TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Each electrode comprises materials selected from carbon fibers, rayon, activated carbon, aerogel, graphene, carbon cloth, and/or carbon nanotubes. The separator comprises materials selected from non-woven glass and/or fiberglass. The electrolyte comprises a cation and an anion; or comprises a cation, an anion and a solvent. The impurities include halide ions (chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide), free amines (ammonia), sulfate, metal cations (Ag, Al, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn), bromoethane, chloroethane, 1-bromobutane, 1-chlorobutane, 1-methylimidazole, ethyl acetate, and/or methylene chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cation electrolyte is selected from 1-(3-cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium, 1,3-bis(3-cyanopropyl)imidazolium, 1,3-diethoxyimidazolium, 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, 1-butylpyridinium, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, and/or 3-methyl-1-propylpyridinium. The anion electrolyte is selected from bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide, tris(trifluoromethane sulfonate)methide, dicyanamide, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonate)imide, thiocyanate, and/or trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)borate. The solvent is acetonitrile, amides, benzonitrile, butyrolactone, cyclic ether, dibutyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl ether, dimethoxy ethane, dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfone, dioxane, dioxolane, ethyl formate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, lactone, linear ether, methyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl tetrahydrofuran, nitrile, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, N-methyl pyrrolidone, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, sulfone, tetrahydrofuran, tetramethylene sulfone, thiophene, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, carbonic acid ester, gamma -butyrolactone, nitrile, and/or tricyanohexane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator comprises materials selected from cellulosic material, and/or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).