TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a fermentative organism. Preferred Method: The providing step (a) comprises: pretreating a lignocellulosic material with a sulfite or bisulfite, where the lignocellulosic material comprises biomass feedstock, grasses, agriculture residues, municipal solid waste, waste paper, softwood, and/or hardwood; reducing the size of the pretreated material, where the providing the composition step does not comprise washing of the material to remove unbound lignin; separating the pretreated material into a solid portion and a liquid portion; adding the divalent metal and cellulase to the solid portion; and adding the divalent metal to the liquid portion. The providing step (a) further comprises mixing the liquid portion having the divalent metal, the solid portion and a cellulase, and fermenting the resulting mixture, where the step (a) does not comprises removing fermentation inhibitors from the liquid portion. The method further comprises producing biofuel from hydrolyzed cellulose, where the production of the biofuel comprises fermentation. The method comprises: hydrolyzing cellulose and producing biofuel in the same reactor; hydrolyzing cellulose and producing biofuel in separate reactors; and hydrolyzing cellulose and producing biofuel from hydrolyzed cellulose and hydrolyzed hemicellulose in the same reactor. The composition further comprises hydrolyzed hemicellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The divalent metal is: calcium or magnesium, where the calcium or magnesium is in the form of calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and/or calcium oxide; and present at 0.01-50 mole/kg material, preferably 0.1-10 mol/kg material. The aqueous solution has a pH of 2-8, preferably 4-7. The lignin comprises lignosulfonate (at least 0.05-100 wt.% based on total lignin). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.