TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomolecules include at least one of proteins, DNA and RNA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The driving force is at least one of electrochemical, thermal, microwave, solvothermal, sonochemical and acoustic. The method (M1) additionally involves providing the ions as metal ions via an electrolytic solution; providing the ions as at least one of lithium ions, solvated ions and lithium ion complexes, and providing the solvent as an organic solvent that includes organic molecules and the ions; forming the graphene as at least one flake of graphene or at least one sheet of graphene derivatives; combining the graphene with quantum dots which are in the form of chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals to form a heterojunction configured to function as an active component in a photovoltaic device, where combining includes either performing at least one of sol-gel process, hot-injection process, chemical vapor deposition process, nanocluster deposition process, and sputtering process; or asymmetric deposition of different nanocrystals on difference sides of the graphene sheets; providing hydrophobic/hydrophilic solution environment with the graphene as a surfactant interface; providing hydrophobic and hydrophilic precursors to form at least one of nanocrystals, particles and polymer; depositing at least one of the nanocrystals, particles and polymer on the surfactant interface; dispersing the graphene sheet in an organic solvent; providing on opposite sides of the sheet of graphene, different nano-metals or semiconductor nanocrystals to form graphene-based asymmetric heterojunction; forming the graphene-based asymmetric heterojunction as cadmium telluride (CdTe)/graphene/lead sulfide (PbS)-TiO2 or CdSe/graphene/PbS-TiO2; and applying the graphene to a flexible, non-conducting substrate to form a flexible, conducting substrate. The method (M2) involves forming the graphene as at least one flake of graphene or at least one sheet of graphene derivatives. The method (M2) additionally involves providing via the salt at least one of lithium (Li) cations, iron (Fe) cations, copper (Cu) cations, perchlorate anions, chloride anions, hexafluorophosphate and/or tetrafluoroborate, and mixed ions; providing the organic molecules as part of an organic solvent that can dissolve the salts; employing the graphene in a bioanalytical technique involving biomolecules to selectively extract or pre-concentrate the biomolecules; using the selectively extracted or pre-concentrated biomolecules as a substrate for Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (SELDI) for directly analyzing the biomolecules without mixing with an organic matrix; combining the graphene with chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals to form a heterojunction; forming a photovoltaic device by using the graphene, forming a solar cell active layer (60) comprising a graphene/nanocrystal junction, the solar cell active layer having first and second sides; forming an anode on the first side of the solar cell active layer; and forming a cathode on the second side of the solar cell active layer. Preferred Components: The graphite sample is selected from graphite samples comprising natural graphite, graphite minerals, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphite fiber, graphite rods, graphite powder, and chemically modified graphite. The ions provided by the salts include at least one of lithium (Li) cations, aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) cations, copper (Cu) cations, perchlorate anions, chloride anions, hexafluorophosphate, and/or tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent includes at least one of propylene carbonate, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or single solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.