TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first depletion semiconductor layer comprises aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The impurity diffusion prevention layer has thin film including iron, and is formed by electroless-plating method. The copper concentration in the indium target is 5 ppm or less. The iron concentration is 8 ppm or less. Preferred Property: The thickness of impurity diffusion prevention layer is 5-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic sheath comprises polyamide, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyarylsulfones, polyethylene terephthalate, polyoxymethylene and/or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass filler comprises glass tissue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of hindered phenolic antioxidant in resin composition is 0.01-5 %mass. The hindered phenolic antioxidant has neopentane structure in molecular structure. Preferred Property: The melting point of hindered phenolic antioxidant is 100 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains phosphorus antioxidant (30-300 parts mass) with respect to 100 parts mass of hindered phenolic antioxidant. The epoxy resin comprises cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and glycidyl-type epoxy resin. The cycloaliphatic epoxy resin is 3,3'-bi(7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane) or cycloaliphatic epoxy resin of formula (I). The content of glycidyl-type epoxy resin is 0.5-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.X=-O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -CH(CH3)- or -C(CH3)2-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of praseodymium with respect to indium is 0.025-0.045.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material is composite metal oxide of metals such as cobalt, manganese, nickel, chromium, iron, vanadium, and lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is acrylic rubber, modified acrylic rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, acrylic polymer, vinyl polymers or copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional layer comprises aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas injector is made of materials such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, graphite, stainless steel and silicon carbide. The reactive gas is selected from group consisting of silane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The depositing of the hydrogen containing anti-reflection and/or passivation coating is performed in a gas atmosphere comprising silicon (Si) containing gas, and silane (SiH4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 1-3C aldehyde is acetaldehyde. The 4-9C aldehyde is n-butyraldehyde. The molar ratio of 1-3C aldehyde with respect to 4-9C aldehyde during acetalization is 40:60-80:20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic polymer composition further contains (in parts mass) compatibilizer (D) (0.1-20). The content of component (B), component (C) and component (D) is preferably 10-70 parts mass, 1-200 parts mass and 0.1-17 parts mass, respectively. The polyvinyl acetal resin (B) is formed using 1-3C aldehyde and 4-9C aldehyde which are obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol having average polymerization degree of 100-4000. The component (C) is copolymer obtained by performing random copolymerization of nonpolar polymerizable monomer and polar polymerizable monomer, or block-copolymerization or graft-copolymerization of nonpolar polymer block and polar polymer block.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Units: The structural unit having hydroxyl group is of formula: -(-CH2-C(-R)(-Q-A-OH)-)- and the structural unit not having hydroxyl group is of formula: -(-CH2-C(-R)(-Q-(A)y-Z)-)-. The molar ratio of structural unit having hydroxyl group in the binder resin is 10-50%.R=H or methyl;Q=-C(=O)O- or -C(=O)NR'a-;R'a=H or alkyl;A=optionally substituted alkylene or -(CH2CHR'bO)x-CH2CHR'b-;R'b=H or alkyl;x=average repetition unit number, preferably 1-100;y=0 or 1;Z=H, alkoxy, -O-(C=O)-R'c, -O-SO2-R'd, or -O-Si(R'e)3;R'c,R'd,R'e=optionally substituted alkyl or aryl;andR'a+Z+N-A=morpholine ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride is an alloy of type AB2 or AB5. The alloy of the type AB2 is formed from at least two elements comprising manganese, titanium, iron, vanadium, zirconium or chromium. The alloy of the type AB5 comprises lanthanum pentanickel (LaNi5), manganese-nickel alloy (MnNi5), rhenium-nickel alloy (ReNi5), titanium-iron alloy (Ti-Fe) or manganese-titanium (MnTi) alloy. The metal hydride is mixed with a catalyst exhibiting at least one noble metal comprising platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, silver or palladium. The catalyst exhibits a grain size of less than 100 nm, preferably less than 60 nm. The mixture of the metal hydride and the catalyst exhibits a grain size of less than or equal to 100 nm. The metal hydride is a low temperature metal hydride, preferably a room temperature metal hydride, in which elemental hydrogen is chemically absorbable or desorbable at low temperatures, preferably at less than 100 degrees C. The room temperature metal hydride system exhibits a volume-absorption capacity for hydrogen of less than or equal to 50 g hydrogen/liter metal hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The filter is a metal foam filter, which allows the passage of gaseous hydrogen and prevents the passage of powdery packing bed. A heat exchanger is arranged between the fuel cell and the tank for heating and/or cooling the respective other assembly. The fuel cell and the tank are arranged close to each other, preferably in a contacting manner, for heating and/or cooling the respective other assembly. A fluid stream is conductible from the fuel cell on the outer wall of the tank or vice versa, for heating and/or cooling the respective other assembly. The tank is connected to the fuel cell and decoupled from the fuel cell using a self sealing quick coupling, through a line. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of the polymer comprising (I), comprises Suzuki-, Yamamoto-, Stille- or Hartwig-Buchwald polymerization. Preferred Components: The polymer in addition to (I) comprises further structural units that are different from (I). The proportion of (I) in the polymer is 0.01-100 mole%, based on the total number of repeating units of the polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R3 = benzimidazole, triazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, phenanthroline, ketones, phosphine oxides or their derivatives.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (III) are disclosed i.e. 2,2'-(2',7'-dibromo-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2,7-diyl)bis(1-phenyl-1H-benzo(d)imidazole) (IIIa), 2-(2',7'-dibromo-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-7-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, (2',7'-dibromo-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2-yl)(9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)methanone and 2,7-dibromo-9,10-dioctyl-phenanthrene.    EXAMPLE - 2,2'-(2',7'-dibromo-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2,7-diyl)bis(1-phenyl-1H-benzo(d)imidazole) (5o mole%) and 2,2'-(4,4'-(12,12-dioctyl-6,12-dihydroindeno(1,2-b)fluorene-6,6-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (50 mole%) were subjected to Suzuki coupling to obtain the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The paste further comprises 8C or more fatty acid silver salt, and glass frit. The polycarboxylic acid silver salt is of formula (R-(C(=O)-O-Ag)n).R=1-24Cn saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, 2-12Cn unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, 3-12Cn alicyclic hydrocarbon or 6-12Cn aromatic hydrocarbon, where n is less than or equal to 2m+2 when carbon number of R is set to m;andn=2-6.Preferred Composition: The paste comprises poly carvone silver salt (1-100 mass parts) with respect to 100 mass parts of silver powder. EXAMPLE - Silver powder (100 mass parts) having spherical shape and average particle diameter of 1.5 micrometer, 1,2,3,4- butane tetra carboxylic acid silver (5 mass parts), alpha -terpineyl (20 mass parts), and glass frit (5 mass parts) containing borosilicate lead glass powder were mixed in a ball mill to obtain the paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit contains 50-100 weight% of lead oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminosilicate particles are lithium. The content of aluminosilicate particles with respect to total content of 100 parts weight of conductive particle is 0.1-5 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Compound (I) is preferably of formula (IA) and compound (II) is preferably of formula (IIA).Compound (III) is preferably of formula (IIIA).The transition metal complex is a metal complex containing group 10 element, preferably a palladium complex having phosphine ligand(s).The transition metal complex is added sequentiallyCompound (IV) is preferably of formula (IVA).p = 0-4;R2 = alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, silyl, substituted silyl, halo, acyl, acyloxy, amido, heteroaryl, carboxy, substituted carboxy, nitro, or cyano;R2+adjacent carbon atom = cyclic structure;E = -O-, -S-, -Se-, or -N(R3)-, preferably -S-;andR3 = alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.Preferred Composition: The usage amount of organometallic compound is 1-10 mol with respect to 1 mol of compound (II). Preferred Definitions:    X1, X2 = chloro, bromo or iodo;and    Y' = sulfur.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-di(benzo(b)thiophene) (0.1), sodium sulfide nonahydrate (0.056), potassium carbonate (0.13), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (5.4 mg), tri-t-butylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (14 mg), and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (10 mL) were heat-stirred at 110 degrees C for 6 hours. The reaction liquid was purified to obtain thieno(3,2-b:4,5-b')bisbenzo(b)thiophene with a yield of 63%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Sputtered zinc-oxide-containing layer (I) has a thickness of 300-800 nm and/or sputtered zinc-oxide-containing layer (II) has a thickness after texturing of 0-200 nm. The substrate has an area of 1 m2 or more, preferably 5 m2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lower electrode is made of a metal selected from a group consisting of titanium, molybdenum and tantalum. The intermediate layer is made of metal selected from a group consisting of tin, tellurium or lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises iron, cobalt, nickel, their alloys or compounds, silicon carbide, or noble metal other than platinum formed on the entire surface. Such materials are wet-etched. Preferred Conditions: The thickness of graphene sheet is controlled by the camphor quantity. The number of graphene sheets is 4-13. Preferred Property: The transparent conductive film has a transmittance of 63% or more at a wavelength of 0.3-2 mu m, and a sheet resistance of 203 Omega /square or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative-electrode active material contains metal silicon and silicon compound, or metal silicon, silicon compound, and carbon. The silicon compound is silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative-electrode binder is a thermosetting material, preferably polyimide or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The pencil hardness of the organic layer is measured according to JISK5400.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic layer contains hardened polymeric composition containing a methacrylate or a urethane methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Gas is an inert gas. Inert gas contains argon, nitrogen, and/or helium. The 1st passivation layer and the 2nd passivation layer contain silicon nitride (Si3N4). The 1st passivation layer and the 2nd passivation layer contain silicon dioxide (SiO2). The 1st antireflective layer and 2nd antireflective layer contain silicon nitride (Si3N4). Preferred Processes: Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method involves injecting silane (SiH4) and ammonia (NH3) into the chamber and generating another plasma using SiH4 and NH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of fluorine or trifluoromethyl hypofluorite in the cleaning gas is 10-100 vol.%. The cleaning gas further contains helium, neon, argon and/or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The material of the parallel plate electrode is stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The substrate with transparent electrode has a haze of 20-50%. The transparent conductive film is formed using diethyl zinc and water as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The impurity ratio is preferably 0.3 or less. The impurity concentration of group III element of below 3 wt.% is 9 at.% or less. The group III element is one or two or more of boron, aluminum, indium and gallium. The group IV element is one or two or more of carbon, silicon and germanium. The group V element is one or two or more of nitrogen, phosphorus and arsenic. The ratios of zinc with respect to the total content of zinc and tin in the channel layer is 0.6-0.8, preferably 0.65-0.7. The resistivity of channel layer is 1x 10-1 Omega .cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The transparent reflection-increasing layer has high refractive index layer (17) having high refractive index than oxynitride of silicon by 0.4, and containing metal oxide, and low refractive index layer (16). The protective layer contains metal chosen from zinc, tin, titanium, aluminum, nickel-chromium, chromium, zinc alloy, and tin alloy, or zinc oxide or indium oxide containing 1-10 %mass of aluminum, gallium and/or tin. The base layer contains aluminum, titanium, zinc, indium, tin, their oxide, oxynitride, and nitride. Mixed gas used for forming reflection layer contains 5-40 volume% of nitrogen. Mixed gas used for forming low-refractive-index layer contains 40-70 volume% of noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The maximum crystal grain diameter of magnesium oxide phase is 5 mu m or less, preferably 2 mu m or less. The ratio of maximum intensity of X-ray diffraction peak corresponding to magnesium oxide phase (200) and maximum intensity of X-ray diffraction peak corresponding to zinc oxide phase (101) is 0.02 or less. The sintered compact has relative density of 95% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper and lower parts of the inlet distributor and the external battery are made of solder-coated aluminum plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode is formed using tin oxide/indium-tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The arrangement of the outlet opening and the connecting passage on the front side corresponds to the substrate structure to be formed. The outlet opening exhibits a diameter and/or a width of 0.05-10 mm. The connecting passage exhibits a larger diameter or a larger width than the outlet opening, where the diameter or the width achieves a measure up to the substrate size. The inlet opening of the flow distributor body is located outside an inflow zone and/or a backflow zone. The substrate is connected with a first electrode (11), where a counter electrode body is provided in the process solution, and the counter electrode body is connected with a second electrode with an opposite polarity to the first electrode. The flow distributor body and/or the substrate perform a relative movement directed parallel to each other during the pumping of the process solution. The substrate comprises a circuit board, a semiconductor substrate, a film substrate or a plate-shaped metallic via a metallized workpiece, and its surface to be processed is masked or unmasked. Preferred Method: The method comprises performing galvanic coating, chemical or electrochemical etching, anodic oxidation or other methods of external current metal deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor material comprises 1 vol.% or more of group II element. The semiconductor material comprises zinc-gallium nitride, zinc-indium nitride, zinc-aluminum nitride, zinc-gallium-indium nitride, or magnesium-indium nitride. The semiconductor material further comprises dopant(s) chosen from silicon, magnesium, carbon, beryllium, calcium, germanium, tin and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyamide is aromatic polyamide. The aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer includes a polyether ketone structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sensitizing dye has carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide thin film layer is aluminum oxide thin film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer consists of metal chosen from aluminum, zinc and copper. The thickness of metal layer is 20-200 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Portion: The container main portion is formed using polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Condition: The atmosphere in the chamber blocks the flow flowing into the lower portion of silicon ingot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, diborane and diethyl zinc is used for formation of the zinc oxide layer and the flow ratio of diborane/diethyl zinc is adjusted into more than 1.0 during the formation of outermost surface portion of zinc oxide layer by low voltage thermal chemical vapor deposition method. The outermost surface of the zinc oxide layer is subjected to reduction plasma processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting a reaction mixture (A) comprising indium(III)halide compound of formula (InX3) (II), a sodium or potassium isopropanolate and isopropanol; filtering the obtained solid (F1) and washing with isopropanol to obtain an isopropanol-containing solution (B); removing the isopropanol from the isopropanol-containing solution (A) and/or (B) to obtain a solid (F2); adding the solid (F2) in a alcohol compound of formula (ROH) (III) to obtain a mixture (C1); performing one or more filtration step; and crystallizing (I) from the mixture (C1). Preferred Components: (II) is indium(III) chloride and    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (III) is methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol or 2-methyl-propan-2-ol. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound (I) is specifically claimed i.e. chloro-containing indiumoxoethoxide compound of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - Sodium (56.55 mmole) was dissolved in isopropanol (250 ml) under an inert gas atmosphere and refluxed in a moisture-free round-bottomed flask (1 l). Then indium(III)-chloride (22.6 mmole) in dried isopropanol (250 ml) was added to the corresponding sodium isopropanolate solution. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously for two hours under reflux. After cooling, the solution was filtered and the precipitate was washed twice with isopropanol (100 ml). The combined liquid fractions were concentrated in vacuum. The remaining solid was added into ethanol (200 ml, less than 10 ppm of water) and filtered. After 1 week crystals were formed from the solution at -30 degrees C (yield 20%), where the single crystal structure of the molecule had a structure of formula (In7( mu 4-O)2( mu 2-OH)( mu 1-OC2H5)3( mu 2-OC2H5)7( mu 3-OC2H5)2( mu 1-Cl)4( mu 1-HOC2H5)5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The cross-sectional area of the recess close to the opening is large. The inner wall face of the recess has a concave surface. Preferred Composition: The semiconductor powder consists of non-doped silicon or impurity-doped silicon. The semiconductor powder has an average particle diameter of 20-70 mu m. The surface layer of substrate comprises silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The depositing thickness of silicon dioxide film is 50-70 nm. The concentration of hydrofluoric acid solution is 20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper-indium-gallium-selenium, cadmium sulfide or gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device utilizes personal computer (PC) card slot so as to provide wirelessEthernet connection such asIEEE 802.11 wireless standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The semiconductor oxide layer has many nanoneedle objects with a length of 10 nm to 5 mu m. The semiconductor oxide layer is formed by coating a second semiconductor thin film on the top of a first semiconductor thin film, the pore size of the second semiconductor thin film is 5-15 nm and the average roughness of the first semiconductor thin film is 2-20 nm. The photo hydrocarbon compound is ethanol, propanol, butyl alcohol, ethyl methyl ether, formaldehyde or hydrocarbon compounds of formula (C3H3O) or (C2H2(OH)2. Preferred Method: The working electrode needs to be imposed by a heating energy to form the nanoneedle structure of the semiconductor oxide layer. The heating energy of 300-700 degrees C applied to the surface modification by applying a plasma and a laser to the semiconductor oxide layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The layer comprises hole injection-, hole transport-, hole block-, electron injection-, electron transport-, electron block-, charge producing- or emitter-layer and/or a layer having exciton producing-unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I) further comprises a structural unit different from (II), which is hole injection-, hole transport-, hole block-, electron injection-, electron transport-, electron block-, emitter-, exciton producing-unit and/or backbone unit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The rear surface silicon nitride layer has a refractive of 2.2-2.4. The front surface silicon nitride layer has a refractive of 2-2.1. Preferred Components: The set of masking particles contains boron, or silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, , titania, alumina, magnesia, calcium oxide, lithia, beryllium oxide, strontium oxide, scandium oxide, yttria, lanthanum oxide, cerium dioxide, cerium trioxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, erbium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, thoria, uranium oxide, zirconia, and/or hafnia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The rear metal contact comprises silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon material includes single crystal silicon, polysilicon or amorphous silicon. The amorphous silicon comprises cadmium telluride, indium gallium arsenide or gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises: reacting a monomer having N-(4'-bromo-biphenyl-4-yl)-N-(bromo-phenyl)-N',N'-diphenyl-benzene-diamine compound of formula (II) with a substituted fluorene compound of formula (III) in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium as a catalyst. Preferred Components: (A) is substituted N-fluorenyl-phenyl-N,N',N'-triphenyl-benzene-diaminea compound of formula (Ia) and substituted N-fluorenyl-phenyl-N,N',N'-triphenyl-benzene-diaminea compound of formula (IIa). EXAMPLE - 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene (27.2 mmol), 4-amino triphenylamine (13.6 mmol), bis(dibenzylideneacetone) palladium (0.27 mmol), 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (0.54 mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (40.8 mmol) and toluene (18 ml) were added into a bottle (250 ml). After heating to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 6 hours, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane/water. The collected organic layer was dried by magnesium sulfate overnight and then filtered to remove magnesium sulfate. After removing the solvent of filtrate, the residue was purified to obtain N,N-bis-4-bromophenyl-N,N'-dipheny-1,4-phenylenediamine (a). The obtained (0.45 mmol), 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid bis(1,3-propanediol) ester (0.45 mmol), potassium carbonate (10 ml), and toluene (10 ml) were added into a bottle. After stirring, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (1.34x 10-2) was added into the bottle and heated to reflux at 105 degrees C for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, dissolved in toluene, and then poured into methanol (1 l) for several times and worked up to give conjugated polymer (1) (81%)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of solvent (A) and block copolymerized polymer is 1.5-49, preferably 2.0-39. The mass ratio of solvent (A) and solvent (B) which contains dissolved oligomer and hydrophobic segment in the ratio of 1:24, is 0.01-99, preferably 0.03-33.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The circulation holes are densely distributed as several small holes in direction vertical to the silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The salt is sodium sulfate or potassium sulfate. The mass ratio of salt, quartz and aluminum oxide is 2:1-1:1-1:2. The waste quartz crucible contains 99.5% of quartz. The ultra-fine aluminum oxide contains (in %mass) alumina (95.58), silica (1.31), calcium oxide (0.25), magnesium oxide (0.15), iron oxide (0.115) and titanium oxide (2.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The film thickness of back electrode layer, light absorption layer, transition layer, intrinsic oxide layer and transparent conductive film layer is 200-1500 nm, 1000-3000 nm, 30-500 nm, 30-500 nm and 200-1000 nm, respectively. Preferred Composition: The process gas is argon gas. The ratio of gallium and total content of indium and gallium is 0.1-0.4. The ratio of copper and total content of indium and gallium is 0.5-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is water, deionized water, acetone and/or absolute ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of water and hydrogen fluoride in the cleaning solution is 12:100. A cleaning solution containing hydrogen chloride and deionized water in the volume ratio of 1:4, is further used during reworking process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Potassium permanganate solution (100 mL) with a molar concentration of 0.045-0.1 mol/L and carbon nanotubes (400-700 mg) having a length of 5-15 mu m are mixed, and pH of the mixed solution is adjusted to 1-2. The temperature is controlled to 60-90 degrees C for 5-8 hours, and the mixture is decompressed, filtered and washed. The filter cake is washed at 100-120 degrees C, to obtain manganese dioxide/carbon nanotube composite as cathode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The stainless steel mesh number is 50-200.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Ultrasonic treatment is carried out using 95% or more absolute ethyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cathode diffusion layer material is polymethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The oxidant system includes a nitrogen separator having a nitrogen separation membrane configured to extract nitrogen from air supplied to it, and to discharge the balance of the air supplied as an oxygen-rich gas, where the oxygen-rich gas forms at least a part of the oxidant. The oxygen-rich gas has higher oxygen content than ambient atmospheric air. The oxygen content of 21-50 vol.%. The nitrogen separator is also configured to discharge a nitrogen rich gas, where the nitrogen-rich gas has nitrogen content greater than that of ambient atmospheric air. The gas generator further comprises at least one valve configured to combine the nitrogen-rich gas with the oxygen-rich gas to form the oxidant. The gas generator is configured to generate a reducing gas having flammables (0-80 vol.%). The reformer is a catalytic reactor. In reducing gas generator (II), the oxidant system: is configured to generate the oxidant from ambient atmospheric air and to provide a variable oxygen content in the oxidant in a range having a maximum value that exceeds the oxygen content of air; is configured to provide a selectable oxygen content of the 21-50 vol.% or 5-50 vol.% in the oxidant; and includes a nitrogen generator having the nitrogen separation membrane. Preferred Method: The method further comprises varying the oxygen content of the oxidant. In the method oxidant with oxygen content less than that of ambient atmospheric air is generated. The step of reforming includes directing the feed stream to a catalyst and catalytically converting the feed stream into the reducing gas. The generating step of the oxidant includes: supplying pressurized air to the nitrogen separation membrane; extracting the oxygen-rich gas using the nitrogen separation membrane; and forming the oxidant at least in part of the oxygen-rich gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrochemical cell further comprises at least one catalytically active element, where the catalytically active element includes at least one of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tin, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, aluminum, silicon, carbon, indium, thallium, lead, bismuth, antimony, tellurium, uranium, samarium, terbium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium. The helper catalyst comprises the cation (I). The helper catalyst director molecule comprises a molecule containing positively charged group and group for surface attachment, where the surface attachment group includes polar group. The positively charged group comprises one of an amine group (quaternary amine) or a phosphonium group.n = 1-4;R1-R3 = 1-4C aliphatic group, CH2OH, (CH2)2OH, (CH2)3OH or CH2CHOHCH3; andY1 = OH or halides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation: comprises a quaternary amine group and at least one halide or hydroxyl group, and the cation further contains no carboxylic acid or ionized carboxylic acid group; is choline or its derivative of formula (R1R2R3N+(CH2)nY1) (I); and comprises at least one positively charged group and at least one group for surface attachment. In the electrochemical cell, at least one of reactant/product of the reaction comprise at least one of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion, hydroxy, ((HCO)-), formaldehyde, formate, formic acid, methanol, methane, ethene, ethanol, acetate, acetic acid, ethane, oxygen, hydrogen, oxalic acid or oxalate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanowire is dipped in solvent such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, N-ethylpyrolidone, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is obtained by reacting sulfur with a pentacene compound of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=branch unit of formula (i);    structure in parenthesis=branch structural unit which may couple repeatedly arbitrarily;    A,C'=oxygen, sulfur, or divalent organic group;    B'=nitrogen or trivalent aryl;and    D'=alkoxy, ester, amino, amido, hydroxy or its salt, carboxy or its salt, mesogenic group, sugar chain, sulfanil, or polyether chain.    EXAMPLE - (In mg) first generation pentacene dendrimer (15) of formula (3a) and elemental sulfur (100) were taken in a test tube. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (2 mL) was added and heat-stirred at 190 degrees C for 38 hours. A red-purple solution of initial stage changed to light green as reaction advanced. After cooling the reaction solution to room temperature, methanol (40 mL) was added to the reaction solution and excess sulfur was removed. The solvent of supernatant liquid solution was distilled off, and the residue was purified using chloroform. Reprecipitation was carried out using chloroform/diethyl ether, to obtain first generation hexathia-pentacene dendrimer (7.2) of formula (1a) with a yield of 44% as dark green crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salts comprise single cation-ion pairs or mixed salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor donor wafer is taken from the group consisting of gallium nitride (GaN), silicon (Si), germanium-doped silicon (SiGe), silicon carbide (SiC), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), and indium phosphide (InP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light is a laser beam. The first substrate has a refractive index which is smaller than the refractive index of the second substrate, where the refractive index of the first substrate is 1-2.5. The wavelength of the light satisfies the equation as given in the specification. The number of layers of the graphene from which the multilayer or non-uniform structure is removed is one or two. The first substrate is an organic substrate, or a metal oxide substrate comprising silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, iron(III) oxide and/or magnesium oxide. The graphene formed on the first surface of the first substrate: has an area of greater than or equal to 1 cm2, and less than or equal to 10 wrinkles per an area of 1000 mu m2; and is present in an area of greater than or equal to 99%/1 mm2 of the graphene. EXAMPLE - Silica layer having a size of 1 cmx 1 cm, and a thickness of 300 nm was prepared on a silicon substrate having a size of 1 cmx 1 cm, and a thickness of 525 mu m, and then four-layered graphene having a size of 10 mu mx 10 mu m was transcribed on the silica wafer. Then, the graphene was scanned using light having a wavelength of 532 nm with a laser device to produce a bilayered graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The palladium alloy is alloy containing metal material (2) having normal electrode potential less than the palladium and palladium (1). The metal material of palladium alloy contains copper (3), cobalt, iron, nickel, silver and/or manganese, and alloy containing palladium. Preferred Property: The thickness of intermediate layer is 0.2-1.4 nm. Preferred Process: The catalyst fine particles are supported by support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The cyanide-containing solution has a pH of 9.5-14 or 5-9.5. The cyanide concentration is preferably 300 ppm to 0.5% or less. The temperature of cyanide-containing solution is 20-40 degrees C. Preferred Substrate: The silicon substrate is single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used in the cyanide-containing solution is pure water, ultrapure water, alcohol solvent, ketone solvent, nitrile type solvent, and/or ether solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the transparent conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide, cadmium tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, copper gallium oxide, strontium copper oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc gallium oxide. The material of the growth substrate comprises sapphire (Al2O3), silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), and gallium arsenide (GaAs).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode material comprises titanium, aluminum, gold, chromium, nickel, germanium and single or multilayer metal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thiopene derivative (1) is compound of formula (2) or compound of formula (3). The compound (3) is compound of formula (4), compound of formula (5), or compound of formula (6).Q=alkyl group, aryl group, or heteroaryl group;L=single bond or bivalent coupling group;X=oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or N-Rx;Rx=substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;Ra=fluorine atom, cyano group, alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or heteroaryl group;na=1-4;Rb=fluorine atom, cyano group, alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or heteroaryl group;nb=1-3;n=0-1;m=1-3; andR1-R7=H, fluorine atom, cyano group, alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or heteroaryl group.Preferred Process: The layer which has compound (1-6) is formed of solution process. The insoluble process of layer which has compound (1-6) is carried out by polymerization after coating according to solution process, and is formed. Preferred Definitions:    X=oxygen atom; and    Q=heteroaryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Mixed solvent of solution contains greater than or equal to 2 types of solvent other than NMP. Polymer electrolyte (derivatives) are polymers consist of sulfonic acid group. Preferred Parameters: Solution viscosity (A) of solution composition is 1-270 (1.5-240) Pa.s, and ratio A/B is greater than or equal to 5 ( greater than or equal to 10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide resin has a biphenyl-skeleton content of 25-40 %mass and a logarithmic viscosity of 0.2-0.7 dl/g. The epoxy resin is bisphenol-A epoxy resin, bisphenol-F type epoxy resin, bisphenol-S type epoxy resin, biphenyl type epoxy resin, and/or naphthalene type epoxy resin. The content of epoxy resin is 10-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polyimide resin. The polyimide resin has a benzophenone structure and a tolylene structure, and does not have an alkylene structure. The thermosetting resin composition has a viscosity of 12 Pa.second or less at 150 degrees C. The cured material of the composition has a linear expansion coefficient of 50 ppm/ degrees C or less. The resin composition further comprises a phenolic compound containing a phosphorus atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is glass fiber. The glass fiber is fabric made from glass fiber (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixture further contains epoxy resin. The mass ratio of the transparent resin and inorganic filler is 20:80-80:20. Preferred Structure: A smoothing layer is further laminated on the optical layer (1) formed by photocuring the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The target device (A) comprises sodium selenite species (4-12 wt.%, preferably 8 wt.%) and copper-gallium species (88-96 wt.%, preferably 92 wt.%). The ratio of copper species and gallium species in composition ratio (231) is 80:20-85:15. Target device (B) comprises copper-gallium (99.9%) including copper (85% or less). Precursor material (233) comprises indium (99.99%). The atomic ratio of copper and indium-gallium alloy in absorber material is 0.85-0.95. The absorber material comprises copper-indium selenide, copper-indium-gallium diselenide, copper-indium-gallium-selenium sulfide (CuInGaSexS1-x), or copper-indium-gallium sulfide. The atomic concentration of sodium in the absorber material is 5x 1016 atoms/cm2. Preferred Process: Sputter deposition process using target device (A) is performed using argon gas. Thermal reactive treatment(s) is performed using fluidic sulfur species to partially replace selenium species. Sodium bearing material is deposited to obtain sodium having molar density of 0.03-0.09 mu mole/cm2, in the structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye layer is made of titanium dioxide coated and sensitized layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The radiating layer is made of aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloy or stainless steel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersant agent is organic acid component or organic base compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surface modifier contains mono-glycidyl-ether terminal polydimethyl siloxane and/or monohydroxy ether terminal polydimethyl siloxane. The silicone resin is linear silicone resin or modified silicone resin. Preferred Property: The composite composition containing inorganic oxide particles and silicone resin, has mean dispersion particle diameter of 1-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of raw material having grain diameter of 0.6-3 mm is 20 %mass or more. The content of raw material having grain diameter of 40 mm or less is 80 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The tungsten compound is obtained by reacting tungsten chloride (WCl6) and sodium compound (5Na(OR2)) in presence of isopropyl alcohol solvent. The niobium compound is obtained by reacting niobium chloride (NbCl5) and sodium compound (4Na(OR2)) in presence of isopropyl alcohol solvent. The tantalum compound is obtained by reacting tantalum chloride (TaCl5) and sodium compound (4Na(OR2)) in presence of isopropyl alcohol solvent.R2=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-amyl, i-amyl or s-amyl.Preferred Properties: The rod-shaped silica particle has length of 5-100 nm. The spherical silica fine particle has particle size of 5-50 nm, measured using scanning electron microscope. The transparent base material has average transmittance of 95% or more at optical wavelength of 380-1200 nm. The peak of maximum value of light transmittance curve is 500-900 nm. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of rod-shaped silica particle and spherical silica fine particle is 20:80-80:20. The transparent base material is glass plate. The content of water contained in coating liquid is 1-50 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The niobium compound is of formula: Nb(OR1)5-nXn or Nb(OR2)5-nCln. The tantalum compound is of formula: Ta(OR1)5-nXn or Ta(OR2)5-nCln. The tungsten compound is of formula: W(OR1)6-nXn or W(OR2)6-nCln.n=1-6;R1=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-amyl, i-amyl, s-amyl, 2-ethylhexyl, methoxyethyl, methoxy propyl, ethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxy propyl or phenyl;andX=halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A copper evaporation source of vacuum coating unit is made of indium and gallium materials. A deposition source of vacuum coating unit is made of selenium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratios of crystalline fullerene derivative and noncrystalline fullerene derivative are 30:70-90:10 (preferably 50:50-70:30). The crystalline fullerene derivative containing straight alkyl group or linear fluorinated alkyl group with 6-30 carbons or preferably straight alkyl group with 8-20 carbons is fullerene derivative of formulae (1)-(3).A1,A2= greater than or equal to 6C linear alkyl, fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy or fluorinated alkoxy;R1-R4=H, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, or heteroaryloxy or amino as substituent; andL1,L2=alkylene and alkenylene as bivalent coupling groups, 1,2-alkyne diyl, arylene, heteroarylene, ether, thioether, ketone, ester, oxycarbonyl, amino or amide.Preferred Parameter: The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of crystalline fullerene derivative (LUMO1) and LUMO level of noncrystalline fullerene derivative (LUMO2) satisfy relationship of formula + 0.10 not less than LUMO2-LUMO1 not less than - 0.10. Preferred Definitions:    L1,L2=bivalent coupling group chosen from m-phenylene, p-phenylene, 2,5-thiophene diyl, 2,5-furandiyl, 1,3-pyrrole diyl or 2,6-naphthalene diyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A conductive layer is formed on surface(s) of the dielectric sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The secondary electrode is made of silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The printing portion prints anti-oxidation ink and covers at least one portion of electroconductive ink (Ka) and electroconductive ink (Kb). The anti-oxidation ink contains a transparent material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material (m1) comprises silver. The electroconductive material (m2) comprises copper, gold, carbon, cobalt, titanium, nickel and/or aluminum, or silver, copper, gold, carbon, cobalt, titanium, nickel and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In making hydroxyapatite-polymer nanocomposites, at least a portion of the sintering is performed at a temperature below or above a melting temperature of the polymer particle. Forming comprises milling the composite particle. Sintering comprises liquid sintering. Preferred Parameters: The polymer particle is between 200 nm and 2 microns in diameter. The polymer particle comprises polyetheretherketone and the calcium apatite particle comprises hydroxyapatite, which is nanocrystalline and size of 5 nm to 100 nm. The calcium apatite comprises hydroxyapatite crystals with diameter less than 100 nm. Preferred Components: The composite particle is a nanocomposite particle. The pellet includes a shell surrounding a core, where the shell includes the calcium apatite and the core comprises the polymer. In the composition, the thermoplastic polymer comprises polyetheretherketone. The composition is sintered. The article is a bone implant, a bioprosthesis, a biosensor, a membrane, or a fuel cell. At least one calcium apatite particle contacts the thermoplastic polymer. Preferred Composition: The composite particle or composition comprises a ratio of calcium to phosphorus atoms between 1.5 and 1.8. It comprises at least 40 wt.% of the polymer and less than 60 wt.% of the calcium apatite. Sintered pellet comprises at least 50 wt.% of the polymer and less than 50 wt.% of the calcium apatite. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thiazole-type azo compound (I) is of formula (II). The electrode contains transparent electroconductive material.R2-R6=substituent other than H, preferably alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aromatic heterocyclic group, heterocyclic group, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy carbonyl, sulfamoyl, acyl, thiocarbonyl, acyloxy, amide, carbamoyl, ureido, sulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, amino, halo, fluorocarbon, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, cyanate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, formyl, thioformyl, hydrazide, hydroxy, sulfanil, sulfo or silyl. Preferred Definitions:    X,Y'=alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aromatic heterocyclic group, heterocyclic group, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy carbonyl, sulfamoyl, acyl, thiocarbonyl, acyloxy, amide, carbamoyl, ureido, sulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, amino, halo, fluorocarbon, cyano, isocyano, nitro, nitroso, cyanate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, formyl, thioformyl, hydrazide, hydroxy, sulfanil, sulfo or silyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dioxaanthanthrene-type compound (I) is preferably of formula (II). The electrode contains transparent electroconductive material.R1-R11=R3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic device material contains an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material. The electron-accepting organic material is a fullerene compound having 70 carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste is made of material selected from a group consisting of aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide and cupric oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first precursor further comprises silicon, fluorine, tetrafluorosilane. The second precursor comprises silicon, hydrogen, and disilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imidazole has 2 or more alkyl groups, preferably 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, 4-ethyl-2-methylimidazole, and/or 1-methyl-4-ethylimidazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The logarithmic viscosity of polyimide precursor is 0.2 or more. The content of organic solvent in the polyimide precursor aqueous solution composition is less than 5% during reaction. Or, an organic solvent is not included. Preferred Definitions:    A=group chosen from groups of formulae (i)-(vi);and    B'=group of formula (vii) or (viii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The converter material has a band gap of greater than 4.5 eV. The emission of the converter material has a decay time of greater than or equal to 50 mu seconds. The undoped material is a non-colored material which is colored when doped with Sm2+. The converter material comprises an earth-alkaline borate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high-molecular compound has a repeating unit including arylamine structure, fluorene structure, and/or thiophene structure. The content of high-molecular compound is 5-30 parts mass or greater than 70 parts mass and 95 parts mass or less, preferably 5-30 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The vacuum coating unit includes deposition source containing selenium and evaporation source containing indium and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The chemical molecular group is amino group, aldehyde group, carboxyl group or hydroxyl group. The antibody is anti-microorganism generating electricity flagellum or cilium. The anti-microorganism generating electricity flagellum or cilium/antibody is electric micro-organism mixed immune animal and power generating microorganism. The particle diameter of the colloidal gold particle is 1-1000 nm. The colloidal gold particle labeled antibody is generated by polyclonal antibody or monoclonal antibody. The microbiological fuel cell has pH value of 1-7, ionic concentration of 0.1-4.5 m/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent comprises a phosphate ester (preferred), linseed oil and/or octanoic acid. The phosphate ester comprises an alkoxylated alkyl phosphate ester and/or an alkyl phosphate ester. The phosphate ester is isostearyl phosphate, 9-15C alkyl phosphate, cetyl phosphate, ceoleth-10 phosphate, propylene glycol-5-ceteth-10 phosphate, oleth-3 phosphate or diethanolamine oleth-3 phosphate. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): Ethocel (RTM: Ethylcellulose) (2.060); diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and terpineol (18.848); additive (1.798); aluminum powder (74.505); ASF 1094 (RTM: Mixtures of silicon dioxide (SiO2)-boron oxide (B2O3)-bismuth oxide (Bi2O3)) (2.490); and Crodafos C10/5A (RTM: Propylene glycol-5-ceteth-10 phosphate) (0.300).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent barrier layer comprises layers (I,II) containing calcium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, aluminum oxide, boron oxide, zirconium oxide, zircon, lead oxide, alkaline earth metal oxides, phosphate glass, phosphorus silicate glass, rare-earth sesquioxide, rare-earth dioxide, rare-earth monoxide, rare-earth nitride, rare-earth oxynitride (REONy), rare-earth phosphide, rare-earth oxyphosphide (REOxPy), rare-earth carbide (RECy), rare-earth oxycarbide (REOxCy), aluminum rare-earth oxide (RExAlyOw), rare-earth aluminosilicate (RExAlySizOw), silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon-aluminum nitride (SixAlyNz), nitrogen:alumina, aluminum oxynitride (AlOxNy), aluminum nitride (AlNx), silicon-aluminum-oxynitride (SizAlyOxN-y), silicon-carbon-nitride (SizCxNy), aluminum-carbon-oxynitride (AlzCvOxNy), silicon oxide (SiOx), rare-earth material, and/or silicon-germanium. The transparent substrate comprises sapphire, aluminum oxide, diamond, calcium fluoride, zircon, zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, glass, sodium-silicate glass, alkali-metal oxide, alkaline-earth metal oxide, ceramic, and/or crystallized bauxite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A metal oxide selected from a group consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In2O3), and tin oxide (SnO2) is chemically synthesized.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A solution of suspended metallic nanoparticles is deposited in a solvent, where the metallic nanoparticles are selected from a group consisting of zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and indium (In). The primary and secondary layers include adding dopant elements selected from a group consisting of boron (B), aluminum (Al), and gallium (Ga).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell system comprises at least one Group-VIII noble metal (preferably platinum). The catalyst further includes promoter elements configured to promote sulfur oxidation. The promoter elements include at least one element selected from Groups IIa-VIIa, Groups Ib-Vb, Lanthanide Series and Actinide Series.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive layer is made of a material selected from a group of aluminum, silver, titanium, chromium, gold, copper and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (413) is a silicon oxynitride-containing layer containing silicon (30 wt.% or more), or relatively sputtered layer. The metal is aluminum, titanium and/or zinc. The content of zinc oxide in transparent conductive oxide layer, is 90 wt.% or more. The transparent conductive oxide layer is direct current sputtered layer or textured layer. Preferred Properties: The transparent conductive oxide layer has thickness of 400-700 nm. The substrate has an area of 1.4 m2 or more, preferably 5 m2 or more. Preferred Process: The transparent conductive oxide layer is deposited to a thickness of 800 nm, and etched with diluted acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive glue layer contains metal selected from nickel, indium, silver, zinc, titanium, copper, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, iron, and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The zeta potential of particles which have oxygen occlusion discharging function and heat resistance is made comparable by adjusting the amount of dispersing agent. Preferred Components: The particles which have oxygen occlusion-discharging function contain noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of chromium, silicon and aluminum in steel is less than 15-20 %mass, less than 0.8 %mass and 1.5-3.5 %mass, respectively. The ferritic stainless steel further contains vanadium (0.01-0.5 %mass), yttrium (0.001-0.1 %mass), rare-earth element (0.001-0.1 %mass) and/or calcium (0.001-0.01 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sacrificial layer is made of aluminum and arsenic, indium and arsenic or gallium and antimony. The bonding method is provided with a metal-metal bonding, metal silica bonding, metal-glass bonding or metal-ceramic bonding. The bonding method is provided with a metal-organic material or organic material-organic material. The later substrate is an inorganic or organic piece-shaped member with mechanical strength including silicon piece, glass, ceramic, metal substrate, organic substrate, silicone gel substrate or graphite sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery further contains a substrate comprising silicon, germanium, gallium arsenidse, indium phosphide, silicon germanide and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The other metal is a transition metal. It comprises tin (Sn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). The substrate comprises niobium. The complex oxide is nano-structured. It is a composite of more than one phase of metal oxide or metal alloy oxide. It is an oxide of an alloy that includes the ruthenium and the other metal. The electrode is an anode, where the redox reaction comprises oxidation of a halide. The electrode is a cathode, and the redox reaction comprises reduction of a halogen. The fuel cell comprises a regenerative fuel cell, a halogen fuel cell, or a hydrogen-halogen fuel cell. The flow battery comprises one of a halogen flow battery; and a hydrogen-halogen flow battery. Preferred Composition: The other metal is cobalt, and where the percentage of the metal content that is ruthenium is about 5 atomic percent or less; the other metal is cobalt, and where the percentage of the metal content that is ruthenium is about 10 atomic percent or less; or the other metal is manganese, and where the percentage of the metal content that is ruthenium is about 10 atomic percent or less. Preferred Parameter: The substrate has a thickness less than about 150 microns. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell materials are selected from a group consisting of silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material is made of hydride (1-10 wt.%) and its alloy, magnesium and its alloy, aluminum and its alloy, alloys of centered cubic structure, alloys having Laves phase structure, alloys of AB5-type and alloys of AB type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is a layer of doped-strontium titanate. At least one layer of multiferroic material comprises bismuth-iron-chromate (BFCO) layer formed on the buffer layer, and bismuth-ferrate (BFO) layer formed on BFCO layer. The buffer layer contains N-doped strontium titanate and/or niobium-doped strontium titanate layer. The heterostructure further comprises a transparent electrode formed on at least one layer of multiferroic or ferro electric material. The transparent electrode comprises indium tin oxide, ruthenium oxide, strontium ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide or lanthanum-strontium-cobalt oxide (La1-xSrxCoO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion film further contains a material having an electron affinity of 4 eV or more, and in the photoelectric conversion film, (I) is put into contact with the material. (I) does not contain a condensed ring structure composed of 5 or more rings. The ionization potential (Ip) of (I) is less than 5.7 eV, preferably 4.9 eV or more. (I) has a molecular weight of 500-2000. The mobility of (I) as measured by a Time of Flight (TOF) method is 1x 10-5 cm2/Vs or more. The photoelectric conversion film contains a photoelectric conversion layer (12) and an electron blocking layer (16A), where the electron blocking layer contains (I). The material is a fullerene or its derivative. The electrically conductive film, the photoelectric conversion film and the transparent electrically conductive film are stacked in this order. Preferred Definitions:    R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R9 = H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film-forming coating liquid contains organozinc compound, organometallic compound and solvent, and the content of organozinc compound and organometallic compound is 1-30 wt.%. The molar ratio of organozinc compound and organometallic compound is 99.9:0.1-87:13. The organometallic compound is organoaluminum compound, organic gallium compound, organic indium compound and/or organic boron compound. The organozinc compound is acetylacetone zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film-forming coating liquid further contains binder (5 wt.% or less) comprising cellulose derivative and/or acrylic resin. The cellulose derivative is ethyl cellulose and/or hydroxypropyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The difference of temperatures T1 and T2, and difference of temperatures T2 and T3 are 10 degrees C or more, respectively. Preferred Process: An organic-semiconductor layer, light emitting layer, electron carrying layer, electron injection layer, positive hole transport layer or positive hole injection layer are formed during manufacture of thin film. Preferred Composition: The concentration of solvent in water is 1 %mass or less. The solute is organic semiconductor, organic luminescent material, organic electron transport material and/or organic hole transport material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cover atmosphere is comprised of argon gas, and dopant is selected from group consisting of boron and phosphorus. The non-reactive material is made of silicon nitride containing less than 2% silica, oxygen and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The heat-treated fiber is carbonized. Heat-treatment process is carried out by heating from room temperature to 220-300 degrees C at 0.1-10 degrees C/minute and heating at the final temperature for 0.5-5 hours. The precursor composition has a solid content of 5-50 wt.%. Preferred Compounds: The tin precursor is tin nitrate, tin chloride, tin acetate, and/or tin alkoxide. The copper precursor is copper nitrate, copper chloride, copper acetate, and/or copper alkoxide. The metal precursor comprises tin, copper, antimony, nickel, iron, cobalt, titanium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, indium, molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The precursor compounds contain oxygen atoms as donor atoms. The compound having oxygen atom as donor atom has functional group(s) chosen from -RO, -C(=O)-, -CO-, -SO-, -O-R-CO-, -O-R-O-, -OC-R-CO-, -NH-R-CO-, and -NH-R-O-.R=1-20C alkyl or optionally substituted 6-20C aryl.The solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, gamma -butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrolidone, chloroform, toluene, and/or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fiber precursor composition further comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone resin. The carbon fiber precursor material is polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, glucose, PVC, polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyethylene oxide, polypyrrole, polyimide, polyamidoimide, polyamine, polybenzylimidazole, polyaniline, phenol resin, and/or pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The light curable adhesive is photo-curing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprising electrode, is a substrate comprising a molybdenum electrode or a silicon electrode. The concentration of water-soluble copper precursor, water-soluble indium precursor, water-soluble gallium precursor, and water-soluble selenium precursor, is each 0.1-10 mM. The water-soluble copper precursor is chosen from copper nitrate, copper sulfate and their hydrate. The water-soluble indium precursor is chosen from indium nitrate, indium sulfate and their hydrate. The water-soluble gallium precursor is chosen from gallium nitrate, gallium sulfate and their hydrate. The water-soluble selenium precursor is chosen from selenium oxide, selenous acid and their hydrate. The atomic ratio of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium in the electrolyte solution is 1:1:2:3. The atomic ratio of gallium with respect to total content of indium and gallium in the CIGS film is 0.2-0.4. Preferred Property: The electrolyte solution has pH of 2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic polymer composition preferably comprises (in parts mass) polyvinyl acetal resin (10-70), polar-group-containing olefin-based copolymer (10-70) and softening agent (1-200) with respect to thermoplastic elastomer (100). The polyvinyl acetal resin is polyvinyl butyral. The polar-group-containing olefin-based copolymer is an olefin type copolymer which is obtained by polymerizing an olefin type copolymer monomer and polar-group-containing comonomer, preferably olefin-(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer. The content of structural unit derived from polar group-containing comonomer of polar-group-containing olefin-based copolymer is 1-99 %mass. The thermoplastic polymer composition adheres on ceramics, metal and/or synthetic resin to form molded product. Preferred Method: The polyvinyl acetal resin is obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol having average polymerization degree of 100-4000 and acetalization degree of 55-88 mol%. Preferred Property: The polar-group-containing olefin-based copolymer has melt flow rate of 0.1-100 g/10 minutes under 2.16 kg (21.18 N) load at 190 degrees C and Vicat softening point of 40-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The notch comprises three sides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The plate incorporate glasses such as flat glass, floating glasses, silica glasses, borosilicate glasses, lime soda glasses.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plate incorporate polymers such as polyethylenes, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (B) is of formula: (R5)nM.R5=R6O- or alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl (all optionally substituted), at least two or more R5 is group having one or more unsaturated bonds;R6=alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl or aryl (all optionally substituted);n=2-4, and valence of M;andM=2-4 valent atom, preferably aluminum.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains a catalyst for promoting hydrosilylation reaction of polymer and compound (B), and a stabilizer chosen from benzothiazole, tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite, 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol, diethyl malate, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazoline and N-vinyl- epsilon -caprolactam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has weight average molecular weight of 300-100000. EXAMPLE - KF-99 (RTM: Methyl hydrogen silicone oil) (in g) (600) was added into a flask in presence of dry nitrogen. Styrene (208) and 2-2.3 wt.% platinum-cyclovinylmethyl methylsiloxane complex (808 mu l) were added into dropping funnel, reacted at less than 80 degreeC and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction liquid was pressure-reduced to 5 mmHg, and processed for 1 hour at 100 degrees C. Poly(hydro methylsiloxane cobenzyl methyl siloxane) (808) was obtained in the form of colorless and transparent liquid. A composition was obtained using the obtained polymer. A film was formed using the composition with excellent adhesiveness and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is polyacrylamide having alkyl substituent on the nitrogen atom, poly(meth)acrylic acid, their alkali metal salt or their crosslinked polymer. The gelled material further contains water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The heating temperature of base material layer is higher than the melting point of base material layer and lower than the melting point of substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal layer and the oxide film have thickness of 5-2000 Angstrom and 1-1500 Angstrom , respectively. Preferred Process: Metal layer (A1) and metal oxide film (B1) are further formed, during the manufacture of polycrystalline silicon thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The back side layer contains layer (54) and/or layer (56) both containing chromium, and contains molybdenum alloy comprising less than 10 atomic% of elements chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, aluminum and silicon. Preferred Property: The back side layer has thickness of 150-275 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate is made of silicon, germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, silicon germanium carbide, Gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, Indium Arsenide, Indium phosphide, Cadmium telluride, cupric indium gallium selenide and amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The film is made of Nickel, Cobalt, Aluminum, Silver, Gold, Copper, Zinc, Platinum, Silver, Palladium, Tin, Iron and Indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) is repeated in four cycles. The step (b) involves immersion in each solution for at least 15 minutes. The step (c) involves a plating solution containing: H2PO2- (5-50 mM), Pd2+ (5-50 mM), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (0.3 M), and ammonia (NH3) (150-200 ml/l). The step (c) is performed at 20-60 degrees C. The step (c) is performed for at least 10 minutes. Preferred Components: The nonmetallic element consists of phosphorus or boron. The content of the nonmetallic element is 10-35 atomic % and the content of the metal is 65-90 atomic.%. The catalyst particles have nano-sized diameter, preferably diameter of 5-70 n. The catalyst particles have spherical shape. The support material is carbon paper or carbon cloth. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of donor element-containing element in the glass powder is 1-75 %mass with respect to glass powder comprising glass component substance and donor element-containing material. The content of acceptor element-containing material in the glass powder is 1-90 %mass with respect to glass powder comprising glass component substance and acceptor element-containing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composition has pH of 2-13 at 25 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The donor element is phosphorus oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, antimony oxide, silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, molybdenum oxide and/or zirconium oxide. The composition further contains at least one metal chosen from silver, silicon, copper, iron, zinc and/or manganese, preferably silver. The acceptor element is barium trioxide, alumina, gallium oxide, silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, thallium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide and/or molybdenum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant component is compound of III group element or V group element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersing-agent composition further contains surfactant and solvent. The silicon compound is the reaction product obtained by hydrolyzing silica microparticles and alkoxysilane of formula: R1m-Si-(-OR2)4-m.R1=H, alkyl, or aryl;R2=alkyl or aryl;andm=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The stress of long transparent film substrate is 1.1-13 MPa in conveyance direction in the heating furnace. Preferred Composition: The content of tetravalent metal in amorphous indium complex oxide film is more than 0 %mass to less than 15 %mass with respect to 100 parts weight of total content of indium and tetravalent metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The target layer has a thickness of 7 mm or more, a mean pore diameter of 600 nm or less, an average grain size of 1 mu m or less, a heat conductivity of 4 W/m.K or more, and a pore volume of 0.015 mL/g or less with respect to pores having a diameter of 1 mu m or more. A base layer is provided between the base material and target layer. The base layer has a thickness of 0.3-2 mm. Preferred Composition: The total content of aluminum oxide and/or gallium oxide in the target layer is 0-5 wt.%. The base layer comprises zinc, aluminum, zinc alloy, or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of aluminum atom with respect to sum of calcium atom and aluminum atom in the mixture is 0.1-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The multilayer film consists of layer (C) containing polyamide, provided between layers (A,C). Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer has a melting point of 150 degrees C or more, and is a copolymer consisting of an ethylene unit and a tetrafluoroethylene unit. The fluoropolymer has 3 or more adhesiveness-providing functional groups per 1x 106 principal-chain carbon number in a polymer principal chain terminal or side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heat conductive pressure-sensitive-adhesive composition further comprises metal hydroxide or metal salt hydrate (H2) (50-1000) having BET specific surface area of 2 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (O) is a mixture of phosphate ester differing in composition and molecular weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (P) comprises (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer (A1) obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer in presence of (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer (AP1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal film (M) is made of silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, bismuth, copper and/or aluminum, and has average thickness of 10-15 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The ratio of number of moles of lithium cation with respect to sum of number of moles of lithium cation and number of moles of organic cation is 0.05-0.4. The ratio of sum of number of moles of lithium cation and number of moles of organic cation with respect to number of moles of cyanofluorophosphate type anion is 1-1.3. Preferred Composition: The organic cation is imidazolium type cation as nitrogen containing type organic cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The conductive fibers are metal nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and/or carbon nanofibers. Preferred Properties: The width of electroconductive pattern of the electroconductive film is 100 nm to 10 mu m. The adjoining electroconductive-pattern interval is 1-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The convex portion front-end of the corrugated shape has a spire shape and consists of elastic component (4). The elastic component is a polymer substance having low surface energy, preferably 25 mJ/m2 or less. The polymer substance is preferably polydimethylsiloxane. The casting mold is pressed after contacting on the surface of base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive impurity is tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion barrier made of silicon oxide layer is formed on back surface of substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer electrolyte membrane contains an electrolyte made of inorganic acids such as phosphorus acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, halogenated alkyl or aryl sulfonic acid, halogenated alkyl or aryl phosphonic acid, or a combination of these.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer electrolyte membrane contains an electrolyte made of organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell comprises a polymeric component made of polyazole, polyphosphazenes, polybenzimidazole, polypyridine, polypyrimidine, polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polychinoxaline, polythiadiazole, tetrazapyrene, polyvinyl-pyridine, polyvinylimidazol or a combination of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric sheet comprises silicon, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide or aluminum oxide. The soldering material for the contacts comprises nickel, vanadium, chrome or nickel chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder contains 20 %mass or less of copper-indium type compound and/or indium-selenium type compound. The powder comprises (in atomic%) copper (20-30), indium (10-25), gallium (0.1-15), and selenium (40-60). The average particle diameter of selenium powder is 0.1-10 mu m. Preferred Condition: The heat-processing temperature is 500-1000 degrees C. Preferred Properties: In the surface of the sputtering target, the area ratio of indium type compound whose indium content is 36 %mass or more in an EPMA mapping analysis of a range of 0.24 mmx 0.24 mm is 10% or less. The sputtering target has a relative density of 90% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor substrate is crystalline silicon substrate. The acid additive is nitric acid, sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The alkali additive is ammonia or ammonium carbonate. The concentration of acid additive in the hot water is 1-1000 ppm. Preferred Process: The hydrogen treatment is performed using hydrofluoric acid solution. Preferred Property: The pH of hot water is 5-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid solution comprises hydrogen fluoride. Preferred Property: The metallurgical-grade silicon has particle size of 1 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Absorbent: In the absorbent, the inert solvent is at least one selected from saturated hydrocarbon compound, silicon oil, liquid aromatic petroleum hydrocarbon resin, polyisobutylene, liquid polybutene, and waxes (liquid paraffin). The light transmission measured at 550 nm is at least 50%. Preferred Layer: The passivation layer for the optical element further comprises a thermoplastic resin, where the thermoplastic resin is at least one selected from polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polyamide resin, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, celluloid resin, phenolic resin, urea resin, melamine resin, alkyd resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, and urethane resin. The thermoplastic resin has water content of not more than 100 ppm. The thermoplastic resin has a softening temperature of 50-200 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fusion material is selenium or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The separation of the cooling fluid takes place by filtration in a first filter (1), where the filter cake is dried after a subsequent washing of the filter cake. The separation of silicon and the cutting particles takes place by decanters (3). The remaining residual moisture of silicon and saw particles is reduced to approximately 5% after drying, in order to limit the water input into the heavy fluid. The process further comprises filtering the separated suspension from the decanter in a second filter (4) for the recovery of silicon and subsequently washing using first washing water. The heavy fluid separated in the second filter is recycled into the process. In the process, the first washing water is collected. The recovered silicon is washed with second washing water. The separated silicon carbide is washed. The washing water is mixed with the collected first washing water from the separation of the silicon. The mixed washing water is evaporated to bring the heavy fluid subsequently again to the process. The washed silicon is etched. Preferred Components: The heavy fluid is a polytungstate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching process is performed by utilizing sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tetrafluoromethane (CF4), and chlorine plasma.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic material layer target is made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material. The processing gas used in the sputtering process comprises argon (Are), xenon (Xe), Krypton (Kr), nitrogen (N2) and helium (He).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pi -conjugated system conductive polymer comprises polythiophene, polyaniline, a polythiophene derivative and/or a polyaniline derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The first oxide composition contains indium, gallium, tin and/or zinc cation, and the second oxide composition contains aluminum, boron, hafnium, magnesium, niobium, silicon, tantalum, yttrium and/or zirconium cation. The first oxide composition contains zinc-tin oxide or zinc-indium oxide and the second oxide composition contains zinc-tin-aluminum oxide, zinc-tin-silicon oxide, zinc-indium-aluminum oxide or zinc-indium-silicon oxide. The first oxide composition contains 0.5-4 atomic% of dopant chosen from aluminum, hydrogen and nitrogen. The transistor further consists of passivation layer containing aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide-silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The exfoliation layer has surface roughness with skewness level of 0.4 or less, preferably 0.2 or less. The separated surface of the exfoliation layer has surface roughness of 2 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or less. The thickness of the stiffening layer deposited on the bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer is 250 nm or more, preferably 350 nm or more. The surface of the stiffening layer is oxidized, to form silica layer on the stiffening layer having thickness of 2-150 nm. The stiffening layer has Young's modulus of 125 GPa or more, preferably 300 GPa or more. The exposed surface of the semiconductor layer has surface roughness of 0.4 or less, or preferably 0.2 or less. The oxide layer has thickness of 2-150 nm, or 5 nm. Preferred Composition: The stiffening layer is formed using silicon nitride (Si3N4). The semiconductor wafer is formed using silicon, germanium-doped silicon, silicon carbide, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide or indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The average thickness of conductive layer is 0.05-0.15 mu m. The average thickness of cushion layer is 5-20 mu m. The resistance change rate (((Y-X)/X)x 100) of resistance (X) of the conductive layer before stretching the conductive layer and resistance (Y) of conductive layer when stretched and extended by 2% in the horizontal direction, is 0-50%. The resistance change rate (((Z-X)/X)x 100) of resistance (X) and resistance (Z) of conductive layer when stretched and extended by 5% in the horizontal direction, is 0-100%. The melt viscosity at 110 degrees C of the conductive layer is 500-2000000 Pa.second, preferably 1000-1000000 Pa.second. The mass ratio (a/b) of content (a) of components other than metal nanowire in the conductive layer and content (b) of metal nanowire is 0.1-5. The total visible light transmittance of the conductive layer is 85% or more. The surface resistance of the conductive layer is 0.1-5000 Omega /square. The transfer material has a contact layer provided on the conductive layer. Preferred Composition: The metal nanowire consists silver, or alloys of silver and metals other than silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The liquid crystalline organic material is compound having 6-membered ring as aromatic ring, compound having 5-membered ring as aromatic rings or compound having 5- and 6-membered ring as aromatic rings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The wet chemical solution comprises an oxidizer selected from ozone or hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive layer contains zinc oxide, electroconductive amorphous silicon or electroconductive microcrystal silicon and n-type semiconductor. The back-surface electrode comprises silver. Preferred Properties: The conductive layer has refractive index of 3.4 or more at wavelength of 850 nm, and thickness of 30-300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The slurry is oil-based slurry or water-soluble slurry. The oxidizing chemical solution is aqueous solution of ozone, hydrogen-peroxide solution, or aqueous solution of nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive layer further contains porphyrin compound, phthalocyanine compound and/or graphene compound, and conductive polymer having hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The relationship between average film thickness (T) and length (L) of semiconductor layer is represented by a formula: L=0.1T-0.4T.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: At least 3 cycles of the steps (b)-(d) are crossed, where the process parameters in the individual cycle are set so that the metal in the first cycle or the first few cycles is mainly separated as hydroxide; the metal in the subsequent cycle or in the subsequent cycles is mainly separated as hydroxyl sulfide, and the metal in the final cycle or the final cycles is mainly separated as sulfide. The solar cell slug is moved in the bath during the implementation of step (b). The solar cell slug in the step (b) and/or the step (d) is directed downward on the horizontal surface of the adsorber solution or thiourea solution with the CIS absorber layer, the adsorber solution or solution of a sulfur-donating substance flows against the lower CIS absorber layer and the upper side of the solar cell slug is kept dry by blowing air. The solar cell slug with the CIS absorber layer is coated by moving belt. The rinsing solution of the step (c) is ammonia. At the same time in the step (d) the treatment occurs with ultrasound in the megahertz range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorber solution of step (b) has a wetting agent. The sulfur-donating substance comprises 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 3-mercaptobenzimidazole, 3-mercapto-1,2-propanediol, thioacetamide, polysulfide, thiophene derivative, diisobutyl sulfide, di-tetra-butyl sulfide, dichlorobenzolthiol, diethyl dithiocarbamate, thiocyanate, thioglycolic acid, thiocarbamide or thiourea. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The treatment with oxygen in step (e), comprises: (i) fumigating the layer with elemental oxygen, carbon dioxide, at least one oxygen containing compound present in gaseous form or their gaseous mixture; or (ii) applying a liquid formulation comprising dissolved elemental oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, at least one oxygen containing compound or their mixture, on the layer. The steps (b)-(f) and/or (b1)-(d1) are carried out for several times. The coating of the substrate is carried out by depositing, casting, atomizing liquid phase, blade coating or roll coating. The thermal treatment is carried out at a temperature of 200-1000 degrees C, preferably 250-500 degrees C, in one, several or all the steps of (d), (d1) and (f). Preferred Components: The silicon compound comprises a silicon-hydrogen compound of formula (SinH2n+2) or (SimH2m); a silicon halide; a silicon-organyl compound; an oligomeric silicon compound of formula (SipR52p+2) or (SipR52p); or any mixture of these silicon compounds. The silicon containing formulation is a liquid formulation that optionally comprises solvent, where the viscosity of the coating solution is 1-2000 mPas. The substrate is electrically conductive or exhibits an electrically conductive surface.n = 3-10;m = 4-8;p = 8-100; andR5 = H, halo, organyl moiety.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen is present in the form of water, an alcohol, a diol, a triol, an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic acid, a carbonic acid ester or an oxygen containing compound of formula (R1R2SiR3R4).R1-R4 = -O-R; andR = H, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The donor element in n-type diffusion layer-forming composition comprises phosphorus and/or antimony, preferably phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus pentoxide and/or antimony trioxide. The n-type diffusion layer-forming composition contains glass component substance chosen from silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide and molybdenum oxide, and further contains metal chosen from silver, silicon, copper, iron, zinc and manganese, preferably silver. The acceptor element in p-type diffusion layer-forming composition is boron, aluminum and/or gallium, preferably boron trioxide, alumina and/or gallium trioxide, and the glass component substance is chosen from silica, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, thallium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide and molybdenum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal contaminant of silicon powder is iron and/or nickel. The cleaning liquid is hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen fluoride/hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid/hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen fluoride/nitric acid and/or hydrogen fluoride/ozone. Preferred Condition: The silicon sludge is accommodated in a sludge container arranged in the vacuum chamber. The sludge container is heated at 150-300 degrees C in the vacuum chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound semiconductor layers are made of cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfur, and zinc tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal of the first transition metal layer comprises molybdenum (59 at.%), sodium (0.01-1.5 at.%) and oxygen (5-40 at.%). The alkali element or alkali compound comprises sodium. The lattice distortion element or the lattice distortion compound comprises oxygen, molybdenum dioxide and molybdenum trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metallic particles are aluminum containing material, indium containing material, tin containing material, zinc containing material, tantalum containing material, titanium containing material, their oxides, and/or their alloys. The transparent conductive layer is aluminum doped zinc containing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The press is conducted at 50-90 degrees C over a period of 0.5-20 minutes. Preferred Components: (I) is N-isopropyl thiourea. The metal sulfide film being produced on the substrate is cadmium sulfide (preferred), zinc sulfide or and indium sulfide films. The water soluble metal salt is a metal sulfate. The water soluble source of hydroxide ions is ammonium hydroxide. The metal salt is cadmium sulfate. The substrate is a substrate: for a photovoltaic cell substrate; for a solar cell; or comprising a p-type cadmium telluride, p-type copper indium gallium diselenide or copper indium disulfide substrates. