore) was added to the flask and continuously stirred. Next, a solution prepared by dissolving 3,3-diphenyl-1,1,5,5-tetramethyltrisiloxane (332g) in toluene (600 g) was slowly dripped into the solution for 30 minutes. Then, the reaction solution was heated for reflux for 24 hours. The resulting reaction solution was passed through a 5 cm-thick silica gel column to remove a platinum complex and worked up to give first linear siloxane resin. The first siloxane resin (2.56 g), a second siloxane resin, 3,3-diphenyl-1,1,5,5-tetramethyltrisiloxane (1 g) and PS-CS-1.8CS (Unicore) were mixed together to form hybrid siloxane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric matrix material is silicon oxide. The metallic nanoparticles consist of the precious metals including gold, silver, copper and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dielectric matrix material is polymethyl methacrylate and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer is PPS layer, polyethylene (PE) glycol terephthalate layer, PE albocarbon terephthalate layer, low density PE layer, makrolon (RTM: high-tech polycarbonate) layer or a polypropylene (PP) layer. The binding layer is a polyvinyl acetate layer, a polyvinyl butyral layer and an olefin polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The operation of melting the silicon is limited to heating the silicon to a temperature less than 1450 degrees C. The operation of melting the silicon is performed in less than 5 minutes, preferably less than 1 minute. Preferred Composition: The provided silicon is at least 99.9999999% pure. The mold is fabricated from a material capable of being quickly heated by inductive heating, where the mold is fabricated from graphite, where the graphite mold is covered with a material that is substantially non-reactive to melted silicon, and where the non-reactive material being silicon nitride. The method further includes providing a measure of finely divided silicon nitride containing less than 2% silica, oxygen, and silicon; mixing the silicon nitride with colloidal silica; coating the graphite mold with the silicon nitride and colloidal silica mixture; and heating the coating in the presence of nitrogen to a temperature in excess of 1,400 degrees C to form a silicon nitride covering on the mold. The method further includes introducing an interlayer between the mold and the conductive layer to facilitate thermal expansion and contraction of the conductive layer along the interior of the mold, where the interlayer is fabricated from a urethane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate has flexible material or material selected form metal foils, silicon, glass and polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer has ratio of average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of 8.0 or less measured by gel permeation chromatography, melt viscosity of less than 9.0x 104 poise at 100 degrees C and shear rate of 2.43x 10/second, and melt viscosity of less than 1.8x 104 poise at 100 degrees C and shear rate of 2.43x 102/second. The copolymer has branch number (N) satisfying the relation: N greater than or equal to (-0.67x E+53), where N is branch number perspective view of 1000 carbon numbers in the principal chain and side chain measured by nuclear magnetic resonance and E is tensile elasticity modulus of a sheet measured according to ISO1184-1983. The copolymer has branch number satisfying the relation: -0.67x +80 greater than or equal to N greater than or equal to (-0.67x E+53). The copolymer has flow ratio (I10/I2.16) of melt flow rate measured under load of 10 kg at 190 degrees C and melt flow rate measured under of 2.16 kg at 190 degrees C, of less than 7.0. The resin composition has flow ratio of 5.0-6.2. The content of the molecular structure derived from the compound (I) is 0.001-0.5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the component (A). The molecular structure is introduced by graft copolymerization. The content of the organic peroxide is 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the copolymer. The copolymer is ethylene-1-butene copolymer, ethylene-1-hexene copolymer or ethylene-1-octene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The block polymer has ABA type triblock structure of formula: -(A1)-(B')-(A2)-, where A1 and A2 are blocks which consist of methacrylic acid alkyl ester and B' is block which consists of acrylic acid alkyl ester. The polyvinyl acetal resin is polyvinyl butyral resin. The coating composition further comprises functional material and an organic solvent. The functional material is white light reflector material, black material, infrared-ray absorbent material, ultraviolet-ray absorbent material, antistatic materials and/or electromagnetic shielding material. The content of organic solvent is 400-900 parts mass with respect to total content of 100 parts mass of fluororesin and polyvinyl acetal resin or block copolymer. The solar cell back sheet formed using coating composition has a base material which is made of polyester-type resin or polycarbonate-type resin. The base material in the laminate is glass, polycarbonate-type resin, polyester-type resin, cellulose resin and/or liquid crystal polymer. Preferred Property: The melting point of fluororesin is 230 degrees C or less. Preferred Method: The block copolymer is manufactured by living-anion-polymerization method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic device further comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, where the second electrode is composed of a transparent conductor, such as indium tin oxide. The photovoltaic device further comprises a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) deposited over the first electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The regioregular polymer is poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) or its derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bending elastic modulus of translucent component is 1 GPa or more. The translucent component is glass-made component. The sealing material contains ionomer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer. The thickness of glass-made component is 4 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The vinyl polymer segment has an alcoholic hydroxyl group. The resin composition contains polyisocyanate. The base material is in the form of sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polypropylene resin has molecular weight distribution of 6-20 and cold xylene soluble component of less than 2%. The difference of the melting point of component (a) and melting point of component (b) is more than 2. The molecular weight distribution of component (b) is 6 or more, which is more than the molecular weight distribution of component (a). The ( beta )-crystal forming ability of polypropylene composition is 40-90%. Preferred Composition: The content of ( beta )-crystalline nucleating agent is 0.05-0.5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound having quaternary alkyl phosphonium cation (IV) is quaternary alkyl phosphonium hydroxide. The compound (c1) has 2 or more epoxy groups in a molecule. The phosphorus flame retardant is alkyl phosphonic acid metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The reflecting coating contains curable resin composition comprising carboxyl group-containing copolymer resin obtained by reacting hydroxyl group-containing compound (I), carboxyl group-containing compound (II) and alkylene group-containing compound of formula (V), carboxyl group-containing compound (II), carboxyl group-containing compound (III) and alkylene group-containing compound (V), compound having quaternary alkyl phosphonium cation (IV), compound (c1) having epoxy group and inorganic white pigment. The carboxyl group-containing compound (II) and carboxyl group-containing compound (III) have polycaprolactone structure. The reflective sheet further contains phosphorus flame retardant.R8=H or methyl;R9=phenyl, ( alpha )-cumyl, 1-10C alkoxy, 1-10C acyl, alkyl, t-butyl, adamantyl or trifluoromethyl;A=linear or cyclic 2-10C alkylene or 3-10C hydroxyalkylene;w=0 or 1-3;andt=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy active material is silicon type active material or tin type active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The swellable resin is copolymer with 2-50 %mass of hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene fluoride or tetrafluoroethylene unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ( alpha )-olefin-type polymer is ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer or propylene/( alpha )-olefin copolymer, and has density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3. The ( alpha )-olefin-type polymer is manufactured by single site catalyst. The other polyolefin resin is chosen from high-pressure low-density polyethylene manufactured by radical method, ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer, very-low-density polyethylene resin having density of 0.86-0.91 g/cm3, linear-low-density polyethylene resin having density of 0.91-0.94 g/cm3, high-density polyethylene resin having density of 0.94-0.97 g/cm3, ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer rubber and polypropylene resin. The processing aid is chosen from lubricating-agent type processing aid, 9-40C (un)saturated fatty-acid ester processing aid, epoxidized animal-an-vegetable-oil type processing aid, fluorine-type processing aid, silicone-type processing aid and polyester-type processing aid. The lubricating-agent type processing aid is chosen from fatty acid, fatty-acid metal salt, fatty-acid amide and aliphatic hydrocarbon-type processing aid. The resin composition further contains additive chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane-coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer. The solar cell module has water-barrier layer including film containing resin chosen from polyester-type resin, polyamide-type resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified substance, polyvinylidene chloride type-resin, fluorine resin, and polypropylene resin, its stretched film, or film obtained by vapor-depositing inorganic oxide on the surface of the resin. Preferred Properties: The ethylene-( alpha )-olefin copolymer has density of 0.86-0.92 g/cm3, melt flow rate of 0.05-50 g/10 minutes at 190 degrees C under load of 21.18 N, and melt viscosity of less than 9x 10-4 poise and less than 1.8x 10-4 poise at 100 degrees C under shear rate of 2.43x 10 second-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic gas is carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide, and has density of 100 volume ppm or more. Preferred Process: The method further involves using binder dispersed in a solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Soldering the busswire to the solar cell occurs at the specified temperature causes no delamination of the reflector layer from the back contact conductive layer. The raw substrates are received to reduce the cost of solar cell module, and production costs of the finally formed solar cell module. Electrical shorts in the formed solar cell can be prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound is phenylphosphonic acid or phenylphosphine acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester film has elongation retention rate before and after aging at 130 degrees C for 6000 hours and 40% relative humidity of 40% or more or before and after aging at 85 degrees C for 4000 hours and 85% relative humidity of 40% or more, and delamination strength before and after aging at 85 degrees C for 3000 hours and relative humidity of 85%, of 4 N/15 mm or more. The polyethylene terephthalate has weight average molecular weight of 44000-61000, and terminal carboxyl group concentration of 6-20 equivalent/tons. The polyester film is stretched film of laminated structure including base material layer and surface layer provided on at least single surface of base material layer. The surface layer has thickness of 3 mu m or more, and contains polyethylene terephthalate which does not contain carbodiimide compound. The base material layer contains 0.3-2.5 parts weight of carbodiimide compounds with respect to 100 parts weight of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stainless steel substrate comprises aluminum (0.1-10 wt.%), titanium (less than 2 wt.%), and manganese (less than 2.1 wt.%). The glass layer comprises silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide and boron trioxide, and optionally the oxide consisting of magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, lead oxide, germanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony trioxide and/or bismuth oxide. The conductive layer comprises molybdenum. The photoactive layer comprises copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium selenide or copper zinc tin sulfide-selenium. The transparent conductive oxide consists of doped zinc oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The (meth)acrylic-type copolymer is chosen from (meth)acrylic-type copolymers (A1-A4). The copolymer (A1) is obtained by reacting (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a3) having carboxyl group with glycidyl group of side chain in copolymer containing structural unit derived from (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a1) having glycidyl group, (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a2) having hydroxyl group, and (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a4) which does not have glycidyl group, hydroxyl group and carboxyl group. The (meth)acrylic-type copolymer (A2) is obtained by reacting (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a1) with carboxyl group in copolymer containing structural unit derived from (meth)acrylic-type monomer, (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a2) and (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a4). The (meth)acrylic-type copolymer (A3) is obtained by reacting (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a5) having isocyanate group with hydroxyl groups of copolymer containing structural unit derived from (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a2) having hydroxyl group, and (meth)acrylic-type monomer (a6) which does not have hydroxyl group. The (meth)acrylic-type copolymer (A4) is obtained by reacting acryl-type monomer having hydroxyl group, with acid-anhydride group in copolymer containing structural unit derived from maleic acid anhydride, monomer (a2) and monomer (a6). The polyisocyanate compound is block forming polyisocyanate. The sealing agent at the side of the non-light-receiving surface contains organic peroxide and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of compound (B) having (meth)acryloyl group in highly-adhesive agent is 0.1-20 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of (meth)acrylic copolymer (A). The polyisocyanate compound (C) is block-forming polyisocyanate (C1). The compound (B) has 2 or more (meth)acryloyl groups in a molecule. The sealing agent at the side of non-light-receiving surface, includes organic peroxide. The sealing agent at the side of non-light-receiving surface has ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The charge transport layer comprises polymer, pi -conjugated polymer and polyanion. The content of polymer in the charge transport layer, is 10-90 %mass (based on solid content). Preferred Property: The elasticity modulus of charge transport layer after heat-treatment process, is 4-10 GPa, as measured by nanoindentation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The styrenic thermoplastic elastomer is styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent used in preparation of intermediate consists of pure water. Preferred Method: Bubbling process of the suspension liquid is carried out using an inert gas, during both processes. The suspension is heat-processed at a temperature below the boiling point of solvent, adjusted to 65-95 degrees C. The suspension liquid is subjected to bubbling using hydrogen gas, and sodium borohydride is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The layer having UV blocking property and fluororesin layer are laminated in the order on the opposite surface of the gas barrier layer, and embossing is performed on the surface of the fluororesin layer. The layer having UV blocking property contains UV curable resin and inorganic type UV absorber. The layer having UV blocking property has surface roughness of 0.01-0.5 mu m. The gas barrier layer is formed by modifying coating film of polysilazane containing liquid, by irradiating vacuum UV light with wavelength below 200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent contains propylene glycol monomethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of photosensitive resin is 100 parts mass, and the content of silicon dioxide powder and/or metal oxide powder is 2-20 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crosslinking agent is an organic peroxide. The content of crosslinking agent is 0.5-2.5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The average thickness of the film is 50 mu m to 2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas of molecule containing bonding of nitrogen atom and hydrogen atom is ammonia gas. Hydrogen (5 vol.% or less) and nitrogen gas (5 vol.% or less) are added to the mixed atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The base material is a resin film consisting of polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A thin line electrode is formed on the conductive layer using paste containing silver fine particles. The silver fine particles are silver nanoparticles with average particle diameter of 30 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion of the silane coupling agent is compound having mercapto group or amino group in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl-containing non-electroconductive polymer is polyhydroxy alkyl (meth)acrylate. The conductive polymer is polythiophene derivative doped with polysulfone acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 0.2-5 parts weight of organic peroxide with respect to 100 parts weight of copolymer. The composition further contains 0.01-2.5 parts weight of hindered amine type optical stabilizer with respect to 100 parts weight of the copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer further has ratio of average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of 8.0 or less measured by gel permeation chromatography. Preferred Component: The copolymer is ethylene-1-butene or ethylene-1-hexene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer has a molecular weight distribution of 8 or less as measured by gel permeation chromatography, a melt viscosity of 9x 10-4 poise or less at 100 degrees C and shear rate of 2.43x 10 second-1, 1.8x 10-4 poise or less at 100 degrees C and shear rate of 2.43x 102 second-1, a flow ratio of less than 7 with respect to melt flow rate measured at 190 degrees C under 10 kg load and melt flow rate measured at 190 degrees C under 2.16 kg load, and a flow ratio of 5-6.2. The branch number (N) of the copolymer by comonomer in the polymer is (-0.067x E+53) or more, where N is branch number per carbon number of a total of 1000 principal chains and side chains as measured by NMR, and E is tensile elasticity modulus of a sheet as measured by ISO1184-1983. Preferred Composition: The content of hindered amine type optical stabilizer is 0.01-2.5 parts weight. The content of silane coupling agent is 0.01-5 parts weight. The resin composition further contains an organic peroxide (0.2-5 parts weight). The ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer is an ethylene-1-butene copolymer or ethylene-1-hexene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture further contains another material (D) along with materials (A-C). The material (D) is a nitrogen-containing compound. The metallic element of material (A) is zirconium or titanium. The electroconductive material is carbon black. Preferred Condition: The baking process is carried out under anoxia atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-combustible insulating foam is made of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid catalyst is zeolite catalyst, silica alumina catalyst, heteropolyacid catalyst, sulfated zirconia catalyst, ion exchange resin and/or sulfonated carbon catalyst. Preferred Process: The support body is adhered to complex of sulfonated carbon and ion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the organic peroxide is 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the component (A). The composition further contains 0.01-2.5 parts weight of hindered amine type optical stabilizer with respect to 100 parts weight of the component (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer (A) further has ratio of average molecular weight (Mz) and number average molecular weight (Mn) obtained by gel permeation chromatography of 8.0 or less. Preferred Component: The component (A) is ethylene-1-butene or ethylene-1-hexene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Collector: In the photovoltaic thermal collector, the metallic heat exchanger is made from aluminum, copper, iron, steel and mixtures. The encapsulating polymer has a thermal expansion coefficient to compensate the difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and the metal selected for the metallic heat exchanger.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solar Cell: In the solar cell, the polymer material of the polymer film has a thermal expansion coefficient from 1-200.10-6 K-1. The polymer material of the polymer film and the anti-reflective coating is heat resistant up to a temperature of 130 degrees C, preferably of 200 degrees C. The polymer material of the polymer film is UV resistant. The anti-reflective coating has a thickness of 1-500 mu m, preferably as a transparent lacquer. The polymer material of the polymer film is selected from fluoropolymers, preferably fluorinated ethylene-propylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, polyvinyl fluoride and its compounds or silicone polymer and its compounds. The second polymer is selected from ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyrate, thermoplastic vulcanizates, thermoplastic silicone elastomers and its compounds. The solar cell does not comprise a glass cover plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The treatment of the body in the green state or pre-sintered state at a temperature above the decomposition temperature of organic components contained in the green body and below the decomposition temperature of the spacer is carried out at 200-600 degrees C. The treatment of the body in the green state or pre-sintered state at a temperature above the softening point or decomposition temperature of the spacer and below the sintering temperature is carried out at 400-900 degrees C. The sintering is carried out at 950-1500 degrees C. The heat treatment of the body in the green state or presintered state at a temperature above the decomposition temperature of organic components contained in the green body and below the decomposition temperature of the spacer is carried out for 0.5-5 hours. The heat treatment of the body in the green state or presintered state at a temperature above the decomposition temperature of the spacer and below the sintering temperature is carried out for 0.5-5 hours. The sintering step is carried out for 0.5-5 hours. Preferred Component: At least one spacer is selected from carbon materials, metals, metal alloys, metal composites, polymeric materials and their mixtures. The support is a ceramic support, where ceramic support is selected from alumina, zirconia or zirconia coated alumina. The load is a flat plate, where the load formed of a ceramic material selected from alumina, zirconia or zirconia coated alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflective layer has photon conversion particles of aluminum oxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum oxide, niobium pentoxide, titanium oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, zinc sulfide, organic fluorescent dye, polymeric fluorescence material, inorganic fluorescence material, and phosphorescence powder.
The drawing shows an exploded perspective view of the solar cell apparatus
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer is made of silicone, butyl resin, or polyisobutylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first conductive layer includes copper. The semiconductor portion includes amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alloy powder is made of silver, zinc, tin, silicon, copper, magnesium, germanium, gold, beryllium, aluminum, indium, cerium, lanthanum, gallium and bismuth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is one or mixture of ethylcellulose, phenol resin, epoxy resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin and acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The core material is carbon foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first inorganic layer comprises at least one element chosen from silicon, aluminum, oxygen and nitrogen. The first inorganic layer, organic layer, second inorganic layer, and fluorine resin film are provided on one surface of the plastic film. The protection sheet has total light transmittance of 85% or more. The second inorganic layer has thickness of 50-1000 nm. The second inorganic layer formed from oxide containing at least one element chosen from cerium, zinc, titanium, iron, zirconium, tungsten, and strontium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine resin film has thickness of 50-1000 nm. The plastic film is polyester resin film. The organic layer hardening polymeric composition comprises a (meth)acrylate. The fluorine resin film does not contain microparticles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive material is tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The protection component is in the form of a film containing polypropylene resin, nylon resin, or epoxy resin, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide layer and inorganic layer comprise a layer of an inorganic silicon aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic barrier layer is an oxide layer that shares a siloxane bond with at least one of the first or second polymer layers containing co-deposited silane and acrylate monomers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pressure sensitive adhesive is at least one of acrylate, silicone, polyisobutylene, or urea pressure sensitive adhesive. The second polymeric film substrate comprises a fluoropolymer; or at least one of an ethylene tetrafluoro-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, or polyvinylidene fluoride. The barrier film comprises first and second polymer layers separated by an inorganic barrier layer. The first polymeric film substrate comprises at least one of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyetheretherketone, polyaryletherketone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyarylsulfone, polyethersulfone, polyamideimide, or polyimide, any of which may optionally be heat-stabilized. The encapsulant layer comprises ethylene vinylacetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metal film has thickness of 10 nm or less, preferably more than 4 nm, more preferably more than 6 nm, and sheet resistance of 100 Omega /square or less, preferably 20 Omega /square or less, more preferably 15 Omega /square and is provided with array of apertures (5) having diameter of 20 microns or less. The electrode is flexible. The transmissibility of light through the electrode is 70% or more, preferably 75% or more, more preferably 80% or more. Preferred Component: The metal film is made of gold, silver or copper, preferably alloy of gold and silver. The semiconductor material is an organic semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-amino functional silane comprises anchor group(s) which is a functional moiety capable of binding to the surface of the substrate or which is hydrolysable to form moiety, and parent groups chosen from thiol, carboxy, isocyanide and organo-disulphide of formula: -SS-R. The amino functional silane comprises anchor group(s) which is a functional moiety capable of binding to the surface of the substrate or which is hydrolysable to form the moiety, and amine moiety. The non-amino functional silane is of formula: R1R2SiL1XR3, preferably 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. The amino functional silane is of formula: R4R5SiL2Y'R6, preferably 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.L1=coupling group;X=-SH, -CO2H, -NC or -SS-R;R1-R3=1-12C organic group, -OH, hydrolyzable group which forms -OH or -L1-X, where at least one of R1-R3 is -OH or hydrolyzable group which forms -OH;Y'=-NH2;R4-R6=1-12C organic group, -OH, hydrolyzable group which forms -OH, or -L2-Y', where at least one of R4-R6 is -OH or hydrolyzable group which forms -OH;andR=H, 1-6C alkyl or silicon-containing group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is a flexible polymer chosen from polyethylene naphthalate and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition is substantially free of boric acid (B2O3) and fluorine. Components of the composition are melted in a refractory tank melter. The polymer matrix is a thermoplastic polymer selected from polyesters, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene and its combinations. It is a thermoset polymer selected from epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, vinylesters and its combinations. Preferred Parameters: The composition has a Delta T up to about 250 degrees C. It has a log 3 temperature from about 1255 degrees C or from about 1300 degrees C to about 1550 degrees C. It has a liquidus temperature no greater than about 1510 degrees C. The glass fiber has a specific modulus from about 33.9 MJ/kg to about 35.0 MJ/kg and a specific strength from about 1.74 MJ/kg to about 2.09 MJ/kg. It has a pristine fiber tensile strength between about 4200 and about 5000 MPa, a modulus between about 80 and about 86 GPa, and a density between about 2.35 and about 2.46 g/cc. Preferred Method: Preparing reinforced composite product comprises preparing glass fibers; and combining the glass fibers with at least one polymer matrix material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon number of fluorinated alkyl group is 8-20. The fluorinated alkyl group is of formula (I).p-s=0-20;m=1-3, preferably 1 or more;n=0-2, preferably 1 or more;andm+n=1-3, preferably 2-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound with fluorinated alkyl group has partial structure of formula (II), and is copolymer having monomer with fluorinated alkyl group and monomer which does not have fluorinated alkyl group, and at least one of fluorinated alkyl group has 7-17 fluorine atoms.Rf=linear or branched 6-20C fluoroalkyl;X=CH or N;andL=single bond or bivalent coupling group, preferably ester.Preferred Process: The bulk heterojunction layer is formed by solution process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (D) is 0.2-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of resin components (A) and (B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The component (A) has ratio of average molecular weight (Mz) and number average molecular weight (Mn) of 8 or less calculated by gel permeation chromatography, flow ratio of less than 7, preferably 5-6.2 and satisfy formula: N greater than or equal to -0.67x E+53, -0.67x E+100 greater than or equal to N greater than or equal to -0.67x E+53 and -0.67x E+80 greater than or equal to N greater than or equal to -0.67x E+53, where N is branch number per carbon number of the total 1000 pieces of a principal chain and a side chain measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and E is tensile elasticity modulus of a sheet-like resin composition measured based on ISO1184-1983. The component (B) has vinyl acetate content of 20-40 weight%. Preferred Composition: The resin components satisfy relation: -480x (d)+426 less than or equal to (CM) less than or equal to -480x (d)+432, where (d) is density of component (A) and (CM) is co-monomer inclusion amount (in mol%) of component (B). The content of component (A) is 1-70 weight%. The content of component (B) is 30-99 weight. The component (B) is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-(meth)acrylate copolymer, ethylene-(meth)acrylic-acid copolymer, ethylene- (meth)acrylate multi-component copolymer or ethylene- (meth)acrylic acid multi-component copolymer, preferably ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The solar cell sealing material further contains silane coupling agent (C) and organic peroxide (D). The content of component (C) is 0.01-5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of resin components (A) and (B). The component (A) is ethylene propylene copolymer, ethylene 1-butene copolymer, or ethylene and 1-hexene copolymer, preferably ethylene propylene and 1-hexene terpolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zirconium phosphonate is of formula: Zr(CH3C(OH)(PO3))2.nH2O.n=positive number.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of tungstosilicic acid and zirconium hydroxide is 0.012-0.0375.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lithium secondary battery has electrolyte solution containing carbonate having unsaturated bond, and the electrolyte solution further contains propylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The natural graphite has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 3.5-8 m2/g. Preferred Process: The solution of polymeric material dissolved in solvent is cast to thickness of 100 mu m on substrate and dried under inert gas atmosphere, and the sample is immersed in electrolyte solution formed by dissolving 1 M-lithium hexafluorophosphate in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (a) is combined on the semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    X=sulfur;and    adjacent R1a-R9a,R1b-R9b=ethylene dioxy ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The diluent contains carbonyl-containing compound of formula (I). The amount of epoxy (meth)acrylate with respect to total amount of curable resin is 4-35 %mass. The amount of carbonyl-containing compound (I) with respect to 100 parts weight of curable resin is 2-100 parts mass. The resin composition contains active energy ray curable resin (A2) obtained by reacting alicyclic epoxy having ethylenically unsaturated bond with carboxyl group of copolymer resin of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, and acrylic ester and/or methacrylic ester. The resin composition further contains active energy ray curable resin (A3) obtained by reacting radically polymerizable unsaturated monocarboxylic acid with 1 or whole portion of epoxy group of alicyclic epoxy having 2 or more epoxy groups in a molecule, introducing 2 or more ethylenically unsaturated bond in a molecule, and reacting polybasic acid anhydride with produced hydroxyl group. The bifunctional epoxy (meth)acrylate is bisphenol-type epoxy (meth)acrylate or modified bisphenol-type epoxy (meth)acrylate.R1-R3=methyl or H;R4-R6=2-5C alkylene;l,m,n=natural number;andl+m+n=15 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flame-retardant compound comprises trichloropropyle phosphate, triethyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, brominated polyol polyether, brominated phthalic anhydride, ammonium polyphosphate and/or red encapsulated phosphorus. The foam comprises fillers including aluminum trihydrate, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, glass fibers, carbon fibers, melamine, carbon black and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The foam is made of polyurethane, epoxy, polyethylene, melamine, polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, polystyrene and/or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support body is made of plastic i.e. glass-fiber reinforced polyarylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting white ink composition further contains compound (D) having epoxy group. The content of compound (D) is 1-75 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of compound (A). The compound (B) is melamine or melamine derivative. Preferred Process: The compound (A) is obtained by reacting saturated or unsaturated polybasic acid or polybasic acid anhydride with reaction product of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, obtaining carboxyl group-containing compound and reacting glycidyl compound having one or more radically polymerizable unsaturated group and epoxy group with the obtained carboxyl group-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): 4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-(7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane of formula (A), 9,10-dibromo-anthracene of formula (B) and 4-(4-bromocyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-7-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole of formula (C) are mixed and subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction in presence of organic solvent (a), catalyst and alkaline solution, to obtain polymer (I). Preferred Process: 2,7-Dibromo-9H-fluorene of formula (D) and n-butyllithium in molar ratio of 2:1-4:1 are added to a solvent in water-free and oxygen-free environment at u70?Oc to -85 degrees C, stirred for 2 hours. Then, 2-40 times of molar amount of compound D is added into 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, heated to room temperature and reacted for 12-48 hours, to obtain compound (A). The solvent is chosen from tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Preferred Composition: The organic solvent (a) is chosen from toluene, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The content of catalyst is 0.5-10% of molar amount of compound (A). The catalyst is organic palladium and/or organic phosphorus ligand. The content of alkaline solution is 5-10 times of molar number of the compound (A). The alkaline solution is aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate or aqueous solution of tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide. The organic palladium is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride. The organic phosphorus ligand is tri(o-tolyl)phosphine. The molar ratio of organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand is 1:2-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible support layer comprises a polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The couplings, the sections or segments are made of high-density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic carrier is made of polymer selected from a group consisting of ethyl cellulose, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, polyvinyl alcohol shrinkage acid, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin and acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal powder is iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, zinc, silver, magnesium or titanium metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition is substantially free of boric acid (B2O3) and fluorine. Components of the composition are melted in a refractory tank melter. The polymer matrix is a thermoplastic polymer selected from polyesters, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene and its combinations. It is a thermoset polymer selected from epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, vinylesters and its combinations. Preferred Parameters: The composition has Delta T up to about 87 degrees C. It has a log 3 temperature from about 1325 degrees C to about 1485 degrees C. The composition has a liquidus temperature no greater than about 1480 degrees C. The glass fiber has a specific modulus from about 33.7 MJ/kg to about 35.3MJ/kg and a specific strength from about 1.80 MJ/kg to about 2.81 MJ/kg. The glass fibers have a pristine fiber tensile strength between about 4385 and about 4720 MPa, a modulus between about 80.6 and about 84.4 GPa, and a density between about 2.39 and about 2.45 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition is substantially free of boric acid (B2O3) and fluorine. Components of the composition are melted in a refractory tank melter. The polymer matrix is a thermoplastic polymer selected from polyesters, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene and its combinations. It is a thermoset polymer selected from epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, vinylesters and its combinations. Preferred Parameters: The composition has Delta T up to about 205 degrees C. It has a log3 temperature from about 1280 degrees C to about 1505 degrees C. The composition has a liquidus temperature no greater than about 1380 degrees C. The glass fiber has a specific modulus from 35 MJ/kg to about 36 MJ/kg and a specific strength from about 1.8 MJ/kg to about 2.0 MJ/kg. It has a pristine fiber tensile strength from about 4390 to about 4820 MPa, a modulus from about 82 to about 90 GPa, and a density from about 2.39 to about 2.52 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The white inorganic pigment is titanium dioxide. The content of white inorganic pigment in the composition for forming sealing film is 10-20 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl acetate content in 100 parts mass of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Arrangement: The resin film (B) is laminated on both surfaces (4a,4b) of resin film (A). In the solar cell module, the photoelectric conversion element and multilayer intermediate film are interposed between two solar cell module structural components (7,8). Preferred Composition: The polyvinyl acetal resin contained in the resin film (B) is obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol having average polymerization degree of 1500-2000. The polyvinyl acetal resin contained in the resin film (A) is obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol having average polymerization degree of 1600-5000. The total of acetalization degree and acetylation degree of polyvinyl acetal resin in the resin film (B) is 60-72 mol%. The plasticizer contained in the resin films is a diester compound. The surface(s) of multilayer intermediate film is embossed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant electric insulation film is polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalate film, polytetrafluoroethylene resin film, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer film, tetrafluoropropylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer resin film, tetrafluoroethylene/ethylenic copolymer resin film, polyvinylidenefluoride resin film, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin film and/or silica vapor deposition polyethylene terephthalate film. The polyethylene terephthalate film has oligomer content of 0.8 weight% or less. Preferred Property: The silica vapor deposition polyethylene terephthalate film has water-vapor-permeation rate of 0.2 g/m2.d or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shell is porous organic glass plate, polycarbonate (PC) plastic plate, poly propylene (PP) plastic board, polyethylene (PE) plastic plate, PVC plastic plate or Acrylonitrile, Butadiene and Styrene (ABS) plastic board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin copolymer is crosslinked such that the copolymer contains less than 85% of xylene soluble extractables as measured by ASTM 2765-95.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated organic compound comprises maleic anhydride. The vinyl silane comprises vinyl tri-ethoxy silane and/or vinyl tri-methoxy silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material further comprises a polyolefin polymer grafted with an unsaturated organic compound containing an ethylenic unsaturation and a carbonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation of the ionic liquid is chosen from ammonium ion, imidazolium ion, phosphonium ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, beryllium tetrafluoride ion, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, nonafluorobutane sulfonic acid, boron oxalate, cyanide ion ((CN)2N)-, trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, (perfluoroalkanesulfonyl)amide ((C2F5SO2)2N)- and fluoride anion (BF3(CF3)-. The organic solvent is chosen from ester, carbonate ester, ether and nitrile. Preferred Property: The ionic liquid has hydrophobicity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte layer contains lithium ion oxide which is not dissolved and swollen in nonaqueous electrolyte solutions, oxide, sulfide, organic polymer, oxide glass, crystalline oxide, sulfide glass, sulfide crystals and/or polyethylene oxide-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl ester resin or unsaturated polyester resin comprises epoxy (meth)acrylate. The vinyl monomer and/or (meth)acrylate monomer is monomer having N-vinyl group. The modifier is polyol (p1) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g, polyol (p2) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g and acid value of 2-20 mg potassium hydroxide/g, modified rubber and/or compound (c1) having epoxy equivalent of 150-700 g/mol. The polyol (p1) is castor-oil-type polyol, polybutadiene-type polyol and/or polyisoprene-type polyol or its hydrogenated substance, preferably aromatic castor-oil-type polyol. The polyol (p2) is castor-oil-type polyol. The modified rubber is acid-modified polybutadiene or acid-modified polyisoprene. The compound (c1) is poly epoxy compound having epoxy equivalent of 150-250 g/mol, or polymer with saturation structure having epoxy equivalent of 500-700 g/mol. The translucent component of solar-cell panel contains glass or polycarbonate resin. The back-surface component of solar-cell panel contains polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl ester resin or unsaturated polyester resin comprises epoxy (meth)acrylate. The vinyl monomer and/or (meth)acrylate monomer is monomer having N-vinyl group. The modifier is polyol (c1) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g, polyol (c2) having hydroxyl value of 40-330 mg potassium hydroxide/g and acid value of 2-20 mg potassium hydroxide/g, modified rubber and/or compound (c4) having epoxy equivalent of 150-700 g/mol. The polyol (c1) is castor-oil-type polyol, polybutadiene-type polyol and/or polyisoprene-type polyol or its hydrogenated substance, preferably aromatic castor-oil-type polyol. The polyol (c2) is castor-oil-type polyol. The modified rubber is acid-modified polybutadiene or acid-modified polyisoprene. The compound (c4) is poly epoxy compound having epoxy equivalent of 150-250 g/mol, or polymer with saturation structure having epoxy equivalent of 500-700 g/mol. The to-be-adhered material contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and/or polyester-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains 5-40 %mass of aliphatic diisocyanate type crosslinking agent and 0.5-10 %mass of antioxidant, and 0.1-10 %mass of silane coupling agent and benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber having amino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The branch number is preferably (-0.67E+80) to (-0.67E+53). The copolymer has a flow ratio of less than 7, preferably 5-6.2, given by the ratio of melt flow rate measured at 10 kg and 190 degrees C and melt flow rate measured at 2.16 kg load and 190 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The resin composition preferably comprises (in parts weight) copolymer (100), organic peroxide (0.2-5), silane coupling agent (0.01-5), and hindered amine stabilizer (0.01-2.5). The copolymer is ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-1-butene copolymer, or ethylene-1-hexene copolymer, or ethylene-propylene-1-hexene terpolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent plastic film is made of polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly-ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is thin metal film selected from a group consisting of silver (Ag), chromium (Cr) and aluminum (Al).