TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ionic polymer comprises a hydrocarbon substituent of formula (-(L1)a-(A1)p) (I). (I) is a sulfonate substituent of formulae (-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-S(=O)2-O-M3+) (Ia), (-S(=O)2-O-M3+) (Ib), (Ic), (-O-S(=O)2-O-M3+) (Id) or carboxylate substituent of formula (-C(=O)-O-M+) (Ie). The ionic polymer comprises at least one hydrocarbon repeating unit of formulae (-(C(R1)(R2)-C(R3)(R4))-) (IIa) or (-(O-(C(R14)(R15))b)- (IIb), (((C(=O)-O-(A2)d-O-C(=O))- (IIc), (-(NH-(A3)c-NH)-) (IId), (-(A4)-) (IIe) or (-(C(R11)=C(R13))-) (IIf), and (-(O-C(R21)(R22)-C(R23)(R24))-) (V), which is bound to the end of the substituent (I). The ionic polymer is a biphenyl derivative of formula (VI), benzene derivatives of formulae (VII), (VIII), (XIV), (XVI), benzene sulfonate of formula (XI), (-(CH2-CH(SO3-M3+))-) (IX), (-CH2-CH(CO2-M3+))-) (X), (-(CH2-CH(OSO3-M3+))-) (XII), (-(CH(CO2-M3+)-CH2)n-(CH(CONH2)-CH2)p-) (XIII) or (-(CH2-CH2)n-(CH2-C(CH3)(CO2-M3+))p-) (XV). The ionic polymer has an average molecular weight of 1000-90000000. The electron extraction layer has a thickness of 0.1-10 nm. The surface of the electron extraction layer and the surface of the second electrode are in contact with each other.a = 0-30;L1 = -O-, optionally substituted 1-10C alkylene, optionally substituted 2-10C alkenylene, optionally substituted 6-20C arylene or optionally substituted C3-20C heteroarylene, preferably -O-, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, phenylene, naphthylene or anthrylene;p = 1-10;A1 = -CO2M1, -SO3M1 or -PO3M1M2;M1, M2 = monovalent cation, preferably H or alkali metal;M3 = H, Li, Na or K;A1-A3 = 1-30C alkylene, 6-30C arylene, 3-30C heteroarylene, 5-30C cycloalkylene, 1-30C alkylene, which is substituted with K1, 6-30C arylene, which is substituted with K2, 3-30C heteroarylene, which is substituted with K3, or 5-30C cycloalkylene group, which is substituted with K4;b, d = 1-20;R1-R4, R11-R15, K1-K4 = H, -NO2, -CN, -OH, halo, optionally substituted 1-30C alkyl, optionally substituted 1-30C alkoxy, optionally substituted 6-30C aryl, optionally substituted 6-30C arylalkyl, optionally substituted 6-30C aryloxy, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroaryl, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted 5-20C cycloalkyl, a optionally substituted 2-30C heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted 1-30C alkyl ester, optionally substituted 6-30C aryl ester, optionally substituted 2-30c heteroaryl ester, -N(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)-NH2 or (I);Q1, Q2 = H, 1-30C alkyl, 6-30C aryl or 2-30C heteroaryl, where at least one of R1-R4 is (I);R21-R24 = H, -NO2, -CN, OH, halo, optionally substituted 1-30C alkyl, optionally substituted 1-30C alkoxy, optionally substituted 6-30C aryl, optionally substituted 6-30C arylalkyl, optionally substituted 6-30C aryloxy, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroaryl, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted 5-20C cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 2-30C heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted 1-30C alkyl ester, optionally substituted 6-30C aryl ester, optionally substituted 2-30C heteroaryl ester, -N(Q1)(Q2) or -C(=O)-NH2; andn, q, p = 10-1000000.Preferred Method: The formation of the first layer during the formation of the electron extraction layer, is carried out using spin coating, ink jet printing, nozzle printing, dip coating, electrophoresis, tape casting, screen printing, blade coating method, gravure printing, gravure-offset printing, Langmuir-Blodgett method or layered structure method (self-assembly).