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supporting structure comprises a semiconductor layer and/or a metallic layer, where first ends of the semiconductor nanowires are connected to the supporting structure. The semiconductor nanowires are silicon nanowires. The semiconductor layer is a silicon layer. The semiconductor nanowire array and the semiconductor layer are made of intrinsic semiconductor and/or doped semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of ester-type repeating unit (II) is 1-1000. The silane coupling agent having thiol group, is alkoxy silyl group-containing compound of formula: R16-Si(-R15)(-R17)-R18-SH. The (meth)acryl monomer is of formula: CH2=C(-R19)-C(=O)-O-R20. The weight ratio of silicon-containing monomer and nitrogen-containing monomer in surface hydrophilizing agent is 3:97-95:5. The surface hydrophilizing agent further contains a monomer (M) copolymerizble with silicon-containing monomer and nitrogen-containing monomer. The monomer (M) is styrene-type monomer, carboxylate-ester-type monomer and/or amide-type monomer. The content of monomer (M) is 0-100 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of total content of nitrogen-containing monomer and silicon-containing monomer.R15-R17=1-4C alkyl or 1-4C alkoxy, in which at least one of R15-R17 is 1-4C alkoxy;R18=1-12C alkylene;R19=R1;andR20=R2. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R20=2-20C alkyl optionally having H, hydroxy or fluoro, 6-20C aryl optionally having hydroxy or fluoro, ethylene oxide group optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl in fragment terminal, and hydroxy or fluoro, polyethylene oxide group having 2-20 ethylene oxide groups optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl in fragment terminal, and hydroxy or fluoro, propylene oxide group optionally having H or 1-4C alkyl in fragment terminal, and hydroxy or fluoro, polypropylene oxide group having 2-20 propylene oxide group optionally substituted having H or 1-4C alkyl is fragment terminal, and hydroxy or fluoro, nitrogen-containing group of formula: -R7-N+(-R9)(-R10)-R8-COO- or nitrogen-containing group of formula: -R11-N+(-R12)(-R13)-R14.X-;    R7,R11=1-4C alkylene;    R12,R13=H or 1-4C alkyl;    R14=organic group;and    X-=anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves depositing a contact layer paste on surface of the substrate, depositing the copper metallization paste on the contact layer paste and heating the contact layer paste and the copper metallization paste to form a copper layer on a contact layer. The contact layer provides an ohmic contact with the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The coating comprises nickel, zinc, nickel, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, titanium-tungsten, tungsten doped cobalt, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, transition metal nitride and/or transition metal silicide alloy, or silver, nickel, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, titanium tungsten, tungsten-doped cobalt, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, transition metal nitride and/or transition metal silicide alloy. The contact layer paste comprises silver metallization paste or copper metallization paste different from the copper metallization paste used to form the copper layer. The copper alloy is chosen from copper-tin alloy, copper-silver alloy, copper-nickel alloy and copper-zinc alloy. The doped copper comprises copper doped with aluminum or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises at least one of a second component comprising another metal nitrate, another metal acetate or its hydrates. Preferred Components: The silicic compound is silicon nitride and silicon oxide. The first component is lead nitrate, lead acetate or its hydrates. The second component is zinc nitrate, zinc acetate or its hydrates (preferably zinc nitrate hexahydrate). The mass ratio between lead and zinc of (I) and the metal for forming electrodes is 5:95-1:99. The metal is silver or nickel. The metal includes metal particles having a diameter of 200-5 nm. The metal is a metal compound dissolved in a solvent. The metal compound is silver nitrate or nickel nitrate. Preferred Method: The method-II further comprises: drying process of the printed metal ink at 120-350 degrees C; and increasing the aspect ratio of the manufactured electrode lines of silicon solar cells by plating a metal. The plating is light-induced plating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, ether or glycol ether. The polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol. EXAMPLE - Typical liquid additive comprised of: lead nitrate (0.14 g); zinc nitrate hexahydrate (0.04 g); and ethylene glycol (2 ml).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of pulsed or non-pulsed direct current sputtering is conducted in a sputter atmosphere comprising argon gas with 5-10 volume percent of oxygen-containing gas. The sputtering target is mounted in a pulsed or non-pulsed DC sputtering system and the aluminum doped zinc oxide has aluminum content of 100-2000 ppm. Preferred Components: The aluminum doped zinc oxide target has an aluminum content of 100-2000 ppm, and where the insulating aluminum zinc oxide layer has a resistance of 100-104 Omega /square. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell further has passivation film formed on the other side of the semiconductor substrate. The n+ precursor layer contains phosphosilicate glass or its precursor, or borosilicate glass or its precursor. The phosphosilicate glass precursor is phosphoryl chloride, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphosilicate crystal, borophosphosilicate glass, silicon pyrophosphate, silicon diphosphate, phosphoric acid and/or hypophosphoric acid. The borosilicate glass precursor includes boron bromide and/or boron chloride. Preferred Property: The thickness of the semiconductor substrate is 50-300 mu m. The thickness of the insulating layer is 5 nm to 2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The highly doped areas are doped with boron. The metallic contacts comprise metal selected from aluminum, nickel, titanium, cobalt, platinum and tungsten. The metallic contacts further include dopant which is boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The passivation layer comprises passivation composition selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A medium layer (121) is formed on the substrate, and a complex stack layer (120) is alternately laminated on semiconductor layer. The thickness of semiconductor layer and medium layer is each 0.5-5 nm. The IV group element is silicon or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface of n-type single crystal silicon is etched in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with hydroxylation sodium concentration of 20-35 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The passivation layer includes intrinsic silicon or silicon compounds/alloys such as SiCH, SiOH or SiNH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Absorber layer contains cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, cadmium sulfur telluride, cadmium manganese telluride, and/or cadmium magnesium telluride. Window layer contains cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium (III) sulfide (In2S3), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc telluride (ZnTe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O), copper oxide (Cu2O), amorphous or micro-crystalline silicon and/or Zn(O,H). Back contact material contains magnesium, zinc, copper, mercury, bismuth, and/or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each electrical connector comprises nickel sheet, copper sheet or aluminum sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal gridlines comprise tin, cadmium, nickel, chromium, gold, silver, platinum, copper, aluminum, and/or palladium or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface of the lower heat radiation unit and top heat radiation unit are made of the aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication circuit is provided with an RS485 communication port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate is made of steel, duralumin or copper based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles contain silicon oxide and ammonium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electrical contact transition comprises a rivet. The matrix output line and box input line respectively comprise recess into which the rivet engages. The electrical contact transition comprises crimping and clinching of matrix output line and box input line. The recess of matrix output line is formed as punching. The matrix output line is parallel to a rear of the solar module assembly, and the contact-making aid is arranged between the rear of the solar module assembly and the matrix output line. The contact-making aid exhibits magnetic properties. The contact-making aid has: a groove, where the matrix output line is accommodated in the groove; and a gripping means. Preferred Method: The raising of matrix output line from a substantially parallel position with respect to the surface of the solar module assembly into a position is upright at an acute angle. The fastening of the contact-making aid is carried out by magnetic field acting on contact-making aid for raising the matrix output line. The method includes: placing an input connection box having box input line on the assembly; introducing or providing a recess into the matrix output line and/or a recess into the box input line; introducing the rivet into the recess; producing an electrical contact transition between the matrix output line and box input line by riveting the rivet in the recesses; forming the rivet; forming the matrix output line and box input line by flanging and clinching; loading the solar module assembly with the contact-making aid before providing recess, laying the matrix output line on contact-making aid before providing recess; loading the matrix output line into the groove before providing recess; and laminating the solar module assembly with the contact-making aid before providing the solar module assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling slats and cooling conduit are made of metal such as aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The refractory material is silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solute concentration of the concentrated sea-water (B) is 6-7 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The microprocessor is connected with a RS485 communication interface circuit and a ZigBee wireless interface circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The variable volume vessels are constituted by concentric stiff cylinders which are made of metallic material, holed metal sheet and plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The electric power generating apparatus has water turbine which rotates by the water flow, and transforms the kinetic energy of the water turbine into an electrical energy. The plasma generator is equipped with parallel plate electrode comprised from the electrode of two sheets. Several projection portions are formed in the surface of the electrode that comprises the parallel plate electrode. Blasting is provided to the surface of the electrode. Sprayed-coating to the alloy of tantalum oxide or a tantalum oxide, and platinum is formed. The said projection portion is formed by the thermal spraying of the alloy. The gas introduction portion which transduces plasma generated gas is provided in the plasma generation region of the plasma generator. The electric power storage apparatus is for storage of the electric power generated by the electric power generating apparatus. The flow path of the water is piping which supplies or discharges water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system drives generator regulated by an inverter complying with standards selected from the group consisting of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1547 and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1741.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The emitting media comprises a layer containing at least one emitter embedded in it. The emitter comprise at least one of quantum dot, quantum wire or quantum well. The emitting media comprises a bulk-layer material. The emitting pattern of the emitting media is defined by the emitter distribution with the emitter containing layer or by a thickness of the layer (preferred). The metallic patterned structure comprises a dielectric structure (16) and a pattern of spaced-apart metallic features embedded in the dielectric structure, where the dielectric structure is a single- or multi-layer dielectric structure. The emitting media is located on an outer surface of the metallic patterned structure. The emitting media is embedded in the dielectric layer structure of the metallic patterned structure, being above or below the pattern or in between the metallic features. The parameter of the metallic patterned structure defining the dispersion map of it includes at least one of critical dimensions of the metallic pattern, density of the metallic features of the pattern, material composition of the metallic patterned structure or layout of the metallic patterned structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type transparent semiconductor compound is titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. The p-type transparent semiconductor compound is copper (I) thiocyanate, lithium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, copper (I) iodide, copper aluminum oxide or nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The body is formed of refractory materials consisting of silicon carbide, tungsten and/or rare earth oxides including erbium oxide and ytterbium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide is removed by applying an etchant, preferably liquid acidic etchant containing sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and/or phosphoric acid. The electroconductive material layer is deposited by contacting a copper bath formulation or a nickel bath formulation with exposed aluminum. The copper bath formulation comprises cupric sulfate and sulfuric acid. The nickel bath formation comprises nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, and boric acid. The electroconductive material comprises copper particles or nickel particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric elastomer film comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of acrylates, silicons, urethanes, hydrocarbon rubbers, fluoroelastomers, styrenic copolymers, and combinations thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless tag employs Bluetooth radio technology for short-range wireless communication of data and voice.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The sidewall has an outer layer that is made of glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The universal mounting bracket conforms to the standard of DIN 1055, DIN 18195 and DIN EN 1187 B.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid adhesive is selected from a group comprising polyurethane, silicone, and polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The rear wall of the evaporation chamber comprises: a plate with openings and their flanging; and pressure pins with heads are installed by their proximal ends in the flanging and joined with them by welding, where heads are provided with slots, which serve for fastening spring-wise members. The pressure pins are joined with the flanging of the openings by soldering or brazing. The spring-wise members are designed as flat springs. In the large-size photovoltaic receiver: a valve which is installed on the fluid communication line between the condenser and the vacuum pump; and flexibility of the rear wall is higher than flexibility of the large-size metal plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the large-size photovoltaic receiver the working medium is water, methanol, ethanol or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic cells are made of a thin amorphous or microcrystalline silicon layer, a thin cadmium telluride layer or a thin copper-indium-gallium-selenium layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless transceiver transmits and receives signals according to a Bluetooth protocol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The module further comprises glass or film layer over the photovoltaic cell assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The former active material is made of phthalocyanine, porphyrin, naphthalocyanine dye and chioroaluminum phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic material forming the floating sleeves is polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The USB output port adopts a universal USB joint.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen getter is made of metal oxides such as copper oxides and cobalt oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxygen getter is made of metals such as iron, zinc, copper, cobalt, magnesium, calcium, sodium, barium, zirconium, aluminum, and titanium, or metal alloys, and the photoluminescent compound is made of rare earth metals such as europium (Eu) such as EU-2plus, and EU-3plus, and terbium (tb) such as tb-3plus, and transition metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen getter is made of glucose, ascorbic acid, 1, 2, 3 pyrogallol, porphyritic cycles including ruthenium, or tetraphenyl porphyranoplatinum in combination of ruthenium or europium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wavelength conversion substances are chosen from rare earth metal-doped garnets, rare earth metal-doped alkaline earth sulfides, rare earth metal-doped thiogallate, rare earth metal-doped aluminates, rare earth metal-doped orthosilicate, rare earth metal-doped chlorosilicate, rare earth-metal-doped alkaline earth silicon nitride, rare earth-metal-doped oxynitride, and rare earth-metal-doped aluminiumoxinitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The rotor is made of fiberglass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive and negative electrodes are conductive metal piece.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive and negative electrodes are selected from a group consisting of conductive fabrics and conductive rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The power generation device is a turbine generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base tile is made of a curable or settable mixture of constituents one of which comprises cement. The photovoltaic tile further constituent comprises silica or a silica compound. The constituents comprises wollastonite or cellulose fiber (preferably wood fiber) or water. The silica or silica compound comprises quartz sand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive comprises ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (20-50 wt.%), resin (20-50), tackifier (20), wax (20), antioxidant (0.1-0.2), or filler (20). The resin is selected from wood resin derivatives, hydrocarbon resins, polyterpene resins, low molecular weight styrene and styrene copolymers; and phenolic resins. The tackifier is selected from 5-9C hydrocarbon resins, polyterpenes, and rosin esters of pentaerylthritol and glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electronic management board is connected with a standard wireless communication module such as Bluetooth, general packet radio service (GPRS) or wireless fidelity (Wifi) module for communicating with electrical apparatuses such as sensors, connected to the power plant for supplying power to the apparatuses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The regular and back reflection plates are made of stainless steel polishing plate coated with glass or coating reflecting film or organic material. The branch and tree trunk are made of metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The absorber arrangement is designed as an absorber tube and is provided for aligning the device in the second concentrator arrangement. The additional concentrators are shaded in a space between two concentrator sections during the operation. The concentrator sections are two, preferably eight. The photovoltaic cells are arranged in each thermal opening. The additional concentrators are formed as a transparent optical element (20) for solar radiation, which is a Fresnel structure, preferably a Fresnel grid structure. The Fresnel lens has a Fresnel-lattice structure and a displacement of the beam which has passed due to the thickness of the lens is compensated such that the beam of the thermal opening reaches the displacement. The additional concentrators exhibit mirror, through which the radiation is reflected into the focal point area. The second radiation path is bounded between the additional concentrator and its focal point area by a boundary mirror arranged laterally in the radiation path, which comprises a third radiation path for concentrated radiation from at least one additional concentrator with the focal point area, which lies at the location of the focal point region of the second radiation path. The boundary mirror exhibits a compound parabolic concentrator. The thermal openings are arranged in many extending rows, parallel to each other along the length of the absorber arrangement, where the thermal openings of each row, which are adjacent to each other, are grouped at the same height of the absorber tube, and are arranged group by group in a row along the length of the absorber tube. The thermal openings are arranged in two, preferably in eight rows. The additional concentrators of the second concentrator arrangement with a pivotably arranged carrier arrangement are connected to the absorber element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control bus is an inter integrated circuit (I2C), serial peripheral interface (SPI), controller area network (CAN), RS485, RS232, transistor-transistor logic (TTL), optical fiber and infrared or wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) control bus protocol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The profiled body is made of partially conducting material such as aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide layer is titanium oxide, magnesium oxide or zinc oxide. The transparent conductive oxide layer is indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first and second materials have an index contrast 'c' defined by the relationship (c = log(10)nR), where nR=(n1/n2), and the absolute value of 'c' is 0.001-0.17, preferably 0.01-0.05. The materials of the optical element have an induced absorbance rate Delta Abs/Dose of less than or equal to 0.4, preferably less than or equal to 0.2. The optical coupler comprises a concentrator and/or homogenizer. The integrated photovoltaic cell assembly, the photovoltaic module and the concentrating photovoltaic system further comprise a: heat sink connected to the photovoltaic cell; and submount disposed between the heat sink and the photovoltaic cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermally stabilized material is selected from a group consisting of butyl, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, perfluoropolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrahydrocannabivarin, polyamide, poly-ethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell comprises a monocrystalline silicon cell, a multicrystalline silicon cell, a micromorphous silicon cell, a thick film silicon cell, an amorphous silicon cell, a cadmium telluride (CdTe) based cell, a copper indium diselenide (CIS) based cell, or an inverted metamorphic multijunction solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the surface layer is 5-50% of the total thickness of the lead wire. The lead wire has 0.2% yield strength of 150 MPa or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic assembly further comprises: a light concentrating element supported a predetermined distance from the light incident surface of the optical element and a heat dissipating assembly attached to the mounting surface of the photovoltaic cell, where the photovoltaic assembly defines a concentrating photovoltaic module; light homogenizer element disposed between the light concentrating element and the light incident surface of the optical element, and a second layer of adhesive material for attaching the light homogenizer element to the light incident surface of the optical element; and a peripheral frame, a first and a second support sheet supported by the frame, where one of the support sheets being transparent, and the transparent support sheet being disposed adjacent to the light incident surface of the optical element and the other support sheet is disposed adjacent to the mounting surface of the photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic assembly defines a flat panel photovoltaic module. The dimension b is within the range, as given in the specification. The body is formed: of a fluoropolymer material; of a material having an induced absorbance rate Delta Abs/dose of less than or equal to 0.2; and of a material having an index of refraction (nc) in the range of 1.33-1.75, and the index of refraction (nA) of the adhesive material is 1.34-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The profiles are formed from galvanized aluminum steel or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The frame is made of rectangular metallic section or 6063-T6 high intensity aluminum alloy materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A box for inserting of the mast is made of a glass coated PVC closed cell rigid foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The frame is made from aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control bus is Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus, Controller Area Network (CAN), RS485, RS232, Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) bus, or Wireless fidelity (Wifi) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The aqueous suspension of nanoparticles is dialyzed until the surface tension of the filtrate is less than about 50 mN/m, and the content of surfactant is minimized. Nanoparticle layer is dried at 50-150 degrees C, and annealed by heating at 130-150 degrees C. Preferred Properties: Nanoparticles have mean diameter of 45-60 nm and mean domain size of 15-30 nm. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles contain conductive organic compound(s) chosen from porphyrin, phthalocyanin, polyacetylene, fullerene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylenevinylene, polyfluorene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polypyridiries, polycarbazole, polypyridinevinylene, polyarylvinylene, poly (p-phenylmethylvinylene), and their derivatives and copolymers, preferably poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl-co-bis-N,N-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N-phenyl-l,4-phenylenediamine), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl-co-benzothiadiazole), poly-3-hexylthiophene, (6,6)-phenyl-61C-methyl butyrate and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-l,4-phenylene vinylene), more preferably poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl-co-bis-N,N-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N-phenyl-l,4-phenylenediamine) or poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl-co-benzothiadiazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The spacing pieces are made from galvanized steel sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Granules: The granules are solar reflective granules or ceramic-coated mineral particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The supporting is carried out parallel to the direction of action of the clamping. The holding arm is oriented parallel to an upper side of the PV modules in clamped state of the system. The clamping arm and the base element are oriented parallel to a side surface of the PV modules in clamped state of the system. The holding arm and the clamping arm exhibit a right angle. The base element exhibits an upper side, a side facing away form the module, a side facing the module and a bottom side, where the sides lying opposite to each other are oriented parallel to each other, and perpendicular to the carrier profile, when the basic element is intervened with a carrier rail. The clamping bolt is a threaded bolt, which is conducted through the opening in the holding arms for intervening in a threaded opening in the base element or in at least one threaded stone mounted in the base element, for clamping. The opening in the holding arm is a slot with an extension, which is oriented perpendicular to the side surface of the PV module, in the clamped state of the system. The clamping bolt exhibits a shaft and a head, where the head is larger than the opening in the holding arms and is provided at one end the shaft. The system further comprises a coil spring and/or a flat washer, which are mounted on the clamping bolts. The base element exhibits a trapezoidal cross section with two trapezoidal arms that are present opposite to each other at an angle, which are designed flexibly in such a way that the side of the base element is clamped on the carrier profile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semi-submerged type main body is made of a steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silver complex compound is silver complex compound obtained by reacting ammonium carbamate system or ammonium carbonate type compound with silver compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Electron acceptor compound and electron donor compound are reacted in an organic solvent and n-butyl lithium at low temperature to obtain organic dye (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 25 Organic dyes (I) are specifically claimed e.g. (2E)-2-cyano-3-(10-(5-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-7,7-diphenyl-3-oxa-11-thia-7-silatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraen-4-yl)prop-2-enoic acid of formula (Ia), (2Z)-3-(7-((E)-2-(10-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-7,7-diphenyl-3-oxa-11-thia-7-silatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraen-4-yl)ethenyl)-2H,3H-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid, (2Z)-3-(7-((E)-2-(10-(4-(2,2-bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-7,7-diphenyl-3,11-dithia-7-silatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraen-4-yl)ethenyl)-2H,3H-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid, (2E)-3-(7-((E)-2-(10-(4-(bis((4-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)phenyl))amino)phenyl)-7,7-diphenyl-3,11-dithia-7-silatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraen-4-yl)ethenyl)-2H,3H,4aH-cyclopenta(b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid and (2E)-3-(5-(10-(4-(bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-3-yl)amino)phenyl)-7,7-diphenyl-3,11-dithia-7-silatricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca-1(8),2(6),4,9-tetraen-4-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 183 Sulfur-containing compounds (I), are specifically claimed, e.g. 6,6'-(diphenyl-(4,4')bi(dibenzothiophenyl) of formula (A), 6,6'-di-naphthalen-1-yl-(4,4')bi(di benzothiophenyl), 6,6'-bis-biphenyl-3-yl-(4,4')bi(dibenzothiophenyl), 6,6'-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-(4,4')bi(dibenzothiophenyl) and 6-biphenyl-4-yl-6'-naphthalen-2-yl-4,4')bi(dibenzothiophenyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The reinforcing agent is modified kaolin or carbon rubber reinforcing agent. The flame retardant is antimony trioxide, magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plasticizer is dioctyl phthalate ester or dibutyl phthalate sebacate. The crosslinking agent is dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, di-(t-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane. The auxiliary crosslinking agent is trimethylolpropane triacrylate, or diallyl phthalate. The antioxidant is 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline or 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The active agent is F-T rubber active agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The third monomer is acrylamide or acrylic acid alkyl ester comprising double bond comprising acrylamide, methacrylamide, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate. The foaming agent is N,N-dimethyl carbamide, isopropyl alcohol or isobutyl alcohol. Crosslinking agent is allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, magnesium oxide or dimethacrylate. Nucleating agent is tert-butyl methacrylate, N-methyl formamide or methacrylic acid. Initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, benzoyl tert-butyl. Density control agent is maleimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Hydrophobic agent is reaction type or hydrophobic additive comprising maleic anhydride, PTFE, organosilicon, or hydroxy silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper is electrolytic copper. The graphite powder is high-purity scaly graphite powder having covering thickness of 17-22 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: Preparation of high-conductive and high-elastic alloy bar further involves using graphite powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage cylinder in the hydrogen storing dephlegmator filled with hydrogen storage material is platinum, palladium, titanium-nickel alloy, active carbon, and nanometer carbon fiber hydrogen storage material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glue liquid comprises 5-15% of base glue, 15-50% of curing agent and the rest is solvent. The base glue is bisphenol A-typed epoxy resin and linear polysiloxane having vinyl. The curing agent is ethanediamine, hexamethylenediamine,diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diamino diphenyl sulfone, diamino diphenylmethane, m-phenylenediamine and hydrogen-containing siloxane. The solvent is acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base constituent element is prepared by (wt.%) copper powder (71) with - 200 mesh, zinc powder (2) with - 200 mesh, nickel powder (1) with - 200 mesh, and tin powder (4) with - 200 mesh. The lubricating constituent element is prepared by graphite powder (11) with - 80 to + 120 mesh and molybdenum disulfide (3). The friction constituent element is prepared by iron-chromium alloyed powder (8) with - 100 to + 200 mesh, which does not contain ceramic phase hard point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An observation device is provided with a detecting raw material silicon chip.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 120 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 9,16-diphenyl-dibenzo(a,c)naphthacene of formula (IA), 9,16-di-naphthalen-2-yl-dibenzo(a,c)naphthacene, 9,16-bis-(4-t-butyl-phenyl)-dibenzo(a,c)naphthacene, 9,16-bis-biphenyl-2-yl-dibenzo(a,c)naphthacene, and 9,16-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-dibenzo(a,c)naphthacene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The infrared reflecting layer is the bottom layer of the absorbing coating. The absorbing layer is the middle layer of the absorbing coating. The antireflection layer is the surface layer of the absorbing coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a stainless steel pipe. The purity of Mo is greater than or equal to 99.99%. The Mo of the first sublayer is at 40-60 vol.%; and the Mo of the second sublayer is at 10-30 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastomeric material is comprised of acrylonitrile butadiene, carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene, hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene, carboxylated hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene, ethylene propylene, ethylene propylene diene, tetrafluoroethylene and propylene copolymer, fluorocarbon, or perfluoroelastomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The disorder-inducing species is selected from a group of alkane, alkene, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ether, ester, water, fluorinated hydrocarbons, nitromethane, aromatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The MGM culture medium contains (wt.%) beef extract (0.29-0.5), peptone (1-3), NaCl (20-25), agar (1-3), CaCl2 (0.1-0.3), glycerin (1-3), yeast extract (1-3%), and saturated salt water (65-75). The phenol culture medium contains (wt.%) NaCl (1-2), fumaric acid (2-5), mannitol (2-5), phenol (1-3), peptone (10-30), and saturated salt water (57-79). The modified phenol culture medium contains (wt.%) NaCl (15-20), fumaric acid (2-5), mannitol (2-5), phenol (1-3), peptone (10-30), and saturated salt water (40-65).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The probe base includes a protective shield made of NORYL (RTM: modified polyphenylene oxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heating conductor is formed of surface material i.e. stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc content in Al-Zn powder is 0-80, preferably 10-80 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic coating is an epoxy resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conducting material is selected from the group of metals comprising gold, silver, copper and aluminum and the insulation material is a polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A lubricant composition comprises (wt.%) a friction index improver (0.1-7), an extreme pressure anti-wear agent (0.1-6), a pour point depressant (0.01-1.5), an oxidation and corrosion inhibitor (0.01-2), an anti-foaming agent (0.005-0.05), an anti-creaming agent (0.001-0.6), anti-rusting agent (0.01-0.5), viscosity index improver (2-10), and foundational oil (balance). Preferred Components: The foundational oil is poly- alpha -olefin, diester, polyatomic alcohol ester, alkyl naphthalene or mineral oil. The friction index improver is hybrid phosphate, fatty acid, fatty alcohol, dimer acid derivate, organic molybdic compound, organic grease borate and/or borate containing compound. The extreme pressure anti-wear agent is olefin sulfate, polysulfide, benzyl disulfide, camphorsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphite ester, sulfur-phosphorus nitride compound, phosphate, phosphate amine salt, borate, organic metal salt and/or dialkyl phosphorodithioate. The pour point depressant is alkyl naphthalene, polymethacrylate, polyacrylate, vinyl acetate/ethyl acid, fumarate copolymer, poly- alpha -olefin, alkyl polystyrene and/or ester fumarate. The oxidation and corrosion inhibitor is dialkyl antimony dithiocarbamate, dialkyl zinc dithiocarbamate, dialkyl dithiocarbamate, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, phenyl-( alpha )-naphthalene ammonia and/or mixed amines/phenols. The anti-foaming agent is dimethicone, non-silicone antifoaming agent or composite anti-foaming agent. The anti-creaming agent is polyisobutene succimide, polyisobutene succinate ester, succimide, alkylphenol, ethylene oxide condensate and/or sorbitol oleate polyoxyethylene ether. The anti-rusting agent is dodecenyl succinate or its ester form, isononyl phenoxyacetic acid, alkyl succinate derivative, and/or dinonyl barium naphthalenesulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant is boron. The HS is a thin film or membrane. The thin film or membrane has a thickness of 100 nm. The HS is a thin single-crystalline silicon membrane. The HS has a hexagonal holey pattern of greater than or equal to 55 (preferably greater than or equal to 350) nm. The HS has a porosity of at least 35%. The HS has a thermoelectric parameter (ZT) value of greater than or equal to 0.4 (preferably greater than or equal to 0.6) at room temperature. The first electrode and the second electrode are in electrical communication. Preferred Method: In the device, when there is a difference in temperature between the first electrode and the second electrode such that an electric current is created through the HS; and when an electric current is passed through the HS such that a temperature gradient is created between the first electrode and the second electrode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
EXAMPLE - Lithium acetate and manganese acetate were dissolved into deionized water. The resulting clear solution was spray dried in a bench top spray dryer using an air inlet temperature of 200 degrees C and an outlet temperature of 120 degrees C. The resulting powder material was subsequently heated in an electric furnace under atmospheric conditions using a temperature ramp of 5 degrees /minute followed by a 5 hour calcination period at 698K. The sample temperature was subsequently increased to 773K at 5 degrees C/minute and its temperature was maintained for 5 hours. Finally, after 12 hours, the sample was gradually cooled back to ambient temperature. Then, decomposition of acetate was observed which was accompanied with the release of toxic VOC vapors. Finally, the oxidative calcination formation of lithium manganese spinel occurred via a reaction between the lithium and manganese compounds and oxygen from the air. The reaction was nearly complete after calcination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The whole protective casting during the continuous casting process further comprises sealing the steel ladle water outlet and the submerged nozzle, using an alkaline covering agent to cover the middle ladle liquid level, and using the crystallizer protective slag to cover the crystallizer liquid level. The rolling process comprises rough rolling at an initial temperature of 1150-1200 degrees C and at a final temperature of 1040-1100 degrees C and fine rolling at an at an initial temperature 980-1010 degrees C and at a final temperature of 820-840 degrees C. Preferred Components: The target molten steel comprises (in %) carbon (0.14-0.18), silicon (0.20-0.30), manganese (1.20-1.40), sulfur (0.001-0.008), phosphorus (0.001-0.020), and niobium (0.025-0.035). The carbon equivalent value (CEV) of target molten steel is equal to (carbon+manganese) divide by 6+(chromium+molybdenum+vanadium) divide by 5+(copper+nickel) divide by 15 and is less than or equal to 0.43. The manganese-sulfur ratio is not less than 20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar reformer is used to drive a methane-reforming reaction within the solar reformer as CH4+H2O+(Solar Heat) arrow CO+3H2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The stands are designed as die-cast aluminum parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elemental metal or alloy is selected from iron, ruthenium, osmium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, gallium, indium, tellurium and alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The profiles are made of aluminum or galvanized steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low alloy steel further comprises nitrogen (0.005-0.015 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrodes comprise lithium cobaltate or carbon as active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A cyano-crosslinked metal complex is formed into a film and arranged on surface of substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A portion of combustion exhaust gas emitted with combustion apparatus is supplied and mixed directly with biomass, and remainder is heat-exchanged with biomass with an indirect heat transfer. A catalyst component is supported at the surface of combustor. The manufacturing apparatus has an ejector apparatus for supplying mixture of gas to combustion apparatus from thermal decomposition apparatus. The apparatus has two or more combustion apparatus, and mixture of gas and combustion air is supplied to each combustion apparatus. The catalyst is used at temperature of 800 degrees C or more. The water vapor volume is 5 %mass or more with respect to total gas volume in combustor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The one or more dopant materials are copper. The bismuth telluride based alloy materials are chosen from bismuth, telluride and selenium. The starting material comprises copper, bismuth, telluride, and selenium in an amount based on the stoichiometric formula: Cux Bi2 Te2.7 Se0.3, where x is 0, 0.01, 0.02 or 0.03. The final thermoelectric material has 0.01 concentration of copper. The generated nanoparticles have particle size of 20-50 nm from the starting material. The doped bismuth telluride based alloy has a reduced coefficient of variation in one or more thermoelectric properties than a non-doped bismuth telluride based alloy. The doped bismuth telluride based alloy has a figure of merit of 1.06 or 1.1. Preferred Method: The method of generating several nanoparticles, involves ball milling the starting materials. The method of consolidating, involves hot pressing the nanoparticles of the starting material. The method further involves re-pressing or aging the doped bismuth telluride based alloy in air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonate salts have metal ions of metals which are selected from alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals. The carbonate salts are lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Preferred Medium: The thermal energy storage medium comprises (wt.%) lithium carbonate (20-35, preferably 27-33, especially 29.70); sodium carbonate (25-40, preferably 30-35, especially 31.01); potassium carbonate (25-40, preferably 30-35, especially 32.9); and calcium carbonate (1-10, preferably 2-6, especially 4.38). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum, and zinc in thermal energy storage medium is 5 wt.%, preferably 4.94 wt.%, and 95 wt.%, preferably 95.06 wt.%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The iron material and mu -90 iron magnetic powder core comprises (wt.%) silicon (6.4), vanadium (0.4), niobium (0.2), and iron (remainder). Preferred Method: The powder passivation step is performed using deionized water as diluent of phosphoric acid. The molding step is performed via compression molding at 2100 MPa. The heat treatment step is performed at 720 degrees C for 50 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The low temperature and high pressure gas source has high drying strength and high flow rate of hot air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a first additional component, where the first additional component is an iron compound comprising hematite, magnetite/ferrite spinel, and/or metallic iron, and a second additional component, where the second additional component is a calcium sulfate compound comprising calcium sulfate or anhydrite, calcium sulfate dihydrate or gypsum, and/or calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Preferred Components: The source of reactive silica and alumina is fly ash, blast furnace slag, and/or natural pozzolans. The source of reactive silica and alumina contains 20-100% of reactive amorphous aluminosilicate. Preferred Method: The step of mixing the first component, the second component and the third component further comprises mixing the first component, the second component and the third component in a batch weighing system. The method further comprises mixing the composition comprised of the first component, the second component, and the third component with water and injecting the composition into at least one bored hole in the surface of the earth so that the composition surrounds at least a portion of a pipe of a loop of a geothermal heat pump system. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shielding layer is made of aluminum metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cable includes a heat conducting film that is made of a polyimide film. The insulating layer is made of PTFE material. The shielding layer is made of net shaped polyethylene material. The separating layer is made from one of compound carbon fiber cloth, low-smoke cross-linked polyethylene material and soft polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working medium for the direct ORC system is selected from one of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, fluorated hydrocarbons, silicon oils such as siloxane, ammonia and ammonia-water mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The spheroidizing agent is light rare earth silicon magnesium alloy comprising (mass %) rhenium (4-6.5), magnesium (6.5-8.5), silicon (35-45), and iron and trace impurity element. The inoculator is an iron alloy comprising 65-75% silicon, and iron and trace impurity element. The added antimony is 99.9% antimony, and trace impurity element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The porosity of layers other than the layer which contact the collector among several layers, is 45% or less. Preferred Composition: The active material contained in positive mix layer is lithium-containing complex oxide having spinel structure containing manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nonaqueous electrolyte has dynamic viscosity of 1-10 cSt at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidant comprises atomic oxygen, ionized molecular oxygen, oxygen-containing chemical species excited above ground quantum state or hydroxyl. The precipitating agent is rare earth precipitating agent (preferably cerium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The joints are made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The power factor of the element is 50 mu W/(cm.K2) or more, preferably 100 mu W/(cm.K2) or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal layer contains Constantan (RTM: copper-nickel alloy), Chromel (RTM: nickel/chromium alloy), or Alumel (RTM: nickel/aluminum alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic formulation comprises mixtures of microcapsules comprising waxes with different melting temperatures. The wax is selected with a melting temperature of 30-160 degrees C for the microcapsules. The mixture comprises many trigger regions. Preferred Method: The method comprises pressing an aqueous solution or formulation of an acid through at least one bore-hole into the rock formation, and then the acidic formulation is continuously pressed into the same bore-hole. The method is carried out in combination with hydraulic blasting of the rock formation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic formulation comprises a mixture of the microcapsule with at least one wax, such that when the mixture comprises at least two waxes, which have different melting points. The wax have melting point of 30-160 degrees C, and the mixture has several trigger ranges. Preferred Process: The process further comprises: injecting an acid, an aqueous solution, or their formulation, into the rock formation through the at least one well before the acidic formulation is injected; and hydraulic fracturing of the rock formation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The well layer comprises group IIa and group IV-VI-containing material (m1). The barrier layer contains group IIa and group IV-VI-containing material (m2). The group IIa and group IV-VI-containing material (m1) and group IIa and group IV-VI-containing material contain lead-strontium-tin selenide (Pb1-x-ySrxSnySe), where x and y are more than 0 and less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method involves using signal having frequency of 100-200 kHz or 120-180 kHz. The signal is pulsed randomly in range of 5 to 20 kHz. The transformer is toroidal transformer having ferrite ring core (17). The fluid-containing system comprises conductive conduit or non-conductive conduit and the signal is injected to the fluid-containing system through connection between the first terminal and the conductive conduit, or connection between the first terminal, and a conductive material inserted to section of the non-conductive conduit or clamped onto section of the non-conductive conduit. The second terminal of the secondary coil is operably connected to ground through capacitor (15). The pulsed radio frequency signal is generated by microcontroller having digital-to-analog converter. The pulsed radio frequency signal is increased in voltage and/or amplified before it is introduced to the primary coil of the transformer, where the pulsed radio frequency signal is generated by series inductor and capacitor (LC) circuit, in which the primary coil of the transformer acts as inductor. The pulsed radio frequency signal is further generated by generating pulsed current, and switching the pulsed current into the series LC circuit. The pulsed current is shifted and amplified before it switched into the series LC circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal and the seal lip are manufactured as a one-piece component from resilient polymeric plastic such as plastic comprising polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The data collecting interface is selected from one of RS232 interface, RS485 interface, universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) interface or universal serial bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crosslinking agent comprises at least one component comprising a zirconium or titanium metal ion, and is present at 0.1-1 vol.%. The aqueous base fluid comprises fresh water, saltwater, brine and/or seawater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) is foamed, and further comprises an additive including crosslinking delaying agent, a stabilizing agent, an internal delayed gel breaker, a gel stabilizer, a pH adjusting agent, a fluid loss control additive, an acid, a corrosion inhibitor, a catalyst, a clay stabilizer, a biocide, a bactericide, a gas, a surfactant, a solubilizer, a proppant particulate, and/or a gravel participate, and a crosslinking delaying agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gelling agent copolymer further comprises acrylic acid or its salt. The gelling agent is present at 0.05-2 wt/vol.%. The copolymer comprises 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (15-80 wt.%), the acrylamide (10-50 wt.%), the N-(tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)acrylamide (0.1-10 wt.%), and the acrylic acid or its salts (0.1-10 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ring is made of high-density polyethylene, polybutylene and PERT.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc-antimony based thermoelectric material is n-type zinc-antimony based thermoelectric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: The green power generator is configured for supplying the generated power to power consumers through a power transmission system. The power transmission system is electrically coupled to the power generator for receiving the power generated by the green power generator, and power generator and carbon sequestering system are physically separated by a closest spacing distance of at least one km. The green power generator includes at least one of a nuclear power generator, a solar power generator, a wind power generator, and a hydro-electric generator. The environmentally-friendly business organization receives a quantified credit based on the generated power supplied to the carbon sequestering system, and based on the carbon dioxide that is sequestered by the phototrophic biomass production process. The carbon sequestering system is electrically coupled to the transmission system for receiving at least a fraction of power generated by the green power generator, and an impassable real property is disposed between the green power generator and the carbon sequestering system. The environmentally-friendly business organization enjoys no right of way across the impassable real property. The impassable real property is owned by a legal entity other than any legal entity included within the business organization. Preferred Method: The method further involves supplying carbon-comprising exhaust gas to the phototrophic biomass to effect production of the phototrophic biomass through photosynthesis and performing combustion process. The environmentally-friendly business organization receives a quantified credit based on the operative biofuel which is combusted. The use includes combusting the operative biofuel. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic hybrid is a compound of boehmite and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (boehmite-GPTS). The bacterial cellulose membrane is chosen from dry bacterial cellulose membrane (CBS) and hydrated bacterial cellulose membrane (CBH). The CBS has a thickness 0.1-15 mm and CBH has a thickness of 1-1500 mu m. The hybrid comprises aluminum-silicon in a mole ratio of 0.01:1 and 100:1. The boehmite-GTPS solution is present in a concentration of 1-5 M. The bacterial cellulose membrane is covered on at least one of its surfaces by boehmite-GTPS hybrid, where boehmite-GTPS hybrid is incorporated into the pores of the bacterial cellulose membrane. Preferred Method: The drying of bacterial cellulose membrane is carried out in a greenhouse with airflow at 40 degrees C for 1-24 hours. The curing of boehmite-GTPS hybrid is carried out in greenhouse at 50 degrees C, till the volume of boehmite-GTPS hybrid is reduced to 40%. The CB is immersed in boehmite-GTPS hybrid solution for 24 hours. The drying of CB/boehmite-GTPS composite is carried out in a greenhouse at 40 degrees C for 12 hours. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel material comprises (in wt.%) carbon (0.15-0.19, preferably 0.15-0.16), silicon (0.17-0.35, preferably 0.26-0.35), manganese (1.45-1.55, preferably 1.46-1.55), vanadium (0.06-0.09, preferably 0.061-0.09), niobium (0.02-0.04, preferably 0.02-0.04), aluminum (0.015-0.4, preferably 0.15-0.04), titanium (0.005 or less, preferably 0.003 or less), oxygen (0.0015 or less), nitrogen (0.012 or less), sulfur (0.005 or less, preferably 0.0045 or less), phosphorus (0.12 or less, preferably 0.01 or less), arsenic (0.04 or less, preferably 0.015 or less), hydrogen (0.00015 or less) and remainder of iron, and has carbon equivalent weight of 0.4-0.46%, preferably 0.41-0.46%, more preferably 0.43-0.46%, most preferably 0.44-0.46%. Preferred Properties: The steel material has tensile strength of 580-720 MPa, yield strength of 470-500 MPa, elongation rate of 22-26%, cross-shrinkage factor of 66-72% at -20 degrees C and V-shaped nick impact power of 60-90 J.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The threshold is 2-4 (preferably 3) mu m. The temperature is 400-700 degrees C, preferably 600 degrees C. The time is 30-60 minutes. Preferred Components: The particles are made of copper, iron (both preferred), zinc, beryllium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, tin, nickel, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, lead, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, mercury, thallium, bismuth, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, terbium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, berkelium, thulium or ytterbium. The particle is used as a coating, which includes particles of different sizes forming a porous medium. The high thermal conductivity material is liquid metal. The particle: has a diameter above a critical size; and is hollow. The particles both above and below the critical size are in intimate metal-to-metal contact. In the multiscale structure, the interstitial spaces are filled with a selected material. The hollow metal particle further includes nanowires extending from the surface of the particle. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-convection zone comprises aqueous salt solution chosen from sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, disodium phosphate, borax and diammonium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid comprises imidazolium ion, ammonium ion, pyridinium ion, piperidinium ion or phosphonium ion, preferably chosen from 66 compounds e.g. 4-(2-hydroxy-propyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 3-methyl-1-(propan-2-ol)-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 3-methyl-1-(propan-2-ol)-imidazolium chloride, 3-methyl-1-(propan-2-ol)-imidazolium nitrate, 3-methyl-1-(ethoxyethoxy)-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 3-hexyl-1-(2-diethylphosphonato-ethyl)-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 3-hexyl-1-(3-diethylphosphonato-propyl)-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 3-octyl-1-(2-diethylphosphonato-ethyl)-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 3-methyl-1-butyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 3-methyl-1-butyl-imidazolium chloride, 3-methyl-1-butyl-imidazolium octyl sulfate, 3-methyl-1-butyl-imidazolium fluorohydrogenate, 3-methyl-1-ethyl-imidazolium tricyanomethane and 3-methyl-1-ethyl-imidazolium fluorohydrogenate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat transfer members is made of aluminum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat transfer members is made of thermoplastic and polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The granular porous carbon is obtained by adding cellulosic material into a kiln, passing hot air to the kiln, heating the cellulosic material spontaneously, obtaining heated carbon, and rapidly cooling the obtained carbon by pouring cool water. The turbine of auxiliary electric power-generating unit is driven with the pressure of the water vapor which arises during rapidly cooling of the heated carbon. The method involves mixing granular porous carbon and livestock excrement, solidifying the obtained mixture, and placing the obtained product in a storage chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system comprises kiln which passes hot air inside for heating cellulosic material for producing heated carbon, and rapid cooling unit to pour cool water on the heated carbon which comes out from the kiln. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biomass liquid fuel further comprises straw (wheat straw, cornstalk, rice, stalk and bean sticks, and peanut shell), and water (20% to 30%). The polymerization inhibitor is hydroquinone, benzoquinone, methyl hydroquinone, 2-tert-butyl hydroquinone, or 2,5-di-tert-butyl hydroquinone. Emulsifier is alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, or fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether. The carbon chain length of alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether is between 8 and 12; or the carbon chain length of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether is between 12 to 18.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ammonia concentration of the ammonia liquid is 40-50% of weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier gas includes compressed air, nitrogen, and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lubricating vapor comprises methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode oxidation membrane layer is provided with micro-structure and directly attached to the surface of the aluminum material body. The thickness of the anode oxide film is 1-3 mu m. The electrolytic coloring layer is deposited on the microstructure of anode oxidation membrane layer. The transparent bottom anti-reflection coating and covering are deposited with electrolytic coloring layer at display area of the anode oxide film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The heat transfer medium is obtained by mixing carbon dioxide with 4.7 times of water. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali salt contains calcium compound, magnesium compound, sodium compound and potassium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (Q) is n-doped with a Seebeck coefficient greater in magnitude than -170 mu V/K at 900 K for carrier concentrations of 0.1-0.5 per unit cell or p-doped with a Seebeck coefficient greater in magnitude than 170 mu V/K at 900 K for carrier concentrations of 0.02-0.1 per unit cell. (Q) has a figure of merit greater than 1 for temperature greater than 900 K. Preferred Definitions:    A, A1, A2, A3 = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and/or Ra, where A1 includes a first alkaline earth element and A2 includes a second alkaline earth element different from the first alkaline earth element;    y = 3;    z = 1; and    x, sum or x1 and x2 (In (II) and sum of x2, x2 and x3 (in (III)) = 1.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The system comprises: a pipe system configured to provide a closed-loop fluid conduit for carrying a fluid from a surface through a first well bore associated with a cased well and through at least a portion of a subterranean thermal reservoir and back to the surface through a second well bore associated with a second cased well; an electrical generator coupled to the pipe system and configured to generate electricity from heat carried by the fluid; and a control system coupled to the electrical generator to control delivery of the electricity to a destination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A portion of host matrix is made of porous silicon with a thickness of 1 mu m to 10 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The microorganism fermentation is carried out on the agriculture and forestry biomass hydrogen generating surplus and microorganism leavening, after fermenting, a special precise meter detects the active ingredient content of high-efficiency fertilizer, after proportioning, the fertilizer is produced through advanced high efficiency fertilizer production line, and the finished product is obtained after metering and packaging. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide layer contains alumina, alkaline earth oxide, rare-earth oxide, zirconia, titanium dioxide, hafnium(IV) oxide and/or zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The size of the mother phase is 20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor includes silicon, germanium, carbon, boron, phosphorus, nitrogen, gallium, arsenic and/or indium. The semi-metal is chosen from boron, silicon, germanium and tin. The metal is chosen from titanium, aluminum, copper, gold, silver, platinum, nickel, phosphorus, boron, chromium, lithium, tungsten, magnesium, titanium tungstate, titanium/nickel alloy, titanium nitride, molybdenum, titanium silicide, molybdenum silicide, and tungsten silicide. The electrodes contain titanium, aluminum, copper, gold, silver, platinum, nickel, phosphorus, boron, chromium, lithium, tungsten, magnesium, titanium tungstate, titanium/nickel alloy, titanium nitride, molybdenum, titanium silicide, molybdenum silicide, nickel silicide and tungsten silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The calcium sulfoaluminate-type clinker composition comprises (in wt.%) coal ash (10-40), gypsum (5-25) and reduction furnace slag (40-80). The reduction furnace slag comprises calcium oxide (30-60), alumina (15-40), silica (1-15), and minor components (7-25) including ferric oxide, manganese oxide, magnesium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide titanium dioxide and sulfur trioxide. The cement comprises calcium sulfoaluminate-type clinker composition (20-60), Portland cement (20-60), anhydrous gypsum (10-25), calcium hydroxide (5-15), and sodium sulfate (0.5-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel alloy further comprises niobium and/or titanium (0.15 weight% or less). The mass ratio of vanadium and nitrogen is 1.5:3. The mass ratio of vanadium and niobium/nitrogen is 3:4.5. The mass ratio of rare-earth element and sulfur is 1:2.5. Preferred Process: The calcium alloy powder or calcium carbide powder, ferromanganese-silicon alloy, ferrochrome alloy, ferrovanadium alloy and rare-earth alloy are added, during melting of steel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The RE is chosen from lanthanum, cerium, samarium, neodymium and praseodymium or mischmetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The multi-protocol communication module comprises a Modbus protocol (RTM: serial communications protocol) communication unit, a communication unit and a Process field bus (PROFIBUS) protocol communication unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass fiber is chosen from long fiber, short fiber, woven fiber cloth and three-phase woven fiber cloth. The organic solvent is chosen from 42 compounds e.g. benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene, styrene and butyl toluene. The coupling agent is chosen from chrome complex coupling agent, zirconium coupling agent, silane coupling agent, titanate ester coupling agent, aluminate coupling agent, maleic anhydride and graft copolymer-type coupling agent and polyurethane block polymer coupling agent. The curing agent is chosen from 26 compound e.g. ethylene diamine ethylene amine, 1,2-propylene diamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, 1,2,1,3,1,6-hexane diamine and para-phenylene diamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves using inorganic acid, oxidizing agent, carbon fiber, coupling agent, epoxy resin and curing agent. Preferred Component: The inorganic acid is sulfuric acid (1-60 wt.%) or hydrochloric acid (1-37 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing acid is nitric acid (1-90 wt.%), sulfuric acid (1-98), solution containing potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid in molar ratio of 1/100-100/1, solution containing nitric acid and sulfuric acid in molar ratio of 1/100-/100/1, solution containing potassium permanganate and nitric acid in molar ratio of 1/100-100/1, solution containing hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid in molar ratio of 1/100-100/1, solution containing hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid in molar ratio of 1/100-100/1, solution containing hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid in molar ratio of 1/100-100/1 or 15-95% of hydrogen peroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The epoxy resin is chosen from glycidyl ether-type resin, glycidyl ester-type resin, glycidyl amine-type resin, alicyclic resin, oxidized olefin-type resin, imide epoxy resin or hydantoin epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cementitious slurry further contains additive(s) consisting of fluid loss control additive, strength retrogression additive, permeability reducer, weighting material, permeability reducer and anti-settling agent. Preferred Properties: The consistency of the cementitious slurry is 1-30 Bearden units of consistency. The amount of water in the cementitious slurry is 30-50 wt.% based on the dry weight of the cement. The hardening of the cementitious slurry is delayed until the downhole temperature is greater than or equal to 500 degrees F.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 1000-1000000 Daltons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The injection of the scale inhibition composition into the oil or gas production well occurs during a squeeze application, and the injection occurs by capillary injection during production. Preferred Components: The polymer comprises maleic acid or maleic anhydride and allyl sulfonic acid. The scale inhibition treatment is performed at a temperature of at least 170 degrees C (preferably 170-230 degrees C), and a pressure of at least 25000 psi (preferably 25000-35000 psi). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method: both liquid natural gas and sequestration services are exported because the carbon dioxide is sourced from an overseas emitter and transported to the Australian Sabatier reactor or the overseas emitter to meet cost of capturing equivalent of its carbon dioxide emissions from the Australian source and that carbon dioxide is transported to the Australian Sabatier reactor; the hydrogen is generated via the application of the renewable energy source using photocatalytic water splitting, fermentative hydrogen production, enzymatic hydrogen generation or biocatalyzed electrolysis; and by publicizing an actual or potential supply contract between a producer or potential producer of renewable liquid natural gas and an operator of the LNG exporting plant as a means to attract financial and political support for the development in Australia of a plant to produce renewable liquid natural gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The local interface module comprises an RS485 interface, an RS232interface and an infrared interface. The remote communication module is selected from one of a general packet radio service(GPRS)communication module, a code division multiple access(CDMA)communication module and a global system for mobile communication(GSM)communication module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The aluminum or nickel surface is a component of an apparatus comprising cold plates, heat exchangers or coolant lines. The cooling system and the component surface contain: an aluminum surface and has an aluminum surface area to aqueous-based coolant volume ratio greater than or equal to 1 cm2/ml; and a nickel surface and has a nickel surface area to aqueous-based coolant volume ratio greater than or equal to 1 cm2/ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous-based coolant further comprises potassium hydroxide in an amount to adjust and buffer the pH of the aqueous-based coolant to 8.4-8.6. The aqueous-based coolant has a pH of 8.4-8.6 and comprises (in wt.%): 2-ethylhexanoic acid (2); sebacic acid (0.5); benzoic acid (0.5); and molybdate oxyanion, preferably sodium molybdate (0.06). Preferred Components: The aqueous-based coolant contains 2-ethylhexanoic acid, sebacic acid and benzoic acid at a ratio of 4:1:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The scintillation material consists of monocrystalline oxide compound doped with cerium (Ce) ions or praseodymium (Pr) ions or lithium calcium aluminum ferrite (LiCaAlFe) or lithium strontium aluminum ferrite (LiSrAlFe) compound material doped with Ce ions or polymer matrix enriched with boron (B) or lithium (Li) through the use of nanoparticles of boron oxides or lithium oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Gas zone is provided with gas selected from group of air, nitrogen, and argon gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The balance control module is provided with a battery pack management system controller via a controller area network (CAN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The supporting section is obtained by extrusion of aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermoelectric component is made of silicon germanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The box body is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The air-based geothermal cooling system includes high-density polyethylene tubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass comprises silica (0-70), alumina (0-40), magnesium oxide (0-20), calcium oxide (0-20), strontium oxide (0-20), barium oxide (0-20), zirconia (0-30), and/or titania (0-30), and bismuth oxide (0-20), tellurium oxide (0-20), cupric oxide (0-20), tin oxide (0-20), tungstic oxide (0-10), molybdic oxide (0-10), and/or niobium oxide (0-20). Preferred Properties: The glass has a mean line thermal expansion coefficient of 100x 10-7/ degrees C or less at 30-300 degrees C, a glass transition temperature of 600 degrees C or less, and an internal transmittance of 80% or more at a wavelength of 588 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: A portion of iron is replaced with copper (5 or less) as element (I), titanium (1.5 or less), vanadium (1.5 or less), niobium (1.5 or less), and/or hafnium (1.5 or less) as element (II), molybdenum (10 or less), tantalum (10 or less), tungsten (10 or less), and/or rhenium (10 or less) as element (III), calcium (0.2 or less), magnesium (0.2 or less), zirconium (0.2 or less), boron (0.2 or less), and/or rare-earth metal (0.2 or less) as element (IV), and/or zinc (1 or less), arsenic (1 or less), tin (1 or less), antimony (1 or less), lead (1 or less), and/or bismuth (1 or less) as element (V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass contains silicon dioxide (0-15), alumina (0-30), boron trioxide (0-30), magnesium oxide (0-20), calcium oxide (0-20), strontium oxide (0-20), barium oxide (0-20), zirconium oxide (0-30) and/or titanium oxide (0-30). The glass contains bismuth trioxide (0-20), tellurium oxide (0-20), copper oxide (0-20), lanthanum oxide (0-5), yttrium oxide (0-5), and/or gadolinium oxide (0-5), tungsten oxide (0-10), molybdenum oxide (0-10) and/or niobium pentoxide (0-5). The mass weight reduction rate after immersing glass in boiling water at crystallization temperature of 500 degrees C or less and glass transition temperature of 450 degrees C or more for 60 minutes is less than 0.6 wt.%. The mean line thermal expansion coefficient of glass at 30-250 degrees C is 150x 10-7/ degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The localization signal comprises a data packet or an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant data packet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The propylene-type random copolymer is propylene-1-butene random copolymer. The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-1-butene copolymer. The layer containing polyethylene resin is heat-sealing layer. Preferred Property: The melting point of polypropylene resin is 130-170 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Mass ratio of sludge, plant straw and/or traditional Chinese medicine waste residue is 1: 1: 3-1: 1: 10. The roller drier conditions include temperature of 120-250 degrees C, rotating speed of 800-2000 revolutions/minute, and stay time of 20-35 minutes. The greenhouse conditions include temperature of 50-80 degrees C, and ventilation quantity of 1000-2000 m3/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cast iron liquid comprises (in weight%) carbon (3.5-3.8), silicon (1.8-2.2), manganese (0.1-0.3), phosphorus (less than 0.04), sulfur (less than 0.03), rare-earth metal (0.02-0.04), and antimony (0.01-0.02).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric module comprises a thermoelectric material comprising skutterudites, semi-Heuslers, clathrates, oxides, silicides, borides and/or bismuth telluride, lead telluride, antimonides such as zinc antimonide, and simple phases. The metal salt comprises fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, chromates, molybdates, vanadates or tungstates as anions, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium or barium as cation. The metal alloy is based on zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, calcium, silicon, and phosphorus or antimony. The package comprises a pure metal such as nickel, zirconium, titanium and silver or iron, and/or a metal alloy based on nickel, chromium, iron and zirconium or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plant generates power by allowing working fluid such as ammonia, Freon and carbon dioxide to flow through a turbine generator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plant generates power by allowing working fluid such as ethane and hydrocarbon to flow through the turbine generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating temperature of polyaluminum chloride is 70-80 degrees C and the stirring speed is 50- 60 rotations per minute during the precipitation of molten salt. The stirring speed is increased to 110-110 rotations per minute and the heating temperature is reduced to 45-55 degrees C during the formation of the precursor. The preparation of the polyaluminum chloride utilizes kaolin as a raw material and calcium oxide, grey calcium, sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate as a basicity regulator. Preferred Components: The content of aluminum oxide in the polyaluminum chloride is 11.19-13.09% and the salt basicity is 43.2-80.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the solar thermoelectric power generation system, the thermoelectric power generating element having a first junction in thermal contact with the solar heat reflective area and a second junction in thermal contact with the solar heat absorptive area. The system comprises the roofing shingle including both the solar heat reflective area and the solar heat absorptive area. The solar heat reflective area differing in color space strength (Easterisk) from the solar heat absorptive area is not greater than 10, preferably not greater than 2. The system includes many thermoelectric power generating elements electrically connected in series to provide a predefined output voltage. The solar heat reflective area includes solar heat reflective roofing granules (26) and the solar heat absorptive area includes solar heat absorptive roofing granules. The solar thermoelectric power generating system further comprises thermal insulation between the solar heat reflective area and the solar heat absorptive area. In the roofing product the difference between the first solar heat reflectivity and the second solar heat reflectivity is at least 10% or 20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The support rail groove is placed on the top, and two groove ball support device for inner ring of the rolling ring which is fixed. The support with the trapezoidal calcium carbide pot of the pair of outer support is fixedly connected with the rotating shaft. The two sides of the carbide pouring port are respectively an air inlet and an air outlet. The metal inner wall is a performed insulating layer. The upper surface of the arc shaped support is a row roller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: Glass frit is leaded glass frit and/or lead-free glass frit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Metal oxide particles contain zinc oxide particles, lead oxide particles, copper oxide particles, silicon oxide particles, and/or titanium oxide particles. Metal oxide particles having nanometer scale particle size distribution are present in an amount of about 5-50 wt.% with respect to total weight of metal oxide particles. Conductive powder contains silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, tin, lead, zinc, iron, iridium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, and/or indium tin oxide. Paste contains 60-90 wt.% of conductive powder, 1-10 wt.% glass frit, 8-20 wt.% organic vehicle, and 1-10 wt.% metal oxide particles based on total weight of paste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic vehicle contains organic binder and/or solvent. Paste contains additive consists of plasticizer, dispersant, thixotropic agent, viscosity stabilizer, antifoaming agent, pigment, UV stabilizer, antioxidant, and/or coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The highest evaporation temperature of the low temperature multiple-effect sea water distilling and desalting device is 55-70 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The generator unit is a landfill gas generator. The gas outlet of the stirring and drying chamber is provided with a sensor unit. The sensor unit comprises a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pressure sensor and a flow sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elements (I,II) are carbon, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tin, antimony, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, platinum, gold and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: Base film is polyester film with melting point of 200-245 degrees C. Preferred Components: Polypropylene film contains polypropylene random copolymer resin with less than or equal to 5 mass% homo polypropylene resin or alpha -olefin content. Protective film has an adhesive layer in the base film surface side, and has a release treating layer on the other surface side. A functional layer, hard-coat layer, printing layer, and/or rubber reinforcement styrene resin layer is laminated on the base film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sample piece is subjected to an etching process using nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid or a mixture of hydrofluoric acid/hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The power supply is provided with a monitoring terminal remote diagnostic communication with General packet radio serviceand remote diagnosis by Controller area network bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The groove-shaped base convex edge is provided at an epoxy resin plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoscale pillar is made from one of the material such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon, gallium arsenide, and gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic disc is made from one of the metals gold, silver, copper, aluminum, and alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic polyolefin composition (a) comprises rutile titanium dioxide (2-4 weight%). The ultraviolet stabilizer package further comprises ultraviolet stabilizer, antioxidant, process or thermal stabilizer, and/or ultraviolet absorber. The core layer is made of thermoplastic polyolefin composition (b) containing ultraviolet stabilizer package which is different from the ultraviolet stabilizer package of thermoplastic polyolefin composition (a). Preferred Process: Manufacture of thermoplastic polyolefin membrane further involves forming thermoplastic polyolefin layer (b) by extruding thermoplastic polyolefin mixture (b), disposing scrim layer between thermoplastic polyolefin layers (a) and (b), laminating thermoplastic polyolefin layer (a), scrim layer, and thermoplastic polyolefin layer (b) at elevated temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average value of the aspect ratio of the voids having longest diameter (L) of 300-1600 nm is 2.0-4.0, and the average value of the distance of the adjacent voids with longest diameter of 300-1600 nm, is 300-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation of pipe structure is made of polyurethane and polysterene. The cylindrical truss structure is made of carbon, aramid, fiber glass, basalt, bamboo, boron, silicon carbide, flax, steel epoxy, vinyl ester, polyester, phenolic, melamine, silicone, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyamide, polyetherether ketone (PEEK), polyurethane and ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermoelectric power generation device comprising metal provided with nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric power generation device is made of bismuth (Bi), lead and tellurium (PbTe), antimony (Sb) and selenium (Se).