TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The HDO catalyst is nickel(II) oxide/molybdenum trioxide, cobalt(II) oxide/molybdenum trioxide, or a mixture of nickel(II) oxide/molybdenum trioxide and cobalt(II) oxide/molybdenum trioxide on a support comprising aluminum oxide or aluminum oxide-silicon dioxide. The HDW catalyst is nickel-tungsten on a support comprising aluminum oxide, zeolite, zeolite-aluminum oxide, or aluminum oxide-silicon dioxide. The particle size of the catalysts diminishes from the top of the reactor towards the bottom of the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The pumping speed weight hourly spatial velocity (WHSV) of the feed material is 0.1-5, preferably 0.3-0.7. The reactor comprises three layers. The apparatus comprises: a sulfur feed conduit for supplying external sulfur to the reactor; and a separating reactor for separating gasoline, diesel and naphtha range hydrocarbon fractions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crude tall oil is purified prior to subjecting it to the reactor. The HDO and HDW catalysts are mixed and packed in the reactor. The HDW catalyst is mixed with HDO catalyst in the topmost section of the reactor. The mixture of hydrocarbons is subjected to separation to separate different fuel range hydrocarbon fractions. Preferred Components: The feed of biological origin is: (a) plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, or fish waxes; (b) fatty acids or free fatty acids obtained from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, or their mixtures by hydrolysis, transesterification or pyrolysis; (c) esters obtained from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, or their mixtures by transesterification; (d) metal salts of fatty acids obtained from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, or their mixtures by saponification; (e) anhydrides of fatty acids from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, and/or fish waxes; (f) esters obtained by esterification of free fatty acids of plant, animal and fish origin with alcohols; (g) fatty alcohols or aldehydes obtained as reduction products of fatty acids from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, and/or fish waxes; (h) recycled food grade fats and oils, and fats, oils and waxes obtained by genetic engineering; (i) dicarboxylic acids or polyols including diols, hydroxyketones, hydroxyaldehydes, hydroxycarboxylic acids, or corresponding di- or multifunctional sulfur compounds or nitrogen compounds; and/or (j) compounds derived from algae. The feed material comprises crude tall oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.