TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Plant: In the plant, the lignocellulose processing units produce one or more lignocellulose co-products. The plant comprises one or more second sugar processing units processing one or more second sugars into one or more second sugar products; and at least one energy transfer mechanism transferring energy between units in at least one relationship selected from: (i) from at least one lignocellulose processing unit to at least one lignin processing unit; (ii) from at least one lignocellulose processing unit to at least one sugar processing unit; (iii) from at least one sugar processing unit to at least one lignin processing unit; (iv) from at least one sugar processing unit to at least one lignocellulose processing unit; (v) from at least one lignin processing unit to at least one sugar processing unit; and (vi) from at least one lignin processing unit to at least one lignocellulose processing unit. It further comprises a transfer mechanism transferring a material from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more other units; a transfer mechanism transferring a material from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more of the second sugar processing units; or a transfer mechanism transferring a material from at least one unit of the second sugar processing units to one or more other units. One or more sugar processing units is adapted to separate a sugar processing co-product from the sugar product; or one or more of the sugar processing units comprises one or more chemical sugar conversion modules adapted to chemically convert a sugar to a fermentable intermediate. The plant comprises one or more conversion modules adapted to convert at least one sugar product produced by fermentation into a converted product. At least one of one or more sugar processing units comprises a recovery module adapted to recover unprocessed sugars. One or more lignocellulose processing units comprises one or more acid hydrolysis modules. The plant further comprises one or more waste water treatment units processing one or more members of: one or more waste streams from one or more of the lignocellulose processing units; one or more waste streams from one or more of the lignin processing units; and one or more waste streams originating from one or more of the sugar processing units. It comprises one or more generators generating heat from combustion of at least one of the co-products; a heat transfer mechanism transferring heat from the generator to one or more other units; and a transfer mechanism transferring one or more of the lignocellulose co-products to one or more other units. The lignocellulose co-product includes acetic acid and comprising an acetic acid transfer mechanism transferring acetic acid to one or more other units; the lignocellulose co-product includes methanol and comprising a methanol transfer mechanism transferring methanol to one or more other units; or the lignocellulose co-product includes one or more tall oils and comprising a tall oil transfer mechanism transferring at least one of one or more tall oils to one or more other units. The plant comprises an acid transfer mechanism transferring acid from an acid recovery module of one or more lignin processing units to one or more other units; a solvent transfer mechanism transferring solvent from a solvent recovery module of one or more lignin processing units to one or more other units; one or more acid- recycle modules adapted to recover acid from one or more lignin processing units and return the acid to one or more other units; and a hydrogen transfer mechanism transferring hydrogen from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more other units. Lignin stream comprises liquefied lignin. One or more lignocellulose processing units process at least 10 tons of lignocellulose per hour. At least one transfer mechanism transfers at least 30000 tons of sugar/year from one or more lignocellulose processing units to one or more sugar processing units. One or more of the lignocellulose processing units includes a module which produces one or more lignocellulose co-products. One or more sugar processing units comprise one or more first sugar processing modules processing a first sugar into a first sugar product and one or more second sugar processing modules processing a second sugar into one or more second sugar products. The plant comprises at least one transfer mechanism transferring one or more of the sugar stream(s) to one or more of the second sugar processing modules; at least one transfer mechanism transferring a material from one or more of the sugar processing units to one or more of the lignocellulose processing units; and at least one transfer mechanism transferring a sugar product to one or more sugar product processing modules. It comprises a heat transfer mechanism transferring heat from the generator to one unit from one or more other units; a transfer mechanism transferring one or more of the lignocellulose co-products to one or more of the sugar processing units; and a transfer mechanism transferring one or more sugar processing co-products from one or more of the sugar processing units to one or more other units. The material includes one or more sugar processing products or co-products. One or more lignocellulose processing units process at least 10 tons of lignocellulose per hour. At least one transfer mechanism transfers at least 30000 tons of sugar/year from one or more lignocellulose processing units to one or more sugar processing units. One or more of one or more lignocellulose processing units produce one or more co-products selected from tall oils, ash, resins, pitch and furfurals. The plant comprises one or more wastewater treatment units treating at least one member of: one or more waste streams from one or more lignocellulose processing units and one or more waste streams from one or more lignin processing units. It comprises a generator generating heat from combustion of at least one of the co-products; a heat transfer mechanism transferring heat from the generator from one unit to one or more other units; a transfer mechanism transferring one or more of the co-products from one or more of the lignocellulose processing units to one or more other units; one or more transfer mechanisms transferring a waste stream from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more of the waste-water treatment units; one or more transfer mechanisms transferring a lignin processing co-product from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more of the lignocellulose processing units; or one or more transfer mechanisms transferring at least a portion of the lignin product from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more of the lignocellulose processing units. One or more lignocellulose processing units have a processing capacity of at least 10 tons of lignocellulose per hour. The transfer mechanism transfers at least 10000 tons of lignin/year from the lignocellulose processing unit(s) to the lignin-processing unit(s). The plant comprises one or more additional sugar processing units processing sugar into one or more additional sugar products; at least one transfer mechanism transferring one or more materials between one or more of the additional sugar processing units and one or more of the lignin processing units over a distance of 5 km or less in either direction; a transfer mechanism transferring a material from one or more of the sugar processing units to one or more of the additional sugar processing units; or a hydrogen transfer mechanism transferring hydrogen from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more of the sugar processing units. The material comprises liquefied lignin. The plant further comprises a transfer mechanism transferring a material from one or more of the sugar processing units to one or more of the lignin processing units. Material includes a solvent produced by an aqueous phase reforming (APR) module in one or more of the sugar processing units. It includes an alcohol. The plant comprises a transfer mechanism transferring a material from one or more of the lignin processing units to one or more of the additional sugar processing units. The material comprises hydrogen. It comprises liquefied lignin. The plant comprises a transfer mechanism transferring a material from at least one unit of the sugar processing units into one or more of the lignin processing units; one or more waste water treatment units processing at least one stream selected from one or more waste streams from one or more of the lignin processing units; and one or more waste streams originating from one or more of the sugar processing units; one or more generators generating heat from combustion of at least one of the co-products; and a heat transfer mechanism transferring heat from the generator to one or more other units. One or more sugar processing units have a processing capacity of at least 3 tons of sugar per hour.