TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The first and second faces of the PAM are coated with a ion conducting polymer laminate coating prior to attachment of the electrodes, where the laminate coating has a thickness of 1 nm to 10 mu m, and further the laminate coating does not enter the membrane pores. The pore coating is imparted by: melting a salt onto the inner walls of the pores, where the salt is lithium iodide, lithium bromide, lithium chloride and/or lithium fluoride; washing the base membrane with an aqueous or organic solution, where the solution contains a solvent and at least one ionic species, and evaporating the solvent; washing the base membrane with an organic solution, where the solution contains a solvent and at least one ionic species, and evaporating the solvent, where the organic solution contains at least one propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, methanol, formamide, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether; or washing the base membrane with an aqueous solution, where the solution contains a solvent and at least one ionic species, and evaporating the solvent, where the aqueous solution is of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide aluminum chloride, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, cesium chloride, aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chromate, ammonium chromate, sodium chromate, potassium chromate, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, aluminum nitrate, hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and/or aluminum sulfate. Preferred Components: The base membrane is constructed of a metal oxide including aluminum oxide, silicone oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, vanadium oxide, zirconium oxide, germanium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and/or zinc oxide. The base membrane is made of anodized aluminum oxide. The first and second electrodes and first and second seals are impermeable to gas and liquid, creating a closed battery system. In the battery, at least a portion of the pores have a tortuosity of 1. The first and second electrodes are independently constructed of (a) materials comprising molybdenum trioxide, chromium oxide (Cr3O8), vanadium pentoxide, vanadium oxide (V6O13), lithium trivanadate, manganese dioxide, lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium vanadium dioxide, lithium chromium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, titanium dioxide, titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, nickel thiophosphate, titanium-triselenium, titanium-ditellurium, molybdenum-diselenium, indium-selenium, coke, graphite, aluminum, fluoro-compounds of formula (CFn) or ((C2F)n), graphite-cobalt chloride, poly(acetylene), poly(pyrrole), poly(vinylferrocene), poly(aniline), poly(para-phenylene) and/or poly(phenylene sulfide). The first electrode is lithium and the second electrode is carbon or aluminum, and the coating is a salt. The first electrode is manganese dioxide and the second electrode is aluminum. The pore coating consists of at least one salt, and further the coating has a thickness of 1-20 nm. The pore coating consists of at least one anion or cation. The pore coating is a metal oxide, where the metal oxide is deposited by atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, chemical reaction with a gas and/or chemical reaction with a solution reagent. The pore coating has a thickness of less than 1/10 of the pore diameter of the base membrane. The electrodes are impermeable to gas, and further the electrodes are attached to the faces of the PAM creating a closed battery impermeable to gas. The first and second faces of the PAM have a polymer laminate coating that does not enter the membrane pores, and further the laminate coating has a thickness of 1 nm to 10 mu m.