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tiers are made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal coating layer is made of barium oxide, barium hydroxide, yttrium oxide or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The apparatus has a carbon-di-oxide (Co2) emission amount calculating section which creates a prediction distribution of a Co2 emission amount of the controllable electric power source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating is made of zinc, indium, bismuth, silver, tin alloy, indium alloy, bismuth alloy or silver alloy. The nickel protective coating is made of nickel layer or nickel alloy. The fuse is made of tin silver alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the steps (b)-(e), at least one layer of reflecting a right circularly-polarized light and at least one layer of reflecting a left circularly-polarized light are formed. The method includes: aligning the surface of the laminate on the side opposite to the side having the hard coat layer formed on it, between the step (a) and the step (b); forming an alignment film on the laminate on the side opposite to the side having the hard coat layer formed, and aligning the surface of the alignment film, between the steps (a) and (b); aligning the surface of the laminate by rubbing treatment; forming the hard coat layer by coating a hard coat layer composition; forming the hard coat layer by using a hard coat layer composition containing a difunctional or more polyfunctional polymerizable monomer; forming the hard coat layer by using a hard coat layer composition containing a fluorine or silicon compound; and winding up the film into a roll. The hard coat layer has a thickness of 0.1-15 mu m. Preferred Components: The curable liquid crystal composition contains a polymerizable rod-shaped liquid crystal compound, an alignment controlling agent capable of controlling the alignment of the polymerizable rod-shaped liquid crystal compound, and a solvent. The polymerizable monomer is a difunctional or more polyfunctional (meth)acrylate. The polymerizable monomer is at least one of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. The hard coat layer composition further contains a monofunctional (meth)acrylate. The fluorine compound is a (meth) acrylate having a perfluoroalkyl group. The resin film is a polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective case consists of alumina cement containing sort(s) selected from the group of silicon carbide particle, aluminum nitride particle, and silicon nitride particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective case consists of type selected from the group of ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The particles are anti-biofouling particles selected from copper, zinc and/or compounds and alloys composed from it.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles have an average particle size of up to 100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is a thermoplastic or cured thermoset polymer. The polymer surface is a polymer layer provided over another substrate. The particles are sprayed on to the polymer surface at a particle velocity of 300-1200 m/s. The particles are embedded in the polymer surface by cold spraying of particles onto the polymer surface. The particle density is at least 5-200 g/m2. ACTIVITY - Antifouling. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Method: The mixture is introduced into the well during stimulation. Preferred Composition: The corrosion inhibiting formulation further comprises a hydrophilic solvent with the at least one component. Preferred Components: The component is: an alkyl or alkenyl substituted quaternary pyridine consisting of N-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride, dodecylpyridinium chloride and tetradecylpyridinium chloride, N-methylpyridinium chloride, N-methylpyridinium bromide, N-ethylpyridinium chloride, N-ethylpyridinium bromide, 2-vinylpyridinium chloride, 2-vinylpyridinium bromide, 3-vinylpyridinium chloride, 3-vinylpyridinium bromide, 4-vinylpyridinium chloride and/or 4-vinylpyridinium bromide; and an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylaryl arylalkyl or arylamine quaternary salt. The hydrophilic solvent is water or an organic solvent. The weight ratio of spent fluid to the corrosion inhibiting formulation is 25:75-75:25, preferably 50:50. The quaternary salt has a structure of formula ((N+(R5)(R6)(R7)(R8))(X-)).R5-R8 = 1-6C-(hydroxy)alkyl, where the alkyl group is a 1-6C-alkyl or alkylaryl or arylalkyl, where each of R5-R8 contains 1-18 carbon. Preferred Definitions:    X = Cl;    R15 = benzyl or naphthylmethyl; and    R14 = methyl or phenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (Q) are specifically claimed i.e. 5-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-dithiazine of formula (Qa), 5-(2-acetoxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-dithiazine and 5-(2-acetoxy-ethyl)-5-benzyl-(1,3,5)dithiazinan-5-ium-chloride.    EXAMPLE - 5-Hydroxyethyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-dithiazine (400 mg) and a stoichiometric amount of benzoyl chloride dissolved in methylene chloride (1 ml) and heated in a sealed reaction vessel at 100 degrees C and stirred for 8 hours. Then triethylamine (400 mg) was added to the resulting product and triethylammonium chloride salt was removed to obtain 5-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-dithiazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first electric storage unit is lead acid battery. The second electric storage unit is lithium battery or lithium iron battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The user device of solar power system is coupled to controller via USB connection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: In forming the silver back anode of the silicon solar cell, the silver paste contains 50-92 wt.% of particulate silver, based on total silver paste composition. The silver paste contains 7-45 wt.% of organic vehicle, based on total silver paste composition. The total glass frit content in the silver paste is 0.25-8 wt.%. The antimony oxide is selected from Sb2O3 and Sb2O5. The glass frit contains the antimony oxide in a proportion corresponding to an antimony content (calculated as antimony) of 0.25-10 wt.%, based on total glass frit content of the silver paste composition. The silver paste is composed of 50-92 wt.% of the particulate silver, 0-5 wt.% of further inorganic constituents, 0.25-8 wt.% of the glass frit and 7-45 wt.% of the organic vehicle, where the wt.% total 100 wt.%, and where the glass frit contains the antimony oxide in a proportion corresponding to an antimony content (calculated as antimony) of 0.25-10 wt.%, based on total glass frit content of the silver paste composition. The aluminum back-side metallization covers only such areas of the back surface of the silicon wafer that are not to be covered with anodic silver rear contacts and where the silver paste is applied directly on the p-type silicon surface into the bare areas left uncovered by the aluminum back-side metallization and with a slight overlap with the aluminum back-side metallization. The aluminum back-side metallization covers the entire back surface of the silicon wafer and the silver pastels applied oaths aluminum back-side metallization covering the entire back surface of the silicon water. The silver paste is applied by printing. The firing of the silver paste is performed as co-firing together with the aluminum back-side metallization and/or front-side conductive metal pastes applied to the solar cell silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The small diameter resin pipe consists of vinyl-chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shell section is made of metal salt selected from lithium-transition metal, aluminum, titanium, yttrium, magnesium, indium, tin, zinc, cobalt or zirconium. The lithiated metal oxide is selected from lithiated cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-iron phosphorus oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide or lithium compound metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer is aluminum, stainless steel and/or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of sealing layer, metal layer and coating layer is 10-200 mu m, 10-100 mu m and 10-50 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: The sealing layer is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, low density poly ethylene, high density polyethylene and/or linear low density polyethylene. The coating layer is nylon, polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyethylene. The core material of UV capsule layer is chosen from polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate and/or nylon. The coating layer of UV reaction capsule layer is chosen from poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), didecyldimethylammonium bromide and/or silica-titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite contains conductive agent chosen from graphite, carbon black, conductive fiber, conductive metal oxide and polyphenylene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coupling agent is triethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulfide, mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane, aminopropyl triethoxysilane, chloropropyl triethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane, isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane or cyanatopropyl triethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-manganese oxide has cubic phase and/or tetragonal phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of primary and secondary anode active material is each of 0.5-10 wt.%. The active material contains complex of cobalt, manganese, nickel, aluminum, magnesium and titanium. Preferred Properties: The primary active material has average particle size of 18-25 mu m, specific surface area of 2-4 m2/g and density of 1.5-1.85 g/cc. The secondary active material has average particle size of 13-18 mu m, specific surface area of 2-4 m2/g and density of 1.5-1.7 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal powder contains titanium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The template contains polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent mixture comprises sodium hydroxide (6-10 wt.%), urea (7-15 wt.%) and water (75-87 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The complex solution is cellulose solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is filled in reactor is selected from the group consisting of potassium oxide (K2O), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), calcium oxide (CaO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The current collector contains nickel foam. The catalyst is chosen from electrolytic manganese dioxide, ( alpha )-manganese dioxide, ( beta )-manganese dioxide and ( gamma )-manganese dioxide. Preferred Property: The current collector has pore density of 500-680 ppi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder resin is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polytrifluorostyrene sulfonic acid. The composition contains carbon powder (100-450 parts weight) and further includes catalyst (100-400 parts weight), with respect to 100 parts weight of binder resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl acetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, polycarbonate and diethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The separation film has thickness of 10-30 mu m. The separation film is made of polypropylene, polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene composite, or olefin separation film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite is natural graphite and/or artificial graphite. The total content of crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon is 40-95 weight%. Preferred Properties: The crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon has specific surface area of 0.1-10 m2/g and particle size of 1-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder having solid content of 10-90 weight% and viscosity of 1000-15000 cps or styrene butadiene rubber having solid content of 10-90 weight% and viscosity of 1000-20000 cps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A metal precursor chosen from chloride, acetate, acetylacetonate, ethylhexanoate, dialkylisocarbamate, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, pyridine, diamine, arsine, diarsine, phosphine, diphosphine, arene, metal oxide, carbonyl, carbonate, hydrate, hydroxide, nitrate or oxalate of metal. The metal precursor is hydrogen tetrachloro aurate trihydrate, silver nitrate, silver 2-ethylhexanoate, copper acetate, copper chloride, hexachloroplatinate hexahydrate, zinc acetate, dimethyl cadmium, 2-ethylhexanoate, nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate, manganese 2-ethylhexanoate, tungsten hexachloride, germanium tetrachloride, selenium carbide, iron 2-ethylhexanoate, aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate, aluminum trichloride, titanium tetrachloride, palladium acetate, palladium acetylacetonate, sodium palladium tetrachloride, palladium dichloride, indium 2-ethylhexanoate or indium trichloride. The glyme is monoglyme, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, pentaglyme, hexaglyme, heptaglyme, octaglyme or polyglyme. The solution contains n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, decane, dodecane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, styrene, dicyclopentane, benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, indene, tetrahydronaphthalene or decahydronaphthalene, diethyl ether, dipropylether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethyleneglycol methyl ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether, p-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or tetraglyme, propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, methylene chloride or chloroform. The ammonia borane compound is ammonia borane or its derivative containing methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl or phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: Substrate is glass plate, aluminum plate or stainless steel plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Benzimidazole small functional molecule has amino acid sequence of formula (A). Organic solvent is toluene, chlorobenzene, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide and/or N-methyl pyrrolidone.R1=alkyl; andR2=H or alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The aromatic polymer is polyphenylsulfone, polyether sulfone, halogen methyl bisphenol A polysulfone, polyether-ether-ketone, polyether ketone, polyphenylene oxide, polyether sulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyaryletherketone phenolphthalein side group, or phthalocyanine group ether with phenol. Reaction solution has weight volume concentration of 1-50 m/v%. Reaction temperature is 0-130 degrees C. Reaction time is 48 hours. Substrate is PTFE plate or polyethylene film. Reinforcing fabric is polyethylene fabric, polypropylene fabric, chinlon fabric, terylene or nylon cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary battery is lithium secondary battery. The self-healing material layer comprises initiator and capsule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The laminated sheet comprises metal layer and resin layer comprising polymer resin. The secondary battery having polymerizing monomer layer comprises polymer matrix and polymerizing monomer, where the polymer matrix is selected from polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyether, epoxy polymer, epoxy vinyl ester polymer, polyimide, phenol-formaldehyde polymer, amine-formaldehyde polymer, polysulfone, poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), polyurethane, polyolefin, polyacrylate, poly(alkyl acrylate) and polysilanes and polymerizing monomer is selected from acrylate, alkyl acrylate, styrene, isoprene, butadiene, olefin, cycloolefin, vinyl ether, epoxide, lactone, lactam and functionalized siloxane. The self-healing material layer comprising capsule is selected from polypropylene, polyethylene and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is single-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube or multi-walled carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic functional group is carboxyl group or hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Formula (I) is of formula (II) and (III). (4-halophenyl)(3'-iodophenyl) phosphine oxide is bis(4-fluorophenyl)(3'-iodophenyl) phosphine oxide or bis(4-chlorophenyl)(3'-iodophenyl) phosphine oxide. Diester phosphite is distilled, organic solvent is toluene, and acid binding agent is triethylamine. Mol ratio of (4-halophenyl)(3'-iodophenyl) phosphine oxide to diester phosphite is 10-5:20-40:1. Reaction temperature is 80-85 degrees C for 24-36 hours. Diester phosphite is 1-3C alkyl diester phosphite. Leaching agent is a mixture of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether at 60-90 degrees C and ratio of 1:1.5-4.R=1-3C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Mass ratio of the doped element with fluorine, silver, nitrogen and titanium is 1: 100-1: 200. Mass ratio of iron, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur with titanium is 1: 200, 1:4, 1: 3, 2:3, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The easy-to-biodegrade organic substance is glucose, domestic wastewater and/or food wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, or potassium hydroxide. The inorganic reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate or anhydrous sodium sulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic reducing agent is ascorbic acid or oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting polymer material is selected from the group consisting of the polyaniline, the polyacetylene, the polyphenylene, the polythiophene and polypyrrole. The conductive polymer complex consists of filler of the metal powder such as silver or aluminum powder, and/or the carbon-powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteropolyacid based solid acid salt is formed by substitution of metal ion. The heteropolyacid is phosphotungstic acid, silicotungstate, or phosphomolybdate. The metal ion is cesium ion or ammonium ion. The heteropolyacid-based solid acid is cesium-phosphorus-tungsten oxide (CsxH(3-x)PW12O40, where x is substituted amount of cesium ion).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The temperature of the acid decomposition reaction is 10-95 degrees C. The molar ratio of the metal catalyst precursor and ligand is 1-5. The concentration of formic acid is 85-99 wt.%. The molar ratio of the acid and ionic liquid is 0.5-10. The molar ratio of the formic acid and ligand metal catalyst is 100-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is active carbon, carbon nanotube, nanocarbon fiber, carbon nanocage or graphite. The pyridine derivative is 2-methyl pyridine or 2-pyridine. The solvent is water, methanol, ethanol or tetrahydrofuran. The inert gas is nitrogen gas or argon gas. The fuel cell is alkaline fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, direct ethanol fuel cell, hydrogen-air fuel cell or low temperature zinc-air battery. The ratio of Nafion (RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer) solution and methanol solution is 1:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum-based compound is aluminum nitrate, aluminum fluoride and/or aluminum phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode mix slurry is made of metal lithium or lithium alloy powder containing silicon, germanium and tin. The carbon material catalyst is active carbon, foam carbon, graphite powder, middle phase carbon microsphere, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, fullerene and/or graphite. The load of the catalyst is platinum, palladium, gold, silver, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, cobalt, nickel and/or molybdenum. The metal oxide alpha -manganese oxide, cobalt oxide (Co3O4), cobalt oxide (CoO), tungsten trioxide nickel oxide and/or ruthenium oxide. The metal composite oxide is spinel, pyrochlore and/or perovskite-type oxide, and further contains phthalocyanine cobalt or iron porphyrin transition metal macro-cyclic compound. The inorganic material contains glass fiber, glass, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, lithium aluminate and/or lithium titanate. The lithium salt is hexafluoro lithium phosphate, tetrafluoro lithium phosphate, lithium perchlorate, hexafluoro lithium arsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and/or lithium compounds (LiN(CFSO2)2) and LiC(SO2CF3)3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is ethylene chloride, polycarbonate, dimethyl chloride, 1,3-dioxide cyclopentane and/or diethylene chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high molecular material is polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyaryletherketone, polynorbornene and/or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The waste water treated is domestic sewage, food processing waste water, starch processing waste water or brewery waste water. Preferred Method: The microbial fuel cell and micro-algae culture is added to organic waste water, in a separated structure or an integrated structure. The microbial fuel cell and micro-algae culture are added to organic waste water in the photo-bioreactor, where the photo-bioreactor has two independent reactor which are coupled with each other to form separate structure, and the waste water is directly transferred from an anode chamber of the microbial fuel cell into a cathode chamber, and continuously transferred to the photo-bioreactor, until the waste water meet the standards. The organic waste water is processed in the photo-bioreactor by combining the microbial fuel cell and micro-algae culture at the cathode chamber, and waste water is directly transferred from an anode chamber of the microbial fuel cell into a cathode chamber, and continuously transferred to the photo-bioreactor, until the waste water meet the standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: An anode electrode and a cathode electrode of the microbial fuel cell, is made of carbon cloth, graphite particles, reticulated vitreous carbon, granular activated carbon, carbon fiber brush, platinum or stainless steel. The anode chamber is coaxially arranged in the cathode chamber. The exchange membrane is a combination of glass wool layer or glass bead layer or an ion exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide of olivine structure is lithium-iron phosphate. The cathode material further comprises conductive material (0.5-15 parts weight) chosen from graphite and conductive carbon. The conductive carbon comprises carbon black, acetylene black, KETJEN BLACK (RTM: carbon), channel black, furnace black, lamp black and/or summer black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material is made of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, silicon oxide, carbon, germanium, silicon, zinc, silver, aluminum and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The polyoxometallate has molecular formula of (PX12O40)raised to power (n-).X12=Mo12, W12, CuMo11, PdMo11, CuW11 or PdW11.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The water-soluble polymer is polyethyleneimine, polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The diameter of metal spinneret in step (B) is 0.4-1.6, preferably 0.6-1.6 mm. The receiving substrate is 400-20-mesh steel mesh, which has planar area of 5 cmx 5 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickness of micron-scale fiber membrane, which is composed of polymer B, is 5-10 mu m. The diameter of nanoscale fiber membrane is 100-800 nm. The diameter of micron-scale fiber membrane is 1.0-3.0 mu m. The composite fiber membrane has hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Water droplets penetrate from one side of the composite fiber membrane hydrophobic layer to the other side of hydrophilic layer; and cannot penetrate from the one side of hydrophilic layer to the hydrophobic layer. Preferred Method: An additional step is needed when polymer A is polyvinyl alcohol. It is performed after step (C), where the additional step is chemical crosslinking treatment, which is performed for the two-layer fiber membrane, which is composed of polymer A and polymer B, in hydrochloric acid steam (0.05-0.10 mol/cm3), subjecting the polyvinyl alcohol and glutaraldehyde in polymer A nanoscale fiber membrane to chemical crosslinking reaction, where the membrane taken out after treating for 5-10 minutes and final composite fiber membrane is obtained. The fiber diameter of polymer A in nanoscale fiber membrane, which is prepared in step (B), is regulated by regulating the polymer A electric spinning solution, the voltage of forcing electric field, and the distance between the metal spinneret and receiving substrate. The fiber diameter of polymer B in micron-scale fiber membrane, which is prepared in step (C), is regulated by regulating the polymer B electric spinning solution, the voltage of forcing electric field, and the distance between the metal spinneret and the receiving substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing system is water-alcohol, alcohol-alcohol, water-ester or alcohol-ester systems, preferably water-glycol, water-glycerol, water-sodium hexametaphosphate, water-acetic acid, ethyl glycol-ethyl acetate or ethanol-ethyl acetate system. The film forming agent is Nafion (RTM: Perfluorinated resin solution), poly tetra-fluorine alkene solution or polyvinylidene fluoride alkene solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mass % of nitrogen in high purity nitrogen is 99.99%. The reaction solution is prepared by adding melamine powder and formaldehyde solution with the concentration of 37% to deionized water, heating at 45-55 degrees C for 25 minutes, stirring for 15 minutes, increasing the temperature to 82-87 degrees C, and allowing to stand for 15-25 minutes. The molar ratio of melamine and formaldehyde in the step (i) is 3-5:1. The temperature of reaction in the hot water reaction kettle is 150-180 degrees C, preferably 160 degrees C, and the reaction time is 5-10 hours, preferably 8 hours. The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction in the step (ii) is 170 degrees C and time taken is 7 hours. The flow rate of high purity nitrogen in the step (iii) is 30-70 ml/minute. The heating rate of quartz tube furnace in the step (iii) is 3-8 degrees C/minute, preferably 5 degrees C/minute, temperature is increased to 650-750 degrees C, preferably 680 degrees C, and incubated for 5-10 hours, preferably 8 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline ionic liquid comprises B type alkaline ionic liquid, L type alkaline ionic liquid, lewis base/bronsted compound basic ionic liquid and cation selected from piperidine ion, pyrrole ion, imidazole ion, ester ion, quaternary ammonium ion, amino ion, carbamidine ion and alkyl or acyl having 1-6 carbon atom, where the B type alkaline ionic liquid comprises anion selected from carbonyl, hydroxyl, hydrogen sulfate and dihydrogen phosphate ion, and the L type alkaline ionic liquid comprises anion selected from lactate, carboxylate, melamine, bromo or fluoro. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the alkaline ionic liquid is 0-80 mass%. The electrolyte further comprises alkaline ion liquid with water and 20-50% of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The sheet-like primary particles have average thickness of 10-200 nm. The secondary particles have average grain size of 1-50 microns. The carbon layer has thickness of 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material is produced using lithium salt chosen from acetate, carbonate, citrate, nitrate and oxalate of lithium, nitrogen source chosen from urea, methylamine, ethylene diamine, diisopropylamine, triethanolamine and butyl ammonium bromide, solvent chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, glycol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide and polyethylene glycol, and cleaning solvent chosen from water, ethanol, acetone, methylene dichloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer and inorganic composite material is conductive polymer with multivalent metal oxide (manganese oxide, vanadium pentoxide or tungsten oxide), or conductive polymer wrapped lithium battery cathode material (lithium manganese oxide, lithium vanadium oxide or lithium iron phosphate). The main component lithium/polymer liquid flow battery electrolyte solution comprises lithium nitrate, lithium perchlorate and lithium tetrafluoroborate. The zinc oxide/polymer liquid flow battery electrolyte solution comprises zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc sulfate, zinc perchlorate or zinc nitrate. The manganese/polymer redox flow battery electrolyte solution comprises manganese chloride, manganese bromide, manganese sulfate, manganese perchlorate and manganese nitrate. The vanadium/polymer liquid flow battery electrolyte solution comprises vanadium chloride, vanadium bromide and vanadium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly-p-phenylene, polyacene, dicyclopentadienyl iron, poly-naphthol, polyamino anthraquinone and derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium-containing compound utilized in the method is chosen from one of rutile titanium dioxide, anatase titanium dioxide, amorphous titanium dioxide or meta-titanic acid. The inorganic lithium salt is chosen from one of lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate and lithium chloride. The inert gas utilized in the method is chosen from nitrogen or argon. Preferred Properties: The granularity of the titanium-containing compound is 5-800 nm. The granularity of the inorganic lithium salt is 1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source utilized in the method is chosen from epoxy resin, phenolic resin, petroleum coke, coal tar pitch, glucose, sucrose, and starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinyl alcohol, and carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate is 0.5-1:1. The mass ratio of carbon nanotubes, and carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate is 1-100:1000. The anionic group is sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group, or hydroxyl group. The volume ratio of chitosan acetate aqueous solution and glutaraldehyde solution is 1000:2-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal precursor is chosen from hydroxide, nitrate, sulfate, acetate and chloride of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy is chosen from platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-molybdenum alloy, platinum-tin alloy, palladium-platinum alloy, palladium-lutetium alloy, palladium-molybdenum alloy, platinum-ruthenium-molybdenum alloy, platinum-ruthenium-tin alloy, platinum-tin-nickel alloy, platinum-ruthenium-cobalt alloy, platinum-ruthenium-iron alloy and platinum-ruthenium-iridium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon support element is chosen from carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nano-coil, porous carbon, mesocarbon micro beads, multi-walled carbon nano-horn, carbon aerogel and graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent of metal precursor solution is chosen from distilled water, dimethylformamide, ethanol, ethylene glycol and diethylglycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the immobilized enzyme is trypsin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method comprises adding graphite in mixed solution of strong acid and strong oxidant at 25-100 degrees C, using water to dilute, adding hydrogen peroxide, filtering when it is hot, using dilute hydrochloric acid and de-ionized water to wash until it is neutral, and drying to obtain graphite oxide. Preferred Materials: The strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid. The strong oxidant is potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, sodium chlorate, potassium peroxydisulfate, sodium nitrate and potassium dichromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is composed of acid, water, and acid or salt at mol ratio of 1:a:b (where a=5-500 and b=0-30). The acid can be hydrofluoric acid or other corrosive organic acids or inorganic acids. The acid or salt is common acid or salt capable of increasing conductivity of electrolyte, preferably hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium chloride, or sodium sulfate. Preferred Method: The method is performed with pressurizing rate is 0-10 V/minute, electrolysis voltage of 0-60 V, space between electrodes in electrolysis process of 0.5-10 cm, and under controlled current density of 0-0.5 A/m2. The pretreatment step involves ultrasonically washing metal titanium sheet for 5-20 minutes through cleaning agent, deionized water and ethanol, respectively; and drying. It may involve pretreating titanium sheet with 5-20 wt.% oxalic acid solution, and solvent consisting of water or ethanol or other organic solvents at 40-100 degrees C for 5-20 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid or salt can be acetic acid or oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of cathode active material (a) and cathode active material (b) is 3-7 mu m and 8-16 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: The mixing ratio of cathode active material (a) and cathode active material (b) is 92:8-94:6. The cathode active material has composition of formula: LixCo1-yMyO2Aa, LixNi1-xM'yO2Aa, LixMn2-yM"yO4OaAa, LixNix'MnyCo1-(x'+y)O4 or LixM1-yM'yPO4Aa.M=Al, Mg, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, or B;M'=Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, or Bi;M"=Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, or Bi;A=S, Se, F, Cl, or elements of groups 6A and 7A of periodic table;x=more than 0.8 to less than 1.2;y=more than 0 to less than 1;a= more than 0 to less than 0.05;andx'=0.2-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound is chosen from ruthenium-tin-selenium compound of formula: RuaSnbSec, ruthenium-tin-molybdenum-selenium of formula: Rua'Snb'Moc'Sed', and ruthenium-tin-tungsten-selenium of formula: Rua'Snb'Wc"Sed'. The catalyst further contains hydrocarbon catalyst carrier. The carrier contains nano porous carbon structure chosen from Ketjen (RTM: carbon black), carbon black, graphite carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, graphene, and hollow mesoporous carbon. The catalyst is manufactured using ruthenium precursor, tin precursor, molybdenum precursor, selenium precursor and tungsten precursor. The ruthenium precursor is chosen from ruthenium chloride hydrate, ruthenium iodide, ruthenium oxide hydrate and ruthenium sulfide. The tin precursor is chosen from tin chloride hydrate, tin acetate, tin bromide, tin fluoride, tin iodide, tin oxide and tin sulfide. The molybdenum precursor is chosen from sodium molybdate, molybdenum acetate, molybdenum carbide, molybdenum chloride, molybdenum fluoride, molybdenum oxide and molybdenum sulfide. The selenium precursor is chosen from selenium oxide, selenium sulfide, selenium bromide and selenium chloride. The tungsten precursor is chosen from sodium tungstate, tungsten acetate, tungsten bromide, tungsten chloride, tungsten fluoride, tungsten oxide and tungsten sulfide.a=5.5-8;b=0.5-2;c,d'=0.5-3;a'=5-8;b'=0.3-2;c'=0.1-1.5;andc"=0.1-3.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of metallic catalyst is 2-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is helium or argon. The cobalt precursor is dicobalt octacarbonyl and/or cobalt chloride. The platinum precursor is platinum (II) acetylacetonate, platinum chloride and/or platinum hexaacetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface stabilizer is oleic acid, oleylamine, trioctylphosphine and/or triphenylphosphine. The reducing agent is 1,2-hexadecanediol, ethylene glycol and/or 1,5-pentadiol. The solvent is dioctylether, ethylene glycol, 1-octadecene and/or benzylether. The carbon support is carbon black, carbon nanotube and/or fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The base metal is ferritic stainless steel. The alloy layer comprises (in wt.%) cobalt (50-90), rare-earth metal (0.01-0.1), and nickel and unavoidable impurity (remainder).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel comprises 16-25 wt.% of chromium, and manganese, in which the content of manganese is 0.02-0.04 times of content of chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves processing the obtained mixture by ultrasonic wave, and dispersing obtained product in distilled water. The heat-treating process is performed at 25-90 degrees C for 1-24 hours. The method further involves washing the obtained product, and drying the obtained product. Preferred Components: The transition metal precursor is manganese, iron or titanium. The concentration of transition metal precursor aqueous solution is 0.0001-2 M. The concentration of graphene aqueous dispersion is 0.001-10 g. The transition metal oxide is coated on graphene, where the thickness of the transition metal oxide layer coated on the graphene is 1-200 nm. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of copper is 0.5-15 weight%. The precipitation agent used during manufacture of catalyst is sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate and/or sodium borohydride. The molar ratio of copper precursor solution and sodium carbonate used during manufacture of catalyst is 1:45-55. The copper precursor is copper nitrate, copper chloride, copper acetate and/or copper acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode further comprises a conductive material chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black or crystalline graphene or graphite. The active material is lithium-containing phosphorus oxide compound (LiMPO4), preferably lithium iron phosphate, where M is cobalt, nickel, manganese or iron. The electrode further comprises ternary system lithium-containing metal oxide compound LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2, preferably lithiated cobalt oxide, lithiated nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide and lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, where x and y are less than 0 and greater than 0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of nickel is 10-24 wt.%. The specific surface area of catalyst is 50-300 m2/g. The nickel surface area of catalyst is 10-30 m2/g. Preferred Definitions:    A=platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in presence of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and argon. Preferred Composition: The plate material is formed using stainless steel, aluminum, titanium and nickel. The metal coating layer is formed using chromium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode is made of copper, stainless steel or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The auxiliary ligand is 2,4-hexadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, or acetonitrile. Preferred Process: The method further involves adding hydrocarbon-based solvent and polar solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polymer electrolyte membrane further comprises inorganic compound chosen from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and zirconium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton conductive polymer is a random copolymer or a block copolymer, and has an average molecular weight of 10000-1000000. The polymer electrolyte membrane further comprises polymer(s) chosen from polyimide, polyether ketone, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyester-ether sulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide, polystyrene, polytrifluorosulfonic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, polyurethane, and branched sulfonated polysulfone ketone copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon carrier is chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber and carbon nanocage. The catalyst comprises iridium, ruthenium, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, iridium-ruthenium alloy and iridium ruthenium oxide. The content of carbon-supported platinum catalyst is 0.1-20 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The formation of film involves using alcohol chosen from ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, n-propanol and butanol, and ionomer binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The inert atmosphere comprises nitrogen, argon or helium. Preferred Agent: The activating agent contains zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of composite, fullerene powder is dispersed in solvent. The metal is transition metal. The metal or metal oxide nanoparticles are removed using strong acid or strong base. Preferred Property: The metal or metal oxide nanoparticles have diameter of 1-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The porous fullerene is in the form of graphene, carbon nanotube, fullerite, torus, nanobud, nanoflower and buckyballs.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is water, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and/or tetraethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas in the atmosphere used during manufacture of composite cathode material is nitrogen, argon gas or helium gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution is added with supporting electrolyte to adjust concentration to 0.01-0.1 mol/l. The supporting electrolyte is inorganic salt, inorganic acid or inorganic alkali. Preferred Method: The circulating volt-ampere scan is operating at 0.6-1.8 V, while timing ampere scan is operating at 1.20-1.3 V for 0.5-1.5 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The working electrode is circular-sheet, nanotube-shaped, or net-shaped conductor or semiconductor material. The reference electrode is saturated calomel electrode, saturated silver/silver chloride electrode, or mercury/mercury oxide electrode. The counter electrode is platinum wire, platinum net, or platinum sheet electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is monobasic alcohol. The carbon source is chosen from sucrose, glucose, starch, epoxy resin, fructose or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An oxidizing process is performed using a strong acid, e.g., nitric acid or sulfuric acid, or strong oxidizing agent, such as ammonium persulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The stainless steel substrate is 304L-type stainless steel substrate or 316L-type stainless steel substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersion system contains water-alcohol, alcohol-alcohol, water-ester or alcohol-ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Nafion (RTM: perfluorinated resin solution), polytetrafluoroethylene solution or fluoride solution is used in the manufacturing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separators are made from polyolefin, polyimide, poly-phenylene sulfide, or a combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicate compound phase containing silicate compound is silicon oxide phase containing silicon oxide. Preferred Property: The silicate compound phase has mean diameter of 10-2000 nm. The silicate compound phase present on the surface of the silicon oxide particles has thickness of 10-2000 nm. The average particle size of the metal oxide is equal to or less than the average particle size of silicon oxide. Preferred Process: The heat-treatment process of the mixture containing silicon oxide and metal oxide is carried out at 600-1000 degrees C in an inert atmosphere, preferably 700-900 degrees C. The metal oxide of 0.001-0.2 mol is added per mol of the silicon oxide in the mixing process. The metal oxide is deposited on a surface of the silicon oxide in the mixing process. The silicon oxide and metal oxide are mixed by a mechanochemical process which is carried out in a ball mill. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.8-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material includes silicon-type material. The silicon type material contains silicon and silicon oxide. The negative electrode active material layer includes carbonaceous material, metal and its oxide, and binder. The metal is chosen from aluminum, lead, tin, indium, bismuth, silver, barium, calcium, mercury, palladium, platinum, tellurium, zinc and lanthanum. The metal oxide is chosen from aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide and lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of cyclic anhydride in the electrolyte solution is 0.1-2 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chosen from polyimide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high-heat conductivity ceramic material is selected from aluminum nitride or beryllium oxide. The left cover plate and the right cover plate are made of aluminum alloy material. The conducting plates are nickel plating aluminum sheet. The insulating plate and the connection locking block are made of mosaic steel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises:(A) adding lithium titanate and carbon source in a dispersant, ball milling, and uniformly mixing;(B) drying the mixture for greater than or equal to 12 hours at 80-120 degrees C to obtain a mixed material;(C) ball-milling to obtain a powder;(D) placing in a vacuum carbon tube furnace, vacuumizing to 50%, and filling with nitrogen or inert gas, washing furnace, slowly heating under the vacuum condition to a synthetic temperature of 900-1150 degrees C, heat-preserving for 2-20 hours; and(E) quickly cooling to room temperature, graded crushing, and sieving.Preferred Method: The mixture of lithium titanate and carbon source in dispersant is processed at 350-550 degrees C under the protection of inert atmosphere. Furnace cleaning is carried out for 2-3 times. Quick cooling is carried out at 10-15 degrees C/minute. Slow heating temperature change speed is 2-5 degrees C/minute. Preferred Component: The ratio of carbon content of the carbon source to the lithium titanate material is 0.03:0.3. The amount of titanium oxide is 2.98-3% of the total amount of the titanium oxide and lithium titanate. The inert gas is inert gas atmosphere or mixed gas atmosphere of nitrogen atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon source is starch, glucose, and/or dextrin. The dispersant is methanol, absolute ethyl alcohol, or citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The battery is cycled at 100 times the reference rate, which is retained the reference specific capacity of 60% or more. The battery is cycled at 10 times the reference rate, which is retained the reference specific capacity of 85% or more. After 1000 cycles to full discharge at a rate of 1OC of the battery, retained the initial specific capacity of 95% or more. The cation (A) has Stokes ionic diameter of more than 3.5 Angstrom . The electrode material has mass load of 500 mu g/cm2, or 1 mg/cm2. The electrode material has particle size of 1 mu m or less, or 200 nm or less. The aqueous electrolyte contains coating having thickness of 500 nm or more, or 1 mu m. The aqueous electrolyte has pH of less than 3, preferably 0-2. Preferred Composition: The cation (A) is lithium ion, sodium ion, barium ion, potassium ion, rubidium ion, cesium ion, or ammonium ion. The electrode material and cathode material, and anode material are of formula: AxP'y(R(CN)6-wLw)z, and A'x'P"y'(R'(CN)6-w'L'w')z', where A and A' are alkali, or alkaline earth metal cation, P' and P" are at least one metal cation, R and R' are at least one metal cation, L and L' are anion, and x, x', y, y', z, and z' are more than 0, and w, w' are 0-6. The metal cation of P' is chosen from 2 or more row 4 transition metal. The metal cation of R is chosen from iron, manganese, chromium, and cobalt. The anion is chosen from polyatomic and monovalent anion. The aqueous electrolyte includes water as primary solvent, and 1 or more co-solvent having reduced polarity relative to the water. The aqueous electrolyte further contains cation (A'). The cation (A) and cation (A') are different cations chosen from hydrogen ion, lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, rubidium ion, cesium ion, ammonium ion, beryllium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, strontium ion, and barium ion.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of tris(N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide)erbium(III) of formula (((Si(CH3)3)2N-)3 Er3+) (Ia) is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fibrous carbon portion is formed from an electrically conductive portion selected from a group consisting of copper, iron, cobalt, and nickel as a constituent element. The coating portion contains an element selected from a group consisting of lithium, carbon, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, tin, barium, tungsten, tantalum, sodium, and potassium. The core portion contains an element such as iron and aluminum. The core portion contains an element selected from a group consisting of barium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, manganese, cobalt, copper, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, indium, tin, antimony, tantalum, tungsten, lead, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant particles are particles containing inorganic oxide, or organic resin. Preferred Properties: The porosity of heat-resistant insulating layer is 40-70%. The sum total of thickness of heat-resistant insulating layer is 5-200 mu m. The ratio of thicknesses of heat-resistant insulating layers formed on both surfaces of resin porous substrate is 1-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell further comprises an antireflective coating layer disposed on the n-type region. The aluminum back electrode further comprises 0.1-8 wt.% of an optional component, where the optional component comprises amorphous silicon dioxide, zinc organometallic additive, tin organometallic additive, and/or one or more glass frit compositions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum paste composition further comprises 0.1-9 wt.% of an optional additive comprising glass frits, amorphous silicon dioxide, organometallic compounds, boron nitride, and/or metal salts. The salt of the alkaline earth metal ion and the organic counterion is present at 0.1-6 wt.%. Preferred Components: The aluminum powder is present at 46-85 wt.%. The aluminum is present at 94-99.9 wt.%. The additive is present at 0.05-6 wt.%. The glass frit is present at 0.01-5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is water-soluble binder. The content of N-vinyl formamide units in polymer is 10-100 mol%. Preferred Property: The viscosity average molecular weight of polymer is 10000-10 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The housing elements comprise a ceramic insulating layer made of alumina, pure alumina or acid-washed or ultra-pure alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The joining material is made of stainless steel, steel, iron, pure iron, nickel, pure nickel, titanium or pure titanium. The thermoelectric module comprises an electrical strip conductor made of iron, nickel or titanium alloy, pure iron, pure nickel or pure titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains trimanganese tetroxide (5 wt.% or less). The amount of manganese dioxide in positive electrode is 20-99.8 wt.%. The average particle diameter of manganese dioxide is 1-100 mu m. The hydrogen storage material contains hydrogen storage alloy containing metal chosen from scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Lithium-containing complex oxide is heated at 400-800 degrees C. Heating of lithium-containing complex oxide is performed under oxygen-containing atmosphere. Metallic compound raw material is reacted with 100 mol.% molten salt raw material at temperature beyond melting point of molten salt raw material to obtain greater than or equal to 50 mol.% lithium hydroxide. Metallic compound raw material is reacted with 100 mol.% molten salt raw material at greater than or equal to 500 degrees C to obtain greater than or equal to 90 mol.% lithium hydroxide. Preferred Compositions: Molten salt raw material contains lithium hydroxide and lithium nitrate. Molar ratio lithium hydroxide/lithium nitrate is greater than or equal to 1. Metallic element is tetravalent manganese (Mn), trivalent cobalt (Co), trivalent nickel (Ni), and/or trivalent iron (Fe). Preferred Forms: Crystal structure of lithium-containing complex oxide is layered halite structure and/or spinel structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole is a carbocyclic ring including at least nine ring members. The area of the hole is greater than or equal to 0.149 nm2. EXAMPLE - Graphite oxide was prepared by oxidizing graphite, and then the graphite oxide was subjected to ultrasonic vibration to give graphene oxide. Then graphene oxide (1-15 wt.%, preferably 1-5 wt.%) was mixed with silicon particles. The reaction mixture was heated at greater than or equal to 150 degrees C, preferably greater than or equal to 200 degrees C, in vacuum or a reducing atmosphere (inert atmosphere e.g. nitrogen or rare gas) to obtain graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of element (M1) with respect to total amount of silicon and oxygen is 50 atomic% or less. At least one of atoms of element (M1) is bonded to at least one of silicon and oxygen. The active material of the negative electrode contains a compound of silicon, oxygen and element (M1), preferably lithium. At least one of the atoms of silicon is bonded to at least one of the atoms of oxygen to form a compound, and bonding states (valence states) of silicon atoms bonded to oxygen atoms include zero valence (Si0+), monovalence (Si1+), divalence (Si2+), trivalence (Si3+), and tetravalence (Si4+). The atomic ratio of bonding states of silicon atoms bonded to oxygen atom satisfy relations: Si4+ less than (Si0+)+(Si1+)+(Si2+)+(Si3+), Si4+ less than Si0+, Si4+ greater than or equal to Si1+, and Si4+ greater than or equal to Si2+. The amount of Si1+ is less than 10 atomic%. The active material contains lithium as a constituent element in an uncharged state. The active material has a median diameter of 0.3-20 mu m. The negative electrode includes a conductive layer arranged on at least portion of a surface of the active material. The conductive layer has a lower electrical resistance than the active material. The conductive layer contains a carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative electrode contains a binder containing polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate, polymaleic acid, copolymers thereof, carboxymethylcellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, and/or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid electrolyte material is sulfide solid electrolyte material. Preferred Property: The dielectric constant difference of the dielectric constant of good solvent and the dielectric constant of poor solvent is 30 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide solid electrolyte material is lithium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide (Li2S-P2S5) material. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide in lithium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide material is 72:28-78:22.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The linear polymer is hydrogenated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery electrolyte solution further comprises at least one other additive comprising a solid electrolyte interface formation promoter, a cathode protection agent, a lithium salt stabilizer, a lithium deposition improving agent, an ionic solvation enhancer, a corrosion inhibitor, a wetting agent or a viscosity reducing agent. Preferred Components: The lithium salt is at least one of hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tris(alkyl-substituted aryl)phosphite compound has a structure of formula (I). The tris(alkyl-substituted-aryl) phosphite is tris(2,4-di-tert-butylaryl)phosphite. The solvent includes at least one material comprising linear alkyl carbonates and/or cyclic carbonates (both preferred), esters, alkyl ethers, nitriles, sulfones, sulfolanes, siloxanes or sultones.R = 1-8C (preferably 1-4C) alkyl, where the R groups are bonded to the respective aryl groups through tertiary carbon atoms; andm = at least 1. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate (1M) was dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (1:1:1 vol.). Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (0.25 wt.%) was added to the mixture to obtain a battery electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium-containing complex oxide powder has specific surface area of 0.5-20 m2/g, and average primary particle size of 300 nm to 30 mu m. The amount of heat generated from lithium-containing complex oxide powder is 700 J/g or less calculated from the exothermic peak, observed when conducting thermal analysis by heating at 250-350 degrees C in differential scanning calorimetry. Preferred Composition: The single crystal particles contain single crystal produced in molten salt of lithium hydroxide. The lithium-containing complex oxide further contains metallic element(s) chosen from trivalent cobalt, trivalent nickel and trivalent iron. The metal-containing raw material contains manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel. The lithium-containing complex oxide is of formula: xLi2M1O3.(1-x)LiM2O2. The positive electrode active material contains basic composition of formula: LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3. The one portion of lithium contained in the lithium-containing complex oxide is optionally substituted by hydrogen.x=more than 0 and 1;M1=tetravalent manganese;andM2=trivalent cobalt, trivalent nickel, trivalent iron or tetravalent manganese.Preferred Process: The cooling process is carried out at a speed of 100 degrees C/hour or less. The reaction temperature is 700-900 degrees C. The molten salt is formed by melting the molten salt raw material containing anhydrous lithium hydroxide. Before the single crystal growing process, a raw material mixture of the molten salt raw material containing lithium hydroxide monohydrate and the metal-containing raw material, is prepared and dried. After recovery process, the solidified molten salt is dissolved in polar protic solvent. The recovered lithium-containing complex oxide is baked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of primary compound is 0.01-5 %mass with respect to total content of electrolyte solution. The addition amount of imide salt (I) is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to total content of electrolyte solution. The counter-cation of primary compound is chosen from lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion and tetraalkylammonium ion. The solute is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and/or lithium bispentafluoroethanesulfonimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (B) is ammonium fluoride or acidic ammonium fluoride. The metallic element is preferably aluminum, niobium and zirconium. The molar quantity of metallic element in particles (1) is 0.001-0.05 time the molar quality of transition metal element of lithium containing complex oxide. The solvent is water. The quantity of elemental fluorine existing in the coating layer is 0.05-3 %mass with respect to total mass of positive electrode active material. The positive electrode contains positive electrode active material, electroconductive material and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solubility of compound containing element (X) with respect to water, is 0.1-100 g/L at 20 degrees C. Preferred Component: The compound containing element (X) is lithium fluoride, lithium phosphate, lithium sulfate, sodium fluoride, aluminum fluoride and/or zirconium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of iron fluoride with respect to iron oxide is 1-10. The positive electrode active material comprises 50% or more of iron oxyfluoride as main component, and remainder of iron fluoride and/or iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition of lithium element on the surface of lithium-titanium oxide is controlled to less than 20%. Preferred Process: The lithium compound and titanium compound are mixed and reacted, to obtain reaction mixture. The resulting mixture is heat-treated at 700-900 degrees C for 4-8 hours. The lithium compound and titanium compound are injected into solvent and the obtained slurry phase is stirred. The lithium compound and titanium compound are powdered and uniformly mixed. The heat-treatment process is carried out in closed container under normal atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The SiC thin film is doped with aluminum, boron, nitrogen, phosphorus and a transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode compound material layer is graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent of the nonaqueous electrolyte contains 20-40 volume% of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon-dioxide-gas generating agent is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, hydrogen carbonate magnesium, and/or calcium hydrogen carbonate. The carbon-dioxide-gas generating agent comprises more than 10 wt.% to 80 wt.% of lithium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic compound has electric potential of 4.4-4.8 V, and is chosen from benzene derivatives of formulae (I) or (II), or benzene. The content of aromatic compound in electrolyte solution is 0.01-10 wt.%.R1-R4=H or hydrocarbyl;n=1-4;andm=5 or less (when R1 is hydrocarbyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon dioxide gas generating agent is lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium hydrogen carbonate and/or calcium hydrogen carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aromatic compound has electric potential of 4.4-4.8 V. Preferred Composition: The aromatic compound is of formula (II) or (III). The amount of aromatic compound is 0.01-10 wt.%.R1=H or hydrocarbyl, or hydrocarbyl (when m is 5 or less);R2-R4=H or hydrocarbyl;n=1-14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The range of region (R) is 0.1-20% of diameter of particles from outermost surface of positive electrode active material particle in central direction, preferably 0.5-15%.The x/y of lithium iron phosphate (A) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement of surface portion of the positive electrode active material particle is 0.1-0.5. The olivine-type lithium iron phosphate is chosen from Li3PO4, Li1+aFeP2O7, LibFe4(P2O7)3, Li3+cFe2(PO4)3, where a is 0-1, b is 0-3 and c is 0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative-electrode active material includes at least one of a carbonaceous material, oxide including a group IV element or nitride including a group IV element. The positive electrode includes a positive-electrode active material including lithium composite oxides of formula (LiaMnxM1yM2zO2) (V).M1 = Co or Ni;M2 = Co, Ni, Al, B, Fe, Mg or Cr; eitherx = 0.2-0.6;y = 0.2-0.4; andz = 0.05-0.4; orx+y+z = 1; anda = greater than 0 to less than 1.2.Preferred Method: The negative-electrode active material is subjected to a silane treatment, aluminum treatment or titanium treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is crosslinked by a crosslinking agent that includes a circular carbonate of formula (III) or a chain-shaped carbonate of formula (Z4-O-C(=O)-O-Z5) (IV).R2, R3 = H, F, Cl, 1-3C alkyl or fluorinated alkyl; andZ4, Z5 = polymerizable functional group including at least one of allyl, methallyl, vinyl, acryl, or methacryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulator is made of non-insulating material such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3), pyrochlore, strontium zirconate (SrZrO3) and new pyrochlore compound (Pr2Zr2O7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number-of-moles of the tungsten is 0.05-1 mol%. The lithium-transition metal oxide is oxide of nickel, cobalt and manganese. Preferred Process: The precipitation of hydroxide is performed in alkaline conditions using alkaline aqueous solution containing ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Space (d002) of crystal plane by X-ray diffraction is 0.3354-0.34 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Binder contains 0.1-10 mass% polyimide resin with respect to negative electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Secondary battery contains positive electrode and negative electrode which are laminated through a separator with a multilayered structure on which greater than or equal to 2 types of high molecular compounds are laminated in thickness direction or a single layer structure from which a composition of high molecular compound differs in greater than or equal to 2 types in thickness direction. Secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery. Preferred Parameters: Open-circuit voltage in perfect charge condition is 4.25-6 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Aromatic skeleton in component 5 is biphenyl, phenanthrene, fluorene, or hetero fluorene. Minimum number of carbon atoms of ring with which 1 tertiary amino group is bonded to carbon atom in the other ring with which the other tertiary amino group is bonded is 2-4. The 1st-5th amino-containing aromatic compound contains compounds of formula (1)-formula (4). Compounds of formula (1)-(4) are represented by formula (5)-formula (12). Electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 (0.01-5) wt.% 1st-5th amino-containing aromatic compounds. Electrolyte solution contains non-aqueous solvent which has 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and/or 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one as halogenated cyclic carbonate. Non-aqueous solvent contains 0.01-30 wt.% halogenated cyclic carbonate.R1-R96=H, C, N, O, S, F, Cl, Br, and/or I;a1, b1, e1, f1, i1, j1, o1, p1, c2+d2= greater than or equal to 1;c1-c3, d1-d3, g1-g3, h1-h3, k1-k4, m1-m4, n1, n2, q1-s1, q2-s2= greater than or equal to 0; andX, Y=C, O, S, Se, or Te.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: High molecular compound contains polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, aramid, polyamidoimide, polyamide, polyimide, polyether imide, and/or polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal porous portion of three-dimensional structure used for collector is made of nickel chrome alloy, silicon, tin, germanium, lithium and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of conductive carbon and graphite is 0.5-20 wt.%, preferably 2-15 wt.% with respect to the total content of the composite. The molar ratio of the conductive carbon and graphite is 1:0.5-3, preferably 1:1. The conductive carbon is a carbon black chosen from acetylene black, ketchen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and graphene or graphite having crystalline structure. The cathode active material further contains lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide and/or lithium cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide. The content of the irreversible additive is 5-50 wt.% with respect to cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The lithium ion secondary battery has initial stage discharge capacity of 800 mAh/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystalline phase contains lithium-iron oxide of formula: LiFeO2 (I) and LiFe5O8 (II). The oxide is a mixture of oxide containing crystal phase of LiFeO2 and LiFe5O8, and amorphous phase. The ratio of lithium hydroxide monohydrate and ferric oxide is 3:1-6:1 or 1:1-2.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active materials contains potassium-magnesium-iron-silicon oxide (K(Mg,Fe2+)3ZSi3O10A2, where Z is aluminum and/or tetravalent ferric ion, and A is OH and/or F). The mica group minerals have divalent ferric ion content which is larger than magnesium content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cermet compound includes yttria stabilized zirconia. The non-ionic conducting ceramic phase of the cermet compound includes pyrochlore, strontium zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminate spinel, nickel aluminate spinel and/or alumina, nickel (Ni) or Ni alloy, and silver, gold, palladium and/or platinum. The pyrochlore includes lanthanum zirconate pyrochlore and praseodymium zirconate pyrochlore, and is made of a composition of zirconium oxide ((M(RE))2Zr2O7), where M(RE) is a rare earth cation. The ionic conducting phase is yttria stabilized zirconia having a volume fraction of less than 30 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of secondary fine porous layer is 10 mu m or less. The thickness of primary fine porous layer is 10-100 mu m. Preferred Components: The flaky graphite is chosen from large diameter flaky graphite having average plane diameter of 5-50 mu m, and small diameter flaky graphite having average plane diameter of less than 5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The inorganic solid electrolyte is sulfide glass ceramic containing sulfide glass including lithium, phosphorus and sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The particulate polymer has core-shell structure. The shell portion of particulate polymer comprises polymer containing (meth)acrylic acid ester monomeric unit having ethylene oxide structure. The core portion of particulate polymer comprises polymer having crosslinkable monomer unit. The weight ratio of core portion and shell portion is 70:30-10:90. Preferred Properties: The difference between the glass transition temperature of core portion and glass transition temperature of shell portion is 30 degrees C or more. The solubility parameter (SP) value of nonpolar solvent is 14-20 MPa1/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material is the transition metal oxide which is selected from lithium iron phosphate and vanadium pentoxide. The non-aqueous solvent contains sorts chosen from the group consists of cyclic or linear carbonate ester, cyclic or linear ester, cyclic or linear sulfone and nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The primary negative electrode collector structure is made of copper alloy containing chromium, tin, zinc, silicone, iron, titanium, cobalt or zirconium. The secondary negative electrode collector structure is made of silver, tin, zirconium or pure copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The crystalline diameter of positive electrode active material is 50-200 nm. Preferred Composition: The amount of sulfate contained in positive electrode active material is 1 %mass or less. The content of sodium in nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide particles is 0.08-1 mol%. The aqueous solution contains 10-30 mg/L of calcium, 10-50 mg/L of magnesium. Preferred Process: After adjusting the pH of the composite hydroxide particles to 13-14.5, the obtained product is washed, and maintained. The preparation of slurry, aqueous solution for nucleation, aqueous solution for particle growth and water washing, are carried out using water containing 50-20 mg/L of calcium and 2-5 mg/L of magnesium. A compound containing element(s) chosen from calcium, magnesium and sodium, is further mixed with lithium compound during manufacture of positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is a support of electroconductive agent or catalyst. The catalyst is platinum microparticles. Preferred Properties: The positive electrode material exists in the region of 2-30 nm, and differential pore volume in other than the region of carbon material, of 70% or less of the differential pore volume of the maximum pore diameter. The carbon material has pore diameter, calculated by nitrogen adsorption-and-desorption method using mercury porosimetry. The ratio of accumulation pore volume of carbon material in 3.6 nm to 1 mu m, with respect to the accumulation pore volume in 3.6-200 nm, is 70% or more. The metal particles or metal oxide particles have particle diameter of 1-30 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The 1st positive electrode active material is complex oxide of formula Li alpha NixMn(1x-y)CoyO2 with average particle diameter of 8-15 mu m, the 2nd positive electrode active material is complex oxide of formula Li beta Ni(1-s-t)MnsCotO2 with average particle diameter of 2-5 mu m, and weight ratio of 1st positive electrode active material and 2nd positive electrode active material is 6:4-8:2. The 1st conductive support agent is graphite with average particle diameter of 4-6 mu m, and the 2nd conductive support agent is carbon black with average particle diameter of 0.5-2 mu m. Carbon black contains Ketchen Black. Volume ratio of conductive support agent is 20-40% with respect to positive electrode active material.alpha =1.05-1.15;x=0.5-0.6;y=0.2-0.3;beta =1.05-1.1;s=0.2-0.4; ands+t=1.Preferred Parameters: Specific surface area of 1st positive electrode active material is 0.4-0.6 m2/g, and specific surface area of 2nd positive electrode active material is 0.8-1.2 m2/g. Electrode density of positive mix is 2.82-2.88 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery has a coulombic efficiency at 100 cycles from an initial cycle of at least 90% when the battery is operated in an environment of greater than 50 degrees C or when the battery is operated at 50 degrees C. The solution has an electrochemical stability when the battery is operated in an environment of 50 degrees C. The solution exhibits electrochemical stability in a high voltage battery at voltages of above 4.5 V, preferably above 5 V. The cathode active material has a specific capacity of at least 10, preferably at least 100 mAh/(g of active material) upon discharge at a current of 0.01 C over a voltage of 4.9-4.2 V. The cathode active material comprises: a material of nickel, manganese and cobalt; and a spinel structure lithium metal oxide, a layered structure lithium metal oxide, or a lithium-rich layered structured lithium metal oxide; and lithium metal phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion electrochemical cell further comprises a charge-carrying medium and an electrolyte salt. The positive electrode comprises a lithium metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium metal oxide comprises a lithium mixed metal oxide that includes cobalt, nickel and/or manganese. The multifunctional anion is a sulfonated dianion of formula (-OSO2(CF2)nSO2O-) (II), preferably (R1fSO2-N--SO2-(CF2)n-SO2-N--SO2R1f) (III). The amount of the additive is 0.1-1 wt.%, or 0.5-4 wt.% and the and dianion is 0.05-3 wt.%. The additive includes at least one lithium ion. The electrolyte salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (both preferred), lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide, ethanesulfonamide-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoro-N-((pentafluoroethyl)sulfonyl)-lithium salt, lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate, lithium tris(trifluoromethyl sulfone)carbide, lithium bis(fluorosulfuryl)imide and/or lithium salts comprising (LiN(SO2F)(SO2CF3) or LiN(SO2F)(SO2C4F9)). The electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate. The additive is perfluorinated.n = 1-10, preferably 1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The charge-carrying medium comprises an organic carbonate. The organic carbonate comprises vinylene carbonate (preferred), ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or 2-fluoroethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sensitizer is added during the radiation crosslinking, and the sensitizer is selected from silicon dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate or triallyl isocyanurate. The second solvent is selected from decalin, coal oils, benzene, toluene, chloroform, diethyl ether, trichloroethylene, paraffins or liquid paraffins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous electrolyte battery-cell separator has multilayer porous membrane having porous membrane containing polyolefin as main constituent, and heat-resistant porous layer containing heat-resistant fine particles as main constituent. The shutdown temperature of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery-cell separator is 80-180 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molecular weight of compound (A) is 100 or more. The compound (A) is polyethylenimine or modified polyethylenimine. The amount of compound (A) per unit area is 1-1000 mg/m2. The heat-resistant porous layer contains compound (A). The amount of the compound (A) per battery capacity is 0.05-50 mg/Ah.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary battery comprises electrolyte solute and calcium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide. The electrolyte comprises mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate or dimethylsulfoxide as non-aqueous-electrolyte solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder material contains oxide-type solid electrolyte and lithium-aluminum-germanium phosphate (Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3). Preferred process: The isotropic pressure press process is carried out under pressure of 50 MPa or less, preferably 25 MPa or more. Preferred Properties: Before sintering, the compacted component has density of 1.47-1.52 g/cm3. The ratio of density of the compacted component with respect to the theoretical density of the compacted component is more than 48.5% to less than 55.7, preferably 48.8-50.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary metal oxide is titanium oxide, tin oxide, niobium pentoxide and/or tantalum pentoxide. The carbon material is acetylene black, furnace black, carbon black, activated carbon, mesophase carbon and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An alcohol is further added to the mixture after reduction. The dispersion liquid (A) is obtained by mixing microparticles containing primary metal oxide in aqueous solution. The dispersion liquid (B) is obtained by dispersing platinum ion in organic solvent solution of surfactant. An intermediate layer containing secondary metal oxide is further formed on the surface of microparticle containing primary metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Number-of-moles A (mmol) of oxalate complex compound and DBP absorbed quantity X with respect to whole quantity of positive electrode active material (ml) satisfy equation A/X=0.02-0.3. DBP absorbed quantity x per 100 g of positive electrode active material (ml/100 g) is greater than or equal to 25 ml/100 g. DBP absorbed quantity y per 100 g of negative electrode active material (ml/100 g) is 35-75 ml/100 g. Components x and y satisfy equation x/y=0.55-1.15. Oxalate complex compound is lithium bis(oxalate) borate. Carbon material in positive electrode active material is lithium transition metal oxide, and carbon material in negative electrode active material has graphite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery modules complies with a set of occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) individual lifting recommendations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble organic solvent is chosen from alcohol having 1-5C, acetone and their mixture, preferably butanol. The solution comprises (in vol.%) water-soluble organic solvent (5-20), surfactant (5-30), and water (remainder). The method (M2) further involves drying the separated gas diffusion layer. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises: the p-type silicon substrate with a p-type region (410) sandwiched between an n-type region (420) and p+ layer, where the p+ layer comprises silicon doped with aluminum; and a metal front electrode (451) disposed over a portion of the n-type region. In the solar cell the aluminum back electrode further comprises 0.1-8 wt.% of an optional additive. Preferred Composition: The paste composition further comprises an optional additive, where the additive comprises glass frits, organometallic compounds, boron nitride and/or metal salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the process: total area corresponding to silicon particles is at least 2% of the total area of the scanning electron microscope image of the particulate layer; ratio of the total area corresponding to silicon particles with equivalent diameter of greater than 4 mu to the total area corresponding to silicon particles with equivalent diameter of 2-4 mu is at least 1; (a) is present at 0.05-8 wt.%; and (b) is present at 25-89.9 wt.%. In the solar cell: an optional additive comprises glass frits, decomposition products of organometallic compounds, boron nitride and/or metal salts; and the eutectic layer is disposed on the p+ layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The copper foil is made from tough pitch copper or oxygen free copper containing 0-0.1 %mass of silver, tin, chromium, iron, zinc, zirconium and remainder of copper and unavoidable impurities. The negative electrode plate has negative electrode active material containing carbonaceous material or graphite material. The negative electrode collector contains metallic lithium, metal tin, tin compound, silicon and/or silicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cobalt-compound film layer contains cobalt oxyhydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The center metal of the mononuclear metal complex is transition metal atom which belongs to 4-6 period of periodic table, or its ion. The mononuclear metal complex is of formula (I), preferably of formula (III). The structure is aromatic compound of formula (II).Z1=trivalent organic group;E=oxygen or sulfur;Q1=divalent organic group having 2 or more nitrogen atoms;T1=H or organic group;M=transition metal atom or transition metal ion, preferably vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel or copper;n=0 or more;R2-R8=H or substituent;or adjacent R2+C=ring;Q3,Q4=bivalent group chosen from 5 groups e.g. groups of formulae (a)-(e);X1=counter-ion or neutral molecule;or two or more R3-R8=ring;Aa=bivalent group (a)-(c);R9=H or hydrocarbyl;m=1 or more;Q1a,Q1b,Q1c=optionally substituted nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, preferably pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,4,5-tetrazinyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl or polycyclic heteroaryl;Z1a,Z1b=direct bond or coupling group;andor Q1a+Q1b,Q1b+Q1c,Q1a+Q1c=polycyclic heteroaryl.When X1 is counter-ion or neutral molecule, n is two or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises anhydride-containing compounds, ester-containing compounds, sulfone-containing compounds, nitrogen heteroaromatic compounds, phosphate-containing compounds, and borate-containing compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytic converter comprises titanium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, tungsten oxide or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The density of the positive mix layer is less than 1.9 g/cm3. The volume density of the electroconductive material is less than 0.04 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cured resin is chosen from urethane resin, epoxy resin, acrylic resin and silicone resin. The exterior portion is made of polycarbonate or polyolefin containing a silicon system or a phosphorus fire retarding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composition present in the pin-shaped conductor is composed of phosphorus pentoxide, alumina, boron trioxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide and lead oxide in specific mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pin-shaped conductor and annular base portion are made of metal or metal alloy selected from copper or copper silicon carbide alloy, aluminum or aluminum silicon carbide alloy, nickel-iron alloy or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric foam comprises polyester and polyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer electrolyte fuel cell uses liquid organic compound such as methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The relative density of lithium-titanate sintered compact is 90% or more. Preferred Composition: Titanium in lithium titanate is substituted by 1-20 mol% of niobium, tantalum, aluminum and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The boron-containing compound is lithium 1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro(4.4)nonane-2,3,7,8-tetrone or lithium 2,2-difluoro-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-4,5-dione. The amount of boron-containing compound in electrolyte is 0.5-1.5 %mass. The amount of cyclic sulfonate ester in the electrolyte is 0.1-10 %mass. The cyclic sulfonate ester is 1,3-propane sultone. The mass ratio of boron-containing compound with respect to cyclic sulfonate ester is 0.02-0.8. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains 0.8-1.5 mol/L of lithium hexafluorophosphate. The positive electrode active material has charging/discharging region in 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Molding part contains reaction curable resin e.g. urethane resin, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, and/or silicone resin. Exterior part contains resin which has flame retardant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: 0.2-1.5 Mole times of fluorine-containing phosphate ester (I) is made to exist with respect to lithium hexafluoro phosphate in solution. The fluorine-containing phosphate ester is of formula: Rf1H2CO-P(=O)(-OCH2Rf2)-OCH2CF3. The fluorine-containing phosphate ester is chosen from tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethyl phosphate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2-difluoroethyl)phosphate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl)phosphate, bis(2,2-difluoroethyl)2,2,2-trifluoroethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl phosphate and (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl)methyl phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of high molecular compound and ionic liquid in ionic-condensation reaction is 2/100-30/100. The ionic-conduction medium further contains ionic liquid. The organic boron type-polymer is of formula (I)-(IV).R1-R8=monovalent group;M1+,M2+=cation;andn=integer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high molecular compound is polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hybrid material comprises one isocyanate group and one silane group. The solvent is dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and/or N-methylpyrrolidone. The catalyst is added for sol-gel reaction of hybrid material. The concentration of catalyst in the solution is 0.01-2 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The film is cast on the glass surface to a thickness of 10-30 microns and dried to strip off the film from glass surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte is sulfide containing lithium and phosphorus. The solid electrolyte is sulfide glass containing lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder (a) contains polymer including monomeric units having nitrile group with a content of 10-28 %mass. The binder (c) contains polymer including monomeric units having nitrile group with a content of 10-28 %mass. The composite particles further contain charge control resin. Preferred Property: The iodine number of binder (a) is 0-30 mg/100 mg. Preferred Process: The composite particles are obtained by granulating slurry composition containing solid electrolyte, binder (c) and organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The main barrier layer is made from aluminum. The electrolyte contains a lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing layer is polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The average molecular weight of the carbodiimide is 3000-50000. The functional group of the polyamidoimide is sealed by sealing agent. The sealing agent is one or more chosen from monoamine, monoalcohol, monocarboxylic acid and monoisocyanate. The polyamidoimide can be melt/dissolved or dispersed in solvent. Preferred Composition: The content of the carbodiimide in the electrode binder is 0.5-20 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-metal complex oxide is of formula: bLi2MnM1t1O3.