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluorine containing polymer material is selected from a group consisting of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl fluoride, and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. The encapsulant layer is made of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- The light absorbing layer is a film of amorphous silicon copper indium diselenide (CIS), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), multi-crystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon . The electrode is a film made of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), antimony tin oxide (ATO) and tin oxide (Sno2). The supporting carrier particles are titanium di-oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Supporting carrier particles are titanium oxide (TiO2) particles. PET film contains silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (Si3N4). Transparent substrate is glass substrate. 1st electrode film is made from indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), tin oxide (SnO2), and/or antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO). Light absorbing layer is a film of amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium diselenide (CIS), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) or polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si). 2nd electrode film is made from ITO, FTO, SnO2, and/or ATO, or is a thin metal film consists of silver (Ag), chromium (Cr) or aluminum with thickness of 30-100 ?.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fluorine-containing polymer film contains supporting carrier particles and dyes or pigments. Fluorine-containing polymer material is polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), and/or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETEF). Encapsulant layer is made from ethylene vinyl acetate (ETA). Preferred Process: The process includes mixing carrier particles and dyes or pigments by sol-gel process, compounding the mixture with PET, extruding to form color PET film, and laminating with fluorine-containing polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The second encapsulant layer is capable of experiencing a change in modulus of 500-750 MPa at room temperature upon impact on its surface. The second encapsulant layer experiences a change from a flexible state to a rigid state upon impact on its surface. The photovoltaic cell is formed on a flexible substrate (4). The photovoltaic device further comprises a fluorinated polymer weather barrier formed over the second encapsulant layer. The viscosity of the shear thickening polymer increases by at least 50% upon the impact to spread a force of the impact and to at least one of reduce and prevent deformation of the flexible transparent layer and the photovoltaic device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible transparent layer is a glass layer having at least 80% transmittance for wavelengths of 400-1100 nm and a thickness of 50-500 mu m. The second encapsulant layer comprises a blend comprising the shear thickening polymer and a non-shear thickening polymer material. The shear thickening polymer comprises: polyborodimethylsiloxane; and a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer. The shear thickening polymer is a reversible shear thickening polymer. The shear thickening polymer is capable of experiencing at least a 50% increase in viscosity at room temperature upon impact on its surface. The first encapsulant layer comprises a shear thickening polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises a carbodiimide. Preferred Components: The epoxy is present at 1-40 parts (preferably 5-15 parts) epoxy to 100 parts of polyurethane mixture and the carbodiimide is present at 1-10 parts (preferably 1-4 parts) carbodiimide to 100 parts of the polyol. The epoxy has an epoxy equivalent weight of less than 200 g/eq. The epoxy is di-glycidyl ethers, bisphenol-A and its dimers, trimers and higher oligomers, tetra-glycidyl ethers of 1,1,2,2-tetra-phenol ethene and/or oligomers. The multilayer sheet further comprises at least one third layer and at least one second layer of (I), where the second layer of (I) adheres at least one third layer to the second side of the second layer. Preferred Method: The polyol and the isocyanate are mixed to form a polyurethane mixture. The average bond strength of the multilayer sheet is at least 4 N/cm as measured after the multilayer sheet has been subjected to 85 degrees C and a relative humidity of 85% for at least 2000 hours. The method of improving the hydrolytic stability of the multilayer sheet further comprises adding a carbodiimide to the polyurethane mixture. EXAMPLE - Polyol (100 parts) was added to the mixing container and ethyl acetate as a solvent was added to reduce the viscosity to 100-300 centipoises. Polyisocyanate (10 parts) was added to the mixing container to form a polyurethane mixture and the mixture was mixed for 10 minutes. Liquid epoxy (10 parts) was added to the polyurethane mixture in the container and mixed for 10 minutes. The liquid carbodiimide (2 parts) was added to the polyurethane mixture (100 parts) and mixed for 10 minutes to obtain the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front electrode further includes at least one of silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), boron (B), barium (Ba), palladium (Pd) and lead (Pb). The semiconductor substrate is single crystal silicon substrate or polycrystalline silicon substrate. The composition of the rear electrode includes aluminum (Al) or silver (Ag); and does not include Zn. The glass frit is Pb-free glass frit, and the front electrode includes more Bi than Zn based on wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive is ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene acrylic acid, polyamide, polyesters, polyolefins, and/or polyurethanes. The anode electrode and the cathode electrode are on the polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The micro current collecting layer is made of gold, silver, copper, aluminum and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate layer comprises a fiber material or a film. The fiber material is fiberglass cloth, nylon, a polyester cloth, and Kevlar paper. The film is a polyester film and a polycarbonate film. The adhesive layers comprise a thermoplastic material or a thermosetting material. The thermoplastic material is modified polyester film, poly(vinylidene)fluoride, a thermoplastic fluoroelastomer, an aromatic condensation polymer, modified polyethylene, modified polypropylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, a thermoplastic elastomer, and aromatic polyamide. The thermosetting material is epoxy resin and silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Conductive particles contain copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), and magnesium (Mg) as main component. Interconnector contains conductive metal consisting of Pb-free material with Pb content of ~1000 ppm, and solder consisting of Pb-containing material coated on the surface of conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy converting region includes at least one material selected from silicon, copper indium diselenide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfide, magnesium selenide, magnesium telluride, mercuric oxide, mercuric sulfide, mercuric selenide, mercuric telluride, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum antimonide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, indium nitride, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, indium antimonide, thallium nitride, thallium phosphide, thallium arsenide, thallium antimonide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, or lead telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy converting region includes copper phthalocyanine, fullerene (C60) or bathocuprine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer coating includes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The energy converting region includes poly(para-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorene, poly(fluorenylene ethynylene), poly(phenylene ethynylene), polyfluorene vinylene, or polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic material is hydrophobic fluoropolymer, vinyltriethoxysilane-tetraethoxysilane-polyfunctional acrylate hybrid polymer hard coat, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) which optionally contains abrasion resistant additives, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is scratch resistant and contains polymer with fused silica and/or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nano pillar array comprises mixed gas of hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, hydrogen/argon, nitrogen/argon, oxygen/argon, helium/argon, tetrafluoromethane, methane, ethane, tetrafluoromethane/argon, methane/argon, methane/hydrogen and/or ethane/hydrogen. The glass substrate, silicon (Si), sapphire, titanium oxide (TiO2), Si/silicon dioxide (SiO2), indium tin oxide, gallium nitride (GaN), gallium arsenide (GaAs), Si /GaN, Si/GaAs, Si/zinc oxide, Si/TiO2, Si/SiO2, Si/tin oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide. The nano pillar is doped into a material comprising lithium, magnesium, beryllium, manganese, iron, chromium, copper, aluminum, vanadium, gallium, indium, sulfur, tin, selenium, arsenide, boron, antimony and tellurium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of polymer substrate comprising polyimide, polyether imide, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonate, polyethylene phthalate and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode is formed from aluminum. The metal oxide is chosen from titanium oxide, barium oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and/or aluminum oxide. The passivation layer of the electrode is silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chosen from butyl carbitol acetate, butylcarbitol, terpineol and/or texanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chosen from the cellulose-based epoxy-based resin, polyurethane resin, polystyrene based resin, polyacryl resin and/or polypropylene based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heavy water or deuterated polar solvent is substituted by deuterium in the place of hydrogen. The polar solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DMSO-d6, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The concentration of polar solvent in heavy water is 0.5-2 mol/l. The polyelectrolyte is obtained by vacuum drying ionic polymer-metal composite at60-70 degrees C at 12 hours, treating the product with heavy water or deuterated polar solvent for 12 hours are more, coating polymer membrane on product and drying the product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer membrane is chosen from Nafion (RTM: Sulphonated, per-fluorinated, ion-exchange polymer), Flemion (RTM: Perfluorocarboxylated polymer) and Aciplex (RTM: Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer electrolyte membrane). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydroxyl group- or epoxy group-containing photo curing compound is chosen from 2- hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, glycerol (meth)acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, omega -hydroxypolyalkylene glycol (meth)acrylate, omega -hydroxypolycaprolactone (meth)acrylate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, methylglycidyl (meth)acrylate, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl (meth)acrylate, and/or aziridinyl (meth)acrylate. The cyclic olefin base copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 1000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the nitrogen-doped zinc oxide transparent conductive film is 250-950 mu m. Preferred Composition: The organometallic compound is dimethyl zinc and/or diethyl zinc. The content of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas is 5-35 sccm and 5 sccm, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is chosen from glass substrate, silicon substrate, polyimide substrate, polyether imide (polyetherimide) substrate, polycarbonate substrate, polyethylene naphthalate substrate, polyester substrate and polyethersulfone substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silica gel column chromatography separation and purification uses eluent comprising ethyl acetate and methylene dichloride mixed solvent at volume ratio of (1:1)-(10:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isotope is 3H, 14C, 63Ni, 85Kr, 90Sr, 90Y, 99Tc, 147Pm, 228Ra, 238Pu or 238U. The fluorescent substance is silver, chlorine, manganese doped zinc sulfide, zinc fluoride, europium doped gadolinium oxide, yttria or yttrium oxy sulfide. The shielding unit consists of material made of lead, iron or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent used in the device is N-methyl pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Binder chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene is used in the device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is divinyl benzene, hexanediol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate or dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate. The solvent is carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, acetone or tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The fluorinated polymer film is ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkylvinyl ether, polyvinylidene fluoride or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The fullerene derivative is chosen from 60 compounds e.g. compounds of formulae (IA)-(IE).R=H or 1-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron-withdrawing groups are fluorine atom, cyano, formyl, nitro or carboxyl. The organometallic catalyst is an organic palladium catalyst system. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, chlorobenzene or toluene. The electron-withdrawing group is fluorine atom, cyano, formyl, nitro or carboxyl.Preferred Process: The temperature of the Suzuiki reaction is 60-130 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (II) is prepared by reacting 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indole compound of formula (III) with different alkyl halide of formula (R2X) and introducing indole quaternary ammonium salt with different substituents on the nitrogen atom. The catalyst is not adopted in the ethanol solvent. The temperature of the synthesis reaction is 30-100 degrees C and the synthesis reaction time is 20 minutes to 10 hours. The column chromatograph separation method is changed and the recrystallization method is performed for obtaining rough product by the proper amount of ethanol solvent for the purification of dye.X = I or Br.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer containing the compound (I) is hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer or electron injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 325 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 9-methylene-10-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine of formula (A), 10-anthracen-9-yl-9-methylene-9,10-dihydro-acridine, (4-(9-methylene-9H-acridin-10-yl)-phenyl)-diphenyl-amine, 10-(4-imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-2-yl-phenyl)-9-methylene-9,10-dihydro-acridine and 9-isopropylidene-10-naphthalen-1-yl-9,10-dihydro-acridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The organic light-emitting device comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic thin film layer chosen from light-emitting layer containing aromatic compound as light-emitting material, hole-transport layer, hole injection layer, electron-transport layer, electron injection layer and hole-blocking layer, interposed between anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aromatic compound has a triplet excitation energy (T1) of 2 eV or more. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 136 Aromatic compounds are claimed e.g. 9,9-dimethyl-18-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)-20-thiapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene of formula (IA), 4-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-20-thiapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaen-18-yl)phenyl)-2,6-diphenylpyridine, 2-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-20-oxapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaen-18-yl)phenyl)-4,6-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-20-oxapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaen-18-yl)naphthalen-1-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine and 2-(3-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-20-thiapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaen-18-yl)phenyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The top of the spreader plate comprises silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier is carbon fiber, carbon nanotube or carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crucible portion is coated with the silicon carbide or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel further contains 0.2-1 wt.% of vanadium and/or 0-4 wt.% of tungsten. The stainless steel is ferritic stainless steel.
Preferred Definitions:    A = a triphenyl-amine group of formula (a) or 10H-phenothiazine group of formula (b);    R1, R2 = CH3(CH2)7-O-;    R3 = n-octyl;    L = a benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole group of formula (c);    X = S or O; and    n = 0 or 1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. 2-(5-(1-(10-pctyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-malononitrile of formula (Ia), 2-(5-(1-(4-(bis-(4-octyloxy-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-malononitrile, 2-(5-(1-(5-(4-(bis-(4-octyloxy-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-malononitrile and 2-(5-(1-(5-(7-(4-(Bis-(4-octyloxy-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-malononitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by adding cyclohexanehexone octahydrate and diamino-di-R group substituted ethylene into reaction system under protection of nitrogen; taking ethanol as solvent; adding into glacial acetic acid as catalyst; performing reflux reaction; extracting and filtering; and recrystallizing to obtain crude product. Preferred Method: The method preferably comprises adding cyclohexanehexone octahydrate and diamino-di-R group substituted ethylene into reaction system under protection of nitrogen; taking ethanol as solvent; adding into glacial acetic acid as catalyst; performing reflux reaction for 4 hours; filtering solution while still hot; washing filter cake by hot ethanol until filtrate has no product; thermally dissolving filter cake by dichloromethane; removing impurities; recrystallizing by petroleum ether; extracting and filtering; washing; and drying to obtain brown product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by:(A) dissolving meso-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, 4-nitrophthalonitrile and potassium carbonate into dimethyl sulfoxide, heating to 60-100 degrees C while mixing, and reacting at constant temperature;(B) adding the reaction product into deionized water after being cooled to room temperature, and filtering to obtain filter cake;(C) taking ethanol and/or methanol as a developing solvent to carry out column chromatography to the filter cake to remove unreacted raw materials;(D) taking a mixed solvent of dimethylformamide and toluene (volume ratio of 1-10:1) as the developing agent to elute the chromatographic column, and collecting purple colored solution; and(E) rotatably evaporating the solvent from the collected solution and drying to obtain the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method utilizes N,N-dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide organic solvent, perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin, and sulfonic acid resin. Preferred Method: The nano-carbon material dispersion method is performed by ultrasonically for 5-2 hours or stirring for 1-24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by mixing a naphthalene derivative of formula (II) or (III) and indene derivative of formula (IV) at a molar ratio of 3-4.5:1, adding first organic solvent having a catalyst, stirring in the presence of inert gas, subjecting to Suzuki reaction at 20-130 degrees C for 20-40 hours, adding a second organic solvent, stirring at - 78 to 180 degrees C in the presence of inert gas, adding dropwise a reagent (3-20 times compound (II) or (III) quantity) having electron withdrawing groups, and subjecting to substitution reaction for 8-48 hours.R'=I or Br.Preferred Components: The catalyst is organic palladium, or a mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand. The molar ratio of catalyst to compound (II) or (III) is 3:20. The first organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, chlorobenzene and/or methylbenzene. The second organic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran, methylbenzene, methylene chloride and/or chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amino acid is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline or hydroxy proline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silver in the multi-walled carbon nanotube-containing core-shell silver-platinum catalyst is 2-30 %mass, preferably 5-15 %mass. The content of platinum in the multi-walled carbon nanotube-containing core-shell silver-platinum catalyst is 5-30 %mass, preferably 5-20 %mass. The mass ratio of multi-walled carbon nanotube carrier and silver ion is 7-9:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of ethanol and deionized water in the mixed liquid is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: In the organic semiconductor material, the n is an integer greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 80. Preferred Method: In preparing the organic semiconductor material containing carbazole and the thiophene pyrroledione unit, in (S1) the first solvent is one of tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate or 2-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-methyl borane. In the step (S2), the brominating agent is N-bromosuccinimide, and the second solvent is the mixed solvent of sulfuric acid and trifluoroacetic acid. In the step (S3), the third solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene, trichloromethane or ethyl acetate. In the step (S3), the catalyst is the mixture of organic palladium or organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) water solution, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) water solution, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) water solution or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation of the (I) comprises providing heterocyclic compounds of formulae (Ia) and (Ib) for Suzuki coupling reaction in non-oxide condition with organic metal catalyst and organic solvent to obtain compound (I). Preferred Process: The method comprises performing Suzuki coupling reaction for 20-40 hours at 60-130 degrees C. Preferred Components: The amount of the organic metal catalyst is 0.001-0.1 time of the compound (Ia) mol amount. The organic metal catalyst is organic palladium catalyst or mixture of organic palladium catalyst and organic phosphine ligand. The mol ratio of compound (Ia) and (Ib) is no more than 1:3, and the organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, chlorobenzene or toluene. The electron-donating group is phenyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl phenyl, alkoxy phenyl or amino.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier is active carbon, carbon nano tube, graphite or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The thiophthene derivative is prepared by mixing sodium sulfide nonahydrate, and brominated phenyl derivative of formulae (I)-(IV) at a ratio of 1:1-3; adding tetrahydrofuran-ethanol system having a volume ratio of 1:5; subjecting mixture to reflux-heating; adding palladium/carbon catalyst (5-10 wt.%); and subjecting obtained product to dehydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The conduction hole-type blue electroluminescent material is prepared by selecting organic compounds of formula (A), (B), (C), and (D); and processing Suzuki reaction at 60-130 degrees C for the compounds (A)-(D) in the condition of the inert gas environment and organic metal catalyst.X=I or Br;R=1-8C alkyl; andA1, A2, A3=functional groups from H or an electron-donating group (at least one of A1, A2, and A3 is the electron-donating group).Preferred Component: The organic metal catalyst is organic palladium metal catalyst. The organic solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, chlorobenzene, and/or methylbenzene. Preferred Definitions:    A1-A3=electron-donating groups from phenyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl phenyl, alkoxy phenyl, or amino; and    R=2-8C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The transparent film has thickness of 100-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon layer is made of III group-compound doped p-type silicone ink. The quantum dot layer is made of V-group compound-doped n-type quantum dot ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cleaned wafer is immersed in RCA-2 solution, hydrochloric acid/hydrogen peroxide/water solution and sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide solution, to remove metallic particles, and then rinsed using deionized water. The wafer is further immersed in RCA-1 solution, hydrofluoric acid/hydrochloric acid solution and ammonium hydroxide/hydrogen peroxide/water solution, such that organic residue is removed, and then rinsed using deionized water. Preferred Composition: The ratio of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid in the hydrofluoric acid/nitric acid solution is 1:20-30. The ratio of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water in hydrochloric acid/hydrogen peroxide/water solution is 1:1:6. The ratio of ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and water in ammonium hydroxide/hydrogen peroxide/water solution is 1:1:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by pyrrole ketone-phthalocyanine conjugated derivative comprising reacting 4-bromobenzene-1,2-cyano-group and ester compound under the catalysis of n-butyl lithium to obtain cyano-containing compound of formula (II); reacting compound (II) and bromine-containing compound of formula (III) to obtain dicyanate-containing compound of formula (IV); and processing compound (IV). Preferred Materials: The catalyst is tetra(triphenylphosphine) palladium or palladium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water bath reaction is carried out at 80-100 degrees C for 1-4 hours. The method further comprises processing centrifugal separation to the suspension reaction liquid after the water bath reaction, then washing the precipitate with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol; and placing the precipitate in vacuum drying oven to dry at 40-60 degrees C for 4-6 hours to obtain black copper sulfide powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is polyvinylpyrrolidone, beta -cyclodextrin, or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkyl silicate is silicic and/or ethyl orthosilicate. Preferred Process: The gel film of aging temperature is carried out under the protection of nitrogen or inert gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal is platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium or gold. The carbon support is graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, fullerene and/or conductive polymer. The dilute alkali solution comprises sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia. The strong reducing solution comprises potassium borohydride, sodium borohydride and hydrazine. Preferred Properties: The pH of dilute alkali solution is 8-14. The concentration of metal ion is 10-100 mmol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The binary alloy comprises palladium-cobalt alloy, palladium-copper alloy, copper-silver alloy or copper-cobalt alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amino acid is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, lysine, glutamine, methionine, serine, threonine, cysteine, praline, histidine or arginine. The weak reducing solution comprises ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propanetriol, butanediol, pentanediol, oxalaldehyde, malonaldehyde, succinaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ascorbic acid, citric acid and isoniazid. The concentration of amino acid is 0.01-4 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is nitrate or acetate containing metal elements. The organic complexing agent is edetic acid, citric acid, ethyl cellulose, and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The amount of organic solvent is 2-3 times of total mass of all metal elements in target products. Preferred Method: The pH of solution is regulated at 6-7. The thermostatic water bath is at 70-80 degrees C. The drying step is performed at 80-120 degrees C. The re-heating step is performed at 800-1100 degrees C for 0-5 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of the nickel chloride 5-20 mmol/L. The mole ratio of selenium or tellurium powder to sodium borohydride is 0.2:1-1:1. The mole ratio of the tellurium sodium hydride, selenium sodium hydride, or sodium sulfide to the nickel chloride in the precursor solution is 0.5:1-2:1. Preferred Method: Stirring is carried out at 100-300 revolutions/minute (rpm) for 0.5-10 hours. Heating temperature is 30-95 degrees C. The tellurium sodium hydride or selenium sodium hydride is obtained by scattering tellurium powder or selenium powder into the ice water bath to be reduced. The reaction time of the ice water bath is 3-8 hours. Sampling time of blue fluorescence quantum dots is 1-10 hours and that of yellow fluorescence quantum dots is 12-20 hours when the toluene-phase quantum dot solution with different emission fluorescence is obtained through different sampling times. Centrifuging is carried out at 3000-15000 rpm for 10-30 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The long chain ligand is oleic acid, hendecenic acid, tri-n-octylphosphine, or octadecylamine. The concentration of the toluene solution is 5-20 mmol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickness of transparent conductive oxide film layer is 10-2000 nm. The multiple layers of zinc oxide-based composite-type thin film contains aluminum, gallium and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Iodide is potassium iodide or sodium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by reacting substituted benzene compound of formula (II) with fullerene in presence of iodide to obtain desired compound (I). Preferred Method: Reaction temperature is 80-150 degrees C, and reaction time lasts for 2-24 hours. The method comprises reacting compound (II) with sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and reacting resulting product with fullerene at 60-150 degrees C for 2-20 hours. Preferred Definitions:    1-20C alkyl or alkoxy=straight chain, branch chain or ring (or one or more carbon atoms is/are substituted by O, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, oxhydryl, azyl, carbonyl, carboxy, ester, CN or NO2; or one or more H atoms is/are substituted by halo atom, O atom, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl oxhydryl, azyl, carbonyl, carboxy, ester, CN or NO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The formula of hydrogen storage material is x LiBH4+(100-x) RGO. The RGO is prepared by chemical oxidation reduction method. It has a pore diameter of 2-10 nm, specific surface area of 800-2540 m2/g, and pore volume of 0.08-1.9 cm3/g.x=10-80 wt.%.Preferred Method: The melt permeation method specifically comprises after uniformly mixing the RGO and LiBH4 in advance, putting into a stainless steel reaction kettle; feeding hydrogen (H2) having initial pressure of 20-200 atm; heating the mixed sample at 1-5 degrees C/minute at 270-350 degrees C; keeping the temperature for 5-60 minutes; cooling to room temperature; releasing H2; and taking out the sample. The method comprises after uniformly mixing the LiBH4 and RGO, using high speed ball milling method to disperse the LiBH4 uniformly into the RGO pores. The high speed ball milling method specifically comprises after uniformly mixing the LiBH4 and RGO, putting into a sealed ball mill tank; and ball milling for 1-8 hours at room temperature under inert gas protection atmosphere and water-oxygen free condition, where rotation speed is 580-1000 revolutions/minute, ball material ratio is 20:1-60:1, the diameter of the used agate ball is 5-20 mm, and the ball mill is a planetary type ball mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc base material is zinc sheet, zinc foil or prepared by depositing zinc layer on the oxidation-resistant carrier. The anti-oxidation carrier is glass, aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide. The copper salt solution is copper sulfate solution, copper chloride solution, copper nitride solution or copper acetate solution. The oxygen-containing atmosphere is air, industry pure nitrogen or pure oxygen atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is K9 glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is made of an organic flexible substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert atmosphere is argon or nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The compound (I) is prepared by (A) Friedel-Crafts acylation of pyrene comprising dissolving pyrene in carbon disulfide and placing in a reaction container; adding 1-4 Eq of acyl chloride; cooling to 0-5 degrees C in an ice bath; adding aluminum oxide; heating at reflux for 12-18 hours; cooling the product and pouring to an ice water; stirring for 2-5 hours; extracting with methylene dichloride; filtering; drying the organic phase; and recrystallizing to obtain yellow acicular crystal; (B) bromination of intermediate products by dissolving the product obtained in step (A) in nitrobenzene; placing in a reactor; dropping 5-6 Eq of liquid bromine at room temperature; reacting for 18-24 hours; stopping the reaction; pouring the product to a solution filled with sodium bisulfite; stirring to remove bromine; replacing water every 10 minutes until the solution is colorless; skimming to remove water layer; adding methanol in the organic layer to generate granulate precipitates; filtering and washing with water and ethanol; and drying to obtain bromide product; (C) Sonogashira coupling reaction by dissolving the product obtained in step (B) in a mixed solution of tetrahydrofuran and diisopropylamine; adding 3-8 Eq of alkyne; heating at 90-120 degrees C; adding 2-5 Eq of triphenylphosphine palladium dichloride and cuprous iodide; reflux reacting for 12-16 hours; stopping the reaction; reduced pressure distillation by column developing solvent, which is a mixed solvent of n-hexane and dichloromethane at 1:1 ratio; and obtaining faint yellow product, which is the end product. Preferred Definitions:    R=-CnH2n+1 or groups of formulae (i)-(iii); and    n=4-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light-absorbing nanoparticles comprise copper-indium-gallium diselenide, copper-indium selenide, copper-gallium selenide, copper-indium-gallium sulfide/selenide and/or copper-zinc-tin sulfide nanoparticles. Preferred Properties: The spherical nanoparticles and ellipse nanoparticles have particle size of 100-3000 nm and 100-3000 nm, respectively. The dough-nut nanoparticles have outer diameter of 500-3000 nm, and inner diameter of 100-2000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of solar battery light-absorbing layer, solvent including ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethylformamide, acetone, toluene and/or water, and additive chosen from acetic acid, stearic acid, adipic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, benzoic acid, nitric oxide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide are used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The palygorskite is washed using ethanol and acetone alternatively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): 2,7-Dibromo-9H-fluorene of formula (A) is reacted with linalool with two boron atoms at -70 degrees C to -85 degrees C for 12-48 hours in organic solvent, alkali and alkyl lithium, to obtain adding fluorene compound of formula (II). 9,10-dibromoanthracene of formula (III), 5,8-dibromo-6,7-dihydroquinoxaline of formula (IV) and fluorene compound (II) are reacted at 70-100 degrees C for 24-72 hours under oxygen free condition in organic solvent in presence of catalyst, to obtain copolymer containing fluorene, anthracene and quinoxaline unit. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of compound (A) and alkyl lithium is 1:2-4. The molar ratio of linalool is 2-4 times the molar ratio of compound (A). The alkali is aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide or aqueous solution of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide. The catalyst is a mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand. Preferred Definitions:    n=10-65.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphoric acid is preferably 12-13%. The etching solution further contains acetic acid (10-11%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The doping element is boron or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i), the mixed solution is prepared by stirring ethanol and aqueous ammonia with 30% volume concentration for 5-8 hours; the volume ratio of ethanol, aqueous ammonia and tetraethyl orthosilicate is 70-80:5-10:0.5-1.5; the reaction temperature is 40-60 degrees C, and the particle size of the nano silicon dioxide sphere with uniform size is 50-60 nm. In the step (ii), the hydrogen peroxide has volume concentration of 30%; the stirring time is 1-2 hours; the reaction temperature in the reaction kettle is 180-240 degrees C; the reaction time in the reaction kettle is 1-2 days; the mass ratio of silicon dioxide, ferrocene, acetone and hydrogen peroxide is 0.05-0.1:0.25-0.35:20-30:1-2; and the particle size of the silicon dioxide core carbon coated ferroferric oxide sphere is 100-120 nm. In the step (iii), the aqueous ammonia has volume concentration of 30%; the reaction time in the reaction kettle is 6-12 hours; the aqueous ammonia is added as a corrosive agent and the corrosion temperature in the reaction kettle is 140-180 degrees C; and the magnetic field applied during the magnetic separation is 0.2-0.4 Tesla.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises preparing the mixed melt by silicon, fluxing agent and impurity removal agent; refining or purifying the mixed melt to obtain a mixture of the silicon and the fluxing agent; optionally cooling and condensing the mixture of the silicon and the fluxing agent; and distilling the component of the fluxing agent in the mixture of the silicon and the fluxing agent to obtain the purified silicon. The crystallizing the silicon from the mixed melt is carried out by cooling, condensation and separation, directional condensation, direct pull crystal growth and forging crystal growth. The refining or purifying treatment step is vacuum refining, refining by a refining agent, ventilation refining, filtration, ultrasonic treatment, electromagnetic field treatment, standing treatment, centrifugal treatment and direct-current electric field treatment. The distilling treatment is vacuum distilling treatment. The vacuum distilling temperature is lower than the melting point of the pure silicon. The method for removing boron impurities in silicon, comprises preparing the mixed melt by silicon, the fluxing agent and the impurity removal agent, refining or purifying the mixed melt to obtain a mixture of the silicon and the fluxing agent; optionally cooling and condensing the mixture of the silicon and the fluxing agent; and distilling the component of the fluxing agent in the mixture of the silicon and the fluxing agent to obtain the purified silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tin and sulfur-containing raw materials comprise tin, elemental sulfur, compound containing tin and sulfur element or nano sulfide tin powder. The transparent conductive film is made of indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The components are mixed evenly after weighing. The ball mill is planetary ball mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is alcohol-water solution of nitric acid having concentration of 15-20 wt.%. The volume ratio of alcohol and water is 1:20-1:25. The alcohol is ethanol. The volume ratio of titanium element and water is preferably 7:105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of catalyst is 0.01-10 mol%. The catalyst is mixture of organic palladium or organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand. The organic palladium compound is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride. The organic phosphine ligand is tri(o-tolyl)phosphine. The ratio of organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand is 1:1-20. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, benzene or toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Dibromoperylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide of formula (A) and 2,5-di(4-butyl-phenyl)silole derivative of formula (B) are subjected to Stille coupling reaction in presence of catalyst and organic solvent in oxygen-free environment, to obtain perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide copolymer (I). Preferred Condition: The reaction is performed at 50-120 degrees C for 24-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The antimony telluride magnetron sputtering and nickel-vanadium alloy sputtering are carried out at 0-10 Pa. The substrate is heated at 270-280 degrees C. The method comprises reducing the temperature of the substrate to 40-60 degrees C; and discharging.