TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrode comprises indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid), carbon nanotubes or graphene, preferably indium-tin oxide. The second electrode comprises aluminum, silver, magnesium, calcium, or their alloys, preferably aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A passage between the first lower layer and the second lower layer of the semiconducting double layer, exhibits a surface roughness of 1-6 nm. The photovoltaic device further comprises a hole blocking layer located between the second lower layer and the second electrode, which optionally comprises bathocuproine, lithium fluoride or bathophenanthroline, preferably comprises bathocuproine (preferred), lithium fluoride or bathophenanthroline. The first electrode is anode (120) and the second electrode is cathode. The hole blocking layer is located on the electron transporting layer, where the cathode is arranged above the hole blocking layer. The photovoltaic device further comprises an electron barrier layer between the anode and the semiconducting double layer, which optionally comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid), molybdenum trioxide or vanadium pentoxide. The second electrode is deposited on the hole blocking layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal phthalocyanine is of formula (I), which optionally comprises indium phthalocyanine chloride, preferably comprises indium phthalocyanine chloride. The electron transporting layer comprises 60C fullerene, (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester, 70C fullerene or (6,6)-phenyl-71C-butyric acid methyl ester or a fullerene derivative, preferably 60C fullerene.M = divalent, trivalent or tetravalent metal atom; eitherX = OH or halo; andn = 0-2; or(X)n = O;m = 0-6;R = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl (all optionally substituted), halo, phenoxy, phenylthio, heteroaryl, -CN or -NO2; andp = 0 or 1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.