(1-b)Li1+vNix'Coy'Mnz'M2t2O2, where b is 0.2-0.7, v is -0.05 to 0.2, t1+t2 is t, x+y+z+t is 1, x' and z' are 0.1-0.4, y' is 0.2-0.8, t is 0-0.1, M1 and M2 are is magnesium, calcium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum or tungsten. The number of atoms of tungsten is 0.1-3.0 atomic% with respect to the sum of the number of atoms of metallic elements other than the lithium in the lithium-metal complex oxide. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the lithium-metal complex oxide is 3-8 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material comprises olivine-type ferric phosphate lithium and lithiated metal oxide chosen from at least one of lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (LiNixCoyAlzO2) and lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (LiNixCoyMnzO2), where x, y and z are more than 0 to less than 1, and x+y+z is 1. The content of olivine-type ferric phosphate lithium is 1-3 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of lithiated metal oxide. The anodal active material comprises spinel-type lithium titanium oxide and carbonaceous material chosen from at least one of soft carbon, hard carbon, natural graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbead, liquid crystal pitch, kish graphite petroleum and/or carboniferous system coke. The content of spinel-type lithium titanium oxide is 1.5-2.5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of polyolefin porous membrane and aramid coating layer is 10-30 mu m and 2-10 mu m, respectively. The aramid is para-aramid and/or meta-aramid. The separation film has gas permeability of 400 seconds/100 material or less, and tear strength of 500 kgf/cm2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The manufacture of syngas involves rotating the distributor in relation to a fixed media bed, monitoring a parameter of the method, controlling a rate of relative rotation between the distributor and the media bed in response to the monitored parameter, injecting a plasma into the reaction chamber, adding oxidant into the reaction chamber, adding steam into the reaction chamber, catalyzing a catalyst within the reaction chamber, filtering, cooling the treated syngas, running an engine on the filtered and cooled treated syngas, driving a generator with the engine to generate electricity, maintaining the entire media bed at a temperature above a temperature at which tars and other high molecular weight hydrocarbons condense from the raw syngas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen evolution suppressing agent is boric acid (0.1-5 M) and/or a heavy metal (0.0001-0.1 M) including lead, bismuth, manganese, tungsten, cadmium, arsenide, antimony and/or tin. The iron coated particles include graphite, copper and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Fe3+ stabilizing agent comprises cyanide, sucrose, glycerol, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetate, oxalate, citrate, acetyl acetonate, fluoride, an amino acid, tartrate, malic acid, malonic acid and/or succinic acid. The amino acid is glutamate and/or glycine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is preferably of formula: uLi2MnO3.(1-u)LiMO2, where M is nickel or cobalt. The active material is obtained from lithium compound chosen from lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive contains 0.5-3 %mass of 1,3-dioxane and 0.5-3 %mass of aromatic compound with respect to total nonaqueous electrolyte. The cycloalkyl benzene compound is cyclohexylbenzene. The compound having quaternary carbon adjacent to benzene ring is tert-amylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery is made to carry out partial charge-and-discharge control. The battery satisfies the relationship chosen from (a) V3-V2 greater than or equal to 0.03V, (b) V3-V1 less than or equal to 0.30V and (c) V3=1.46V, where V1=voltage of 80% of depth of discharge (DOD) at 25 degrees C and 1 lt, V2=voltage of 80% of state of charge (SOC) at 25 degrees C and 0.5 lt and V3=voltage of 120% SOC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal foils are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The content of niobium in the sintering-type nickel positive electrode is 0.2 %mass or more, with respect to the metallic nickel in the positive electrode active material. Preferred Process: The niobium in the sintering-type nickel positive electrode is obtained by immersing the sintering-type nickel positive electrode in aqueous alkali solution containing niobium, after impregnating the main positive electrode active material containing nickel hydroxide, or separator containing niobium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the method: the object comprises a current collector; and the electrode is a current collector which is in contact with object. Preferred Method: The method further comprises a step of taking the object out of the solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The object further comprises; many whiskers, where the uneven surface is formed by the whiskers; and a layer that comprises a material different from graphene, where the layer is provided over the graphene layer. In the object: a concentration of elements other than carbon and hydrogen in the graphene layer is less than or equal to 15 atomic.%; the graphene layers include at least one pore; the number of layers of the graphene layer is less than or equal to 100, preferably less than or equal to 50; the whiskers comprise silicon; and the concentration of oxygen in the graphene layers is 5-15 atomic.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of magnesium in the positive electrode active material is more than 50 mass ppm and 1000 mass ppm or less with respect to total amount of active material. The amount of tungsten in the positive electrode active material with respect to total amount of 100 mol% of nickel, cobalt and manganese is 0.05-2 mol%. The lithium transition metal oxide is an oxide of layered structure containing nickel, cobalt and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ion-conductive oxide is lithium niobate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Atmosphere: The dry atmosphere is dew-point temperature to 30 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of liquid water is 1-10 times with respect to unit number of group (RO-, where R is organic group) of alkoxide compound. Preferred Process: The alkoxide solution is prepared by mixing lithium alkoxide and niobium alkoxide with alcohol aqueous solution with alcohol and liquid water, or mixing liquid water with lithium alkoxide alcohol solution containing lithium alkoxide and alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery has negative electrode active material containing graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ceramic particles contain aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, titanium silicide, tungsten silicide, aluminum boride, titanium boride, mullite, , spodumene, zirconium silicate, sillimanite and/or pearlite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant particles are ceramic particles, crosslinked duroplastic polymer particles or thermoplastic polymer particles. The crosslinked duroplastic polymer particles contain polyimide, polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin and/or epoxy resin. The thermoplastic polymer particles comprise polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylsulfone and/or polysulfone. The porous inert polymer material contains polyetherimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate and/or polyoxymethylene. Preferred Property: The pores of porous inert polymer material have pore volume of 20-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further comprises a compound chosen from potassium salt, magnesium salt, calcium salt, strontium salt, aluminum salt, aromatic hydrocarbon and ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solubility of insoluble nitrogen-containing material in the non-aqueous electrolyte is less than 0.5 percent. Preferred Composition: The insoluble nitrogen-containing material comprises a functional group chosen from N-O and amine. The functional group is attached to carbon chain containing 8-25C carbon atom. The insoluble nitrogen-containing material comprises a compound chosen from polynitrostyrene, nitrocellulose, octyl nitrate, and polyelectrolyte. The insoluble nitrogen-containing material comprises nitrogen group attached to insoluble material chosen from cation, monomer, oligomer and polymer. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains N-O additive and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. The content of nonaqueous solvent, N-O additive, insoluble nitrogen-containing material and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide is 30-90%, preferably 50-85%, 0.1-10%, preferably 0.5-7.5%, 1% or less and 20% or less, preferably 4-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon layer comprises crystalline silicon, silicon particles in a binder OR polycrystalline silicon. The crystalline silicon has a (100) orientation. The binder comprises copper. The electroconductive layer comprises copper. Preferred Property: The silicon layer has thickness of 1-100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrode further comprises a polymer layer (130) on the electroconductive layer. The polymer layer further inhibits lithium intercalation through the top surface of the silicon layer during charging of the cell. The polymer layer comprises polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The energy device is capacitor or battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive fiber is carbon nanotube, preferably multi-walled carbon nanotube. Preferred Arrangement: The carbon nanotube is arranged on the surface of collector through catalyst metallic particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive fiber further contains oxo-group-containing functional group and hydroxyl group-containing functional group. Quinone group-containing compound is supported by the conductive fiber. The quinone group-containing compound is a monomer, naphthoquinone or diamino anthraquinone. The quinone group-containing compound is a compound without containing amino group. The weight ratio of content of carbon and content of functional group in electroconductive fiber is 0.19-0.56. Preferred Property: The diameter of electroconductive fiber is 0.1-100 nm. Preferred Process: The process of carrying quinone group-containing compound is performed by contacting the electroconductive fiber with the liquid containing quinone group-containing compound. The process of adding functional group is performed by irradiating an ultraviolet-ray to the fiber in ozone-containing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon, tin and vanadium in the alloy is 84 %mass or less, 40 %mass or less, and 20 %mass or more, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon in the alloy is 31-50 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic carboxylic acid imide is succinimide, glutarimide, maleimide, and/or phthalimide. The halogenated cyclic carbonate is 4-fluoro-1, 3- dioxolan-2-one. The electrolyte solution further contains alkylation cyclic carbonate compound of formula (VII), preferably ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate. The content of the cyclic carboxylic acid imide compound is 0.1-1 wt.%, and halogenated cyclic carbonate compound and/or unsaturated carbonbond cyclic carbonate compound is 0.5- 5 wt.%.R31-R36 =H or 1-4C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material has a coating layer including carbon material in surface(s) of the primary particles. The weight ratio of the coating layer with respect to the primary particles is 0.01-10 weight%. The active material in the positive electrode contains lithium oxide-containing compound of formula: LiaM1O2, lithium-manganese-oxide of formula: LibMncM2dO4 and/or lithium-phosphate-containing compound of formula: LieM3fPO4. The active material in the negative electrode contains lithium-titanium oxide-containing compound (A) of formula: Li(LixM4(1-3x) /2Ti (3+x)/2)O4, lithium-titanium oxide-containing compound (B) of formula: Li(LiyM51-3yTi1+2y)O4 and/or lithium-titanium oxide-containing compound (C) of formula: Li(Li1/3M6zTi (5/3)-z)O4, where M1 is nickel, cobalt, manganese, copper, iron, zinc, yttrium, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, magnesium, boron, vanadium, chromium, tin, calcium, and/or strontium, M2 is cobalt, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium and/or tungsten, M3 is cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, niobium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, calcium, strontium, tungsten and/or zirconium, M4 is magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, and/or strontium, x and y are 0-1/3, M5 is aluminum, scandium, chromium, manganese, iron, gallium, and/or yttrium, M6 is vanadium, zirconium and/or niobium, z is 0-2/3, c and d are more than 0 to 2, c+d is 2, e, f and b are more than 0 to 1, and a is more than 0 to 1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the fuel provision system, the water tank is capable of adjusting the volume of output water flow and overflowing excessive water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active particles are selected from tin, silicon, germanium, carbon, zinc, cadmium, lead, bismuth, indium and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-evolution inhibitor is zinc-lead oxide, cadmium-lead oxide, or barium-lead oxide. The solid component further comprises (in %mass) activated carbon (65-80), conductive carbon black (1-10), short fiber (0.2-0.4) and lead powder (5-15). The liquid component comprises diluted sulfuric acid (1.3-1.4 g/ml). The addition amount of binder, water and lead powder is 5-10 %mass, 90-110 %mass and 0.3-4 %mass, respectively, with respect to total content of 100 %mass of solid component. The content of hydrogen-evolution inhibitor is 0.1-8 %mass. Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of the activated carbon and conductive carbon black is 1800-2000 m2/g, and 800-1000 m2/g, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The short fiber is nylon fiber, acrylic fiber, or polyester fiber. The binder contains polytetrafluoroethylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride or styrene-butadiene rubber. Preferred Property: The length of the short fiber is 2-4 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises an electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and/or lithium perchlorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diluent solvent used for organic phase is aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably benzene, toluene, xylene and/or alkyl naphthalene. The reducing agent added to organic phase is hydrazine or sodium borohydride. Preferred Property: The acid concentration of nitric acid solution is 0.1-3.0 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium carbonate contained with respect to coated active material is 0.02-1 wt.%. The lithium ion-conductive oxide is chosen from lithium orthosilicate, lithium borate and lithium niobate. The electrolyte is sulfide solid material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bivalent transition metal element is chosen from iron, manganese and cobalt. Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has volume density of 1.0 g/cm3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon, titanium and germanium in negative electrode active material is 46 %mass, 51 %mass and 32 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of metal salt in the acidic infusion is 7000-40000 ppm when the metal is cobalt, 7000-50000 ppm when the metal is nickel, 7000-140000 ppm when the metal is manganese, and 7000-84000 ppm when the metal is iron. A bivalent or higher metal hydroxide and/or oxide, and/or a reducing agent are added to the lithium recovery solution. The metal hydroxide and/or oxide are cobalt hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, iron hydroxide, and/or manganese oxide. The reducing agent is hydrogen peroxide or oxalic acid. The acid is sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-containing composite oxide is LiNixMyMn2-x-yO4, where M is at least one metal element other than Ni, Mn and Li, x is 0.4-0.6, and y is 0-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic catalyst comprises ammonia solution, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. The carbon carrier is carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanocoil and/or carbon nanocage. The inorganic base solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Properties: The thickness of silica coating layer is 3-50 nm. The catalyst has alloy particle size of 2-10 nm. Preferred Process: The heat treatment of alloy particles is carried out in mixed gas atmosphere of non-active gas atmosphere of argon or nitrogen, argon, nitrogen and/or hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy particles contain platinum, palladium, gold, iridium, ruthenium, vanadium, chrome, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silica precursor it tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetramethyl orthosilicate and/or tetrabutyl orthosilicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is nonionic surfactant chosen from polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, aliphatic alcohol and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Cyclosiloxane compound of formula (II) and silicon-containing compound of formula (III) are reacted, to obtain radical compound.Y'=H or optionally substituted alkenyl.Preferred Components: The radical compound is preferably silicon-containing compound of formula (IV) or (V). EXAMPLE - (In g) spin-dried tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-N-oxyl (31.5) were added to 3-neck flask, and dissolved in argon atmosphere. Cyclooctadiene rhodium chloride dimer (226 mg) and trimethyl cyclotrisiloxane (10) were added and stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, cleaned by distilling solvent off by an evaporator, methanol was added, and stirred at room temperature, to obtain 2,4,6-trimethyl 2,4,6-tri- (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxy) cyclotrisiloxane was obtained with yield of 70%. The obtained polymer (200 mg), graphite powder (700 mg) and polytetrafluoroethylene resin binder (100 mg) were dry-mixed and formed into a thin film to produce positive electrode. The battery produced using the positive electrode had high charging/discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lead or lead alloy composite foil is lead alloy-clad lead foil. The surface(s) further comprise titanium suboxide particles. The bipole assembly further comprises a layer of lead oxide-containing adhesive disposed between surface (114) and at least one of non-conductive grid and positive active material, and a polymer frame to which the monolithic lead or lead alloy composite foil is coupled through enhanced sealant. The enhanced sealant comprises the silica powder and the silane. Preferred Property: The lead or lead alloy composite foil has a thickness of 0.2 mm or less.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=1-12C residues.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 21 Compounds are disclosed as the nitrogen silylated additive compounds e.g. 1-trimethylsilyl-2-pyrrolidinone (I'), 3-trimethylsily-2-oxazolidinone, 1-trimethylsily-1,2,4-triazole, 4-trimethylsilyl morpholine, 1-trimethylsilyl pyrrolidine.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonwoven fabric is mixed fabric comprising glass fiber, pulp and inorganic oxide powder as main component. The inorganic oxide powder is silica powder. The fabric is folded such that surface is facing each other. The negative electrode active material contains flaky graphite having average primary particle diameter of 100 mu m or more, as electroconductive material. The positive electrode active material utilization factor is 50-65%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The negative electrode active material contains bisphenol A and amino benzene sulfonic acid sodium formaldehyde condensate of formula (I) as organic compound, which suppresses coarsening of negative electrode active material.R1,R2=H or group of formula (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmitter comprises a source system that comprises a communication module of a control/communication unit to process ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) communications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyvalent organic lithium salt contains a fluorine atom. The polyvalent organic lithium salt is of formula ((R1)-(R2)a-(R3Y1)b-R4) or ((R7)-(R8)o-(CqFrHsY2)p-R9). The polyvalent organic lithium salt includes at least one of substituted lithium sulfite compound of formula (LiSO3-X2-SO3Li), substituted lithium carbonate compound of formula (LiCO2-X2-CO2Li), substituted lithium pentafluorophosphate compound of formula (LiPF5-X2-PF5Li) or substituted lithium trifluoroborate compound of formula (LiBF3-X2-BF3Li). The lithium-containing composite oxide is of formula ((LiNixMy)Mn2-x-y)O4).R1, R4, R7, R9 = H, alkyl or alkyl whose H are partially or entirely replaced with F;R2, R3, R8 = organic chain or organic chain whose H are partially or entirely replaced with F;Y1 = acid lithium salt;a, o, q, r, s = greater than or equal to 0;b, p = greater than or equal to 2;Y2 = -SO3Li, -CO2Li, -PFdX15-dLi, -BFeX13-eLi, -R3-gPO4Lig, -N(X1SO2)Li, or -C(X1SO2)2Li;X1 = fluorine substituted alkyl;X = organic residue;d = less than or equal to 5;e, g = less than or equal to 3;X2 = organic chain whose H are partially or entirely replaced with F;M = at least one metal element other than Ni, Mn and Li;x = 0.4-0.6; andy = 0-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive support agent is carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Both the positive electrode active material layer and solid-electrolyte layer contain the high resistance layer-forming solid-electrolyte material. The high resistance layer-forming solid-electrolyte material is sulfide solid electrolyte material. The positive electrode active material is oxide positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and/or ammonia. Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide gas is reacted with the filtrate and lithium is recovered as lithium carbonate. The alkaline-earth metal hydroxide is mixed with the powder and oxidation-roasting is carried out at 400 degrees C or more in an airflow of oxidant gas containing moisture content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic compound is benzonitrile, phthalonitrile, isophthalonitrile, terephthalonitrle, 2-cyano-pyridine, 3-cyano-pyridine, 4-cyano-pyridine, 1-cyano-naphthalene, benzophenone, 9-fluorenone, dibenzosuberone, acetophenone, ( alpha )-tetralone, and/or 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione. The alkylated cyclic carbonate is propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate. The halogenated cyclic compound is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. The unsaturated carbon-bond unsaturated carbonate is vinylene carbonate. The total content of halogenated cyclic carbonate and unsaturated carbon-bond cyclic carbonate in electrolyte solution is 0.5-5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The positive electrode and negative electrode are laminated through a separator. The positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte solution are accommodated in film-form exterior component. Preferred Component: The separator has a base material layer which is porous membrane, and high molecular compound layer provided in at least one surface of base material layer. Preferred Composition: The high molecular compound layer contains polyvinylidine fluoride. The electrolyte solution is non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte battery further contains solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is sulfide-type solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zirconia with respect to lithium in the oxide is 3 mol% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The intermediate layer is contained of one or more metals such as titanium, chromium, tungsten, silicon and nitride, or carbonized material. The surface of the electro-conductive base material consists of steel or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A hydrocarbons purification unit is provided for oxidizing hydrocarbons contained in the combustion gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crystal tungsten trioxide is monoclinic-type highly developed crystal structure of tungsten trioxide. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of crystal tungsten trioxide and catalyst metal is 10-50 mu m, and 80-100 nm, respectively. The content of platinum catalyst supported with respect to crystal tungsten trioxide is 0.1-1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethane, lithium trifluoromethylsulfonyl, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The siloxane is alkyl siloxane of formula: R1-(Si(R2,R3)-O-)n (I), preferably hexamethyl disiloxane or 1,3-divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane or cyclosiloxane having group of formula: -(Si(R4,R5)-O-)m (II). The cyclosiloxane is preferably hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane or dodecamethyl cyclohexyl siloxane.R1-R5=1-20C alkyl, H, S, O, Cl, Br or N;n=2-4;andm=3-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of reducing agent is 300-500 g/L. The weight ratio of sodium hypophosphite and hydrazine in the reducing agent is 1-0.5-0.8. The content of sodium hypophosphite and hydrazine is 220-280 g/L and 120-180 g/L, respectively. The plating liquid comprises (in g/L) nickel precursor (390-420), borax (30-45), sodium hypophosphite (240-260), hydrazine (140 ~ 160), malic acid (25-30), adipic acid (70-80), and lactic acid (90-110 ml/L).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The circularity of nodular-graphite particles obtained by dividing the perimeter length of the circle computed from equivalent circular diameter by measured perimeter length, is 0.85 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle size of the active material particles (A) and active material particles (B) is 15-22 mu m and 1-6 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: An aluminum doped layer having thickness of less than 30 nm is formed on the surface of active material particles (B) and active material particles (A). The aluminum doped layer is formed using aluminum precursor (1-500 ppm). The mixing ratio of active material particles (B) and active material particles (A) is 7:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the precursors of the reaction-inhibiting layers are either prepared by mixing an organic acid lithium salt and a solution that forms a glass network; or by mixing boric acid, tetraethoxysilane and an alcohol to prepare a solution in which B-Si glass network has been formed by a hydrolysis reaction, and mixing the solution in which B-Si glass network has been formed with an organic acid lithium salt. Preferred Components: The reaction inhibiting layer is holohyaline. The reaction inhibiting layer includes a lithium conducting oxide or a composite oxide. The organic acid lithium salt is lithium acetate or lithium lactate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: further grinding (50) the resultant powder; and calcining (60) at 400-800 degrees C. The lithium salt, the metal oxide or salt, and the phosphate salt are mixed in a stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:1:1. The liquid partially dissolves the lithium salt, the metal oxide or salt, the phosphate salt or the carbon source. The drying temperature is 25-100 degrees C, preferably 60 degrees C. The step of heating the dried mixture is carried out at 200-600 degrees C, preferably 350 degrees C, for 1-24 (preferably 10) hours. The heating step is performed in the presence of a noble gas, which is argon. The calcining is performed at 600 degrees C. The grinding is performed using a grinder or a grinding mill. Preferred Components: The lithium based composite material is a lithium iron phosphate-ferrophosporus-carbon (LiFePO4-Fe2P-C) composite material. The lithium salt is lithium carbonate. The lithium salt, the metal oxide or salt, or the phosphate salt is selected on the basis of desired cathode materials. The metal oxide or salt is iron(II) oxalate dihydrate. The metal oxide or salt is selected on the basis of desired anode materials. The phosphate salt is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. The carbon source also acts as a reducing agent. The slurry is a suspension or a colloid. The lithium based composite material contains 5-20 wt.% of amorphous carbon. The lithium based composite material includes clusters of olivine phase LiFePO4 in proximity to clusters of Fe2P, and also including interspersed carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source is an organic acid, which is citric acid. The liquid is a ketone, preferably acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer film is polycarbonate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium ion with respect to the total amount of iron, metallic element (M1) and metallic element (M2) is 1-1.1. The content of sulfide ion in the lithium-iron-metallic element phosphate is 40 ppm or less. The slurry further contains ammonium phosphate. Preferred Condition: The baking is performed at 500-800 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    A=1.005 to less than 1.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid propellant gas generator is filled with sodium azide. The composition of sodium azide is provided between 0.1-20 wt% of modifying agent selected from metal oxides and metal carbonates and between 3-15 wt% of binder selected from alkali metal silicate or poly-tetrazole based on total weight of the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The content of the benzodioxa dithiepin derivative is 0.001-10 mass% with respect to the non-aqueous-electrolyte total mass. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H;    R3=H, F, Cl, 1-6C alkyl group, or CN; and    n=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ultralyophobic coating layer contains fluoropolymer, and tetrafluoroethylene or copolymer containing perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol) and tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: Baking process (A) is performed at 950 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Molar ratio of lithium and lanthanum in salt aqueous solution is 3-5 or 2-2.25. Preferred Process: The garnet-type lithium ion conductive oxide is molded into a molded product, and baked (B) at temperature higher than the baking process (A). Preferred Property: The garnet-type lithium ion conductive oxide has lithium ion conductivity of 3x 10-4 S/cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy foil further contains (in %mass) copper (0.1 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode contains alloy containing magnesium metal or magnesium as negative electrode active material. The crystal structure of positive electrode active material is perovskite structure. The external apparatus of battery system is motive power apparatus, light-emitting device, heat-emitting apparatus, and electronic device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material is magnesium-iron-rare-earth metal material (MgxM11-yM2yF3-zXz, where x is 0-1, M1 is iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, platinum, hafnium, osmium, iridium, gold, mercury, thallium, lead and tin, X is chlorine, bromine and iodine, M2 is transition metal chosen from aluminum, and z is 0-0.5), preferably iron fluoride and manganese fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Negative electrode contains nitrogen-containing organic solution flame retardant made slightly soluble using polyaniline as nitrogen-containing organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator consists of at least one type or more chosen from glass fiber, cellulose, and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium is included as oxide particles, and the fluorine is included as lithium fluoride particles in the negative-electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Carbon nanotube has diameter of 0.8-20 nm, length of 100 mu m or less, preferably 20-50 mu m, and interval of 20 times or less of diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal salt is a chain metal compound or a cyclic metal compound having a structure of formula (-(C=C)y-(C(R11)=C(R12))z-) (d). The metal salt is an alkali metal salt and/or an alkali earth metal salt. The metal salt is metal acetylide, metal vinylidene, metal vinylene, metal vinyl, metal phenyl, or metal cyclopentadiene. The anode includes a coating layer in part or all of a surface of an anode active material layer, and the coating layer contains the metal salt. The electrolytic solution contains the metal salt, and the content of the metal salt in the electrolytic solution is 0.01-0.5 wt.%. The cathode and the anode are opposed to each other with a separator in between, and the separator includes a base material layer being a porous film and a polymer compound layer being provided on one surface or both surfaces of the base material layer. The polymer compound layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride. The secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.R11, R12 = H, halo, alkyl, derivative of an alkyl, or metal element Group 1-15 in long period periodic table; andy, z = greater than or equal to 0, where the sum of y and z is greater than or equal to 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate is vinylene carbonate, the halogenated cyclic ester carbonate is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane- 2-one, and the cyclic ester is one or more types of propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material has crystalloid plate structure. The negative active material comprises a core containing carbonaceous material, and an amorphous carbon layer disposed on a non-cracked portion of surface of core, and metal nanoparticles. The amorphous carbon layer is pitch coating. The core comprises voids. At least portion of the voids comprises amorphous carbon. The sulfur content of core is 1000-2000 ppm. The metal nanoparticles are chosen from silicon, tin and nickel. The expanding agent used during preparation of negative active material comprises sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and perchloric acid. The amount of expanding agent is 1-80 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of graphite. Preferred Properties: The negative active material has longer direction particle size of 1-50 mu m. The BET specific surface area of negative active material is 10-60 m2/g. The size of metal nanoparticles is 1-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium transition metal oxide is compound of layer structure which contains nickel or nickel, cobalt and manganese as a constituent element, preferably compound having composition of formula: Li1+xNiyCozMn(1-y-z)McO2, where x is 0-0.2, y is 0.1-0.9 (excluding 0.1 and 0.9), z is 0.1-0.4 (excluding 0.1 and 0.4), M is zirconium, tungsten, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, chromium, zinc, silicon, tin, aluminum, boron or fluorine, and c is 0-0.01. The positive electrode active material particles are manufactured by supplying ammonium ions to aqueous solution of transition metal compound and lithium transition metal oxide, mixing transition metal hydroxide and lithium compound to prepare non-baked mixture, and baking the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Oxygen concentration of gas which contains mixed inert gas and air is 0.1-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The solid content of positive electrode paste is 50 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves (e) reducing pressure in second container after opening valve and hence pressure in the first container is higher than the second container, and (f) subsequently opening valve and connecting first container and second container. The method further involves repeating the step (f) twice or more. The method involves heating carbon at 150-450 degrees C. The supercritical fluid (gas) is carbon dioxide or trifluoromethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic compound is trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl) platinum or platinum acetylacetonate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The micropore volume of porous carbon is calculated by Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) method from the nitrogen adsorption isothermal line of 77 K is 0.3 ml/g or more. The difference of the total pore volume calculated from the nitrogen adsorption isothermal line in 77K and the micropore volume calculated by DR method from the nitrogen adsorption isothermal line in 77K is 1 ml/g or more. The content of boron in the porous carbon is 100-10000 parts per million. Preferred Method: The porous carbon (0.03 weight%) is added to the ion-exchange water (100 g), 40 kHz ultrasonic wave is applied for 3 minutes using light ray of wavelength 550 nm such that the permeability is 80 % or less, and then the product is maintained at still condition for 16 hours. The ratio of the boric acid with respect to the magnesium citrate is 0-100 weight%. The heating process is performed at 500-1500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching process is plasma etching process, preferably oxygen plasma etching process. Preferred Properties: The pyrolyzed carbon nanostructure has diameter of 5-100 nm, preferably 15-30 nm, and length of 100-200 mu m, preferably 6-27 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymeric material is deposited on substrate (2). The polymeric material is patterned. Preferred Composition: The compound which masks etching process is micro or nanoparticles chosen from metallic and ceramic micro or nanoparticles, preferably antimony nanoparticles. The pyrolized nanostructures are nanowires, or amorphous or graphitic pyrolized nanostructures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electroconductive additive, carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers and carbon nanotube are further mixed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The electrolyte solvent is cyclic ether and/or acrylic ethers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The binder, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polytetrafluoroethylene are mixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device is provided with an electronic communication interface i.e. controller area network (CAN) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Nonaqueous solvent contains 0.01-60 wt.% 4-fluoroalkyl-(1,3)-dioxolan-2-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The laser welding heat source comprises carbon dioxide laser, yttrium aluminum garnet laser or optical fiber laser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The gluing step is performed at gluing width of 0.05-0.1 mm. The laser welding is performed with laser power of 100-300 W and welding speed of 30-800 mm/sis under 1-10 m/minute protection. It is further matched with welding clamp.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The normal temperature curing glue comprises epoxy structure glue or epoxy conductive adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the electric storage device, the inorganic filler layer is disposed on a surface of the separator. Each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode comprises an active material layer; and the inorganic filler layer is disposed on a surface of the active material layer of at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The porosity of the inorganic filler layer is greater than or equal to a porosity of the separator and less than or equal to 70 volume%. The thickness of the inorganic filler layer is greater than or equal to 3 mu m and less than or equal to a thickness of the separator. A silicon dioxide (SiO2)-equivalent mass ratio of a silicon (Si) element in the inorganic filler layer is greater than or equal to 40%. The content of the lithium difluoro bis(oxalato)phosphate in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is greater than or equal to 0.2 mass% and less than or equal to 1 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fire-retardant material is selected from alkyl phosphate, phosphazene, and fluorinated derivative. The encapsulated fire-retardant material further comprises a porous matrix. The porous matrix is fabricated from materials selected from SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and C. The fire-retardant material is trimethyl phosphate. The fire-retardant material, in free form, is not itself electrochemically or chemically stable in the presence of the electrolyte, and where the encapsulated fire-retardant material is electrochemically and chemically stable in the presence of the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from olefinic polymer, vinyl polymer, acrylic polymer, polyamide polymer, and polyoxide polymer. The polymer is selected from poly(1-butene), polyethylene, and 1,4-poly(2,3-azabutadiene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one portion on the surface of particles of the positive electrode active material is coated with carbon material. The coating volume of the carbon material is 10-40 %mass with respect to the total amount of the precursor. Preferred Process: The baking process is performed under inert gas atmosphere. The carbon material is coated by ball mill process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Adsorption agent is silver zeolite adsorption agent consists of silver supported on zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Raw fuel gas is mixed gas consists of biogas with methane as main component from biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A catalyst of iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum, molybdenum, tungsten, magnesium, boron and/or aluminum is not adsorbed in the nanohorn. The nanotube contains several carbon nanotube molecules. The nanohorn contains several carbon nanohorn aggregates (2). Each nanohorn aggregate is formed from several nanohorn molecules. The nanotube molecules are chemically coupled through crosslinking with nanohorn aggregate. The burning temperature peak in oxygen environment measure by thermogravimetric analysis or differential thermal analysis is 500 degrees C or more. Preferred Conditions: Acid treatment and/or oxidation treatment are carried out by heating in oxygen environment with respect to nanohorn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkaline earth compound is a calcium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The free radical scavenger is a halogenated or non-halogenated, organic compound including phosphorus base, which is selected from a group consisting of alkyl and/or aryl phosphates e.g. trichloroethylene (2,2,2-trifluorethyl) phosphate, trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate, cyclic phosphates e.g. cyclophosphazene such as hexamethoxycyclotriphosphazene, phosphites i.e. trichloroethylene (2,2,2-trifluorethyl) phosphites, fluoridated alkylene carbonates i.e. fluoridated propylene carbonate and fluoridated ethers i.e. methylnonafluorbutylether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dispenser is made of thermoplastic resin e.g. polyolefin such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene, in a region of the dispenser aperture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The circular-shaped nano-structure consists of catalytically active material such as palladium, platinum, ruthenium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of negative electrode collector according to JIS B 0601-1994 standards is 0.25 micrometer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The reducing agent and metal (B) are reacted at 20-50 degrees C. The rotating speed of the processing surface is 600-3600 rpm. The flow rate of to-be-processed fluid introduced by providing pressure is 10-500 ml/minute. Preferred Components: Metal (A) is platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, silver and/or osmium. Metal (B) is gold, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, tungsten, iridium, vanadium, titanium, silicon, tin and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The content of 4-fluoroalkyl (1, 3)-dioxolan-2-one compound is 0.01-60 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Electrochemical device is lithium ion secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Nonaqueous solvent contains 0.01-50 wt.% 4,4-ditrifluoromethyl-(1,3)-dioxolan-2-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrical storage device has a separator consisting of glass fiber between the positive electrode and negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent contains gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sintered magnet component has a shape containing a minimum portion with a dimension of 20 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode includes collector containing hard carbon. The positive electrode contains conductive material including lanthanum sulfide, titanium sulfide, samarium sulfide, cerium(III) sulfide and/or molybdenum disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The sulfur-type positive-electrode active substance is formed from a carbon skeleton derived from carbon source compound(s) chosen from polyacrylonitrile, pitch, polyisoprene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon obtained by condensation of six-member rings and having three or more rings, and sulfur bonded to the carbon skeleton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The difference between average thickness of the filler layer and average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is 0.5 mu m or more. The average thickness of the filler layer is 6 mu m or more. The average particle diameter of the electrode active material is 5.5 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The filler is alumina, magnesia, zirconia, silica, boehmite and/or titania. The electrode has lithium-transition metal composite oxide. The transition metal is nickel, cobalt and/or manganese. The battery case in assembled battery is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The feeding device is provided with a control device that is coupled with a control device of the vehicle using a wireless local area network (WLAN), a Bluetooth, infrared wireless transmission method, a global system for mobile communication (GSM) or a radio remote control.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of antioxidant to content of polymer is 1-100. Preferred Properties: The minimum value (Nx) of the refractive index in the surface direction of a film and the absolute value of a difference with the refractive index (Nx) of the direction orthogonal to the direction is 0.025 or less. The thickness of high-insulating film is 0.4-6.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is a polyphenylene ether of formula (I). The biaxially-stretched film contains 0.1-8 %mass of antioxidant, and 0.05-3 %mass of inactive microparticles having average particle diameter of 0.05-3 mu m. The high-insulating film further has an application layer containing 41-94 %mass of polyolefin-type wax, silicone component and fluorine compound and having thickness of 0.005-0.5 mu m.Q1,Q2=methyl, ethyl or propyl;andn=not defined.N.B. n is not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion and aluminum ion are dissolved in a solvent. The unit cell has output voltage of 3.0 V or less. The positive electrode comprises active material of formula: LiNixMn2-xO4, or LiNixQyMn2-x-y, where x is 0.4-0.6, y is more than 0 and 0.1 or less and Q is group IIa element, group IIIa element, group IVa element and transition metal chosen from zinc, aluminum, gallium, silicon and germanium. The negative electrode comprises aluminum. The electrolyte solution comprises sulfonate compound of formula: R1SO2R2.R1,R2=alkyl.The electrolyte solution further contains metal salts of sodium and potassium. The temperature at the time of discharge electricity is 90 degrees C or more. The secondary battery further contains separator (109).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The volume average particle diameter of titanium compound is 0.5-5 mu m, as measured by laser diffractometry. The ratio of volume average particle diameter of titanium compound with respect to volume average particle diameter of lithium compound is 0.1-8. The single phase rate of lithium titanate is 95% or more, which is calculated using relation: 100x (1-( Sigma )(Yi/X)), where X is main peak intensity of lithium titanate and Yi is main peak intensity of each sub phase, based on X-ray diffraction measurement using CuK- alpha -ray. Preferred Condition: The heating process is carried out at 700-800 degrees C. Preferred Process: The manufacture of lithium titanate further involves dry-mixing lithium titanate compound having same crystal structure as the target lithium titanate, using pneumatic pulverizer, and heating obtained mixture. Preferred Component: The lithium compound is lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The titanium oxide has specific surface area of 50-300 m2/g, preferably 60-100 m2/g and sulfur content of 1.0 wt.% or less by its oxide conversion, volume density of 0.2-0.7 g/cm3 and volume average particle diameter of 0.05-5 mu m measured by laser diffractometry. Preferred Process: The titanium raw material and lithium compound are dry-mixed before heating, during the manufacture of lithium-titanate. Alternately, manufacture of lithium-titanate involves dry-mixing and heating of titanium raw material, lithium compound and lithium-titanate compound which has the same crystal structure as target lithium-titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio (D/(( rho )/(dx v))) of separation distance D (cm) between supply position of aqueous cobalt salt solution and supply position of aqueous alkali solution and ratio (( rho )/(dx v)) of supply rate ( rho ) of cobalt salt and product (dx v) of supply width (d) of aqueous cobalt salt solution and flow velocity (v) of suspension, is 0.5x 105 cm3/mol or more. The pH of suspension is 8-11.5 at 25 degrees C. The cross-sectional area of supply portion is 0.01-1 cm2. The nickel hydroxide powder has average particle size of 6-12 mu m. Preferred Process: The aqueous cobalt salt solution is supplied from at least one supply portion opposed to the liquid surface of suspension. Preferred Composition: The supply rate of cobalt salt is 0.01 mol/cm2.minute or less per unit area of liquid surface of suspension. The nickel hydroxide powder comprises nickel compound of formula: Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2. The concentration of nickel hydroxide in the suspension is 400-1200 g/L. The cobalt salt is cobalt sulfate or cobalt chloride. The cobalt salt is free from halogen contamination. The alkali in the aqueous alkali solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The water used to prepare the suspension is pure water. The cobalt compound in the cobalt compound coating layer is cobalt hydroxide or cobalt oxyhydroxide.x=0.005-0.05;y=0.005-0.05;andM=calcium, magnesium or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersion mediums are pure water/deionized water. Preferred Method: The pulverization is performed with wet jet mill. Bowl material is an agate when wet ball mill performs pulverization. When wet ball mill performs pulverization, a bowl material is high purity silicon. The gravity classifying method is centrifuge methods, wetcyclone method and/or sedimentation method. The crystalline silicone is pulverized with cutting waste during manufacture of silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reducing agent is hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ferrous sulfate, coal, and/or iron pyrite. The cathode active material comprises a complex oxide of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt, of formula: Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode includes magnesium metal or magnesium alloy while the active material includes magnesium bismuthide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solution is supplied with electricity with current density of 0.5-50 A/dm2. The carbon dioxide is supplied to the solution. The solution containing lithium ion and carbonate ion is heated at 70 degrees C or more. The depositing lithium carbonate is separated into solid and liquid. The solution containing lithium ion is a liquid obtained by baking waste lithium ion secondary battery and oozing lithium in water. Preferred Components: The cathode has integrated with heating unit. The cathode is inner wall of crystallization tank. The manufacturing apparatus of lithium carbonate further has separation unit to separate into solid and liquid the lithium carbonate which precipitated to cathode and cathode vicinity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon is coated among the surfaces of the positive electrode active material particles excluding joint surface with fibrous carbon. Metals chosen from cobalt, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, copper, aluminum, vanadium, niobium and tantalum or its oxide is supported on the surface of fibrous carbon. The positive electrode active material particles are joined by the location where the metal or its oxide is supported. The content of fibrous carbon in the positive electrode material is 0.5-10 %mass. The lithium source is lithium phosphate. Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbon has mean fiber length of 1-100 mu m and aspect ratio of 5-1000. The average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles is 20-200 nm. Preferred Definitions:    M=niobium or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Lithium-titanate compound having same crystal structure as lithium titanate is further added during pulverization in addition to lithium compound and titanium compound. Lithium compound and titanium compound are mixed and pulverized. Alternately, pulverization is carried out before mixing. Pulverization is carried out using an airflow grinder. A pressure is applied to compound of a mixed state after pulverization, using a compacting machine. The pulverization and provision of the pressure are carried out by at least 1 type of machine chosen from a fret mill, a pan mill, an edge runner, a roller mill, and a mix muller. The volume density of mixed powder before pressure provision is made into 2 times or more. The precursor is heated at 700-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer comprises a refractory metal such as tantalum, tungsten, palladium, lithium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The existence ratio of a nickel element to the entire transition metal elements on a surface of the particles, and a nickel element to the entire transition metal elements inside the particles is /~0.9/1.3. The particles are secondary particles. The existence ratio of manganese element to the entire transition metal elements on a surface of the particles, and a manganese element to the entire transition metal elements inside the particles is /~ 0.7/1.3. The particles have a tap density of 1.3 g/cm3 or more. The lithium salt of the fluorooxo acid is lithium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The plate thickness of zinc-based galvanized steel sheet is 20-600 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic-inorganic composite process layer contains resin component (5-800 mg/m2) of hardened material. The phosphorus content of hardened material is 0.1-100 mg/m2. The content of oxazoline group-containing resin is 2-50 %mass with respect to total content of oxazoline group-containing resin and carboxyl group-containing resin in resin composition. The resin composition further contains basic zirconium compound. The organic-inorganic composite process layer contains zirconium component (0.5-60 mg/m2). Preferred Layer: The laminate further has acid-modified polyolefin-based resin layer having thickness of 10-100 mu m provided between organic-inorganic composite process layer and heat-fusible polyolefin resin layer. Preferred Property: The acid value of carboxyl group-containing resin is 300 mg potassium hydroxide/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains hydrophobically modified silica (2-15 mass parts).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises additive (0.1-20 mass parts) comprising unsaturated cyclic carbonate, halogen-substituted cyclic carbonate, cyclic sulfonic acid ester and cyclic sulfite ester, cyanoethyl group containing compound of formula (R3-(O-(CH2CH2O)m-R4)b), and polymer compound (5-30 mass parts) having a radically polymerizable unsaturated double bond. The mass ratio of the compound (I) and ethylene carbonate is 47/53-60/40. The compound (I) has etherification rate of greater than or equal to 95%.R3=acidic radical residue of 1-5 valence polyhydric alcohol;R4=1-6C hydrocarbon;b=1-5;andm=1-5, where 'm' is average added mole number of oxyethylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic substrate is titanium, titanium alloy, or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic boron compound is trimethoxy boroxine, tri(2-hydroxyethoxy)boroxine, tri(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)boroxine, tri(2-methoxyethoxy)boroxine, tri(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)boroxine, tri(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)boroxine, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)boroxine, or bis 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy 2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxyboroxine. The total amount of cyclic boron compound (C) and boric acid (D) is 2-20 weight% with respect to the total amount of ammonium salt (A), aprotic solvent (B), cyclic boron compound (C), and boric acid (D). The ammonium salt (A) is salt of imidazolinium cation and alkyl phosphoric acid ester anion, or salt of imidazolinium cation and benzoic acid anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The regular period where the carbon material has a pore ordered structure, and forms the foundation of a pore ordered structure is less than or equal to 1.8 nm. The peak which originates in the pore ordered structure in 2 theta below 5 degrees is not recognized while the peak position recognized by the X-ray diffraction using copper tube (Cu K alpha ) exists in 2 theta above 5 degrees . The BET specific surface area of the zeolite casted carbon is greater than or equal to 1500 ( greater than or equal to 1900) m2/g, and H/C is less than or equal to 1 ( less than or equal to 0.86) wt.%. Preferred Components: The carbon material is formed from zeolite casted carbon, where the carbon shell is obtained by removing zeolite cast from carbon/zeolite composite body. Carbon/zeolite composite body contains zeolite casted carbon which has an ordered structure formed in the nanochannel filled with carbon in a zeolite cast made of zeolite cast and carbon shell surrounding the outer surface of the zeolite cast. Zeolite casted carbon is greater than or equal to 36 ( greater than or equal to 38) wt.% with respect to the total weight of carbon/zeolite composite body. Preferred Process: Carbon material formed from carbon shell is obtained after removing the zeolite cast from the carbon/zeolite composite body. Pressure pulsed CVD method which implements a repetitive pressure reduced gas pulsing cycle in order to obtain carbon/zeolite composite body is performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication bus used for operating the electric storage device conforms to Ethernet, IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.11, ZigBee or Bluetooth standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium alloy contains 3-9 wt.% of aluminum and 1-3 wt.% of calcium. The electrolyte solution contains sodium chloride aqueous solution, sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution and sodium percarbonate aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium source is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and/or lithium acetate. Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal reaction is performed at 100 degrees C or more. Preferred Process: A carbon source is further mixed with the mixture, during manufacture of positive electrode active material, to obtain olivine-type lithium metal phosphate in which the carbon film is formed on the surface by heating the composite after hydrothermal reaction, in inert gas atmosphere. A phosphate compound of formula: MPO4 or HM'PO4 is further mixed with the mixture.M=Al or rare-earth element;andM'=Mg, Ca, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn, Ge, Cu, Cr, Ti, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ga, In, Si or B.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source is sucrose, lactose, ascorbic acid, 1,6-hexanediol, polyethyleneglycol, polyethylene oxide, carboxymethylcellulose, carbon black and/or fibrous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel-hydroxide particles contain magnesium and nickel-hydroxide solid solution particles. The cobalt-compound film layer consists of cobalt oxyhydroxide having beta -type crystal structure. The ratio of zinc weight with respect to the total weight of zinc in zinc compound powder and yttrium in yttrium compound powder is 0.35-0.85.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carburizing reaction gas is methane, acetylene or propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The organic electrolytic solution contains an organic compound (0.5-5 wt.%) having a carbon-carbon (C=C) unsaturated bond in the molecule. The organic electrolytic solution contains an aromatic compound (0.5-5 wt.%) polymerized by electrolysis at an oxidation potential of 4.3-5.5 V or less on a lithium metal basis. The negative electrode comprises a graphite carbon material as a negative-electrode active material, where the graphite carbon material has a graphite interlayer space (d002) of 0.337-0.338 nm, and a specific surface area measured by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method using a nitrogen gas of 2 m2/g or less; and the negative electrode has an irreversible capacity in a first lithium storing/releasing reaction of 45-51 mAh/g in terms of weight of the graphite carbon material in the negative electrode. The positive electrode comprises a positive-electrode active material of formula (Li1+aNibMncCodN1eO2).N1 = Al, Mg, Mo, Ti, Ge or W;a = 0.05-0.1;b = 0.33-0.6;c = 0.2-0.33;d = 0.1-0.33; ande = 0-0.1. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 3,4-dimethoxybenzonitrile of formula (Ia) is specifically claimed as (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The spray drying is carried out at 200-400 degrees C. Compound containing element with atomic number of 11 or more and other than nickel, manganese and cobalt is added during the spray drying process. The element is boron, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, titanium, iron, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tin, tungsten or bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (A) comprises reacting phosphoric acid tris-(4-hydroxy-phenyl) ester with 6 molecules of formaldehyde and 3 molecules of substituted amine compounds of formula (H2NR3) (III) to give (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (A) are disclosed i.e. phosphoric acid tris-(3-(2,4,6-trifluoro-phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo(e)(1,3)oxazin-6-yl) ester of formula (Ia), phosphoric acid tris-(3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo(e)(1,3)oxazin-6-yl) ester and phosphoric acid bis-(3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-enzo(e)(1,3)oxazin-6-yl) ester phenyl ester.    EXAMPLE - Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl) phosphate (1.5 g), p-formaldehyde (0.84 g) and 2,4,6-trifluoroaniline (1.94 g) were added to an one-neck round-bottom flask (100 ml) and mixed in an oil bath at 90 degrees C. When the initially opaque mixture became a dark brown transparent gel type material after 30 minutes, the reaction was quenched using tetrahydrofuran, and then the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The cooled crude product was base-washed twice through a solvent extraction using a 1N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and washed once with deionized water. After washing, the organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and filtered. The residual solution was dried using a rotary evaporator to remove the solvent, and the purified product was dried in a vacuum oven at 40 degrees C for 6 hours to obtain phosphoric acid tris-(3-(2,4,6-trifluoro-phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo(e)(1,3)oxazin-6-yl) ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate or lithium sulfate. The silicic acid compound is amorphous silicate or sodium silicate (Na4SiO4). The basic aqueous dispersion has pH of 12.0-13.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic acid transition metal salt is 1-20C organic acid transition metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal phosphate is coated with carbon.negative electrode comprises carbon, metallic lithium, lithium titanate, silicon and/or its mixtures.The ion-conducting inorganic material is an oxide, phosphate, sulfate, titanate, silicate, aluminosilicate of zirconium, aluminum and/or lithium.The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate.The lithium transition metal phosphate is lithium manganese phosphate or lithium cobalt phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, butyl methyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, cyclopentanone, sulfolanes, dimethyl sulfoxide, 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, gamma -butyrolactone, 1,2-diethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, nitromethane, 1,3-propane sultone, an ionic liquid, and/or its mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric fibers: are polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyamide, polyether, and/or its mixtures; and contain or consist of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixed solution containing lithium source, transition metal source, and silicon source is supplied in a flame with susceptible gas and combustible gas, in a mist-like droplet, and heated, to obtain particulate mixture. The slurry in the manufacture of positive electrode further contains secondary particles having particle size of 0.5-2 mu m, which is obtained by granulating positive electrode active material. Preferred Conditions: The pressurized-powder component is baked at 300-900 degrees C for 0.5-10 hours. The temperature of the flame is 1000-3000 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The combustible gas is hydrocarbon-type gas. The susceptible gas is air. The lithium compound of the lithium source is chosen from lithium chloride, lithium hydroxide, lithium acetate, lithium nitrate, lithium bromide, lithium phosphate, lithium sulfate, lithium oxalate, lithium naphthenate, lithium ethoxide, lithium oxide and lithium peroxide. The carbon source is polyvinyl alcohol. The transition metal compound of transition metal source is iron, manganese, titanium, chromium, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, aluminum, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten chosen from chloride, oxide, oxalate, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, hydroxide, ethylhexane salt, naphthenate, hexoate, cyclopentadienyl compound, and alkoxide, or organic acid metal salt of stearic acid, dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, acetylacetonate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and/or linolenic acid. The silicon compound of the silicon source is chosen from tetrachlorosilane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, hydrate of silicon dioxide, hydrate of silicon monoxide, hydrate of silicon oxide, condensed silicic acid, tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetramethyl orthosilicate, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, tetramethyldisiloxane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, and tetra-n-butoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material powder has average secondary particle diameter of 4-30 mu m Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.05-1 m2/g, tap density of 1.7 g/ml or more, sodium content of 30-2000 ppm, sulfur content of 10-600 ppm, impurity content of 5000 ppm or less and heat-absorption amount of 0.3-0.8 J/mg, when heated at -40 degrees C to 70 degrees C in differential scanning calorimeter. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material powder has capacitance of 130 mAh/g or more at 3 V, capacitance of 120 mAh/g or more at 4.5 V, cycle maintenance factor (200 cycles) of 55% or more, and initial stage charging-discharging efficiency of 90% or more. The manganese-nickel complex oxide particle powder has tap density of 1.8 g/ml or more and half-power band width of the strongest peak, of 0.15-0.25. Preferred Composition: The concentration of alkali in aqueous alkali solution used in manufacture of manganese-nickel complex oxide particle powder, is 0.1-5 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A bus bar for electrically connecting the terminal electrodes of adjacent single cells, is fixed to the stationery plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The BET specific surface area of carbon particles (4) is 50-400 m2/g and the BET specific surface area of carbon particles (5) is 500-2000 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon thin film comprises silicon and oxygen or fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of graphite particles contained in graphite material (A) or graphite material (B) is coated with other carbon material. A portion of carbon fiber having fiber diameter of 2-1000, is adhered on the surface of the graphite particles. Preferred Composition: The graphite material (B) is easily graphitized carbon chosen from petroleum-based coke, coal-based coke, petroleum-based pitch, coal-based pitch and/or mesocarbon pellets, or natural graphite. The content of graphite material (A) is 10-1000 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of graphite material (B). Preferred Property: The aspect-ratio of particles computed from the optical microscopic image of graphite material (B) is 1-5. The ratio of area of space is 0.5-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion of carbon fiber having fiber diameter of 2-1000, is adhered on the surface of the graphite particles. Preferred Composition: The content of graphite material (A) is 10-1000 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of graphitizable carbon material. The graphitizable carbon material is petroleum coke, coal coke or mesocarbon pellet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Assembly: The electrolyte is an absorption electrolyte and the palladium core is the (100) enriched structure; or a non-absorption electrolyte and the palladium core is the (111) enriched structure. Preferred Components: The absorption electrolyte is selected from a sulfuric acid electrolyte and a phosphoric acid electrolyte. The non-absorption electrolyte is selected from a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer and a perchloric acid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The palladium nanoparticle core contains at least 30 (preferably at least 50, especially at least 70)% (100) surfaces by area; or at least 50 (preferably at least 70)% (111) surfaces by area. The platinum atoms are atomically deposited on the palladium core. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode: The surface portion of the positive electrode active material has crystal structure having 1-50 shifts of plane per 15x 15 nm2. The element added to the surface portion of the positive electrode active material comprises at least tungsten, or at least tungsten, niobium and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process: the cleaned char stream is treated by physical beneficiation; the physical beneficiation is carried by a wet beneficiation process or a magnetic separation process; the methane-enriched raw product gas stream is treated to removed at least the portion of entrained solids fines to generate a removed fines stream, and at least the portion of the removed fines stream is combined with the withdrawn solid by-product char; the feed-stock and the catalyst are combined prior to introduction to the hydromethanation reactor to generate a catalyzed carbonaceous feedstock, which is introduced into the hydromethanation reactor; and at least the portion of the first carbon-enriched and inorganic ash-depleted char stream is combined with the catalyzed carbonaceous feedstock. Preferred Components: In the process the methane-enriched raw product gas stream further comprises entrained solids fines. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium and aluminum is 1 or less. Preferred Process: The heating temperature is 450 degrees C or more. The lithium adsorption agent is obtained by incinerating positive electrode active material containing complex oxide of lithium and transition metals chosen from manganese, cobalt and nickel, performing alkali leaching using hydroxide aqueous solution of alkali and alkaline-earth metal having concentration of 50-100 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte contains lithium phosphate oxynitride glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sintered compact has volume density of 3.7 g/cm3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The complex oxide has crystal structure of layered-rock salt-type structure. Preferred Process: The hydroxide containing nickel, manganese, and/or titanium in the manufacture of complex oxide is obtained by the co-precipitation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Catalyst is positioned in layered form from the fuel inlet side toward the fuel outlet side, in the order 1st catalyst, 2nd catalyst, 3rd catalyst, and 4th catalyst. greater than or equal to 2 of the catalysts are mixed. The fuel reforming system has 2nd impurity removal device which equips the former stage of the modifier with adsorption agent which removes sulfur compound and aromatic compound in the raw fuel at normal temperature, and deoxidation catalyst which removes oxygen in the raw fuel at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The modified additive is magnesium oxide, chromium sesquioxide, aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide, niobium or vanadium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing titanium oxide is represented by the following equation: Li4Ti5O12. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is chosen from lithium-titanium-manganese oxide (Li4Ti5-wMnwO12), lithium-titanium-iron oxide (Li4Ti5-xFexO12), lithium-titanium-vanadium oxide (Li4Ti5-yVyO12), lithium-titanium-boron oxide (Li4Ti5-zBzO12), lithium-titanium-manganese-vanadium oxide (Li4Ti5-w-yMnwVyO12), lithium-titanium-manganese-boron oxide (Li4Ti5-w-zMnwBzO12), lithium-titanium-iron vanadium oxide (Li4Ti5-x-yFexVyO12) and lithium-titanium-iron boron oxide (Li4Ti5-x-zFexBzO12), where w, x and z are greater than 0 but less than or equal to 0.3 and y is greater than 0 but less than or equal to 0.05. The positive electrode active material comprises lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide (LiaNi1-b-cCobMcO2), preferably lithium cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) and lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (LiNi(0.81)Co(0.15)Al(0.04)O2), where M is aluminum, manganese, titanium, magnesium, molybdenum, yttrium, zirconium and/or calcium, a is 0.95-1.12, b is 0-1, c is 0-0.5 and b+c is 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: In the compound which belongs to the Nowotny chimney-ladder phases and the compound having the C40 structure, the composition of the compound is represented by T'nX'm. The compounds having the L21 structure and the C1b structure comprise at least one element selected from Ti, Zr, Hf, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, V, Nb, and Ta in a range of 30-80 atom.%. The Fermi level is modified by adding an element which is different from the main component to the compound.m/n=2 to 1.25;T'=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, or W;X'=compound consisting of at least one element selected from Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge and Sn as main component. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Portion(s) of surface of composite particles having composition of active material particles is coated with carbon substance. Ascorbic acid is included in the raw material compound used as source of the carbon substance. The metal material is foil consisting of copper or alloy containing copper as main component. Preferred Definitions:    M1=iron;    A=sodium;and    y=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper foil further contains less than 500 mass ppm of silver and/or 100 mass ppm or less of tin. The total content of silver and tin in copper foil is 500 mass ppm or less. Preferred Property: The half-softening temperature of copper foil is 150 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The crystal structure of lithium manganese-titanium nickel complex is layered rock salt-type structure of space group (R-3m) in rhombohedral system. Preferred Properties: The crystal structure of lithium manganese-titanium nickel complex has lattice constant of more than 0.283 nm and less than 0.287 nm, and more than 1.44 nm and less than 1.490 nm, measured using hexagonal crystal grating. Preferred Process: Lithium-dissolved solution is subjected to ion-exchanging or ion inserting process at 20-200 degrees C using sodium manganese-titanium nickel complex. Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is lithium nitrate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide and/or lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent which dissolves lithium salt, is water, ethanol, butanol, hexanol, propanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetic acid and/or formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aggregates are obtained by spray drying the slurry containing nickel compound particles, manganese compound particles, and cobalt compound particles as spray-drying raw material particles, at 200-400 degrees C. Me element is further added to the aggregates. Preferred Properties: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of the aggregates is 50-110 m2/g. The average particle diameter of the spray-drying raw material particles is 0.5-2 mu m. Preferred Components: The Me element is boron, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, titanium, iron, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metallic compound particles have microcrystal size of 25 nm or more, calculated from three high-orders of diffraction peak intensity in wide-angle X-ray diffraction method. Preferred Component: The electroconductive agent is carbon fine particles of fibrous form or sheet form. The crystal lattice junction of metallic compound particles and electroconductive agent are parallel, when observed with an electron microscope.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The composite complex is obtained by reacting thiosulfate and acid with Ketchen black through the application of shearing stress and a centrifugal force.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbonaceous material-coated lithium-iron-phosphorus complex oxide is obtained by mixing lithium-iron-phosphorus complex oxide particles with carbonaceous-material precursor, spray-drying the obtained mixture, and baking the obtained granulated component. Preferred Property: The lithium-iron-phosphorus complex oxide has specific surface area of 10-20 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The macromolecular-type dispersing agent is polyacrylic acid. The content of macromolecular-type dispersing agent is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide material (II) further contains tin oxide. The content of tin oxide and phosphorus pentoxide in oxide material (II) is 45-95 mol% and 5-55 mol%, respectively. The content of oxide material (I) and oxide material (II) in negative electrode active material is 5-90 %mass and 10-95 %mass, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is water-soluble polymer. Preferred Composition: The content of negative electrode active material, conductive support agent, and binder in negative electrode material is 55-90 %mass, 3-20 %mass and 2-30 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal element contains nickel and/or manganese, and cobalt and/or iron. The content of carbon dioxide in the heating portion is 4 volume% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The cylindrical container in vertical position has inlets provided in several positions, and fuel outlet (6) provided at upper portion of the container. The inlets are different along height direction from bottom portion side of the container. In the desulfurizer, the fuel inlets are formed as opening portion of fuel inlet tubes (3,4,5). Preferred Process: In the desulfurizer, the desulfurizing agent produces hydrogen by dehydrogenation of fuels, and a desulfurization catalyst hydrodesulfurizes the fuels using the produced hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate group active material is lithium-iron phosphate. The weight ratio of phosphate group active material and oxide group active material is 99.5:0.5-51:49.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The complex oxide particles have mean secondary particle diameter of 1-30 microns.Preferred Composition: The content of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate is 0.25 weight% or less and 0.2 weight% or less, respectively. The complex oxide particles have sulfur content of 100 ppm or less and sodium content of 100 ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of amphoteric metal in the outermost surface of particle is 5-60 atomic% with respect to the total content of amphoteric metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water-free electrolyte formed as a supporting electrolyte is provided with a lithium salt with lithium hexa-fluorophosphate. The electrode consists of lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, graphite, and corresponding materials with dopant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water-free electrolyte formed as a supporting electrolyte is provided with a solvent containing ethylene carbonate and/or di-methyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of monoclinic structure is 10-30 mol% with respect to total content of ortho rhombic structure and monoclinic structure. The positive electrode active material is contained in at least one side of collector. The carbon source used in manufacture of positive electrode active material is polyvinyl alcohol, sucrose and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustible gas and susceptible gas used in manufacture of positive electrode active material are hydrocarbon-type gas and air, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrate of metal phosphorus oxide is monohydrate, dihydrate or tetrahydrate of metal phosphorus oxide, preferably iron (III) phosphate monohydrate, iron (III) phosphate dihydrate or iron (III) phosphate tetrahydrate, or nickel phosphate, cobalt phosphate, manganese phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium nickel phosphate or lithium vanadium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A precursor solution containing water, ethanol, methanol or acetone is used in the manufacturing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The spring and the terminal block are made of copper, and the copper material is plated with a layer of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first lithium intercalation composition is represented by xLiMO2.(1-x)Li2M'O3, where M is trivalent metal ion including manganese Mn+3, cobalt (Co+3) or nickel (Ni+3) and M' represents metal ions having an average valance of +4 and x is 0-1. The metal fluoride comprises aluminum fluoride. The second lithium intercalation composition is represented by: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li1+xNi( alpha )Mn( beta )Co( gamma )O2), where x is 0.05-0.25, alpha is 0.1-0.4, beta is 0.4-0.65 and gamma is 0.05-0.3; and Li1+x Ni( alpha )Mn( beta )Co( gamma )M"( delta )O(2-z/2) Fz, where x 0.05-0.25, alpha is 0.1-0.4, beta is 0.4-0.65, gamma is 0.05-0.3, delta is 0-0.1, z is 0-0.1 and M" is magnesium, zinc, aluminum, gallium, boron, zirconium, titanium, calcium, cerium, yttrium and/or niobium. The negative electrode comprises graphite, synthetic graphite, hard carbon, graphite coated metal foil, and/or coke.