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A volume ratio of the ethanol and water in the mixed solvent is 1:1-1:2. The vacuum drying step is carried out at a temperature of 50-60 degrees C. Preferred Components: The precious metal salt is palladium chloride and/or ruthenium chloride. The precious metal acid is molybdic acid. A mass of potassium hydroxide in the potassium hydroxide glycol solution is 5-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metals in the metal modified molybdenum carbide catalyst and the metal modified tungsten carbide catalyst comprises nickel and/or cobalt. The metal salt comprises nickel nitrate, nickel acetate, nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, cobalt nitrate, cobalt acetate, cobalt sulfate and cobalt chloride. The carrier is a carbon material carrier, an oxide carrier and a molecular sieve carrier. The carbon material carrier comprises carbon black, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofiber. The oxide carrier comprises aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. The molecular sieve is mobil catalytic material (MCM) series, zeolite socony mobil (ZSM) series, Santa Barbara amorphous (SBA) series or faujasite. The inert gas is argon or helium with a flow rate of 30-130 ml/minute. Preferred Method: The molybdenum-hexamethylenetetramine complex is obtained by mixing ammonium heptamolybdate aqueous solution and hexamethylene tetramine aqueous solution, precipitating white crystals, and filtering and drying the white solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises (A) synthesis of in-situ boron-doped graphene, (B) purification of synthesized boron-doped graphene, (C) dispersion of washed filter cakes, (D) filtration of mixture, and (E) drying obtained boron-doped graphene in vacuum. The step (A) comprises mixing reactive metal, low-carbon halohydrocarbon and boron source; placing mixture in closed reactor, and heating up mixture to 80-400: degrees C in 60 minutes under protection of argon or nitrogen for performing reaction; and keeping temperature to synthesize in-situ boron-doped graphene. The step (B) comprises adding ethanol to mixture, fully stirring, enabling ethanol to fully dissolve unreacted low-carbon halohydrocarbon; and filtering filter cakes, removing ethanol, washing filter cakes with deionized water. The step (C) comprises dispersing washed filter cakes in 20-200 mL of hydrochloric acid having molar fraction of 10-35%, heating up mixture to 60-80 degrees C, and fully stirring mixture for removing the metal halide. The step (D) comprises washing mixture with deionized water for removing hydrochloric acid and byproducts, and enabling pH of filtrate to 7. Active metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, calcium, strontium and/or barium. Low-carbon halohydrocarbon is chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, and/or hexachlorobenzene. Boron source is boron tribromide and/or elemental boron. M molar ratio of active metal to boron source is 0.5-8. Boron doping molar ratio is 0.1-10%. Reaction time in the closed reactor is 0.1-24 hours. Vacuum drying temperature is 70-90 degrees C, where temperature is kept for 8-12 hours. Layer number of prepared boron-doped graphene is less than 5. Boron-doped graphene is P-type graphene. Prepared boron-doped graphene contains 88.84% of carbon atoms and 1.1% of boron atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon carrier is XC-72, BP2000, acetylene black, carbon nanotube and/or graphite oxide. The inert gas is nitrogen, argon and/or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic electronic device further comprises dopant chosen from alkali, alkali metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline-earth metal or alkaline earth metal compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 86 Cyano group-containing compounds (I) or (II) e.g. 4-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile of formula (IA), 3-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile, 2-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile, 4-(10-(naphthalen-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile, and 3-(10-(naphthalen-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dienophile is alkene which is conjugated with electrophilic functional group. Preferred Process: The method is carried out in presence of chloranyl as oxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by (A) providing thiophene-containing compound of formula (A1) and pyrroledione-containing compound of formula (A2); (B) in oxygen-free environment, adding compound (A1) and n-butyllithium into first solvent in mol ratio of 1: 2-1: 4 at - 100-(- 25) degrees C, adding trimethyllithium chloride, and reacting for 24-48 hours to obtain tin-substituted thiophene-containing compound of formula (B1); (C) adding compound (A2) and N-bromosuccinimide in mol ratio of 1:2-1:4, and reacting for 12-48 hours at 10-30 degrees C to obtain bromine-substituted pyrroledione-containing compound of formula (B2); and (D) in oxygen-free environment, adding compounds (B1) and (B2) in third solvent containing catalyst in mol ratio of 1: greater than or equal to 0.95, performing Stille reaction for 24-72 hours at 65-120 degrees C to obtain desired material (I).Preferred Method: The first solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ether, methylene chloride, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Mol. amount of trimethyl lithium chloride is 2-4 times as much as that of compound (A1). Second solvent comprises sulfuric acid and trifluoroacetic acid. Third solvent is tetrahydrofuran, methylbenzene, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Catalyst is either organic palladium or mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphor ligand. Dosage of catalyst is 0.005-0.1 times as much as dosage of compound (B1). Organic palladium is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride. Organic phosphor ligand is tri(o-tolyl)phosphine. Mol. ratio of organic palladium to organic phosphor ligand is at 1:1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of carbon carrier to water is 1:1.8-3. The molar ratio of guanidine ionic solution to palladium metal precursor is 3-5:1. The guanidine ionic solution is tetramethyl butyl guanidine aqueous solution, tetra methyl hexyl guanidine bromide aqueous solution or tetramethyl ammonium bromide guanidine aqueous solution. The palladium metal precursor is palladium tetrachlorate, sodium palladium tetrachlorate or potassium palladium tetrachlorate. The reducing agent is sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, hydrated callose or formaldehyde. The molar ratio of reducing agent to palladium metal precursor is 4-6:1. Preferred Method: The method further comprises using sodium hydroxide solution to adjust pH to 5-6 (preferably 5.5), dispersing by ultrasonic, adding guanidine ionic solution and palladium metal precursor to the suspension. The reaction time of palladium-containing compound and reducing agent is 4-8 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide is cobaltosic oxide, ferric oxide, cuprous oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide or stannous oxide. The reaction medium is isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, glycol, diglycol or hexyl alcohol. The transition metal salt is cobalt nitrate, ferric nitrate, copper nitrate, nickel nitrate, nickel nitrate, manganese nitrate, cobalt acetate, copper acetate, manganese acetate, zinc acetate, cobalt chloride, iron chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, manganese chloride, zinc chloride, zinc chloride or stannous chloride. EXAMPLE - Graphite oxide was prepared using Hummers method. In the ice bath, graphite powder (10 g) and sodium nitrate (5 g) and concentrated sulfuric acid (230 g, 98%) were added. The mixture was stirred slowly and potassium permanganate was added. Deionized water (460 g) was gradually added and water bath was heated at 35 degrees C and reacted for 30 minutes. The temperature was raised to 98 degrees C for 40 minutes. Further hydrogen peroxide solution was added and diluted with water. The reaction mixture was centrifuged, filtered and repeatedly washed, vacuum dried to obtain graphite oxide. Then, 150 g of copper acetate in 100 ml absolute ethyl alcohol was added to the oxidized graphite. The mixture was stirred for 6 hours, and dried to obtain copper graphite compound. The obtained composite was heated under the magnetic force stirring, and water (2.5 ml) was added at 160 degrees C. The temperature was raised to 210 degrees C and reacting for 6 hours at this temperature to be system naturally cooling to room temperature, centrifuged, dried to obtain oxygen reduction catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water solubility inorganic cadmium salt is cadmium chloride, cadmium acetate, cadmium sulfate or cadmium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bridge molecule is mercaptoacetic acid, thioglycolic acid or cysteine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heat treatment step is carried out using a tube annealing furnace. The oxygen flow rate is controlled to 2000-9000 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) at 600-900 degrees C for 3-8 minutes. The method further comprises controlling nitrogen flow rate to 10000-20000 sccm at 600-900 degrees C for 3-10 minutes, and taking out the oil stain silicon wafers from the annealing furnace tube and cooling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Ethanol solution having concentration of 15 %mass, is used during manufacture of nanocomposite fiber cathode material. The total content of nitrate of element (Ln), nitrate of element (M) and nickel nitrate is 8 %mass of with respect to content of nitrate solution which is used during manufacture of nanocomposite fiber cathode material. The content of silver nitrate sol gel is 6 %mass with respect to total content of mixed solution used during manufacture of nanocomposite fiber cathode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer or electron injection layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 26 Amine compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. tris-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-amine of formula (A), tris-(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-amine, tris-(6-naphthalen-2-yl-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-amine, tris-(6-naphthalen-1-yl-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-amine and tris-(6-biphenyl-4-yl-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The phosphorus dopant is phosphorus powder or phosphorus-silicon alloy. The polycrystalline silicon material is high-purity electronic grade silicon material. Preferred Method: The melting and casting method is carried out in a vacuum or argon protection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by reacting an indene derivative of formulae (II)-(IV) with an anthracene derivative of formulae (V)-(VI) at a mole ratio of 1:1-4, dissolving the mixture in an organic solvent in the presence of an inert gas, and subjecting to Suzuki reaction at 60-130 degrees C for 20-40 hours in the presence of a catalyst (0.005-0.1 times compound (II)-(IV) quantity). Preferred Components: The catalyst is organic palladium, or a mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand having a mole ratio of 1:2-4. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether, benzene, chlorobenzene and/or methylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The organic layer has an electron injection layer and/or electron transport layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer. The light emitting layer comprises the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. The electron transport layer contains alkali metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal, alkaline earth metal compound, or their mixture. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 156 Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 9-(6-(9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)-1,8,11-triazatetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.012,17)heptadeca-2,4,6,10,12(17),13,15-heptaene of formula (Ia), 9-(6-(naphthalen-2-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)-1,8,11-triazatetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.012,17)heptadeca-2,4,6,10,12(17),13,15-heptaene, 9-(6-(6-(naphthalen-2-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)-1,8,11-triazatetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.012,17)heptadeca-2,4,6,10,12(17),13,15-heptaene, 9-(6-(6-(9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-2-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)-1,8,11-triazatetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.012,17)heptadeca-2,4,6,10,12(17),13,15-heptaene, and 9-(6-(phenanthren-9-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)-1,8,11-triazatetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.012,17)heptadeca-2,4,6,10,12(17),13,15-heptaene.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 216 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. (2,4-diphenyl-quinolin-6-yl)-diphenyl-amine of formula (A), (2-naphthalen-1-yl-4-phenyl-quinolin-6-yl)-diphenyl-amine, (2-biphenyl-4-yl-4-phenyl-quinolin-6-yl)-diphenyl-amine, (2-naphthalen-2-yl-4-phenyl-quinolin-6-yl)-diphenyl-amine and (2,4-diphenyl-quinolin-6-yl)-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell module comprises hydrophilic inorganic paint composition containing alkali metal silicate of formulae: xNa2O.ySiO2.nH2O (I), xK2O.ySiO2.nH2O (II) and xLi2O.ySiO2.nH2O (III), where x:y is 1:1.9-500 and n is 1-20, coated on strong base chosen from phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide monohydrate, and water. The content of alkali metal silicate, phosphoric acid and water is 25-95 parts weight, 0.1-1 part weight and 4-74 parts weight, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wavelength-converting material is doped with divalent and/or trivalent rare-earth ions, and comprises rare-earth element-doped silicon oxide (M2SiO4:RE2+, Q2SiO5:RE3+ or M2Q2Si2O9:RE2+, RE3+), rare-earth element-doped nitrogen oxide (MSi2N2O2:RE2+, Q2SiN2O2:RE3+), rare-earth element-doped alumina (M2Al2O5:RE2+, Q3Al5O12:RE3+ or M2Q3Al7O17:RE2+,RE3+), and rare-earth element-doped silicon nitride (MQ2Si3N4O4:RE2+,RE3+), where M is strontium, barium, calcium, magnesium or zinc, RE is rare-earth element and Q is yttrium, lanthanum, gadolinium or lutetium. The transparent dielectric layers (a) and (b) are made of silica, silicon nitride or zinc oxide, and has thickness of 40-120 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is hole injection layer, hole-transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron-transport layer, electron injection layer and light-emitting layer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 477 Pyrrole-type compounds (I) N-phenyl-N-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)naphthalen-1-amine, N-phenyl-N-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)naphthalen-2-amine, N,3-diphenyl-N-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)aniline, N,4-diphenyl-N-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)aniline and N-phenyl-N-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)phenanthren-9-amine are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon portion is printed or coated with silicon containing phosphorus or boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Layer: The organic layer is light emitting layer, hole injection layer or hole transport layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The raw material powder used during manufacture of wavelength converting composition comprises magnesium nitride powder, aluminum nitride powder, alpha -silicon nitride powder or europium nitride powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The amount of glass powder with respect to mixture of alumina powder and glass powder is 0-40%. The softening point of glass powder is less than working temperature of fuel cell. The melting point of glass powder is more than working temperature of fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper-indium-gallium-selenide original solution is prepared by mixing copper source, indium source, gallium source and selenium source with a solvent and melting. The copper source is chosen from copper, copper selenide, copper diselenide, and copper nitrate trihydrate. The indium source is chosen from indium, indium chloride, indium nitride, indium selenide and indium nitrate hydrate (In(NO3)2.xH2O). The gallium source is chosen from gallium, gallium nitride and gallium nitrate hydrate (Ga(NO3)2.xH2O). The selenium source is chosen from selenium and selenium tetrachloride. The concentration of copper-indium-gallium-selenide original solution is 0.001-10 mmol. The particle diameter of the copper-indium-gallium-selenide powder is 50 nm-1 micro m. The thickness of the copper-indium-gallium-selenide thick film is 0.5-5 micro m. Preferred Method: The method further involves forming a back plate comprising molybdenum, nickel, indium-tin oxide, fluorine-tin oxide and antimony-tin oxide, on the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from deionized water, ethanol, methanol, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylamine, toluene, ethylene glycol and triethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride inducer comprises alkali metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal hydrides and/or transitional metal hydrides. The salt substance inducer comprises a metal chloride and/or a sulfate. The other borohydride substance inducer comprises ammonia borane, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, magnesium borohydride and/or calcium borohydride. The inducer and ammonia borane complex material is a micron, a sub-micron or a nano-material. Preferred Method: The preparation method comprises mixing the inducer and sodium borohydride in a molar ratio of (2-0.05):1 and ball milling for 0.1-5 hours, and removing the raw materials in an inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid e.g. liquefied carbon dioxide or liquefied nitrous oxide, is flown in the fuel gas system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickness of conductive polymer coated on the carbon support element surface is 1-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molybdenum source is platinum(II)acetylacetonate or platinum(II)acetate. The other metal sources are is iron source, cobalt source, nickel source, copper source, chromium source or manganese source. The cobalt source is cobalt(II)acetate, cobalt(II)acetylacetonate or cobalt hexacarbonyl. The iron source is iron(II)acetylacetonate, iron(II)acetate or iron pentacarbonyl. The nickel source is nickel(II)acetylacetonate or nickel(II)acetate. The copper source is copper(II)acetylacetonate or copper(II)acetate. The chromium source is source is chromium(III)acetylacetonate and manganese source is manganese(III)acetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aliphatic alcohol reducing agent is 1,2-dodecanediol or 1,2-hexadecanediol. The nonpolar solvent is benzyl ether or octadecene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper compound is copper chloride, the indium-containing compound is indium chloride tetrahydrate, and the sulfur-containing compound is thioacetamide. The monovalent copper ion concentration is 0.2-0.22 mol/L, the trivalent indium ion concentration is 0.15 mol/L, and the content of thioacetamide is 0.45-0.75 mol/L of solvent. The molar ratio of copper, indium and sulfur is 4:3:9.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 Dibenzothiophene-type compounds (I) e.g. 1-N,3-N-diphenyl-5-(1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1-N,3-N-bis((8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl))benzene-1,3-diamine of formula (IA), 5-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1-N,3-N-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)-1-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)-3-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 1-N-(4-methylphenyl)-3-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-5-(1-(4-phenylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-3-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)-1-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 1-N,3-N-diphenyl-5-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-1-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)-3-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine, and 5-(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-1-N,3-N-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)-1-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)-3-N-(8-thiatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine are specifically claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction solution comprises (mol/l) lead acetate (0.02-0.06) and thioacetamide (0.1-0.3), in which mole ratio of lead acetate and thioacetamide is (1:2)-(1:8). The surfactant is hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and has dosage of 0.05-0.3 g/100 ml of reaction solution. Preferred Method: The hydrothermal reaction is performed at 160-200 degrees C for 10-20 hours. The method further comprises centrifuging and separating suspension reaction solution after hydrothermal reaction; washing sediment by deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol; vacuum drying sediment at 40-60 degrees Cfor 4-6 hours to obtain black lead sulfide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The divalent copper salts is copper chloride, copper sulfate, copper nitrate or copper acetate. The divalent zinc salt is zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate or zinc acetate. The organic solvent is ethanol, or ethylene glycol. The sulfur source is thioacetamide, sodium thiosulfate, thiourea or sodium sulfide. The divalent tin salt is tin dichloride, tin acetate, tin(II) octoate, tin acetylacetonate dibromide or tin acetylacetonate dichloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the iodine solution is 3-15 vol.%. The concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 10-40 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of transparent conductive film is 0-5000 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is silicon, quartz, sapphire, tempered glass and/or alumina. The carbon material contained in the bottom electrode is graphene, carbon nanotube film, activated carbon, diamond film and/or graphite. The insulating material is silica, silicon nitride and/or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, trichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloroethane, sulfolane, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl ether and/or pyridine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The active halogenation reaction comprises performing halomethylation reaction or haloacylation reaction on the polymer, where the halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. The amount of the ammonium agent added to the active halomethyl or acyloxy methyl in the polymer is 0.1%-500%. The ammonium reaction is carried out at 10-100 degrees C for 0.5-100 hours, where molar ratio between three kinds of ammonium agents is 0.001-1000:1:0-1 when the method uses composition of three kinds of ammonium agents. The membrane making step, where the solution is casted into membrane, coated into membrane or salivated into membrane. The amount of ammonium agent added to the active halomethyl in the polymer is 1%-300%, and the ammonium reaction is carried out at 10-80 degrees C for 0.5-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bicyclic compound (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(XIII).R 1-R 13=1-15C alkyl, 1-15C alkoxy, 1-15C fluoroalkyl, 3-15C cycloalkyl, 3-15C heterocycloalkyl, 3-15C cycloalkyloxy, 6-15 aryl, 6-15C aryloxy, 2-15 heteroaryl, 1-15C alkylamine, 6-20C arylamine (all optionally substituted), H, halo or NH 2;m=0-3;andY' 1-Y' 3=Ra.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reinforced composite is produced by mechanical mixing flake graphite in a medium of sulfuric and nitric acids in a reactor to form graphite intercalated, where the obtained intercalated graphite is dried. The dried intercalated graphite is subjected to an expansion process by high temperature thermal shock for obtaining expanded graphite. The obtained graphite is delaminated after smoothing by grinding to form highly conductive graphite. A mixture of vinyl ester resin and additives suitable for curing chemistry are mixed and homogenized in a reactor together with micronized natural graphite, where the mixture is homogenized for a certain time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cucurbit (n) uril is selected from cucurbit (5) uril, cucurbit (6) uril, cucurbit (7) uril or cucurbit (8) uril. The semi-permeable material also comprises one or multiple additive materials. The additive material is plasticizers, bactericides, nanoparticles, sunscreens, pigments or structural composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is poly-vinyl chloride, polysiloxane, polyurethanes, polyacrylate, latex, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves performing process in atmosphere under normal pressure at 350-400 degrees C. The copper source is copper. The indium source is indium. The gallium source is gallium arsenide. The prepositioned layer comprises oxygen of copper-indium-gallium nitride film. The selenium source is selenium powder solid, hydrogen or organic selenium source selenizing process. The organic source is methyl. The selenizing process is carried out at 450-550 degrees C. The atomic ratio of copper-indium-gallium-selenium content is 0.9-1:0.3-1:0.7-0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reaction system is a normal pressure continuous flow device including quartz glass reactor filled with Ru catalyst and having air inlet and outlet, heating device and UV-light emitting device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The Ru catalyst comprises Ru component (0.2-5 wt.%) supported in titanium dioxide (TiO2) carrier, and prepared by deposition-precipitation of Ru component in sol-gel TiO2 carrier, including impregnating sol-gel TiO2 carrier for 2-12 hours with ruthenium trichloride solution having Ru content of 0.01-1 g/mL, drying at 60-120 degrees C, adding in sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH), stirring at room temperature for 2-6 hours, centrifuging, washing with deionized water and vacuum drying at 50-80 degrees C. The NaBH4 solution containing NaOH, comprises (mol/L) NaBH4 (0.05-0.25) and NaOH (0.05-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lanthanum source is lanthanum oxide or all the materials which can be decomposed at high temperature to form lanthanum oxide, such as lanthanum carbonate or lanthanum hydroxide. The neodymium source is neodymium oxide, or all the materials which can be decomposed at high temperature to form the neodymium oxide, such as neodymium carbonate or neodymium hydroxide. The ytterbium source is ytterbium oxide, or all the materials which can be decomposed at high temperature to form ytterbium oxide, such as ytterbium carbonate or ytterbium hydroxide. The halide source is ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride and/or ammonium bromide crystal or powder. The purity of each raw material is 90-99.99 wt%, and the particle diameter of the powder is greater than or equal to 0.10 mm. (I) can be effectively stimulated by UV with 353 nm to emit near-infrared light of 950-1150 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol-based solvent is ethanol, methanol, propanol and/or butanol. The chelating ligand is chosen from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, hydroxyethylenediaminetetraacetate, triethylenetetramine-N,N,N',N'',N''',N'''-hexaacetic acid, hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reactive gas further comprises argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The purity of metallurgical grade silicon is 98-99.999%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is alumina substrate, wafer substrate, indium tin oxide substrate, quartz glass substrate, plastic substrate, silicon substrate, magnesium aluminate substrate, and/or gallium nitride buffer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine-based compound is hexamethylene amine, hexamethylene tetramine, cyclohexyl amine, monoethanol amine, diethanol amine and/or triethanol amine. The zinc precursor is zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc citrate, zinc nitrate and/or zinc acetate dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dot layer is made of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide. The protective layer is made of silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium oxide, alumina (Al2O3) and aluminum nitride (AlN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polycrystalline-silicon sheet is immersed in corrosive agent and subjected to corrosion process to form uniformly earthworm-like surface texture of 5-10 microns. Preferred Property: The height of the etched polycrystalline-silicon sheet is 5-15 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The inactive gas is chosen from nitrogen gas or argon gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidizing compound is chosen from titanium chloride, titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium boride, titanium bis(ethyl acetoacetato)diisopropoxide, titanium tert butoxide, titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) and titanium methoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of catalytic layer is 20-50 microns. Preferred Composition: The amount of metal nano particle and carbon is 10-50 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i), the solvent is water, preferably de-ionized water, and does not contain any organic solvent. In the step (i) the molar ratio of copper salt, indium salt, and sulfur source is 1:1:2, and pH is 1-14, preferably 2-11. In the step (i) the hydrothermal temperature is 100 -200 degrees C, preferably 120-200 degrees C, and the hydro-thermal reaction time 1-48 hours, preferably 2-20 hours. The copper salt is copper acetate, copper chloride, copper sulfate and/or copper nitrate. The indium salt is indium chloride, indium acetate, indium sulfate and/or indium nitrate. The mercapto acid comprises at least one thiol functional group which can be dissolved in water. The number of thiol functional group is 1 or 2, preferably 1. The thiol functional group is thioglycolic acid or mercaptopropionic acid. The pH of the solution is adjusted by using sodium hydroxide solution or aqueous ammonia solution. Preferred Method: The product is cleaned and dispersed in de-ionized water and/or ethanol, subjecting the mixed solution to centrifugal sedimentation, and repeating to wash.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of (S1) is carried out for 10-20 (preferably 10-15) minutes. The step of (S2) is carried out for 5-10 minutes. The step of (S3) is carried out at 800-860 degrees C. Preferred Components: The phosphorus atom is phosphorus oxychloride. The phosphorus containing gas is mixed gas of oxygen and nitrogen. The oxygen is present in an amount of 300-1000 (preferably 1500-2000) standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm). The nitrogen is present in an amount of 1000-2000 sccm. The oxygen containing gas comprises mixed gas of oxygen and steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises separating a large number of silicon tetrachloride and the high boiling point composition of trichlorosilane by the three level trichlorosilane rectifying towers, to obtain a standard trichlorosilane. The high-boiling-point impurities in trichlorosilane placed in a rectifying tower kettle, and are recycled to crude raw materials in a tank with less production of waste materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The pre-tower comprises a guide hole. The operation pressure is carried out at 0-0.15 MPaG. The tower plate number is 22-26. The bottom of the pre-tower bottom is provided with a pre-tower reboiler. The trichlorosilane rectifying tower is provided with the guide hole. The tower plate number is 38-42. The bottom part of the trichlorosilane rectifying tower bottom is provided with a trichlorosilane distillation reboiler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The indium precursor is further chosen from indium nitrate, indium sulfate, indium carbonate, indium halide, indium oxide and/or indium hydrate. The zinc precursor is further chosen from zinc acetate. The phosphorus precursor is chosen from phosphine, phosphite, phosphine oxide, and/or tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method utilizes a heterocyclic compound comprising alkane, alkene, Alkynes, trialkylalkyl phosphine or trialkylalkyl phosphine oxide. The organic solvent comprises alkylamine, alcohol, ketonic ester, nitrogen or sulfur of C6-C24. The indium precursor is chosen from indium acetate. The surfactant is chosen from alkane or alkene of C6-C24 having - carboxyl group, phosphonate group, sulfonate group or amines, oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, hexyl phosphonic acid, N-octyl phosphonic acid, tetradecyl phosphonic acid, octadecyl phosphonic acid, n-octylamine or hexadecylamine. Preferred Process: The organic solvent is further dissolved with the sulfur precursor chosen from alkane or alkene of C2-C24 having thiol group, and the zinc precursor chosen from zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc carbonate, zinc halide, zinc oxide and/or zinc hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal sheet is titanium, zinc, aluminum, zirconium, nickel, cobalt or their alloy. The inert material is platinum, gold, silver, copper, stainless steel or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: In the method of preparing the copper indium alloy film by electrodepositing, the molar ratio of copper chloride and indium chloride is controlled at 2:1-1:2. In the step of preparing the copper indium alloy film by electrodepositing, the addition of the complexing agent triethanolamine is controlled within 0-0.3 M. In the step of preparing the copper indium alloy film by electrodepositing, the addition of buffer sodium citrate is controlled at 0-0.02 M. In the step of vulcanization annealing the copper indium alloy film, taking the sublimed sulfur as the sulfur source, taking nitrogen as the carrier; the annealing temperature is controlled at 350-500 degrees C for 15-120 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the step (ii), printing boron slurry on non-light-receiving surface is carried out by silk screen printing method, spin-coating method or spraying method. In the step (iii), the drying is carried out at 20-500 degrees C for 2-20 minutes. In the step (iv), the distance between non-crystalline silicon optical surface is 0.1-200 mu m, and the distance between the groups is 0.5-100 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper precursor compound, indium precursor and gallium precursor are chosen from respective metal nitrate, metal-nitride, metal sulfate, metal sulfide, metal phosphate and metal phenate. The concentration of hydrazine is 10-100%. The CIGS powder is manufactured using cleaning solution chosen from deionized water, alcohol, methanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone and formic acid, and mixed gas of hydrogen, nitrogen and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass substrate is common float glass or white ultra-white float glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide conductive layer has a thickness of 100-500 nm. The metal layer has a thickness of 10 nm. The second metal oxide conductive layer has a thickness of 100-500 nm. The anti-reflection film layer has a thickness of 65-200 nm. The refractive index value of the reflection film is 1.22-1.4. The metal oxide conductive layer is zinc oxide, tin oxide, or indium tin oxide. The metal layer is silver film or aluminum oxide film. The second metal oxide is tin oxide, fluoride, or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite anode material has composition of formula: Ni1-x-yMgxAlyO1+0.5y (II), where x is 0.03-0.15 and y is 0.003-0.02. The battery contains 40-65% of the composite anode material and remaining electrolyte material. The electrolyte material is yttria stabilized zirconia, scandium oxide stabilized zirconia and/or mixture of cerium oxide doped zirconium oxide. The doping amount of yttrium oxide, scandium oxide or cerium oxide is 0.05-25 mol%. The nickel oxide in the composite material is reduced to metallic nickel.
Preferred Definitions:    X2=compound (i), (ii), (vi), (ix) or (x);    Y'=1,3,5-trimethyl-benzen-2,4-diyl, or bis(3,5-dimethylphen-4-diyl)methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating solution comprises the ester, water, acid, amine reagents and alcohol solvent in a molar ratio of 1:3-8:0.0001-0.1:0.1-1:10-40. Preferred Components: The ester is organosilicate or zirconic acid ester capable of undergoing hydrolysis reaction. The ester is one of butyl zirconate, methyl orthosilicate and ethyl orthosilicate. The amine reagent is one or more chosen from aqueous ammonia, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetraethylammonium bromide. The alcohol solvent is one of methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol. Preferred Method: In the method (M2) the solution is coated up to the thickness of 200 nm or less on the surface of the substrate. The method (M2) involves coating the solution on the surface of the glass, and then drying the glass. The coated layer has cavity-like agglomerates formed by microscopic columnar structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass base material is common float glass or white ultra-white float glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide conductive layer is 100-500 nm thick. The metal layer has a thickness of 10 nm. The second metal oxide conductive layer has a thickness of 100-500 nm. The first anti-reflection film has a thickness of 65-200 nm and a refractive index of 1.55-1.8. The second antireflection film has a thickness of 65-200 nm and a refractive index of 1.022-1.4. The metal oxide conductive layer is zinc oxide, tin oxide, or indium tin oxide. The metal layer is an alloy thin film of silver film, aluminum oxide film, a thin film, or silver aluminum film. The second conductive layer is tin oxide, fluoride, or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The laser emitter is used for multiple-beam laser emission, which is a single-mode green laser emitter. The controller is set with the operation platform for showing all operation options. The operation platform can be overturned.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - At least one of the conducting layers is composed of or includes one or more of the following: aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, copper, gallium, gold, indium, lead, magnesium, manganese, samarium, scandium, selenium, silver, tin and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The carbonyl group-containing compound is prepared by converting triphenylphosphine dimer-tetramer of formula (II) into triphenylphosphine oxide dimer-tetramer in presence of hydrogen peroxide. Preferred Property: The minimum excitation triplet energy level of the carbonyl group-containing compound is 2.95 eV or more, at 77 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The carbonyl group-containing compound is preferably of formula (III).R11,R12,R13,R21,R22,R23=substituent;n11,n12,n21,n22 =0-5;n13,n23=0-4;andX23=coupling group chosen from -S(=O)(=O)-, -R4-, -C-(-R5)(-R6)- and -P(-R7)(=O)-. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 carbonyl group-containing compounds are disclosed i.e. 1-(diphenylphosphoryl)-2-((2-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)difluoromethyl)benzene of formula (A), 1-(diphenylphosphoryl)-3-((3-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)(phenyl)phosphoryl)benzene and1-(diphenylphosphoryl)-4-((4-(diphenylphosphoryl)benzene)sulfonyl)benzene.    EXAMPLE - (Difluoro(phenyl)methyl)benzene and n-butyllithium were react at -80 degrees C for 2 hours, phosphorus chloride compound of formula: (C6H5)2PCl2 was added, and further reacted at -80 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain (2-((2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)difluoromethyl)phenyl)diphenylphosphane. The obtained (2-((2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)difluoromethyl)phenyl)diphenylphosphane was reacted with hydrogen peroxide for 1 hour, and the resultant reaction mixture was subjected to column chromatography, and crystallization in chloroform-ether, to obtain 70% of white crystals of 1-(diphenylphosphoryl)-2-((2-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)difluoromethyl)benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The wet etching process involves coating etching paste on upper surface of to-be-etched regions of the carbon nanotube coating layer, top binder layer, and base binder layer, removing the etching paste by washing, producing mask by photoresist mask to the to-be-etched regions of the top binder layer, and chemically etching the to-be-etched regions by supplying etching solution or reactive gas on the mask. The preparation of carbon nanotube film further involves processing plasma surface etching on the to-be-etched region exposed to the outside of the carbon nanotube coating layer. The carbon nanotube coating layer is obtained by coating solvent with carbon nanotube coating solution obtained by mixing carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles (1-500 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of the carbon nanotubes). Preferred Property: The nanoparticles in the carbon nanotube coating solution have size of 1 nm to 1 mu m. Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube coating layer further includes additive (0.001-30 weight%). The base binder layer and top binder layer comprise ceramic-based material and metal oxide material. The nanoparticles in the carbon nanotube coating solution is chosen from titanium dioxide, silica, silicon oxynitride, zinc oxide, tin oxide, alumina, zirconium dioxide, yttrium oxide, tungsten trioxide, vanadium(V) oxide, nickel oxide, manganese oxide, lanthanum(III) oxide, iron(III) oxide, chromium(III) oxide, cobalt oxide, copper (II) oxide, cerium(IV) oxide, indium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, antimony trioxide and silicon nitride (SiNx).x=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of compound (I) involves process A: reacting pyrrol-2-one derivative of formula (XV) or (XV') with 1 mole of a di-nitrile compound of the formula N?=C-A3-=?N to form compound of formula (XVI) and then alkylation of the compound (XVI) with a compound R2-X16 under basic conditions in a dry solvent to form compound (Ia); or process B: reacting in the presence of a strong base 2 mole of a disuccinate with 1 mole of nitrile of the formula (XVII) and 2 mole of a nitrile of the formula A1-C?=N to form compound of formula (IX''); ad reacting the compound (IX'') with a bromide of the formula R1-X16 in the presence of a suitable base in a suitable solvent to form compound (Ib).R200 and R'200=1-8C alkyl group, or benzyl group;X16=halogen.Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is selected from 9 compounds as given in specification e.g. compound of formula (Ia) and (Ib). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Compounds are specifically claimed as compound (I) e.g. compound of formula (IIa)-(IIe).    EXAMPLE - 3-(5-Bromo-furan-2-yl)-6-furan-2-yl-2,5-bis-(2-pentyl-decyl)-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione (232 mg), 2,7-di(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolane)-benzo(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophene (58 mg), Pd(OAc)2 (2 mg) and 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-1-phenylindole (25 mg) were placed into a reactor under Argon. Then oxygen free tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) were added and the reaction mixture was heated to 50 degrees C. Then lithium hydroxide monohydrate (37 mg) was added and the reaction mixture was then heated for 2 hours at reflux temperature. After work-up, compound of formula (IIIa) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte material frame is provided with three-dimensional porous structure having porosity of 30-60%, where the thickness of the electrolyte material frame is 10-30 mu m, the electrolyte material frame is composed of oxygen-ion conductor oxide and/or proton conductor oxide of the framework. The powder is strontium cobaltiate(IV) and cobalt oxide. The oxygen-ion conductor oxide is doped cerium oxide oxygen ion conductor oxide, stabilized zirconia oxygen-ion conductor oxide, lanthanum gallium nitride-based perovskite type oxygen-ion conductor oxide or lanthanum aluminum perovskite type oxygen-ion conductor oxide, and the proton conductor oxide is cerium based proton conductor oxide, strontium based proton conductor oxide, barium cerium based proton conductor oxide or barium zirconium-based proton conductor oxide. Preferred Method: The method involves preparing powder (LnxCO2-xOy) by using sol-gel, solid phase method, hydro-thermal synthesis method, mixing dispersing agent, organic solvent and surface active agent, where Ln is yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium or dysprosium, SrxCO2-xOy BaxCO2-xOy, cobalt oxide or CoO, x, y is 1 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0.3 greater than or equal to y greater than or equal to 2, the organic solvent is ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, or acetone, the proportion of the amount of the powder and the organic solvent is 80-120 g/l, the dispersing agent is polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol, the volume ratio of the dispersing agent and an organic solvent is 1-3:10, the surface active agent is citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, urea, glycine or triethanolamine, and the quality of the surface active agent is 1-2 times of the powder mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble copper salt is copper nitrate or copper acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic plates are graphene nanoplates. The inorganic plates and discrete tubes are present at a weight ratio of about 1:100 to 100:1. The composition further comprises a polymer; inorganic materials (selected from ceramics, clays, silicates, metal complexes and salts); at least one electroactive material and at least one transition metal complex or active catalyst species.