NOVELTY - Lithium/lithium-ion electrochemical cell (10) comprises cathode (12), anode (16) and non-aqueous lithium-containing electrolyte (14) between electrodes, where anode and/or cathode comprises at least one particulate carbon material comprising nanoparticles on surface of individual particles of carbon, and where nanoparticles comprise material selected from metal oxide or sulfide comprising titanium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, indium and tin; metals selected from magnesium, aluminum, and gallium; and metalloid selected from boron, silicon, germanium and antimony.    USE - For energy storage devices such as electrochemical cells and batteries, particularly non-aqueous lithium cells; useful for powering applications such as portable electronic devices e.g. cell phones and laptop computers, medical, space, aeronautic and defense-related devices and in transportation applications such as hybrid-electric and all-electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE - The method can be used selectively and effectively to prepare electrode materials for lithium batteries directly within reaction chamber with insignificant or no side reaction products. This improves electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes with respect to their reactivity with lithium which can be obtained by heating carbon products by autogenic reactions to elevated temperatures (1000-2000 degrees C), without destroying overall morphology of the carbon. The autogenic process offers the possibility of tailoring turbostratically-disordered and graphitic character of carbon spheres, to prevent lithium plating during cell operation and to minimize dendrite formation, leading to fabrication of safer carbon-based electrode materials for lithium battery applications. -    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is are included for fabricating particulate carbon material comprising nanoparticles on surface of individual carbon particles involving sonicating slurry of carbon particles in solvent in presence of metal compound and/or metalloid compound, optionally under atmosphere.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows schematic diagram of electrochemical cell.    Cell (10)    Negative electrode (12)    Electrolyte (14)    Positive electrode (16)    Insulating housing (18)