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, and/or ceramic-polymer composites, and polyethylene-polypropylene-polyethylene tri-layer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode has a cathode active material layer on a cathode current collector, the anode has an anode active material layer on an anode current collector, and the cathode active material layer or the anode active material layer or both contain the organic silicon compound, or the cathode active material layer or the anode active material layer or both are provided with a coating layer containing the organic silicon compound. The separator has a base material layer being a porous film and a coating layer being provided on a first surface or a second surface or both of the base material layer, and the coating layer contains the organic silicon compound. The open-circuit voltage in a state of complete charge is greater than or equal to 4.25 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: The precursor sheet is entangled before pressing. Oxidation treatment of precursor sheet is carried out before carbonization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Zinc (Zn) is 0.1-5 mol% with respect to Mn and M1. Preferred Conditions: Heat processing temperature is 500-800 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    M2=Zn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sintered oxide comprises lithium nickel manganese complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulating protective film comprises epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The ratio (Q1/Q2) of heat amount (Q1) supplied by flame ejected from the wall-surface burner, and heat amount (Q2) supplied by flame ejected from the ceiling burner is 0.01-100. The susceptible gas when forming flame ejected from the ceiling burner at 25 degrees C, is supplied at rate of 1 m/second or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal element contains nickel and/or manganese, and cobalt and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of flux agent is 0.1-3 mol% with respect to content of manganese in olivine-type lithium transition metal oxide. Preferred Property: The olivine-type lithium transition metal oxide has apparent density of 1-1.8 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-metal heterogeneous elements are chosen from phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or oxygen. The carbon-coating layer comprises phosphate, sulfate ion, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. The conductive metal material is transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, semi-metal (metalloid) and the periodic table elements of group 13-15. The conductive metal material comprises nickel, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, chromium, boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, tin, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. The average thickness of the carbon-based coating layer is 1 nm to 5 mu m. The average particle size of the core is 10 nm to 20 mu m. The olivine structure is represented by the expression of (LixMeyMzPO4-dXd), or (LiFe1-aMnaPO4), where a is 0-1, x, y are 0.9-1.1, z,d are 0-0.2, Me is iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt; M is magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, aluminum and silicon, and X is sulfur and iron. The cathode active material is a lithium manganese phosphate material. The method enables utilization of carbon precursor comprising glucose phosphate, disodium salt, glucose phosphate magnesium salt, and glucose phosphate iron salt, , Periodic Table of the Elements of 13 and 15, phosphoric acid, ammonium chloride and sulfuric acid. The method further utilizes iron chloride, magnesium chloride, nickel chloride and cobalt chloride precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphate group anionic surfactant is chosen from alkyl phosphoric acid ester salt, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate ester salt, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether phosphate ester salt and non-neutralized phosphate ester. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the surfactant is 0.05-2 (preferably 0.10-1) mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The noncrystalline hydrated iron phosphate has BET specific surface area of 20-150 m2/g and pore volume of 0.1-1.2 cm3/g or less. Preferred Process: The noncrystalline hydrated iron phosphate is manufactured by reacting with phosphate aqueous solution by adding trivalent iron ion aqueous solution and ammonia aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shell is made of polymer based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal coating layers are made of gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphoric acid comprises polyphosphoric acid, phosphonic acid (H3PO3), orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), triphosphoric acid (H5P3O10), metaphosphoric acid and/or there derivatives (preferably cyclic organophosphoric acids and its derivatives).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilizing reagent is monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide (preferably D-glyceraldehyde, L-glyceraldehyde, D-erythrose, L-erythrose, D-threose, L-threose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-lyxose, L-ribose, L-arabinose, L-xylose, L-lyxose, D-allose, D-altrose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-gulose, D-idose, D-galactose, D-talose, L-allose, L-altrose, L-glucose, L-mannose, L-gulose, L-idose, L-galactose, L-talose, cane sugar, milk sugar, trelose, maltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, melibiose, raffinose, gentianose, and/or melezitose).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polyazole has a molecular weight (measured as the intrinsic viscosity) of at least 1.8 dl/g. The solution in step b) comprises strong protic acid based on phosphoric acid and/or sulfuric acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Lithium compound is reacted with sodium ruthenate, to obtain metal complex. Preferred Compound: The metal complex is of formula: LixNa1-xRu2-yMeyO4 or LixNa1-xRu2-yMeyO4-zAz.x=0-1;y=0-2;z=0-0.1;Me=transition metal having valence of 2-4, preferably Al, Mg, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni or Mn;andA=halo, S or N.Preferred Process: The sodium ruthenate is obtained by reacting sodium carbonate and ruthenium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode of the lithium manganese battery is made of lithium titanate or graphite. The graphite is natural graphite or artificial graphite. The anode of the lithium iron battery is made of lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vanillin and guaiacol contained with respect to 100 parts weight of lead oxide or mixture of lead oxide and metal lead is 0.04-0.27 part weight and 0.04-0.35 part weight, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent further contains tert-carboxylate ester and linear carbonate. The content of the tert-carboxylate ester is more than the content of the linear carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating layer contains silicon oxide or complex oxide of lithium and silicon. The content of silicon and transition metal is 90% or more. The raw material liquid mixture further includes lithium compound. Preferred Properties: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide powder has average particle diameter of 0.01-50 mu m. The coating layer has thickness of 5-20 nm. Preferred Process: During manufacture of lithium-transition metal composite oxide powder, 30 %mass or less water (solvent) is added, with respect to the raw material liquid mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material (A) is ternary system lithium-containing metal oxide having layer structure. The active material (B) is lithium iron phosphate. The cathode further comprises conductive carbon chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, Ketchen black, furnace black, graphene and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stress relief unit is molded from polyurethane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically non-conducting particles are oxides or nitrides of silicon, aluminum, titanium, magnesium and/or calcium. The electrically non-conducting particles have an average particle size of 0.005-10 mu m. The thickness of particle layer is 5-40 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ion-transporting polymer layer is formed by phase separation from a liquid mixture comprising the polymer, a polymer solvent, and a polymer non-solvent, preferably a liquid mixture comprising polyvinylidene fluoride, acetone, and water. The polymer of polymer layer is poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) formed by evaporation of PMMA-solvent solution to form a continuous layer of PMMA which, when immersed in the lithium-ion conducting electrolyte, forms a lithium-ion conducting gel for transport of lithium ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat generating element is made of nickel, chromium, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, silicon, aluminum and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid solution comprises aqueous sulfuric acid solution, aqueous nitric acid solution or ammonium sulfate solution. The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide and/or lithium nitrate, preferably lithium hydroxide. The concentration of lithium hydroxide contained in lithium liquid is 0.1-5 mol or less. Preferred Process: The active material is made to contact with acid solution and lithium oxide is extracted out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal contained in lithium transition-metal phosphorus complex oxide is iron and/or manganese. The transition metal-containing compound is iron (III) phosphate. The content of electroconductive carbon is 0.1-20 wt.%. The natural asphalt is gilsonite. Preferred Process: The manufacture of positive electrode active material further involves mixing lithium containing compound, transition-metal containing compound and natural asphalt or its purified fraction and heating obtained mixture at 300-1000 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The purified fraction of natural asphalt is resin obtained by solvent extraction of natural asphalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide of olivine compound is lithium oxide (LiMPO4), preferably lithium iron phosphate, where M is iron, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. The material comprises other elements comprising aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium, and bismuth. Preferred Composition: The material comprises less than 50 wt.% of the lithium-containing metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material comprises conductive carbon, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, black or carbon black consisting of graphene or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen supply circuit has a portion made of good thermal conductive material e.g. stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The portions of the hydrogen and air supply circuit are made of proton conducting ionomer such as Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-resistant resin layers is formed of aromatic polyesters, polyphosphazenes, polyurethane, polyurethane copolymers including polyetherurethane, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate, cellulose acetate propionate, polyvinylidene fluoride, perfluoropolymers, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethyleneglycol derivatives, polyoxide, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molten material is of formula: AaMbXcOd1Ze1. The positive electrode active material is particles of olivine- type crystal structure.d1=a;ande1=0-2.2.Preferred Property: The specific surface area of positive electrode active material is 10-70 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crushing process is carried out in presence of solvent. Preferred Condition: The heating process is performed at 500-1000 degrees C. The cooling rates of the molten material is -103 degrees C/second to -1010 degrees C/second. Preferred Composition: The organic compound is hydroxyl group-containing compound or its derivative, carboxyl group-containing compound, or its derivative, sulfonic acid group-containing compound, or its derivative, aliphatic acyclic polymer containing ethereal oxygen, derivative of fatty acid, cellulose, bicyclic monoterpene and/or heterocyclic amine, preferably polyvinyl alcohol, ethyl cellulose, melamine and/or camphor. The amount of organic compound contained in the solidified material is 1-50 %mass with respect to total amount of solidified material. The solvent is water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, hexane and/or toluene. The compound of element (A) is carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, hydroxide, silicate, phosphate, borate, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfate and/or organic acid salt of element (A). The compound element (M) is oxide, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, silicate, phosphate, borate, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, organic acid salt and/or alkoxide of element (M). The compound of element (X) is oxide, alkoxide and/or silicate of elements (A) or (M). The compound of element (Z) is fluoride and/or chloride elements (A) or (M).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Lithium salt is represented by formula (5). Salt which has FS(=O)2-structure in anionic species is bis(fluoro sulfonyl) amide lithium salt, (trifluoromethanesulfonyl(fluoro sulfonyl)) amide lithium salt, or fluorosulfonic acid lithium salt. Compound of formula (2) is represented by formula W6R6W6 (6). Compound of formula (3) is succinimide. Lithium salt of formula (5) is represented by formula (7)-(11). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% of compound of formula (3). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% of compound consists of salt of formula (1), salt which has FS(=O)2-structure in anionic species, and/or compound of formula (2).M5=B or P;X5, Y5=-C(=O)- or -S(=O)2-;l5=1-3;m5=0, 2, or 4;n5=0 or 1;R6=hydrocarbon group which has less than or equal to 15C hetero element; andW6=CN or isocyanato group. Preferred Definitions:    R4=-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH=CH-, or formula (4); and    R3=H or Me.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The element (a) is silicon or tin. The compound (b) is an oxide of silicon or tin. The negative electrode active material layer further includes a carbon material which can occlude/release lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The branched polysaccharide is gelatinized amylopectin. The content of branched polysaccharide contained in the negative electrode active material layer is 0.5-50 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound having crystal system belonging to space group R-3m is of formula: LiMxMn1-xO2 and the compound having crystal system belonging to space group C2/m is of formula: Li2M'1-yMnyO3.M,M'=Ni and/or Co;andx,y=greater than 0 and 1 or less.The molar ratio of lithium with respect to total content of nickel, cobalt and manganese is 1.2-1.7. The particle powder has a BET specific surface area of 0.05-20 m2/g. The particle powder consists of secondary particles obtained by aggregating primary particles. The particle powder has a an average primary particle diameter of 5 mu m or less, and a mean secondary particle diameter of 1-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The form of hydrogen is selected from a group of sodium borohydride, sodium silicide, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium alanate, sodium alanate, borazane, ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, magnesium hydride, titanium hydride, iron magnesium hydride, ammonia, hydrazine, silane and chemical hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The form of hydrogen is hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The active circuits communicate with protocols in accordance with IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee, IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive component includes graphite. The electrodes are constructed of materials including activated carbon and tunable nanoporous carbon. The gases formed are sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The graphitization process is carried out at 2300-2800 degrees C, after carrying out carbonization process in the manufacture of carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: In the lithium-ion battery, positive electrode side and negative electrode terminal are electrically connected in series by bus bar (101) containing aluminum or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer (M2) contains a brazing material containing copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The reaction-suppression layer contains nickel, nickel alloy, titanium or titanium alloy. The negative electrode terminal further has joining layer containing brazing material containing copper, nickel, nickel alloy, iron or iron alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ether (I) is 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethoxy)-propane or 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-propoxy)-propane, the fluorine-containing unsaturated compound is 1,1,2-trifluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethoxy)-propene, 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-propoxy)-propene, (Z)-2,3,3-trifluoro-1-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-propoxy)-propene or 1,1,2-trifluoro-3-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-propoxy)-propene and the compound (II) is 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-propan-1-ol or 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-propan-1-ol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deposition material further contains 0.01-10 %mass of splice agent containing uranium, radium and/or lithium. The electrolyte solution contains 0.01-10 %mass of additive chosen from uranium, radium or monazite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon number of hydrocarbon group of the phosphorus compound is 16 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - property: The average particle diameter of the inorganic solid electrolyte particles is 1 mu m or less. The inorganic solid electrolyte particles have lithium ion conductivity. Preferred Process: The porous layer is formed by coating aqueous-based slurry containing inorganic solid electrolyte particles and aqueous binder, on the surface of the positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material contains graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl-alcohol-type polymer block is a polymer which is obtained by saponifying the vinyl-ester-type polymer having polymerization degree of 200-3000. The content of the polymer block is 75-99.95 mol%. The content of block copolymer in the active material layer is 1-10 %mass. The block copolymer further has structural unit chosen from (meth)acrylic acid unit, (meth)acrylate unit and (meth)acrylic-ester unit. The battery has electrolytic composition containing propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of positive electrode layer and negative electrode layer with respect to total amount of components in electrical storage device is 0.19-0.28. The amount of electrolyte solution is 1.58-1.85 parts weight with respect to total amount of positive electrode layer and negative electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The copper alloy strip has electrical conductivity of 31-70 %IACS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkali on the surface of particles is 0.8 %mass or less. The mass ratio of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate in the alkali on the surface of a particles is 0.7 or less. Preferred Definitions:    M=manganese or cobalt;and    a=more than 0.20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conducting substrate comprises Inconel (RTM: Austenitic nickel-chromium based super alloys), copper, stainless steel, glassy and vitreous carbon, graphite, aluminum, magnesium, conventional steel, niobium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, silicon carbide, and tungsten carbide. The CNT growth support film comprises titanium nitride and titanium vanadium nitride (TixV1-x N), and oxides of silicon, magnesium, iron, chromium, chromium-nickel, nickel, iridium, zirconium, scandium, titanium, molybdenum and tantalum. The growth catalyst particles comprise nickel, iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, manganese, molybdenum, tin, magnesium, alloys that combine these metals, oxides of these metals, oxides of alloys that combine these metals, nitrides of these metals, and nitrides of alloys that combine these metals. The energy storage or generation material comprises a host for lithium ions, silicon, aluminum, tin, cobalt (II) oxide, Iron (III) oxide, manganese dioxide, iron (II,III) oxide, iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, magnesium hydride, sulfur, iron sulfide, titanium vanadium nitride (TixV1-x N), nickel cobaltite, cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide, iron hydroxide, and vanadium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The rotary kiln has rotation block (21) with 3 sheet(s) of blade (23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The thickness of carbon-type substance is 1-50 nm. The carbon-type substance contains graphite. The active material contains negative-electrode active material or positive-electrode active material. The negative-electrode active material contains silicon (compound), preferably lithium-silicon oxide (Li2SiO3). The positive-electrode active material contains lithium-manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aromatic organic solvent is a liquid obtained by dissolving an aromatic compound chosen from halogenated benzene containing chloride, bromide or iodide, halogenated aromatic derivative, aromatic derivative having vinyl group, acetylene group, hydroxyl group, amino group, nitro group, carboxyl group, or sulfonyl group, and/or aromatic compound having 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonate compound has 1-2 fluoro groups. The saturated cyclic carbonate is of formula (I). The linear carbonate is of formula: R2-O-(=O)-O-R3 (II). The saturated cyclic carbonate is chosen from fluoroethylene carbonate and difluoro ethylene carbonate. The content of additive in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.5-10 volume%.R1=F or 2-4C alkylene;andR2,R3=F, or 1-3C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphorus is comprised in a form of phosphorus pentoxide or phosphorus trioxide. The potassium is comprised in a form of potassium oxide. The average particle diameter of the lithium titanate is 700 nm to 1 um. The conductive agent comprises at least one denka black, ketjen black, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black or flaky graphite. The titanium dioxide has whiteness of 96-99%. The titanium dioxide comprises phosphorus ( less than or equal to 0.008 parts by weight) and potassium ( less than or equal to 0.008 parts by weight).The negative active material composition comprises a binder, a conductive agent, and a solvent. The lithium precursor comprises at least one of lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium fluoride or lithium sulfate. Preferred Method: The sintering temperature is 700-1000 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder comprises at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber or polyimide. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate (128.8 parts by weight) and titanium dioxide (348 parts by weight) containing phosphorus (0.008 parts by weight) and potassium (0.008 parts by weight) were added as starting materials to a dry powder mixer, and then uniformly mixed. The obtained mixed powder was sintered in an oxygen atmosphere at 850 degrees C for 5 hours while the temperature was increased by 5 degrees C/minute, and the sintering product was pulverized by using a pulverizer and subjected to a particle classification process to produce lithium titanate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The multiwall carbon nanotubes have an outer diameter of 5-15 nm, a length of 1-6 microns, and a purity of 94%. The purity of copper or aluminum is more than 99%, and the thickness is 10-200 microns. Preferred Composition: The mixing ratio of sulfuric acid and nitric acid is 2:1-4:1. The mixing ratio of multiwall carbon nanotubes and mixed acid or thionyl chloride is 0.5-1.5:100. The positive-electrode active material slurry of the redox flow battery using the composite collector comprises lithium, lithium manganate, lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-cobalt-manganese-nickel oxide, anode active material, conductive carbon, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and organic solvent. The negative-electrode active material slurry comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, middle-carbon microspheres, lithium titanate, conductive carbon, cathode active material, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and organic solvent. The content of lithium hexafluorophosphate in the organic solvent is 1-1.5 mol/L. The weight ratio of cathode active material and conductive carbon is 85-95:15-5. The volume ratio of active material and organic solvent is 10-25:75-90.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, n-butyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, and/or 1,3-dioxolane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The lithium ion membrane is polyethylene film, polypropylene film, or common lithium ion battery membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The woven fiber reinforcement is chosen from glass fiber, carbon fiber, and aramid fiber. The thermoplastic polymer is chosen from polyamide and polyphenylene sulfide. The thermosetting resin is made of epoxy and vinyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sheet-like unit catalyst: is configured in a laminated structure which is laminated in a thickness direction of the sheet-like unit catalyst; or includes at least three layers laminated in a thickness direction of the sheet-like unit catalyst, where outermost layers of the laminated structure include at least a noble metal and have a composition different from the composition of an inner layer sandwiched between the outermost layers, and at least one of the outermost layers has a mean thickness of 0.2-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode is metal oxide or metallic phosphorus oxide chosen from oxide or phosphate of lithium, manganese, aluminum, cobalt, chromium or nickel, and oxide or phosphate of lithium, manganese, cobalt or iron. The metal oxide is chosen from lithium-manganese-type metal oxide containing oxide or phosphate of lithium and manganese, lithium-manganese-cobalt-nickel-type metal oxide containing oxide or phosphate of lithium, manganese, cobalt and nickel, and lithium-manganese-chromium-nickel-type metal oxide containing oxide or phosphate of lithium, manganese, chromium and nickel. The negative electrode is negative electrode containing metallic lithium surface-treated by tetraethoxysilane, alloy-type negative electrode or carbon-type negative electrode. The borate ester contains triisopropyl borate or tricyanoethyl borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The outer side base material layer consists of biaxially stretched polyamide resin film. The heat-resistant resin composition of the matte coating layer contains as a main component the heat-resistant resin of the two-pack curing type which consists of tetrafluoro olefin and copolymer of carboxylic acid vinyl ester. The composition further contains urethane resin and/or an acrylic resin. The inner side sealant layer consists of copolymer comprising propylene and ethylene, or propylene homopolymer. The inner side sealant layer is polymer or copolymer having melting point of 130-160 degrees C and melt flow rate of 1-25 g/10 minutes. The packaging material has inner side adhesive resin layer (5) containing adhesive agent containing polyolefin resin which has a carboxyl group, and a polyfunctional isocyanate compound. The equivalence ratio of the isocyanate group of the polyfunctional isocyanate compound with respect to the carboxyl group of the polyolefin resin is 1.0-10.0. The melt flow rate of the polyolefin resin measured at 130 degrees C is 5-40 g/10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a power supply, a vessel, where the piezoelectric metal-organic framework material is in the vessel, and a gas port in the vessel, where the gas port is arranged to convey the gas when gas is either released or stored by the apparatus; a controller coupled to the power supply, where the controller is arranged to control the application of the electric field with the power supply; and a second piezoelectric metal-organic framework material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The piezoelectric metal-organic framework material comprises a non-centrosymmetric piezoelectric metal-organic framework material selected from MOF-177, MOF-74, MOF-74 framework structure with open Zn2+ sites, 2D laminar homochiral metal-organic framework, and/or piezoelectric metal-organic framework material of formula (Lig)2Tb(H2O)2(ClO4).Lig=ligand comprising oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, citric acid, trimesic acid, 1,2,3-triazole, pyrrodiazole, and/or squaric acid.Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves varying a magnitude of the applied electric field to vary an amount of gas released from the piezoelectric metal-organic framework material. The method (M1a) further involves applying a second electric field to the piezoelectric metal-organic framework material, where the second electric field has a different magnitude than the first electric field; and adsorbing at least a portion of a second gas into the piezoelectric metal-organic framework material during application of the second electric field, where the second gas is different than the gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume of reaction-adjustment gas is 0.1-10 times the volume of source gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is saturated hydrocarbon, preferably n-hexane. The organic boron compound is trialkoxy boron, preferably trimethoxy boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphate functional group is phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group or phosphinic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: A hydrophilic intermediate functional group chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxyl acid group and aldehyde group is produced on the surface of carrier and formed as carrier (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains carbon paper as collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sulfur-type positive electrode active material contains sulfur coupled with carbon frame derived from carbon source compound chosen from polyacrylic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by condensing polyacrylonitrile, pitch, polyisoprene and six-membered compound having three or more rings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic substrate is formed by aluminum nitride (AlN), aluminum oxide (AlO), or silicon nitride (SiN). The semiconductor device is either silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC) or a gallium nitride (GaN)-type semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat spreader carrying the power module semiconductor device is formed by copper molybdenum (CuMo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode active material particles contain silicon and/or silicon-based alloy. The negative-electrode electroconductive agent particles are graphite particles. The lithium secondary battery further has a positive electrode containing lithium-transition metal composite oxide (LiaNi1-b-cCobAlcO2), where a is more than 0 and 1.1 or less, b is 0.1-0.3, and c 0.03-0.10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Portion(s) of oxygen atom of transition metal oxide is substituted by nitrogen atom. The transition metal is titanium, zirconium, niobium and/or tantalum. The electroconductive substance is a substance, in which portion of carbon is substituted by nitrogen. Some transition metal of transition metal oxide is substituted by titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, palladium, hafnium, tantalum and tungsten. Alternately, the catalyst is produced by heating mixture of carbon fiber powder and transition metal phthalocyanine, and gas containing oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high boiling point organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide or N-methylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface of the positive electrode active material is modified using ion-conductive oxide-type solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elements include titanium, zirconium, cerium, manganese, iron, scandium, chromium cobalt, and nickel transition metal, and a rare earth element; and the element for forming an oxide of a substantial hard core part can selectively remove various elements except the parent metal elements, and the element for forming the gradient structure further adopts fluorine, sulfur and nitrogen non-metallic elements except the metallic elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves functionalizing the buckypaper before contacting the buckypaper with the precursor salt and supercritical fluid. The fuctionalizing step is performed by treating the buckypaper with acid. The precursor compound is removed by heating to thermally decompose the precursor. The fluid is at least one chosen from carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, and water. The method further involves forming the buckypaper, where the forming step occurs before the depositing step, the forming step involves dispersing several nanomaterials in a liquid, and removing the liquid, where the nanomaterials comprise materials chosen from large diameter multi-wall nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and their combinations. The method further involves producing a gas diffusion layer (GDL) associated with the catalyst layer, by forming a GDL buckypaper layer by dispersing several nanomaterials in a liquid, and removing the liquid, where the nanomaterials comprise materials are chosen from large diameter multi-wall nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and their combinations. Preferred Components: The nanomaterials comprise (a) single-wall nanotubes, small diameter multi-wall nanotubes, or both, and (b) large diameter multi-wall nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, or both, where ratio of (a) to (b) is 1:2-1:20. The catalyst layer is a portion of a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell, where the fuel cell includes a proton exchange membrane. The catalyst is platinum and the catalyst layer is provided as a cathode layer in the membrane electrode assembly, where the cathode layer has a platinum utilization of 0.10 gpt/kW or less, preferably 0.065 gpt/kW or less. The catalyst is platinum. The catalyst precursor salt is dimethyl(cyclooctadiene)platinum (II). The catalyst layer is a cathode catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The volume of saltwater sealed within the water-tight main portion and is in contact with anodes, comprises of flocculent which is made of aluminum sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The batteries are connected to a controller by a controller area network bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The secondary carbon particles have BET specific surface area of 14-25 m2/g, and scaly shape. The sphericity of primary carbon particles is 80% or more. The total filling rate of primary carbon particles and secondary carbon particles in the negative electrode active material layer is 77 volume% or more. The degree of graphitization of primary carbon particles is 0.65-0.85.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The positive-electrode active material is a lithium-manganese complex oxide of formula: Lia(MxMn2-x-yY'y)(O4-wZw).x=0.4-1.2, preferably greater than 0.4 and less than 0.6;y=0 or more, preferably 0 or more and less than 0.3;x+y=less than 2;a=0-1.2;w=0-1, preferably 0;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr or Cu, preferably Ni;Y'=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K and/or Ca, preferably Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti and/or Si;andZ=F and/or Cl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorinated ether is of formula: X1-(CX2X3)n'-CH2O-CX4X5-CX6X7-X8. The cyclic sulfonate ester is cyclic monosulfonate of formula (II) or a cyclic disulfonate of formula (III).n'=1-8, preferably 1-4;X1-X8=fluoro or H, with at least one of X1-X3 being fluoro, and at least one of X4-X8 being fluoro;R101,R102,R201-R204=H, fluoro, or 1-4C alkyl;andn=1, 2, 3 or 4.The atomic ratio of total fluorine atoms and total hydrogen atoms is 1.8-3. The content of fluorinated ether in the solvent is 5-60 %mass. The content of cyclic sulfonate ester in the electrolyte solution is 0.01-10 %mass. The electrolyte solution further contains a carbonate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lithium hydroxide monohydrate is dehydrated to obtain dehydration lithium hydroxide. The metal-containing raw material and lithium hydroxide monohydrate-containing molten salt raw material are mixed to obtain raw material mixture, and the obtained raw material mixture is dried. The humidity control process which controls the humidity of reaction atmosphere and lowering the humidity of reaction atmosphere is carried out, during melt-reaction process. The humidity control process is carried out by introducing gas having humidity less than the reaction atmosphere, to reaction atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The molten salt raw material contains lithium nitrate and lithium hydroxide such that the molar ratio of lithium hydroxide and lithium nitrate is 1 or more. The metallic element comprises tetravalent manganese, or trivalent cobalt, trivalent nickel and/or trivalent iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of positive electrode active material is 15-50 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective layer contains inorganic oxide and electroconductive agent. The inorganic oxide is alumina, titania, and zirconia. The electroconductive agent is carbon material. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of protective layer slurry is 0.6-1.5 Pa.second. The viscosity of positive electrode active material mixture slurry is 1.5 Pa.second or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The weight average molecular weight of polyvinylidene fluoride contained in the positive electrode active material layer is 100000-350000. The weight average molecular weight of polyvinylidene fluoride contained in the protective layer is 350000-1300000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cell parameters and commands are communicated between transceiver circuit and BECM through serial data bus wire utilizes a protocol such as SAE-J2411.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive-electrode active material has average particle diameter of 10-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mesoporous silicon particles comprise lithium in the pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The pyrolysis reactor further contains carrier. The fuel cell is a high-temperature polyelectrolyte membrane type fuel cell, low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane type fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, molten carbonate type fuel cell and alkaline fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is iron and nickel in molar ratio of 3:1-1:5, preferably 1:2-1:4. The total content of nickel and iron is 0.5-15 weight%, preferably 1-10 weight%, more preferably 2.5-7.5 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The carrier is chosen from ceramic materials, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminosilicate, zeolite, cordierite and metals (preferably palladium-silver alloy or palladium-copper alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery case is made of high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The main control module comprises a vehicle CAN bus transceiver module, a diagnosis CAN bus transceiver module, an RS232 communication interface, a vehicle body CAN bus sending and receiving module and an inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The high-boiling-point organic solvent in which sulfonated polymer is dissolved is dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or N-methylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The polymer is vacuumized for 8-24 hours at 50-100 degrees C before sulfonation. Sulfonation is carried out for 3-60 hours in water bath at 20-120 degrees C. Drying is carried out for 6-72 hours at room temperature after sulfonation, followed by vacuumizing for 2-20 hours at 30-100 degrees C. The addition speed of sulfonated polyetheretherketone solution to ice-water bath is 1-40 ml/minute. The mass-volume ratio of sulfonated polymer solution is 1/40-1/5 g/ml. The perfluorosulfonated resin is vacuumized for 3-6 hours at 30-80 degrees C before preparation of solution. The volume of reaction kettle is 30-200 ml. The heating temperature is 100-250 degrees C. The mass fraction of perfluorosulfonated resin solution is 5-20%. The mixed solution is processed ultrasonically for 0.5-5 hours. The drying temperature of soaking solution is 40-140 degrees C, and the drying time is 4-20 hours. The thickness of polypropylene membrane is 50-180 mu m. The drying temperature before demolding is 40-140 degrees C and the drying time is 4-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The corrugated metal tube is made of stainless steel SUS3O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of carbon electroconductive material is 0.3 wt.% or more with respect to the amount of binder. The amount of binder is 3 wt.% or less with respect to the amount of active material. The carbon electroconductive material is carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is butylene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the electrochemical cell: the electrolyte includes at least one polar solvent; (I) is lithium 1-acetyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecamethylcarba-closo-dodecaborate which is soluble in polar solvent of the electrolyte; the polar solvent is at least one of ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate; the anode comprises carbon; the cathode comprises at least one of lithium nickel cobalt oxide compound of formula (LiNi0.8Co0.2O2), lithium cobalt oxide lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide compound of formula (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2) or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide compound of formula (LiNi0.8 Co0.15Al0.05O2); the cathode operates at a maximum potential of 4.1-4.2 V during normal operation; and (I) has a redox potential of 0.1-0.4 V which is higher than maximum potential of the cathode or 4.3-4.6. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = polar functional group containing acetyl or other ketone (both optionally substituted), cyano, nitro, NR1a2, OR1a, (CH3-O-CH2CH2-O-);    R1a = 1-4C alkyl or Si(R2a)3;    R2a = 1-4C alkyl, polyether or oligoether; and    R7-R12 = H or halo.    Provided that: If R7 is H or halo, then R8, R11, R12 are not H or halo; If R8 is H or halo, then R7, R9, R12 are not H or halo; If R9 is H or halo, then R8, R10, R12 are not H or halo; If R10 is H or halo, then R9, R11, R12 are not H or halo; If R11 is H or halo, then R10, R7, R12 are not H or halo; and If R12 is H or halo, then R7-R11 are not H or halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ion liquid includes at least one of cations selected from imidazolium, pyridinium, ammonium, pyrrolidinium, guanidinium, isouronium, pyrazolium, sulfonium, piperidinium, or thiouronium. The ion liquid includes at least one of anions selected from B(C2O4)2-, PF6-, BF4-, Cl-, I-, Br-, AlCl4-, HCO3-, CF3SO3-, NO3-, SO3OH-, CF3CO2-, CH3OCO2-, CH3OSO3-, SCN-, (SO2F)2N-, (SO2CF3)2N-, (C2F5)3PF3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, C8H16SO3-, (CN)2N-, C9H19CO2-, C4BO8-, N(SO2CF3)2-, (CH3)2PO4-, (C2H5)2PO4-, C2H5OSO3-, C6H13OSO3-, C4F9SO3- or C8H17OSO3-. The non-aqueous electrolyte includes at least one of non-aqueous solvents selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylenes carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl-methyl-carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, methyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, diethyl ether, 3-methyl-oxazolidinone, methylsulfolane formic acid, dimethylsulfoxid, or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atomic ratio of the metal component in the metal salt solution is 0.3-0.9 in terms of copper:(copper+zinc+aluminum), 0.05-0.3 in terms of zinc:(copper+zinc+aluminum), 0.07-0.6 in terms of aluminum:(copper+zinc+aluminum) and 2-10 in terms of aluminum:zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound additives are chosen from macromolecular system cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethylmethacrylate, glycerol, starch, gelatin, and alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-type complex oxide and nickel oxide comprise particles, respectively. The lithium-nickel-type complex oxide is of formula: :xLi2M1O3.(1-x)LiNiyM21-yO2 (I), preferably Li2MnO3, LiNiO2, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2, LiNi1/2Co1/2O2, Li2MnO3.LiNiO2, Li2MnO3.LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, Li2MnO3.LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 and Li2MnO3.LiNi1/2Co1/2O2. The content of nickel oxide is 5-30 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of lithium-nickel-type complex oxide.M1=tetravalent manganese optionally substituted by metallic elements;M2=lithium whose one portion is optionally substituted by H;x=0 to less than 1;andy=more than 0 to 1.Preferred Properties: The ratio of peak intensity of plane indices (h, k, l) (2,0,0) of nickel oxide with respect to peak intensity of plane indices (h, k, l) (0,0,1) of the lithium-nickel-type complex oxide is 0.1-20%, in X-ray diffraction pattern of positive electrode active material measured by X-ray-diffraction measurement using copper-K ( alpha )-ray as light source. Preferred Process: The raw material mixture is heated by molten salt method. The lithium-nickel-type complex oxide is further annealed during manufacture of positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal (M) is yttrium. Preferred Property: The battery active material has lithium intercalation-desorption electric potential with respect to metal lithium is 1.5 V or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method is performed at constant pressure, and constant voltage of 0.7-1.8 V. The polymerization in step (c) is performed for 0.5-60 minutes. Preferred Components: The concentration of the sodium hydrogen phosphate is 0.1-0.3 mol/l, and perchlorate 0.001-0.1 mol/l in step (a). The concentration of pyrrole monomer in step (b) is 0.1-0.3 mol/l. The mass ratio of pyrrole monomer and alkene powder in step (b) is 95-60:5-40. The conductive substrate is sheet-shaped, block-shaped or thin film forming inert metal electrode, and can be utilized as carbon-based material in the different forms. The inert metal is nickel, zinc, copper, stainless steel, silver, or gold. The carbon-based material is carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon felt, carbon rod, net-shaped glass carbon fiber, activated carbon, graphite felt, graphite, graphite rod or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery. The cathode and the anode are layered with a separator (23).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride is 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid anhydride and/or 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid anhydride, where a content of the cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride in the electrolytic solution is 0.1-5 wt.% both inclusive. The electrolytic solution contains: halogenated cyclic ester carbonate of formula (VI) and/or unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate of formula (VII); and propylene carbonate as a cyclic ester carbonate. The halogenated cyclic ester carbonate is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and the unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate is vinylene carbonate.R11-R14 = H, halo, 0-4C alkyl or halogenated alkyl (CqH(2q+1)Xr);X = halo;q = 0-4;r = 0 to (2q+1), where at least one of R11-R14 is a halo or halogenated alkyl; andR15, R16 = 0-4C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator includes a base material layer as a porous film and a polymer compound layer provided on one or both surfaces of the base material layer. The polymer compound layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine atom of the fluorine-containing material is chemically bonded with metal atom of the complex oxide. The surface of the complex oxide is coated with fluorine-containing material by heating complex oxide in atmosphere containing fluorine gas, or by surface-treating complex oxide using fluoroalkyl radical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel in complex oxide is 60-90 atomic% with respect to total content of element excluding lithium and oxygen. The content of cobalt in complex oxide is 5-30 atomic% with respect to the total amount of the element excluding lithium and oxygen. The content of element (M) in complex oxide is 1-10 atomic% with respect to total content of element excluding lithium and oxygen. The content of magnesium and/or aluminum is 1-10 atomic% with respect to total content of element excluding lithium and oxygen. The content of titanium and/or zirconium is 0.1-1 atomic% with respect to total amount of element excluding lithium and oxygen. The positive electrode active material layer further contains an electroconductive carbon material. The content of electroconductive carbon material is 0.1-1.5 part weight with respect to 100 part weight of positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material is manufactured using raw material containing magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, titanium-phosphate, and zirconium phosphate, and raw material containing lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plate crystals comprise the light rare-earth element-transition element-other metal-based compound at the grain boundary triple points. The ratio of the area of the plate crystals comprising the light rare-earth element-transition element-other metal-based compound with respect to the area of the grain boundary triple points, based on a cross-section is 0.01-0.22.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acetone is substituted by methanol or ethanol. Preferred Property: The thickness of obtained sulfonated polyimide proton conductive film is 10-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complex oxide contains the element M' and is of formula LixTiNb2-yM'yO7+delta; and is of formula LixTiNb2-z(Mo0.75zMg0.25z)O7+delta.x=0-5;y=0.01-0.5;delta=-0.3 to 0.3;z=0-0.5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cap is configured to be coupled into the respective depression in the cover by pressure. The labyrinth system of the cap, the labyrinths of the different plugs are interconnected in such a way that the labyrinth system of the cap is not compartmentalized for the different plugs. The labyrinth system is configured in such a way that the gases given off by the elements are channeled to a common conduit and evacuated from the battery through the side of the battery opposite the terminals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition of the cap includes an elastomer (10-40 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises a steam supply passage provided in such a way that water passes through inside the reforming reaction tube to supply steam to the reformer, where the steam supply passage penetrates the divider member in a vertical direction through a through-hole formed in the divider member. The steam supply passage has a spiral portion formed in a coil-like shape and a linear portion extending in a vertical direction of the reforming reaction tube, where the divider member is provided so that the steam supply passage penetrates the divider member at the through-hole. The divider member has a ventilation opening so that the catalyst does not fall down and to a degree such that the reformed gas passes through the ventilation opening. The reforming reaction tube has a filler inlet, formed on a surface above the divider member, through which the catalyst is filled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aluminum foil has average roughening space of 0.05-3 mu m, calculated as average length of outline curve element based on JIS B0601-2001.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material contains lithium-containing transition metal oxide (Li1+xNiaMnbCocO2+d) having layer structure and comprising nickel and/or manganese, where x is more than 0 to 0.2, c/(a+b) is 0 to less than 0.6, and/or b is 0.7-3 and d is -0.1 to 0.1. The negative-electrode active material contains amorphous carbon or graphite covered by amorphous carbon. Preferred Property: The volume average particle diameter of secondary particles of positive-electrode active material is 4-15 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent of nonaqueous electrolyte comprises cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate in volume ratio of 2:8-5:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The density of negative mix layer is 1.1 g/cm3 or more, after rolling. Preferred Composition: The graphite is flat flaky graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-manganese-type complex oxide is of formula: LiNix-yMn2-x-yM1yO4, where x is more than 0 and 0.5 or less, y is 0 or more and less than 0.5 and m1 is lithium, nickel or manganese. The amount of nickel oxide contained in the complex oxide is 5-30 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The heat-resistant layer preferably has porosity of 55-68% and 90 degrees peeling strength of 6-15.1 N/m with respect to resin layer. The filler has average particle diameter of 0.3-0.7 mu m, preferably 0.3-0.5 mu m. Preferred Filler: The filler is alumina, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and/or Boehmite. The weight ratio of filler and binder is 93:7-95:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface of transfer roll is made into the material which consists of a fluorine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide material contains tin oxide (45-95 mol%) and phosphorus oxide (55-55 mol%). The oxide material is material containing amorphous substance. The negative electrode active material contains (in mol%) tin oxide (10-70), lithium oxide (15-70), phosphorus oxide (1.5-45) and manganese-copper-zinc-boron-magnesium-calcium-aluminum-silicon oxide composite (0-45). The manganese-copper-zinc-boron-magnesium-calcium-aluminum-silicon oxide composite is of compositional formula: MnO+CuO+ZnO+B2O3+MgO+CaO+Al2O3+SiO2+R'2O.R'=sodium, potassium or cesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is carbonate ester or organic-type electrolyte solution containing lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler consists of at least one sort of material selected from the group consisting of alumina, Boehmite, magnesia, and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The protein is produced by culturing transformant and collecting protein having laccase activity. Preferred Molecule: The laccase is a recombinant protein. The nucleic acid coding the laccase protein comprises polynucleotide comprising a 1254 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) fully defined in the specification or polynucleotide comprising a base pair sequence capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. EXAMPLE - Metagenomic DNA isolated from timber compost was amplified by PCR using forward primer having a 30 base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and reverse primer having a 31 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) fully defined in the specification, where the primers were designed based on laccase gene of Thermus thermophilus with NCBI accession number YP005339, Cyanothece sp. with NCBI accession number ZP01731625, Synechococcus sp. with NCBI accession number ZP01081498 and Lyngbya sp. with NCBI accession number ZP01621366 or Trichodesmium erythraeum with NCBI accession number YP720301. The amplified metagenomic DNA was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS strain using pET22b as vector. The cell was cultured and laccase was recovered. ccctgctggaatgttctggtat/ccat/cccg/a/t/cca (SEQ ID NO: 4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains nickel compound or iron compound as positive electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (B) is cyclic sulfite ester compound, cyclic monosulfonic acid ester compound, cyclic disulfonate compound, imide salt compound of lithium, fluorosilane compound of formula: X-Si(-R7)(-R8)-F, organic disilane of formula: R13-Si(-R12)(-R14)-(O)a-Si(-R12)(-R14)-R13 or organic disiloxane compound. The component (C) is chosen from saturated cyclic carbonate compound, saturated cyclic ester compound, sulfone or sulfoxide compound, amide compound, saturated linear carbonate compound, linear compound, cyclic ether compound and/or saturated linear ester compound, and contains 0.5-30 %mass of saturated linear ester compound. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains compound (E) chosen from at least one of unsaturated cyclic carbonate compound, unsaturated linear carbonate compound, unsaturated diester compound, and/or halogen-containing cyclic carbonate compound.R7,R8=1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 1-8C haloalkyl, 6-18C aryl optionally having halo, 7-18C aralkyl, 5-8C cycloalkyl or 5-8C cycloalkenyl;X=F, 1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 1-8C haloalkyl, 6-18C aryl optionally having halo, 7-18C aralkyl, F-Si(-R7)(-R8)-R9- or R10-Y'-R11-;R9,R11=1-15C bivalent hydrocarbyl;R10,R12,R13=1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 1-8C haloalkyl, 6-18C aryl optionally having halo or 7-18C aralkyl;Y'=O, -C(=O)-O-, or -O-C(=O)-;R14=2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 6-18C aryl optionally having halo or 7-18C aralkyl;anda=0 or 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative electrode is negative electrode containing polymeric carboxylic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foaming agent is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, and polysaccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbonaceous material has circularity of 0.925 or more. The carbon source is petroleum-based pitch or cool-based pitch. Oxidation is carried out at 50-400 degrees C in oxidant gas atmosphere, before temporary baking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Antioxidant is added before addition of bivalent iron compound, and bivalent iron compound is mixed at 10-35 degrees C for 30-120 minutes. Hydrothermal reaction is carried out at 150-200 degrees C in a pressure-resistant container. The reaction product is baked at 600-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticles comprises SnO2 and/or elemental antimony, tin and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal compound and metalloid compound comprises metal halide and metalloid halide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of carbon particles by sonication of slurry of carbon particles in solvent in the presence of metal compound and/or metalloid compound under an atmosphere, where solvent comprises alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Region: The non-coating region is surface-treated using fluorine-type compound and silicone-type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The density of the negative electrode compound material is 0.8-1.5 g/cm3. The mix contains 30-60 %mass of negative electrode active material, 20-50 %mass of graphite and 0.5-50 %mass of the hybrid resin with respect to 100 %mass negative electrode compound material. The silicon compound is silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyamidoimide/silica hybrid resin consists of dihydroisoindole-dione-containing compound of formula (II).X=alkyl coupling group;ando,m=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic salt contains fluorine, and is chosen from lithium hexafluoro phosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is fluoroethylene carbonate and/or difluoroethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The active material contains the polymer of site, which converts into primary cation site by oxidation reaction and can be converted at least into radical portion by reductive reaction. The polymer which has an anion portion can be bonded with primary cation site or secondary cation site in the same molecule. The primary polymer has site which converts into primary cation site by oxidation reaction and can be converted at least into radical portion by reductive reaction. The secondary polymer has an anion site which can be bonded with primary cation site or secondary cation site. Preferred Components: The anion site contains anion chosen from sulfonate, carboxylate and phosphate. The secondary cation is lithium ion (Li+). The radical portion of reduction state is cyclic nitroxyl radical of formula (I).R1-R4=alkyl;andX=bivalent group forming 5-7 membered ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic material is a polymeric material which is soluble and has electric-insulation property or semiconducting property to the organic solvent. The organic material contains foaming agent. The heat conductivity of the organic material is reduced by foaming with foaming agent foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The heat lamination of aluminum foil layer and thermoplastic resin unstretched-film layer is carried out through acid-modified polypropylene resin layer. Preferred Composition: The acid-modified polypropylene resin in the acid-modified polypropylene resin layer is maleic anhydride polypropylene. The chitosan is carboxymethyl chitosan, chitosan, cationized chitosan and/or hydroxyalkyl chitosan. The heat-resistant-resin stretched film layer contains polyamide or polyester. The thermoplastic resin unstretched-film layer comprises thermoplastic resin chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, olefin-type copolymer, their modified component and/or ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains dioxol-2-one compound of formula (II) and dioxolan-2-one compound of formula (III).Y1,Y2=H, CH3, ethyl or propyl;X1-X4=1-3C alkyl optionally substituted with F, H or Cl, where X1-X4 are not simultaneously H.Preferred Composition: The content of the compound (I), (II) and (III) is 0.001-10 mass% with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous-electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode active material contains three or more compositionally different types of active material. Preferred Definitions:    a=0.7-0.8;    x=-0.05 to 0.05;and    c=0.04-0.06.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive mix contains the active material and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains lithium manganese compound as an active material. The lithium manganese compound has compositional formula: Li1+xMyMn2-x-yO4. The active material of negative electrode is lithium titanate having spinal structure.x=0-0.2;y=less than 0 and 0.6 or less;andM=II-XIII group element or III-IV period element, preferably aluminum, magnesium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structure has nickel chromite. The microparticles are microparticles containing nickel (70-95 mass%). Preferred Process: The manufacture of nickel chrome alloy catalyst further includes oxidation treatment and reduction process before heat processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of electrode material further involves evaporating (S40) at least one portion of solvent from conductor (A), after adhesion process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of primary particles of electrode active material is 0.01-20 mu m. The shape electrode active material is spherical. Preferred Composition: The electrode active material further contains secondary particles having average particle diameter of 1-200 mu m. The element (E) is obtained using iron source containing iron (III) nitrate and/or iron (III) citrate. The lithium source is lithium nitrate and lithium acetate. The phosphate source is phosphoric acid. The carbon source contains water-soluble organic substance. Preferred Process: The slurry is dried by spray drying process, during manufacture of electrode active material. The aqueous solution containing lithium source, source of element (E), phosphate source and carbon source, is uniform solution phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The lead-acid battery has discharge capacity of 2-20%, which is more than the standard value, static charge acceptance of 50-150%, charge power of 75-100%, discharge power of 20-400%, dry unformed negative plate surface area of 5-10 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The surface area of carbon additive (a) and carbon additive (b) is 150-350 m2/g and 1300-1600 m2/g, respectively. The carbon additive (a) has oil absorption number of 300-400 ml/100 g and surface area of 150-350 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves: providing the template particles which comprises a soot deposition method in which a feedstock material is converted by hydrolysis or pyrolysis into template material particles and the particles are deposited on a deposition surface with formation of a soot body from the template material, and that the soot body is fragmentized into the template particles. The precursor substance particles and template particles are intermixed in a volume ratio of 0.05-1.6 (preferably 0.1-0.8). Preferred Components: The template particles have a non-spherical morphology. The template particles are platelet- or rod-shaped with a structure ratio of at least 5 (preferably at least 10). The template particles have a mean thickness of 10-500 (preferably 20-100, especially less than 50) mu m. The precursor substance particles are made spherical and have a mean particle size of less than 50 (preferably less than 20) mu m. The template material is SiO2. The pitch is used as the carbon precursor substance. The carbohydrate is used as the carbon precursor substance. The carbon product is divided into finely divided carbon of porous particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The granules contain silica phase (10) and silicon phase (11). The silicon phase contains particulates dispersed in silica phase. Preferred Property: The ratio of intensity of silicon-carbon peak with respect to intensity of silicon-silicon peak is 0.3-8, preferably 0.5-1.5, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connector is made of highly electrically conductive material such as copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The incinerated ash is obtained by incinerating lithium ion battery at less than 660 degrees C. The carbonation agent is sodium carbonate solution. The sodium concentration before adding carbonation agent is 1 g/l or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The separator contains inorganic particles (5-40 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains hexamethylene diisocyanate (0.1-6 %mass, preferably 0.1-4 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains unsaturated phosphoric acid ester compound of formula: (HCC-C(-R3)(-R4)-O)2-P(=O)-O-R5 (II), unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester compound, fluorinated cyclic carbonate compound, cyclic sulfonate ester compound, and/or unsaturated phosphoric acid ester compound of formula: (R8-O)2-P(=O)-O-C(-R6)(-R7)-(CC)n-C(-R6)(-R7)-O-P(=O)-(O-R8)2 (III).R3,R4,R6,R7=H or 1-8C alkyl;andR5,R8=1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl or 1-8C haloalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material comprises 10-30 mass% of the monoclinic beta -type titanium complex oxide. The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt containing an imide anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent further comprises a cyclic carbonate. The organic solvent comprises 5-70 wt.% of the chain ether and 30-95 wt.% of the cyclic carbonate. The chain ether is chain ethers of formula (R1O(CH2)1-2OR2).R1, R2 = methyl or ethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The DBP absorption quantity of positive-electrode active material is 50 ml/100 g or less. Preferred Composition: The liquid quantity ratio is preferably is 0.068-0.19. The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises supporting electrolyte chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, and/or lithium hexafluoroarsenate in a concentration of 0.7-1.6 mol/L, dissolved in a mixed solvent consisting of cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate. The positive-electrode active material comprises secondary particles formed by aggregating two or more primary particles of lithium-transition metal oxide having a layer structure containing nickel, or nickel, cobalt and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The halogen in the ionically-conductive medium is iodine, bromine, iodine monobromide, iodine monochloride and iodine trichloride. Preferred Properties: The ionically-conductive medium has open-circuit voltage of 3.57 V or more, when the halogen is iodine. The ionically-conductive medium has open-circuit voltage of 4.10 V or more, when the halogen is bromine. The ionically-conductive medium has open-circuit voltage of 3.98 or more, when the halogen is iodine monobromide. The ionically-conductive medium has open-circuit voltage of 3.83 V or more, when the halogen is iodine monochloride. The ionically-conductive medium has open-circuit voltage of 4.19 V or more, when the halogen is iodine trichloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent contains sulfur-containing organic compound having double bond(s) of sulfur and oxygen and/or phosphorus-containing organic compound having double bond(s) of phosphorus and oxygen, preferably dimethylsulfoxide, diphenyl sulfoxide, diethyl sulfite, tetramethylene sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfone, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate and/or tributyl phosphate. Preferred Process: The phosphorus-containing organic compound is obtained by bonding double bond(s) of phosphorus and oxygen with hydrocarbon group, directly or through oxygen. The sulfur-containing organic compound is obtained by double bond(s) of sulfur and oxygen with hydrocarbon group, through direct or oxygen. Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon group of phosphorus-containing organic compound is 2C or less hydrocarbon group. The hydrocarbon group of the sulfur-containing organic compound is 10C or less hydrocarbon group. The sulfur-containing organic compound has cyclic structure. The halogen concentration in the ionically-conductive medium is less than 0.01 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of amount of electrode active substance contained in an electrode active substance coating layer (C) which faces the electrode current collecting co and arranged on the casing side to the amount of electrode active substance contained in electrode active substance coating layer (B) which faces the electrode current collecting component and arranged on the stacked electrode side is 0-0.3, preferably 0-0.1. The content of oxo-acid ester derivative of the phosphoric acid in the non-aqueous electrolyte or gel electrolyte is 5-60 %mass. The non-aqueous electrolyte or gel electrolyte contains disulfonate of formula (III) or R8-S(=O)(=O)-C(-R9)(-R8)-S(=O)(=O)-R7.Q=oxygen atom, methylene, or single bond;A1=carbonyl, sulfinyl or 1-5C optionally branched alkylene, 1-5C optionally branched perfluoro alkylene, 2-6C optionally branched fluoro alkylene, 1-6C optionally branched alkylene including ether bond, 2-6C optionally branched fluoro alkylene including ether bond or optionally branched 1-6C perfluoro alkylene including ether bond (all optionally substituted);A2=oxygen atom, or alkylene or alkylene (both optionally substituted);R6,R9=H, -SO2X3, SY1, -COZ or halo, or 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C alkoxy, 1-5C fluoroalkyl or 1-5C polyfluoroalkyl (all optionally substituted);X3=optionally substituted 1-5C alkyl;Y1=1-5C alkyl;Z=H or optionally substituted 1-5C alkyl;R7,R8=hydroxy, halo, -NX4X5, -NY2CONY3Y4, or 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C alkoxy, phenoxy, 1-5C fluoroalkyl, 1-5C polyfluoroalkyl, 1-5C fluoro alkoxy or 1-5C polyfluoro alkoxy (all optionally substituted);andY2-Y4,X4,X5=Z.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive substrate is nickel sintering substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The specific surface area of the composite oxide before/after ultrasonic dispersion is 1-1.13. The LMO is of formula: Li1+xM2-xO4, where M is one or two of manganese, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium and iron, and x is 0.01-0.08. The LMO is produced by electrolysis of manganese or manganese dioxide as raw material. The LMO is obtained by performing calcinations at 850 degrees C or more. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves roasting vanadium slag and sodium carbonate in a mass ratio of 4-5:1. The method involves subjecting vanadium slag to natural oxidation, grinding the slag before performing roasting with sodium salt and removing iron from the slag. The roasting step is performed at 780-820 degrees C. The aqueous leaching is performed using hot water of 80-90 degrees C. The removal of impurities involves adjusting the pH value of the solution to 7.5-13.5, filtering the solution, adding calcium chloride to the obtained solution and filtering the solution to obtain solution having silica/alumina (Si/Al) molar ratio of 0.8-1. The step (b) involves adjusting the pH value of the solution to 2-4. The step (c) involves concentrating the solution by adding sodium sulfate and ethanol to the solution. Preferred Components: The vanadium slag is vanadium converter slag. The sodium salt is sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Non-aqueous electrolyte contains less than or equal to 2 mass% cyclic compound which has sultone group. Cyclic compound is 1,3-propanesultone. Negative electrode contains negative electrode active material consists of silicon oxide (SiOx), where x=0.3-1.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy comprises (in wt.%) manganese (0.3-2), magnesium (0.5-3), iron (0.3-1.8), and unavoidable impurities (0.6 or less), or magnesium (0.3-1.5) and silicon (0.3-1.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal salt is chosen from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and cesium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy comprises site (A) (100 %mass) comprising lanthanum and cerium with respect to content of misch metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium treatment is performed in a lithium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reduction process is carried out by reacting lithium-containing complex oxide, and reducible gas or carbon material. The acid treatment is carried out by reacting lithium-containing complex oxide, and nitric acid or organic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material precursor is organic acid salt and/or organic-complex component. Preferred Property: The positive electrode material precursor has thermal decomposition temperature of 800 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass of carbon material is 0.0001-0.05 times the mass of lithium containing complex oxide. The molar amount of metallic element is 0.0001-0.05 times the molar amount of transition metal element. Preferred Process: The method further involves adding lithium containing complex oxide to composition (C) or composition (C) and composition (D) and stirring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal of lithium ion battery is made of gold, copper and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rubber is made of acrylic rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, fluorine-type rubber and butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The stirring step is performed at 600 revolutions per minute. The ultrasonic treatment is performed at 70 W. The step of adding potassium persulfate to mixed solution of styrene, absolute ethanol and deionized water, involves dividing potassium persulfate into four portions, and adding each portion per 1.5 hours. Preferred Component: The quaternized chitosan has quaternization substitution degree of 32.32-37.72% mole ratio and grain size of 40-80 meshes. The positively charged polystyrene emulsion has concentration of 6.25 wt.%. The weight percentage of polystyrene in composite membrane is 13-23%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carbon material is carbon felt, graphite felt, carbon paper or carbon cloth. Preferred Property: The porosity of porous carbon material is 50-90%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The non-polar polyethylene material is mixture of polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride. The concentration of non-polar polyethylene material emulsion is 0.5-60%. Preferred Process: The method further involves activating non-polar polyethylene material emulsion by heat-oxidation, hot-dip sulfuric acid oxidation, electrochemical oxidation or surface modification of metal or metal oxide, before immersing porous carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sodium ion compound comprises sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or sodium chloride. The method further involves adding a calcium compound comprising calcium ion and/or calcium oxide to the powder. The sodium salt is sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. The ammonium salt is ammonium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrochemical cell further comprises a first lead touching the first electrode and a second lead touching the second electrode. The electrolyte includes a hydrochloric acid solution. The contact member includes: a platinum foil; a lipid membrane; a joint between the first container and the second container, and a planar lipid membrane; a joint between the first container and the second container, and a planar cholesterol membrane; or a micropore filter with a 10 mu m porosity. The membrane includes a hydrophobic barrier. The first and second electrodes include platinum, stainless steel or gold. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: mixing zinc acetate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate in ethanol to produce a first mixture, heating the first mixture to 60 degrees C, stirring the first mixture for 30 minutes at 60 degrees C to produce a second mixture in a container, spinning the second mixture in the container at 15000 rpm to produce a precipitate, drying the precipitate at 70 degrees C to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles, and sonicating the zinc oxide nanoparticles with water to produce the aqueous suspension including zinc oxide nanoparticles; placing an hydrochloric acid solution in the first container; placing a platinum foil between the first container and the second container; placing a lipid membrane in between the first container and the second container; placing a joint between the first container and the second container, and placing a planar lipid membrane in between the first container and the second container; and placing a joint between the first container and the second container, and placing a planar cholesterol membrane between the first container and the second container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer and hexafluoropropylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer in lithium ion conductive resin film is contained the ratio of 3-20 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating membrane is consisted with fluoro-resins. The fiber portion is a carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The discharge control switching element is turned off according to the open signal. The battery pack (I) further comprises: a terminal that is connected to an external apparatus, where the open signal is output to the external apparatus through the terminal to turn off a switching element of the external apparatus; a control unit to which the open signal is supplied, where when the open signal is supplied, the control unit performs a control to turn off the discharge control switching element, and the control unit outputs a control signal to turn off a switching element of the external apparatus to the external apparatus through the terminal; and light emitting unit, where light emission of the light emitting unit is controlled according to a state of the open signal. In the battery pack (II), when a predetermined state is reached after the contact returns, the control unit controls the maintaining unit to release the discharge prohibition state. The predetermined state is a state in which a load is opened, or a state in which a connection with a charger is performed. The battery pack is connected to an external apparatus including a light emitting unit, and light emission of the light emitting unit is controlled according to a state of the open signal. The electric power is supplied from the battery pack, or electric power is supplied to the battery pack from a power generator or an electric power network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intercalation electrode comprises mesh-type metal and intercalatable material coated on both surfaces of the mesh- type metal. The intercalatable material is chosen from carbon material, graphite, silicon, tin, and lithium-tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Solvent of nonaqueous electrolyte contains less than or equal to 30 vol.% fluorine-containing phosphate ester. Fluorine-containing phosphate ester is phosphoric acid bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Negative electrode active material contains Si-O-H bonding, silicon dioxide (SiO2), and Si. Atomic ratio Si:O is 1:1. Preferred Processes: High pressure steam process of negative electrode active material precursor is performed under 2-300 atmosphere steam at 150-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fibrous carbon and positive electrode active material is 20-60 weight% and 90-93 weight%, respectively. Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has mean secondary particle diameter of 0.2-1 mu m. The ratio of mean secondary particle diameter with respect to average diameter of pit is 0.1-0.5. The collector has surface roughness of 0.3-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of carbon nanotubes and non-fibrous electroconductive carbon material is 1:9-9:1. The active material is lithium containing transition-metal complex oxide including nickel and manganese as transition metal. The non-fibrous electroconductive carbon material is carbon black. Preferred Property: The diameter of carbon nanotubes is 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode active material is made of phosphorus, titanium, vanadium, tin, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary negative electrode active material layer contains negative electrode active material containing metal complex oxide of titanium, phosphorus, vanadium, tin, copper, nickel, cobalt and/or iron, and lithium-titanium oxide and titania, preferably lithium-titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12 and Li2Ti3O7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of amino group-containing compound is 0.001-10 %mass. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further contains cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, cyclic carbonate having halogen atom, monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate, nitrile compound and/or isocyanato compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=allyl or propargyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material further comprises conductive material comprising graphite and conductive carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Active material (I) comprises low-crystalline carbon coated on crystalline graphite core, and is spherical. The crystalline graphite is natural graphite or artificial graphite. The low-crystalline carbon is hard carbon of soft carbon. Active material (II) is titanium-containing oxide, preferably titania and lithium-titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) in a weight ratio of 10:90-90:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the composite particles is 0.1-20 mu m. The ratio of intensity of peak at 32.8, and intensity of peak at 32.0 is 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite particles further contains (in %mass) chromium (0.005-1) and/or zinc (5-50 mass ppm). The negative-electrode composition contains negative-electrode active material (70-95), conductive support agent (2-20) and binder (3-15).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composite particles have average particle diameter of 0.1-20 mu m. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further contains chromium and zinc as constituent element. The content of chromium and zinc is 0.005-1 %mass and 5-50 mass ppm, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material further contains polyacrylic acid, water-soluble cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone as dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composite particles have average particle diameter of 0.1-20 mu m. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further contains chromium (0.005-1 %mass) and zinc (5-50 mass ppm).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material contains polyacrylic acid, water-soluble cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone as dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass or glass ceramic material is selected from a group consisting of silicate titanate, sulphophosphate, telluride, borate, vanadate, fluoride, phosphate or silicate and provided with fillers with alkalis and/or alkaline-earths dopants e.g. iron, chromium, cobalt or vanadium. The pin-shaped conductor is made of metal e.g. copper, copper silicon carbide or aluminum silicon carbide. A support unit is made of metal that is selected from one of aluminum, aluminum silicon carbide or roll-plated steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium-iron phosphate particles have average grain size of 100-2000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The carbon electrode is glassy carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon felt, plastic-product-molding carbon or diamond electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The strong acid is aqueous sulfuric acid solution, aqueous hydrochloric acid solution or aqueous nitric acid solution. Preferred Process: Alternatively, electrolytic oxidation is carried out on the surface of carbon material using aqueous solution containing carbamic acid, and carbon material as electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery control unit comprises a galvanic separate digital interface provided between a low voltage-side part and a high voltage-side part that are executed in form of a digital bus such as serial peripheral interface, Inter-Integrated circuit and controller area network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Graphene is in the form of oxygen-doped graphene nanosheets or oxygen-doped graphene nanoflakes. The oxygen-doped graphene nanosheets comprise 2-10 layers. The catalyst further comprises nonmetallic heteroatom dopant, which is not oxygen. The heteroatom is nitrogen. The catalyst is metal-free. The fuel supplied to the anode of fuel cell is hydrogen gas and/or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises at least one of ZnCl2 and AlCl3, and at least one of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2. The electrolyte further comprises at least one of LiCl3, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sb, Bi and In, where the electrolyte is water free.