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is selected from thermoplastics, thermosets or elastomers. EXAMPLE - Graphene and multiwall carbon nanotubes (C-9000, C-Nano) of diameter about 13 nm) were combined in the weight ratio of 1:3, respectively. A 1% w/v dispersion of the mixture was prepared in a 3:1 sulfuric (96%)/nitric (70%) acid solution and sonicated using a sonicator bath while maintaining a bath temperature at 30-35 degrees C range for 3 hours. Following sonication, each formulation was Buchner-filtered. The samples were dried for two hours at 80 degrees C in a vacuum oven. Then dried graphene carbon nanotube mixture (0.05 g) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.15 g) were added to a graduated flask and filled with water. The flask was sonicated in a bath for a period of 1 hour. After sonication, l mL sample was diluted with water to final total carbon concentration of 2.5x 105 g/mL and evaluated by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Following the measurement of the first absorbance spectrum, the same specimen was analyzed at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60-minute time periods at a wavelength of 500nm to evaluate the stability of the mixture in water. The decay in initial absorbance value at 500nm after 60 minutes was determined as 0.4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (G1) comprises coupling of diarylamine compounds of formula (I) and halogenated aryl compounds of formula (X1-(a2)m-Ar1) (II) using a metal catalyst in the presence of a base.X1 = halo, preferably I, Br or Cl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (G1) are specifically claimed i.e. N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-di-(4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-phenyl)benzidine of formula (Ia) and biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-(4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl)-amine.    EXAMPLE - 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazole (1.4 g), N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (0.8 g), sodium tert-butoxide (1 g) and bis(dibenzylideneacetone) palladium(0) (28 mg) were charged to a 50 ml three-neck flask. The air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen. Then, dehydrated xylene (20 ml) was added to the reaction mixture. After the reaction mixture was deaerated while being stirred under reduced pressure, tri(tert-butyl)phosphine (0.3 ml) (10 wt.% hexane solution) was added. The obtained reaction mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 130 degrees C for 4.5 hours, and then, ethyl acetate (200 ml) was added to the reaction mixture. The suspension was filtered through Florisil (RTM: Activated magnesium silicate) and Celite (RTM: Diatomaceous earth). The obtained filtrate was concentrated and purified, to obtain N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-di-(4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-phenyl)benzidine (yield 96%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer film comprises a polymer comprising cellulose-based polymer, polycarbonate-based polymer, polyester-based polymer, acrylic polymer or styrene-based polymer as the main ingredient. The amount (I) and/or (II) is 0.3-10 parts by mass. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 68 compounds (A) is disclosed e.g. 2-(((1E)-4,4-dicyanobuta-1,3-dienyl)-phenyl-amino)ethyl propanoate of formula (Aa), 2-(((1E)-4,4-dicyanobuta-1,3-dienyl)-ethyl-amino)ethyl 2-phenyl acetate, 2-(((1E)-4,4-dicyanobuta-1,3-dienyl)-ethyl-amino)ethyl benzoate, 2-(butyl-((1E)-4,4-dicyanobuta-1,3-dienyl)amino)ethyl benzoate and 2-(cyclohexyl-((1E)-4,4-dicyanobuta-1,3-dienyl)amino)ethyl benzoate.    EXAMPLE - In a 100 ml flask, 2-((E)-3-methoxyprop-2-enylidene)propanedinitrile (0.75 g), benzyl 2-methylaminoacetate (1 g), ethyl acetate (5 ml) and a catalytic amount of triethylamine were placed, and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The product was isolated and purified to obtain benzyl 2-(((1E)-4,4-dicyanobuta-1,3-dienyl)-methyl-amino)acetate (76%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dichroic materials used for dichroic surface treatment includes niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), zirconium pentoxide (Zr2O5), hafnium dioxide (HfO2), magnesium fluoride (MgF2) or aluminum oxide (A12O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate layer contains gallium arsenide. The sacrifice layer contains material comprising compound (a) of indium, gallium, arsenic and/or nitrogen, preferably nitrogen-indium-gallium arsenide. In the sacrifice layer, content of nitrogen is 10-20% of the compound (a). External laser (1) used during laser lift-off method is neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser having wavelength of 1064 nm and power density of 600 mu joules/cm2. Preferred Property: The substrate layer has wavelength of 890 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The alicyclic polyimide resin (A) is polyimide resin having structural unit of formula (III).N+R2=aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of tin with respect to tin and titanium oxide in the overcoat film is 0.07-0.3. The tin oxide in the overcoat film is tin oxide (SnO2-x, where x is 0.4 or less). Preferred Properties: The film thickness of the overcoat film is 10-100 nm, preferably 30-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: In the polymeric fluorescent material, the Z comprises o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, naphthalene, azobenzene, anthracene, phenanthrene, tetracene, pyrene, or benzopyrene. The acrylamide polymer has a number average molecular weight of 5,000 to 500,000. The acrylamide polymer has a set of pores having a diameter of 3.0 to 10.0 nm. The polymeric fluorescent material comprises a film including the acrylamide polymer. The film has a thickness of 20 nm to 1000 mu m. The polymeric fluorescent material comprises an electrospun fiber comprising the acrylamide polymer, where the electrospun fiber has a fiber diameter of 200 nm to 20 mu m. It absorbs light of a wavelength between 300 and 700 nm to fluoresce, and emits light of a wavelength between (an absorbed wavelength + 10) nm and (2 x an absorbed wavelength - 10) nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor substrate comprises one of silicon, germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, silicon germanium carbide, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, and all other III/V and II/VI compound semiconductors. The P++ doped back side surface field layer has a p-type dopant concentration of 1x 1019 atoms/cm3 to 1x 1023 atoms/cm3. The n-type semiconductor portion has a sheet resistance of more than 50 ohm/square. The solar cell further comprises a metallic film (18) including nickel, cobalt, aluminum, silver, gold, copper, zinc, platinum, silver, palladium, tin, iron, indium or their alloy. The P++ doped back side surface field layer includes boron or its alloy, gallium or its alloy, or indium or indium boron alloy, or aluminum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coating liquid is dissolved in a solvent. Metal salts and/or metal complexes, preferably metal formates of the elements are introduced, as raw materials, into the coating liquid. In the process: at least one of element is present as nanoparticle and suspended in the coating liquid; and at least one of the element is in enriched or decreased from. The coated cell substrate is annealed at 200-600 degrees C in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere, preferably nitrogen or nitrogen-hydrogen mixture, where the annealing step takes place under the supply of selenium, sulfur or selenium and/or sulfur-containing compound. Preferred Components: The atomic ratio of nitrogen/carbon is 1:1. Preferred Components: The coating liquid contains elements from 11th to 14th group. The coating liquid comprises copper, gallium, indium, selenium, aluminum, sulfur and/or sodium, which is in elemental or compound from, preferably in dissolved form. The amount of the coating liquid elements is 1 mu mole/g to 6 mmole/g, preferably 0.3-3 mole/g. The amount of sodium is 50-50000 atom.ppm; and selenium and/or sulfur is 1-5000 atom.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is a guanidine derivative and/or a ring compound, which contains less than 50% of carbon atoms in the ring, preferably guanidine, mono-, di-, tri-or tetramethylguanidine, or mono-, di-, or triaminoguanidine, 1,2,4-triazole or its derivatives, tetrazole or its derivatives, or tetrazine or its derivatives. The coating liquid is 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole. The coating liquid is a mixture of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole and tetramethylguanidine, or a solution of di-tetramethylguanidinium-5,5'-azo-tetrazolate in formamide or in tetramethylguanidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of compound having isobornyl group is 300 or less. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive paste further contains a monocyclic mono-terpene alcohol compound. The mass ratio of solvent consisting of compound having isobornyl group, with respect to monocyclic mono-terpene alcohol compound is 25:75-90:10. The compound having isobornyl group, is of formula (I). The monocyclic monoterpene alcohol compound is terpineol compound.M=phenyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or hydroxy group-containing structure of formula (i);R=1-4C alkyl;andn=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quaternary mixture comprises at least 5 wt.% of the organic solvent. The electrolyte comprises 10-30 wt.% of ethylene carbonate, 10-30 wt.% of diethyl carbonate, 10-30 wt.% of tetrahydrofuran and 10-70 wt.% of ethyl methyl carbonate. The quaternary mixture is a mixture of ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate/tetrahydrofuran/methyl ethyl carbonate in a weight ratio of 1/1/1/3. The concentration of lithium salt of lithium perchlorate is 0.1-6 mol.l-1, preferably 1 mol.l-1 plus minus 0.2. The lithium battery comprises: a positive electrode comprising a positive active material; a negative electrode comprising a negative active material; and a separator disposed between the positive and negative electrodes and impregnated of the electrolyte. The negative active material is: lithium metal or carbon graphite (preferred), lithium titanium oxide, silicon and silicon carbide. The positive active material is: manganese dioxide (preferred) and nickel(II) oxide; and lithium iron phosphate (preferred), lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium nickel oxide, a metal compound of formula (LiNi(0.33)Mn(0.33)Co(0.33)O(2), LiNixCoyAlzO2 or LiNixMnyO4).Either x+y+z = 1; orx = 0.4-0.5; ory = 1.5-1.6. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halo-substituted porphyrin comprises a porphyrin having a halo group coupled to it by an intermediate linking group. The aldehyde or acetal is coupled to the phosphono group by a linking group. The linking group or intermediate linking is aryl, alkyl, alkylaryl or alkylarylalkyl groups. The aldehyde or acetal has three phosphono groups substituted on it. The phosphono group consists of three phosphono groups. The porphyrin comprises a member of a double-decker or triple-decker sandwich coordination compound. The trialkylsilyl halide is trimethylsilyl chloride or trimethylsilyl bromide. The base is a tertiary amine or trialkylamine. The phosphono is coupled to the porphyrin or chlorine with an intermediate linking group. Preferred Method: The phosphono is coupled to the dipyrromethane by the linking group. The method-1 further comprises metalating the porphyrin having a phosphono group coupled to it. EXAMPLE - 1H-Pyrrole, and (4-dimethoxymethyl-phenyl)-phosphonic acid di-tert-butyl ester were reacted at room temperature for 2 hours, in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid to obtain (4-(bis-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-methyl)-phenyl)-phosphonic acid di-tert-butyl ester (31%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic reductant (A) is phenolic compound (A1) and reductone (A2), preferably gallic acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, arabitol, formic acid and citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen-containing organic compound (II) is 0.1-200 %mass with respect to content of ionic compound. The electrolyte solution further containing nitrogen-containing compound of formula: R6-N(-R5)(-R7) (III). The total content of nitrogen-containing compounds (II) and (III) is 0.1-200 %mass with respect to content of ionic compound. The cation (I) is preferably of formula: R9-NH+(-R8)(-R10).R5-R10=H or 1-8C hydrocarbyl.When at least two of R5-R7 and at least two of R8-R10 are hydrocarbyl, those hydrocarbyl optionally couple directly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of metal amount of substance in raw material consisting of ion of praseodymium, and metal total amount of substance in raw material consisting of ion, oxide or hydroxide of titanium and aluminum, is 0.0001-0.01. Hydrothermal reaction is carried out at 200-550 degrees C under 5-100 MPa for 0.001-60 seconds, in the presence of potassium hydroxide and nitric acid in ratio of 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silica based on oxide conversion in the composition is 0.1-3 %mass. Preferred Properties: The primary particle size of silica particles is 10-50 nm. The dispersed particle size of silica particles is 200 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silica particles are obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing an alkoxysilane compound of formula: Si(OR1)mR2n (I) under basic condition. The silicate compound is obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing alkoxysilane compound (I) under acidic condition. The silica fine particle dispersion is obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing alkoxysilane compound (I) under basic condition, changing the basic condition to acidic condition, and removing depositing salt. The silicate compound solution is obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing alkoxysilane compound (I) under acidic condition.R1=1-5C alkyl;R2=H or 1-10c alkyl;m=4;n=0-2;andm+n=4.Preferred Properties: The boiling point of water-soluble alcohol under atmospheric pressure is less than the boiling point of water under atmospheric pressure. The thin film of the laminate has total light transmittance of 95% or more and strength of more than 2H. Preferred Component: The laminate further has a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of silver and platinum in the nanowire is 99:1-1:99. The weight ratio of silver and palladium in nanowire is 99:1-1:99. The weight ratio of silver to gold in nanowire is 99:1-1:99. The nanowire includes nanopores having size of 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The method uses ohmic contact selected from a group consisting of silicon, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, chromium, gold, silver, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The immersing is performed at a temperature of 70-90 degrees C. The substrate has a (100) oriented surface prior to immersing. Preferred Composition: The aqueous alkaline etchant solution further comprises: at least one additive, which is an alcohol; a surfactant; and a pre-etched conditioning silicon. In the aqueous alkaline etchant solution: the alkaline component is present at a concentration of 0.5-5 wt.%; the nanoparticle slurry is present at a concentration of 0.1-5 wt.% on a dry basis; the alcohol is present at a concentration of 0.1-20 wt.%; the surfactant is present at a concentration of 0.00005-0.1 wt.%; and the pre-etched conditioning silicon is present at a concentration of 0.1-1.5 wt.%. Preferred Components: The alkaline component comprises potassium hydroxide (preferred), sodium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide or tetraethylammonium hydroxide. The nanoparticle slurry comprises colloidal particles of at least one of alumina, silica (preferred), ceria, beryllia, magnesia, zirconia and titania, where the colloidal particles have a size of 10-1000 nm. The crystalline silicon substrate: is a component of a solar cell; and comprises single-crystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, cyclohexanol or ethyl hexanol. EXAMPLE - An as-cut single crystalline silicon substrate was immersed in an aqueous alkaline etchant solution (composed of potassium hydroxide (1.5 wt.%) and nanoparticle slurry (1.2 wt.%)) The texturing was performed at 75 degrees C for 30 minutes, and the etching rate was maintained at 0.45 mu m/minute, to obtain the textured single-crystalline silicon surface with an weighted average reflectance of 0.114.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: While providing the absorption layer, a p-type single crystalline silicon-containing material or an n-type single crystalline silicon-containing material is selected. Back metal finger (66) is formed on bottommost surface of back contact, and front metal finger is formed on uppermost surface of front contact. The front contact contains front contact semiconductor material layer(s) (58) having conductivity (C2), band-offset less than hydrogenated amorphous silicon with crystalline silicon and/or activated doping concentration more than doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The clay catalytic material is clay catalytic material with single layer mineral structure or clay catalytic material with regular interlayer mineral layer mineral structure. The clay catalytic material with single layer mineral structure is montmorillonite, kaolinite, bentonite, activated clay, silicon-aluminite clay, maifan stone and/or vermiculite. The clay catalytic material with regular interlayer mineral structure is mica-montmorillonite, kaolinite- montmorillonite, and/or mica-vermiculite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Hydrocarbon gas is carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, cyclohexane, butane, benzene, toluene, and/or octane, preferably carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene and/or acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: On surface of transparent conductive film, ratio of area (D1) in which the island portion is formed and area (D2) at which layer (31) is exposed is 80:20-50:50. Preferred Properties: The island portion has height of 200-600 nm. The layer (31) has film thicknesses of 500-800 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The front side surface metallic film is made of nickel, cobalt, aluminum, silver, gold, copper, zinc, platinum, silver, palladium, tin, iron and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electronic device has a layered structure comprising several layers, where the layer comprising (I): is an electron transport layer; has a thickness of less than 5 nm; is in direct contact to an electrode, preferably a cathode (13); is in direct contact to an electron transport layer; and is part of a connecting unit. Preferred Definitions:    R4 = CH3, OCH3, C2H5, OC2H5, propyl, propoxy, isopropyl, isopropoxy, butyl, butoxy, tert-butyl, tert-butoxy, cyclohexyl, benzyl or benzyloxy;    R1-R3 = CH3, isopropyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, 1,1'-biphenyl-yl, 1,3-diisopropylphenyl, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl or dimethylamino;    Ar2 = benzene or naphthalene;    Ar1 = phenylene, preferably 1,4-phenylene (where x is 0);    y = 1-4 (if Ar2 is benzenyl), or 1-6 (if Ar2 is naphthalenyl); and    z = 0-1 (if Ar2 is benzene), or 0-2 (if Ar2 is naphthalene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Seed particles have diameter of 5-100 nm. Preferred Components: The primary ion is metallic ion. The secondary ion is halogen ion. Seed particles include silver chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon and slag of molten state are made to contact in mixed state, based on the bubbling of entrained inert gas or reducible gas. Preferred Composition: The reducible gas is hydrogen, carbon monoxide and/or ammonia. The basic oxide is calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, sodium oxide and/or potassium oxide. The neutral oxide is aluminum oxide. The acidic oxide is silicon oxide. The alkali-metal halide is lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, cesium fluoride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, rubidium chloride, and/or cesium chloride. The alkaline-earth metal halide is beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, barium fluoride, beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, strontium chloride and/or barium chloride. The aqueous solution containing inorganic acid, is an aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Preferred Condition: The cooling rate at more than 1000 degrees C during cooling and solidifying molten silicon and slag, is 300 degrees C/hour or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass substrate has undulation of 0.1 mu m or less, strain point of 590 degrees C or more, density of 3.7 g/cm3 or less, liquidus temperature of 1200 degrees C or less, and liquid phase viscosity of 104.5 dPa.second or more. Preferred Composition: The glass substrate contains 0.1-20 %mass of sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The molar fraction of sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 0-2. The glass composition contains (in %mass) tin oxide (0.001-2), silicon oxide (45-70), aluminum oxide (8.2-20), boron oxide (0-10), magnesium oxide (0-10), calcium oxide (0-10), strontium oxide (0-17), barium oxide (0-17) and zirconium oxide (0-8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of solar cell, water and chlorinated solvent are used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat conductive fillers other than graphite contains metal oxide or hydroxide of group II, group III or group XII metals, preferably oxide or hydroxide of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing composition further comprises 50-200 parts mass of phosphate ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The adhesive sheet-like molded product obtained after molding the kneaded artificial graphite with tar or pitch coke obtained using petroleum or coal, is calcined at 800-1500 degrees C and graphitized at 2000-3000 degrees C. The polymerization reaction is carried out by heating the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer at 100-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is silicon. The quantum nanodot has outer diameter of 10 nm or less, and half value width of 665 nm luminescence peak of 0.2 eV, and is excited at 400 nm. The surface density of quantum nanodot is 1x 1012/cm2 to 5x 1012/cm2.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given. Preferred Definitions:    X2=compound (i), (ii), (vi), (ix) or (x);    Y'=1,3,5-trimethyl-benzen-2,4-diyl, or bis(3,5-dimethylphen-4-diyl)methane.
Preferred Definitions:    X=1-15C alkylene or -C(=O)-Y'-;and    Y'=1-15C alkylene, vinylene, phenylene or carboxyl group-containing phenylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of nitrogen with respect to iron is 0-0.05, and the atomic ratio of metallic element with respect to iron is 0-0.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains organic solvent. The composition is surface-treated with alkoxysilane (E) having radical polymerizable group and flat alumina or its hydrate having average primary particle diameter of 1-100 nm, and aspect-ratio of 2-10. Preferred Layer: The gas-barrier resin layer has sequential lamination of synthetic resin film, and inorganic compound film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inert gas is nitrogen gas. The oxygen-containing gas is mixed gas containing pure oxygen gas or oxygen (25 vol.% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The process target component is a hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of palladium is 1-50 weight%. Preferred Properties: The gold nanoparticles have porosity of 1-10 nm. The palladium has size of 5-50 nm. Preferred Process: The method further involves adding gold precursor in cobalt nanoparticles solution and making substituted to galvanic replacement reaction and forming porous gold nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution containing platinum metal ion is prepared by preparing molybdenum salt or other metal salts with solvent; the molybdenum salt is molybdic acid, potassium molybdate or molybdenum acetic acid. The reducing agent is potassium borohydride, sodium borohydride or hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The other metal salts are chlorides, nitrates or acetates. The solvent is water or ethanediol. The reducing agent is ethanediol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic layer further comprises copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from hydrazine, water, liquid ammonia, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and their mixture, preferably hydrazine. The solute contains transition metal, preferably zinc, and a chalcogen chosen from sulfur or selenium. The additive is produced by mixing hydrazine with carbon dioxide. The method further involves producing a secondary solution comprising chalcogen, preferably metal chalcogenide dissolved in a secondary solvent, and mixing secondary solution with primary solution. The primary and secondary solvents are same. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The production of semiconductor structure involves performing cadmium-chloride treatment after depositing magnesium film, and doping absorber layer with copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of ortho-phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate and para-phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate in phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate is 55/45-10/90. The content of epoxy (meth)acrylate with respect to 100 parts mass of phenylbenzyl (meth)acrylate (A) is 50-100 parts mass. The epoxy(meth)acrylate (X) is urethane(meth)acrylate having bis(phenylene) alkane in molecular structure. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of epoxy(meth)acrylate (X) is 350-5000. The radically polymerizable composition further contains bis((meth)acryloylmethyl)biphenyl (B) or biphenyl structure containing biphenyl compound (C) having molecular structure connected through methylene. The content of phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate (A) and epoxy(meth)acrylate (X) with respect to 100 parts mass of components (A, B and C) is 30-95 parts mass and 50-100 parts mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polysiloxane is a compound of formula: R3-(-Si(-R4)(-R7)(-O)-)m-Si(-R5)(R8)(R6) (I).R3-R8=1-8C organic group, and contains alkoxy or hydroxy;andm=weight average molecular weight of polystyrene conversion, preferably 1000-20000.Preferred Properties: The accumulated light quantity of the vacuum-ultraviolet light used for formation of the water-vapor barrier layer is 1000-10000 mJ/cm2. The accumulated light quantity of the vacuum-ultraviolet light used for formation of the protective layer is 500-10000 mJ/cm2. The water-vapor barrier layer has film thickness of 50 nm to 1 mu m. The protective layer has film thickness of 100 nm or more and 10 mu m or less. The base material has linear expansion coefficient of 50 ppm/ degrees C or less and total light transmittance of 90% or more. Preferred Process: The water-vapor barrier layer and protective layer are formed by heating process at 50-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A sensitizing dye is adsorbed to titanium dioxide electromotive component or silicon dioxide electromotive component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound does not have 16C or less alkyl chain. The amount of the phosphorus contained in the formed polyimide layer is 100-3700 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The obtained laminate is heated at more than 150 degrees C and less than 200 degrees C for more than 30 minutes. The laminate is obtained by separating the base material of polyimide laminate. Preferred Composition: The polyamic acid solution composition contains phosphorus compound and polyamic acid containing tetracarboxylic acid components including 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride as a main component, and diamine components including p-phenylenediamine as a main component. Preferred Property: The polyamic acid has logarithmic viscosity of 2 dL/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphorus compound has 16C or less alkyl chain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus (mass of phosphorus/mass of polyimide) in polyimide layer is 100-3700 mass ppm. Preferred Properties: The sum of intensity ratio of phosphorus trioxide (79PO3) and cyanide (26CN) and intensity ratio of phosphorus dioxide (63PO2) and cyanide (26CN) is 0.05 or more by surface layer analysis of the polyimide layer by TOF-SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy time-of-flight). The logarithmic viscosity of polyamic acid is 2.0 dL/g or less. Preferred Process: The base material is separated from the laminated material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The peptide-functionalized substrate surface comprises peptide constructs comprising a substrate-binding peptide and a mineralization peptide; or synthetic peptides. The method involves optionally patterning the substrate surface and contacting the patterned substrate surface with a peptide-containing medium, where the peptide-containing medium comprises an aqueous medium containing the peptide constructs. The substrate surface is patterned by lithography. The nanoparticles comprising gold, CdS or FePt are deposited on the substrate surface or nanoparticles comprising intermixed FePt nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles are co-deposited on the substrate surface. The peptide-functionalized substrate surface and the inorganics-containing medium are contacted by immersing the substrate surface in the inorganics-containing medium. Preferred Components: The peptides comprise peptide constructs comprising a substrate-binding peptide and a mineralization peptide; or synthetic peptides. The substrate-binding peptide comprises an amino acid sequence containing 12 amino acids. The mineralization peptide comprises an amino acid sequence containing 12 amino acids, an amino acid sequence containing 13 amino acids and/or an amino acid sequence containing 16 amino acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises silica or quartz. The inorganics-containing medium comprises a metal salt solution. The metal salt solution includes dissolved HAuCl4, FeCl2, H2PtCl6, CdCl2, and/or Na2S. The array forms a uniform layer on the substrate surface. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-layer of the heterojunction p-i-n junction comprises p-gallium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chemical mixture has thickness of 3-300 Angstrom , preferably 10-50 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive ink further contains surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: In a solvent the polymer (I) is doped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The process bath comprises an aqueous solution of aluminum salt such as aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride or aluminum sulfate. The process bath comprises an oxidizing component such as nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, perchlorate, permanganate and/or dissolved ozone. The metal oxide layer is formed after pre-cleaning silicon carbide, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, ozone or hydrogen fluoride containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The cell connector or a quasi-continuous band for the formation of cell connectors, is applied on the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and then fixed by covering with an adhesive film. The cell connector or the quasi-continuous band is fixed with individual tape sections, after positioning on the surface of the semiconductor substrate, where the tape sections are aligned obliquely or perpendicularly to the longitudinal extension of the cell connectors. A composite material made of cell connectors or the quasi-continuous band, and an adhesive film is applied on the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and thus the cell connectors are positioned and fixed in one step. The method makes use of an adhesive film with openings, which are positioned on the surface of the semiconductor substrate such that the openings are positioned on provided joining regions of the contacting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gases are introduced on the substrate by an injector having many channels, where a separate channel inlet is provided in the injector for each gas, and a separate channel output is provided. The gases are passed separately up to the outlet of the injector or for mixing via the channels in the injector. The gases are passed just before the substrate surface separately from one another, with a distance of less than 5 mm, preferably 2 mm. The oxidizing agent impinges on the substrate or on the substrate surface and the precursor is introduced directly, under onset of formation of a passivation layer. The oxidizing agent is introduced again and is formed or reinforced on the substrate by the mixture on the surface of the passivation layer. The nitrogen and/or water-containing oxidizing agent are brought in a larger amount or with more channels through the injector to the substrate as the precursor. The process is carried out under slightly reduced pressure, preferably up to 0.8 bar. The process is carried out under atmospheric pressure. The process temperature is 100-400 degrees C, preferably 200-300 degrees C. The substrates are transported continuously during coating, as in-line process with a fixed injector, where the substrates are transported along a horizontal path. The gas streams and the injector are aligned perpendicular to the transport path of the substrates, where the gases are brought from the top of the substrate (18) and the injector is arranged above the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The injector extends to just above the substrate surface, with a distance of less than 5 mm, preferably 2 mm. At least one channel in the injector and gas supply exhibit an extension transverse to the direction of the substrates as a slit nozzle on the channel output. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The post-processing step exposes the interior mesostructure of the particle. The acid washing comprises wetting the thermally decomposed droplets with an acid to etch the particle surface and expose the mesoporous interior without fully saturating the powder. Preferred Components: The precursor solution further comprises: a ruthenium precursor; and carbon slurry. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating (H2) is carried out after the compound (A) evaporates or sublimates. Preferred Conditions: The difference between vapor deposition temperature (T3) of the organic material, and boiling point or sublimation point (T1) of the compound (A) is 50-160 degrees C. The difference of boiling point or sublimation point (T1) of the compound (A) and temperature (T2) is 30-100 degrees C. The difference of temperature (T2) and vapor deposition temperature (T3) of the organic material is 10-60 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The compound (A) is organic solvent having boiling point of 120 degrees C or more in 1x 10-1 Pa. The organic solvent is chosen from dimethylacetamide, 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, and N,N-dimethylformamide. The organic material is used for formation of photoelectric conversion film. The organic material is donor-acceptor-type pigment compound of formula: A-(L2=L3)n-D or carbonyl group-containing compound of formula (I).D=atomic group having hetero atom;A=carbonyl or cyano;L2,L3=optionally substituted methane;n= 0 or more;andZ1=2C or more ring preferably 5-membered ring, 6-membered ring or condensed ring containing 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The high molecular compound containing cyclic-type structural units (I)-(IV), is obtained by reacting aromatic compound of formula: T 1-E 2-T 2in presence of palladium catalyst and base.E 2=cyclic-type structural unit (I)-(IV);andT 1,T 2=halo.Preferred Components: The cyclic-type structural units (I)-(IV) in high molecular compound are preferably of formula (V)-(VIII), respectively. Preferred Property: The high molecular compound containing cyclic-type structural unit (I)-(IV), has number average particle diameter of 3000 or more based on polystyrene conversion. EXAMPLE - 2,5-Bis(3-(16-hydroxyhentriacontan-16-yl)thiophen-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diol (800 mg) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (2 mg) were stirred at 60 degrees C for 5 hours, and water and chloroform were added to the reaction liquid to extract the organic layer. Chloroform was distilled, and subjected to column chromatography to obtain 9,9,19,19-tetrapentadecyl-10,20-dioxa-5,15-dithiapentacyclo(11.7.0.0 3,11.0 4,8.0 14,18)icosa-1,3(11),4(8),6,12,14(18),16-heptaene (92.3 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate material includes copper with copper oxide surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chalcogen is sulfur or selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The poor solvent is an alcohol solvent. EXAMPLE - A metal copper (383 mg) and 2-4 equivalents of selenium (4 equivalents, 1903.2 mg) were stirred in dimethylsulfoxide (10 ml) at room temperature for 3 days to 1 week in the presence of 2 equivalents of hydrazine relative to the copper metal (12.05 mmol). Then the remaining hydrazine was removed by flowing nitrogen, followed by filtration. Then isopropyl alcohol (total of 20 ml) was gradually added to the filtrate to perform recrystallization, to obtain a black hydrazine-coordinated copper-selenium complex (2.424 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum nitride, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide and indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, platinum and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ether-type nonionic surface active agent (a) contains nonionic surfactant of formula: R1-CH(R2)-CH2O-(AO)n-H (III), which is obtained using 8-24C branched primary alcohol.R1,R2=1-20C branched or linear alkyl or alkenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid monomer contains imidazolium-type cation. The ionic liquid monomer has acrylate structure or styrene structure in a cation portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymerization is radical polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The branched aliphatic amine compound is a 3-16C branched aliphatic primary amine compound. The reducing agent is a hydrazine compound which is an acyl mono-hydrazide compound of formula: RCO-NHNH2. The acyl mono-hydrazide compound is chosen from formic-acid hydrazide, acetohydrazide, propane hydrazide, butano hydrazide, 2-methyl-propano hydrazide, pentano hydrazide, 3-methylbutano hydrazide and 2,2-dimethyl propano hydrazide. The content of branched aliphatic amine compound and reducing agent with respect to 1 mol of silver atoms of the silver compound is 1-10 mol and 0.4-2 mol, respectively.R=H or 1-4C saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide separation system further transfer unit, discharge storage container, and flow-path switching unit, partition comprising heat insulating material, and distribution channel. The electric power generation system comprises solid oxide fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon dioxide absorber contains lithium complex oxide, preferably lithium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier consists of alumina and/or silica-alumina composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves heat-mixing the resulting mixture at the temperature beyond melting point of organic compound. Preferred Composition: The content of organic compound with respect to 1 mol of copper (II) compound is 0.01-0.25 mol. The organic compound is saccharides and carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the electronic device, preferably organic electroluminescent device, (I) act as emitting compound in one or more emitting layers, where (I) are preferably used in combination with one or more matrix materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting a free ligand with a metal compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 29 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. platinum complexes of formulae (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2,12-diphenyl-1,13,13b-triaza-naphtho(3,2,1-de)anthracen-5,9-dione (45.2 g), hydrazine hydrate (9.6 ml) and triethylene glycol (300 ml) was heated for 20 hours at 180 degrees C. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with water (100 ml) and the filtrate was three times washed with a mixture (100 ml) of water/ethanol, three times with ethanol (100 ml) and dried in vacuum. The resulting solid was recrystallized from dimethylformamide to obtain 2,12-diphenyl-5H,9H-1,13,13b-triaza-naphtho(3,2,1-de)anthracene (25.3 g). A mixture of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (10 mmole), 2,12-diphenyl-5H,9H-1,13,13b-triaza-naphtho(3,2,1-de)anthracene (10 mmole) and anhydrous lithium acetate (50 mmole) in glacial acetic acid (100 ml) was heated under reflux. After the drop wise addition of methanol (100 ml) and water (100 ml) to the cooled reaction mixture, solid was suctioned off, washed five times with methanol (25 ml) and dried in vacuum. The obtained solid was extracted, and the extractant was concentrated in vacuum to about 100 ml and crystallized by adding methanol (200 ml). The obtained suspension was washed with methanol (approximately 50 ml) and dried to obtain platinum complex of formula (If) with a purity of 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of rare-earth-metal element containing cerium with respect to rare-earth-metal element containing yttrium and does not contain cerium, is 85:15-99:1. The content of silicon is 2-20 parts mass. Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of the complex oxide is 25 m2/g or more measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The reduction rate of complex oxide at 400 degrees C or less, is 2% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles consist of gold core and porous palladium layer as shell. The palladium layer is formed by galvanic substitution reaction. The weight ratio of gold to palladium is 1:0.1-1, preferably 1:0.5-0.7. The nanoparticles have size of 1-20 nm. The carbon support consists of carbon black, graphitic carbon, carbon nanotube and/or carbon fiber. The palladium is coated on the surface of the core using palladium chloride as precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of graphene in the composite is 0.02-0.20 wt.%. Preferred Property: The average diameter of nanocomposite is 1-1.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal in composite is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and/or ethyl acetate. The mole dosage of trimethyl tin chloride is 2-4 times of the mole dosage of the thiophene and thiophene compound. The second solvent is a mixed solvent of sulfuric acid and trifluoroacetic acid. The third solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene, trichloromethane, and/or ethyl acetate. The catalyst is a mixture of organic palladium or organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand. The dosage of the catalyst is 0.005-0.2 times of the 3,6-dialkyl thiofuran (3, 2-b)-2, 5-di-yl-di (trimethyl tin). The organic palladium is Pd(PPh3)4, Pd2 (dba)3, or Pd(PPh3)2Cl2. The organic phosphorus ligand is P(o-Tol)3. In the mixture of the organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand, the molar ratio of organic palladium and organic phosphorus ligand is 1:1-10. Preferred Definitions:    n=20-80.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductivity type dopant is phosphorus dopant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The layer (L2) is treated using sodium hydroxide (5-50%) in water. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive layer (E1) contains molybdenum or molybdenum alloy. The layer (L1) comprises cadmium telluride. The foreign phase includes cadmium oxide and/or tellurium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After sintering layer (L1), coated sheet is dipped in cleaning solution which acts as complexing agent for metal ions, or coated sheet is treated using cleaning solution. The coated sheet (after treating using cleaning solution) is washed using deionized water. Preferred Composition: The cleaning solution comprises ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and ammonium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The cleaning solution has pH of 7-8.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The fiber sheet in the transparent fiber composite resin sheet or transparent fiber composite resin layer-containing multilayered original fabric sheet is glass cloth. The glass cloth comprises several glass fiber bundles (A) orientated in direction (a), and several glass fiber bundles (B) woven into the glass fiber bundle (A) along the direction orthogonal to the direction (a). Preferred Properties: The ratio of cross-sectional area of glass component in the glass fiber bundle (A) per unit width with respect to the cross-sectional area of the glass component in the glass fiber bundle (B) per unit width is 1.04-1.4. The ratio of number of glass fiber bundle (A) per unit width with respect to the number of glass fiber bundle (B) per unit width is 1.02-1.18.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent inorganic film contains aluminum atom or silicon atom, preferably oxide, nitride or oxidation nitride of aluminum atom or silicon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of supply amount of tin tetrachloride and water vapor is 20-110. The tin oxide film includes low-resistance tin oxide film having mobility of more than 46 cm2/V.