TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the organic photovoltaic cell: the cathode comprises aluminum (preferred), magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium, strontium, cesium, barium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, zinc, tin, samarium, ytterbium, chromium, gold, graphene, an alkali metal fluoride, an alkaline-earth metal fluoride, an alkali metal chloride, an alkaline-earth metal chloride, an alkali metal oxide, an alkaline-earth metal oxide, a metal carbonate and/or a metal acetate; the anode comprises indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, silver, gold, platinum, copper, chromium, indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, polyaniline-based conducting polymer, 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiopene-polystyrenesultonate-based conducting polymer, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, graphene oxides, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide, silver oxide and/or aluminum oxide; and the organic active region comprises (a1) an electron donor material consisting of a phthalocyanine complex, porphyrin complex, polythiophene and their derivatives, polycarbazole and their derivatives, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and their derivatives, polyfluorene and their derivatives, cyclopentadithiophene-based polymer and/or benzodithiophenebased polymer and their small molecule or monomers, and (a2) an electron acceptor material consisting of a fullerene derivative, perylene derivative, 2,7-dicyclohexyl benzo(lmn)(3,8) phenanthroline derivative, 1,4-diketo-3,6-dithienylpyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole derivative, tetracyanoquinodimethane derivative, poly(p-pyridyl vinylene) derivative, 9,9'-bifluorenylidene derivative and/or benzothiadiazole derivative. The cathode comprises a core that comprises calcium and a layer encapsulating the core that comprises aluminum, magnesium and/or lithium. In the organic photovoltaic cell: the aligned permanent dipole nanorods comprise cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, lead telluride, lead sulfide, copper sulfide, iron disulfide, barium titanate, lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, lead lanthanum zirconate titanate and/or lead magnesium niobate; the hole transport material comprises a cross-linked functionalized triarylamine derivative; and the electron transport material comprises an oxetane-functionalized oxadiazole and/or fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: In the process: the permanent dipoles are permanent dipole rods; the permanent dipole rods are delivered in a cross-linkable liquid, where the cross-linkable liquid comprises an electron transport material in the case of the cathode dipole region and a hole transport material in the case of the anode dipole region; and the aligned permanent dipole rods are fixed in position by cross-linking the cross-linkable liquid to form a crosslinked matrix. In the process: the permanent dipoles are molecules of a ferroelectric polymer; the molecules are delivered in the uncured form of the ferroelectric polymer; and the aligned permanent dipoles are fixed in position by curing the ferroelectric polymer. The uncured ferroelectric polymer is delivered: in the form of one, two or three monolayers, and the dipole region(s) comprise a continuous deposit of the ferroelectric polymer; and to a thickness sufficient for the dipole region(s) to comprise a multiplicity of discontinuous deposits of the ferroelectric polymer. In the process: the permanent dipoles are ions, which are dispersed within a polymer that is the same as that of the organic active region adjacent to the dipole region(s), where the ions are sufficiently large so as to be essentially immobile at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the polymer, and the ions are cations in the case of the cathode dipole region and anions in the case of the anode dipole region; the ions are delivered and aligned by heating the polymer to a temperature at which the ions are mobile and applying the electric field to drive the ions to their respective dipole regions; and the ions are fixed in position by decreasing the temperature of the polymer to a temperature at which the ions are essentially immobile. Preferred Components: The active region is a bilayer active region in which the electron donor material constitutes an electron donor layer nearer the anode than the cathode and the electron acceptor material constitutes an electron acceptor layer nearer the cathode than the anode. The organic active region is a heterojunction active region in which the electron donor material and the electron acceptor material are mixed. In the organic photovoltaic cell: the cathode dipole region comprises permanent dipole nanorods aligned and fixed in a cathode-dipole-region cross-linked matrix that comprises an electron transport material so that cathode dipole region exhibits a positive charge near the organic active region; and the anode dipole region comprises permanent dipole nanorods aligned and fixed in an anode-dipole-region crosslinked matrix that comprises a hole transport material so that the anode dipole region exhibits a negative charge near the organic active region. The organic photovoltaic