Preferred Definitions:    a=0.7 to 0.8;    x=0.05 to 0.05;    c=0.03 to 0.05.    EXAMPLE - An oxide based cathode active material comprising (%): lithium (110), nickel (80), cobalt (16) and molybdenum (4), was prepared. The obtained material was tested in differential scanning calorimetry showed maximum exothermic heat value ratio of 0.36 and capacity ratio of 1.09.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (c) includes heating, vacuum drying or freeze drying. Preferred Components: The solvent is water. The fuel particles: have a negative standard reduction potential relative to a standard hydrogen electrode; are aluminum, magnesium, titanium, boron or silicon; and have a specific surface area greater than 1 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (10 g) was dissolved in water (10 g) at 25 degrees C and oxide-passivated nano aluminum (1.33 g) was added to the solution (4.5 g). The dispersion was stirred for 30 seconds with a wooden rod. The dispersion (5 g) was placed in an oven at 105 degrees C for 10 minutes to remove water and the energetic material composite was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composite particles have average particle diameter of 0.1-20 mu m. Preferred Composition: The active material further contains 0.005-1 %mass of chromium and 5-50 mass ppm of zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material further contains polyacrylic acid, water-soluble cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone as dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liner component is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber-containing nonwoven fabric further contains easy-split acrylonitrile-type polymer blend fibers containing addition-type acrylonitrile polymer (50-70 wt.%) and solvent-soluble acrylonitrile-based polymer (50-30 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material further contains niobium, vanadium, magnesium, aluminum and/or titanium, and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte composition further comprises lithium-metal-oxyhalide of formula: Li(3-x)Mx/3OA (III).x=more than 0-0.9;M=Q+3 cation;andA=fluoride, chloride, bromide and/or iodide. Preferred Definitions:    M=magnesium;and    x=0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first barrier layer and the protection layer comprise an element consists of titanium, aluminum, silicon, zinc, tin, indium, molybdenum, bismuth, tantalum, cerium, niobium, zirconium and tungsten. The conductive functional layer comprises dopant elements consisting of aluminum, gallium, boron or indium oxide doped with tin, zinc, titanium, molybdenum and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material is provided with the lithium transition metal oxide layer which contains nickel, cobalt and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The amphoteric catalyst is pyrochlore type metal oxide of formula: A2(B'2-xAx)O7-y, where A is lead or bismuth, B' is ruthenium or iridium, x is 0-1 and y is 0-0.5. The pyrochlore type metal oxide is chosen from lead-ruthenium oxide, bismuth-ruthenium oxide and/or lead-iridium oxide. The oxygen reduction catalyst is platinum and/or platinum alloy. The total average thickness of amphoteric catalyst layer and oxygen reduction catalyst layer is 50 mu m or less. The ratio of average thickness of amphoteric catalyst layer and oxygen reduction catalyst layer is 1:5-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide is tungsten oxide or zirconium oxide. The positive electrode active material is lithium-nickel complex oxide (Li1+x(NiyCozMn1-y-z-aMa)O2, where x is 0-0.2, y is 0.5-1, z is 0-0.5, a is 0-0.2, y+z+a is 0.5-1 and M is elements chosen from fluorine, boron, aluminum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, titanium and yttrium). The amount of transition metal oxide with respect to total amount of positive electrode active material is 5-50 mg/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is amphiphilic compound. The amphiphilic compound is polyethylene oxide. The content of binder is 2-5 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of positive electrode compound material layer. The hydrophobic coating film is formed from hydrophobic resin and transition metal oxide. The hydrophobic resin is fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode active material is manufactured using lithium source, iron source, titanium source and additive raw material. The lithium source is chosen from lithium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide hydrate and lithium carbonate. The iron source is ferric oxide and/or iron peroxide. The titanium source is titanium oxide having anatase-type crystal structure. The additive raw material is chosen from boric oxide, hydroboric acid or vanadium pentoxide. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of primary particles of lithium-titanium complex oxide is 1-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lactone has lactone structure provided with 5 or 6-membered ring. The lactone is ( gamma )-butyrolactone, ( gamma )-valerolactone and/or ( gamma )- caprolactone. The electrolyte further contains acid (0.00001-3 weight%) with respect to the solvent. The acid is chosen from hydroxybutyric acid and hydroxy valeric acid. The solvent is organic solvent having viscosity of (6-8)x 10-4Pa.Second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode contains a negative electrode active material containing silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 0.3-1.6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The open chain compound having sultone group is 2,3-butanediol dimethane sulfonate(2,3-butanediol-dimethanesulfonate). The compound containing oxygen containing-heterocyclic ring is 2-pyrone-4, 6-dicarboxylic acid. The thiophene and/or thiophene derivative is thiophene. The tert-alkylbenzene and/or tert-alkylbenzene derivative is tert-butylbenzene or tert-pentylbenzene. The N-alkyl pyrrole and/or N-alkyl pyrrole derivative is N-alkyl pyrrole. The compound containing carbonyl group is chosen from ( gamma )-butyrolactone, ( gamma )-butyrolactone with a substituent, ( delta )-valerolactone, ( delta )-valerolactone with a substituent and ( alpha )-pyrone, preferably ( gamma )-butyrolactone. The polycyclic hydrocarbon compound is biphenyl or cyclohexylbenzene. The organosulfur compound and/or organosulfur derivative is bis(alkoxy phenyl)disulfide, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)disulfide and/or bis(3-methoxyphenyl)disulfide. Preferred Composition: The content of open chain compound having sultone group is 1 %mass or less. The content of compound containing oxygen containing-heterocyclic ring, thiophene and/or thiophene derivative, furan and/or furan derivative, and N-alkyl pyrrole and/or N-alkyl pyrrole derivative is 2 %mass or less. The content of tert-alkylbenzene and/or tert-alkylbenzene derivative is 1-3 %mass. The content of compound containing carbonyl group is 0.1-5 %mass. The content of polycyclic hydrocarbon compound is 0.01-1 %mass, preferably 0.05-0.5 %mass. The content of organosulfur compound and/or organosulfur derivative is 0.001-0.5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrolytic manganese dioxide has pore volume of preferably 2-50 nm, pore diameter of preferably 0.004 cm3/g or more, appearance particle density of 3.4 g/cm3 or more, preferably 3.8 g/cm3 and volume density of 1.5 g/cm3 or more. The electrolytic-current density of electrolytic manganese dioxide is 0.8-1.5 A/dm2, preferably 1.2-1.4 A/dm2. The average particle diameter of manganese oxide particles used during manufacture of electrolytic manganese dioxide is 5 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The content of alkaline-earth metal contained in electrolytic manganese dioxide is 500 weight ppm or less. The content of sulfuric acid concentration in the sulfuric acid-manganese sulfate mixed solution used during manufacture of electrolytic manganese dioxide is 20-30 g/L. The alkaline-earth metal concentration of sulfuric acid-manganese sulfate mixed solution is 0.5 g/L or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator in the battery contains cellulose, polyethylene terephthalate or vinylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnitude of step difference of step portion is 150-750, preferably 150-600 when adjusting the thickness per strip-shaped power collecting component on single surface of active material-containing layer of electrode into 100%. The taper of the step portion is 15 mm or less. The tensile stress of strip-shaped electrode is 20-100. Preferred Components: The strip-shaped power collecting component is aluminum foil, aluminum alloy foil, or copper foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin material is made of polyolefin, polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polysulfone, polyester, polycarbonate and polyvinylchloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layered-lithium metal oxide comprises nickel, manganese and cobalt. The total content of cobalt in the composite particles is less than 20 mole%. The shell layer is chosen from Li(Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13)O2 and Li(Li0.06Mn0.525Ni0.415)O2. The core comprises Li(Ni2/3Mn1/3)O2. The ratio of manganese and nickel in the shell layer is more than 1. The ratio of manganese and nickel in the core is 1 or less. The capacity of composite particles is more than the capacity of core.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar organic solvent is acetonitrile, y-butyl lactone, dimethylformamide, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, nitromethane, propylene carbonate or sulfalone. The ionic liquid includes cations of ethylmethylimmidazolium, tetraalkylammonium, dialkylimidazolium, trialkylimidazolium, tetraalkylimidazolium, alkylpyridinium, dialkylpyrrolidinium, dialkylpiperidinium, tetraalkylphosphonium and trialkylsulfonium. The ionic liquid includes anions of tetrafluoroborate, bison, N-Butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, methyltrifluoroborate, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium vinyltrifluoroborate, trifluoromethyl trifluoroborate, perfluoroethyltrifluoroborate, nonafluoro-n-butyltrifluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate, N-fluorobis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, triethyl pentyl phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, cobaltcyanide, thiocyanate, copper chloride, chloroaluminate and spyro- bipyrrolidinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material comprises (wt.%): lithium ion acceptance capacity adjustment compound (2a) (5-95); and (2b) (5-20). EXAMPLE - A mixed material forming the positive electrode active material was manufactured using LiNi1/3CO1/3Mn1/3O2 (lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide) and a lithium ion acceptance capacity adjustment compound (Li0.33V2O5, V3O8, Li3V2(PO4)3, LiVOPO4, LiVPO4F, Nb2O5, TiO2, Li3/4Ti5/3O4, WO2, or Fe2O3). A mixing ratio of the materials was adjusted such that the adjustment compound was provided. A positive electrode composite material comprising the mixed material forming the positive electrode active material (100 parts); polyvinylidene fluoride (5 parts); conductive carbon black (5 parts); and N-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone (100 parts) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fiber is a glass fiber, carbon fiber or composite fiber. The inner shell is a plastic, a metal or a glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The outer shell is formed from a fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbonyl group-containing compound (I) is 0.001-10 %mass with respect to total content of nonaqueous electrolyte solution. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, vinyl, allyl, ethynyl or 2-propynyl;and    R3=1-30C alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dams are made from swelling-resistant resin, e.g. hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer which contains a polyvinylidene fluoride and the hexafluoropropylene unit in the ratio of 1 molecular percent or less, polytetrafluoroethylene and a hexafluoropropylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer which contains the hexafluoropropylene unit in the ratio of 1 molecular percent or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery has an electrolyte layer containing a solid electrolyte including lithium and phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ion-conductive substance has ionic conductivity of 1x 10-7 S/cm or more. Preferred Composition: The ion-conductive substance is particles containing iron, silicon, boron, germanium, gallium, zinc, aluminum and phosphorus. The electroconductive substance is particles of carbon material, metal powder and/or metallic compound. The alkali metal is lithium. The weight ratio of total content (in g) of the electroconductive substance and the ion-conductive substance in the electrode material, and content (in g) of the electrode material is 0.7-1. The electrode material further contains a binder. The weight ratio of total content (in g) of the electroconductive substance, the ion-conductive substance and binder, and content (in g) of the electrode material is 0.7-1. The electrode contains the electrode material. The molar ratio of sulfur and total content of sulfur, lithium and phosphorus in the electrode is 0.2-0.9. The molar ratio of lithium and total content of sulfur, lithium and phosphorus in the electrode is 0.01-0.7. The molar ratio of phosphorus and total content of sulfur, lithium and phosphorus in the electrode is 0.04-0.3. The electrode does not contain a transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lower box body is made of aluminum alloy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper cover is made of a glass fiber reinforced plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The crystal structure of ferroelectric particle is provided with tungsten-bronze perovskite structure and bismuth layer-like structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode plate comprises 15-30 wt.% of graphite, 12-35 wt.% of carbon powder, 20-50 wt.% of manganese oxide and 9-25 wt.% of curing agent. The carbon powder is acetylene carbon powder and/or charcoal powder. The positive electrode plate contains (in wt.%) bismuth (0.5-5.3), tin (0.7-5.5), gallium (0.21-3.2), magnesium (0.6-4.5), zinc (0.8-7.6) and aluminum (64.3-96.46), and rare earth element chosen from praseodymium and lanthanum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The curing agent is polyethylene and/or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid contains hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The manganese composite oxide comprises lithium manganese oxide complex of formula (LiaMn2O4) (I). The metal-phosphorus oxide comprises lithium-iron-phosphate of formula (LibFePO4) (II) or lithium manganese phosphate of formula (LibFe(1-c)MncPO4) (III). The metal compound is lithium titanium oxide of formula (LixTiO2) (IV) or a lithium-titanium oxide having a spinel or ramsdellite structure. In the second battery: the pores have the specific surface area of 10-14 m2/g; the first peak is present at a pore diameter of 0.3 mu m (inclusive) to 2 mu m (exclusive) and the second peak is present at a pore diameter of 3-20 mm; the porosity is 62-80%; a ratio of the cellulose fibers in the separator is 10-100 wt.%; and the positive electrode comprises (I) and (III). The battery pack comprises a battery assembly which comprises many secondary batteries connected in series.a = 0-1;b = 0-1.1;c = 0-1; andx = 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The temperature of copper-ion solution is 0-18 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The central particles contain palladium, iridium, rhodium and/or gold. The outermost layer contains platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Plant: The aquatic plant is chosen from water spinach, water fennel, calamus, wild rice stem, lotus and wild rice.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The conductive material is provided with circular holes with diameter of 4 cm on its projective plane to fix the aquatic economic plant and made of activated carbon felt, stainless steel silk screen, piece of carbon cloth and graphite felt. The filter-feed of aquatic animal shell is Hyriopsis cumingii. The artificial medium of framework of the nanometer activated carbon artificial medium has combined artificial medium having Aqua Mats (RTM: Not defined) ecobase and soft and semisoft features. The lead is a titanium lead or copper lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The former layer is made of copper or iron. The latter layer is made of zinc, tin, titanium, or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The vanadium-type complex oxide is synthesized based on the solid-phase reaction of the nitrate and ammonium metavanadate at 280-320 degrees C under oxygen environment. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.15-0.9;and    M=lithium, sodium and/or potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amorphous alloy contains iron (5-20 atomic%), and 1-15 atomic% of chromium, nickel and/or zirconium, preferably chromium. The negative electrode further contains conductive support agent (10 weight% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of hydrogen storage alloy (A) with respect to hydrogen storage alloy (B) is 30 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal microparticles-dispersed composite has porosity of 15-95%. Preferred Composition: The content of metal microparticles with respect to metal microparticles-dispersed composite is 0.05-30 volume%. The metal microparticles interact with light having wavelength of 380 nm or more, and produce localized surface plasmon resonance. The metal microparticles contain gold, silver and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shields are made with combination of steel and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The supporting element and the supporting frame are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lower and upper housing parts are made of fiber reinforced plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, nickel is reacted with the platinum-containing solution at 130-230 degrees C. The platinum ion-containing solution is formed by dissolving a platinum-containing compound in a solvent. Nickel is obtained by reacting the aqueous solution of nickel ion with a reducing agent. The nickel ions are formed by dissolving a nickel salt in an aqueous solution, where the nickel salt is nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel sulfamate, nickel acetate and/or nickel hypophosphite. Preferred Components: The platinum-nickel alloy: is in the form of crystalline and oriented along the direction (111); and exhibits a spatial dimension of 3-100 nm. The platinum-containing compound is potassium chloroplatinite, chloroplatinous acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, diammineplatinum(II)dinitrite, diaminedichloroplatinum(II), platinum(II) acetylacetonate, platinum acetate, or its hydrated forms. The pH of the nickel ion-containing solution is adjusted to 8-10. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode material contains composite powder of material (5-80 %mass) comprising component which occludes and discharges lithium electrochemically, and sulfide glass (95-20 %mass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains aqueous binder or polyimide binder. Preferred Process: A conductive support agent and/or binder is added to mixture, during manufacture of negative-electrode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound having sulfur-oxygen bond is of formula: (R4-S(=O)2-O)a'-L (II). The compound having cyanate group is of formula: OCN-R5-Q (III). The compound having silicon-silicon bond is of formula: A2-Si(-A1)(-A3)-Si(A4)(-A6)-A5 (IV).L=optionally substituted organic group of valence a';R4=halo, 1-4C hydrocarbyl or alkoxy;or R4+L=ring;a'=1 or more;R5=optionally branched 1-20C organic group or aryl;Q=H or NCO group;A1-A6=H, halo, 1-10C hydrocarbyl optionally containing hetero atom, or silicon-containing group with 1-10 silicon atoms;andor adjacent A1-A6=ring.All of A1-A6 are not aliphatic substituent having unsaturated bond. The carbonate ester is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, ethynyl ethylene carbonate, methyl propargyl carbonate, dipropargyl carbonate, monofluoro ethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro ethylene carbonate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium difluoro oxalatoborate, lithium tris(oxalato)phosphate, lithium difluoro bis(oxalato)phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro oxalate phosphate, the compound (II) is ethynyl ethylene sulfate or vinyl propynyl sulfonate, and the compound (III) is hexamethylene diisocyanate. The monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate, fluorosulfonic acid salt and imide salt are monofluoro lithium phosphate, difluoro lithium phosphate, lithium fluorosulfonate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide or lithium bis(pentafluoroethyl sulfonyl)imide. The compound having silicon-silicon bonding is hexamethyl disilane, hexaethyl disilane, 1,2-diphenyl tetramethyl disilane or 1,1,2,2-tetraphenyl disilane. The electrolyte contains 0.01-10 %mass of compound having silicon-silicon bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Mixture does not contain inorganic binder and organic binder. Mixture contains 58-87 mass% fumed silica, 10-30 mass% inorganic powder, and 3-12 mass% inorganic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode contains lithium complex oxide represented by LiMnxM1yM2zO2, in which Li is lithium, Mn is manganese, M1 is chosen from cobalt and nickel, M2 is chosen from cobalt, nickel, aluminium, boron, iron, magnesium, and chromium, O2 is oxide, x is between 0.2 and 0.6, y is between 0.2 and 0.4, and z is between 0.05 to 0.4, such as x+y+z=1. The negative electrode contains carbonaceous material, oxide containing IV-group element, and nitride containing IV-group element. The electrolyte solution contains ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound is an open chain compound. The content of compound (A) in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.001-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acidolysis is carried out using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The carbon carrier particles comprise graphite. The nickel particles have size of 50-200 nm. The platinum layer has thickness of 1-10 nm. Preferred Composition: The platinum layer is formed using platinum compound chosen from potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II), chloroplatinic acid, diamine dinitritoplatinum(II) and 2,4-pentanedione platinum(II) derivative. The nickel source is chosen from nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel sulfamate, nickel acetate and nickel hypophosphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Sialon is beta -sialon of formula: Si6-zAlzOzN8-z, where z is more than 0 and 4.2 or less. The silicon group material is silicon alloy containing 8.5-11.5 %mass of aluminum, 43-50 %mass of silicon, 5.5-9 %mass of oxygen, 29-35.5 %mass of nitrogen and 0.15 %mass or less of impurities chosen from iron, magnesium, calcium and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic powder contains silica. The positive electrode contains 5-10 %mass of active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid component includes clathrates, silicas, aluminas, zeolites, graphite, activated carbons, nano-structured carbons, micro-ceramics, nano-ceramics, boron nitride nanotubes, palladium-containing materials, metal hydrides or a mixture of lanthanides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, llithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethyl acetate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium bis(perfluoroethyl sulfonimide) and/or lithium bis(oxalato)borate, preferably lithium bis(oxalato)borate. The negative electrode contains silicon, silicon base alloy or silicon compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution does not contain any polar solvents other than glyme. The positive electrode contains an electroconductive substance. The electroconductive substance is carbon. The glyme is of formula (R-(OCH2CH2)x-OR).R=1-9C alkyl optionally substituted with F, phenyl optionally substituted by halo or cyclohexyl optionally substituted by halo;andx=1-5.Preferred Composition: The ratio of number-of-moles of the glyme and the number-of-moles of the lithium salt contained in the electrolyte solution is 0.70-1.25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection tab is made of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first redox pair comprises a metal and its oxide or two different oxidation states of a metal. The second oxidation reactant is in gaseous form, preferably hydrogen. Preferred Method: A gaseous second oxidation reactant is used and the second oxidation reactant is compressed before storing in the secondary energy store. The resulting oxidation product of the second redox pair is delivered to the surrounding during discharging. The resulting oxidation product of the second redox pair is conducted into the collecting tank and is collected in the collecting tank during discharging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The energy store exhibits an outlet for removing the oxidation product of the second redox pair and/or an inlet for supplying the oxidation product of the second redox pair. The energy store comprises a collecting tank for collecting the oxidation product of the second redox pair and a connecting line between the primary energy store and the collecting tank, which allows the second oxidation product from the primary energy store to the collecting tank. A compressor for compressing the secondary oxidation reactant is present between the primary energy store and the secondary energy store. The secondary energy store is a high-pressure gas store or a metal hydride store. The electrical load is an electric motor. The energy store is replaceable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hollow electrode is hollow spherical electrode or fiber-type hollow electrode. The electrocatalyst is chosen from tantalum, lead, ruthenium, iridium, tin, barium, silver, platinum, palladium and their oxides. Preferred Process: The precursor solution used in manufacture of hollow electrode comprises titanium isopropoxide and niobium ethoxide in weight percent of 0.9-0.99:0.01-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises vinylene carbonate, vinylethelene carbonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium bis(oxalate)borate. The lithium salt is lithium bioxalato borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises at least one foaming agent and water. Preferred Components: (A) comprises at least one alkaline earth carboxylate, preferably calcium carboxylate or carboxylic acid preferably with a molecular weight of less than 5000 g/ mole, preferably 200 g/mole. The alkaline earth carboxylate comprises one or more carboxylate groups, which are lactate, gluconate, citrate, oxalate or tartrate. The alkaline earth carboxylate is calcium lactate gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate (all preferred), calcium citrate, calcium oxalate and/or calcium tartrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The earth alkali carboxylate comprises at least one identical or different carboxylate group comprising lactate, gluconate, citrate, oxalate and tartrate. The earth alkali carboxylate is calcium lactate gluconate, calcium lactate and/or calcium gluconate (all preferred), calcium citrate, calcium oxalate and/or calcium tartrate. The swellable polymer comprises carboxyl groups, where the carboxyl groups are at least partially neutralized with alkaline earth ions, preferably with calcium ions. The composition comprises at least one anti-separation and/or thickening agent, at least one foaming agent and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition comprises at least one at least partially earth alkaline ion neutralized, preferably cross-linked polymer based on acrylic acid and/or acrylic acid derivatives, preferably acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer. EXAMPLE - Typical fire extinguishing and/or fire-resistant composition comprised of (in wt.%) swellable polymer (prepared by providing acrylic acid (810 g) in distilled water (1000 g) and inertizing with nitrogen, neutralizing with potassium hydroxide and adding pentaerythritol and sorbitan monolaurate) (2), calcium gluconate (3.5), xanthan (0.2) and polyethylene glycol (0.12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The weight average molecular weight of polyethylene-based powder or polypropylene-based powder is 3000-5000. The permeability of separator is 200-300 second/100 cc. The particle diameter of polyethylene-based powder or polypropylene-based powder is smaller than the average pore diameter of base film. The particle diameter of powder is 0.1-1 mu m. The average pore diameter of base film is 1 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The powder is provided on surface area of base film (10-30%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particle contains zinc oxide as main component in which primary particle diameter is 5-120 (preferably 40-120) nm and average particle diameter (D50) is 9-25 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The ratio of the inorganic particle to total amount of the polyolefin resin and inorganic particle is 5-85 mass%. The polyolefin microporous membrane has polyolefin resin containing polyethylene with viscosity average molecular weight of 25-3 million. The polyolefin resin is polyolefin microporous membrane containing high density polyethylene.
Preferred Definitions:    M=Al, Mg, Ti, Co, Ni or Mn;and    A=halo, S or N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator contains aramid type-resin, polyester-based resin and cellulose resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The NPG platinum and bismuth is mixed with sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer solution to obtain coated NPG platinum and bismuth catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide is represented by an equation: (LiaMnxNiyCozO4). The lithium containing complex oxide is represented by an equation: (Li(LixMnyMez)OpFq), where a is greater than 0.2 but less than 2, x is 1-2, y and z are 0-1, Me is cobalt, nickel, chromium, iron, aluminium, titanium, zirconium and magnesium, x is greater than 0.09 but less than 0.3, y/(y+z) is 0.4-0.8, x+y+z is 1, (1+x)/(y+z) is greater than 1.2, p is greater than 1.9 but less than 2.1 and q is 0-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron trifluoride complex of cyclic ether or its derivative is of formulae (I-V). The cyclic ether is tetrahydropyran.R,R1,R2=alkyl, alkoxy or H;andR1+R2=cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare-earth element is erbium, yttrium, lanthanum, neodymium, samarium and/or ytterbium. The negative electrode contains negative electrode active material including carbon particles, silicon particles and silicon-alloy particles, or compound containing silicon particles or silicon alloy particles. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of compound is 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound containing rare-earth element and fluorine element is erbium fluoride, whose content is 0.01-0.3 %mass (based on rare-earth element conversion) with respect to lithium-transition metal complex oxide. The negative electrode comprises negative electrode active material including carbon particles, silicon particles and/or silicon-alloy particles, or compound containing silicon particles or silicon-alloy particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound is acetic-acid compounds of rare-earth element and/or sulfuric-acid compounds of rare-earth element. The rare-earth element is ytterbium and/or erbium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An organic solvent e.g. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used in the manufacture of positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material of second material portion is made of lithium metal or magnesium, calcium, aluminum, silicon, germanium, tin, bismuth, silver, gold and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The element is chosen from one among nickel, copper, aluminum, indium, silver, cobalt, magnesium, lithium, chromium, gold, ruthenium, platinum, beryllium, phosphorus, boron, silicon, tin, iridium, molybdenum, niobium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The core functions predominantly as an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst, and the shell functions predominantly as an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. The metal oxide is La(n+1)NinO(3n+1), such as lanthanum nickel oxide. The metal oxide is La(1-x)AxFe(1-y)MnyO3; La0.6Ca0.4Co(1-x)ExO3; A'E2O4; Pb2M(2-x)PbxO7. The carbon nanostructure comprises particle, rod, wire, fiber or tube. It is carbon nanotube or carbon nanofiber, or nitrogen doped or boron doped.A=Sr or Ca;E=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu;A'=Mg, Fe, Ni, Mn or Zn; andM=Ru or Ir.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electroconductivity of base material layer is 106 S/m. Preferred Composition: The base material layer contains aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The primary water-repellent resin materials are scale-like particles. The weight average molecular weight of secondary water-repellent resin material is more than that of water-repellent resin material. The secondary water-repellent resin material contains a fluorine polymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit (95 weight% or more), and has length of 0.05-0.1 mu m and 0.5 mu m or more in short axis direction and long axis direction, respectively. The average thickness of the porous composite layer is 20-70 mu m. The amount of modified layer arranged on the surface per projection unit area of the porous composite layer is 0.01-0.5 mg/cm2. At least one of the anode diffused layer and the cathode diffused layer has through-holes having maximum pore diameter of 15-20 mu m and average stream flow pore diameter of 3-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material is lithium manganate, cobalt-nickel-manganese or lithium iron phosphate. The cathode solvent is mixture of ester solvent. The cathode comprises promoting liquid circulating device. The anode solvent is mixture of ester solvent. The embedded lithium ion material in lithium ion battery is natural graphite, modified natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, material capable of forming alloy with alkali metal, preferably silicon, germanium, tin and/or lead, and compound of butyrate. The alkali metal-containing material is oxide of transition metal, sulfide, phosphate, and/or sulfate-fluoride compound. The diaphragm of lithium ion battery is composite film(s) containing inorganic lithium ion conductive film, lithium sulfonate, starch and polypropylene/polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemical catalyst contains tantalum, lead, ruthenium, iridium, tin, barium, silver, platinum, or their oxide. Preferred Properties: The hollow spherical electrode has diameter of 1-50 mu m. The electrochemical catalyst is uniformly distributed on the carrier at thickness of 140-200 nm and concentration of 2400 mu g/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises electroconductive metal particles (40-95 wt.%), glass frit (0.5-6 wt.%), and organic vehicle (5-35 wt.%). Preferred Components: The electroconductive metal particles comprise mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell (50-95 wt.%) and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide (5-50 wt.%). The core-shell particles comprise silver shell (90 wt.%) and core (10 wt.%). The electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, where the core-shell particles have a diameter of 0.2-20 microns, and a ratio of silver powder to core-shell particles in the mixture is 95:5 to 5:95, and the nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder comprises 0.1-50 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is lithium-titanate (Li4Ti5O12), or hardly graphitized carbon. The solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode layer is sulfide-type solid electrolyte. The amount of negative electrode active material powder in the negative electrode layer is 30-80 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating mixture comprises hydrophilic substance, precursor, and filler. The crystalline carbonaceous substance is graphite and/or low-crystalline carbon. The precursor is pitch solution derived from carbonaceous material and/or petroleum material. The hydrophilic substance is lithium-metal complex oxide or metal oxide capable of ion occlusion and discharge. The metal is titanium. The oxide is titania and/or lithium-titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12 or LiTi2O4). The weight ratio of precursor raw material and hydrophilic substance is 1:9-9:1. Preferred Method: The method further involves calcining in an inert atmosphere or oxygen-deficient atmosphere at 600-2000 degrees C. The coating mixture forms a coating layer in an amount of 0.5-20 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The palladium catalytic nanoparticles include palladium and a transition metal such as rhodium, iridium, platinum, and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature of heating is 210-600 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The transition metal is chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, chromium, indium, silver, and titanium, and has average particle diameter of 10-500 nm. The metal powder is tin-alloy metal powder (SnAx, where A is transition metal chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, chromium, indium, silver, or titanium, and x is 0.2-3). Preferred Properties: The electrode material has crystalline diameter of 50 nm or less, oxygen concentration of 0.6 %mass or less, and average particle diameter of 300 nm or less (preferably, less than 100 nm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of lithium nickel manganese complex oxide. The negative electrode is made of lithium titanium complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium complex oxide is represented by the following equation: LiaM1bM2cOd, where M1 is manganese, nickel or cobalt, M2 is aluminum, titanium, magnesium or boron, 'a' is greater than 1.1 but less than 1.3, 'b+c' is greater than 0.7 but less than 1.1, 'c' is greater than 0 but less than 0.1, 'a' is greater than b+c, and 'd' is greater than 1.8 but less than 2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The part of the surface of the lithium complex oxide is covered with a coating layer containing a third element comprising magnesium, calcium, titanium, zirconium, sulfur, fluorine, iron, copper, boron, aluminum, phosphorus, carbon, manganese, nickel and cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution contains heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal foil is selected from one among aluminum foil, copper foil, nickel foil, iron foil, copper nickel foil or copper iron foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The multicharged-ion conductivity material is impregnated with a porous base material. The unit cell in the battery constructs the multicharged-ion conductivity electrolyte-electrode assembly in a lamination cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is anthracene. The active material exhibits peak at 1056 cm-1 vicinity and 840 cm-1 vicinity. The atomic ratio of sulfur (S) and carbon (C) is 1/5 or more. The positive electrode active material further contains secondary carbon structure derived from polyacrylonitrile, to which sulfur is coupled. The mass ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and sulfur in raw material is 1:1-1:5, or 1:2-1:10. The mass ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and polyacrylonitrile in raw material is 90:10-60:40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is carbon material has hydrophilic functional group, or carbon material having graphite skeleton. The content of carbon material having hydrophilic functional group is 20-40%. The hydrophilic functional group is functional group containing oxygen. The content of carbon material having graphite skeleton is 20-70%. The positive-electrode material has internal carbon layer bonded with inside of the metal-oxide particles with the carbon layer. Preferred Properties: The half-power band width of the strongest diffraction peak of the metal oxide targeted copper is 0.2 degrees or less, in X-ray diffraction. The thickness of the carbon layer is 2-10 nm. The coverage of the carbon lump with respect to the metal-oxide particles surface is 5-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode material is manufactured using carbon-containing compound chosen from ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol and glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The portion, which does not have porous layer containing inorganic particles exists in both width (( Delta )1 and ( Delta )2) directions. The modulus of difference between width ( Delta )1 and width ( Delta )2 is less than 0.5 mm, where ( Delta )1 is 0.5-5 mm and ( Delta )2 is 0.5-5 mm. The ratio of thickness (D2) of porous resin film, when loaded with 6 kg/cm2, and thickness (D1) of porous resin film, when loaded with 0.06 kg/cm2, is 75%. Preferred Composition: The porous film has porous layer containing inorganic particles on both surfaces of porous resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum-alloy foil has tensile strength of 190 MPa or more and elongation of 3% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The redox additive is selected from a group comprising of nitrobenzene, benzophenone, naphthalene, and metallocenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acyl chlorination agent is thionyl and/or phosphorus trichloride. The non-proton polar solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide or N-methyl pyrrolidone. The tertiary amine is triethylamine or 33-40% trimethylamine aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aromatic polymer is polyether-ether ketone, polyether sulfone, polysulfone and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing element comprises polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin and elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of metallic elements (M) is 0.0001-0.08 times with respect to total molar content of transition metal element of lithium-containing complex oxide. The microparticles of oxide (I) of metallic elements (M), are zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, magnesium oxide, barium oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, niobium pentoxide, tantalum oxide, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, strontium oxide, cerium oxide, indium oxide, aluminum oxide, indium-tin oxide, yttria stable zirconia, barium titanate, strontium titanate, and/or zinc stannate. The lithium-containing complex oxide is of formula: Li(LixMnyMez)OpFq (I). The solvent is water.Me=cobalt, nickel, chromium, iron, aluminum, titanium, zirconium or magnesium;x=more than 0.09 to less than 0.3;y/(y+z)=0.4-0.8;x+y+z=1;p=more than 1.9 to less than 2.1;andq=more than 0 to 0.1.Preferred Condition: The heating process during manufacture of positive electrode active material, is performed at 50-350 degrees C. Preferred Process: The composition (C') is sprayed on the lithium-containing complex oxide by spray-coating method. Preferred Property: The pH of the composition (C') is 7-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium- transition metal composite oxide is represented by the following equation: LiMO2, where M is lithium, nickel, manganese or cobalt. The powder comprises lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide having a layer structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The powder comprises elements of boron and/or bismuth. Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of manganese/nickel is 0.1-5, cobalt/mixture of manganese, nickel and cobalt is 0-0.35, and metal and lithium is 0.001-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The assembly includes an organic electrolyte, such as tetraethyl ammonium difluoromono borate and aqueous electrolyte such as potash, soda, sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, and lithium nitrate and lithium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Electroconductive particles are carbonaceous particles. The content of electroconductive particles contained in layer (a) is preferably 30-90 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder contains chitosan, chitin, cellulose and/or their derivatives. The current collector further contains layer containing organic acid and/or its derivatives chosen from trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride and/or 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid. During completion of heat treatment process, the content of dispersion medium in the layer (a) is 0.1 %mass or less. The dispersion medium contains alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic cell comprises material chosen from: AlxInyGa1-x-yAs, where x is 0-0.45 (including 0) and y is 0-1 (including 0), SixGe1-x, where x is 0-1 (including 0), AlxInyGa1-x-yP, where x is 0-0.80 (including 0) and y is 0-1 (including 0), AlxInyGa1-x-yN, where x is 0-0.5 (including 0) and y is 0.1-1 (including 0.1), InxGa1-xSb, where x is 0-0.3 (including 0), InxGa1-xNyAs1-y, where x is 0-0.3 and y is 0-0.1, and InxGa1-xAsyP1-y, where x, y are 0-1 (including 0).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic cell comprises alloy of aluminum, indium, gallium, silicon, antimony, nitrogen and/or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method further involves adding conductive particles to the carbon source liquid prior to applying the carbon source liquid to the portion of carbon felt material. The conductive particles are selected from powered graphite, carbon black, vapor grown carbon fiber, metallic filings, and carbon nanotubes; or lead, bismuth, gold, cadmium, titanium, and zirconium carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon source liquid is selected from acrylonitrile, phenol, acrylate ester, cyanoacrylate ester, combination of bisphenol-A with epi-chlorohydrin, combination of epoxide with an aromatic amine, and combination of a phenol with formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal plate is formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The collecting terminal includes a protrusion part formed of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and a collecting part formed of copper or copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amorphous carbon particles are non-graphitizable carbon and/or graphitizable carbon. The alkali metal or alkaline earth-metal is lithium, sodium, magnesium and/or calcium. The alkali metal is lithium. The pores comprise a pore that opens to a surface of the amorphous carbon particles, a portion of the pore having no binder adhered exposed on a surface of the negative electrode layer. Preferred Property: The ratio of specific surface area (S1) of micropores with respect to specific surface area (S2) of mesopores in the negative electrode layer is 0.5-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Performing the start-up of the flow cell system further comprises performing a trickle plating process by applying a current with the circulation pumps ON; performing a pulse plating process by applying a pulsed voltage with the circulation pumps ON; and performing an initial plating process by initially charging the flow cell. Preferred System: The system further comprises a first check valve coupled between the first circulation pump and the flow cell stack and a second check valve coupled between the second circulation pump and the flow cell stack. The start-up controller operates to perform a static plating process. The static plating process includes providing a small current to the flow cell stack with the first circulation pump and the second circulation pump OFF; providing a current with the circulation pumps ON; applying a pulsed voltage with the circulation pumps ON; and performing an initial plating process by initially charging the flow cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Positive electrode active material contains compound additive 1 consists of additional element 1 e.g. molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), and or rhenium (Re) and compound additive 2 consists of additional element 2 e.g. boron (B) element and/or bismuth (Bi) element. Compound which has carbon-nitrogen unsaturated bond is represented by formula (C-N+)pR1 (1), formula (O=C=N)qR2 (2), formula (S=C=N)rR3 (3), formula (NC)sR4 (4), formula (NCO)tR5 (5), or formula (NCS)uR6 (6). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% of compound of formula (1)-(6). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond, cyclic carbonate having fluorine atom, monofluorophosphate, and/or difluorophosphate. Composition of positive electrode active material is represented by formula Li1+xMO2 (7), wherein molar ratio manganese (Mn)/nickel (Ni) is 0.1-5, lithium (Li)/M molar ratio is 0-0.35, and cobalt (Co)/M molar ratio is 0.001-0.2.R1-R6=organic group consists of C, H, N, O, S, P, and halo;p-u= greater than or equal to 1;x=0-0.5; andM=Li, Ni, and Mn or Li, Ni, Mn, and Co.Preferred Parameters: Lithium transition gold compound powder has 80-800 nm pore radius. Preferred Definitions:    p-s, u=2-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The air electrode further comprises a catalyst deposited on surfaces of the electrode, where the catalyst comprises a transition metal or transition metal oxide. The metal comprises Zn, Na, Mg, Fe, Ca, Al and Li. The metal-air battery further comprises an electrolyte containing ethers and/or glymes. The electrolyte comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (Triglyme), or in di(ethylene glycol) dibutyl ether or butyl diglyme. The liquid electrolyte comprises a compound selected from lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), and/or lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid electrolyte comprises a solvent selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl ether (DME) solvent, diethylene carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), Triglyme, butyl diglyme, tetraglyme, and/or diglyme.
Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, magnesium, titanium, cobalt, nickel or manganese;and    A=halo, S or N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive metal oxide particle contains titanium dioxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, and cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal catalyst contains platinum, palladium, gold, iridium, and rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating layer contains conductive carbon powder, fibrous carbon, and electroconductive metal oxide particle. The said conductive carbon powder contains acetylene black, and carbon black containing Ketchen Black. The polymeric resin contains hydrophilic functional group. The ion-conductive resin contains sulfone group, carboxyl group, and ion exchange group of phosphoric acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler is conductive carbon filler. The content of filler is 5-300 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of fluororesin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluororesin of the dispersion is a fluorine-containing copolymer having structural unit derived from fluorine-containing perhalo olefin, structural unit derived from vinyl ether, and/or structural unit derived from vinyl ester. The dispersion is an aqueous dispersion or an organosol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution is hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, halide and/or potassium halide as initiator. The battery further comprises positive electrode, carbon electrode or composite oxide electrode, and a battery anode material such as carbon material, metal foil, metal plate or foam metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The piezoelectric sheet is made of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMNT) single crystal piezoelectric ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal cap is made of manganese steel, stainless steel, tungsten steel, beryllium copper, phosphor bronze or red copper. The metal strip is made of copper or aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base and the cover plate are made of rubber wood or polymer material, which is selected from one of polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene or acrylonitrile butadiene and styrene (ABS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer on a collector. The collector is capable of absorbing and discharging lithium ion. The electrolyte contains lithium salt in an organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The thin layers (T1,T2) are inner layer of the membrane. The polymer (A) contains 25 weight% or more of polymethyl pentene, and the polymer (B) contains 90 weight% or more of polyethylene. The polyethylene has melting point of 130 degrees C or more and molecular weight of 1x 105 or more. The polymethyl pentene has melting point of 215-225 degrees C and melt flow rate of 1 dg/minute or less. The multilayer microporous membrane has normalization air permeability of 1x 103 second/100 cm3/20 mu m or less, and normalization puncture strength of more than 2x 103 mN/20 mu m. The multilayer microporous membrane has meltdown temperature of 145 degrees C or more and shutdown temperature of 140 degrees C or less. The thin layers (T1,T2) have thickness of 25 nm or more. The multilayer microporous membrane in any one of the Claims 3-8 in which The membrane further has interface region located between thin layers (T1,T2). At least one portion of interface region has thickness of 25 nm or more. The polyethylene has weight average molecular weight 1.5x 103-1x 105. The polymer (A),(B) contains polypropylene having weight average molecular weight 1.1x 106-1.5x 106 and heat of melting (Hm) value of 90 J/g or more. The diluents (D1),(D2) are same. The secondary layer material is extended at least one plane direction before and/or after removing diluent. The membrane is exposed to high temperature after removing diluent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The repeating unit (D) is chosen from 2,2,2-trifuoro ethoxy group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro propoxy group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro butoxy group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro pentoxy group, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propoxy group, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butoxy group and 5,5,5-trifluoro-1-pentoxy group. The amount of repeating unit (D) is 50-100 mol% with respect to total amount of substituted polythiophene. The stereoregularity of the substituted polythiophene is 90% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The additive further contains polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polytetrafluoroethylene, and carboxy methyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogen fluoride with concentration of 0.5-25 wt.% and lithium salt are reacted. The amount of fluoroboric acid with respect to lithium salt is 1.01-2 times. The heat-drying temperature is 50-200 degrees C. Gas flowing or pressure reduction of nitrogen or dry air is performed. After supplying lithium borofluoride into liquid in alcohol or hydrogen fluoride, liquids and water are entrained and evaporative removal is carried out at 10-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A conductive film is formed on the substrate using copper-nickel, copper-gold, copper-palladium, copper-platinum, silver-gold, gold-nickel, silver-palladium, cobalt-nickel, bismuth-antimony, magnesium-iron, gold-platinum, and/or gold-palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically-conductive portion consists of metal foil. The conductive layer of the collector in the positive electrode is comprised from aluminum. The conductive layer of the collector in the negative electrode is comprised from copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer of the collector consists of a thermoplastic resin containing either of polyolefin resin or polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, resin containing either of polyamide. The separator contains aramid type-resin, polyester-based resin, or cellulose resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrically conductive, carbonaceous material, the organic polymer and (I) are applied in the form of ink or paste or dough to the solid medium. The application is followed by thermal treatment. Preferred Components: The electrode further comprises a discharge catalyst. (I) is mixed oxides, heteropolyacids or their salts. (I) is metal oxides of formula (Fe-Ag-X-O), (Fe-V-X-O), (Ag-X-V-O), (Ce-X-O) or (Fe-X-O). The solid medium is metal meshes or gas diffusion media composed of carbon. The electrically conductive, carbonaceous material has a BET surface area of 20-1500 m2/g. (I) has a mean primary particle diameter of 10-50 nm. (I) is in the form of agglomerated particles, where the agglomerates have a mean diameter of 20 nm to 50 mu m.X = molybdenum or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is halogenated (co)polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material is alloy powder containing carbon powder, silicon powder, tin powder, silicon or tin, preferably lithium-transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode mixture composition further contains pyridine compound. Preferred Definitions:    B'=1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-diphenyl ether group, 1,3-bis(4-phenoxy)phenyl group or 1,3-bis(4-phenoxy)phenyl group;and    X=sulfone diphenoxy, direct bond, oxygen, sulfur, methylene group, carbonyl group, sulfoxy group, sulfone group, 1,1'-ethylidene group, 1,2-ethylidene group, 2,2'-isopropylidene group, 2,2'-hexafluoro isopropylidene group, cyclohexylidene group, phenylene group, 1,3-phenylene dimethylene group, 1,4-phenylene dimethylene group, 1,3-phenylene diethylidene group, 1,4-phenylene diethylidene group, 1,3-phenylene-dioxy group, 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, biphenylene dioxy group, methylene diphenoxy group, ethylidene diphenoxy group, propylidene diphenoxy group, hexafluoropropylidene diphenoxy group, oxydiphenoxy group, or thiodiphenoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium salt used in manufacture of titanium compound is lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, the titanium salt is titanium alkoxide, titanium oxide, or titanium chloride, and the chromium salt is chromium nitrate, chromium oxide, or chromium alkoxide. The metal oxide used for coating is niobium pentoxide or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is ether compound of formula (Ry-O-(Rx-O)k-H) (I), preferably ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol and/or diethylene glycol.Rx=bivalent aliphatic group having optional substituent, 1-10C alkyl or 1-10C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy (all optionally having a substituent of OH group);k=1-5;Ry=H, 1-10C alkyl or 6-20C (both optionally having a substituent).Preferred Property: The organic solvent has boiling point of 100-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The feedstock material is thermally treated by gasifying feedstock material to produce the syngas. The feedstock material is gasified in separate treatment unit from plasma treatment unit. The feedstock is gasified in the presence of presence of oxygen and steam. The plasma-treated syngas is reacted with water in the form of steam. The method comprises recovering carbon dioxide from syngas by amine separation; and/or recovering hydrogen from syngas by pressure swing absorption process; and/or recovering hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide from syngas, and passing remaining syngas back into plasma treatment unit. The plasma treatment is carried out in presence of water. The hydrogen is recovered at purity of at least 90%; and/or the carbon dioxide is recovered at purity of at least 98%. The syngas is contacted with water to convert substantially all of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and water. The water is removed from the syngas by condensation. The method further comprises recovering heat from syngas to heat carbon dioxide introduced into oil and/or gas well. The recovered carbon dioxide is converted into super critical state before introducing into the oil and/or gas well. Preferred Component: The feedstock is waste material, preferably refuse derived fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary particles have a diameter of 5-10 mu m. The XRD peak intensity ratio of I(111 )/I(311) is 1.5-3. In the cathode active material, a full wide at half maximum of a peak at a Bragg angle 20 of 36.2l0.2 degrees with respect to a CuK-alpha characteristic X-ray wavelength of 1.541 Angstrom is less than or equal to 0.6. The cathode active material has a specific surface area of 0.2-1.3 m2/g. The lithium manganese oxide has an average secondary particle diameter of 10-20 mu m. The boron element is present at 1-2000 ppm based on the total weight of the cathode active material. The lithium manganese oxide is of formulae (LixMn2-yM1yO4), or (LixMn2-yAlyO4). The boron-based compound is present at 0.1-10 wt.% based on the total weight of the mixture, and is at least one material comprising boron trioxide, boric acid, or lithium tetraborate. The dopant precursor comprises at least one of aluminum, cobalt, nickel, chromium, iron, zinc, magnesium, or lithium. Preferred Method: The method further comprises mixing a dopant precursor with the lithium precursor, the manganese precursor, and the boron-based compound to prepare the mixture. The calcination is performed in air for 5-30 hours.x = 0.9-1.4;y = 0-1; andM1 = Al, Co, Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mg, or Li. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, manganese dioxide, and alumina were mixed in such amounts to give a mole ratio of lithium:manganese:aluminum of 1.05:1.85:0.1, and then, boric acid was added to it to prepare a mixture. The materials were mixed in a mortar, and the mixture was heat treated in a furnace while dry air was supplied to it at 800 degrees C for 20 hours to prepare the cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The main control module is connected to a RS-485 bus interface circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium titanate has spinel structure. The ratio of electric capacitance (A) of positive electrode and electric capacitance (B) of negative electrode, is 1-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyol is chosen from polyether-based polyol, polyester polyol, polytetramethylene etherglycol polyol, polyharnstoff dispersion polyol, amine-modified polyol and Mannich polyol, and has molecular weight of 300-3000. The isocyanate is chosen from hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 4,4'-dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate, polyethylene polyphenylisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, 2,2'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate, ortho-toluidine diisocyanate, naphthalene diortho cyanate, xylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate and triphenylmethane triisocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The anode active material has average pore size of 1-50 mu m, specific surface area of 2-5 m2/g, average layer surface distance (d002) of 3.7-4 Angstrom measured by X-ray diffraction, surface roughness (R) value of 1.3-2, peak intensity ratio of 2-4, atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon of less than 0.1% and atomic ratio of oxygen to carbon of 1% or less. Preferred Composition: The polyurethane resin has oxygen content of 15-22 weight%, hydrogen content of 4-6 weight% and nitrogen content of 7-9 weight%. The polyurethane resin comprises polyol (100 parts weight) and isocyanate (150-240 parts weight). The anode active material further contains foaming agent, flame retardant and catalyst or surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganism is Escherichia coli bacteria. The enzyme is beta -glucuronidase (GUS) or galactosidase (GAL).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stroma material is 4-aminophenol galactosidase (4-APGAL), 8-hydroxyquinoline- beta -D-glucuronide (8-HQG) and/or p-nitrophenylglycerol (PNPG).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive active material powder contains lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, manganic acid and olivine type iron lithium phosphate. The negative electrode active material powder contains tungsten oxide, tin silicon oxide and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material comprises less than 100 ppm of sodium, less than 100 ppm of silicon, less than 10 ppm of sulfur, less than 25 ppm of calcium, less than 10 of ppm iron, less than 2 ppm of nickel, less than 1 ppm of copper, less than 1 ppm of chromium, less than 50 ppm of magnesium, less than 10 ppm of aluminum, less than 25 ppm of phosphorus, less than 5 ppm of chlorine, less than 25 ppm of potassium, less than 2 ppm of titanium, less than 2 ppm of manganese, less than 0.5 ppm of cobalt and less than 5 of ppm zinc as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbon material comprises a pyrolyzed polymer cryogel and an activated polymer cryogel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant resin contains aromatic polyamide, polyimide, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyether imide, and/or polyvinylidene-fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode of lithium ion battery unit cell is graphite or lithium-titanium oxide. The aqueous battery unit cell is a lead-acid battery or a nickel-metal hydride battery. The aqueous battery unit cell is lead-acid battery and the lithium ion battery unit cell is lithium-iron phosphate/lithium-titanium oxide. The combination of aqueous battery unit cell-lithium ion battery unit cell is lead-acid-lithium-iron phosphate/lithium-titanium oxide, lead-acid/lithium-manganese oxide/lithium-titanium oxide, lead-acid-lithium-iron phosphate/graphite, lead-acid-lithium-manganese oxide/graphite, or nickel-metal hydride-lithium-manganese oxide/lithium-titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The valuable material contains cobalt. The content of liquid used in the separation process is 0.5-100 kg with respect to 1 kg of baked material. Preferred Process: The separation process is carried out using ball mill, rod mill, mill which does not use media, or rotary washing machine. The sorting is carried out by sieving, such that the particle diameter of recovered material is 1 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode tab is a product made from aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating volume of amorphous carbon is 0.01-2 %mass with respect to graphite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The slurry obtained by washing the powder of spinel type lithium transition metal oxide is injected into a wet magnetic separator, and the magnetically attracted component adhering to the magnet is collected and removed. During drying, heating is controlled to a low-temperature region than oxygen-discharge temperature. The wet magnetic separator is provided with a magnet (8000-17000 G).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal is selected from Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Zn, Mn, Y, Zr, Ti, Cr, Mg, Ce, Cu, Pb, or V. The electron withdrawing group is halogen atom, oxygen atom, phosphorus atom, sulfur atom, nitro group, nitrile group, or phenyl group. The supporting electrolyte comprises LiBF4, LiPF6, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, triethylamine tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4), tributhylamine tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4), NaBF4, NaPF6, trimethylsulfonylchloride, or (NH4)2SO4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ligand is aliphatic or aromatic. The ligand included in the metal-ligand coordination compound is selected from dipyridyl, terpyridyl, phenanthroline, acetylacetonate, ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, or N-heterocyclic carben (NHC). The NHC is selected from 6-bis(methylimidazole-2-ylidene)pyridine, 1,3-dimesitylimidazole, 1,3-bis(2,5-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole, 1,3-dimethylimidazole, 1,3-di-tert-butylimidazole, 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazole, or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole. The aromatic ligand is a hetero aromatic ligand containing a nitrogen atom. The solvent is a non-aqueous solvent (preferably dimethylacetamide, diethylcarbonate, dimethylcarbonate, acetonitrile, gamma -butyrolactone (GBL), propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), fluoroethylene carbonate, or N,N-dimethylacetamide). The metal-ligand coordination compound is selected from 41 compounds as given in the specification e.g. Ni(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, Mg(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, Mn(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, Co(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, Fe(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, Ti(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, Zn(2,2'-bipyridinyl)2, and Ni(H2N(CH2)3NH2)3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing unsaturated hydrocarbon compound is of formula (CX5X6=CX7-R). The solvent contains hydrocarbon type carbonate, fluorine-containing linear carbonate, fluorine-containing ether, fluorine-containing lactone, fluorine-containing ester, fluoroamide and/or non-fluorinated ester.X5-X7=H, F, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl or pentafluoroethyl;andR=F, ether bond, 1-16C hydrocarbon having vinyl group at the terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A buffer solution containing carboxylic acid and its salt as solute is used in the recovery process. The carboxylic acid is aliphatic carboxylic acid which has carboxyl group which does not contain aromatic ring. The carboxylic acid is organic acid or glycine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 50 volume% or more of nonaqueous solvent or carbonate-type solvent. The negative electrode active material of lithium ion secondary battery is carbon particles having graphite structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The boron trifluoride-cyclic ether complex is boron trifluoride-tetrahydropyran complex or boron trifluoride-dioxane complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average grain size of copper foil is 50 mu m or less, before last cold rolling. The copper foil has thickness of 7-20 mu m. Preferred Process: At least one surface of copper foil is surface-treated. The copper foil has carbon coated to surface. The copper ingot is obtained by adding tin (0.001-0.009 %mass) to oxygen-free copper. Preferred Composition: The copper foil is alloy foil containing tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal (A) is palladium and the metal (B) is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective sheath is made from plastic and/or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese oxide is 5-20 %mass, with respect to total content of positive electrode active material. The rare-earth compound is hydroxide, oxyhydroxide or carbonate of erbium, neodymium, samarium and/or lanthanum. Preferred Process: The inorganic particle layer containing inorganic particles is formed on the surface of positive electrode and negative electrode. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the rare-earth compound is 100 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first active material consists of vanadium nitride and manganese nitride, and the second active material consists of manganese oxide and ruthenium oxide. The electrolyte consists of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, aqueous sulfuric acid, aqueous nitric acid, and aqueous phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (b) is a lithium conducting salt, preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate (preferred), lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium-bisoxalatoborate, lithium-difluoro(oxalato)borate salt of sulfonylimide, preferably bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide or bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide, lithium perchlorate, lithiumhexachloroplatinate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide or lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate. The concentration of (b) is 0.5-2.5, preferably 0.8-1.5 mole/l. The weight ratio of (a) to (c) is 50:1-1:50, preferably 10:1-1:10. The electrolyte is in the form of liquid composition, preferably solution. The amount of (a) is maximum 30, preferably 20 wt.% and (c) is at least 30, preferably 60 wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = CH3, CH2F, CHF2 or CF3 (preferred); and    R2, R3 = CH3 (preferred) or C2H5 (both optionally substituted by F).    EXAMPLE - Typical electrolyte comprised of: propylene carbonate (90 wt.%) and methyl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropanoate (10 wt.%) dissolved in lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mole/l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material is a metal e.g. lithium, manganese, iron, titanium, or their alloy. The metal is in a reduced form or in an oxidized form as a metal oxide. The redox couple is based on hydrogen and water vapor, and the discharging and supercharging conditions comprises the reaction between hydrogen and water vapor. The fuel cell is operated with processed gas, preferably air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell comprising a chamber with electronically interlinked electrodes, a reducible and oxidizable material, and a redox couple. The solid oxide fuel cell is operated at a working temperature in the gaseous form. The solid oxide fuel cell further comprises a storage volume for the fuel. The storage volume is located outside the fuel cell and is coupled to a pressure vessel. Preferred Method: The short-term storage span is for three hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode contains a material including at least one of silicon and tin as a constituent element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte solution includes at least one of a heteropoly acid and a heteropoly acid compound. The positive electrode and negative electrode is provided with a gel coating, where the gel coating includes at least one of amorphous polyacid and polyacid salt compound having at least one poly-element. The gel coating is derived from at least one of heteropoly acid and heteropoly acid compound. The polyacid and polyacid salt compound includes hexavalent poly-atom ions and poly-atom ions with a valence less than six.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode contains the metal oxide (a) (preferably silicon oxide) for occluding lithium ions.The negative electrode contains lithium and a metal (b), (preferably silicon) which can be alloyed as said negative electrode active material.The negative electrode includes a carbon material (c) as said negative electrode active material.The metal oxide (X) is sodium-nickel oxide (Na2NiO2), sodium-copper oxide (Na2CuO2), potassium-nickel oxide (K2NiO2), or potassium-copper oxide (K2CuO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The anode further comprises secondary particles which is dispersed into the primary particles without affecting the crystallinity. The particle dispersion is carried out using polyhydric alcohol method, hydrothermal synthesis method, supercritical fluid method and/or high-energy milling method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyhydric alcohol method is carried out by adding spinel crystal structure-containing lithium manganese oxide to polyhydric alcohol as solvent, and refluxing under reducing atmosphere. Preferred Component: The polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, and/or glycerol. The positive electrode mixture further comprises conductive material, cathode active material and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material is carbon monoxide doped lithium-nickel composite, oxygen doped manganese composite and oxygen doped aluminum composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum complex cation is tetrammineplatinum(II) ion ((Pt(NH3)4)2+). The platinum complex salt is tetraammineplatinum(II) chloride (Pt(NH3)4Cl2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cylindrical element is made of copper, alumina, platinum, tungsten, and magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The oxide layer is formed by heat-processing in an atmosphere formed using combustion gas of flame of gas containing carbon-containing compound, or of gas containing hydrocarbon as main component and gas containing carbon-containing compound, or combustion exhaust gas. The surface of oxide layer is pleat-shape corrugated or in a state formed by bristling with fiber of submicron order.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The region of electrolyte solution where the anode is immersed and the region where cathode is immersed are isolated through a cation-exchange membrane through which a cation permeates. Carbon dioxide is introduced into the cathode vicinity of electrolyte solution and electrochemical reduction is carried out. Electrochemical reduction is carried out by adhering the cathode on one surface of a gas-diffusion component (16) through which gas permeates, even though the electrolyte solution is not permeated, and carbon dioxide is replenished through the gas diffusion layer, while the cathode is made into a mesh. The electrolyte solution comprises a supporting electrolyte dissolved in an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The polar plates are continuously fed from coils (9) separated during the joining or after the joining. The method of cleaning comprises (i) spraying the plates with a liquid detergent, and/or water, preferably deionized water, (ii) blowing off, vacuuming and/or drying the plates, (iii) brushing the plates, and/or (iv) exposing the plates for a plasma cleaning and/or a laser cleaning. The plates are transported horizontally or vertically, during the cleaning. The plates are passed through a cleaning bath. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramics preferably comprise sodium sulfide-phosphorus sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium-titanate sintered compact has average particle diameter of 0.5 mu m or less and flexural strength of 50 MPa or more. Preferred Composition: The lithium-titanate sintered compact contains rutile-type titanium oxide crystals and/or anatase-type titanium oxide crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The edge portion is joined to an insulator (50) by a glass frit (70).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulator comprises alpha -alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The deposit is manganese dioxide, titania, ceria, alumina, barium titanate, tin oxide, tungstic oxide, indium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, tantalum pentoxide, tantalum niobate, silica, zirconia, lanthanum cobaltate, lanthanum chromate, lanthanum manganate, lanthanum ferrate, bismuth oxide, strontium cobaltate, cobaltosic oxide, cupric oxide, nickel oxide, praseodymium manganate, strontium titanate, beryllium oxide, magnesium silicate (MgSiO3,Mg2SiO4), ferric oxide, ferroso ferric oxide, zinc oxide, lead titanate, ruthenium oxide, and/or chromium oxide. In the core, the ceramics are deposited or adhered on the surface of metal of the hole space wall of nanoporous metal with the nanoporous metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The core is nanoporous gold or nanoporous copper. Nanoporous gold is obtained by de-alloying gold and silver alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous carbon has pores having pore capacitance of 0.5-4 cc/g, pore diameter of 100 nm or less and average pore diameter of 0.1-18 nm, and BET specific surface area of 200-4500 m2/g, preferably 100-2500 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material of negative electrode active material layer is chosen from graphite, hardly graphitized carbon, easily graphitized carbon, cokes and polyacene-type organic semiconductor, and has 50% volume cumulative diameter of 0.5-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing acryl binder contains (in %mass) fluoropolymer (a) (5-20), acrylic polymer (b) (80-95) containing structural unit derived from alkyl(meth)acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystalline carbon based material is graphite and/or low crystalline carbon. The hydrophilic material contains metal oxide and lithium metal oxide. The metal oxide is lithium titanium metal oxide (Li4Ti5-xMxO12-y-zAy), preferably titanium dioxide and lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12 and LiTi2O4), where M is molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum or magnesium, A is sulfur, selenium or tellurium, x is 0-1, y is 0-2 and z is 0-0.02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystalline carbon based material is graphite and/or soft carbon. The silicon oxide is represented by the following equation: SiOx, where x is greater than 0.1, but less than 1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanotubes are present in the form of carbon nanotube agglomerates with an average agglomerate size of 0.001-10 mm. The milling takes place at a temperature of -196-180 degrees C. The milling is performed such that the average agglomerate size of the carbon nanotube agglomerates after milling is 0.01-20 mu m. The milling is performed such that the BET surface of the carbon nanotubes after grinding is 25-50 m2/g, 50-150 m2/g or greater than 150-400 m2/g. The carbon nanotubes and the polymer particles are present in a weight ratio of 0.05:1-20:1. The carbon nanotubes are multiwall carbon nanotubes with an average outer diameter of 3-100 nm and a ratio of length to diameter is greater than or equal to 5. The solvent includes lactam, ketone, nitrile, alcohol, cyclic ether and/or water, preferably N-methyipyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer include particles of polymers including poly (vinyl acetate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkylated polyethylene oxide, crosslinked polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl ethers, poly (methyl methacrylate), polyvinylidene fluoride, poly (ethyl acrylate), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyridine, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polystyrene and/or copolymer. Preferred Method: The method further comprises dispersing the powdered polymer-carbon nanotube composites mixture obtained after milling or the polymer-carbon nanotube composites mixture obtained after milling containing liquid phase (15 wt.%) in a solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second electrocatalyst is a platinum electrocatalyst and/or a platinum-cobalt electrocatalyst or a platinum-ruthenium catalyst supported on a carbon carrier, on a metal oxide carrier, on a metal core carrier or on a ceramic core carrier. The inorganic oxide component in EC1 is titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal consists of iron, titanium, vanadium, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, manganese, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc, and silver. The rare earth element consists of yttrium, lanthanum and cerium. The olivine phase includes lithium, cobalt, phosphate, and the additional metals, which are doped at sites of the olivine phase. The metal oxide includes silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The connector is a universal serial bus connector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The tie rods extend through holes in the frame. The external dimensions of the peripheral welded area correspond to the external dimensions of the frame. The openings and/or the holes for the tie rods, are provided in the corners of the individual battery cells and/or framework. At least the peripheral welded area, and preferably the frame, comprises sections protruding laterally via its basic dimensions, in which the openings and preferably the holes for the tie rod are arranged. The holes in the frame at least in a region in the axial direction of the tie rods extending through the frame protrude beyond the frame such that a positive contact is made with the openings. The protruding portions interact with corresponding tension in the respective adjacent frame. The frameworks are formed as an intermediate frame lying between the individual battery cells or as a half frame enclosing two respective individual battery cells. The individual battery cells are formed in lithium-ion technology.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: Defining wall contains annealed aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Insulating material contains synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The equation (1) is expressed as Li1+a(MnbCocNi1-b-c)1-aO2, where a is 0-0.25, b is 0.5-0.7 and c is 0-(1-b). The equation (2) is expressed by LidNi1-efMneM1fO2-gXh, where M1 includes cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), aluminum(Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and tungsten (W), X includes elements of group 16-17 excluding oxygen, d is 0-1.5, e is 0-1, f is 0-1, g is -0.1-0.2, and h is 0-0.2. The equation (3) is expressed as LijMn2-kM2kOmFn, where M2 includes Co, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, , Mo, Ca, Sr, W, and Zr, j is less than or equal to 0.9, k is 0-0.6, m is 3.7-4.1, and n is 0-0.1. The equation (4) is expressed as LipM3qPo4, where M3 includes Co, Mg, manganese Al, B, Ti, V, niobium, Fe, nickel, Cu, Zn, , Mo, Sn, Ca, Sr, W, and Zr, p is 0-2, and q is 0.5-2. The negative electrode active material includes silicon and tin as a constituent element and silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 0.2-1.