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thickness of the titanium oxide layer is 8-12 nm, preferably 10-12 nm, and 1-2 density/ mu m2. The haze rate of substrate with transparent conductive film in wavelength of 800 nm is 30% or more. The intermediate oxide layer is a layer having silicon oxide as a main component. The thickness of the intermediate oxide layer is 2-40 nm. The total thickness of silicon oxide layer and the intermediate oxide layer is 20-50 nm. The height of the convex portion of the tin oxide layer is 0.05-0.2 mu m, and pitch of adjacent convex portion is 0.1-0.3 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid material consists of hafnium chloride, zirconium chloride and anthracene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent consists of n-hexane, n-octane, acetone, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, ethylmethylketone, and 1,4-dioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The neutralization reflector is made of metal, silicone or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reagent is selected from hydrazine, iodonted, hydrogen sulfide, sodium borohydride, dimethylhydrazine and hydroquinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber is selected from polyamide fiber, cellulose fiber, acrylic fiber, aramid-based fiber, wool fiber and silk fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vinyl-modified silicone is both terminal vinyl-dimethyl silicone, both terminal vinyl diphenyl-dimethyl silicone, both terminal vinyl-phenylmethyl silicone, both terminal vinyl-diethyl silicone, side chain vinyl-dimethyl silicone, vinyl-methyl silicone, vinyl methoxy silicone, and vinyl resin dispersion. The hydrogen-modified silicone is both terminal hydrogen-dimethyl silicone, methyl-hydrogen dimethyl silicone, methyl-hydrogen silicone, ethyl-hydrogen silicone, methyl-hydrogen phenylmethyl silicone, and hydride resin. The hydrogen-modified silicone contains side chain hydrogen-modified silicone of formula: (R4-Si(-R3)(-R5)-O-(Si(-H)(-R1)-O)m-(Si(-R2)(-R1)-O)n-Si(-R6)(-R8)-R7) (I).R1-R8=any organic groups excluding H;m=1 or more;andn=positive integer including 0.The ratio of m to the total of m and n in side chain hydrogen-modified silicone is 0.25-1. Preferred Process: The transparent composite material is formed by molding the composite composition to predetermined shape, and solidifying the composite composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polydimethylsiloxane skeleton polymers are mono-glycidyl-ether terminal polydimethylsiloxane and/or monohydroxy ether terminal polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back etching process is performed by a plasma process with gases of sulfur hexafluoride, tetrafluoromethane, carbonyl difluoride and fluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid, or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant is selected from a group consisting of boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is made of material selected form group consisting of zirconium silicate, graphite, glass ceramic, silicate ceramic, oxide ceramic, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, nitride, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, mullite and porcelain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer is made of boron nitride or silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide or tantalum oxide and silicon carbide or titanium carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal salt further contains bivalent metal cation and cyanofluorophosphate anion (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The amorphous or nano-crystalline passivation layer is separated by performing plasma-supported chemical vapor deposition of a mixture of gaseous silane, hydrogen and dopant gases such as arsenic gas and diborane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant gas is trimethyl borane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of electric current value of 0.05 V and standard hydrogen electrode with respect to ratio of electric current value of 0.6 V and standard hydrogen electrode is 1.3 or less. The carbon catalyst has a defect in carbon structure. Preferred Composition: The ratio of nitrogen with respect to carbon in carbon catalyst when measured using X-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy apparatus, is 4% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The protein is chosen from pepsin, trypsin, and bromelain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A liquid fluorescent substance composition contains aqueous solvent. Preferred Process: A powder fluorescent substance composition is obtained by removing the aqueous solvent. Preferred Property: The metal nanoparticles-containing fluorescent substance has average particle diameter of 0.5-4 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anionic group is sulfonic acid group. The water-soluble compound is compound of formula: X-O(AO)n-X (I).AO=2-4C oxyalkylene;X=anionic or its salt (excluding carboxylic acid);andn=10-90.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acidic-cleaner composition optionally does not contain cationic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of particles (A,B) is 65:35-97:3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The curing catalyst is a chelate metallic compound of amphoteric metal or tertiary amine compound, preferably an aluminum metal chelate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The corrugation has height of 0.1-1.2 mu m and pitch of 0.1-10 mu m. The sheet resistance value of transparent conductive film is 10 Omega /square or less. The transparent conductive film has light ray absorption factor of 10% or less at 500 nm, 5% or less at 800 nm, and 10% or less at 1000 nm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isoprene derivative is chosen from 3-hydroxy-3-methyl butanol, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butyl acetate, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl propionate, 3-acetoxy-3-methylbutyl acetate, and 3-propionyloxy-3-methylbutyl propionate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solvent is binder resin material soluble solvent, and does not dissolve the resin layer surface which carried out dry formation. The binder resin is ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin. Preferred Definitions:    R,R'=H, acetyl or propionyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat-resistant substance is elements having melting point of 2000 degrees C or more, an oxide, complex oxide, a nitride, an acid nitride, a carbonized material and boride. The concentration of aluminum and hydroxyl group in the silica glass is 3-300 wt.ppm and 5-500 wt.ppm, respectively. The heat-resistant substance is carbon, aluminum trioxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, thorianite, zirconium oxide, calcium-zirconium oxide, magnesium-aluminum oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, silicon oxynitride, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium carbide, titanium bromide and zirconium bromide. The surface layer portion of the porous silica composite board component contains mold release promoter. The silica glass contains sodium, lithium and/or potassium (30 wt.ppm or less), titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, silver and/or gold (3 wt.ppm or less). Preferred Properties: The powder containing heat resistant substance and silica powder each have particle size of 5-1000 mu m. The silica has purity of 99.99 weight% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is complex of poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophene) or poly(3,4-alkylene dioxythiophene) having repeating unit of formula (I), and dopant. The alkoxysilane oligomer is methoxysilane oligomer having molecular weight of 1600-1900. The hydroxy terminal polydimethylsiloxane is emulsion of hydroxy terminal polydimethylsiloxane. The content of the emulsion of the hydroxy terminal polydimethylsiloxane is 10-74 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of alkoxysilane oligomer. The curing catalyst is titanium chelate. The electroconductive improvement agent is compound having amide group.R1,R2=H, 1-4C alkyl, or optionally substituted 1-4C alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-semiconductor material contains dihydrofuran-containing compound of formula (II), preferably dihydrofuran-containing compound.R1-R10=H, optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbyl or halo;andor substituent of R1-R10=ring optionally having aliphatic hydrocarbyl or halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: At least one portion of monomer crosslinkable group does not contain fluorine atom. The content of repeating units based on the fluoro olefin, repeating units based on the monomer having crosslinkable group and repeating units based on the monomer having no fluorine atom with respect to all repeating units in the fluorine-containing copolymer, is 30-70 %mol, 5-40 %mol and 0-45 mol%, respectively. The mass ratio of fluorine-containing copolymer and organic solvent is 1/9-9/1. The mass ratio of potassium carbonate and all monomers in a monomer mixture is 0.005/1-0.013/1. The content of 1-6C alcohol solvent is 10-95 mass% with respect to polymerization solvent. The solvent other than the 1-6C alcohol solvent contain xylene and ethylbenzene. The mass ratio of xylene and ethylbenzene in the polymerization solvent is 10/90-100/0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 60C fullerene (316 mg) and 5-(6-cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl-3-thiophen-2-yl-pyridazin-4-yl)-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (260 mg) was refluxed in 1-chloronaphthalene at 270 degrees C for 48 hours under argon. The resulting reddish-purple solution was purified to form fullerene derivatives of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid anhydride is tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The indolocarbazole-containing imide compound is of formula (I). The synthetic intermediate is of formula (IV).R' 1,R' 2,R 5,R 6=1-10C alkyl;R' 3,R' 4,R 7,R 8=1-5C alkyl;n3,n4=0 or 1;andA 1=aliphatic hydrocarbyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl (optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer is chosen from the group consisting of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride on amorphous silicon, silicon nitride on silicon oxide, silicon oxide on amorphous silicon, silicon nitride on amorphous silicon oxide, lower index silicon nitride on higher index silicon nitride, and silicon nitride on silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salt is a water-soluble or water-insoluble inorganic salt. Preferred Method: The solid salt is added during preparation. The thermal treatment is performed to the ground graphite. The ground graphite is heated in a reactor or under microwave conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salt is a water-soluble or water-insoluble organic salt. The salt is solid at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The solar cell module further comprises primary electrode, photoelectric conversion layer located on outer circumferential surface of the first electrode, and second electrode located on the outer circumferential surface of the photoelectric conversion layer. Preferred Components: The solar cell module is at an angle chosen from two different angles of 0-90 degrees . The supporting substrate is flat type or convex type. The columnar solar cell is in cylinder, elliptic cylinder or prism solar modules. The photoelectric conversion layer is p-n junction inorganic semiconductor layer, p-n junction organic semiconductor layer, or electrolyte containing dye-adsorbed porous metal oxide layer. The inorganic semiconductor layer is chosen from silicon layer, I-III-VI compound semiconductor layer, II-VI compound semiconductor layer, and III-V compound semiconductor layer. The organic semiconductor layer is double layered electron donor, electron acceptor or bulk heterojunction layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: When step (1) utilizes titanium dioxide powder as titanium compound, an emulsified silicone oil is added as solvent at the same time.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound comprises titanium dioxide powder, titanium tetrachloride, and/or titanyl sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound can also comprise butyl titanate. The alcohol solvent can be ethanol, methanol or propyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc salt is zinc chloride, zinc sulfide or zinc acetate. The zinc oxide is 100-2000 nm, and the diameter of cavity is 50-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mol concentration of hexamethylene tetramine is 0.01-0.1 mol/L, and dispersant is 0.01-0.1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dispersant is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic proton conductive material comprises heteropolyacid, solid acid and/or proton conductive glass or ceramic material prepared using sol-gel method. The inorganic proton conductive material powder including inorganic component is inorganic proton conductive material with organic polymer. The heteropolyacid includes phosphotungstic acid and/or silicotungstic acid. The solid acid is cesium dihydrogen phosphate, cesium hydrogen sulfate and/or zirconium hydrogen phosphate. The proton conductive glass or ceramic material comprises silica, titania, silica-phosphorus pentoxide and/or titanium oxide-phosphorus pentoxide. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is silicon sheet, glass sheet, plastic plate, metal plate or ceramic plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive polymer is polymer which disaggregates or accepts proton on dry and/or in presence of water, or sulfonated polyether ether ketone, perfluorinated sulfonic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene phosphoric acid, polyethylene imidazole and/or sulfonated polystyrene, preferably sulfonated polyether ether ketone and/or perfluorinated sulfonic acid. The proton conductive polymer has sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, imidazole group, thiazole group, thiophene group, pyridine group, thiazole group, amino group, amido group, hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group. The weight ratio of inorganic proton conductive material or inorganic proton conductive material powder including inorganic component and proton conductive polymer is 0.05:9.95-9.5:0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The inorganic particles scattering film has thickness of 100 nm-30 mu m, surface flatness (Ra) of 1-10 nm, and surface hardness of 3-9 H. The inorganic particles have average particle size of 1 nm-1 mu m, preferably 5 nm-500 nm, and refractive index of 1.7 or more, preferably 1.7-3.0. Preferred Process: The planarization layer is formed on organic coating layer containing polyacrylic resin or polyimide resin, or mineral coating layer containing silicone compound. Preferred Composition: Inorganic particles in the metal oxide used during manufacture of inorganic particles is lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, silicon, potassium, calcium, scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, molybdenum, cesium, barium, lanthanum, hafnium, tungsten, tantalum, lead, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, titanium, antimony, tin, zirconium, tantalum, and/or indium. The metal oxide is zirconium dioxide, hafnium(IV) oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium dioxide, yttrium(III) oxide, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide-zirconium dioxide (Y2O3-ZrO2), magnesium oxide-zirconium dioxide (MgO-ZrO2), calcium oxide-zirconium dioxide (CaO-ZrO2), cerium dioxide-zirconium dioxide (CeO2-ZrO2), magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and/or cerium(IV) oxide, preferably yttrium oxide-zirconium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles scattering film further has coating layer formed using coating solution comprising binder, and overcoating layer. Preferred Process: The coating layer is formed by spin coating, dip-coating, and slot coating or screen printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: When X is C, R is saturated 8C alkoxy, Ar1 is thiophene or carbazole, and Ar2 is benzene; compounds (I) and (II) are of formulae (III)-(VI). Preparation (claimed): Compounds (I) and (II) are prepared by dissolving diaryl fluorene-based tert. alcohol of formula (VII) or (VIII) prepared by Grignard reaction in dichloromethane at room temperature, dropping into boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, reacting in newly distilled dichloromethane for 2-24 hours, terminating the reaction, separating, and purifying. Compounds (III)-(VI) are prepared by preparing thiofuran-modified fluorenone derivative of formula (IX) or (X) from fluorenone derivative of formulae (XI) or (XII) via Suzuki reaction or carbazole-modified fluorenone derivative (IX) or (X) from compound (XI) or (XII) via Ullmann reaction; preparing diaryl fluorene-based tert. alcohol via Grignard reaction at 55 degrees C under anhydrous, oxygen-free, sealed condition; and performing Friedel-Crafts polymerization at room temperature. Suzuki reaction includes reacting triphenylphosphine palladium, potassium carbonate, potassium fluoride, tetrahydrofuran and methylbenzene at 95 degrees C for 48 hours under dark anaerobic condition. Ullmann reaction includes reacting cuprous iodide, 2,2'-bipyridine, potassium carbonate and 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 180 degrees C for 24 hours under dark anaerobic condition.X1=Cl, Br, or I; andAr1=thiofuran or carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method given. Preferred Components: The bivalent five-membered heterocyclic radical or bivalent phenyl is bivalent thienyl, bivalent furyl or bivalent phenyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. amino substituted quinacridone compound of formulae (Ia-Ie).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thick film paste composition comprises either: 2-5 wt.% of bismuth-based oxide; or less than 70 wt.% of inorganic components comprising the silver, the bismuth-based oxide and any of the inorganic additives. The thick film paste composition further comprises: 0.01-5 wt.% of an inorganic additive comprising bismuth oxide, titanium dioxide, alumina, boric oxide, stannic oxide, antimony pentoxide, chromium(III) oxide, ferric oxide, zinc oxide, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt(III) oxide, nickel(II) oxide, ruthenium(IV) oxide, and/or a metal or metal compound that can generate a listed metal oxide during firing; and 1-5 wt.% of aluminum. Preferred Components: The bismuth-based oxide comprises 70-75 wt.% of bismuth oxide, 11-15 wt.% of zinc oxide, 7-11 wt.% of boric oxide, 0.3-3.5 wt.% of alumina, 2-7 wt.% of barium oxide and 0.5-3 wt.% of silica. The bismuth-based oxide further comprises 0.1-3 wt.% of an oxide comprising lithium oxide and/or stannic oxide. The electrode is a tabbing electrode on the back side of the solar cell. EXAMPLE - Silver (50 wt.%), bismuth-based oxide (containing 73 wt.% of bismuth oxide, 13 wt.% of zinc oxide, 9.5 wt.% of boric oxide, 0.5 wt.% of alumina, 3 wt.% of barium oxide and 1 wt.% of silica) (2 wt.%) and inorganic adhesion promoter (made up of 1 wt.% of zinc oxide, 0.6 wt.% of bismuth oxide and 0.4 wt.% of copper) (2 wt.%) were added to organic medium (45.25 wt.%) and Thixatrol (RTM: Rheological additive) (0.75 wt.%) with continued stirring. Since the silver was the major portion of the solids it was added slowly to insure better wetting. The paste was then passed through a three-roll mill at a 1 mil gap several times to obtain thick film paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the solar cell, the electrode is a tabbing electrode on the back side of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thick film paste composition comprises 2-5 wt.% bismuth-based oxide. The thick film paste composition further comprises: 0.01-5 wt.% of an inorganic additive comprising bismuth trioxide, titanium dioxide, alumina, boron trioxide, tin oxide, antimony pentoxide, chromium trioxide, ferric oxide, zinc oxide, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt trioxide, nickel oxide, ruthenium oxide, a metal that can generate a listed metal oxide during firing, and/or a metal compound that can generate a listed metal oxide during firing; and 1-5 wt.% aluminum. The thick film paste composition comprises less than 70 wt.% of inorganic components comprising the silver, the bismuth-based oxide and any of the inorganic additives. Preferred Components: The bismuth-based oxide comprises (in wt.%) bismuth oxide (66-72), zinc oxide (9-13), boron trioxide (7-14), alumina (0.5-6), silica (2-10) and calcium oxide (0-0.7). The bismuth-based oxide further comprises an oxide comprising sodium oxide, barium oxide, and/or cupric oxide. The bismuth-based oxide is in the form of a glass frit. EXAMPLE - Silver (50 wt.%), bismuth-based oxide powder (comprised of 69.82 wt.% of bismuth trioxide, 12.03 wt.% of zinc oxide, 8.38 wt.% of boron trioxide, 2.13 wt.% of alumina, 7.11 wt.% of silica, and 0.53 wt.% of calcium oxide) (2 wt.%) and inorganic adhesion promoters (made of 1 wt.% zinc oxide, 0.6 wt.% bismuth trioxide and 0.4 wt.% of copper) (2 wt.%) were added to organic medium (45.25 wt.%) and Thixatrol (RTM: Organically modified castor oil derivative) (0.75 wt.%) with continuous stirring. The paste was then passed through a three-roll mill at a 1 mil gap several times to obtain the thick film paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the method: substantially all of the particles have a non-spherical, planar shape; the particles comprise microflakes and nanoflakes, where at least greater than or equal to 75% of a total weight of all the particles are microflakes; the planar shape of the microflakes results in grain sizes of at least 2 mu m, 1 mu m or 0.5 mu m in at least one dimension in the semiconductor absorber of a photovoltaic device; and the microflakes are of random planar shape and/or a random size distribution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sacrificial layer comprises aluminum arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide. The substrate comprises gallium arsenide, germanium, and indium phosphide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Titanium oxide is titanium peroxide. The film forming composition further doped with element(s) chosen from copper, zirconium, tin, zinc, antimony, and/or silver. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass substrate or solar cell module in which solar cell element is laminated on glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The solar cell comprises the alkali-control layer, the back surface electrode layer, CIGS-type light-absorption layer (4) and a transparent conductive layer (5) sequentially formed on the soda-lime glass substrate. The back surface electrode layer comprises molybdenum. Preferred Property: The alkali-control layer has thickness of 5-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photoelectric-conversion element is equipped with an anode, a photoelectric-conversion layer, and a cathode in order, and a hole-transport layer comprising hole-transport agent between the anode and the photoelectric-conversion layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The p-type organic semiconductor and the n-type organic semiconductor forms bulk heterojunction structure, or bulk joining structure with microcrystal in nano size. Preferred Composition: The polysilane is linear polysilane or cyclic polysilane, preferably polydialkyl silane, polyalkyl aryl silane, or cyclic poly diaryl silane. The n-type organic semiconductor comprises fullerene. The content of p-type organic semiconductor is 5-300 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of n-type organic semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell further has p-layer (5) containing a chalcogenide compound, and intermediate layer (4) containing indium sulfide. Preferred Properties: The n-layer has average absorption coefficient of less than 1500 cm-1 at wavelength of 400-600 nm, and film thickness of 10 nm-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is made of zinc oxide (ZnO) in which aluminum (Al) is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic material comprises yttrium- and/or scandium-stabilized zirconia. The organic material comprises more than 95% of yttrium and/or scandium-stabilized zirconia, and less than 5% residual oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first component includes di-n-butyl adipate. The second component comprises a mixture of adipates, sebacates and/or carboxylic acid ester. The adipate comprises di-n-butyladipate, di-octyladipate/di-2-ethylhexyladipate and/or di-isononyl adipate. The sebacate is dibutyl 1,8-octane dicarboxylate. The carboxylic acid ester is present in the form of 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrohalide is hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide. The content of hydrohalide added to the aqueous solution is 200 mu mol or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The inner-wall portion of the cylindrical column contains copper or copper alloys. The copper material (b) is laminate (16) made of several granular copper samples or copper mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precursor thin film is formed by deposition using sputtering method using one or more target combinations containing selenium, or by co-sputtering or sequentially at time interval using the target combination in selenium atmosphere of selenium vapor or hydrogen selenide gas. Preferred Composition: The target used in target combination is copper selenide, indium selenide and copper-gallium. The target combination is chosen from target combination of copper-selenium, indium-selenium, and gallium-selenium, target combination of copper-selenium, indium-selenium, and copper-gallium, target combination of copper, indium-selenium, and gallium-selenium, target combination of copper-selenium, indium, and copper-gallium, and target combination of copper-indium-selenium and copper-gallium. The atomic ratio of selenium to sum total of copper, indium and gallium in precursor thin film is 0.3-1.0, preferably 0.8-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The educt fluid contains catalyst/ligand composite comprising palladium catalyst and organic phosphine or phosphonium compound and a base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer comprises (hetero)aromatic compound which reacts under formation of aryl-aryl carbon-carbon couplings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymeric coupling product has molecular weight of more than 104 g/mol, preferably 2x 104 g/mol or more, and polydispersity index of 1.01-10, preferably 1.5-2.5. Preferred Process: The compound having at least one functional halide group and at least one functional boron group, or compound (c1) having at least two functional halide groups and compound (c2) having at least two functional boron groups are copolymerized under formation of aryl-aryl carbon-carbon coupling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The synthesized indium-phosphide nanoparticles are surface-treated using solution containing hydrofluoric acid or buffered hydrofluoric acid, and irradiated using an ultraviolet light for 10 minutes or more. The heating process is carried out for 30-360 minutes. The nanoparticles have core-shell structure having core and shell which covers the core.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is 1-octadecene. The particle-surface ligand is 18C or more primary fatty amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal catalyst is nickel catalyst and/or palladium catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deprotonated monohalogenated cyclic conjugation-type compound is polymerized in presence of a transition metal catalyst. The monohalogenated cyclic conjugation-type compound is monochloro or monobromo halogenated carbocyclic conjugation-type compound or monochloro or monobromo heterocyclic conjugation-type compound. The monohalogenated cyclic conjugation-type compound has 5-7 membered ring hetero-containing ring structure, and also electron-donating substituent or electron-withdrawing substituent. The electron-donating substituent is alkyl group, alkoxy group, alkenyl group, or alkynyl group. The electron-withdrawing substituent is alkyl group, alkoxy group, alkenyl group, or alkynyl group, in which H is substituted by fluorine. The secondary amine (I) is dicyclohexylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, dibutyl amine, dipentyl amine, dihexyl amine, diheptyl amine, dioctyl amine, dinonyl amine, didecyl amine, diundecyl amine, didodecyl amine, diphenylamine, or 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine. The Grignard reagent (II) is obtained by reacting methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl iodide, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, ethyl iodide, isopropyl chloride, isopropyl bromide, isopropyl iodide, butyl chloride, butyl bromide, butyl iodide, cyclohexyl bromide, cyclopentyl bromide, cyclopropyl propyl bromide, 2,5-dimethylphenyl bromide, heptyl bromide, octyl bromide, pentadecyl bromide, phenyl chloride, phenyl bromide, phenyl iodide, o-tolyl bromide, m-tolyl bromide, p-tolyl bromide, vinyl bromide, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide or benzyl iodide, with magnesium metal in an absolute ether. The secondary amine (I) is added by catalyst amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of cerium oxide after temperature-programmed-reduction measurement and oxidation treatment for 3 times is 30 m2/g or more, measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The reduction rate of complex oxide at 400 degrees C or less is 2.8% or more. The specific surface area of the complex oxide is 35 m2/g or more. Preferred Composition: The content of silicon is 2.5-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of total content of other elements (excluding silicone), in oxide conversion. The concentration of cerium is 5-100 g/L, in oxide conversion. Preferred Condition: The reduction process is performed at 150-500 degrees C. The oxidation process is performed at 200-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear electrode is selected from the group consisting of silver, aluminum, silver and aluminum, silver and magnesium, silver and manganese, silver and antimony, silver and zinc, silver and molybdenum, silver and nickel, silver and copper, and silver and aluminum and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon sludge contains silicon carbide powder. The oil-removed sludge contains 0.1-10 wt.% of oil. The binder includes an inorganic binder. The slurry further contains carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The inorganic material layer comprises a non-oxide silicon compound and silicon nitride. One or more inorganic material layers having thickness of 20-120 nm and one or more polymeric material layers having thickness of 200-500 nm, are formed. The inorganic material layers having intrinsic rms roughness of 2 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The polymeric material layer comprises at least 80 wt.% of polymer having weight average molecular weight of 10000 Dalton or more, preferably 12500 Dalton or more. The multi-layer stack has water vapor permeability of 1x 10-5 g/(m2.day) at 60 degrees C and relative humidity of 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant element comprises at least one element from the group of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and indium in conjunction with an n-doped epitaxial silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphite article has a porosity of at least 12.5% and a permeability of less than 0.75 millidarcy. In the graphite, at least 60% of the pores are no greater than 40 (preferably 30) microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon dioxide is porous silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing gas is gas containing ozone, oxygen or water. The thin film-forming raw material contains molybdenum-containing compound of formula: (R4-N(-R5))2-Mo=(N-C(-CH3)2-C(-CH3)H)2 (II).R4,R5=1-4C linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the electron-accepting compound in the functional layer is 10-1000 parts weight, with respect to 100 parts weight of the high-molecular-weight compound. The electron-accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high-molecular-weight compound further comprises repeating unit (C) (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains oligomer having two or more epoxy groups in molecule and having molecular weight of 350-100000, and cation polymerizable monomer other than compounds (A,B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crystalline-silicon substrate is a polycrystalline-silicon substrate or a single crystal silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching liquid (A,B) contains 4-t-butyl benzoic acid, 4-n-butyl benzoic acid, 4-pentyl-benzoic acid, and 4-n-octyl benzenesulfonic acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, and 4-propyl benzoic acid. The speed ratio of the etching of etching liquid (A) with respect to the etching of etching liquid (B) is 0.1-0.95. The ratio of the concentration of the etching component in etching liquid (B) with respect to the concentration of the etching component in the etching liquid (A) is 1.03-1.70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticles comprise a material made from one or combination of titanium oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, cadmium oxide, tantalum oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, molybdenum oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, potassium tantalum oxide, barium titanium oxide, iron titanium oxide, yttrium iron oxide, cadmium iron oxide, lead iron oxide, mercury niobium oxide, zinc sulfide, indium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zirconium sulfide, mercury sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, hafnium sulfide, iron sulfide and lead sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The energy system has storage portion for oxygen gas generated by the photoelectrochemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light absorption layer consists of III-V group compound semiconductor of p-type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (a2) is phenylgycidyl ether, N-glycidyl phthalimide, and/or o-phenylphenol glycidyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The component (a1) has logarithmic viscosity of 0.2-0.8 dl/g and weight average molecular weight of preferably 5000-30000. Preferred Composition: The component (a1) contains biphenyl structure coupled directly to a 5-membered ring imide structure. The content of biphenyl structure in component (a1) is 20-45 %mass. The component (a1) has benzophenone structure or tolylene structure. The epoxy resin (B) is bisphenol-A epoxy resin, bisphenol F-type epoxy resin, bisphenol S-type epoxy resin, biphenyl-type epoxy resin and/or naphthalene-type epoxy resin. The content of epoxy resin (B) is 50-150 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of component (A). The hardening agent of epoxy resin is trifunctional or more than trifunctional.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of cerium and aluminum is 0.2-24.9 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Binder part contains latex polymer and water-soluble polymer, and mass ratio latex polymer/water-soluble polymer is 1.5-3.5. Mass ratio metal silver/latex polymer is 1-10 (2.3-7.5). Water-soluble polymer is gelatin. Polymer in latex polymer is copolymer of formula -(A)x(B)y(C)z(D)w- (1). Latex polymer contains dispersing agent, and mass ratio dispersing agent/polymer in polymer latex is less than or equal to 0.05. Binder part contains silver slightly soluble agent by immersion to silver slightly soluble agent. Electroconductive sheet satisfies equation Rb= less than or equal to (2x R0), where R0 is electrical resistance value before stretching and Rb is electrical resistance when electroconductive sheet is stretched by 100%.A-D=monomer unit of formula (A), -(CH2C(CH3)C(=O)OR2)- (B), -(CH2C(R3)(L)qC(=O)OH)- (C), and -(CH2C(R5)C(=O)OR4)- (D);x=3-60;y=30-96;z=0.5-25;w=0.5-40;R1=Me or halo;p=0-2;R2=Me or Et;R3=H or Me;L=bivalent coupling group;q=0 or 1;R4=5-80C alkyl group, alkenyl group, or alkynyl group;R5=H, Me, Et, halo, or -CH2C(=O)OR6; andR6=H or 1-80C alkyl group.Preferred Processes: Photosensitive layer containing silver halide and binder containing latex polymer are formed on support body, and conductive layer consists of electroconductive thin line containing metal silver is formed by heat-processing after exposing and developing photosensitive layer. Preferred Conditions: Heat-processing temperature is greater than or equal to 40 degrees C. Heat processing is performed at relative humidity of greater than or equal to 5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Anolyte contains 1st supporting electrolyte e.g. chloride ion (Cl-), hydroxyl ion (OH-), and/or carbonate ion (CO32-). Catholyte contains iron/ligand complex e.g. triethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, and/or N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-(iminotris)-(hydroxymethyl)-methane. Catholyte has ligand-to-iron ratio of 10:1 (3:1). Catholyte contains 2nd supporting electrolyte e.g. Cl- and/or OH-. Redox flow battery contains cells. Preferred Parameters: Fe2+ concentration is greater than or equal to 0.7 ( greater than or equal to 0.4) M. Anolyte has sodium hydroxide concentration of 1-3 M. Catholyte has Fe3+ concentration of greater than or equal to 0.7 ( greater than or equal to 0.5) M. Anolyte has pH of greater than or equal to 7. Catholyte has pH of 5-7. Anolyte has sodium chloride concentration of greater than or equal to 0.4 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Anolyte contains 1st supporting electrolyte consists of 1 (1.5) M sulfuric acid, 2 (2.5) M acetate salt, and/or manganese acetate tetrahydrate. Manganese salt is greater than or equal to 1.5 M. Catholyte contains 2nd supporting electrolyte consists of 10 (5) M sulfuric acid. Anolyte is a mixture which contains 1-2 M manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O) dissolved in 1-6 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Catholyte is a mixture of 1-2 M vanadyl(IV) sulfate (VOSO4) dissolved in H2SO4. Supporting electrolyte contains manganese and vanadium salts dissolved in 1 M H2SO4/1 M methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H) mixture. Redox flow battery has ion exchange membrane, and cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The organic thin layer is an emission layer (130), a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer (all preferred), an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer and/or a hole blocking layer. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R2 or R4 = phenyl or methyl (both optionally substituted); and    ETU = 2,4-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine moiety, 4,6-diphenyl-pyrimidine moiety, 2,4-diphenyl-pyrimidine moiety, 2,6-diphenyl-pyridine moiety and/or 2,4-diphenyl-pyridine moiety.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 64 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9'-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole of formula (Ia), 9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9'-(4,6-diphenylpyridin-2-yl)-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole, 9-(biphenyl-3-yl)-9'-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole, 9-(biphenyl-3-yl)-9'-(4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-yl)-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole and 9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9'-p-tolyl-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole.    EXAMPLE - 3-Bromo-9-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (9.6 g) and 9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-ylboronic acid (8.7 g) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) in a round-bottomed flask (250 ml) with a thermometer, a reflux-condenser, and an agitator under a nitrogen atmosphere, and a 2M-potassiumcarbonate aqueous solution (80 ml) was added to it. Then, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (1.2 g) was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was refluxed for 12 hours. When the reaction was complete, the reactant was several times extracted with dichloromethane. The extract was treated with anhydrous sulfuric acid magnesium to remove moisture. Then, the resulting product was filtrated, and a solvent therein was removed. Then, the reactant was recrystallized for purification, to give 9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9'-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole (10 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sugar added to the combination electrolysis and neutralization processing apparatus is sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose or a combination of these sugars. The sugar water byproduct is converted into ethanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hetero arylene group-containing compound (I) and halogen-containing compound (II) are reacted in presence of transition metal compound, basic compound or phosphine compound.The heteroarylene group-containing structural unit-containing compound has sum total content of tin and boron of less than 1 weight ppm measured by mass spectrometry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general reparation is given. Preferred Composition: The axial ligand is organic siloxo group of formula: -O-Si(-R9)(-R10)(-R11) (II). The axial ligand is trimethyl siloxo group or benzyldimethyl siloxo group. The organosilicon compound used in the manufacture of phthalocyanine-15 group semimetal element (V) salt is of formula: X-Si(-R9)(-R10)(-R11) (IV). The organosilicon compound is N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetoamide or benzyl chloro dimethylsilane.Two of R9-R11=3C or less alkyl and remainder of alkyl or 1-12C benzyl;andX=substituent chosen from halo, acetamide and halo-substituted acetamide.Preferred Process: The manufacture of phthalocyanine-15 group semimetal element (V) salt further involves dissolving phthalocyanine-15 group semimetal element (III) salt of formula (V) in an organic solvent to prepare salt-containing solution, and adding xenon difluoride.At least 1 of R1-R8=substituent chosen from alkyl, allyl, aryl and alkynyl group and reminder of H, and containing hetero atom, amide and ester. Preferred Definitions:    At least 1 of R1-R8=n-butoxy or t-butyl.    EXAMPLE - Antimony complex ((Sb(tObpc)(OH)2)PF6) (in mmol) (0.078) was dissolved in dehydrated acetonitrile (50 ml), heated at 60 degrees C, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (2.3) was added, stirred for 10 minutes, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (0.78) was again added, filtered, obtained black solid was dissolved in acetonitrile (15 ml), filtered, obtained black green solid was dissolved in dichloromethane (6 ml), filtered, hexane (25 ml) was added, obtained solid was dissolved in dichloromethane (6 ml), hexane (25 ml) was added, recrystallized and obtained solid was vacuum-dried to obtain tetra(n-butoxyl)phthalocyanine complex (0.03).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon wafer is multi-crystal silicon or single crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentrations of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid are 20-500 g/l and 5-200 g/l, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metallic chromium layer and chromium-carbon mixed layers (A) and (B) have thickness of 30-60 nm, 30-60 nm and 400-500 nm, respectively. Preferred Composition: The chromium-carbon mixed layer (A) contains chromium (96-99%) and carbon (1-4%), such that total content is 100%. The chromium-carbon mixed layer (B) contains chromium (80-90%) and carbon (10-20%), such that total content is 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The polycrystalline silicon chip is preferably preprocessed via oxidation treatment at 750-800 degrees C for 5-15 minutes prior to step (1). The first constant-source diffusion process in step (1) is preferably carried out for 5-15 minutes. After performing step (1), the polycrystalline silicon chip is heated at 5-10 degrees C/minute prior to step (2). The limited-source diffusion process in step (2) employs an oxygen flow rate of 300-800 sccm and is preferably carried out for 10-15 minutes in the first time. The second constant-source diffusion process in step (3) is performed for 4-6 minutes. In step (4), the oxygen flux is preferably increased to 1500-2500 sccm and the second-constant source diffusion process is continued for 5-10 minutes. After performing step (5), the polycrystalline silicon chip is further cooled to 750-800 degrees C at a rate of 5-10 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-metal element is nitrogen, carbon, fluorine, phosphorus or sulfur. The base material is titanium. The solar battery flexible light anode preparation method further utilizes electrolyte solution that is chosen from electrolyte and water. The electrolyte comprises fluoride, supporting electrolyte and additive. The fluoride is ammonium fluoride, potassium fluoride or sodium fluoride. The supporting electrolyte is sodium sulfate, sodium bisulfate, ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid hydrogen ammonia, dihydrogen, sodium phosphate, potassium bisulfate and/or monopotassium phosphate. The additive is glycerol, ethylene glycol and/or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor comprises selenide precursor. The light absorbing layer is 1-3000 nm. Preferred Process: The method comprises heat processing at 300-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Noble metal is gold, and catalyst metal is platinum. Preferred Processes: Copper is precipitated to platinum supported by carbon, and catalyst support is manufactured by substituting gold to carbon which supports platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The overcoat layer consists of silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride, and comprises elements consisting of aluminum, gallium or boron such that an atomic ratio of Si/X is less than 88/12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The softening point of glass frit is 500-600 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum powder and glass frit is respectively 60-80 %mass and 2-10 %mass, with respect to 100 %mass of paste composition. The glass frit contains 20-30 mol% of silica, 20-30 mol% of boron trioxide, 25-35 mol% of zinc oxide, 3-7 mol% of alumina, 10-15 mol% of lithium oxide, sodium oxide and/or potassium oxide, and 2-10 mol% of calcium oxide, strontium oxide and/or barium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The CsI solution is CsI solution (5-50 wt.