cell further comprises: a transparent substrate that is in contact with at least a portion of a surface of one of the electrodes, where the surface is furthest from the other electrode; and a polymeric smoothing layer on at least a portion of a surface of the anode, where the surface is the one nearest the cathode, and the polymeric smoothing layer is hole conducting. In the organic photovoltaic cell: the cathode dipole region comprises a cathode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer, where the molecules of which are aligned and fixed so that cathode dipole region exhibits a positive charge near the organic active region; and the anode dipole region comprises an anode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer, where the molecules of which are aligned and fixed so that the anode dipole region exhibits a negative charge near the organic active region. The cathode dipole region comprises a continuous deposit of the cathode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer, and the anode dipole region comprises a continuous deposit of the anode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer, where the continuous deposit of the cathode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer comprises one, two, or three monolayers of the cathode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer, and the continuous deposit of the anode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer comprises one, two, or three monolayers of the anode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer. The cathode dipole region comprises a multiplicity of discontinuous deposits of the cathode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer, and the anode dipole region comprises a multiplicity of discontinuous deposits of the anode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer. In the organic photovoltaic cell, adjacent discontinuous deposits are spaced apart by 0.5-20 nm. The cathode dipole region comprises cations dispersed within a cathode-dipole-region polymer, where the cations are sufficiently large so as to be essentially immobile at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the cathode-dipole-region polymer so that the cathode dipole region exhibits a positive charge near the organic active region, and the anode dipole region comprises anions dispersed within an anode-dipole-region polymer, where the anions are sufficiently large so as to be essentially immobile at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the anode-dipole-region polymer so that the anode dipole region exhibits a negative charge near the organic active region. The cathode-dipole-region polymer is the same as that of the organic active region adjacent to the cathode dipole region, and the anode-dipole-region polymer is the same as that of the organic active region adjacent to the anode dipole region. The organic active region is a heterojunction active region that comprises an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functionalized triarylamine derivative is N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis-(phenyl)-benzidine-bis 1,1,1,2,2,2-hexamethoxydisilane, N,N'-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis-(phenyl)-benzidine-bis(6-cyclohexyloxy-hexyl), oxetane-derivatized-N,N'-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis-(phenyl)-benzidine and/or methoxy-N,N'-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis-(phenyl)-benzidine. In the organic photovoltaic cell, the anions are carboxylate anions, sulfonate anions, methanides, amides, polycyano anions, phenolate anions, organometallic anions and/or cyclopentadienide anions; and the cations are bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene, bis(ethylenedioxo)tetrathiafulvalene, tetrathiafulvalene, tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene and/or tetrathiafulvalene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electron donor material is poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), poly (3-hexyloxythiophene), poly(3-methylthiophene), poly(3-dodecylthiophene), poly(3-dodecylthienylenevinylene), poly(3,3-dialkylquarterthiophene), poly-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene, poly-(2,5,-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene), poly(2,7-(9,9'-dihexylfluorene)-alt-2,3-dimethyl-5,7-dithien-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole), poly((2,7-(9,9-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene))-alt-(5,5-(4,7-di-20-thienyl-2,1,3- benzothiadiazole))), poly((2,7-(9,9-bis-(3,7-dimethyloctyl)- fluorene))-alt-(5,5-(4,7-di-20-thienyl-2,1,3- benzothiadiazole))) and/or poly(N-9''-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7'-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)), and the electron acceptor material is (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, carbon 60, carbon 70, carbon nanotube and/or carbon onion. The polymeric smoothing layer comprises a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(styrenesulfonate). The cathode-dipole-region ferroelectric polymer and the anode dipole-region ferroelectric polymer are vinylidene flouridetrifluoroethylene copolymer, vinyhdenenitrile-trifluorethylene copolymer, cyanopolymers and/or vinylidene chloride-trifluoroethylene copolymers.