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The case is formed of conductive metal such as aluminum and aluminum alloy or steel plated with nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator is a polyethylene film or film including polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of magnesium and nickel in magnesium-rich nickel-poor region is 1.05-1.5 and 0.5-0.95, respectively. The magnesium-rich nickel-poor region has thickness of 2-40 mu m towards center portion from the outermost surface of alloy powder. The molar ratio of aluminum in magnesium-rich nickel-poor region is 1.05-2. The volume mean diameter of alloy powder is 20-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gel material is chosen from silicone polymer, aluminum, silver, copper, nickel, zinc oxide, alumina, magnesium oxide and aluminum nitride. The thermal conductivity material is boron nitride, silicon nitride, diamond, graphite, carbon nanotube, metallic silicon, carbon fiber and/or fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic substance consists of gel material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cushioning component contains resin material, porous material, material containing polymer-based material, organic substance which imparts dilatant characteristics, or thermal conductivity material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aggregate is shell-like aggregate which has a space inside. At least 80% of the surface of the electrode active material is covered by the carbonaceous coating film. The content of carbon in carbonaceous film are 0.6-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of electrode active materials. The electrode active material contains lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate, lithium titanate, and/or lithium compound of formula: LixAyD'zPO4 (I).A=Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, or Cr;D'=Mg, Ca, S, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sc or Y;x=more than 0 to less than 2;andy,z=more than 0 to less than 1.5.Preferred Properties: The pore size (D50) when the cumulative volume percentage of the pore size distribution of the aggregate is 50%, is 0.1-0.2 mu m. The porosity of the aggregate is 15-50 volume% with respect to volume when the aggregate is regarded as a solid. The ratio of average film thickness of the carbonaceous film in the outer peripheral portion of the outer shell of the shell-like aggregate and inner peripheral portion is 0.7-1.3. The aggregate has tap densities of 1-1.5 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent film solar panel is made up of amorphous silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper-indium-gallium-selenium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound which has lithium ion coordinating group, crosslinkable group and hydrophobic group in the molecule compound of formulae X-L1-A(L2-Y)(L3-Z)-(R)n or (2). The crosslinkable group contains the silicon.A=C, Si or N;L1-L3=bivalent coupling group;R=monovalent organic group;n=0 or 1;X=lithium ion coordinating property;Y=crosslinkable group;Z=hydrophobic group;Q=C in which broken line represents atom group of 1-10 which consist of saturated or unsaturated ring with Q; andX,Y,Z=R.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy further contains manganese (0.02-2), chromium (0.02-0.2), nickel (0.02-2.3), titanium (0.02-0.3) and zirconium (0.02-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cast has section thickness 10 cm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ductile iron alloy contains (in wt.%) carbon (3-3.9), silicon (1.9-2.7), manganese (0.3 or less), copper (0.8 or less), nickel (0.2 or less), chromium (0.05), vanadium (0.02 or less), sulfur (0.01), and molybdenum (0.3), and remainder of iron and unavoidable impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The residence time of the slurry within the flow-through type reactor is 60 or less second. The flow-through type reactor is tubular-type reactor provided with high-speed-rotation stirrer. Preferred Composition: The transition metal element contained in the transition-metal-containing solution is nickel and/or manganese, and cobalt and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the pH of the aqueous or non-aqueous acid solution is greater than 6 to less than 7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilizing salt comprises phosphorus, aluminum, and boron. The electrode has a formula of x(Li)2M2O3(1-x)Li(M1)O2. The electrode comprises a material selected from V2O5-containing compound and a MnO2-containing compound. The stabilizing salt is selected from NH4PF6, (NH4)2TiF6, (NH4)2SiF6, (NH4)2ZrF6, (NH4)3AlF6 and NH4BF4.M2=at least one metal ions with average tetravalent oxidation state (preferably Mn);x=0-1;M1=at least one metal ions with an average trivalent oxidation state (preferably Mn, Co and Ni).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous acid solution comprises an alcohol (preferably methanol). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content rate of segregation phase is 0.05-0.5 %mass. The segregation phase contains aggregate of microparticles of magnetic material. The nickel content rate is 20-65 %mass of alloy of calcium-copper-type crystal structure. The alloy of calcium-copper-type crystal structure further contains mischmetal, manganese and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The lithium-based cell is lithium-iron phosphate cell. The lithium-iron phosphate cell is chosen from lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-iron-magnesium phosphate, lithium-iron-yttrium phosphate, lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-manganate, lithium-nickel-cobalt aluminate, lithium-nickel-manganese cobaltate and lithium-titanate cells. The cells are chosen from lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-iron-magnesium phosphate, lithium-iron-yttrium phosphate, lithium cobaltate, lithium-manganate, lithium-nickle-cobalt aluminate, lithium-nickel-manganese cobaltate, lithium titanate, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface of the metal electrode is coated with silicon alloy or tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volume consisting of the stack of sequences with a pattern of the A2B14 type and n patterns of the CaCu5 type randomly distributed is present at at least 10 vol.% of the alloy, preferably at least 20% or less than 90 vol.% of the alloy, preferably less than 70%, where n is less than or equal to 8, preferably less than or equal to 4. The alloy comprises neodymium and praseodymium, where: molar ratio R1b/R1a is less than 0.5; R1b is sum of numbers of moles of neodymium and praseodymium; and R1a is sum of numbers of moles of rare earths, yttrium, zirconium or titanium. The compound in (a) has structure of formula (R11Niy) (a1). The electrode comprises 0.4-1 wt.% of yttrium oxide and/or 1-2 wt.% of manganese oxide.y1 = 4-5; andR11 = sum of the numbers of moles of rare earths, Y, Zr or Ti.Preferred Process: The step (c) is carried out by the flash sintering technique. The compression of step (c) is accomplished under a pressure of 40-80 MPa. The step (c) is accomplished at 700-900 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    x = 0.1-0.3, preferably 0.15-0.25;    a = less than 0.3, preferably less than 0.15; and    s = 3-4, preferably 3.5-4.    EXAMPLE - Magnesium nickel (Mg2Ni) (which was elaborated by powder metallurgy) and lanthanum-nickel (LaNiy) (where y was 4.3875) (which was elaborated by melting a mixture of the simple elements in an induction oven) were ground into powder for 2 hours. Subsequently the obtained mixture was sintered with spark plasma sintering under pressure of 50 MPa for one 1 at 820 degrees C to give alloy with composition of (lanthanum(0.8)magnesium(0.2)nickel(3.67)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average primary particle diameter of flaky graphite is 100-220 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of flaky graphite in the negative electrode active material is 1.1-2.2 %mass with respect to 100 parts mass of negative electrode active material in a full-charge state.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bisphenol aminobenzenesulfonic acid condensate is formaldehyde condensate of sodium salt of bisphenol A aminobenzenesulfonic acid of formula (I).R1,R2=H or group of formula (i), in which R1 and R2 are not H simultaneously;andn=not defined.N.B. n is not defined.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The separator has nonwoven fabric consisting of textile material(s) chosen from glass, pulp and polyolefin. The nonwoven fabric in the separator has surface formed on the surface of the negative electrode plate. The surface formed on the surface of positive electrode plate comprises polyethylene microporous sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas storage material is metal hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium ion exchange rate of lithium ion-type zeolite is 70% or more. The positive electrode active material has discharge potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to metallic lithium. Preferred Composition: The amount of lithium ion-type zeolite is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to the amount of nonaqueous electrolyte. The atomic ratio of nickel with respect to total amount of nickel, cobalt and iron contained in positive electrode active material is 0.4 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The packing density of the olivine lithium composite particles within the positive electrode is 0.90-1.09 g/cm3. The positive electrode has positive electrode active material layer containing electroconductive material (4-6 parts mass) and binder (4-8 parts mass) with respect to positive electrode active material (100 parts mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator of electrode is made of aramid type-resin, polyester, or cellulose resin. The resin layer of collector is made of thermoplastic resin, polyolefin resin or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofibers obtained using low-molecular-weight polymer have a pore diameter of 0.5-1.6 nm. The content of pores having a diameter of 1.2 nm is 60% or more, the content of pores having a diameter of 1.4 nm is 20% or less, and the content of pores having a diameter of 1.4 nm or less is 20% or less. The carbon nanofibers obtained using high-molecular-weight polymer have a pore diameter of 0.5-1.4 nm. The content of pores having a diameter of 1.2 nm is 20% or less, and the content of pores having a diameter of 0.5 nm is 80% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Composition: The pitch polymer solution is mixed with a macromolecular solution to form a solution of single phase. The macromolecular solution comprises polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, cellulose, and/or Kevlar (RTM: polyamide). Alternately, the polymer has a high molecular weight of 1000-5000 and consists of a repeating unit having ((carboxy-(dihydroxy-dimethyl-phenalenyl)-methylnaphthalenyl)ethyl)-hydroxy-phenalene-carboxylic acid structure of formula (II). The high-molecular-weight polymer is mixed with macromolecular solution to obtain a mesophase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Before baking process, nickel composite hydroxide is subjected to oxidizing roasting process at less than 800 degrees C for 1 hour or more under atmospheric condition, to obtain a complex oxide. During water-washing process, lithium-nickel complex oxide (1-2 times with respect to 1 mole of water) is added to water to obtain slurry. Obtained slurry is stirred for 30-60 minutes, filtered and dried. Preferred Composition: Lithium compound is lithium hydroxide or its hydrate, or lithium carbonate. Nickel salt and metallic salt are sulfates. The lithium-nickel complex oxide is preferably of formula: Li0.25NixM1-xO2, such that number-of-moles of tetravalent Ni is 60% or less of number-of-moles of sum of nickel and metallic element. Preferred Property: Battery (B) containing the positive electrode active material has initial stage discharge capacity of 182 mAh/g or more, and emitted-heat amount of 400 J/g or less, preferably, 300 J/g or less, measured using differential scanning calorimeter. Preferred Definitions:    M=Ti, V, Mn, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ta and W, or Al, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, In and Sn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-cobalt manganate is of formula: Lia(NibCocMnd)(1-x-y-z)WxZryM2zO2 (III), where M2 is element chosen from titanium, niobium, molybdenum, zinc, aluminum, tin, magnesium, calcium and strontium, and z is 0.001-0.05. The positive electrode active material contains lithium-nickel-cobalt manganate and spinel-type lithium manganate in a mass ratio of 60:40-80:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode active material is a positive electrode active material such as manganese dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, ferrous sulphide, lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nickel dioxide, lithium manganese oxide and lithium titanium oxide or negative electrode active material such as polymeric carbide material, gaseous-phase production carbon fibers such as cokes and graphite, and carbon fiber, metals such as silicon, lithium, tin, antimony, aluminum, zinc and tungsten. The electrically conductive material is conductive carbon such as acetylene black, KetjenBlack (RTM: Electroconductive carbon black), carbon black, graphite, vapor-phase growth carbon fiber and carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant resin is chosen from aromatic polyamide, polyimide, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyether imide, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is silica, alumina, montmorillonite, mica, zinc oxide, titania, barium titanate, and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The separator has an air permeability of 20-100 seconds/100 cc, a porosity of 50-70%, and a thickness of 10-25 mu m. The content of inorganic filler in layer (21) is 40-60 wt.%. Preferred Component: Layer (21) contains polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal atom in the metal complex or the metal seed of metal ion is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, or platinum. Preferred Process: The heat processing of modification processes is performed at 600-1200 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound of formula (1) is compound of formula (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first layer of the air electrode is made of four-cation nanograined strontium and magnesium doped lanthanum gallate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of one or combinations of gold, silver, copper, nickel, chromium, tin, aluminum or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The tap density of lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide is 1.84 g/cc or more. The lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide enables formation of secondary battery having initiator stage discharge capacity of 126 mAh/g or more. Preferred Composition: The lithium source is lithium hydroxide, nickel oxide and/or lithium carbonate. The manganese source is manganese oxide and/or manganese carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The structural elements bonded with the elemental sulfur in solid electrolyte material (2) are phosphorus, silicon, boron or germanium. The structural elements in solid electrolyte material (3) are tungsten, gold, platinum, ruthenium or osmium. The electrode active material is positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active material of negative electrode comprises amorphous carbon, graphite, tin (alloy), and/or silicon (alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The amino compound is 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-propyl-1,2,4-triazole, and/or 3-amino-5-butyl-1,2,4-triazole. The content of additive is 0.01-1 wt.% in the electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution further contains electrode protective-film formation agent chosen from aliphatic hydrocarbon having vinyloxy group and/or 1-propenyloxy group, oligo ether compound having vinyloxy group and/or 1-propenyloxy group, cyclohexane derivative having vinyloxy group and/or 1-propenyloxy group, and/or carbonate ester compound having vinyloxy group and/or 1-propenyloxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains linear dinitrile compound (0.001-5 %mass) having 2-6C alkylene chain. The carbon number of alkylene chain which connects two nitrile groups in linear dinitrile compound and branched dinitrile compound are same. At least 1 hydrogen atom of alkylene chain of principal chain in branched dinitrile compound is substituted by 1-2C alkyl. Only one hydrogen atom in branched dinitrile compound coupled with alpha -position carbon of one nitrile group between two nitrile groups is substituted by methyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional group further comprises a functional group (containing oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen), preferably an amine. The first and second electrode materials are either different or same. The first electrode material is a negative electrode (22) material comprising carbon, graphite, coke, lithium titanates, lithium-tin alloys, silicon and/or carbon-silicon composites. The second electrode material is a positive electrode (23) material comprising lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium-manganese-cobalt-nickel-oxygen complex (LiMn(1/3)Co(1/3)Ni(1/3)O2), lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxygen complex (Li(Ni(1-y-z)CoyAlz)O2) and/or lithium manganese oxide, where y and z are not defined. The electrochemical cell further comprises: a metallic current collector in adhering contact with each of the electrode material; and a means for connecting the cell to an outside electrical load or charging means. The multi-layer article comprises: a first layer comprising a copper foil; a second layer comprising graphite in adhering contact with the copper foil; a third layer comprising the nanoweb in adhering contact with the graphite; a fourth layer comprising lithium cobalt oxide adherently contacting the aromatic polyimide nanoweb; and a fifth layer comprising aluminum foil adherently contacting the second electrode material. The multilayer article is in the form of a prismatic stack or a spiral stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon radical is a saturated hydrocarbon radical which is a n-alkyl radical having 15-20C, preferably n-octadecyl radical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aromatic polyimide is a fully aromatic polyimide which is pyromellitic dianhydride/oxydianiline. The nanofibers have a number average diameter of 50-500 (preferably 100-400) nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer is copper or aluminum. The electrode material includes active material (21), conductive material (22) and binder (23). The active material is chosen from activated carbon powder, carbon nanotube, graphite, vapor grown carbon fiber, carbon aerogel, carbon nanofiber produced by carbonizing polymers chosen from polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidenefluoride, and activated carbon nanofiber. The conductive material is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chosen from carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, fluorinated polytetrafluoroethylene, and rubber-type styrene-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble polymer is chosen from carboxymethylcellulose and its salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder contains a synthetic rubber latex type adhesive, preferably styrene-butadiene rubber latex, and water-soluble polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon-containing oxide is of formulae (SiOx) and (LiySiOx), where x is greater than 0 but less than 2 and y is greater than 0. The negative electrode active material contains an electronic provision material i.e. carbon substance. The chalcogen ions such as sulfur (S2-), selenium (Se2-) and tellurium (Te2-) are coupled with the silicon-containing oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-1trifluoro-methane sulfonic acid salt or 1-butyl-1-trifluoro-sulfonic acid salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film-forming substrate high molecular material is perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin, sulfonated perfluorinated resin or high-molecular material. The high-molecular material is non-fluorine-containing sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone or sulfonated polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-solvent is ethanol, propanol, butanol, N-methylpyrrolidinone, water, phentanol, hexanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, acetone, dimethylether, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solvent of polymer binder is N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, acetone, cyclohexanone, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Each insulating layer is a poly(ethylene terephthalate) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material comprises silicon or tin. It comprises (mass %) carbon (9.9-29.7), and cobalt (20-70). It has a half-value width of a diffraction peak obtained by X-ray diffraction of greater than or equal to 1 degrees , where diffraction angle 2 theta is 20-50 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter is preferably 7-13 mu m. In the particle size distribution, D90 is 20 mu m or less. Preferred Component: Element (M) is manganese and/or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The active material preferably has a repose angle of 50-80 degrees , a median diameter of 5-17 mu m, and a specific surface area of 0.3-0.7 cm2/g. Preferred Component: Element (M) is manganese and/or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide precursor contains tetracarboxylic acid residue (II), and diamine residue (III) and (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel positive electrode comprises 0.05 %mass or less of zinc with respect to nickel atom of nickel hydroxide used as positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Non-aqueous electrolyte contains lithium salt as supporting electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Oxocarbonic acid is squaric acid. Carboxylic acid is oxalic acid. N-fluorinated alkane sulfonyl group is 1-10C N-perfluoro alkane sulfonyl group. Non-aqueous solvent contains greater than or equal to 50 vol.% of greater than or equal to 1 types of carbonate solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon active material is a baked product of polyparaphenylene or xylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-titanium oxide has a spinel structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - the electrode active material is provided with a lithium titanate having a spinel structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radical scavenger is cerium-zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, aluminum oxide and/or vanadium oxide. The carbon support of the catalyst layer comprises carbon powder, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon nanowires, carbon nanohorns, carbon aerosol, carbon aerogel and/or carbon nanorings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is lithium acetate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium carbonate and/or lithium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyhydric alcohol used during manufacture of lithium-manganese oxide is diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol and/or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Non-heat shrink section is made of metal material, glass fiber, non-woven fabric fiber or resin section. Heat shrink section is made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transition metal is mixed with polypyrrole supported by carbon and/or polypyridine and then baked in neutral atmosphere or reducing environment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The paste comprising silver oxide exhibits an average diameter of 0.5-50 pm, preferably 1-30pm. The paste and/or the oxygen-consuming electrode that are independent of one another, are based on fluorinated or partially fluorinated polymers, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene, and a silver-containing catalytically active material. The catalytically active component in the paste and/or in the oxygen-consuming electrode, independent of one another, comprises silver, silver(I) oxide or silver(II) oxide, or mixtures of silver and silver oxide. The catalytically active component in the paste comprises at least 10 wt.% of silver oxide, preferably 20 wt.% of silver oxide, based on the total weight of the paste. The sealing paste and/or the oxygen-consuming electrode comprises mixtures, and the catalytically active component comprises 70-95 wt.% of silver oxide, 0-15 wt.% of silver-metal-powder and 3-15 wt,% of a fluorinated polymers, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene. The paste and the oxygen-consuming electrodes are compressed together after applying the paste. The paste comprising fluorinated solvent includes perfluorinated hydrocarbons, preferably perfluorooctane or perfluorotriethylamine and/or perfluoropolyether. The paste comprises hydrophobic polymer in an amount of 60 wt.%, preferably at not greater than 40 wt.%, based on the total weight of the paste. The paste exhibits a portion of the partially- or perfluorinated solvent of not greater than 80 wt.%, preferably not greater than 60 wt.%, based on the total weight of the paste. The paste is applied in a thickness of 0.1-1000 mu m on one or both sides of the sealed portions of the oxygen-consuming electrode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control device of the housing includes the method for using a sensor network based on a wireless communication standard such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, or WiFi. The ZigBee uses the physical layer of IEEE 802.16.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of sodium-phosphate salt is 0.03-1 %mass with respect to total amount of positive electrode active material. The porous inorganic particle layer contains titania, alumina, silica and/or zirconia as inorganic particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group is phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, quinine group, and/or lactone property carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalytically active component is silver, silver oxide and/or or silver (I or II) oxide. The catalytically active component contains 70-95 wt.% of silver oxide, 0-15 wt.% of silver-metal powder and 3-15 wt.% and 3-15 wt.% of non-soluble fluorinated polymers, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is perfluorinated hydrocarbon compound and/or perfluorinated derivatized hydrocarbon compound, preferably perfluoro(2-butyl tetrahydrofuran).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoropolymer is copolymer of 2,2-perfluoro alkyl-1,3-dioxole, perfluoro-2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole, 2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole, fluoro olefin or fluoro vinyl ether, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene or perfluoro(butenyl vinyl ether).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic plastic fibers comprise polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter (D50) of lithium sulfide is 1/3-2/3. The lithium sulfide powder with average particle diameter (D50) of 20 mu m or less is obtained using lithium carbonate powder having average particle diameter (D50) of 8-12 mu m. The lithium sulfide powder with average particle diameter (D50) of 10 mu m or less is obtained using lithium carbonate powder having average particle diameter (D50) of 4-6 mu m. The lithium sulfide powder with average particle diameter (D50) of 2 mu m or less is obtained using lithium carbonate powder having average particle diameter (D50) of 0.8-1.2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ceramic material is provided with calcium oxide, lithium oxide, tin dioxide, cerium dioxide, germanium dioxide, yttrium oxide, di-phosphorus penta-oxide, strontium titanate and barium titanate. The ceramic material is selected from beta -lithium-aluminum silicate, lithium- beta -aluminum oxide, lithium sulfide-phosphorus sulfide-silicon sulfide glass, lithium oxide-chromium oxide-germanium oxide-phosphorus oxide glass, lithium-zirconium-titanium-aluminum phosphate, lithium-lanthanum-titanium oxide and lithium-aluminum-germanium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material particles contain lithium-cobalt oxide (LixCoO2), lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (LixNi1-b-cMnbCocO2, where b is 0.1-0.5 and c is 0-0.5), lithium-manganese oxide (LizMn2O4), lithium-manganese-nickel oxide (LizMn2-eNieO4, where e is 0.3-0.8) or lithium-iron phosphate (LisFePO4). The concentration of lithium-tetrafluoroborate contained in the mixed solvent is 1.5 mol/l or more. The metallic compound is lithium-titanium oxide or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrile group is acrylonitrile, propionitrile, methoxy acetonitrile and/or 3-methoxy propionitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The ratio of the dry additional amount of the active material coated on 1 m2 of electrode with respect to the surface area of the active material layer is 0.001-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains unsaturated phosphoric acid ester compound of formula: (HCC-C(-R5)(-R6)-O-)2-P(=O)-O-R7 (III) or (R10-O)2-P(=O)-O-C(-R8)(-R9)-(CC)n-C(-R8)(-R9)-O-P(=O)-(O-R10)2, and fluorosilane compound of formula: F-Si(R11)(R12)-X1 (IV).R5,R6,R8,R9=H or 1-8C alkyl;R7,R10=1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, or 1-8C haloalkyl;n=1 or 2;R11,R12=1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 1-8C haloalkyl, 6-18C aryl, 6-18C haloaryl, or 7-18C aralkyl;X1=fluoro, 1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 1-8C haloalkyl, 6-18C aryl, 6-18C haloaryl, 7-18C aralkyl, -R12-Si(-R11)(-R12)-F or -R14-X2-R15;R13,R14=1-8C alkylene, 2-8C alkenylene, 2-8C alkynylene, or 6-18C arylene;R15=1-8C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl, 1-8C haloalkyl, 6-18C aryl, 6-18C haloaryl, or 7-18C aralkyl;andX2=oxygen, -C(=O)-O-, or -O-C(=O)-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The silicon nanoparticles are obtained by reacting metal silicon with hydrochloric acid to obtain monosilane or trichlorosilane in gas phase, reacting monosilane or trichlorosilane with U-shaped silicon rod in a Siemens reactors, and obtaining silicon nanoparticles formed on the wall surface of the reactor. The initial capacity of anode active material is 1500-2000 mAh/g. The anode active material further comprises metal chosen from tin, aluminum, germanium, cobalt, copper, titanium, nickel, lithium, lead, zinc, silver, gold or their alloy, and a carbon-based anode active material chosen from graphite, natural carbon black, artificial carbon black, soft carbon and hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles used during manufacture of carbon nanoporous membrane virus filter comprise fumed silica or colloidal silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon precursor is polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, monosaccharide, oligomer and polysaccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluororesin is perfluoro polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of ceramic material in the separator is 50-96 wt.%. The ceramic material contains alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconia, and barium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The separator contains aluminum phosphate, zirconium phosphate, and aluminum trifluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonwoven fabric comprises cellulose and polymer fibers having acryl group, preferably polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and/or polyphenylene sulfide, and mica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium monofluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)imide, and/or lithium pentafluorosulfonimide, preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Aluminum or aluminum-manganese type alloy has a purity of 99% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nonaqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate and linear ester, preferably ethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover comprises polypropylene resin and the stopped is made of polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The slurry has a viscosity of 500 cp or less, and the particle diameter is less than 0.3 mu m. Wet-milling is carried out by wet grinding at 3000-4000 rpm for 30-60 minutes. Spray-drying is carried out using pneumatic jet at 1-5 bar. The precursor particles are heated at 700-1000 degrees C at 1 degrees C/minute, with injection of air for 10 hours at 1-10 L/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic disulfonate is of formula (I), preferably methylene methanedisulfonate, dimethylene methanedisulfonate and trimethylene methanedisulfonate.R1,R2=1-10C hydrocarbon.Preferred Properties: The content of the cyclic disulfonate is 0.01-5 wt.%, and the lithium salt is 0.01-5 mass%. EXAMPLE - lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mole/l) was dissolved into a mixture of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate under dry argon atmosphere. 0.5 mass% of dimethylene methanedisulfonate and 0.5 mass% of fully dried difluoro lithium phosphate are dissolved in the obtained mixture to obtain the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive layer comprises a precious metal supported on the oxide support. The metal catalyst is platinum, palladium, metals platinum and/or molybdenum, platinum and/or cobalt, platinum and/or ruthenium, platinum and/or nickel, and/or platinum and/or tin. The oxide support comprises an oxide comprising cerium oxide, and/or manganese oxide. The metal catalyst is platinum, and/or palladium. The metal catalyst is present at 0.01-0.8 mg/cm2. The oxide is present at 0.01-0.8 mg/cm2. The base layer has a thickness of 0-50 mu . The additive layer has a thickness of 0.5-30 mu .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The additive layer further comprises an ionomer. The ion conducting polymer comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. The ion conducting membrane comprises a copolymer having a polymerization unit based on a perfluorovinyl compound of formula (CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX1)m-Or-(CF2)q-SO3H) (I). The ion conducting membrane comprises a: hydrocarbon membrane; and homogenous membranes and non-homogeneous membranes. The ion conducting membrane is a reinforced membrane that further comprises a support.m = 0-3;q = 1-12;r = 0 or 1; andX1 = F, or trifluoromethyl group and polymerization unit based on tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cobalt salt is cobalt sulfate and/or cobalt chloride. The concentration of slurry contained in the reaction tank is 400-1000 g/l. The aqueous alkali solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The total amount of cobalt hydroxide-coated nickel hydroxide slurry and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is 120-600. Preferred Condition: The temperature of slurry in the reaction tank is 40-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The membrane (G1) comprises (wt.%): 10-30C isophthalic monomer (5-20), 2-10C diol system monomer (40-60), 2-12C aromatic family mountain system monomer (10-20) and acid anhydride monomer (15-20). Preferred Components: The 10-30C isophthalic monomer having cation exchanger is selected from dimethylsophthalate, diphenyl isophthalate, dimethyl 4,6-bis (benzyloxy)isophthalate and/or dibutyl isophthalate. The 2-10C diol system monomer is selected from 1,6-hexanedio, 1,4-dicyan-2,5-diol, propane-1,2-diol, 1,2-pentanediol and/or 4,5-dibromobenzene-1,2-diol. The 2-12C aromatic family mountain system monomer is selected from isophthalic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid and/or acetylsalicylic acid. Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the thickness of the film in the film-forming by the solvent casting method is 80~150 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal precursor is aqueous metal salt solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon is linear or cyclic hydrocarbon, preferably methanol, ethanol, butanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, sodium-aluminum hydride or lithium-aluminum hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The auxiliary ligand is allyl, 2,4-hexa diene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene or actonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon is elementary carbon formed by heat treatment of an organic substance capable of forming carbon after the heat treatment. The weight ratio of silicon and carbon is 0.5-2.33. The total content of silicon and carbon in the electrode is more than 20 weight%, with respect to total content of the ternary composite of silicon, carbon, and carbon fiber foil. The inert gas is argon. The reductive gas is hydrogen. The ratio of argon and hydrogen is 90-100:10-0.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic substance capable of forming carbon after heat treatment, is chosen from asphalt, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, phenolic resin, and sucrose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic filler is alumina, magnesia or zirconia. The positive electrode contains lithium transition metal composite oxide comprising nickel, cobalt or manganese as positive electrode active material. The composite oxide is lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (32) contains polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyamide, polyimide, aramid, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell power generation system controls the radical supply amount according to the concentration of ammonia contained in oxidizing agent gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material has an average particle size of less than or equal to 1 mu m. EXAMPLE - Materials were lithium carbonate, titanium dioxide and tantalum pentoxide were blended at an element ratio lithium, titanium and tantalum was 1.9:2.9:0.1, respectively, and mixed for 1 hour in a ball mill. At this time, by adding lithium carbonate ( greater than or equal to 5%) than the element ratio, the loss by baking process was compensated. In a muffle electric furnace, the materials were calcined in atmosphere, for 2 hours at 650 degrees C, and for 12 hours at 800 degrees C. The obtained mixed powder was mixed again in a ball mill for 1 hour, baked for 12 hours at 1100 degrees C, and pulverized again. The obtained powder was compacted by a uniaxial pressure molding machine, and pelletized. The obtained pellets were similarly baked for 36 hours at 1100 degrees C, where the pellets were quenched from the baking temperature to room temperature. In the quenching process, the temperature was quickly lowered to less than room temperature by using liquid nitrogen, to obtain negative electrode active material comprised of metal-displaced lithium-titanium oxides (of a ramsdellite type structure) of formula (Li2.29-xTi3.43-yTayO5) (A1), where x and y is 0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite powder comprises (in %mass) component (a) (10-80) and component (b) (90-20). The composite powder further contains lithium or lithium alloy, and conductive material (0.1-20) which does not react electrochemically. The component (b) is halogenated tin or tin oxalate. The conductive material comprises copper, nickel, cobalt, carbon and/or stainless steel. Preferred Process: A solution formed by dissolving component (b), and conductive support agent and/or binder is coated on particles of component (a). A component (a) powder is dispersed in oxalic acid solution, and halogenated tin fluid is added, and tin oxalate is covered on particles of component (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic components are made of ceramics from metal oxides e.g. aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and cordierite, and silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode further comprises a carbonaceous material and a binder. The positive electrode comprises 20-97 wt.% of the carbonaceous material, and 2.9-20 wt.% of the binder. The manganese oxide including the transition metal has a structure of formula (MxMnyOz) (I). The catalyst comprises manganese oxide including nickel. The manganese oxide including the transition metal comprises a mixed oxide consisting of nickel manganese oxide, nickel zinc manganese oxide, nickel cobalt manganese oxide, nickel iron manganese oxide, nickel copper manganese oxide, nickel zinc cobalt manganese oxide, nickel iron cobalt manganese oxide, nickel iron copper manganese oxide, nickel cobalt iron copper manganese oxide, and nickel zinc cobalt iron copper manganese oxide. The manganese oxide including nickel has a structure of formula (NixMnyO2) (II). The catalyst comprises an amorphous manganese oxide including a transition metal. The catalyst comprises manganese oxide including a transition metal and has an average particle diameter of 10-70 nm. The catalyst is present at 0.1-80 (preferably 0.1-77.1) wt.%. The transition metal salt comprises at least one salt consisting of zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, cobalt sulfate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride, cobalt fluoride, cobalt acetate, iron sulfate, iron nitrate, iron chloride, copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper chloride, copper acetate, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, nickel fluoride, and nickel acetate. The manganese oxide precursor comprises at least one oxide consisting of lithium manganese oxide, sodium permanganate and potassium permanganate.M = Zn, Co, Fe, Cu, or Ni;x, y = 0-1;z = 0-5; andx+y = 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solution comprises a 1-20C alcohol. The alcohol solution further comprises water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of oxide (I) is 50 mol% or more in the solid solution. Element (M1) is preferably nickel. Element (M2) is Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium, sodium and potassium is carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, hydroxide, silicate, aluminate, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, acetate or oxalate. The iron, manganese, cobalt or nickel is oxide, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, silicate, aluminate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and organic salt. The compound containing silicon is alkoxide of silicon oxide, silicate of lithium, sodium and potassium, silicate of iron, manganese, cobalt or nickel, aluminosilicate, and/or silicon. The compound containing aluminum is alumina, oxyhydroxylated aluminum, aluminosilicate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, or aluminum sulfate. The compound containing boron is boron oxide, boric acid, borate of lithium, sodium or potassium, borate of iron, manganese, cobalt or nickel, borosilicic acid salt, and/or aluminum borate. The molten material is of formula: AeMbSixD1-xOf1, Li1+x+a(FeyMn1-y)bSixA1-xO3+x+d11 or Li1+x+a(FeyMn1-y) bSix(BcA1-c)1-xO3+x+d21. The silicate-aluminic acid compound is of compositional formula: A1+x+aMbSixA1-xO3+x+d11 or A1+x+aMbSixA1-xO3+x+d12. The silicate-aluminic acid compound contains olivine- type crystal grain of formula: Li1+x+a(FeyMn1-y)bSixA1-xO3+x+d12 or Li1+x+a(FeyMn1y)bSix(BcA1-c)1-xO3+x+d22. The silicate-boric-acid-aluminic acid compound is of compositional formula: A1+x+aMbSix(BcA1-c)1-xO3+x+d22.f1=e;a=0.1-0.4;andd11, d12=number depending on valence of a, b, and M. Preferred Definitions:    A=lithium;and    M=iron or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core particles are bonded through carbon. The positive-electrode active material is nickel hydroxide. The electroconductive particles are formed using carbon material having a graphitization degree of 0.3-0.8. The addition amount of positive-electrode active material is 0.1-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The powder comprises an ethylene type polymer as binder which binds the electroconductive material particles with core particles. The addition amount of binder is 50-150 wt.% by weight ratio of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate or N,N-dimethyl-N-methyl-N-(methoxyethyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate. The content of non-aqueous electrolyte solution contained with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte is 50-96 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound of the atom of the periodic table group 13-15 is chosen from phosphorus sulfide, sulfurated silicon, germanium sulfide and sulfurated boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Metal oxide is manganese oxide and/or nickel oxide. Mass ratio of lithium iron oxide and metal oxide is 80:20-20:80. Negative electrode active material contains carbonaceous materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material is oxide-type positive electrode active material, and contains lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (LiNixCoyMnzO2, where x and y are not 1 and sum of x, y and z is 1). The polyanion is phosphate anion (PO43-) or borate anion (BO33-).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst precursor is nickel, nickel-iron alloy, ceria, doped ceria, zirconia, doped zirconia, complex oxide of formula: MasTi1-xMbxO3-d, where Ma is barium, strontium or calcium, Mb is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium or uranium, and s is 0-0.5, complex oxide of formula: LnCr1-xMxO3-d, where Ln is lanthanide element, and M is titanium, vanadium, manganese, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium or uranium, praseodymium oxide, and/or complex oxide of formula: AEZr1-x-y-zCexYyYbzO3, where AE is barium, strontium or calcium, preferably magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, alumina/magnesium oxide, calcium zirconate, strontium zirconate, barium zirconate, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and/or barium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additional energy storage is a lead-acid battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cooling channel consists of light metal such as aluminum or an aluminum alloy and/or plastic. The cell connector consists of copper or aluminum. The electrically insulating layer consists of polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material of the mixture layer has a particle accumulated with lithium transition metal oxide which is supplied with ammonium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline aqueous solution-type etching agent further contains thio compound and nitrate ion. The active material layer of positive electrode contains lithium-containing transition metal compound. The lithium-containing transition metal compound is lithium-iron phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of thio compound in alkaline aqueous solution-type etching agent is 0.05-25 wt.%. The thio compound is thiosulfate ion and/or 1-7C thio compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of resin (A) and resin (B) is 1-10 wt.% and 99-90 wt.%, respectively. The resin (B) has a hydroxyl group, an amino group, or an epoxy group. The resin (A) is acid-modified polyolefin resin in which maleic acid anhydride is graft-polymerized by the polypropylene. Preferred Property: The melting point of resin (A) is less than the melting point of resin (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wall thickness of the nanotube is 3-11, preferably 3-8 nm. The outer diameter of the nanotube is 30-80 nm. The nanotube is 5-20 mu m. The nanotube is loaded with 5-30, preferably 5-20 wt.% of platinum on surface of the metal nanotube. The nanotube is formed of an alloy of platinum. The nanotube comprises porous platinum. The metal nanotube is formed by galvanic displacement of the metal nanowire. The nanowire is loaded with 1-20 wt.% of platinum on its surface. The fuel cell is proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The fuel cell is hydroxyl exchange membrane fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper foil contains alloy element (0-0.1 %mass) chosen from silver, tin, chromium, iron, zinc and zirconium, and remainder of copper and unavoidable impurities. Preferred Property: The tensile strength of the copper foil from direction which is parallel to rolling direction is 400-550 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: At least 1 portion of carbon and at least 1 part of sulfur are mutually united. The active material exhibits main peak existing in 1557 cm-1 vicinity of Raman shift, and a peak existing in 1371 cm-1, 1049 cm-1, 994 cm-1, 842 cm-1, 612 cm-1, 412 cm-1, 354 cm-1, 314 cm-1 vicinity within the range of 200-1800 cm-1 in Raman spectrum. Preferred Method: Sulfur is refluxed during heat-treatment. The temperature of raw material is 500 degrees C or less and 250 degrees C or more. The mass ratio of carbon material and sulfur in raw material is 1:1-1:5, preferably 1:2-1:10. Sulfur is removed by heat treatment at 200-250 degrees C under reduced pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of magnetic graphene is 500-50000. Preferred Process: The magnetic graphene is magnetically polarized with specified magnet, during manufacture of magnetic material laminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A Gurley value of the polyolefin microporous membrane and the nonaqueous electrolyte battery separator is calculated according to JISP8117 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The membrane comprises sodium super ionic conductor (NaSICON), beta -alumina, and/or solid electrolyte material. The electrolyte comprises a mixture containing sodium, nickel, and chlorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The cathode dummy cell comprises a cathode plate (20) and an end anode plate and the anode dummy cell comprises an anode plate and an end cathode plate, where the end anode plate is formed without hydrogen inlet/outlet apertures and the end cathode plate is formed without air inlet/outlet apertures. The fuel cell stack further comprises a gas diffusion layer (40) disposed between the: cathode plate and the end anode plate of the cathode dummy cell and between the anode plate and the end cathode plate of the anode dummy cell, where each of the cathode dummy cells and the anode dummy cells comprise only a gas diffusion layer assembly in which two gas diffusion layers are bonded to each other; or end plates at both ends of the fuel cell stack and the dummy end plates. In the fuel cell stack, where an end cathode plate or an end anode plate as a dummy end plate is further disposed on end cells or on the dummy cells, which are in contact with the end plates at both ends of the fuel cell stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy contains 0.01-0.3 %mass of magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primer layer further contains carbon element. The abundance ratio of the number of elements of silicon with respect to number of elements to carbon is 0.2 or more measured using X-ray electronic-spectroscopic analysis method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane is fixed at the end portions of the membrane with tongs to maintain the shape of the membrane. The end portions of the membrane are fixed at four directions. The polybenzimidazole-based polymer is at least one polybenzimidazole-based polymer compounds of formula (I)-(VIII).A1, B1 = repeating units optionally containing sulfonic acid groups, respectively, where A1 is 0-99 and B1 is 100-1, and Y1 is nil or, if present, Y1 is O or S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layered oxide is oxide having O3 structure. The ratio of the layered oxide is 3-15 vol.% of the composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The suboxide comprises zinc and manganese, or tin IV oxide. The positive-electrode active material comprises lithium complex oxide of formula: Li1-xM12-2xM2xM32xO4-y. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide contains manganese. The composition ratio of manganese and zinc of suboxide is 2 to less than 4.M1=manganese or transition metal element;M2,M3=zinc or transition metal element;andx,y=value which satisfies electrical neutrality.Preferred Property: The lattice constant of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 8.22-8.25 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains a cyclic compound of formula (II). The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate(s) having a double bond, and a fluorine atom. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains monofluorophosphoric acid lithium or difluoro lithium phosphate.X,Z=(CR1)2, C=O, C=N-R1, C=P-R1, O, S, N-R1 or P-R1;Y1=(CR1)2, C=O, S=O, S(=O)2, P(=O)-R2, P(=O)-OR3;R,R1=1-20C hydrocarbon having H, halo or functional group:R2=1-20C hydrocarbon optionally having a functional group;R3=Li, (NR4)4 or 1-20C hydrocarbon optionally having functional group;R4=1-20C hydrocarbon optionally having a functional group;n,m= greater than or equal to 0;andW1=R.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (A) is compound of formula R1SO2(O)mR2 (I). The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (C) and non-fluorine linear carbonate (D). The solvent further comprise electrolytic salt (B). The non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (C) is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate. The non-fluorine linear carbonate (D) is dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate. The electrolytic salt (B) is chosen from LiPF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, lithium bis(oxalate)borate and lithium-phosphorus fluoride salt of formula LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a.a=0-5;n=1-6;m=0 or 1;andR 1,R 2=1-7C alkyl or fluoroalkyl, in which at least one of R 1and R 2is fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive is antioxidant, antistatic and/or inorganic stuff. The antioxidant is antioxidant 1010, antioxidant 1076, antioxidant 2246, antioxidant 3114 and/or antioxidant tris nonylphenyl phosphite. The solvent is phthalate, sebacate, adipate, phosphate, liquid paraffin and/or solid paraffin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyolefin resin is polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-1-butene, poly-4-methyl-1-amylene, poly-1-hexene and/or poly-1-octylene. The high-density polyolefin is polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-4-methyl-1-amylene, polystyrene and/or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal fuel is selected from a group consisting of magnesium, lithium, calcium, sodium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The glass-like sulfide solid electrolyte material contains two or more types of cation selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), boron (B), germanium (Ge), and aluminum (Al) in addition to lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tricobalt tetroxide with respect to the cobalt compound is 30 atomic% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of negative electrode capacity of hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode with respect to negative electrode surface area of hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode 60 cm2/Ah or more. Preferred Composition: The content of zinc contained in nickel positive electrode is 2 %mass or less with respect to content of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese complex oxide has layered rock-salt structure. The complex oxide further comprises lithium-manganese complex oxide having spinel crystal structure including trivalent manganese. The complex oxide is of formula: xLi2M1O3.(1-x)LiM2O2 or yLi2M1O3.(1-y)LiM32O4.x=0-1;y=more than 0 and less than 1;andM1-M3=Mn.Preferred Process: Before raw material mixture preparation, the precursor synthesis process of obtaining a deposit is carried out by making aqueous solution containing metallic elements into alkaline state. The complex oxide is heat-fired in oxygen-containing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The phthalocyanine nanowire has breadth of 100 nm or less and ratio of length to breadth of 10 or more. The composition containing the nanowire and solvent is coated on heat-resistant substrate. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=methyl, ethyl, propyl, (oligo)naphthylene, (oligo)phenylene, (oligo)benzothiophene, (oligo)pyrrole, (oligo)thiophene or (oligo)benzopyrrole (all optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The membrane sheet comprises perfluoro sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Fuel supply system is provided with natural gas, marsh gas, coke and coal gas as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is of formula: CH3-(R1-C(=S)-C(=S)-R2)n1-CH3, CH3-(R3-C(=O)-C(=O)-R4)n2-CH3 or CH3-(R5-C(=O)-R6-C(=O)-R7)n3-CH3. The alkoxy compound is of formula: R8-O-(CH2-CH2-O)n4-R9.n1-n4=1 or more;R1-R7=imino, alkylene, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, aryloxy, arylamino, alkylamino, thioaryl, thioalkyl, heterocyclyl, formyl, silyl, cyano, nitro, nitroso, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl;andR8,R9=imino, alkylene, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, aryloxy, arylamino, alkylamino, thioaryl, thioalkyl, heterocyclyl, formyl, silyl, cyano, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), applying the material involves printing or casting the material. The material is printed in a continuous layer; or the material is printed to form an array of discrete shapes. The method (M1) further involves preparing the material. In (M2), the film is substantially the same size as the component. In (M3), the pressure of 0.5-20 (preferably 2-10) MPa is applied. In (M4) and (M5), a pressure of 2.0-10 MPa is applied. Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises at least one functional additive. Preferred Components: The metal powder comprises gold, palladium, silver, copper, aluminum, silver palladium alloy or gold palladium alloy (preferably silver particles); nanoparticles; or coated metal particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: In the film, the layer of the composition is on a polymeric, glass, metal or ceramic substrate (preferably polymeric substrate). Preferred Components: The polymeric substrate comprises polyester; or a release coating. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nonmetallic polyvalent cation salt is a fullerene derivative of formula (1).Fu=C60, C70, C74, C76, C78, C80, C82, C84, C90, or C96;R1, R2=alkyl group;X-=imide anion, perchlorate anion, or tetrafluoroborate anion; andn=2-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal nitride is selected from a group consisting of magnesium, aluminum, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is selected from one of isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, ethanol, butanol, diacetone alcohol and pentanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ionomer is selected from one of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, sulfonated polyether ketone, aryl ketone and polybenzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-cobalt complex oxide is of formula: LiCoxM1-xO2, where M is metal(s), and x is greater than 0.7 and 1 or less. The complex oxide is preferably of formula: LiCoO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic nanowires comprise sodium titanate, potassium titanate, a mixture of sodium and potassium titanates, hydrogen titanate or titania, an inorganic titanate or a mixture of inorganic titanates, and an inorganic compound consisting of silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide and tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Fuels are hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy contains iridium, ruthenium, gold, palladium, cobalt, nickel and/or silver, preferably iridium and palladium, or primary metal chosen from iridium and palladium, and secondary metal chosen from cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, osmium, rhenium, ruthenium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, vanadium and zirconium. The secondary metal is chosen from silver, aluminum, gold, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, indium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, osmium, lead, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, titanium, uranium, vanadium, tungsten and zirconium. The ratio of primary metal and secondary metal is 8:2-1:9. The amount of alloy is 0.2 mg/cm2 or less. The amount of platinum contained in the membrane electrode assembly is 0.2 mg/cm2 or less. Preferred Property: The high degree-of-graphitization of carbon black of electroconductive material has BET specific surface area of 50-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molten material is obtained by heating a raw material mixture containing compound of element (A) chosen from silicate of element (A), phosphate of element (A) hydrogen phosphate salt of element (A), nitrate of element (A), chloride of element (A), sulfate of element (A), acetate of element (A) and/or oxalate of element (A), compound of element (M) chosen from oxide of element (M), oxyhydroxide of element (M), silicate of element (M), metal of element (M), phosphate of element (M), chloride of element (M), nitrate of element (M), sulfate element (M) and/or organic salt of element (M), compound containing silicon chosen from silicon oxide, silicate of element (A), silicate of element (M) and/or alkoxide of silicon, and compound containing phosphorus chosen from phosphorus oxide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, phosphorus acid, hypophosphorus acid, phosphate of element (A) and/or phosphate of element (M). The carbon source used during manufacture of silicic acid-phosphoric acid compound is solidified material of organic compound and/or carbon powder. The ratio of carbon equivalent amount of carbon source is 0.1-20 %mass with respect to total content of mass of solidified material and carbon equivalent amount of carbon source. Preferred Condition: The molten metal is cooled in the cooling rate of -103 degrees C/second to -1010 degrees C/second. The ground material is heated at 500-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel generator is configured to generate fuel by thermolysing the aluminum hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the paste composition (c2), the additive comprises the material (m1). The metal oxide comprises at least one material selected from SnFe2O4, NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, CuFe2O4, and VFe2O4. The conductive powder comprises silver (Ag) powder. In the paste composition, the additive is present in an amount of 0.1-5 (preferably 0.1-2) wt.%. Preferred Composition: The paste composition (c1) comprises (wt.%): the additive (0.1-10, preferably 0.1-5, especially 0.1-2); the conductive powder (50-90), the organic vehicle (10-50), the glass frit (1-20). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: The battery active material having peak of a powder X-ray diffraction as given in specification; and two peaks a powder X-ray diffraction as given in specification, where the ratio of the intensities of the two peaks (IH/IL) being less than 1, where IH is an intensity of high-angle side peak and IL is an intensity of low-angle side peak, in a powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the battery active material obtained by using Cu-K-alpha rays. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound is specified as monoclinic complex oxide i.e. titanium niobium oxide (TiNb2O7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel generator has shape-change component containing bimetal or shape-memory alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanowires possess uniform core and shell thicknesses; possess a thickness of up to 500 nm. The shell and transition metal core have thicknesses up to 300 (preferably up to 200) nm. The transition metal core comprises at least one transition metal selected from Groups VIIIB, IXB, XB, IB, and IIB of the Periodic Table of the elements (preferably at least one transition metal selected from Group IB of the Periodic Table of the elements, especially copper). When the transition metal core comprises copper, then the shell comprises silicon. In the nanowires (n2), the metal oxide shell comprises an oxide of a transition or main group metal; oxide of a transition metal. The transition metal is an early transition metal selected from Groups IIIB, IVB, and VB of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The metal oxide comprises titanium oxide. The nanowire has a diameter of up to 400 (preferably up to 200, especially up to 20) nm. In the nanowires (n3), the metal oxide comprises an oxide of a transition or main group metal; comprises a silicon oxide. The nanowires (n3) have a diameter of up to 10 (preferably up to 5) nm. The etchable substrate is removed to produce an array of transition metal core and Group IV metal shell nanowires with empty space between the nanowires. The porous substrate is an etchable substrate. The transition metal core and Group IV metal shell have thicknesses independently selected from thickness of up to 300 nm (preferably up to 200 nm). The pores are up to 500 nm in thickness. The metal nanowires are up to 400 nm in thickness. The metal oxide comprises a silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is a N,N-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rod portion provided at the electrode portion consists of aluminum or its alloy. The strip portion that connects the bus-bar portion and rod portion consists of copper or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is of formula: LiM1xMn2-xO4 (1), where M1 is chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel or copper and x is 0-2 (excluding 2), preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or lithium cobalt oxide. Alternately, the sintered compact contains phosphoric acid compound, transition metal oxide of formula: M2y1Oy2 (2), where M2 is transition metal element except titanium and y1,y2 are 0 or less. The active material is preferably niobium oxide, tungsten trioxide, tantalum oxide or molybdenum trioxide. The solid electrolyte material is of formula: Li1+zM3zM42-z(PO4)3 (3), where M3 is aluminum, yttrium or gallium, M4 is titanium, germanium or zirconium and z is 0-2. The electrolyte material is preferably Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The average particle diameter of microparticles of hydroxide and/or oxyhydroxide of rare earth element is 100 nm or less. The adhesion amount of microparticles of hydroxide and/or oxyhydroxide with respect to lithium cobaltate and/or nickel cobalt lithium manganate is 0.01-0.3 mol%. The negative electrode active material consists of graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soft magnetic component is rotating component; and is rotor or armature. The nanofeatures have an average size of 1-100, 1-50, 1-25 nanometers; and have number density of at least 1018, 1020 or 1022 per cubic meter of the nanostructured ferritic alloy. The alloy matrix comprises titanium (0.1-2, preferably 0.1-1) wt.%, iron (40, preferably 35) wt.%, and cobalt (up to 60, preferably 45-55, especially 20-55, particularly 20-35) wt.%; and comprises at least one element selected from silicon (up to 8, preferably 1-6, especially 2-5), vanadium (0.1-2, preferably 0.1-1), chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, aluminum and tantalum. The oxide comprises titanium, and at least one element selected from yttrium, hafnium, aluminum, and zirconium; and comprises iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, silicon, niobium, aluminum, tantalum, cobalt, or vanadium. The nanostructured ferritic alloy comprises alloy matrix comprising iron (at least 35 or 50) wt.%, titanium (0.1-1) wt.%, and cobalt (20-55) wt.% or silicon (up to 8) wt.%; and a nanofeatures disposed in the alloy matrix, where the nanofeatures comprise an oxide, the oxide comprising titanium and at least one element selected from yttrium, hafnium, aluminum, and zirconium; where the nanofeatures have an average size of 1-50 nanometers, and a number density of at least 1020 per cubic meter of the nanostructured ferritic alloy. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cells of the battery is made from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium triflate or lithium perchlorate. The electrolyte is dissolved in solvent e.g. dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, propionitrils or butyronitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium iron phosphate exhibits calcium, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zircon, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Carbon fiber is carbon nanofiber. 1-5 Vol.% of carbon fiber is added with respect to titanium powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The central charge controller is coupled to the controllers through a wired connection such as wired Ethernet connection and RS-485 compliant connection. The central charge controller is coupled to the controllers through a wireless connection such as wireless Ethernet connection, Zigbee connection and Bluetooth connection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel gas contains 70 vol.% or more of 4C or less hydrocarbon compound, preferably natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon is acetylene carbon, ketchen black or vapor phase epitaxy carbon and natural graphite or artificial graphite. The lithium source, iron source and metal source are nitrate, acetate, chloride or metal alkoxide. The lithium source is lithium acetate and the phosphorus source is phosphoric acid. Preferred Property: The half value width of diffraction peak of 011 surface of lithium containing complex oxide is 0.2-0.5. The dispersion liquid has pH of -1 to 1 before the cyclic ether addition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic ether contains epoxy group or oxetane ring in the structure, preferably propylene oxide. The cyclic ether is added in the molar ratio of 0.1-85 with respect to the total mol of lithium source, iron source, metal source and phosphorus source. The solvent is ethanol, propanol or butanol, added in the molar ratio of 20-85 with respect to total mol of lithium source, iron source, metal source and phosphorus source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium source is lithium acetate or lithium nitrate. The metal (M) source is iron nitrate nonahydrate or zirconium chloride. The phosphorus source is phosphorus acid. The silicon source is tetraethoxysilane or tetramethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic ether is cyclic ether containing epoxy group or oxetane. The solvent is alcoholic solvent e.g. methanol, ethanol or propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of positive electrode active material powder is covered with cobalt and/or cobalt component. The amount of negative electrode additive is 0.3-1.5 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of hydrogen storage alloy. The hydrogen storage alloy contains lanthanum-magnesium-nickel-aluminum-metal complex of formula: Ln1-xMgxNiy-a-bAlaMb, where Ln is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, zirconium, or titanium, M is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, cobalt, gallium, zinc, tin, indium, copper, silicon, phosphorus or boron, a and x are 0.05-0.3, b is 0-0.5 and y is 2.8-3.9. The hydrogen storage alloy has cerium-nickel (Ce2Ni7)-type crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plating layer formed in heat flow mater, is made of formed of cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, and antimony. The insulating layer is formed of aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first transition metal salt comprises cobalt, iron, nickel, chromium, copper, manganese, tantalum, and tungsten. The second metal salt comprises metal nitrate, metal acetate, and metal chloride. The inert carrier gas comprises argon, helium, and nitrogen. The first transition metal salt comprises nitrate, acetate, and chloride of the first transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multidentate ligand comprises nitrogen containing ligands consisting of imidazolate, pyrazolate, piperazine and/or tetrazolate. The first organic solvent comprises dimethylformamide, diethylormamide, dimethylacetamide, cyanamide, and pyridine. The organometallic compound comprises ferrocene, cobaltocene, and Prussian blue. The reductive carrier gas comprises ammonia, pyridine, and acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte tape is made of yttria stabilized zirconia, calcia stabilized zirconia, magnesia stabilized zirconia, and lanthanum gallates. The fuel electrode is made of nickel oxide. The air electrode is made of lanthanum strontium manganite and samarium strontium cobaltite. The connecting electrode is made of silver-palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive which consists of material containing silicon, tin and oxygen. The atomic ratio of oxygen is 0.5-1.5. The active material is graphite. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of lithium-transition metal oxide or lithium-transition metal phosphate, where transition metal is selected from cobalt, nickel, manganese, titanium and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The disordered carbon is selected from mesocarbon microbeads, petroleum coke, coal coke, celluloses, saccharides, mesophase pitches, artificial graphites, carbon blacks, asphalt pitches, coal tar, activated carbons and polyacetylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises iron, zinc, cadmium, lanthanum/nickel, and titanium/zirconium alloy. The alkali metal comprises lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic separator comprises alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, niobium and/or tantalum oxide. The cathode layer comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium-iron-phosphate, lithium Manganese Oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron fluorophosphate, lithium cobalt nickel manganese oxide compound (LiCo(0.33)Ni(0.33)Mn(0.33)O2), and/or lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide compound (Li(LiNixMny,Coz)O2), where x is 0.5-0.3, y is 0.3 and z is 0.2-0.1 with a total composition of 1.0. The anode layer comprises graphite, hard and/or soft carbon, titanate, silicon, germanium and/or an intermetallic alloy having a crystalline, amorphous and/or nanoparticle morphology. The electrolyte comprises lithium salt (1:1 w/w) comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and/or lithiumtrifluoromethanesulfonate in carbonate-based solvent or alternatively comprises a mixture of lithium electrolyte salts in aprotic ionic liquids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas separator is made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode material used is vanadium oxyhydroxide. The electrolyte is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate or LiPF3(C2F5)3 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate with ethyl methyl carbonate and/or dimethylcarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The component which forms one layer is high density polyethylene and the component which forms another layer is polyamide resin. Preferred Process: The battery container is formed by blow molding method. The electromagnetic wave shielding property coating material is injected and coated to the inside of parison.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The center metal of metal phthalocyanine complex is iron or cobalt, or the center metal of metal phthalocyanine complex is iron and sulfur is added to metal phthalocyanine complex. The molar ratio of nitrogen and carbon of baked metal phthalocyanine complex is more than 0.005-0.013.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution has less than or equal to 30 wt.% of cyclic ether compound with respect to the whole electrolyte solution. The cyclic ether compound is compound of formula (2).R5-R8=H, halo, CN, carbonyl group, NO2, NH2, sulfo group, aryl group and alkyl group; andm=1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is a carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide or an alkoxide of a group 1 metal, or a carbonate of a group 2 metal. In the graphene oxide, at least 80 (preferably 95) wt.% material is covalently bound oxygen-containing material. The graphene oxide has an atomic C:O ratio of 20:1-1:1. Preferred Process: The treatment with base occurs at -10 degrees C to 200 degrees C. The graphene oxide is prepared using the Hummers method. Preferred Method: The method comprises (a)-(c) as above per se, optionally repeating the step one or more times, and (d) as above per se.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used for the base is water or a 1-4C alcohol. The base is an aqueous solution of a base. The concentration of the aqueous base is 0.001-10 M. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conduction auxiliary agent is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conduction auxiliary agent is acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The particles (A) have average particle diameter of 10-20 mu m and specific surface area of 0.4-0.6 m2/g and the particles (B) have average particle diameter of 5-10 mu m and specific surface area of 0.8-1.2 m2/g. The ratio of the particles (B) with respect to the total amount of the particles (A,B) is 20-50 wt.%. The pH of the mixture of the active materials (A,B) is 10.5-11.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode comprises graphite particles or silicon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal salt is lithium-bisoxalatoborate, lithium difluoro(bisoxalato) borate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithiumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide, lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide or a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate. The electrolyte further comprises 0.01-10 wt.% of vinylene carbonate, fluorinated ethylene carbonate, biphenyl or cyclohexyl benzene. The concentration of the alkali metal salt is 0.5-2M. (A) is of formula (SiR4-x-yR1axR2ay) (II). (A) is 4-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one, 4-(3-(di-tert-butoxy-methyl-silanyl)-propoxymethyl)-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one, 4-(2-(4-((2-(2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy)-ethoxy)-dimethyl-silanyl)-butoxy)-ethyl)-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one or 4-(3-((dimethyl-(3-((2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)propyl)silyl)oxy-dimethyl-silyl)propoxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.x = 1-4; andy = 0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aprotic solvent comprises a silicon-based solvent, an organic solvent, a cyclic or linear carbonate, dialkyl carbonate, aliphatic carboxylate ester, gamma -lactone, linear or cyclic ether, or a fluorinated carboxylate ester. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of iron and carbon contained in composite electrode material is 1/0.01-1/100. The carbon base material is fibrous carbon having hollow structure. The electrolytic solution contained in metal-air battery contains hydrogen generation inhibitor. The mass ratio of the iron complex compound with respect to carbon base material is 1/0.01-1/10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron complex compound is tris(2,4-pentadionato)iron(III). The concentration of iron complex compound in the organic solution is 0.01-1 mol/L. The organic solution contains surfactant. The surfactant is oleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of coating layer is 100 nm or less. Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal oxide is lithium cobaltate. The lithium-transition-metal oxide powder component is manufacture of using niobium compound which is niobic-acid complex, preferably peroxide complex of niobic acid ((Nb(O2)4)3-), or niobic-acid complex having oxalic acid in a ligand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic valence of large valence transition metal element is more than pentavalent or hexavalent. The ionic valence of manganese is tetravalent. The large valence transition metal element is tungsten. The raw material compound is prepared such that the content of large valence transition metal element is 10 mol% or less with respect to total content of transition metals in lithium manganese complex oxide. The raw material compound is metal alkoxide or complex compound capable of dissolving in water or alcohol. The lithium manganese complex oxide is ternary-type lithium-containing compound comprising manganese, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate ester, lactone, nitrile, sulfone, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, sulfolane, acetonitrile and/or (gamma)-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves washing porous metal complex using lower aliphatic alcohol after contacting porous metal complex contact with organic compound, and removing excess organic compound. Preferred Definitions:    M=Al, Fe, V, Cr, Ga, or In.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal salt is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The number of substituents of formula: -(-O-)m1-C(=O)-(-O-)m2-R3 in the silicon compound is 1 or 2. The content of silicon compound is 20-80 %mass. The electrolyte solution further contains a phosphorus compound (5-40 %mass) chosen from phosphoric acid ester compound of formula: (Rp)11-O-P(=O)(-O-(Rp)12)-O-(Rp)13, phosphazene compound of formula: -N=P(-(Rp)21)(-(Rp)22-)n2, phosphonic acid ester compound of formula: (Rp)32-O-P(=O)(-O-(Rp)33)-(Rp)31, and phosphite compound of formula: (Rp)41-O-P(-O-(Rp)42)-O-(Rp)43.(Rp)11-(Rp)13,(Rp)31-(Rp)33,(Rp)41-(Rp)43=alkyl or aryl;(Rp)21,(Rp)22=halo, alkoxy or aryloxy;andn2=1 or more. Preferred Definitions:    R1 or R2=-(-C(-R4)2-)m3-COOR'3 or -(-C(-R4)2-)m3-OCOR'3;    R4=H or R2;    m3=1-5;    m4=0-5;    Q=coupling group which forms 4-8-membered ring with adjacent atom;and    R'3=linear or branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content rate of oxygen of carbonyl group in the coating layer is 7-39 atomic%. The low crystalline carbon of the coating layer is amorphous carbon. The coating layer is the carbon film formed in the surface of the graphite nucleus material by thermal decomposition of the organic compound in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, or its mixture with low crystalline carbon. The content of low crystalline carbon is 0.1-20 %mass. The positive electrode contains positive electrode active material, conductive support agent, positive electrode binder, and collector. The positive electrode active material contains lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, LiMnO3, LiMn2O3, LiMnO2, Li4Mn5O12 or LiMn2-xMxO2, Li2Mn3M'O8 and/or Li1-xAx'Mn2O4), lithium-nickel oxide (LiNi1-xM"xO2 or LiNi1-xM'1xO2), lithium iron oxide, iron sulfate, lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCo1-xM1xO2), iron fluoride, lithium-iron phosphate, and/or lithium-manganese phosphate, where M is cobalt, nickel, iron, chromium, zinc, or tantalum, x is 0.01-0.2, M' is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, or zinc, M1 is nickel, iron or manganese, M'1 is manganese, iron, cobalt, aluminum, gallium, calcium or magnesium, x'=0.01-0.1, A is magnesium, boron, aluminum, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, zinc or calcium and M" is cobalt, iron or gallium. Preferred Properties: The coating layer has thickness of 10-100 nm. The intensity ratios (I1360/I1580) of Raman peak of the negative electrode active material are 0.1-0.7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of hydroxyl group and carbonyl group is 1:1-4:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is carbonized organic polymer compound, preferably carbonized organic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The alkaline polymer is polyimide, polyamide imide or polybenzimidazole. The product is the poly cyclohexene phosphonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The particle diameter of recovery substance is 1 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The fuel cell system produces stable electrical efficiency for at least 50 hours, preferably at least 500 hours. The separator is deposited onto the air cathode. The separator is a hydroxide-permeable membrane. The fuel cell system is operable by contacting the anode with fuel and contacting the cathode with oxygen or oxidant (46), or by contacting anode with fuel and contacting cathode with air. The separator comprises a solid electrolyte membrane (58). The electrical energy storage device(s) comprises rechargeable battery device and/or supercapacitor. An output power variability of at least one electrical energy storage device is larger than a maximal output power variability. At least one electrical energy storage device is portable.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The air cathode comprises manganese dioxide catalyst layer (54) or a metal complex, preferably a cobalt porphyrin complex. The oxidant comprises a peroxide or oxygen. The fuel comprises an alkaline aqueous solution of mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine-derived fuel comprises a compound of formula: R1R2R3N-BR4R5R6 and/or R7R8N-NR9R10, in a molar ratio of 200:1-1:200.R1-R6=H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalicyclic, alkoxy, or amino, preferably H, with at least one of R4-R6 being H;andR7-R10=H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydrazido or amino, preferably H, with at least one of R7-R10 being H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer comprises polymer(s) and/or copolymer(s), preferably poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) and polyethylene glycol. The separator further comprises a crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is alumina or hydrated alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator is made of porous polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Particle porosity of positive electrode active material is preferably 25-66%. The dibutyl phthalate of positive electrode active material is 32 mL/100 g or more. The D50 particle diameter of secondary particle of positive electrode active material is 3-7 mu m. The specific surface area of secondary particle of positive electrode active material is 0.8-1.5 m2/g. The opening width of through-hole is 0.01 mu m or more, preferably 2 mu m or less. Preferred Layer: The positive mix layer is formed by coating positive mixture (224) on the collector, and rolling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous layer (A) contains 1-30 weight% of polyolefin wax having weight average molecular weight of 500-3000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The shape of secondary particles contained in the metal composite hydroxide is spherical or elliptic-sphere. Preferred Condition: The lithium-containing complex oxide is baked at 600-850 degrees C for 4 hours. Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide or its hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating includes a coating material consisting of niobium, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium iridium, gold, silver, carbon and/or any alloys.