%) by fully dissolving CsI powder (99.9% purity) in a solvent; and the SnCl2 solution is SnCl2 solution (5-80 wt.%) by fully dissolving SnCl2 powder (99.9% purity) in a solvent. The solvent for dissolving CsI powder (99.9% purity) is selected from water, deionized water, and/or distilled water; and the solvent for dissolving SnCl2 powder (99.9% purity) is selected from anhydrous alcohol (preferably anhydrous ethanol, anhydrous methanol, or anhydrous isopropyl), glacial acetic acid, ethylene glycol and/or triethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The direct bandgap semiconductor is gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quantum-tunneling-barrier layer contains silicon oxide (SiOx), hydrogenated silicon oxide, silicon nitride (SiNx), hydrogenated silicon nitride, aluminum oxide (AlOx), silicon oxynitride and hydrogenated silicon oxynitride. The emitter layer comprises amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon carbide. The front-side electrode includes front-side metal grid containing copper and nickel. The tunneling-junction solar cell further has back surface field (BSF) layer including amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon carbide, and transparent conductive oxide (410). The base layer contains monocrystalline silicon wafer and epitaxially-grown crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic gas is hydrogen chloride or sulfur dioxide and it is exposed transiently to the metal component of the alkali composite material creating a very fine layer of the salt on the composite material particles. The metal of the composite material is at least one of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A thermal engine is adapted to be used as a part of a refrigeration cycle to generate cooling and electricity for providing associated refrigeration. A fuel cell is operable to generate clean water by way of a chemical reaction within the fuel cell, where the generator unit is adapted so that the water is recirculated for use in the extraction chemical process for generating low-pressure Hydrogen. A cartridge-based system, which contains the composite material, is operable to receive replaceable cartridges for providing reactants for the extraction chemical process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component The content of difluoro lithium phosphate in the mixed solution used during the manufacture of positive electrode is 0.02-0.07 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is electroconductive zinc oxide having aluminum or gallium in portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic salt is chosen from 18C or less fatty acid silver salt, fatty acid silver salt having carboxy silver salt and hydroxyl group, and polycarboxylic acid silver salt having 2 or more carboxy silver salt groups, and does not have hydroxyl group. The amount of organometallic salt with respect to 100 parts mass of electroconductive particles is 0.1-10 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The repeating structure has crystal structure (A) and/or crystal structure (B) containing indium-gallium-zinc oxide (In2-xGaxO3(ZnO)2), where x is 0.45-1. The crystal structure (A) contains layer (a) containing indium oxide (InO1.5), layer (b) containing zinc-indium oxide (Zn(1+x)/2In(1-x)/2O), layer (c) containing gallium-zinc oxide (GaxZn1-xO1.5) and layer (d) containing zinc-indium oxide (Zn(1+x)/2In(1-x)/2O), where x is 0.5-0.8. The crystal structure (B) contains layer (a1) containing indium oxide (InO1.5), layer (b1) containing zinc-indium oxide (ZnxIn1-xO), layer (c1) containing gallium-zinc oxide (GaxZn1-xO1.5) and layer (d1) containing zinc oxide (ZnO). Preferred Property: The lattice constant of oxide along a-axis and c-axis is 3.29-3.34 Angstrom , and 22.5-22.9 Angstrom , respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silane compound of formula: HO(-Si(R6)(R7)-O-)nH (II) is reacted with alkoxy group-containing silane compound of formula: R8dSi(OR9)4-d (III). The hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction are carried out in presence of tin catalyst. The curable composition is cured in presence of non-equilibrium type-onium salt catalyst.R6,R7=monovalent hydrocarbyl, aromatic group, or cyclic ether;R8,R9=monovalent hydrocarbyl, aromatic group, cyclic ether, hydrogen or halo;d=0-2;andn=1-500. Preferred Definitions:    R3=divalent aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphorus compound is selected from the group of phosphorus acid, hypophosphate and hypophosphorus acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal oxide particles are titanium, zirconium, aluminum and/or zinc, and have nanometer size. The content of metal oxide particles is 20 weight% or more with respect to total solid content.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluorene compound is preferably chosen from 9,9-bis(3-(tri 1-4C alkoxy silyl 2-4C alkylthio) propoxy phenyl) fluorene and 9,9-bis(3-(tri 1-4C alkoxy silyl 2-4C alkylthio) propoxy 1-4C alkylphenyl) fluorene. The content of fluorene compound is 5-100 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of metal oxide particles. The composition further contains a curable monomer, which is radically polymerizable monomer. The curable monomer contains a monomer having fluorene structure, multifunctional monomer and monofunctional monomer. The multifunctional monomer contains 9,9-bis-aryl fluorene having two or more (meth)acryloyl groups, and monofunctional monomer contains monofunctional (meth)acrylic-type monomer having aromatic ring. The composition further contains a polymerization initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus has a branch which supplies fluorine gas to flow path of monosilane gas and monogermane gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate includes bulk monocrystal substrate containing silicon, silicon-germanium or germanium, substrate containing single-crystal thin film including silicon, silicon-germanium or germanium on glass plate or metal plate, glass or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Electrolyte system contains 1st supporting electrolyte consists of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and/or ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4). Electrolyte system contains 2nd supporting electrolyte consists of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Electrolyte system contains 1-2 M of (NH4)2SO4 in 1 M H2SO4. Electrolyte contains 1.18 M manganese salt. Electrolyte contains 1.13 M diammonium salt. Electrolyte contains 1 M H2SO4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spraying comprises propelling the slurry with compressed air and/or hydrodynamic pressure. The abrasive particles comprise alumina and/or silicon carbide. The slurry contains alumina (20-40 wt.%). The glass substrate is sodalime glass, specialty glass, fused silica and/or alkali-free glass. The etching solution contains hydrogen fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The ratio of hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid and water is 1:1:20. The photovoltaic device comprises a light scattering article comprising a glass substrate having a textured surface (11) containing smooth craters, a conductive material adjacent to the particles, and an active photovoltaic medium adjacent to the conductive material. The conductive material is a transparent conductive film comprising textured surface. The photovoltaic device further comprises a counter electrode (18) in physical contact with the active photovoltaic medium and located on an opposite surface of the active photovoltaic medium as the conductive material. Preferred Properties: The abrasive particle have average diameter of 1-20 mu m, preferably 5-20 mu m, mesh size of 400-1200 meshes, preferably 600 meshes, median particle size of 10 mu m. The average width of smooth craters is 1-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary atom is boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, selenium and/or carbon atom, preferably boron, phosphorus, silicon or carbon atom. The halide ion is chloride ion and/or bromide ion. The primary metal is silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) is chosen from diethyldichlorosilane, phenylphosphonic dichloride, dichlorophenylborane and triphenylmethylchloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric converting layer is formed of single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or micro-crystal silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polysiloxane (Ia) is obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing the silane compound in the presence of basic catalyst. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polysiloxane (Ic) with respect to total weight of polysiloxane (Ia and Ib) is 95/5-50/50. The weight ratio of polysiloxane (Ia and Ib) is 30/70-70/30. The polysiloxane (I) contains 5-30 mol% of silane compound in which n is 0. At least one of polysiloxane (Ia, Ib and Ic) contains 20-80 mol.% of silane compound in which R1 is methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first reducible metal ion comprises at least one of an ion from International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Group 11, a coinage metal ion or a silver ion. The first metal nanowire comprises an average length of greater than 10 mu m and an average diameter of less than 50 nm. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: providing at least one second compound comprising the reducible metal ion, where at least a first portion of the second compound is provided prior to providing at least a second portion of the first compound; and providing at least one second compound comprising the reducible metal ion, where at least a first portion of the second compound is provided after providing at least a second portion of the first compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quaternary phosphonium salt has a structure of formula ((R1-P(R2)(R4)-R3)+X-) (I). The quaternary phosphonium salt comprises: at least one organic phosphonium halide; and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. The first halide ion comprises at least one chloride ion or bromide ion.R1-R4 = alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy; andX- = halide ion. EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (280 ml) was added in a reaction flask (500 ml). Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (13 mg) and iron(II)acetylacetone (3.3 g) were added to the flask. Polyvinylpyrrolidinone (0.77 M) and silver nitrate (0.25 M) were added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was heated to 145 degrees C under nitrogen, then again silver nitrate and polyvinylpyrrolidinone solution were added at a constant rate for 25 minutes. The reaction was held at 145 degrees C for 90 minutes, and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature, to obtain silver nanowires.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of transfer layer is 0.01-10 mm. Preferred Component: The laminate has corrugated surface shape in the outermost surface of the transfer layer. Preferred Process: The method further involves crosslinking of transfer layer of the transfer film before activation processing. The activation processing is a plasma processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardening accelerator is contained in liquid (A). Preferred Property: The melting point of wax is 100 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The texturing composition further comprises alkaline solution, surfactant, water and additive. The content of aromatic compound, alkaline solution, additive and surfactant in the composition is 0.1-30 wt.%, 0.1-15 wt.%, 0.1-10 wt.% and 0.001-1 wt.%, respectively. The alkaline solution is chosen from sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution, hydroxylamine solution and ethylenediamine pyrocatechol solution. The additive is chosen from alcohol having 3-6C alkyl, glycol, glycerol and their ester. The alcohol having 3-6C alkyl is isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, N-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol, 2-methoxypropanol, 2-ethoxypropanol and 2-propanol. The glycol is chosen from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol methyl ether and diethylene glycol ethyl ether. The surfactant is chosen from nonionic surfactant and anionic surfactant. The nonionic surfactant is chosen from alkylpolyglucoside, polyoxyalkylene alkylether, polyoxyalkylene alkylphenylether, polyoxyethylene alkyl octyl ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymer, polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester. The anionic surfactant is chosen from alkyl ether sulfate, alkyl sulfate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkylsulfosuccinate, alkyletherphosphate, alkyl phosphate, alkylbenzene phosphate and their salt. Preferred Definitions:    X=-SO3H or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphorus-doped carbon-containing catalyst does not include other dopants. The phosphorus-doped carbon-containing catalyst is present as a nanostructure in the electrode. The nanostructure is at least one of nano-fiber, nanotube, herringbone structure, stacked platelet, ribbon, stacked cup, graphene sheet, amorphous carbon, or onion-like nanostructure (preferably herringbone structure or a stacked cup). The phosphorus-doped carbon-containing catalyst includes at least a trace amount of a transition metal to not greater than 3 wt.% of the transition metal. Preferred Definitions:    y=1 ppm to 2 wt.%;    x=1 ppm to 10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation of the complex (I) is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Compounds are disclosed as the complex (I) i.e. ((2,6-bis((2-pyridyl)ethyl)-pyridine)Co(NCCH3))(CF3SO3)2; ((2,6-bis((2-pyridyl)ethyl)-pyridine)Co(OH2))(CF3SO3)2; ((2,6-bis((2-pyridyl)ethyl)-pyridine) Zn(OH2))(CF3SO3)2; ((4-trifluoromethyl-2,6-bis(1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridine)Co(OH2))(CF3SO3)2 and ((4-dimethylamino-2,6-bis(1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridine)Co(OH2))(CF3SO3)2.    EXAMPLE - 1,1-Bis(2-pyridyl)ethane (10 g) was stirred in p-dioxane (160 ml) at -78 degrees C (dry ice/acetone bath), followed by slow addition of nBuLi (40 ml). Stirring was continued for 15 minutes, and then 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyppyridine (4.78 g) in p-dioxane (25 ml) was slowly added via cannula. The solution was allowed to gradually warm to room temperature and followed by refluxing of 48 hours. The mixture was then quenched with H2O (80 ml) and the organic and aqueous layers were separated. After workup, 4-trifluoromethyl-2,6-bis(1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridine (CF3PY5Me2) was obtained. Co(CF3SO3)2(CH3CN)2 (193 mg) and CF3PY5Me2 (226 mg) were added to a 20 ml mixture of acetone/water (9/1). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature over night. After workup, ((CF3PY5Me2)Co(OH2))(CF3SO3)2 (358 mg; 92%) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The field-effect transistor has gate electrode (12), gate insulating film (13), source electrode (14), drain electrode (15) and organic-semiconductor layer which is formed using benzoxanthene compound (I). The organic-semiconductor layer is provided such that the gate electrode is opposed through the gate insulating film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Benzoxanthene compound of formula (A) is reacted xanthene derivative of formula (B), to obtain benzoxanthene compound (I).Y1,Y2=halo, trifluoromethyl sulfonyloxy or -B(OX).Preferred Composition: The composition further contains compound chosen from toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, dichloromethane and chloroform. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 Benzoxanthene compounds are disclosed e.g. (5,9')bi(benzo(kl)xanthenyl) of formula (Ia), 1,3'-dihexyl-(5,9')bi(benzo(kl)xanthenyl), 1,1,3',3'-tetramethyl-(5,9')bi(benzo(kl)xanthenyl)-1,3'-diamine, 1,3'-diphenoxy-(5,9')bi(benzo(kl)xanthenyl) and 1,3'-diphenyl-(5,9')bi(benzo(kl)xanthenyl)    EXAMPLE - Benzo(kl)xanthen-9-yl-trifluoro-methanesulfonate (in mg) (146), bistriphenylphosphine nickel (II) chloride (26), potassium iodide (266), zinc powder (523) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) were mixed, stirred at 70 degrees C for 12 hours, water was added to the reaction mixture, the reaction mixture was extracted using methylene chloride, solvent was distilled under reduced pressure and purified, to obtain (5,9')bi(benzo(kl)xanthenyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    B1-B11=optionally substituted ethylene.    EXAMPLE - Cerium trifluoromethanesulfonate (100 mg), dehydrated ethanol (2 mL) and diethylenetriamine (55 mu L) were reacted at room temperature for 5 minutes. The solvent was depressurizingly distilled from the reaction mixture to obtain cerium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Electronic beam is generated by argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal film used in the manufacturing process of the plasma excimer reinforced converter is silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor layer is made of crystalline silicon (Si), amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride (Cd-Te) or geranium (Ge).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The (CIS)-based compound nanoparticles are copper-indium selenide compound nanoparticles, copper-indium-gallium selenide compound nanoparticles, or copper-zinc-tin sulfide compound nanoparticles. Preferred Process: The thermal treatment is carried out by supplying selenium vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chelating agent is chosen from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, hydroxyethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, glycoletherdiaminetetraacetic acid, triethylenetetraminehexacetic acid, hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid and dihydroxyethylglycine. The solvent is alcoholic solvent. The alcoholic solvent is chosen from ethanol, methanol, pentanol, propanol and butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a hydrogenation catalyst consisting of metals such as nickel, iron, copper, manganese, platinum, platinum/ruthenium, platinum/iridium, platinum/ruthenium, platinum/iridium/ruthenium, copper/zinc, copper/zinc/aluminum, manganese/copper/zinc, copper/zinc/aluminum/manganese, gold, mixtures of gold and copper, zinc, manganese, aluminum, iron and/or nickel, oxides of the metals, and carbon doped or coated with the metals or their oxides. ORGANIC CHEMSITRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst further comprises a stable carbene such as N-heterocyclic carbene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The light absorption layer has band gap of 1.05-1.4 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The selective etching is carried out using mixture of hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid and nitric acid. The macro image is obtained as dark field image. The quantitative evaluation of crystal defect distribution is based on correlation of crystal defect density determined previously and luminance in an image. The method involves adjusting the optical conditions at the time of forming image so as to reduce the luminance of obtained macro image. The luminance in the macro image is decomposed into high gradient. The high intensity region is determined as high crystalline defect density region and low intensity region is determined as low crystalline defect density region. The evaluation result is corrected by combining the luminance distribution of macro image obtained by changing the optical conditions, based on overlapping of luminance histogram shapes. Preferred Composition: The crystal defect is dislocation and grain boundary.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first composition further comprises: at least one protecting agent; and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The reducible metal ion comprises: at least one of coinage metal ion or ion of an element from International union of pure and applied chemistry group 11; and at least one silver ion. The metal nanostructure comprises: at least one metal nanowire; and at least one metal nanowire comprising an aspect ratio of 50-10000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises: either at least two secondary hydroxy moieties, or at least one ketone comprising at least one secondary hydroxyl moiety; and at least one of 2,3-butanediol, 3-hydroxybutanone, 2,3-butanedione or (-)-ethyl-L-lactate. EXAMPLE - 2,3-Butanediol (230 ml) and 22 mM solution of ferrous chloride in 2,3-butanediol (0.8 g) were added into a reaction flask (500 ml). This solution was stripped of at least some dissolved gases by bubbling nitrogen gas into the solution for at least 2 hours using a TEFLON (RTM: Tetrafluoroethylene) fluoropolymer tube at room temperature with mechanical stirring at 100 rpm (in which the process termed as degassing). Stock solutions of 0.25 M silver nitrate in 2,3-butanediol and 0.84 M polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in 2,3-butanediol were also degassed by bubbling nitrogen into the solutions at room temperature. Two syringes were loaded with 20 ml each of the silver nitrate and PVP solutions. The reaction mixture was heated to 145 degrees C over 45 minutes under 0.5 ml/minute nitrogen blanketing. The silver nitrate and PVP solutions were then added at a constant rate over 20 minutes via 12 gauge TEFLON (RTM: Tetrafluoroethylene) fluoropolymer syringe needles. Excellent silver nanowires were produced even before the addition of the silver nitrate and PVP solutions was complete.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first reducible metal ion comprises ion of silver. The second metal or metal ion comprises bismuth or an ion of bismuth. The salt comprises chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises polyol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first reducible metal ion comprises at least one coinage metal ion or at least one ion of an element of group 11 or at least one silver ion. The second metal atom and third metal atom comprise molybdenum. The second compound comprises at least one complex comprising the second metal atom and the third metal atom, where the complex further comprises at least one carbon atom bonded to the second metal atom or third metal atom. The second compound comprises di-molybdenum tetraacetate ((Mo(OCOCH3)2)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises at least one solvent. The metal-to-metal bond comprises at least one quadruple bond (preferred) or triple bond. EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (280 ml), di-molybdenum tetraacetate in ethylene glycol (2 g) and sodium chloride in ethylene glycol (0.15 g) were added in to a reaction flask (500 ml). Dissolved gases were stripped of from the solution by bubbling nitrogen for 2 hours using a glass pipette with mechanical stirring at 100 revolutions per minute. Solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidinone in ethylene glycol (0.77 M), and silver nitrate in ethylene glycol (0.25 M) were also degassed with nitrogen for 60 minutes. Syringes (20 ml) were prepared. The reaction mixture was heated to 145 degrees C under nitrogen and the silver nitrate and polyvinylpyrrolidinone solutions were added over 25 minutes. The reaction mixture was held at 145 degrees C for 90 minutes and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film further comprises at least one hard coat layer disposed on the back side surface comprising at least one radiation curable monomer. The film comprises a delta haze measurement of less than 0.5%. The film comprises a delta haze measurement i.e. same as that of polyethylene naphthalate film. The first polyester comprises polyethylene terephthalate with at least 0.6 wt.% of extractable oligomer content. The first cellulose ester polymer comprises at least one cellulose acetate butyrate polymer. The thermoplastic resin comprises at least one second polyester having less than one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond per ten repeating units. The second cellulose ester polymer comprises at least one cellulose acetate butyrate polymer. The transparent conductive layer comprises at least one silver nanowire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first metal ion comprises at least one of coinage metal ion or ion from IUPAC Group II or ion of silver or silver atom. The compound comprises at least one of an element from IUPAC Group I or a potassium atom or potassium bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The total content of silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconia, sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 98.5% or more. The glass further contains boric oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, zinc oxide, lithium oxide and tin oxide. The chemically-tempered glass is a glass plate having thickness of 1.5 mm or more. The chemically-tempered glass has compressive stress layer having thickness of 10 mu m or more and surface compressive stress of 200 MPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The cellulose nanofiber has average fiber diameter of 10-100 nm, maximum fiber diameter of 1 mm or less and ratio of mean fiber length with respect to average fiber diameter of 1000-10000. The thermoplastic resin fiber has average fiber diameter of 10-1000 nm, preferably 100-900 nm, standard deviation of fiber diameter distribution of 10-1000 nm, melting point of 150 degrees C or less and ratio of mean fiber length with respect to average fiber diameter of 10-10000. The average particle diameter of microparticles is 0.1-10 mm. The average thickness ratio of synthetic fiber layer and cellulose fiber layer is 1/1-20/1. The average thickness of laminate is 20 mm or less. The laminate has tensile strength and air permeability of 1000 second/100 ml or less and 5 N/15 mm or more, respectively, when basic weight of laminate is 10 g/m2. Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin fiber is chosen from polyolefin fiber and polyester fiber. The cellulose fiber layer further contains microparticles. The laminate does not contain synthetic resin having less than 100 degrees C of melting point, and hydrophilicity binder fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The melting crystallization temperature (Tmc) of polyphenylene sulfide resin composition and melting crystallization temperature (Tmc') of polyphenylene sulfide resin composition before mixing cyclic polyphenylene sulfide satisfies the relation: (Tmc-Tmc') less than or equal to -5. The thickness of the biaxially-oriented polyphenylene sulfide film is 100 mu m or more. Preferred Composition: The polyphenylene sulfide is calcium-terminal polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The new copolymer is obtained by polymerizing a thieno-thiophene derivative of formula (III) and a dithienosilol derivative of formula (IV) in the presence of catalyst.X,Y'=halo, alkylstannyl, alkylsulfo, arylsulfo, arylalkylsulfo, boric acid ester residue, sulfonium methyl, phosphonium methyl, phosphonate methyl, monohalomethyl, boric acid residue, formyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl. EXAMPLE - (In mg) 4,6-dibromo-3-fluoro-thieno(3,4-b)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid octyl ester (300), 7,7-bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-2,5-bis-trimethylstannanyl-7H-3,4-dithia-7-sila-cyclopenta(a)pentalene (172), dry toluene (5.84 mL), cupric oxide (29.1), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (12.7), and dry dimethylformamide (1.46 mL) were stirred at 90 degrees C for 1 hour, heated at 100 degrees C for 4 hours, and stirred. The reaction solution was diluted 5 times with dry toluene, and bromobenzene (100 mu l) was added and reacted for 9 hours. Trimethyl(phenyl)tin (100 mu l) was added and reacted for 9 hours. After reaction completion, reprecipitation was carried out using methanol. The residue was dissolved in chloroform and purified using chloroform to obtain a copolymer. The obtained copolymer provided photoelectric conversion element having an open circuit voltage of 0.52 V, a short circuit current density of 16.4 mA/cm, a form factor of 0.68, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The supercritical fluid contains fluorine-type organic molecule, acene type molecule, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, alcohol, or acetone as auxiliary solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The element is selected from a group consisting of phosphorus, chlorine, bromine and iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The doping comprises an element selected from a group consisting of manganese, copper, tin, silver, gold, aluminum, indium, lead and europium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon small particle with particle size numbers of less than or equal to 100 nm is provided in hydrogen fluoride acid aqueous solution. The silicon is pulverized using bead mill, ball mill and jet mill. The silicon small particle is maintained at less than or equal to 50 degrees C in hydrogen fluoride acid aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc-containing film contains complex oxide of formula: N'xMyAzO(x+3y/2+3z/2) (I), where A is indium, iron, gallium or aluminum, N' is zinc and x, y and z are more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting NarcE with copper(I)X. Preferred Process: The reacting step takes place in the presence of dichloromethane. The preparation of (I) further comprises adding diethyl ether or pentane to obtain (A) in the form of solid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The preparation of optoelectronic component comprises depositing (A) on a support by wet chemical, colloidal suspension or sublimation process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sputtering target comprises pure copper phase (50 vol.% or more) and gallium (15-40 %mass). Preferred Properties: The sputtering target is in form of cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type semiconductor is perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide derivative of formula (II). The organic thin-film solar cell further contains buffer layer (3) arranged between the active layer and at least one of the electrode pair.X=1-12C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent or solvent composition contains dipropylene glycol methylisobutyl ether or dipropylene glycol methyl isopentyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkoxysilane compound is of formula: R1-Si(-R3)n-(OR2)3-n. The polyisocyanate compound is adduct component of diisocyanate and trimethylol propane. The radicallyR1=4-9C (meth)acryloxyalkyl;R2=1-8C alkyl;R3=1-4C alkyl;andn=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The carboxyl group-containing compound (I) is obtained by making amide compound and acetic anhydride which are intermediate components react, using 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)anthranilic acid and isophthalic-acid dichloride as starting material. Preferred Compound: The carboxyl group-containing compound (I) is preferably of formula (II).Ra5,R'a5=1-20C bivalent hydrocarbyl;andRb5,R'b5=1-20C monovalent hydrocarbyl. EXAMPLE - 5-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)anthranilic acid (140 g) was dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (1690 g), and temperature of the solution was increased to 55-60 degrees C. Isophthalic-acid dichloride (78.9 g) was dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (369 g), reacted for 12 hours under nitrogen atmosphere, cooled to 30 degrees C and filtered crystals. The obtained crystals were refluxed in presence of acetic anhydride (2300 g), distilled, cooled and filtered. The resultant mixture was crystallized, and ion-exchange water (500 g) was added. Resultant crystals were washed using methanol, filtered after cooling to 30 degrees C or less and dried to obtain 2-((4-oxo-2-(3-(4-oxo-7-(2-(propanoyloxy)ethoxy)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-7-yl)oxy)ethyl propanoate (171 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reflecting mirror is made of titanium, chromium, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The zinc salt in step (a) is chosen from zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate and zinc sulfate, and the alkali is potassium hydroxide. The borate in step (b) is chosen from sodium borate, partial borate and cobalt borate, and the acid is hydrochloric acid. The silicate in step (c) is chosen from sodium silicate, potassium silicate, magnesium silicate and calcium silicate. The alcohol in step (d) is chosen from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    X1-X8=H;    n=1;    m=0 or 1;    Ar3,Ar4,R2,R3,R6,R7=optionally substituted phenyl;    Ar11=optionally substituted phenylene or optionally substituted naphthalenylene;and    Ar12=naphthyl, benz anthracenyl, benz phenanthrenyl, phenanthryl or dibenzofuranyl (all optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 46 Pyrene derivatives e.g. 1-N,6-N-bis(2,5-diphenylphenyl)-1-N,6-N-diphenylpyrene-1,6-diamine of formula (Ia), 1-N-(2,4-diphenylphenyl)-6-N-(3,5-diphenylphenyl)-1-N,6-N-diphenylpyrene-1,6-diamine, 4-((6-((4-isocyanophenyl)(3-phenylphenyl)amino)-3,8-bis(propan-2-yl)pyren-1-yl)(2-phenylphenyl)amino)benzonitrile, 1-N,6-N-diphenyl-1-N-(2-phenylphenyl)-6-N-(3-phenylphenyl)-3,8-bis(propan-2-yl)pyrene-1,6-diamine and 4-((6-((4-isocyanophenyl)(3-phenylphenyl)amino)pyren-1-yl)(2-phenylphenyl)amino)benzonitrile are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 1,6-Dibromo pyrene (in g) (23.2), tri-t-butylphosphine palladium acetate (0.6), N-phenyl 2,5-diphenyl aniline (45.6) and toluene (700 ml) were mixed and heated at 90 degrees C under argon airflow. Sodium t-butoxide (15.4) was added and stirred at 105 degrees C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the refined solid was filtered. The resulting product was purified to produce pyrene compound at yield of 62%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductivity of the heat transfer fluid is 0.02-5 mu S/cm. The liquid coolant comprises an alcohol and/or water. The alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, furfurol, tetrahydrofurfurol, ethoxylated furfurol, analkoxy alkanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol-1,2-dimethyl ether, glycerol-1,3-dimethyl ether, monoethylether of glycerol, sorbitol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol and/or trimethylol propane. The nonconductive polydiorganosiloxane antifoam agent comprises a polydiorganosiloxane emulsion based antifoam agent. The heat transfer fluid further comprises: an azole comprising a pyrrole, a pyrazole, an imidazole, a triazole, a thiazole and/or a tetrazole having a structure of formulae (Ia)-(Id); a non-ionic corrosion inhibitor, a tetraalkyl orthosihcate ester, a non-conductive colorant, a wetting agent, a biocide, a bitterant and/or a non-ionic dispersant; and an ion exchange resin in fluid communication with the heat transfer fluid.R1, R2 = H, halo, 1-20C alkyl or cycloalkyl, SR3, OR3 or NR32;R3 = H, halo, 1-20C alkyl or cycloalkyl group;X = N or CR2; andY = N or CR1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The ion exchange resin is pre-treated with a corrosion inhibiting composition comprising the siloxane corrosion inhibitor and/or an azole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal wiring is made of silver, copper, aluminum, gold, platinum, nickel, titanium or their alloy, preferably indium-tin-oxide, indium-zinc oxide, indium-zinc-tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide or indium-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer for forming sacrificial layer is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and carboxymethyl cellulose. The curable polymer is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylenesulfonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyimide, ethylene vinyl acetate, amorphous polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate glycerol, poly cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate, triacetyl cellulose, cyclo olefin polymer, dicyclopentadiene polymer, cyclopentadiene polymer, polyarylate, polyether imide, silicone resin and fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkali metal silicate, phosphoric acid and water in the composition is 25-95 parts weight, 0.1-1 part weight and 4-74 parts weight, respectively. The solid content of alkali metal silicate is 25-50%, preferably 15-40%, more preferably 10-35%. Preferred Properties: The pH of the coating composition is 8-14. The coating layer formed using the composition has standard pencil hardness 9H of based on ASTM D3363, adhesion value of 5B based on ASTM D3363, and water contact angle of 30.7 degrees or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Mass ratio of silver component to copper component is 0.1/100-90/100. Oxygen content of the electroconductive alloy particle is 10-10000 ppm. Silver polar-leading distribution line is formed with thickness of 0.01-150 mu m on silicon, glass, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, sapphire, and/or boron nitride substrates. Electroconductive alloy particles have 50-5000 Angstrom crystalline particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The deep-level defect is greater than or equal to 50 preferably greater than or equal to 100 mV from band edge of semiconductor material. The second defect is shallow level defect and is less than 50 mV from band edge of semiconductor material. The deep-level donor carrier type includes member selected from titanium, molybdenum, tin, chromium, tungsten, potassium, native defect, complex between native defect and oxygen, and/or complex between native defect and metal, preferably sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium. The deep-level acceptor carrier type includes member selected from indium, native defect, complex between native defect and oxygen, and/or complex between native defect and metal, preferably palladium, nickel, copper, cadmium, zinc, and/or cobalt. The acceptor carrier type includes member selected from boron, aluminum, and/or gallium. The donor carrier type includes member selected from phosphorus and/or arsenic. The semiconductor material is silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous phase comprises water, and organic phase comprises oil. The nanomaterial is chosen from silica-based nanomaterial, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterial, single-walled nanotube, double-walled nanotube, triple-walled nanotube, multi-walled nanotube, ultra-short nanotube, graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphite, graphite oxide nanoribbon, carbon black, oxidized carbon black, hydrophilic carbon cluster or their derivatives, preferably oxidized carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic moieties are chosen from alkylene glycol, alcohol, fatty acid, lactone, polyol, poly amine, saccharide, acrylonitrile and ester, preferably polyethylene glycol or poly (vinyl alcohol). The hydrophobic moieties are chosen from alkyl group, phenyl group, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene and acrylate, preferably polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The different group IIIA elements include indium and gallium. The group IB element is copper. The chalcogen particles comprise selenium, sulfur or tellurium. The second layer contains a group IB element, a group IIIA element, a group VIA element, a group IA element, a binary and/or multinary alloy of the elements, a solid solution of the elements, copper, indium, gallium, selenium, copper-indium, copper-gallium, indium-gallium, sodium, a sodium compound, sodium-fluoride, sodium-indium-sulfide, copper-selenide, copper-sulfide, indium-selenide, indium-sulfide, gallium-selenide, gallium-sulfide, copper-indium-selenide, copper-indium-sulfide, copper-gallium-selenide, copper-gallium-sulfide, indium-gallium-selenide, indium-gallium-sulfide, copper-indium-gallium-selenide, and/or copper-indium-gallium-sulfide. The particles of group IB elements and different group IIIA elements contain less than 1% of sodium, copper sodium, indium-sodium, gallium-sodium, copper-indium-sodium, copper-gallium-sodium, indium-selenium-sodium, copper-selenium-sodium, indium-selenium-sodium, gallium-selenium-sodium, copper-indium-selenium-sodium, indium-gallium-selenium-sodium, copper-indium-gallium-selenium-sodium, sodium-sulfide, copper-sulfur-sodium, indium-sulfur-sodium, gallium-sulfur-sodium, copper-indium-sulfur-sodium, copper-gallium-sulfur-sodium, indium-gallium-sulfur-sodium, copper-indium-gallium-sulfur-sodium, indium-gallium-sodium, sodium-selenide, and/or copper-gallium-selenium-sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The single-crystalline silicon substrate has 100 oriented faces exposed for immersing. The immersion is carried out at 70-90 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is ethylene glycol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An amorphous silicon layer is formed between the emitter layer and the by-product layer. The byproduct layer is made of phosphorus silicate glass or boron silicate glass. The base substrate is fired in a phosphorus oxychloride atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etchant susceptible material is selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide and tin oxide. The etchant material includes an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. The etchant material includes a base selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The susceptible material for back electrode includes silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method enables forming an etchant resistant front electrode made of fluorine-doped tin oxide. The method enables using an etchant susceptible material selected from a group of indium doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide and tin oxide. The etchant material has a base selected from a group consisting of alkali hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and tetramethylammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The method enables applying a conversion material i.e. zinc, over a selected region. The etchant susceptible material for a back electrode is silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is glass or plastic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfuric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, fluoroantimonic acid, hydrochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, fluoroboric acid, hexafluorophoric acid, chromic acid and boric acid. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of the acid is -2.8 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing compound is an organic fluorine-containing compound and is amphiphilic fluorine-containing compound or geminal diol. The amphiphilic fluorine-containing compound is selected from hexafluoroacetone hydrate, hexafluoroisopropanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, heptafluorobutyric acid, trifluoropropionic acid, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. The geminal diol is selected from cyclohexanehexone octahydrate, hexafluoroacetone trihydrate, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and perfluorobenzophenone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Manufacture of compound semiconductor involves heat-treating a mixture containing indium, cobalt and antimony. Preferred Composition: The mixture further contains oxygen, sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 to 0.4;    a=more than 0 to 0.5;and    z=0 to less than 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Manufacture of compound semiconductor involves heat-treating a mixture containing indium, cobalt and/or antimony, and oxygen or sulfur. Preferred Composition: The mixture further contains selenium. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 to 0.4;    n=more than 0 to 1;and    z=0 to less than 1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A mixture containing indium, cobalt, antimony, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, promethium, neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, gadolinium, terbium, holmium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium is heat-treated, and compound semiconductor is manufactured. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 and 0.25 or less;    m=0-0.5;    a=more than 0 and 0.5 or less;    x+y=more than 0 and 1 or less;and    n+z=more than 0 and less than 9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The semiconductor compound (I) is manufactured by heat-treating mixture (m1) containing element chosen from calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and/or their oxide. Preferred Composition: The mixture (m1) further contains iron, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, platinum and/or their oxides, and silicon, gallium, germanium, tin and/or their oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Mixture containing indium, cobalt, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, tellurium, lutetium and/or antimony, and oxygen, selenium or sulfur is heat-treated, to obtain compound semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 to 0.25;    x+y=more than 0 to 1;    n+z=more than 0 to less than 9;and    n+z+p=more than 0 to 9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A mixture comprising oxides of indium, cobalt, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, selenium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium, iron, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium or platinum and silicon, gallium, germanium or tin is heat treated to obtain compound semiconductor. Preferred Process: The heat treating is carried out at 400-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A mixture containing indium, cobalt, antimony, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, promethium, neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, gadolinium, terbium, holmium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium, and oxygen, sulfur or selenium is heat-treated, to obtain compound semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 to 0.25;    x+y=more than 0 to 1;and    n+z,n+z+b=more than 0 to less than 9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The semiconductor compound (I) is manufactured by heat-treating mixture containing indium, cobalt, antimony and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A mixture containing indium, cobalt, antimony, oxygen, tellurium, sulfur, selenium or their oxide is heat-treated, and compound semiconductor is manufactured. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 and 0.25 or less;and    n+z=more than 0 and 3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A mixture containing indium, cobalt, antimony, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, promethium, neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, gadolinium, terbium, holmium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium is heat-treated, to obtain compound semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 to 0.5;    x+y=more than 0 to 1;    z=more than 0 to 2;and    n+z+b=more than 0 to 9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Manufacture of compound semiconductor involves heat-treating a mixture containing indium, cobalt and/or antimony, and oxygen, tellurium or sulfur. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 to 0.4;    a=more than 0 to 0.5;    b=more than 0 to 1;and    z=more than 0 to 2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor wafer is silicon wafer. The thickness of the porositized layer is 50-400 nm. The metal ion is noble metals from silicon. The acid solution comprises (in %mass) hydrofluoric acid (0.1-5) and nitric acid (20-50). The pH of alkaline solution is 9-14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate (A) comprises o-phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate, and p-phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate in the molar ratio of 55/45-10/90. The content of urethane(meth)acrylate (X) is 50-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of phenylbenzyl(meth)acrylate (A). The compound (X) has bis(phenyl)alkane skeleton in molecular structure. The radically polymerizable composition further contains bis((meth)acryloyl methyl)biphenyl (B), or biphenyl compound (C) having biphenyl structure in molecular structure connected through methylene. The content of compound (A), and compound (X) is 30-95 parts mass and 50-100 parts mass respectively, with respect to 100 parts mass of compound (B) or compound (C). Preferred Property: The compound (X) has weight average molecular weight of 350-5000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The optical component has shore D hardness of 50 or more, light transmittance of 70% or more in the wavelength of 400 nm, contact angle with respect to water of 60 degrees or more. The adhesive agent has weight decreasing rate of less than 3% after heating at 260 degrees C for 10 minutes. The adhesive agent further contains isocyanuric acid skeleton. The hardened material has refractive index of 1.400-1.550. The composition contains compound having carbon-carbon double bond reactive with silane group in a molecule and compound containing two silane groups in a molecule. The composition having viscosity of 0.01-200 Pa.second is used as adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The dispersion absolute deviation, which is ratio between copper cubic root voltage and zinc cubic root voltage is 0.18 or less, ratio between copper cube root voltage and tin cubic root voltage is 0.18 or less, and ratio between zinc cubic root voltage and tin cubic root voltage is 0.1 or less, as measured by synchronous distribution map using particle analyzer. Thermal conduction rate of molded product obtained by press-molding under pressure of 500 kgf/cm2, and further press-molding under pressure of 1000 kgf/cm2 for 1 minute into column shape having diameter of 5 mm and length of 20 mm by cutting is 2-15%, at 25-600 degrees C with temperature increase rate of 10 degrees C/minute, and compressing by load of 98 mN. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc (II) ion to tin (II) ion is 40:60-60:40, and molar ratio of copper (II) ion to sum total of zinc (II) ion and tin (II) ion is 40:60-60:40 in metal-ion containing solution. The metal-ion containing solution is the aqueous solution-containing copper sulfate (II), zinc sulfate (II), and tin sulfate (II). The sulfide ion and/or sulfhydrate ion-containing solution comprises sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, or ammonium sulfide. Preferred Process: The metal-ion containing solution and sulfide ion and/or sulfhydrate ion-containing solution are reacted at pH of 3.5-6.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acceptor element is chosen from boron, aluminum and gallium. The acceptor element-containing material is chosen from boron trioxide, aluminum trioxide and gallium trioxide. The glass powder further contains glass component chosen from silicon dioxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, tin oxide, zirconium dioxide and molybdenum trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder comprises phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, and/or antimony trioxide, and silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithia, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, tin oxide, zirconia, and/or molybdic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The donor element is phosphorus and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal ion used as luminescent center is manganese ion. The atom which comprises inorganic nanoparticles, is zinc. Preferred Process: The ion source which provides metal ion used as luminescent center, is mixed with the solution by mixing process (a)-(c). The mixing process (a) involves controlling the pH of the solution obtained by mixing each ion source which provides respectively each atom other than selenium which comprises inorganic nanoparticles, and ligand in aqueous medium. The mixing process (b) involves controlling pH of the solution obtained by mixing each ion source which provides respectively each atom other than sulfur which comprises inorganic nanoparticles, and ligand in aqueous medium. The mixing process (c) involves mixing solution obtained after mixing process (a) and solution obtained after mixing process (b). During mixing process, the solution containing N-acetyl L-cysteine and manganese ion in ion source are mixed in the molar ratio of 1:1, and the solution containing N-acetyl L-cysteine and zinc atom in ion source are mixed in the molar ratio of 1:4.8. The pH of the solution after mixing process, is adjusted to 9-11.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ligand is N-acetyl L-cysteine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wavelength conversion nano-particles contain zinc, selenium, sulfur, cadmium and/or tellurium. The wavelength conversion nano-particles are doped by manganese, erbium, europium and/or ytterbium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The iron source obtained from atom of inorganic particles is zinc, sulfur and selenium. Preferred Condition: The heating process is carried out at 150-250 degrees C. Preferred Process: The manufacture of nano-particles-group further involves performing primary mixing process, secondary mixing process and tertiary mixing process and adjusting pH of mixed solution to 9-11. The primary mixing process is carried out by mixing inorganic particles containing iron source other than selenium, and ligand in aqueous medium and adjusting pH to obtain solution (A). The secondary mixing process is carried out by mixing inorganic particles containing iron source other than sulfur, and ligand in aqueous medium and adjusting pH to obtain solution (B). The tertiary mixing process is carried out by mixing obtained solution (A) and (B) and adding manganese-iron source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ligand is hydrophilic ligand having hydroxy group as hydrophilicity functional group, preferably N-acetyl L-cysteine. The molar ratio of N-acetyl L-cysteine and manganese atom is 1:1. The molar ratio of N-acetyl L-cysteine and zinc is 1:4.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The buffer layer contains gallium indium phosphide (Ga1-xInxP), and gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsyP1-y) where x is 0-0.5, and y is 0-1. The ratio of indium and arsenic increases continuously, along the lamination direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The organic semiconductor has Hall mobility of more than 3x 10-5 cm2/Vs measured by space-charge-limited current method and solubility with respect to 1 mL of chlorobenzene of 25 mg or more. Preferred Definitions:    n=5-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Lower plate and upper plate are made of paper, silicone or organic compound. A bottom electrode layer is made of metal oxide, mixture of conductivity organic compound and conductivity inorganic material. The substrate is made of paper or organic compound. A semiconductor layer is made of organic compound, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, gallium oxide and stannous oxide. A protective layer is made of organic compound or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent used in the manufacture of sulfonated polyphenylsilsesquioxane-doped polyaniline is meta-cresol, N-methylpyrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, the phenol, dichloroacetic acid, isopropyl alcohol or tetrahydroquinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sulfonated polyphenylsilsesquioxane is obtained by sulfonating polyphenylsilsesquioxane of formula (I), and has sulfonation degree of 10-100%. The sulfonated polyphenylsilsesquioxane is of formula (II). The molar ratio of sulfonic acid group with respect to 1 mole of aniline in the sulfonated polyphenylsilsesquioxane-doped polyaniline is 0.1-3. The molar ratio of sulfonic acid group with respect to 1 mole of aniline in the sulfonated polyphenylsilsesquioxane-doped polyaniline is 0.1-3.n=5-20000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor oxide or metal oxide comprises titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide or strontium-titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compositions: Phosphorus-containing copper alloy particle contains 6-8 mass% phosphorus. Tin-containing particle contains greater than or equal to 1 mass% tin. Paste composition contains 5-70 mass% tin-containing particle with respect to 100 mass% total amount of phosphorus-containing copper alloy particle and tin-containing particle. Paste composition contains 0.1-10 mass% silver particle with respect to 100 mass% total amount of phosphorus-containing copper alloy particle, tin-containing particle, and silver particle. Paste composition contains 70-94 mass% total amount of phosphorus-containing copper alloy particle, tin-containing particle, and silver particle, 0.1-10 mass% glass particle, and 3-29.9 mass% total amount of solvent and resin. Electrode contains copper-tin (Cu-Sn) alloy phase and tin-phosphorus-oxide (Sn-P-O) glass phase. Sn-P-O glass phase is positioned between Cu-Sn alloy phase and silicon substrate. Preferred Parameters: Glass softening point of glass particle is less than or equal to 650 degrees C, and crystallization starting temperature is greater than or equal to 650 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The crucible is pulled down by pulling holder used for fixing or holding the silicon seed crystal. Nucleation is carried out to holder using silicon seed crystal, which is rotated in right and left directions. The cooling rate of silicon melt or reduction rate of crucible is adjusted, and crystal grown from seed crystal is controlled to single crystal or polycrystal. The direction of seed crystal is adjusted, and direction of dendrite crystal and arrangement are controlled. Crystallization is carried out towards the inside of melt. Silicon melt is put into side wall of crucible, and melt growth of silicon ingot crystal is performed. The side wall of crucible is lifted in middle stage of growth, and residual silicon melt is discharged. Two or more seed crystals and holders are prepared. Melt separation by hybridization, growth in melt, holder raising or pulling down of crucible are sequentially performed, and ingot crystal is grown continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thiophene derivative is 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene. Polystyrene sulfonate is polymerized in the presence of aminosulfonic acid. Aminosulfonic acid is mixed after polymerizing polystyrene sulfonate or its salt. The aminosulfonic acid is aliphatic aminosulfonic acid of formula: R1-N(-R2)(CH2)n-SO3H (I), preferably taurine, methyl taurine, dimethyl taurine, aminomethane sulfonic acid or aminopropane sulfonic acid, or sulfanyl acid derivative of formula (II).R1-R4=H or 1-3C alkyl;andn=1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The oxidative polymerization is chemical oxidative polymerization using ammonium peroxodisulfate and ferric salt. Monomer mixture containing styrene sulfonic acid or its salt, aminosulfonic acid and polystyrene sulfonate is polymerized in the presence of aminosulfonic acid and polystyrene sulfonate is obtained after removing aminosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper-indium-(gallium) diselenide sample has a composition of formula: Cux(In1-yGay)Se2, where y is 0-1 and x is 0.7-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Metal selected from gold, germanium, nickel, titanium, platinum or other metals. The anti-reflection layer comprises material selected from silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, zinc sulfide and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lanthanum-doped lithium titanate negative-electrode material is of formula: LaxLi4-xTi5O12, where x is 0-0.1 (excluding 0). The titanium source, lanthanum source and lithium source used for preparation of lanthanum-doped lithium titanate negative-electrode material is tetrabutyl titanate and/or titanium dioxide, lanthanum nitrate and/or lanthanum hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, lithium oxalate, lithium acetate and/or lithium stearate, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Gallium-zinc oxide nanoparticles are used during gallium ion doping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide nanocrystal porous membrane is thin film containing fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive glass, and the oxide is titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. The quantum dot photosensitizer comprises cadmium sulfide or cadmium selenide and has different grain diameters. The electrolyte is methanol solution of sodium sulfide having molar concentration of 0.1 mol/L and elemental sulfur having molar concentration of 0.3 mol/L. The pair of electrodes contains fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive glass with molybdenum film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of ethanol, sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide and copolymer of vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetate is 2-3:1-2:6-10:4-6. The mixed solution contains 10-20 %mass of sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon chip is silicon monocrystalline. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the sodium hydroxide is 0-200 g/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the isopropyl alcohol is 0-800 g/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The free-lead glass frit powder further contains boric oxide, alumina and barium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum doped zinc oxide transparent conductive film preparation method further utilizing reducing gas that is chosen from argon/hydrogen, nitrogen/hydrogen, hydrogen, argon and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer is made of a material selected from a group of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, silicon carbonitride and silicon oxynitride. The capping layer is made of a material selected from a group of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, cerium oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass substrate further comprises (in %mass) zirconium oxide (0.01-8) and boron trioxide (0.1-8). The molar ratio of alumina with respect to barium oxide in the glass substrate is 0.1-2. The molar ratio of sodium oxide with respect to potassium oxide in the glass substrate is 0-2. Preferred Properties: The glass substrate has liquidus temperature of 1200 degrees C or less, liquid phase viscosity of 104.5 dPa.second or more, density of 3.7 g/cm3 or less, and warped point of 590 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (C) with respect to total content of components (B) and (C) is 0-90 mol%. The component (B) is chosen from vinyl sulfone acid, p-styrene sulfonic acid, butyl (meth)acrylate 4-sulfonic acid, acrylo (meta)oxybenzene sulfonic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid. The component (C) is chosen from phosphate ester, phosphonic acid group-containing methacrylamide derivative and acrylamide derivative containing methacryloxy group or acryloxy group. The hydrophilic polymerization catalyst is chosen from peroxidation salt, peroxy acid and peralcohol. The lipophilic polymerization catalyst is chosen from azo initiator, peroxidation ether and peroxidation ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ion-conductive polymeric material has polystyrene conversion weight average molecular weight of 10000-1000000, measured with 1 %mass of dimethylformamide solution by using gel permeation chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solder material comprises a tin-zinc-based material, tin-silver-based material or pure tin based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst contains nickel, iron, cobalt, titanium, manganese, vanadium, chromium, palladium, platinum, ruthenium and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anticorrosion metal other than molybdenum is chosen from chromium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, vanadium, copper, niobium, tantalum, aluminum, titanium, zirconium and manganese. The inorganic compound is silicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder of lanthanoids is cerium powder. The rare-metal oxide is obtained from substrate of waste-liquid-crystal panel, waste plasma display panel, waste solar cell or waste touch panel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The III group atom such as indium atom is adhered to the surface III-V group compound semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The process comprises dry oxygen growing the SiO2 layer as the buffer layer of Si3N4, and the Si3N4 layer on it as the masking layer of the KOH etching. The KOH etching condition comprises a KOH concentration of 33 wt.% and a temperature of 78-81 degrees C. The processing condition of the anode oxidation forming porous silicon comprises adding solution into the double groove anodic oxidation equipment, where the solution is composed of 40%(v/v) HF and pure ethanol, the volume ratio of the 40%(v/v) HF to pure ethanol is 2:1 and the current density of the solution is 180-250 mA/cm2. The etching time is 10-15 minutes. The ICP etching condition in step (B) comprises plasma power of 400 Watts:accelerating power of 10 Watts: sulfur hexafluoride of 70 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm):oxygen of 0-5 sccm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic compound is fatty-acid metal salt containing ionic bond of fatty acid different from fatty acid of fatty-acid silver salt, and metals other than silver. The fatty-acid silver salt is carboxylic acid silver salt. The fatty-acid metal salt is magnesium, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, tin and/or lead. The carboxylic acid metallic salt is a metal salt of fatty acid chosen from 2-ethylhexanoic acid, octylic acid, naphthenic acid, stearic acid and/or lauric acid. The metallic compound is acetylacetone metal complex containing a coordinate bond of acetylacetone and metals other than silver. The acetylacetone metal complex is a complex of metal chosen from indium, nickel, copper, titanium, zinc and/or tin. The fatty-acid silver salt is 18C or less fatty-acid silver salt, fatty-acid silver salt having carboxy silver salt group (-COOAg) and/or a hydroxyl group (-OH), and polycarboxylic acid silver salt having 2 or more of carboxy silver salt groups (-COOAg) without having a hydroxyl group (-OH). The content of the said fatty-acid silver salt is 1-30 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of electroconductive particles. The content of the metallic compound is 0.1-10 parts mass parts with respect to 100 parts mass of electroconductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier element is chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The carrier concentration of the gallium phosphide is more than 1014 cm-3 to less than 1021 cm-3. The p-type light absorption layer is compound semiconductor having chalcopyrite structure. The p-type light absorption layer is copper-indium-gallium selenide (CuIn1-xGaxSe2). The ratio of copper with respect to total content of indium and gallium in the p-type light absorption layer is 0.6-1.2. The ratio of selenium with respect to total content of indium and gallium in the p-type light absorption layer is 1.95-2.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The permeable portion is made of foaming polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A transparent conductive film is made of film containing zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent material layer comprises inorganic dielectric material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide layer, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, tantalum oxide and zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is chosen from aldehyde, dimethylol compound, alkene and ketone, preferably aldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The phenol resin has weight average molecular weight of 800 or more and refractive index of 1.63 or more. Preferred Definitions:    X,Y'=hydroxyphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorene compound (A) is fluorine compound having 2 or more (meth)acryloyl group, 9,9-bis((meth)acryloyloxyaryl)fluorene and/or 9,9-bis ((meth)acryloyloxy (poly) alkoxyaryl) fluorine. The (meth)acryl monomer (B) is chosen from poly functionality (meth)acrylate having hydroxyl group, (meth)acrylate having carboxyl group, poly (meth)acrylate of polyol having 3 or more hydroxyl group in one molecule, triol di(meth)acrylate and tetraol di and/or tri (meth)acrylate. The weight ratio of fluorene compound (A) and (meth)acryl monomer (B) is 10/90-95/5, preferably 20/80-90/10. The curable composition further contains other polymerization component (C) containing non-fluorene-type (meth)acryl monomer which does not have hydroxyl group and carboxyl group. The amount of another polymerization component (C) is 5-100 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of fluorine compounds (A). The amount of another polymerization component (C) is 50-500 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of (meth)acryl monomers (B). Preferred Properties: The hardened material has refractive index at 25 degrees C at wavelength of 589 nm is 1.53 or more, glass transition temperature of 170 degrees C or more, and thickness of 200 mu m. When heating at 150 degrees C for 500 hours, the light transmittance at wavelength of 400 nm is 50% or more. The hardened material has pencil hardness in 10 mu m thickness of more than H. Preferred Process: The additive is added or mixed with curable composition containing fluorene compound (A) on base material of hardened material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum material contains intermetallic compound particles in an alloy matrix. The occupied area of intermetallic compound particles per unit area is aluminum alloy, is 0.5% or less. Preferred Properties: The density of intermetallic compound particle with particle size of 0.1-100 mu m2, is 1000 piece/mm2 or less. The 0.2% yield strength of aluminum alloy is 150 N/mm2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive high molecular compound is electroconductive high molecular compound of chain-shaped ( pi )-conjugated system or ( sigma )-conjugated system. The p-type organic-semiconductor compound and n-type organic-semiconductor compound which forms organic-semiconductor layer is ( pi )-conjugated system organic semiconductor compound of planar shape or chain-shaped semiconductor compound. Preferred Layers: The organic thin-film solar cell has structure having (i) spin coating layer/(as needed hole block material layer)/metal electrode of vapor deposition layer/n-type organic-semiconductor compound of orientated polymer layer/p-type organic-semiconductor compound by electroconductive high molecular compound which does not have property of transparent substrate/(as needed hole injection material layer)/p-type semiconductor in which transparent electrode is formed, (ii) vapor deposition layer/(as needed hole block material layer)/metal electrode of orientated polymer layer/n-type organic-semiconductor compound by transparent substrate/(as needed hole injection material layer)/p-type electroconductive high molecular compound in which transparent electrode is formed and (iii) spin coating layer/(as needed hole block material layer)/metal electrode of vapor deposition layer/n-type organic-semiconductor compound of orientated polymer layer/p-type organic-semiconductor compound by transparent substrate/(as needed hole injection material layer)/p-type electroconductive high molecular compound in which the transparent electrode is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The airtight container contains sulfur-containing solution. The sulfur-containing solution is sodium thiosulfate solution, sodium sulfide solution and/or sodium sulfhydrate solution. The gaseous-phase portion of airtight container is filled with inert gas. The iron compound is contained in the anti-solution side of the airtight container. Preferred Process: Reaction is carried out in a state in which the container is arranged in a position in which the reaction surface, where the semiconductor substrate for charge separation is adsorbed in iron compound, does not directly contacts the sulfur-containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction liquid contains compound containing reactive group, fluorocarbon group or dimethyl silyl group. The reactive group is alkoxy silyl group. The reaction liquid contains compound chosen from carboxylic acid metallic salt, carboxylate-ester metal salt, carboxylic-acid-metallic-salt polymer, carboxylic-acid-metallic-salt chelate, titanic acid ester and titanic acid ester chelate and/or compound chosen from ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound, as condensation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of cage silsesquioxane resin is 3 wt.% or more. The resin is obtained by carrying out hydrolysis reaction of a silicon compound of formula: RSiX3 and condensing a portion in an organic polar solvent in the presence of a basic catalyst, and further re-condensing the hydrolysis product in a nonpolar solvent in the presence of a basic catalyst. The resin is of formula: (R1R2R3SiO3/2)n-(R4R5R6SiO1/2)m.R=organic functional group having polymeric group chosen from vinyl group, (meth)acryloyl group, and glycidyl group;X=hydrolyzable group;R1-R6=methyl, phenyl, or organic functional group having reactive group chosen from (meth)acryloyl, glycidyl and vinyl group, with at least one being organic functional group having reactive group, preferably H2C=C(-R7)-C(=O)-O-(-CH2-)m'-, group of formula (i), or H2C=CH-;n=8, 10, 12 or 14;m=0, 2, 4 or 6;R7=H or methyl;ando=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lyophobic material is an organic compound made of alcohol fatty acid ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Concentrate acid is hydrochloric acid (36.5-37.5 mass) or nitric acid (65.5-67.5 mass%). Ultrasonic dispersing time is 1.5-2.5 hours. The step (C) comprises adding tetrabutyl titanate to graphene oxide dispersion solution, ultrasonic treating for 35-55 minutes, adding concentrate acid, ultrasonic treating for 40-50 minutes, adding deionized water and ultrasonic treating for 40-50 minutes to obtain sol. The step (D) comprises transferring sol to hydrothermal reaction kettle, and reacting for 8-20 hours at 150-180 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic solvent is isopropanol or ethanol. Mass ratio of tetrabutyl titanate to graphene oxide is 1:0.005-0.02. Volume ratio of tetrabutyl titanate to concentrate acid of 15:1-1.5. Volume ratio of tetrabutyl titanate to deionized water is 15:1.5-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of gallium to element of group IIIb in the light-absorption layer is 0.5-1. The ratio of content of gallium to total content of gallium and indium in the light-absorption layer is 0.5-1, preferably 0.6-0.9, more preferably 0.65-0.85. The light-absorption layer contains copper-indium-gallium selenide (CuIn1-yGaySe2m, where y is 0-1). Preferred Property: The difference of the conduction band lower end of the light-absorption layer and conduction band lower end of buffer layer is 0-0.4 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of gallium with respect to group IIIb element is 0.5-1, in light absorption layer. The ratio of gallium with respect to total content of gallium and indium in light absorption layer is 0.65-0.85. Light absorption layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-selenium complex (Cu(In,Ga)Se2, Cu(In,Ga)3Se5 or Cu(Al,Ga,In)Se2). Preferred Property: A difference of conduction band lower end of the light absorption layer and conduction band lower end of buffer layer is 0-0.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass filler comprises glass fiber, glass fiber cloth, glass fabric, glass nonwoven fabric, glass mesh, glass bead, glass powder and glass flake. Preferred Properties: The glass filler has difference of refractive index of 0.01 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite sheet contains glass filler and binder. The amount of binder and glass filler is 60-300 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of composite sheet. The binder further comprises cationic polymerization compound. The composite sheet further comprises cationic initiator. Preferred Properties: The composite sheet has glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more, preferably 250 degrees C or more. The substrate has coefficient of thermal expansion specified of 30 ppm/ degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic polymerization compound comprises epoxy group-containing compound, oxetane group-containing compound, vinyl ether group-containing compound and caprolactam-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oriented calcium fluoride crystalline layer is: disposed for growth of a subsequent epitaxial layer; and doped with a europium. The oriented calcium fluoride crystalline layer comprises an ion beam assisted deposition calcium fluoride layer. The substrate comprises glass, metal, ceramic, polymer, silicon, germanium, yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide, alumina, copper, gold, silver, platinum, iridium, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, aluminum arsenide, zinc selenide, cadmium sulfide, indium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, cadmium selenide, aluminum antimonide, zinc telluride, indium phosphide, fused quartz, silica, silicon nitride, plastics or metal foils. The subsequent epitaxial layer is calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, cadmium fluoride, strontium fluoride, silicon, germanium, yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide, alumina, copper, gold, silver, platinum, iridium, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, aluminum arsenide, zinc selenide, cadmium sulfide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, cadmium selenide, aluminum antimonide or zinc telluride. The oriented calcium fluoride crystalline layer contains added materials to form an alloyed calcium fluoride crystalline layer, where the added materials are barium fluoride, strontium fluoride or cadmium fluoride. The alloyed calcium fluoride crystalline layer comprises a lattice constant of 5.39-6.2 Angstrom , and has a composition that is up to 99.999% alloying material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The components of the ceramic precursor are oxides, hydroxides or fluorides. The oxides, hydroxides, and fluorides are silicon, boron, phosphorus, bismuth, zinc, lead, tin, antimony, arsenic, cerium, copper, silver, indium, beryllium, vanadium, thorium or cadmium. The ceramic precursor is phenylboronic acid, triisopropyl borate, diphenylborinic acids, boric acid, dibutyltin oxide, zinc-EDTA complex, lead acetylacetonate, beryllium fluoride, zinc chloride, lead acetate or tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate. The low melting point ceramic precursor comprises boron oxide and fluoride salts, or only boron oxide. The fluoride source comprises tetraalkylammonium fluoride salts including tetramethylammonium fluoride or tetraethylammonium fluoride. Preferred Method: The low melting point ceramic precursor forms a ceramic upon heating, where the ceramic reacts with silicon nitride allowing the metal particles to diffuse through the silicon nitride. The low-melt ceramic precursor is configured so that upon treatment at an elevated temperature forms oxides, hydroxides or fluorides. The atoms of the precursor are connected to other atoms by covalent bonds, coordinative bonds or salts. The precursors react with other oxygen containing materials to form oxides and hydroxides. The elevated temperature or the firing temperature is 200-800 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Typical ink formulation comprised (in wt.%) of: nickel nanoparticles (15.76); benzyl alcohol (71.82); diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (10.51); Disperbyk 111 (RTM: Modified acrylate block copolymer) (1.05); and boron oxide (0.86).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high power factor electrodes are made of a material selected from a group of cobalt antimonide, indium antimonide, ytterbium aluminide and cerium palladide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high power factor electrodes are made of bismuth or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxygen reactive element-containing layer is formed of aluminum, indium, gallium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, and tin. The compound oxide layer is contained with atoms of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The textured zinc oxide-containing transparent conductive oxide layer has spectral haze of 5-20% at 550 nm. Preferred Components: The barrier layer of precursor is deposited between substrate and transparent conductive oxide layer. The barrier layer is silicon oxynitride-containing layer. The top cell used during manufacture of precursor has intrinsic layer having thickness of 250 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high work function region or the low high work function region is selected from the group consisting of metal, metal silicide, metal germanide, or mixtures or multilayers, nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, titanium, tungsten, erbium, ytterbium. The dopant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, arsenic, boron, gallium, indium, phosphorus, antimony, sulfur, selenium and fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The window layers comprise alloys of aluminum indium phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is formed from polyethylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polysulfone, polymethyl methacrylate, a mixture of polymers (copolymers or hetero polymers) or modified polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonyl group-containing repeating unit (I) is of formula (II).n=1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide in the metal-oxide particles are chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, antimony-tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, antimony oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide and gallium-zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyorganosiloxane is hydrolyzate condensate of silioxane compound of formula: R1nSi(OR2)4-n. The polyfunctional (meth)acrylate has 4 or more (meth)acryloyl groups.R1=1-12C non-hydrolytic organic group;R2=1-5C alkyl or 1-6C acyl;andn=0-3.Preferred Property: The refractive index of film is 1.45 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is selected from any one of material such as silicon, sapphire and silicon carbide. The semiconductor material is selected from compound such as Group III-V compound and Group II-VI compound. The dielectric material is selected from any one of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor material is selected from Group IV alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ARC layer is made of silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lower and upper conductor layers are made of silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic sulfonic acid metal salt is fluorine-containing aliphatic-sulfonic acid alkali metal salt. Preferred Property: The ultraviolet absorber has molecular weight of 500 g/mol or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The graft copolymer has sulfur content of 100-1500 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating composition further contains 5-40 %mass of saturated-hydrocarbon alcohol chosen from methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Preferred Process: The functional composite material has a film containing the coating composition, formed on a base material. The coating composition is coated on a base material by spray blasting technique. Preferred Property: The coating composition has dynamic surface tension of 45 mN/m or less in 20 milliseconds measured by maximum bubble pressure. The base material has water contact angle of 90 degrees or more at 23 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of microparticles used as core, is 50-100 nm. The diameter of bottom face of the protrusion is 10-20 nm. The super hydrophobic oil-repellent antifouling translucent film has surface critical surface energy of 1-3 mN/m. Preferred Composition: Microparticles are microparticles of material chosen from glass, silica, alumina and/or zirconia. The protrusion consists of zinc oxide. The film surface layer has primary reactive functional group. The microparticles have secondary reactive functional group which is capable of reacting with primary reactive functional groups. The primary- and secondary reactive functional groups do not carry out dimerization reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The nanorod is in contact with a basic solution comprising the hydroxide ions. The nanorod is contacted with an aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution to etch the portion(s) of the inner part of the nanorods, and concentration and temperature of the aqueous KOH solution and etching time are adjusted to 0.1-0.3 M, to 70-90 degrees C and to 1-5 hours, respectively. Preferred Components: The piezoelectric material is aluminum orthophosphate, quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, gallium orthophosphate, lanthanum gallium silicate (La3Ga5SiO14), barium titanate (BaTiO3), bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12), lead titanate (PbTiO3), zinc oxide, zirconium lead titanate (Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3), lanthanum bismuth titanate (Bi4-xLax)Ti3O12, tin oxide, potassium niobate, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, sodium tungstate, sodium barium niobate (Ba2NaNb5O5), potassium lead niobate (Pb2KNb5O15), sodium potassium niobate (KNaNb5O5) and/or bismuth ferrite, where x is greater than 0 but less than 1. The basic solution comprises lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, francium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, copper hydroxide, iron hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide. The nanorod is zinc oxide nanorod formed on a gallium nitride substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basic solution comprises tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, alanine, phosphazene, histidine, imidazole, benzimidazole, purine, pyridine, pyridimine and/or methylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I), comprises carrying out at least one transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reaction of dihydroacridine derivatives, which are substituted by aryl or heteroaryl groups. Preferred Components: (I) does not comprise electron-deficient heteroaryl groups, keto groups, phosphorus oxide groups and sulfur oxide groups. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 145 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 10-biphenyl-4-yl-9,9-dimethyl-2-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine of formula (Ia), 10-biphenyl-4-yl-3-dibenzofuran-2-yl-10H-phenoxazine, 10-(biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(dibenzo(b,d)furan-2-yl)-10H-spiro(acridine-9,1'-cyclohexane), 10-biphenyl-4-yl-3-dibenzothiophen-2-yl-10H-phenoxazine, and 10-(biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(dibenzo(b,d)thiophen-2-yl)-10H-spiro(acridine-9,1'-cyclohexane).    EXAMPLE - Benzene boronic acid (6.8 g), 10-biphenyl-4-yl-2-chloro-9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine (20 g) and cesium fluoride (15.3 g) were suspended in dioxane (160 ml). Then dichlorobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) (1.8 g) was added to this suspension and the obtained reaction mixture was heated for 16 hours under reflux. Then the reaction mixture was worked up to obtain (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ink comprises gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixture containing silicon powder and molding adjuvant are prepared. Preferred Composition: The molding adjuvant is organic binder, inorganic binder, metal, alloy or metallic compound which does not contain oxygen atom. The concentration of oxygen in the non-oxidizing gas atmosphere is 5 volume% or less. The non-oxidizing gas is argon gas or nitrogen gas. Preferred Property: The vapor pressure in the sintering temperature of silicon of each of metal, alloy, and metallic compound is more than 10-1 atm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glycol is chosen from propylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, ethylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A, propylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A, ethylene oxide adduct of bisphenol S, propylene oxide adduct of bisphenol S and tricyclodecane dimethanol of formula (I). The copolymerization amount of total glycol component is 30 %mol or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The component (C) has dynamic viscosity of 1-10000 mm2/second at 40 degrees C. Preferred Components: The component (C) is ethylene- alpha -olefin copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The alkylene oxide is propylene glycol. The dialkylene glycol is dipropylene glycol. The trialkylene glycol is tripropylene glycol. The polyoxyalkylene glycol is polyoxypropylene glycol. The mixture of alkylene oxide adduct is obtained by ring-opening addition polymerization of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in random or block form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The thienothiophene copolymer is manufactured by coupling polymerization of halogen-containing compound of formula: X1-(Ar')m-X2 and thiophene compound of formula (VI).X1,X2=halo;R1,R2=H, or alkyl or alkoxy (both optionally substituted);Y1,Y2=-MgCl, -MgBr, -MgI, -ZnCl, -ZnBr, -ZnI, -Sn(R8)3, -B(OH)2, -B(OR8)2 or -B(-OCH2(CH3)CH2(CH3)O-);andR8=alkyl. EXAMPLE - Chlorobenzene (25 mL), 2,5-bis(trimethyltin)-(3,2-b)thienothiophene (in mg) (233), 2,5-dibromo-3-dodecyloxy thiophene (213), lithium chloride (21.2), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (9.2) and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine (12.2) were heated at 130 degrees C and stirred for 60 hours. After completion of reaction, methanol (300 mL) was added and crude product was obtained. The crude product was washed to obtain thienothiophene copolymer (92) having number average molecular weight of 9000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The condensation reaction-type polyorganosiloxane contains polyorganosiloxane (a1) whose both terminal is blocked with hydroxyl group, and having viscosity of 0.05-50 Pa.second at 23 degrees C, alkoxy silane (a2) of formula: R1aSi(OR2)4-a, and/or its hydrolysis-condensation product, amino group-substituted alkoxy silane (a3) and curing catalyst (a4). The polyorganosiloxane composition further contains inorganic filler (a5) other than expansible graphite.R1,R2=unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbyl;anda=0, 1 or 2.Preferred Property: The viscosity of the polyorganosiloxane composition is 7 Pa.second or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The molar ratio of amines (A,B) is 0.1-2. The clouding point of 2% aqueous solution containing 1 wt.% or less of nonionic surfactant with respect to the entire cleaning agent is 40 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound (I) is preferably phosphorus-containing compound of formula: (R3-P(=X)(-R4))n-R5 (II). The electron extraction layer contains mixed layer of metal oxide and organic compound.R3,R4=arbitrary substituent, preferably optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl;or R3+R4=ring;R5=R2;andX=group 16 element, preferably O.Preferred Properties: The organic compound has lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) value of (-3.2) eV or more, with respect to vacuum level computed by cyclic voltammogram measuring method, and glass transition temperature of 65 degrees C or more. Preferred Definitions:    E=carbonyl, sulfonyl, phosphine oxide, phosphine sulfide or phosphine selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: 90% Or more of crystal grains having crystal plane have area of 1 mm2 or more. The crystal grains have two or more different crystal planes. Preferred Composition: The crystal grains contain microcrystalline indium-gallium nitride mixed crystal in structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic sulfonic compound (I) is of formula (II). Preferred Composition: The dopant further includes secondary dopant chosen from camphorsulfonic acid, dodecyl organic sulfonic acid, acrylamide methanesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyparaphenylenevinylene, polyazine, poly-p-phenylene sulfide, polyfuran, polyacetylene, polyselenophene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, polyether, polycarbonate, polyvinylacetate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyimide, epoxy resin, polyacrylonitrile, polyphosphazene, nitrile-butadiene rubber and polysiloxane. Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R2,R3=-C6H5, -C6H4OCH3, or -OCH2C6H5, and remaining is H;and    Ar'=phenyl or naphthyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method-II further comprises: polymerizing the bis-tetrabutylammonium 2,2'-oxybis(4,5-dimethoxybenzenesulfonic acid) salt; acidifying the polymerized bis-tetrabutylammonium 2,2'-oxybis(4,5-dimethoxybenzenesulfonic acid) salt and forming a fuel cell polymer electrolyte membrane. The method-III further comprises: oxidizing 2,2'-oxybis(4,5-dimethoxybenzene thiol) to produce 2,2'-oxybis(4,5-dimethoxybenzenesulfonic acid); substituting two of the four methoxy groups of 2,2'-oxybis(4,5-dimethoxybenzene thiol) with two hydroxyl group to provide a resultant product; polymerizing the resultant product; forming an ether from the resultant product; chlorosulfonating the ether to provide a sulfonyl chloride; converting the sulfonyl chloride to a one of diethyl 2,2'-oxybis(5-(R-oxy)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonate) or diethyl 2,2'-oxybis(4-(R-oxy)-5-methoxybenzenesulfonate); and deprotecting the alcohols in diethyl 2,2'-oxybis(5-(R-oxy)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonate) or diethyl 2,2'-oxybis(4-(R-oxy)-5-methoxybenzenesulfonate) by reacting with tetrabutylammonium iodide to produce bis-tetrabutylammonium 2,2'-oxybis(5-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid) salt or bis-tetrabutylammonium 2,2'-oxybis(4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid) salt. The method-IV further comprises: chlorosulfonating the 1,1'-oxybis(4-methoxy-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzene) followed by pairing ethanol/sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran to produce diethyl 2,2'-oxybis(4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzenesulfonate); and converting the diethyl 2,2'-oxybis(4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzenesulfonate) to bis(N,N,N-tributylbutan-1-aminium)2,2'-oxybis(4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzenesulfonate) using tetrabutylammonium iodide. The two thiol units are introduce using a Charles Mioskowski Regent. The hydroxyl groups are in the 5 and 5' positions or 4 and 4' positions. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material is strontium-lanthanum-titanate of formula: Sr1-xLaxTiO3 compound, where x is 0.1-0.4. The strontium-lanthanum-titanate is preferably of formula: Sr0.8La0.2TiO3. The strontium nitrate compound is hydrated strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2.xH2O). The lanthanum nitrate compound is of formula: (La(NO3)3.xH2O). The titanium isopropoxide compound is of formula: (Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4). The ceramic interconnector powder further contains niobium(V) alkoxide, vanadium acetylacetonate, manganese nitrate, cobalt nitrate and transition metal oxide chosen from molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, manganese or cobalt. Preferred Properties: The ceramic interconnector powder has particle size of 40-100 mu m and electroconductivity of 1 S\cm at 750 degrees C. The ceramic interconnector powder has perovskite structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The number-of-moles of ethylene glycol is 16 times of the citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction temperature is 350-460 degrees C. The ammonia gas is continuously supplied at a flow rate of 2-3 l/second. The reaction pressure is 1500-2000 mtorr. The radio frequency transmitted is 4500-5500 W, and the transmission time is 200-300 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic layer is hole injection layer (103), hole transport layer (104), light emitting layer (105), electron transport layer (107) or electron injection layer (106).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 387 Phenylaniline compounds (I)-(III), e.g. N-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)-N-(4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)phenyl)aniline of formula (Ia), N-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)phenyl)-4-phenylaniline, N-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)-N-phenylaniline, N-(4-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)-N-(4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)phenyl)aniline and N-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)phenyl)-4-phenylaniline, are specifically claimed.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene (16.97), diphenyl-d10-4-amine (16.57), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (2.3), triphenyl phosphine (1.31), sodium t-butoxide (14.42) and toluene (525 ml) were reacted to obtain an intermediate (17). The obtained intermediate was used for synthesizing N-(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)-N-(4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuteriophenyl)phenyl)aniline. The organic electric device produced using the obtained phenylaniline compound had low drive voltage, high efficiency and improved lifetime.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silver coated copper powder is selected from silver coated copper powder (50-75 wt.%) with grain size of 4-8 mu m and silver coated copper powder (5-25%) with grain size of 0.2-1.5 mu m. The silver powder is selected from silver powder (3-6 wt.%) with grain size of 8-15 mu m. The glass powder comprises bismuth oxide (29-55), boron oxide (19-25), zinc oxide (20-31), silicon dioxide to (0-5), titanium dioxide (0-4), barium oxide, (0-4) and alumina (0-5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic carrier comprises (in wt.%) organic solvent (4.1-11.98), thickening agent (1.4-3.64), surfactant (0-0.06) and thinner (2.9-9). The organic solvent is terpineol, tributyl citrate and/or butylcarbitol. The thickening agent is ethyl cellulose, acrylic resin and mixture of phenolic resin. The thinner is ethanol, acetate and/or terpene. The surfactant is stearate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bonding material is boron trioxide, bismuth trioxide, alumina, silica, titania, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, gadolinium oxide, lanthanum trioxide and cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is propylene glycol ether and terpineol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid solution is hydrofluoric acid with concentration of 1-30%. The alkaline solution is 10-50% of sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide alkaline polishing solution. Preferred Components: The metal electrode is silver electrode and/or aluminum electrode. The 3D structured solar battery preparation method utilizing corrosion liquid is hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloride acid. The etching process utilizes sodium hydroxide, sodium metasilicate and absolute ethyl alcohol solution. The crystal silicon battery sheet is 156 polycrystalline silicon chip or 125 mono-crystalline silicon piece.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The continuous phase is an oil phase, and the first and second discontinuous phases are water phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves using boron, aluminum, phosphorus or arsenic. The plasma is generating by electro-dissociating gas containing hydrogen. The powder and solid containing silicon are introduced into space which generates plasma.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inactive molecule is a molecule with linear or branched siloxane skeleton structure, molecule with linear or branched alkyl skeletal structure, and/or a molecule with linear or branched ether skeletal structure. The vapor-codeposited organic semiconductor molecule is mixture of molecule of p-type donor material and n-type acceptor material, preferably fullerene (C60), C61 or more high-level fullerene, fullerene-type molecule material including derivatives, metal component, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, hexacene, polycyclic acene-type molecule material, condensed derivatives, thiophene-type molecule material including oligomer of sexithiophene or thiophene ring, metal-free phthalocyanine, metal phthalocyanine, metal-free naphthalocyanine, metal naphthalocyanine, phthalocyanine-type molecule material and metal-free porphyrin, metalloporphyrin, porphyrin-type molecule material, perylene-type molecule, its derivative(s), triphenylamine, and/or triphenylamine-type molecule material or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The components of Photosystem II are isolated from bacteria, algae, cyanobacteria, and higher tobacco plants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is made of a material consisting of gold, silver and/or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chlorophyll compounds consist of chlorophyll a, and/or chlorophyll b.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass additionally comprises SnO2 (0.001-1 mass%). The glass has strain point of more than 680 degrees C; liquidus temperature of less than 1210 degrees C; an average thermal expansion coefficient of 30-50x 10-7/ degrees C at 30-380 degrees C; temperature at 102.5 poise of less than 1600 degrees C; and viscosity at liquidus temperature of greater than or equal to 104.8 poise. The glass is formed by an overflow down-draw method. The glass has a thickness of less than 0.5 mm. EXAMPLE - An alkali-free glass comprising (wt.%): silica (60), alumina (19.7), boron oxide (3), magnesium oxide (4.8), calcium oxide (5.2), strontium oxide (1), barium oxide (5), yttrium oxide (0.5) and tin oxide (0.3) was prepared. The composition had molar ratio magnesium oxide/calcium oxide of 078; density of 2.53 g/cm3; and Young's modulus of 85 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains nickel, cobalt and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode is selected from any one of the material such as indium tin oxide, oxide sulphide and tin dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The opaque electrode is selected from any one of metal such as platinum, gold, nickel and chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer comprises transition metal. The local heating source comprises heating wire having shape extending in a specific direction. The local heating source comprises heating source having spring shape and end of tip shape. Preferred Process: The heat treatment unit containing chamber is served for processing the substrate. The substrate support portion is arranged into chamber for supporting substrate, and gas supply portion is driver-performed for supplying carbon source gas into chamber. The local heating source is moved to the fixed speed on substrate. The heating wire has variable heating system in which heating portion increases or reduces when moved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The plastic base material is polycarbonate resin and/or its derivative. The barrier layer comprises active-energy-ray curable resin and thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of the cyclic olefin copolymer film base material is 130 degrees C or more. The water vapor-permeation rate of the gas-barrier film is less than 0.5 g/m2.day. Preferred Composition: The anchor-coat layer contains (meth)acrylic-type copolymer having functional group chosen from ultraviolet-ray stabile group, ultraviolet-absorption group, cycloalkyl group and hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Coating layers contain resin composition consists of resin which has oxazoline group and urethane resin. Amount of oxazoline group in resin containing oxazoline group is 5.1-9 mmol/g. Resin composition for coating layers contains 20-70 wt.% resin which has oxazoline group and 10-60 wt.% urethane resin with respect to 100 wt.% resin components. Inorganic thin film layer is laminated on coating layer. Inorganic thin film layer contains complex oxide of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. Preferred Parameters: Acid value of urethane resin in resin composition for coating layers is 10-40 mgKOH/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The average grain size of the crystal grain (( alpha ) phase) which exists in the plane of 1 mmx 1 mm of the 1/4t section is 75-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer comprises one of the following compounds such as silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, amorphous silicon or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The silver-free layer is made of material selected from a group of nickel-vanadium, nickel, copper, tin or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating process is carried out until solidification to obtain solidified product. The aqueous liquid in the solidified product is replaced with nonaqueous liquid, and the aqueous and/or nonaqueous liquid from the solidified product is removed. Preferred Composition: The boron compound is alkali metal borate, preferably borax. The aqueous liquid comprises ionic liquid. The nonaqueous liquid is ionic liquid. The obtained carbon-containing material is in the form of monolith.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbohydrate is monosaccharide chosen from glucose and fructose. The aqueous and/or non-aqueous liquid is chosen from ethanol or acetone. The content of carbohydrate is 10 weight% or more, with respect to the aqueous liquid in reaction mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The precursor solution is coated by wet coating, printing, spin coating, dip coating, doctor blading, curtain coating, slide coating, spraying, slit casting, meniscus coating, screen printing, ink jet printing, pad printing, flexographic printing, or gravure printing. The layer is dried at 25-600 degrees C and annealed at 300-700 degrees C. A metal contact is formed on the top electrode layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metals include tin, copper, zinc and germanium, or copper, indium and gallium. The chalcogenide semiconductor film is of IV-VI, I-III-VI or I-II-IV-VI compound. The semiconductor layer is an n-type semiconductor layer of cadmium sulfide, zinc (oxide, hydroxide, sulfide), indium selenide, zinc sulfide, or zinc magnesium oxide (ZnxMg1-xO). The bottom electrode layer comprises molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum, and/or indium-tin oxide. The top electrode layer is a transparent conductive layer of zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, or antimony-tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The number-of-moles of the ionic liquid are set to (IL) and the number-of-moles of the gallium are set to (Ga), which are reperesented by the following expression: 0.0002 less than or equal to (Ga)/(IL) less than or equal to 0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains amine cationic compound of formula (R2-N+(R1)(R3)-CH2-CH2-OR11 and R2-N+(R1)(R3)-CH2-CH2-R11), and 1-butylmethylpyrrolidium bis(trifuluoromethylsulfonyl) imide.R1-R3=mutually homogeneous or heterogeneous 1-5C alkyl, where any two group of R1, R2 and R3 forms the ring;R11=methyl or ethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electro-conductive material film comprises zinc oxide. The etching liquid contains hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. A crystalline semiconductor layer comprises crystalline silicon type thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching inhibition layer comprises organic type liquid, which has alcohol, surfactant and hexamethyldisilazane. The etching liquid contains acetic acid and formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is sapphire, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, zinc oxide, quartz or noncrystalline solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Etching gas is utilized in manufacturing of the silicon substrate that is chlorine trifluoride, xenon difluoride, bromine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride or nitrogen trifluoride, where the gas molecule contains oxygen molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxidation of the graphite to graphite oxide is carried out using mild oxidation and ultra-sonication of graphite flakes. The reduction in step (e) is carried out using a chemical or electrical process or at temperatures of greater than or equal to 1000 degrees C. In the method for storing hydrogen gas, the particle size and the volume of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles deposited on the graphite oxide is controlled. The method of preparing doped single graphene sheets involves depositing the nanoparticles on the product of step (c) by treating predetermined metal salts with microwave energy in the presence of glycols. Preferred Assembly: The assembly comprises a recycling unit for re-treating the intercalated unexpanded graphite in the chamber. EXAMPLE - Natural graphite flake about 200 mu m in average size were oxidized in an acid solution created by 60% nitric acid, 96% sulfuric acid, and potassium permanganate, resulting in graphite oxide formation. Graphite oxide formed was exfoliated in water, followed by impregnation with a metal salt. Then the metal salt was reduced via microwave irradiation in the presence of graphite oxide (GO) to form exfoliated graphite oxide-supported (xGO-supported) metal nanoparticles or metal/xGO nanocomposites. The xGO decorated with metal nanoparticles was reduced chemically in hydrazine or thermally at high temperature of greater than 1000 degrees C, which converted the electrically non-conductive xGO to conductive graphite (graphene) which was only one atomic layer in thickness. The product created was single graphene sheet (SG)-supported metal nanoparticles or metal/single graphene sheet nanocomposites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The display apparatus has light-emitting diode backlight having peak wavelength of 430-470 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zinc phthalocyanine compound has maximum absorption peaks at 380-800 nm and 500-800 nm. Preferred Composition: The coloring curable composition further contains photoinitiator and aliphatic polyfunctional mercapto compound. The photoinitiator is oxime compound. The compound (I) is preferably of formula (IV). The compound (II) is preferably of formula (V).R9,R11,R13,R15=alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;andR10,R12,R14,R16=H or alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanowire is silver nanowire. Preferred Properties: The electroconductive layer has surface resistivity of 1000 ohm/square or less, and average film thickness of 0.005-0.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sol-gel cured material includes three-dimensional crosslinked structure having partial structure of formula (I)-(III). The alkoxide compound is of formula: M1(OR1)aR24-a. The electroconductive component has intermediate layer containing compound having functional group chosen from amide group, amino group, mercapto group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and phosphonic acid groups.M1=silicon, titanium or zirconium, preferably silicon;a=2-4;andR1,R2=H or hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar energy substrate is selected from a group consisting of silicon, germanium, carbon, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, aluminum nitride, sapphire, spinel, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide and secondary aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: (I) or the oligomer, polymer or the dendrimer are present as a matrix material in a phosphorescent-emitting layer of the electronic device, where at least one further matrix material is present in the phosphorescent-emitting layer in addition to (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I), comprises reacting at least one substituted benzene derivative of formula (III) with at least one arylamino compound or at least one heterocyclic compound containing at least one amino functional group.X = reactive group, preferably Cl, Br, I, boronic acid, boronic acid ester or sulfonic acid ester. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 60 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 2,4,6-trimethyl-N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexaphenyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine of formula (Ia), 2,4,6-trimethyl-N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexa-p-tolyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine, 2,4,6-trimethyl-N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexa-m-tolyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine, 2,4,6-trimethyl-N,N',N''-triphenyl-N,N',N''-tri-p-tolyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine, and N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexakis-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzene-1,3,5-triamine.    EXAMPLE - Solution of 1,3,5-tribromo-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (85 g) and diphenylamine (161.2 g) in toluene (2000 ml) was consecutively mixed with tris-tert-butylphosphine (14 ml), 1M toluene, palladium(II) acetate (1.6 g) and then with sodium tert-butoxide (103 g). Then the reaction mixture was heated for 16 hours under reflux and then cooled to 60 degrees C. Then acetic acid (20 ml) and water (250 ml) were added to the reaction mixture and cooled to room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was worked up to obtain (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A carbonyl group containing-compound of formula: L-O-C(=O)-C(-R2)=CH2 (III) having polymeric group and fluorine-containing adamantane derivative of formula (IV) or (V) are reacted, to obtain fluorine-containing adamantane derivative (VI) or (VII).Rf=1-12C perfluoro alkylene;L=hydroxy, halo or (meth)acryloyloxy;andY1=group of formula: -O-C(=O)-C(-R2)=CH2.Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing adamantane derivative (IV) is obtained by reacting hydroxyl group-containing compound of formula (VIII) and fluorine-containing adamantane of formula (IX). The fluorine-containing adamantane derivative (V) is obtained by reacting hydroxyl group-containing compound of formula: OH-CH2-Rf-CH2-OH (X) and fluorine-containing adamantane of formula (XI) EXAMPLE - Perfluoro 1,3-adamantanediol (in g) (52.51), 3-ethyl-3-oxetane methanol (232.32) and tetraethylammonium bromide (5.25) were heated, stirred, reacted at 150 degrees C for 16 hours, cooled, aqueous toluene and ethyl acetate were added, extracted, organic layer was separated, washed with water until the residual amount of 3-ethyl-3-oxetane methanol was 5% or less, organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate, and distilled using a solvent, to obtain perfluoro 1,3-bis(2,2-dihydroxy methyl-1-butyloxy)adamantine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal substrate is a thin sheet or thin film of molybdenum, ruthenium, iridium, copper or nickel with a flat surface, purity of more than 99%, and the thickness of not less than 100 nm. The carrier gas is hydrogen or a mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen or inert gas. The purity of carbon source and carrier gas is more than 99% respectively. The molar ratio of carbon source to hydrogen is 0.001-1. The size of the obtained monocrystalline graphene is more than 1 mm. Preferred Method: The metal substrate is ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes using at least one of acetone, ethyl lactate, water and ethanol. The heat treatment of the metal substrate is carried out by utilizing annealing treatment at 800-1500 degrees C for 5 minutes under the atmosphere of hydrogen, or a mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen or inert gas, where the molar ratio of the hydrogen is 1% and the flow rate is 5 sccm. The growth temperature is controlled at 600-1200 degrees C for 20 minutes. The metal substrate after completely growing is rapidly cooled to below 300 degrees C under the protection of a carrier gas containing hydrogen, where the molar ratio of hydrogen in the carrier gas is 1% and the rapid cooling speed is 10 degrees C/second. The monocrystalline graphene is spliced for forming continuous graphene films by extending the growth time, where the remaining parameters are same as the parameters followed during the preparation of the monocrystalline graphene and the domain size of the graphene film in the crystal is more than 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source is at least one of methane, ethane, ethyne, ethylene, ethanol and hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Glycidyl (meth)acrylate is reacted with fluorene derivative of formula (III), to obtain fluorene structure-containing (meth)acrylate compound (I). Preferred Compound: The fluorene structure-containing (meth)acrylate compound (I) is preferably of formula (II), preferably 9,9-bis((3-(meth)acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)naphthyl)fluorene, 9,9-bis((3-(meth)acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)ethoxynaphthyl)fluorene, 9,9-bis((3-(meth)acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propoxynaphthyl)fluorene or 9,9-bis((3-(meth)acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)butoxynaphthyl)fluorene.n1,n2=0-3;andn1+n2=n. Preferred Definitions:    ring Z=naphthalene ring;    m=0;and    p=1.    EXAMPLE - 9,9-Bis(6-hydroxy-2-naphthyl)fluorene (in g) (1.8), glycidyl acrylate (1.12), hydroquinone (7.1 mg), and tributylamine (31.6 mg) were stirred at 90-100 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain 2-hydroxy-3-(6-(9-(6-(2-hydroxy-5-oxo-hept-6-enyloxy)-naphthalen-2-yl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Q is CR1 and the folowing compounds are excluded: 10H-indolo(1,2-a)indole, spiro(cyclohexane-1,10'-indolo(1,2-a)indole), an indole compound of formula (Qa), 10-phenyl-4,11-dihydro-3H-indolo(1,2-a)indole, 10-(2-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-11-phenyl-10H-indolo(1,2-a)indole and 11,11'-diphenyl-10H,10'H-(10,10')bi(indolo(1,2-a)indolyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (Q) comprises: Buchwald reaction of 8-bromo-10,10-dimethyl-10H-indolo(1,2-a)indole compounds of formula (aa) with 2-chloro-phenylamine to give (2-chloro-phenyl)-(11,11-dimethyl-11H-indolo(1,2-a)indol-2-yl)-amine compounds of formula (bb) followed by palladium catalyzed oxidative cyclization reaction to obtain substituted carbazole compounds of formula (QA) (representative of (Q)). N.B. R is not defined. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 57 Compounds (Q) are disclosed e.g. substituted carbazole compounds of formulae (Qa)-(Qe).    EXAMPLE - Polyphosphoric acid (58.7 g) and methanesulfonic acid (38.9 g) were added in dichloromethane (500 ml). A solution of 2-(1-(9H-carbazol-3-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)-propan-2-ol (73 mmole) in dichloromethane (150 ml) was added dropwise to the above solution within 30 minutes and stirred at 50 degrees C for 1 hour. Then the reaction mixture was cooled, carefully poured onto ice and extracted three times with dichloromethane and the combined organic phases were worked up to give corresponding cyclized product. The obtained product (47 mmole), 5'-bromo-(1,1';3',1'')terphenyl (47 mmole) and sodium tert-butoxide (139.6 mmole) were suspended in p-xylene (400 ml). The obtained suspension was added with palladium acetate (0.93 mmole) and 1M tri-tertbutylphosphine-solution (2.79 mmole) and heated for 18 hours under reflux. Then the reaction mixture was cooled and the organic phase was separated and worked up to give substituted carbazole compound (Qa).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    n=1 or 2;and    X1,X2=C(CN)2, oxygen atom, or sulfur atom.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8,8-Diphenyl-16,16-bis(8-phenyloctyl)tetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.010,15)hexadeca-1,3,6,9,11,14-hexaene-5,13-dione of formula (Ia) and 2-(23-(dicyanomethylidene)-5,20-bis((9Z,10Z)-9-ethylidenetrideca-10,12-dien-1-yl)-15,15,28,28-tetraphenyl-5,20-bis(8-phenyloctyl)octacyclo(14.14.0.02,14.04,12.06,11.018,29.019,27.021,26)triaconta-1(30),2(14),3,9,12,16,18,21,24,26-decaen-8-ylidene)propanedinitrile are disclosed as quinoid-type carbon crosslinked phenylene vinylene compound (I).    EXAMPLE - A methyl chloride solution of 5,13-dimethoxy-8,8-diphenyl-16,16-bis(8-phenyloctyl)tetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.010,15)hexadeca-1,3,6,9,11,14-hexaene (0.081 mmol) was added to boron tribromide (0.19 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The product was cooled using water, extracted using methylene chloride and then 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (20 mg) was added to the product. The solvent was evaporated and then purified using silica gel chromatography, to obtain 8,8-diphenyl-16,16-bis(8-phenyloctyl)tetracyclo(7.7.0.02,7.010,15)hexadeca-1,3,6,9,11,14-hexaene-5,13-dione with yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The coupling groups of pigment have lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of -3 to 0 eV and highest occupied molecular orbital of -9.5 to -6 eV by Winmostar calculation. The difference of energy of highest occupied molecular orbital of coupling groups is 0.01-1 eV. Preferred Composition: The charge transfer layer contains an electrolyte having cobalt complex of formula: Co(LL2)m2(X)m3.Cl.LL2=ligand of bidentate or tridentate of formula (A), preferably of formulae (XIV-1) to (XIV-3);X=monodentate or bidentate ligand;m2=0-3;m3=0-6;Cl=counter ion;Za-Zc=atomic group capable of forming 5- or 6-membered ring;c=0 or 1;R'a-R'i=substituent;n1,n2,n6,n7=0-4;n3,n5=0-3;andn4=0-2. Preferred Definitions:    group (N(-Ra)(-Rb)-Ar)=groups of formulae (VII)-(IX) and (XII-1) to (XII-5);    d,a=groups of formulae (X-1) to (X-6) or (XIII-1) to (XIII-9);    A=groups of formulae (XI-1) to (XI-5);    X3-X5,=atomic group capable of forming nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring;    R1=Rz;    o1,o2=0 or more;    Z11,Z12=substituent;    R12-R18,R21-R32,R,R41-R64=H or substituent;    E0=nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;    E1-E3,E5-E10=nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or -CRw;    Rw=R12;    E4=E0;    k1=1-4;and    k2,k3=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound (I) is of formula: Mz(LL1)m1(LL2)m2(X)m3.Cl (IV).Mz=metal atom;LL1=bidentate ligand of formula (V) or tridentate ligand;LL2=bidentate ligand of formula (VI) or tridentate ligand;X=acyloxy, acylthio, thio acyloxy, thio acylthio, acylamino oxy, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, thio carbonate, dithio carbonate, trithio carbonate, acyl, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, cyanate, monodentate coordinated by group chosen from isocyanate, cyano, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxy or aryloxy, bidentate ligand, or monodentate ligand chosen from group containing halo, carbonyl, dialkyl ketone, 1,3-diketone, carvone imine, thio carvone imine or thiourea;m1=0-3;m2=1-3;m3=0-3;CI=counter-ion, which neutralizes electric charge;R51, R52=group having acidic group;R53, R54=substituent;R55, R56=alkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl;d1, d2=0-5;L1, L2=conjugated chain containing ethenylene group;a1, a2=0-3;b1, b2=0-3;d3=0 or 1;Za, Zb, Zc=nonmetallic atom group, which forms 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring;andc=0 or 1.(i) When b1 is two or more, R53 forms ring; (ii) When b2 is two or more, R54 forms ring and (iii) When b1 and b2 are 1 or more, R53+R54 forms ring. Preferred Definitions:    n2=0 or 1;    Va=5-carboxy, the 5-sulfonic acid, 5-phosphonyl, 5-phosphoryl, or their salts;and    R5'=carbonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    s=0.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Fluorine-containing compounds are disclosed e.g. 2-(9,9-bis(4-octylphenyl)-7-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-bis(4-octylphenyl)-7-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-9H-fluorene of formula (IA), 2-heptyl-7-(7-heptyl-9,9-bis(4-hexylphenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-bis(4-hexylphenyl)-9H-fluorene, 14-(9,9-dioctyl-7-(trifluoromethyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-8-(4-fluorophenyl)-11,11-dioctyltetracyclo(8.7.0.02,7.012,17)heptadeca-1,3,5,7,9,12(17),13,15-octaene, 2-(2,5-dihexyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phenyl)-9,9-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-7-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9H-fluorene, and 9,9-diheptyl-2-(4-phenylphenyl)-9H-fluorene.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 2-iodo-7-(7-iodo-9,9-bis(4-octylphenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-bis(4-octylphenyl)-9H-fluorene (1.34), pentafluoro phenylboric acid (0.85), cesium fluoride (0.61), silver oxide (0.56), and dimethylformamide (20 mL) were mixed in argon atmosphere. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (92 mg) and tri-t-butylphosphine (51 mg) were added to the reaction liquid and stirred at 100 degrees C for 3 hours. After reaction completion, the mixture was filtered and the obtained oily material was purified using hexane/toluene to obtain 2-(9,9-bis(4-octylphenyl)-7-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-bis(4-octylphenyl)-7-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-9H-fluorene (420 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic single crystal or polycrystalline material comprises silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, sapphire, or gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lift-off structure (A) further comprises a lower sacrificial layer formed on the etch stop layer while allowing the photoelectric element to be formed on it. In structure (A), each upper sacrificial layer and the lower sacrificial layer is substantially a semiconductor layer made of a material of high aluminum content; the upper sacrificial layer and the lower sacrificial layer are made of (AlxGa1-xAs) (where x is 0.5-1). In both the structures, the substrate is made of a material of gallium arsenic or gallium phosphorus; the buffer layer is made of a material of III-phosphides and III-arsenides; the buffer layer is made of a material comprising gallium Arsenic, aluminum gallium arsenic, gallium indium phosphorus or aluminum gallium indium phosphorus. The etch stop layer is made of a material of comprising quaternary III-phosphide and ternary III-phosphide. The etch stop layer is made of a material consisting of gallium indium phosphorus, aluminum indium phosphorus or aluminum gallium indium phosphorus. The adhesive layer and/or each of the metal electrodes is made up of at least one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, chromium, palladium, titanium, tin, zinc or germanium. The adhesive layer is formed using a thermal evaporation method, an electron beam evaporation method, a sputtering deposition method, an electroplating method, an electroless deposition method and a screen printing method. The substrate with high heat-dissipating ability is made of a material comprising gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, copper-zinc alloy, aluminum-magnesium alloy, stainless steel, molybdenum or silicon. The dicing of the wafer is performed using a means comprising a laser dicing means and a precision cutting means.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I), comprises subjecting (II) to a metal-catalyzed coupling reaction. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 107 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 3-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-phenyl)-10-phenyl-10,10a-dihydro-4aH-phenoxazine of formula (Ia), 3-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-phenyl)-10-phenyl-10,10a-dihydro-4aH-phenothiazine, 2-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-phenyl)-5,10-diphenyl-4a,5,10,10a-tetrahydro-phenazine, 2-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-phenyl)-9,9,10-triphenyl-4a,9,9a,10-tetrahydro-acridine and 2-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-10-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine.    EXAMPLE - 2-(3-Bromophenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-pyrimidine (16 g) and 7-boronic acid-12,12-dimethyl-10-phenyl-10,12-dihydro-10-aza-indeno(2,1-b)fluorine (19.3 g) were dissolved in toluene (80 ml) and degassed. Then the mixture was mixed with a degassed 2M potassium carbonate-solution (281 ml) and palladium(II) acetate (2.5 g). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 degrees C for 48 hours under an inert gas atmosphere. Then the reaction mixture was worked up to obtain 2-(3-(2,6-diphenyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-10-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-acridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Water containing ozone contains hydrogen peroxide or hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxide film formed on the surface of silicon substrate, is removed using hydrofluoric acid, after etching using alkaline chemical solution. Preferred Composition: The water containing ozone, contains hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and is produced using oxygen and nitrogen as source gas. The metal ion concentration in mixed aqueous solution in 2x 10-5-8x 10-4 mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nitrogen-containing aromatic compound is a pyrrole (derivative). Preferred Parameters: The shape of the resin particle is cross-sectional concave which has 1 notch part connected in a diametrical direction, mushroom-shaped, hemispherical, or double-sided convex lens shape. Preferred Process: The resin particle is dispersed in aqueous medium which contains alkali metal salt with 0.5-2 molar equivalent inorganic peroxy acid with respect to nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, as a dispersion liquid. The surface of the resin particle is coated with a polymer derived from nitrogen-containing aromatic compound by adding and stirring nitrogen-containing aromatic compound to the dispersion liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen content of the barium-silicide crystal is 10 mol% or less. Preferred Properties: The average diameter of silicon coarse particles is 40 mu m or less. Barium and silicon powder having particle diameter of 5 mm or less, are used in the manufacture of barium-silicide by arc solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The average particle diameter of the molding adjuvant is less than or equal to 5 mu m. Preferred Components: Addition amount of molding adjuvant is less than or equal to 20 vol.% with respect to the silicon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cerium oxide is coated by titanium oxide. The raw material compound of titanium oxide is titanic acid aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Synthesis of reduced type titanium oxide uses hydride chosen from calcium hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, magnesium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride and sodium borohydride as reducing agent. The reduced type titanium oxide has corundum structure and is chosen from titanium oxide of formulae Ti2O3 or Ti4O7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the higher silane dissolved in a solvent is applied on the substrate. The applying step takes place via printing method, spraying method, spin coating method, dipping method, meniscus coating, slit coating, slot die coating or curtain coating. The method further comprises co-oligomerization of the higher silane in the presence of (I) takes place prior to the application step. The co-oligomerization takes place thermally and/or via light irradiation. Preferred Components: The higher silane exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 400-10000 g/mole. (I) is ((SiQQ1a)nPH), (SiQQ1a)2(PH)2, ((SiQ2a)x(PHnP2-x)) or ((SiQ2a)x(SiQQ1a)3P2-x), preferably 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexaisopropyl-(1,2,3,4)phosphatrisiletane, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octaisopropyl-(1,2,3,4,5)phosphatetrasilolane, 2,2,4,4-tetra-tert-butyl-(1,3,2,4)diphosphadisiletane, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-7-isopropyl-1,3,5,8-tetraphospha-2,4,6,7-tetrasila-bicyclo(2.2.2)octane or 2,2,4,4,5,5-hexa-tert-butyl-3-phenyl-1-phospha-2,4,5-trisila-bicyclo(1.1.1)pentane. The substrate is glass, quartz, graphite, metal, silicon or a heat-acceptable on a carrier comprising silicon, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide:fluorine, zinc oxide:aluminum or tin dioxide:fluorine layer.Q, Q2a = isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, -C6H4CH3 or mesityl;Q1a = H, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, -C6H4CH3 or mesityl;x = 1; andn = 3-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of mixed layer of nickel oxide and nickel-iron oxide is preferably 1-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanowire is silver nanowire, and is formed by applying and drying the metal nanowire-containing coating liquid. The coating liquid is applied in area ratio of 7-35%. The purification is carried out by membrane filtration. The hole diameter or holding particle diameter during membrane filtration is 1 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The buffer layer has a thickness of 25-35 nm. A density of sulfur in the buffer layer is gradually reduced from a lower portion to an upper portion of the buffer layer. The buffer layer has a hexagonal system. An upper portion of the buffer layer is expressed as a chemical formula of ZnS(O, OH). Preferred Method: The buffer layer is formed at a temperature of 150-250 degrees C. The buffer layer is prepared as a ZnS buffer layer by injecting the Zn precursor onto the light absorbing layer after primarily injecting the sulfur precursor onto the light absorbing layer. After forming the buffer layer, H2O is applied onto the buffer layer to convert ZnS into ZnS(O, OH). The formation of the window layer involves forming an i-ZnO layer by injecting the Zn precursor onto the buffer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Zn precursor includes at least one of TEZn, R2Zn, and R2ZnNEt3 and the sulfur precursor includes at least one of tert-butylthiol (t-BuSH), R2S, RSH, and H2S gas (where R is 1-6C alkyl group).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of A-site defect in oxidation catalyst, ternary catalyst, and nitrogen oxide purification catalyst is each 0.02-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The adsorbents consists of activated carbon, carbon molecular sieves, zeolitic materials, silica gel and alumina. The landfill gas comprises 50 vol.% methane and 20 vol.% carbon dioxide. The catalyst comprises a metal that includes nickel, cobalt, platinum, and/or ruthenium on a support consists of carbon, alumina, silica and alumina-silica.