Preferred Definitions:    Q=ammonium ion or imidazolium ion.
Preferred Definitions:    a1=0.7-0.8; and    d=0.03-0.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of lithium tetrafluoroborate is 10-30% with respect to content of lithium hexafluorophosphate. The electrolyte solution further contains iodide salt whose content is 0.5-5% with respect to total content of lithium tetrafluoroborate and lithium hexafluorophosphate. The content of lithium tetrafluoroborate is 0.5-30% with respect to the total content of iodide salt, lithium tetrafluoroborate and lithium hexafluorophosphate. The positive electrode contains electroconductive agent having specific surface area of 100 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ion conducting membrane includes platinum nanoparticles. The stabilization agent comprises a compound selected from cerium dioxide, manganese dioxide, Ce(III) containing compounds, Ce(IV) containing compounds, Mn(II) containing compounds and/or Mn(IV) containing compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion conducting membrane includes a perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A carbon-type active material is used for negative electrode, and a lithium type active material is used for positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lubricating agent is a metal soap type lubricating agent, preferably calcium stearate and/or magnesium stearate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinylidene fluoride resin composition preferably comprises vinylidene fluoride polymer (40-92.9) and lubricating agent (0.1-5), and further comprises fibrous carbon (0.1-5). The vinylidene fluoride polymer comprises 70 mol% or more of structural units derived from vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sulfonic acid resin is perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of contacting of the phosphorus-based compound with the lithium halide solution is performed at a temperature of 0 degrees C to about the boiling point of the lithium halide solution. Preferred Components: The phosphorus-based compound is a glass-ceramic of formula Li1+x+y(Ti,Ge)2-x(Al,Ga)xSiyP3-yO12, or a material derived from the glass-ceramic. The lithium halide solution is an aqueous solution of a lithium halide. The lithium halide in the lithium halide solution is at least one compound selected from lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), and lithium iodide (LiI). The concentration of the lithium halide in the lithium halide solution is 0.001M to the corresponding saturation point.x and y=0-1. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) (71.72 g), titanium dioxide (TiO2) (127.79 g), aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) (150.05 g), and (mono)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) (345.08 g) were ground and mixed in a mortar. The resulting mixture was heated at 1100 degrees C for 2 hours to obtain a synthesized powder. The synthesized powder was compressed to form ceramic pellets, which were then sintered at 1100 degrees C for 1 hour to prepare a lithium ion conductor (comparative). The comparative lithium ion conductor was immersed in an aqueous solution saturated with lithium chloride at 50 degrees C for 7 days, to obtain lithium ion conductor (test). The test/comparative conductor was tested for electrical conductivity, and it was found to be 2/0.6 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The channels of the micro heat exchanger are coated with a washcoat of a motor vehicle exhaust gas catalyst. The catalyst catalyzes conversion(s) of nitrogen oxide (NOx) to nitrogen, hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, or carbon monoxide to CO2. The micro heat exchanger is made from a block of a thermally conductive material, into which the continuous channels are introduced.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A protective layer for protecting against excessive temperatures is provided between the thermoelectric module and the micro heat exchanger. It is made of inorganic metal salts or metal alloys having a m.pt. of 250-1700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphene layer has a carbon to oxygen ratio of 15:1 to 500:1 and a surface area of 400 to 2630 m2/g. The olivine structure is LiMPO4.M=Fe, Mn, Co and/or Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of finely dividing carbon particles comprises: finely dividing carbon particles with carbonate mixtures partially penetrating the carbon particles; and finely dividing carbon particles with finely divided mixtures of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal nitrates partially penetrating the carbon particles. In the method the step of exposing finely divided carbon particles comprises: exposing the finely divided carbon particles to carbonate salts and including the step of exposing the finely divided carbon particles to a hot carbon dioxide gas stream; exposing the finely divided carbon particles to carbonate salts and including the step of exposing the finely divided carbon particles to a hot carbon dioxide gas stream above 700 degrees C; exposing the finely divided carbon particles to vapors in equilibrium with molten sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide, or mixtures of alkaline earth and alkali carbonates and hydroxides; exposing the finely divided carbon particles to a mist of a low-melting eutectic of mixed hydroxides; exposing the finely divided carbon particles to a mist of a low-melting eutectic of mixed hydroxides and including the step of reacting the finely divided carbon particles and the low-melting eutectic of mixed hydroxides with carbon dioxide; or mixing the finely divided carbon particles with mixed alkali metal and alkaline earth nitrites and hydroxides. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The reaction material or product in the electrode reaction of main battery is a lithium-transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reaction material or product in the electrode reaction of main battery and/or sub-battery contains a neutral radical compound, a compound having a rubeanic-acid structure, and/or compound having a conjugated diamine architecture. The neutral radical compound is nitroxyl radical type stable radical compound. The nitroxyl radical type stable radical compound is a compound containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical in the molecular structure. The compound having rubeanic-acid structure is of formula: -(-R1-C(=S)2-R2-)n. The compound having conjugated diamine architecture is of formula (I) or (II).R1,R2=imino, alkylene or arylene (all optionally substituted);R11,R12=alkyl, alkylene, arylene, carbonyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, ester, ether, thioether, amino, amido, sulfonyl, thiosulfonyl, sulfonamido, imino, azo, or coupling group consisting of one or more of the groups;andX1-X12=halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, or alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, amino, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, acyl, or acyloxy (all optionally substituted), with substituents optionally forming ring structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alkaline solution is obtained by dissolving tungsten compound in aqueous lithium hydroxide solution. Preferred Composition: Tungsten and lithium in microparticles exist in form of lithium tungstate. The amount of tungsten contained in the alkaline solution is 0.1-3 atomic% with respect to the total of the number of atoms of nickel and cobalt contained in the lithium metal complex oxide powder. The concentration of tungsten in the alkaline solution is 0.05-2 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Composition (b) is polyethylene type resin and composition (a) is polypropylene-based resin. beta -Crystalline nucleating agent is mixed with composition (a). Preferred Properties: The laminated porous film has beta -activity. The nonwoven fabric layer has a thickness of 10 mu m or less and a shutdown temperature of 100-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The non-conductive particles have average particle diameter of 0.1-2 mu m and average circularity of 0.900-0.995.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfonic acid group in the acrylic polymer (A) is 0.04-5.8 %mass. The content of epoxy group in acrylic polymer (B) is 0.03-3 %mass. The weight ratio of sulfonic acid group and epoxy group is 0.2-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of non-conductive particles and binder is 70-97 %mass and 0.5-20 %mass, respectively. The acrylic polymer particles comprise (meth)acrylonitrile monomer unit (2.5-40 %mass) and (meth)acrylate monomer unit (60-97.5 %mass). The weight ratio of acrylic polymer particles (A) to acrylic polymer particles (B) is 0.3-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substituted element is titanium, zirconium and/or tin. The substituent element substitutes 5-25 atomic% of manganese. The lithium manganese complex oxide is preferably of formula: Li2Mn1-xTixO3. The metallic compound raw material is a mixture of metallic compound containing manganese and metallic compound containing substituted element. The molar ratio of lithium contained in complex oxide with respect to lithium contained in raw material mixture is 0.02-0.7. The ratio of lithium hydroxide with respect to lithium nitrate of molten salt raw material is 0.2-7.5.x=0.01-0.3.Preferred Process: The melting reaction process is performed in oxygen-containing atmosphere. The lithium manganese complex oxide is further heated under oxygen-containing atmosphere, after collection process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In the method the heating is performed at 800-900 degrees C. The method further comprises applying a catalyst ink to a component of a membrane electrode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst support comprises: carbon black, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and/or non-carbon supports. The catalyst support further comprises titanium dioxide and/or aluminum trioxide. The mixture comprising the precursor and the catalyst support is an acidic mixture. The oxidant is ammonium peroxydisulfate. The transition metal is cobalt and/or iron. In the composition the heating step is performed at 800-900 degrees C, preferably 900 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding a solution comprising a perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomer to the mixture to produce the catalyst ink. EXAMPLE - Ketjenblack EC 300J (RTM: Electroconductive carbon black) samples were pre-treated in hydrochloric acid solution for 24 hours to remove surface impurities. Aniline (2 ml) was first dispersed with acid-treated carbon black (0.4 g) in hydrochloric acid solution (0.5 M) to obtain a suspension. The suspension was kept cold at below 10 degrees C and ammonium peroxydisulfate, ammonium persulfate and ferric chloride were added. The mixture was constantly mixed for 24 hours to cover the carbon black particles. The suspension was vacuum-dried and heat treated at 400-1000 degrees C in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas for 1 hour. The heat-treated sample was acid-leached in sulfuric acid (0.5 M) at 80 degrees C for 8 hours to remove unstable and inactive species to obtain a catalyst, and then thoroughly washed in de-ionized water. The catalyst was heat treated again.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming the reactive coating comprises alloying a corrosion resistant material and zinc together to form the reactive coating via heat treatment, where the corrosion resistant material comprises indium, gallium, lead, thallium, or mercury, and where selectively reactive coating comprises a ratio of corrosion resistant material to zinc from 100 ppm to 1000 ppm. Forming the reactive coating comprises applying zincate to the anode core via immersion to form an initial zinc layer; depositing zinc on the initial zinc layer via an electrochemical zinc plating bath; applying a corrosion resistant material to the zinc via immersion; and alloying the corrosion resistant material and zinc to form the selectively reactive coating via heat treatment, where the corrosion resistant material is capable of enhancing the ability of the zinc to not chemically react with the electrolyte during storage of the aluminum air battery, where the corrosion resistant material comprises indium, gallium, lead, thallium, or mercury. Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises an alkaline electrolyte. It may comprise potassium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide. An anode corrosion inhibitor is electrically connected to the composite anode. It comprises an inert substrate core and an anode corrosion inhibitor material comprising indium, gallium, lead, thallium or mercury. The inert substrate core comprises copper, gold, palladium, platinum, cobalt or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The inert metal substrate core comprises one or more of copper, gold, palladium, platinum, cobalt, and nickel. Preferred Method: The anode metal is deposited via electrochemical zinc plating bath. The method may include depositing a gel and binder layer on the anode metal, where the gel and binder layer comprises an electrolyte permeable gel and an electrolyte resistant binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method of operating the battery: the discharging is conducted via the cathode interacting with the composite anode; and the electropolishing is conducted via the deplating electrode interacting with the composite anode. Preferred Components: In the metal air battery (I), the composite anode is positioned adjacent to and eclectically isolated from the deplating electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal associated with the anode core comprises at least one of aluminum (preferred), magnesium, lithium, zinc or iron. The second metal associated with the corrosion resistant coating comprises at least one of nickel (preferred), platinum, copper or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte includes a precipitation substance comprising at least one of ascorbic acid, succinic acid or citric acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    Q1=SiO, carbon-coated SiO, SiO2, GeO2, SnO2, MoO3, carbon-coated SiO2, carbon-coated GeO2, carbon-coated SnO2, or carbon-coated MoO3;    J1=Sn3CO3C4.    EXAMPLE - A composite material comprising silicon dioxide (SiO2) (50 wt.%) and Sn30CO30C40 (50 wt.%) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The raw material mixed solution is heated at 60-100 degrees C. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of solid content in the slurry containing ground product is 2 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The lithium source is lithium hydroxide. The tetravalent or pentavalent vanadium compound is vanadium pentoxide. The phosphorus source is phosphoric acid. The electroconductive carbon material source is saccharides. The raw material mixed solution further contains source containing metallic elements having atomic number of 11 or more, or transition metal elements other than vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonpolar crosslinking agent is an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound, an aromatic vinyl compound having an alkyl group on an aromatic ring, or its polymer. The nonpolar crosslinking agent contains compound(s) of formula (I) or (II).R1,R2=H or 1-4C alkyl;p=5-65;R3=H, 1-4C alkyl, or 6-12C aryl;R4,R5=H or 1-8C alkyl;andq=3-30.Block (B) is a polymer block having a structural unit derived from an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound and/or an aromatic vinyl compound as a repeating unit. The polymer electrolyte membrane consists of phase (a) containing block (A), and phase (b) containing block (B) and nonpolar crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antimony content of positive-electrode active material is 0.01 %mass or less, and the concentration of tin is 0.05-1 %mass, preferably 0.2-1 %mass. The content of antimony in the lead-antimony type alloy layer is 0.5-10 %mass, preferably 1-5 %mass. The aluminum ion concentration and lithium ion concentration in the electrolyte solution is 0.02-0.2 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode active material is a lithium compound. The electrode mixture further contains an electroconductive material. The amount of carboxymethylcellulose, electrode active material and electroconductive material is 5-40 %mass, 60-95 %mass and 0-20 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder further contains polymer unit of (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and polymer unit of ( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated nitrile monomer with respect to total polymer units. The amount of polymer unit of the vinyl monomer, polymer unit of (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and polymer unit of ( alpha ),( beta )-unsaturated nitrile monomer is 0.1-10 %mass, 50-98 %mass and 1-50 %mass, respectively. The thermal crosslinking group is epoxy group or allyl group. Preferred Particles: The average particle diameter of nonelectroconductive organic particles is 0.1-2 mu m. The temperature at which weight reduction ratio of nonelectroconductive organic particles when heating at temperature increase rate of 10 degrees C/minute in nitrogen atmosphere with a thermobalance reaches to 10 %mass is 250 degrees C or more. The content of thermal crosslinking group and functional group is 0.008-0.240 mmol/g with respect to nonelectroconductive organic particle. The functional group is sulfonic acid group or a phosphoric acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of peak area of plane (002) with respect to total content of peak area of plane (201) and plane (020) is 0.35-5, based on X-ray-diffraction pattern. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material layer contains conductive support agent (5-30 %mass with respect to total content of lithium vanadyl(IV)orthophosphate). The raw material mixture contains vanadyl(IV)orthophosphate and hydrated vanadyl(IV)orthophosphate (VOPO4.2H2O). Preferred Atmosphere: The primary baking process is performed under inert atmosphere. The secondary baking process is performed the oxidizing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate having a double bond, and fluorine atom. Preferred Properties: The lithium transition-metal type-compound powder has Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET)-specific-surface-area of 0.5-3 m2/g and median diameter of 2-20 mu m. The positive electrode has electrode density of greater than or equal to 2 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the heterocyclic compound (I) is 0.001-5 mass % with respect to 100 mass % of non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heavy oil contains bottom oil of residual fluid catalytic cracking containing saturation component (10-40 %mass).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinel structure-having lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: LixMn2-y-zNiyMzO4-nXn (I), preferably lithium nickel vanadate (LiNiVO4), lithium cobalt phosphate (LiCoPO4), lithium cobalt manganese oxide (LiCoMnO4) or lithium nickel manganese (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4). The conductive agent comprises carbon black, graphite particles, natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, acetylene black, ketchen black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal powder, metal fibers, metal tubes, and/or conductive polymer.x=0.25-1.1;y=0.3-0.5;z=0-0.15;n=0-1;M=gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, barium, calcium, strontium, lanthanum, cerium, silver, tantalum, hafnium, ruthenium, bismuth, antimony, tin or arsenic;andX=fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.Preferred Properties: The average working potential of lithium transition metal oxide having spinel structure is 4.6 V or more. The average particle size of lithium transition metal oxide having spinel structure is 20 nm to 10 mu m. The average particle size of conductive agent is 5-500 nm. Preferred Process: The surface of cathode active material layer is completely coated with fluorine atoms. Surfaces of lithium transition metal oxide having spinel structure and conductive agent are fluorinated. The fluorinating process is performed by contacting surface of cathode active material layer with gas comprising fluorine atoms and argon gas at 0-100 degrees C. Preferred Component: The lithium battery has cathode having current collector and cathode active material layer disposed on the current collector, anode, separator separating cathode and anode, battery case having cathode, anode and separator, an organic electrolyte and cap assembly. The cathode, anode and separator are wound or folded and housed in battery case. The cathode, anode, separator and organic electrolyte are sealed in the battery case with the cap assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate of the negative electrode current collector comprises copper alloy and the surface layer of the negative electrode current collector comprises pure copper. The main component of the negative electrode active material is silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the system: a reservoir of a solid or liquid carbon source is partially oxidized to form carbon monoxide which is substantially extracted from the residual gases using a device consisting of a reversibly-absorbing fluid, a thermal gradient, a gas collection area, and a convectively/forced circulating media; and a moving stream of a solid or liquid carbon source is partially oxidized to form carbon monoxide which is substantially extracted from the residual gases; and a catalyst alloy based on the platinum-group metal family including platinum, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, and palladium is used to oxidize carbon monoxide electrolytically at the anode. The heat derived from the partial oxidation of the carbon source is used to develop a thermal gradient which is then used to extract adsorbed carbon monoxide from the residual gases. The carbon monoxide is reacted with oxygen derived from air or another oxygen source in a proton exchange fuel cell reactor. The oxidized carbon monoxide and unreacted carbon monoxide are recirculated to the enthalpy wheel for recovery of the unreacted carbon monoxide. The incoming oxygen gas stream is humidified by an external water source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrolyte material has electrical conductivity of more than 10-3 S/cm at 600 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte material has composition of formula: BaZr1-x-yPrxYyO3x+y/2, where x is between 0.1 and 0.4, and y is 0-0.2 (excluding 0). The zirconium compound, barium compound, yttrium compound, praseodymium compound is oxide, nitride or hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent of electrolyte solution is a carbonate type solvent containing main component selected form a group including propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, isopropyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains alkali or alkaline-earth metal ions, preferably silver ions, sulfate ions, nitrate ions or chloride ions (1000 ppm, preferably 100 ppm or less, more preferably 20 ppm or less). The content of silver oxide precursor is more than 50%, preferably less than 90%. The concentration of metal ions in the electrolyte is 0.01 mol/L or more, preferably 0.01-2 mol/L. Preferred Property: The aqueous solution has pH value of 3-8, preferably 4-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The battery further comprises a container formed using a laminate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive strips are made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer consists of repeating unit (3-50 %mass) derived from monomer having cyano group, and repeating unit (20-75 %mass) derived from (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer. The polymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture containing monomer having cyano group and (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer in the presence of polymer having fluorine atom, or polymerizing monomer mixture containing monomer having cyano group, (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer and monomer having fluorine atom. The polymer has diameter of 70-500 nm measured by dynamic light scattering method. The slurry contains electrode active material and binder composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid is inorganic solid acid, or mineral salt having proton conductivity. The solid acid is cesium phosphate or cesium hydrogen phosphate. The porous support is obtained using glass fiber. Preferred Property: The solid acid has melting point of 300 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Heat processing is carried out at 150-250 degrees C. Heating of dried resultant product is performed at 100-400 degrees C. Reduction of heated resultant product is performed at 100-400 degrees C. Preferred Components: Oxide support is a metal oxide e.g. alumina, zirconia, silica, and/or titania. Oxide support contains co-catalyst component. Co-catalyst component is a transition metal. Preferred Processes: Oxidation catalyst is manufactured by dispersing platinum on oxide support, mixing platinum precursor and oxide support in dispersion medium, drying resulting mixture, heating dried resultant product under oxidizing atmosphere, and reducing heated resultant product under reducing atmosphere. The oxidation catalyst preparation method involves adding co-catalyst component in mixture. CO in hydrogen gas is selective oxidized in the presence of the oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery has conductive layer that is made of copper, silver or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic material comprises nickel, silver, platinum, platinum-ruthenium, lanthanum oxide, silver oxide, Perovskites, iron and/or spinels materials. The pore forming material comprises carbonaceous material and/or ammonium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material comprises polytetraflouroethylene and/or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium salt is of carboxylic acid and/or sulfonic acid. The boron compound is boron trihalide, boron trihalide-alkyl ether complex, boron trihalide-alcohol complex, 2,4,6-trialkoxy boroxine, trialkyl borate, triaryl borate, and/or tris(trialkylsilyl)borate. The ratio of number-of-moles of lithium atom of lithium salt and boron compound is 100:30-100:150. The organic solvent is carbonate ester compound, lactone compound, ether compound, carboxylate ester compound, nitrile compound, amide compound, and/or sulfone compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The matrix polymer is polyether-based polymer, fluorine type polymer, polyacryl type polymer, polyacrylonitrile, polyphosphazene, and/or polysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt of electrolytic solution is lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate or lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The proportion of the bonded portion of one of the separator located in the stacking direction-wise central region of the stacked electrode assembly is less than 50%. The stacking direction-wise central region of the stacked electrode assembly deviates from the stacking direction-wise center toward one stacking direction-wise end of the assembly. The proportion of the bonded portion of one of the separator located in at least a portion of a 20-60% region from one stacking direction-wise end of the assembly is smaller than the proportion of each of the bonded portions of the separators located in a region other than the 20-60% region. The proportion of the bonded portion of one of the separators located in at least a portion of a 25-50% region from one stacking direction-wise end of the assembly is smaller than the proportion of each of the bonded portions of the separators located in a region other than the 25-50% region. The assembly is accommodated in a laminate battery case which is made of a laminate film. The laminate battery case comprises a sheet-shaped portion and a cup-shaped portion formed to enclose the stacked electrode assembly, and the stacking direction-wise central region of the assembly deviates from the stacking direction-wise center of the assembly toward the cup-shaped or sheet-shaped portion. The positive electrode plates has an area of greater than or equal to 200 cm2. The bonded portions are formed by welding. The stack type battery further comprises an electrolyte solution having a viscosity of greater than or equal to 2 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode material includes cobalt(II) oxide, manganese(II) oxide, vanadium(V) oxide, vanadium oxides (V6O13) a lithium/cobalt composite oxide, lithium/nickel composite oxide, lithium/manganese composite oxides whose basic composition is lithium manganese oxide or lithium manganese dioxide, a lithium iron phosphate, a lithium iron phosphate fluoride, a lithium manganese phosphate, a lithium cobalt phosphates, a lithium iron manganese phosphate, tin dioxide, silicon dioxide, lithium iron orthosilicate. The anode material includes natural or artificial graphite, a carbonized pitch, a carbon fiber, a porous glass carbon, a graphitized mesophase micro sphere, a furnace black, acetylene black, lithium, silicon, germanium, and/or molybdenum oxide. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a lithium ion battery cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hot tubes are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermoelectric elements are made of bismuth and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filled skutterudites comprise cobalt and antimony. The filler atoms consist of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, lanthanum and/or ytterbium. The n-type semiconductor thermoelectric element has the composition of barium(0.08)lanthanum(0.05)ytterbium(0.04)cobalt(4)antimony(12.05).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy of silicon and copper, is of formula: Si100-xCux, where x is 10-60 atomic%. The alloy of silicon and copper further contains nickel, cobalt, iron and/or manganese, or carbon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum and/or phosphorus. Preferred Property: The porosity comprised in the clearance gap of powder is 10% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The acid value of primary ion conductive polymer electrolyte and secondary ion conductive polymer electrolyte is 1-2 mequivalent/g and 2-3 mequivalent/g, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The active material particles consist of complex oxide of formula: Li1+a(NixCoyMn1-x-y-zMz)O2, where M is fluorine, boron, aluminum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, titanium or yttrium, a is 0-1.2, x+y+z is 1, x is 0.3-1, y is 0-0.5, and z is 0-0.2. The electroconductive agent has a bulk density of 0.2 g/cc or less, and the ratio of electroconductive agent is 5 wt.% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder consists of a polymer containing polyvinylidene fluoride having a molecular weight of 100000 or more. The ratio of binder with respect to solid content of active material particles, binder, and electroconductive agent is 1 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate has thickness of 5-1000 mu m. The minimum diameter of the pit is 0.1 mu m or more. The diameter of an average pit is 0.3-5 mu m. The penetration pit is formed by etching process. A film is formed by anodization process on the substrate surface and penetration pit surface. A hydration processed film is formed on the substrate surface and penetration pit surface after anodization. Subsequently, the hydration processed film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion of manganese site during crystallization is substituted by magnesium, and the lithium manganese transition-metal multiple oxide has spinel crystal structure. The surface of graphite in carbon material is coated with pyrolytic carbon. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium-manganese-transition-metal oxide (LiMn2-xMgxO4), where x is more than 0 to 0.1. Preferred Property: The ratio of thickness of flame-retardant layer and thickness of positive mix layer is 0.075-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains mixed solvent comprising ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, and further contains phosphazene compound. The addition amount of lithium tetrafluoroborate is 0.8-1 mol/l with respect to content of mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves annealing molten salt material at 2-50 degrees C/minute and heat-treating recovered complex oxide under oxygen-containing atmosphere. The metal containing material and molten salt material are reacted at 500-900 degrees C, preferably 550 degrees C or more, under oxygen-containing atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The metal containing material further has metal element other than manganese. The molar ratio of lithium contained in complex oxide and lithium contained in the molten salt material is 0.02-0.7. The lithium hydroxide contained in the molten salt material exists in dehydrated state. The complex oxide contains single-crystal primary particles. The complex oxide is lithium-manganese-type oxide of formula: xLi2M1O3.(1-x)LiM2O2, or Li1.33-yM10.67-zM2y+zO2.x=more than 0 to less than 1;M1=tetravalent manganese;M2=metal element, where one portion is optionally substituted by H;y=0-0.33;andz=0-0.67.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium composite metal oxide has average particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m measured by laser diffraction scattering method, and average primary particle diameter of 0.05-0.4 mu m. Preferred Process: The sulfate of nickel, sulfate of manganese, sulfate of cobalt and sulfate of iron are dissolved in water. Preferred Composition: The lithium composite metal oxide is of formula: Lia(Ni1-x-y-zMnxCoyFez)O2 (I). The sulfate of iron is sulfate of bivalent iron.a=0.9-1.3;x=0.3-0.6;y=0.01-0.4;z=0.01-0.1;andx+y+z=0.3-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The supercritical fluid is trifluoromethane. Preferred Condition: The temperature of the catalyst carrier attached on the substrate is maintained at decomposition temperature or more of the catalyst complex by heating the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Suboxide contains a typical element e.g. zinc (Zn) and Mn. Transition metal in Li-containing transition metal oxide is only Mn. Composition of whole positive electrode material is represented by formula Li1-xM12-2xM2xM32xO4-y (A). Li-containing transition metal oxide and/or suboxide contain tin (Sn). Predetermined element is Mn or Li, and element apart from predetermined element is Li or Mn, respectively.x=0.01-0.1;M1=Mn and/or Mn-containing transition metal element; andM2, M3=typical element or transition metal element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The trivalent iron salt is selected from iron nitrate or iron chloride. The phosphorus source compound is selected from ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or ammonium hydrogen phosphate. The lithium source compound is selected from nitrate, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide mixture. The organic micro-molecule carbon source is selected from sucrose and/or glucose. A separating film of the lithium ion battery is selected from aluminum-plastic mixture. The binder of multilayer graphene/lithium iron phosphate intercalation compound material is made of polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactant gas is air and the fuel gas is hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen removing medium comprises at least one of oxidizable metals, activated carbon, metal alloys, oxides, hydroxides, metal chelates, metal hydrides, organic hydrides, oxidizable metal complexes, metallocenes, organic reducing agents, phosphites, and any other oxygen adsorbing or reacting materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor comprises dilithium sulfide and gallium sulfide in a molar ratio of 50:50-60:40. The content of lithium iodide is 10-80 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A number of successively arranged partial stacks of the stack are held together by the second holding system in the stacking direction. The first holding system has a first end plate and a second end plate, where the cells stack is arranged between the first and second end plates. The second holding system comprises support units, which are arranged between the partial stacks. The second holding system includes a clamping device, each having a first and a second end, where at least the first end of the clamping device is fixed on one of the support units. The second end of the clamping device is fixed at one of the end plates. The support units exhibit a fixing device for fixing the clamping device. The pressure exerted by the second holding system in the stacking direction on each partial stacks is not greater than the pressure exerted by the first holding system on each partial stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte membrane is formed from a hydrocarbon-based resin. The ionomer is a fluorine-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first flow path-forming member: comprises a porous body enabling supply of the first reactive gas to the first electrodes; and is a plate member having a first face opposed to the first membrane electrode assembly and a second face opposed to the second membrane electrode assembly, where the first reactive gas flow path is provided as channels formed on the first face and the second face. The fuel cell stack further comprises: an insulator (21) located between an adjacent pair of the fuel cell modules, where the coolant flow path is formed inside the insulator; and an external circuit arranged to electrically connect the first and the second membrane electrode assemblies in parallel with each other. The first electrode is a cathode, and the second electrode is an anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The third module is further capable of tracking respective origins of sources of anhydrous ammonia. The second module further captures and purifies oxygen gas produced as a by-product of ammonia synthesis. The first amount is greater than the second amount, and excess blended hydrogen is captured and stored.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cellulosic plant residue is at least partly provided by biomass crops grown on-site.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal salt is chosen from chloride, oxide, hydroxide and alkoxide of transition metals. The transition metal is metals of group (IV)-(VI), preferably titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, cobalt and/or nickel. Preferred Support: The carbon-comprising support is conductive carbon black, graphite, graphene and carbon nanotube. Preferred Property: The carbon-comprising support has BET surface area of 30-1000 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon- and nitrogen-comprising organic substance is chosen from urea, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, melamine, compound (CxNy, where x and y are 1-6), and/or organic compound (Cx1Ny1Hz1On1, where x1 and y1 are 1-30, y is 2-12, z is 0-10 and n is 0, 1 or 2). The molar ratio of metal salt with respect to carbon- and nitrogen-comprising organic substance is 1:1-1:10. The solvent is water and/or organic solvent. Preferred Condition: The heating process is carried out under inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The composite oxide has compositional formula: LixNiaCobMncWdCaeO2, where x is 1.05-1.25, a+b+c+d+e is 0.99-1, d+e is 0.0026-0.05, d/e is 2-50, at least one of a-c is more than 0, and d and e are more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The softening temperature is 160-185 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The composite metal oxide has compositional formula: NaaNib-cMnc-hM'g+hO2 (I), Na4-a'Ni2-xMn7-yM'x+yO18 (II), or Na2-b'Ni1-pMn3-qM'p+qO8 (III), where M' is chosen from aluminum, magnesium and cobalt, a is more than 0 and 0.5 or less, b is 2/9-1/4, c is 3/4-7/9, g is 0-0.045, h is 0-0.045, b+c+g+h is 1, a' is 0 or more and less than 4, x and y are 0-0.4, b' is 0 or more and less than 2, and p and q are 0-0.1. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has negative electrode containing compound having at least 1 an aromatic sodium carboxylate salt structure as a negative electrode active material. The compound having at least 1 an aromatic sodium carboxylate salt structure is of formula: C6H4(CO2Na1+c)2, where c is 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The half value width of diffraction (111) peak of silicon is 2.5 degrees or less or 0.5 degrees or more. The average particle diameter of complex is 0.5-20 mu m. Preferred Process: The coating layer of complex is formed by thermal decomposition by heating hydrocarbon-type gas. The material containing silicon and oxygen is of formula: SiOx.x=0.5-1.5.Preferred Composition: The content rate of complex is 0.01-20 %mass with respect to total content of negative-electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal fuel is selected from a group consisting of zinc, aluminum, iron and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connectors of the battery are made of lead, copper, brass and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base layer is made of silicone, polyester, polyolefine, polyhalogenolefine, polystyrene and polyimide. The adhesive layer comprises adhesive that is selected from a group comprising polysiloxane based adhesive, acrylate based adhesive, rubber based adhesive, polyurethane based adhesive and epoxide resin based adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The Shore A hardness of dynamic crosslinked material is less than 90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite particles contains natural graphite or artificial graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate compound having unsaturated group, linear carbonate compound, unsaturated diester compound, halogenated cyclic carbonate compound, cyclic sulfite ester compound or cyclic sulfate compound. Preferred Properties: The interlayer distance of crystals of graphite particles is 0.3354-0.3385 nm. In graphite particles, the ratio of peak intensity (IG) of 1580 cm-1 vicinity, and peak intensity (ID) of 1360 cm-1 vicinity, is 0.10 or less, measured by Raman spectroscopy using argon laser having wavelength of 514.5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: All or one portion of the metal oxide has an amorphous structure. The metal oxide (b) is comprises the metal (a'). The metal (a') is silicon. All or one portion of the metal (a') is dispersed in the metal oxide. The outer wrapping has a planar laminated structure, and is an aluminum laminate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains linear or cyclic carbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nitrogen-containing electroconductive carbon contains 1 %mass or more of nitrogen atoms. The N-monosubstituted- alpha -amino acid is N-monosubstituted glycine. The aldehyde is aromatic aldehyde. The electroconductivity of the nitrogen-containing electroconductive carbon is 1x 10-2/cm or more. The metal complex contains pyrrole skeleton and/or pyridine skeleton, and iron and/or cobalt. The catalyst composition contains carbon and/or polymer. Preferred Condition: The modification process by heat-processing is carried out at 600-1200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nitrous oxides are formed with exhaust gas recirculation reduced or eliminated by reducing the combustion temperature below the critical point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery unit also comprises battery cell (18) being surrounded by sealing layer in jacket form; cell housing; and housing element (22) for fastening battery cell. The cell comprises combustible electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sealing layer comprises resilient material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Graft-modified polyolefin layer contains polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The active material is obtained by dissolving precursor solution containing raw material and carbon source-containing element, in a solvent, drying and obtaining precursor powder. Preferred Composition: The polyanion compound is lithium-vanadium phosphate. The amount of carbon contained in the particles of lithium-vanadium phosphate is 0.5-3 %mass with respect to total amount of particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material contains lithium-manganese phosphate (LiaMnPO4 or LiaMn1-x'Mx'PO4). The carbon coating is formed using amorphous carbon. The molar ratio of lithium, manganese and phosphorus in material is 0.9-1.1:1:1. The manufacture of the positive electrode active material involves using metal-containing source and carbon source.M=iron;andx'=0.1-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal-containing source is chosen from magnesium, iron, cobalt, chromium, tin, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, niobium and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon source material is soft carbon, pitch carbide, mesophase pitch carbide, and the plasticized coke, citric acid, ascorbic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, urea, sucrose, glucose and/or cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide solid electrolyte material further contains ion conductor containing lithium, oxygen, sulfur and element (X) chosen from phosphorus, silicon, germanium, aluminum or boron, preferably phosphorus, more preferably phosphorus sulfide. The ion conductor has an ortho composition. The oxygen-containing compound is lithium oxide. The fluorine-containing containing compound is lithium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The tensile elasticity modulus of the adhesive polymer film is 0.4-0.7 GPa at 30 degrees C under relative humidity of 60%. The peeling strength of the adhesive polymer film and solid polymer electrolyte membrane is preferably 0.01-0.5 N/20 mm. The total thickness of adhesive polymer film, base material layer and release layer is preferably 10-20 mu m. The thickness of adhesion layer and mold release layer is preferably 0.7-11 mu m and 0.4-10 mu m, respectively. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane has tensile elasticity modulus of 1 GPa or more at 30 degrees C under relative humidity of 60%. Preferred Composition: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane contains aromatic hydrocarbon-type ionic group-containing polymer having sulfur-containing repeating unit of formula (I) and aromatic group-containing repeating unit of formula (II).X=-S(=O)2- or -C(=O)-;Y'=H or monovalent cation;Z1,Z3=S or O;Z2,Z4=O,S,-C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-,-CH2-, cyclohexyl or direct bond;n1=1 or more;andAr1=bivalent aromatic group.
Preferred Definitions:    M1=vanadium;    M3=nickel, cobalt and/or manganese;and    y=greater than 0 and 0.01 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfone based compound comprises at least one isopropyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone (both preferred), normal butyl normal propyl sulfone or ethyl normal propyl sulfone.The negative electrode active material comprises an oxide comprising titanium, where the oxide comprising titanium comprises at least one spinel-type lithium titanate or monoclinic system titanium dioxide.The nonaqueous solvent further comprises: a sultone based compound; and a cyclic carbonate.The sultone based compound comprises at least one 1,3-propanesultone or 1,4-butanesultone.The total amount of the sulfone based compound and the sultone based compound is 80-100 vol.%, preferably greater than or equal to 80% of the nonaqueous solvent.The nonaqueous solvent comprises the sulfone based compound (50-95 vol.%, preferably 50-80 vol.%) and the cyclic carbonate (5-50 vol.%, preferably 20-50 vol.%).The lithium salt comprises at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.The battery has been subjected to a treatment comprising charging the battery at least one time and removing gas in the case.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: Sodium acetate is mixed in the hydrogen-producing unit as reaction accelerator. The power generation unit is arranged at the front portion of the vehicle component. The hydrogen-producing unit is arranged at the vicinity of power generation unit. The active-hydrogen-water production unit is arranged at the rear portion of vehicle component. The power generation unit is equipped with an internal combustion engine (17a) which uses hydrogen from the hydrogen-producing unit as fuel, and a motor (17b) driven with a battery. The hydrogen energy vehicle has a fuel cell in which hydrogen and in-air oxygen are chemically reacted for electricity generation. The motor is driven by the generated electricity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains lithium salt. The electrolyte solution is gelatinizing-type electrolyte solution. Preferred Definitions:    Ar'=phenylene, biphenylene, naphthylene, terphenylene or anthranylene;and    X=bivalent group of formula: -C(=O)-O-, -N=N- or -S(=O)2-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material of the filter core material layer is greater than or equal to 2 of filter paper, nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, felt, porous metal, foam, metal, metal mesh, porous plastic, foam plastic, and plastic mesh material
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a mixed organic solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate. Phosphazene group flame retardant having ethoxy group similar to diethyl carbonate is added to the electrolyte. The amount of flame retardant with respect to nonaqueous electrolyte is 5-35 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium manganate having spinel crystal structure. The flame retardant is cyclic phosphazene compound. The content of phosphazene compound is 2-6 %mass. The lithium salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate. The concentration of the lithium salt is 1.5-1.8M. Preferred Properties: The pore diameter of the positive mix is 1-1.6 mu m. The mean secondary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is 20 mu m or more. The thickness of the positive mix per single surface of the positive electrode collector is 30-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material layer comprises 50-90 parts weight of silica, 5-20 parts weight of lithium oxide and 5-30 parts weight of alumina. The conductive material particles comprise nano iron powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is a sodium transition metal compound. The sodium transition metal compound is an oxide having compositional formula: NaM1O2, where M1 is chosen from 1 or more types of transition metal element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The suboxide contains zinc and manganese. The tertiary phase oxide is tin oxide (SnO2(IV)). The positive electrode active material contains lithium metal oxide of formula: Li1-xM12-2xM2xM32xO4-y (I), where M1 is manganese or other transition metal element, M2 and M3 are typical element or transition metal element, y and x are electrical neutrality and x is 0.01-0.2, and elements contained in M1, M2, and M3 mutually differ from each other. The lithium containing transition metal oxide contains only manganese as transition metal. The ratio of manganese and zinc is 2-4. Preferred Property: The lithium containing transition metal oxide has lattice constant of 8.22-8.25 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanotubes are multiwall carbon nanotubes, and contain carboxyl groups in an amount of 0.1-1 mmol/g. The polymeric aniline is 3- to 300-meric aniline. EXAMPLE - Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) (15 g) was added to a concentrated nitric acid (400 ml). After stirring for 24 hours, the treated product was separated by suction filtration. The separated product was added to nitric acid (400 ml), followed by stirring at 130 degrees C for 48 hours. The reaction product was separated by suction filtration, thoroughly washed with deionized water, and centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute. The washed reaction product underwent Soxhlet extraction (with tetrahydrofuran) for 24 hours to afford MWCNT-carboxylic acid (COOH) (10.5 g), where the MWCNT was modified with COOH groups on its surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing weight ratio of carbon black and pitch is 1:0.1-1:3. Preferred Properties: The granulated material of activated carbon is 300 m2/g or more. The activated carbon has an average particle diameter (D50) of 1-20 mu m and Dtop of 80 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-titanium composite oxide has spinel type structure and composition of formula: Li4Ti5O12 as main component. The spinel type oxide of cobalt is of formula: MgxCo3-xOy, where x is 0.5-1.5 and y is not defined. Preferred Composition: The titanium compound chosen from titanium dioxide particles and titanium hydroxide particles, and lithium compound chosen from lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of the electrode material. The titanium dioxide is anatase type or rutile type. The titanium hydroxide is metatitanic acid or orthotitanic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dispersion medium used in the manufacturing process is organic polar solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: A dispersing agent chosen from carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone is used in the manufacturing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The stirring vane has blades provided contacting the inner surface of rotating cylindrical component. When the rotation cylindrical component rotates, the stirring vane rotates, and the mixture is flown, raked and floated. The drying and baking process is carried out by heating the mixture at 400-1100 degrees C for 2-60 minutes. The rotating cylindrical component is inclined at 1-10 degrees with respect to the horizontal surface. The rotational speed of the rotating cylindrical component is 5-40 rpm. The rotating cylindrical component and stirring vane consist of an alloy containing 10 %mass or more of nickel. The solid substance concentration in the mixture is 10 %mass or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The transition metal compound is hydroxide, oxide, carbonate and/or oxalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The mixture contains a lower-alcohol compound or an aliphatic ketone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bars are made of lead alloy with antimony and/or calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer contains a carboxyl group. The water-insoluble particulate polymer includes (meth)acrylonitrile monomeric unit and (meth)acrylic acid ester monomeric unit in the weight ratio of 1/99-30/70. The water-insoluble particulate polymer has 0.01-5 parts weight of repeating unit which has a crosslinkable functional group with respect to 100 parts weight of the total amount of a (meth)acrylonitrile monomeric unit and the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomeric unit. The slurry composition further contains 0.1-5 parts weight of cellulose semi-synthetic high molecular compound with etherification degree of 0.5-1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The copper alloy contains metal (0.01-0.3 %mass) and tin (0.05-0.2 %mass). The negative electrode collector has a half-softening temperature of 250 degrees C or more. The negative electrode active material is metal or metal oxide containing silicon or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Binder precursor for negative electrode is polyamic acid. The binder is a polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is bismuth oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is chosen from bismuth, tin, antimony, silicon, aluminum, lead, indium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron, chromium, copper, cobalt, manganese, nickel, zinc, strontium, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, yttrium, tantalum, tungsten and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid group is carboxylic-acid group or sulfonic-acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture further contains copper compound having molecular weight of 300 or less, and tridentate or more ligand which bonds with metal atom of metal complex through coordinate bond. The metal atom of metal complex is vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer has imidazole structure. The catalyst composition contains polymer composite modified product, and carbon and/or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The second motor control module is connected with a battery management unit through a controller area network (CAN) bus system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blind area ceiling brace is made of aluminum alloy material or iron material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from a group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polyurethane and acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is selected from one of tetraethyl ammonium fluoroborate, lithium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium trifluoro methane sulfonate. The additive is selected from one of silicon dioxide, nanometer titanium dioxide, barium titanate, nanometer aluminum oxide, graphene oxide, magnesium oxide and nanometer clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from one of polyoxyethylene, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile, dimethyl ether of polyethlene glycol, polymethylmethacrylate, polyetherimide, polysiloxane, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene. The fiber cloth is selected from one of glass fiber cloth, basalt fiber cloth, jute fiber cloth, nylon fiber cloth and polyester fiber cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The porous film is compounded with one surface of the fabric or the entire fabric. The composite film has a gas permeability resistance of 10 seconds/100 ml or less and a maximum hole diameter of 1-50 mu m. The fiber of the fabric is covered by polyketone resin. The nonwoven fabric comprises thermoplastic synthetic fiber, and is obtained by uniting nonwoven fabric layer (A) having a fiber diameter of 7-20 mu m, and nonwoven fabric layer (B) having a fiber diameter of 0.5-5 mu m as A/B/A type or A/B type. Three-dimensional crosslinking of polyketone resin is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Preparing pyrroloquinoline quinone dependence glucose-dehydrogenase variant having improved reactivity with respect to glucose in high concentration glucose conditions comprises culturing the transformant; and extracting protein having improved reactivity with respect to glucose in high concentration glucose conditions. Preferred Variant: In the pyrroloquinoline quinone dependence glucose-dehydrogenase variant, the 368-isoleucine is substituted to threonine or an alanine in fully defined 485 amino acids (SEQ ID NO. 6) given in the specification. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide is nano-silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, cerium dioxide or titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The composite ion exchange film is prepared by (A) dispersing nanoparticle of inorganic oxide (1-5 wt.%) into dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-Dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylformamide, adding surfactant from sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 60 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate), Tween 80 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), tetrabutyl ammonium bromide and triethylamine, and stirring for 0.5-5 hours at 20-100 degrees C; (B) adding 2-10% of polybenzimidazole resin to the solution in step (A) and stirring at 50-100 degrees C till the resin is dissolved completely; and (C) directly casting the solution in step (B) to a glass plate or stainless steel plate, drying for greater than or equal to 5 hours at 60-100 degrees C, drying in vacuum for greater than or equal to 1 hour at 80-150 degrees C to form a film having a thickness of 10-200 mu m. The film is soaked into the sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid for more than 1 hour to obtain the polybenzimidazole ion exchange film. The concentration of the sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid is 1-16 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode is made of a lithium metal and a lithium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The delamination strength of the leading-out section in which the thin-layer-coating layer is formed, and the sealant layer stacked on the thin-layer-coating layer is measured by a tearing-off measuring method prescribed by Japanese International Standards (JIS) C6471.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metal leading-out section is provided while a sealant layer is stacked on the surface of the leading-out section through a corrosion-resistant thin-layer-coating layer consisting of resin having a frame of polyvinyl alcohol containing a hydroxyl group or copolymer resin. The sealant layer is a polyolefin resin film of maleic acid anhydride modification, or polyolefin resin film denatured by the epoxy functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material composition contains lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide in molar ratio of 70:30-80:20. The energy applied to per second with respect to 1 kg of raw material composition during the manufacturing method is 12.4 kJ or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of diffraction peak intensity of silicon in plane (111) with respect to diffraction peak intensity of silicon in plane (300) is 0.6 or more, measured using powder X-ray diffraction. Preferred Composition: The silicon phase contains silicon, carbon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum and/or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of carrier particles is 15-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Carrier particles are electroconductive oxide particles. Electroconductive oxide particles are indium-tin complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step (c) is an electrochemical or chemical deposition of platinum. The electrochemical deposition step comprises introducing the treated catalyst particles in a platinum precursor-containing electrolyte and applying a platinum precursor specific potential, so that platinum themselves is reduced on the catalyst particles. The chemical deposition step comprises suspending the treated catalyst particles, mixing the obtained suspension with a platinum precursor in dissolved or solid form, depositing platinum on the catalyst particles by the addition of reducing agent, and filtering, washing and drying the obtained catalyst particles. Preferred Components: The acid used in the step (b) is perchloric acid, orthophosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid or acetic acid. The catalyst particles are supported catalyst particles, which are nanoparticles with an average diameter in the nanometer range. The catalyst particles provided in step (a) are a part of an electrode layer for fuel cells. Preferred Definitions:    N1 = an element comprising Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ti, Mn or W or any intermetallic compound from two or more these elements; and    x = less than or equal to 0.8, where x+y is 1.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wastewater originates from cooling water of combustion residue discharged from combustion apparatus in sewage works or disposal center. The alkali electrolyzed water is prepared by electrolysis of water using potassium carbonate as electrolyte. The alkali electrolyzed water has (i) pH of 11.50-13.20, (ii) electrical conductivity of 2000-2700 mS/m, (iii) electromotive force of -220 to -310 mV, (iv) dissolution component of 1% or less potassium hydroxide, and (v) specific gravity of one. The alkali electrolyzed water has a pH of 6-6.5 during reaction with wastewater. Preferred Method: The method involves adding 15-50 times the amount of alkali electrolyzed water with respect to phosphorus component containing wastewater. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The case for each VRLA battery cell uses the material from propylene, high and low density polyethylene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The positive plate is selected from one of pure lead spiral wound grid, lead-tin spiral-wound grid, lead-tin-calcium spiral-wound grid, and lead-tin-calcium-silver spiral-wound grid. The negative plate is a copper spiral wound grid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of lithium ion conducting polymer and carboxymethylcellulose is 0/10-4/6. The total content of carboxymethylcellulose and lithium-ion conducting polymer in the negative electrode mixture layer is 0.5-1.5 %mass. The lithium-ion conducting polymer is poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide) derivative, poly(methyl methacrylate) and/or polyacrylonitrile. Preferred Property: The poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene oxide) derivative have molecular weight of 50000-1000000, preferably 100000-600000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control device is attached to a controller area network bus system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide-type solid electrolyte contains lithium-phosphorus-sulfur compound (Li4P2S6) (12-50 mol%) existing in region of 1-5 mu m from the surface to the center portion, and lithium-phosphorus-sulfur compound (Li7P3S11) (50-88 mol%) existing in region of 1-5 mu m from the surface to the center portion of surface. Preferred Properties: The electrolyte has ionic conductivity of 0.2x 103 S/cm or more. The ratio of ionic conductivity of sulfide-type solid electrolyte at dew point of 60 degrees C for 24 hours to ionic conductivity of sulfide-type solid electrolyte is 0.75 to less than 1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: When the active material is used as a positive electrode material, the initial stage discharge capacity of the battery is 200 mAh/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The secondary particles have a specific surface area of 4-7 m2/g. Preferred Composition: Each site of 3a, 3b and 6c in the complex oxide is represented as (Li1+z)3a(Ni1-x-yCoxTiy)3b(O2)6c. The lithium site occupation rate in 3a site obtained from Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction of the complex oxide is 98% or more. The titanium compound is titanium oxide. Preferred Method: The composite granulated material is obtained by spray-drying a slurry containing the compounds at a slurry concentration of 50-150 g/L and a spray-drying ratio (air flow supply amount/slurry supply amount) of 1000-2200. The compound in which nickel and cobalt are formed into solid solution is obtained by maintaining a reaction liquid obtained by adding a complex agent and an alkaline solution to a mixed aqueous solution of nickel salt and cobalt salt at 50-80 degrees C, preferably 60-80 degrees C, and maintaining the pH at 12 or more, and producing nickel composite hydroxide having an average particle diameter of 1-4 mu m crystallized by coprecipitation. The complex oxide is mixed with water in a mass ratio of 1-0.5 to obtain a slurry, which is filtered and vacuum-dried after stirring for 30 minutes to 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The acidic-type solvent-extraction agent is di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid. Carbon dioxide gas or water-soluble carbonate is added to back-extraction liquid containing lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid is 2-5 mol/L of hydrochloric acid, and/or 2-5 mol/L of nitric acid, or 1-3 mol/L of sulfuric acid. The reducing agent is hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulfite or sodium thiosulfate. The mass ratio of inorganic material containing pure lithium-manganese oxide, hydrogen ion (H+) in acid, and hydrogen peroxide solution is 1:6-8:3-4. The mass ratio of inorganic material containing pure lithium-manganese oxide, hydrogen ion (H+) in acid, and sodium thiosulfate is 1:6-8:0.6-0.8. The molar ratio of inorganic material containing pure lithium-manganese oxide, hydrogen ion (H+) in acid and sodium sulfite is 1:6-8:1.5-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Organic adhesive of anode portion is removed by heating anode at 300-500 degrees C for 30-60 minutes, or using organic solvent at room temperature for 1-2 hours. Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, and/or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium nickel-based oxide has average particle diameter of 3-20 mu m, and comprises primary particles having average particle diameter of 0.01-8 mu m, and secondary particles having average particle diameter of 5-20 mu m. The oxide is lithium nickel manganese oxide having compositional formula: LixNiyMncCodO2, and average particle diameter of 0.5-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass and/or aramid, preferably glass fibers are used as fibrous filler. The fiber network is oriented at right angles to each other. The organo sheet metal component consists of organic sheets with a thickness of 0.3-6 mm. The organo sheet metal component is cup-shaped or cylindrical or box-shaped. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-refractory transition metal is nickel. The nanostructure has core of crystalline silicon and shell containing silicon and nickel. Preferred Property: The thin film layer has thickness of 10-25 nm. Preferred Component: The substrate is stainless steel foil. Preferred Process: The electroactive or electroconductive coating containing silicon, germanium, nickel, carbon or transition metal oxide, preferably amorphous silicon is provided to outer surfaces of trunk and/or branches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The initial enclosure is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitnle butadiene styrene, fluonnated ethylene propylene, polyoxymethylene, polyimide, polyacrylic and epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathodic wires selected from the group consisting of solid cadmium wires, stainless steel wires plated or coated with cadmium or cadmium alloy and metallic wires plated or coated with cadmium or cadmium alloy. The anode is selected from iron, nickel, chromium, steel, stainless steel and alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The area ratio of the peak (a) with respect to peak (b) is 95:5-10:90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substances consist of nitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resins, and lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The nickel positive electrode is prepared by filling pores of nickel sintered substrate with nickel hydroxide as main positive electrode active material and zinc by impregnation treatment of impregnation solution and alkaline treatment. Preferred Composition: The content of zinc is less than or equal to 8 mass% based on nickel mass in positive electrode active material. The alkaline electrolyte contains greater than or equal to 0.3 mol/L lithium, or 0.4-5.3 mol/L sodium and less than or equal to 0.3 mol/L lithium. The negative electrode active material is rare earth-magnesium-nickel hydrogen storage alloy with cerium nickel (Ce2Ni7) type, cerium nickel (CeNi3) type and praseodymium cobalt (Pr5Co15) type except for calcium copper (CaCu5) type as crystal structure which does not contain manganese or cobalt. Preferred Parameter: The alkaline electrolyte has alkali concentration of less than or equal to 6.5 (preferably less than or equal to 7.5) mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphene multi-layered structure further comprises nickel layers which are interposed between the two-dimensional (2D) graphene layers. It further comprises sodium ions and/or potassium ions which are intercalated between the 2D graphene layers. The positive electrode has a multi-layered structure, and lithium (Li) ions intercalate or de-intercalate between layers of the multi-layered structure of the positive electrode. The material of the positive electrode is talc, pyrophyllite, or a clay mineral. The clay mineral is montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, or smectite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid solution is comprised of mixed solution of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite has specific surface area of 9 m2/g or less and average particle diameter of 40 mu m or less. The positive electrode has compositional formula: LiaNixMnyMzO2, where a is between 0 and 1.1, x is more than 0.5, x+y is more than 0.55, z is more than 0.05, and M is chosen from cobalt, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, tungsten, boron, zirconium, molybdenum and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer materials contain a polymer which acts as a binder in the active material layer, and another polymer which acts as a thickener of the paste. The solvent is water. The polymer fiber is cellulosic fiber. The electrode is a negative electrode. Preferred Property: The diameter of fibrillated polymer fiber is 0.3-1.0 mu m. The solvent in the paste is volatilized in a rate of 1.6 g/s.cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric generator is comprised of semiconductor material selected from the group of telluride, in particular bismuth telluride and/or lead telluride, semiconductor alloys, skutterudites, half-Heusler compound, clathrate, especially of silicon and germanium clathrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of sum of ion-conductive polymer electrolyte (e1) and ion-conductive polymer electrolyte (e2), and carbon particles is 0.5 or more. The weight ratio of ion-conductive polymer electrolyte (e1) and carbon particles is 0.2-0.5. The weight ratio of ion-conductive polymer electrolyte (e2) and carbon particles is 0.3-0.7. Preferred Properties: The molecule size of ion-conductive polymer electrolyte (e1) is 100 nm or less. The molecule size of ion-conductive polymer electrolyte (e2) is 100 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive layer contains a carbonaceous material chosen from graphite, carbon black, and/or amorphous carbon microparticles, or aluminum, molybdenum, copper and/or titanium. The separator has a piercing strength of 250 g or more. The heat-resistant layer contains filler chosen from aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, and barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator has a heat-resistant layer containing a resin having a melting point or softening point of 170 degrees C or more. The resin is polymethylpentene, polyamide, polyimide and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sulfide glass contains (in mol%) lithium sulfide (50-90) and phosphorus pentasulfide (10-50). The sulfide glass is baked to obtain ceramic containing lithium-phosphorus sulfide (Li7P3S11 or Li3PS4) crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The average surface area of granular material is 1-300 mm2. Preferred Composition: The processing amount of the waste battery is 1 ton or more/day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound is phosphorus sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode of lithium secondary battery has charge electric potential of more than 4.4 V (vs.Li/Li+).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium transition-metal-type compound powder comprises secondary particles comprising primary particles of lithium transition-metal-type compound. A compound which can be coordinated more than bidentate, is attached with respect to metal eluted from lithium transition-metal-type compound on the surface of secondary particles. The compound which can be coordinated more than bidentate, is a compound containing phosphorus atom. The atomic ratio of sum total of the metallic elements other than the compound which can be coordinated more than bivalence is 1 times or more of atomic ratio (B) of whole secondary particles. The lithium transition-metal-type compound powder is of formula: LiMO2 (I).M=cobalt, lithium, nickel and manganese, or lithium, nickel and manganese;Mn/Ni=0.1-5;Co/(Mn+Ni+Co)=0-0.35;andM+Li=0.001-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phase oxide (c) comprises tin(IV) oxide. The suboxide comprises predetermined element and manganese, preferably zinc and manganese. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is of formula: Li1-xM12-2xM2xM32xO4-y. The transition metal element of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is manganese. The lattice constant of main crystal phase of positive-electrode active material is 8.22-8.24 Angstrom .M1=manganese and/or transition metal element;M2=tin and/or transition metal element;M3=transition metal element;andx,y=value which satisfies the electrical neutrality.The element of M1, M2 and M3 are different.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst is a compound of formula CuX.X=Cl or Br.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. The low-stage alcohol is methyl alcohol, ethanol or propyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The partially-fluorinated polymer is fluorine-containing polymer having carbon-hydrogen, carbon-chlorine and carbon-bromine on the main chain, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier comprises materials including nickel and/or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metallic element is cobalt. The anionic element comprises phosphorus, and is in the form of phosphate. The current collector further comprises a core material. The core material is a conductive material. The core material is substantially coated by the metallic element. The metallic element is formed as a film on at least a portion of the conductive material. The thickness of the film is 1 nm or more, preferably 1 mm or more. The current collector is associated with a masking lacquer. The masking lacquer is formed at an air-solution interface of the current collector. The solution comprises water. The layer of metallic element has average thickness of less than 100 microns, preferably less than 1.5 mm. The amount of catalytic material is less than 8%, preferably less than 0.1% of the metallic element in an oxidation state of zero. The core material is a semiconductor material. The semiconductor material is an n-type semiconductor material or photoactive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer further contains structural unit derived from unsaturated acid monomer, and structural unit derived from monomer of formula: H2C=C(-R5)(-C(=O)(-O-R6)) or structural unit derived from monomer chosen from conjugated diene and aromatic vinyl monomer.R5=R2;andR6=1-18C hydrocarbyl.The polymer is obtained by adding emulsion liquid of a monomer mixture to an aqueous medium containing a polymerization initiator, and polymerizing at 40-85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average circularity distribution of the filler particles contained in the porous layer is 0.7-0.9. Preferred Composition: The filler particles are alumina or hydrated alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler is chosen from alumina, boehmite, magnesia, and magnesium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains polyolefin resin. The resin layer is uniaxially or biaxially stretched porous resin sheet. The binder is chosen from acryl-type binder, styrene-butadiene rubber and polyolefin-type binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The recovery of valuable metal from lithium ion battery involves performing sulfuration process (S5) by adding a sulphidizing agent to the solution obtained via the phosphorus and/or a fluorine removal process, forming the mixing sulfide of nickel and cobalt contained in the exudate, recovering nickel and cobalt and performing drainage liquid treatment process (S6) to remove phosphorus and/or fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium transition metal oxide having layered structure is of formula: Li1+xMe1-x-yAyO2, preferably lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate or lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum complex oxide of formula: LiNivCowAlyO2, or lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide of formula: LiNi1-x-yCoxMnaO2, or lithium complex oxide of formula: sLi2MO3.(1-s)LiM"O2. The lithium transition metal oxide having spinel structure is of formula: Li1+fNi0.5+gMn1.5+hM1lO4-eM2e, or lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4.x=-0.1 to 0.3;y=0-0.1;Me=nickel, cobalt or manganese;A=aluminum, chromium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium or molybdenum;v=0-0.95;w,a=0-0.5;y=0-0.1;s=more than 0 and less than 1;M=manganese, titanium, zinc, tin or molybdenum;M"=nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, copper, chromium, vanadium or niobium;f-h=-0.2 to 0.2;l=0-0.5;e=0-0.1;M1=aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zinc, vanadium, niobium, iron, zirconium, silicon or tin;andM2=nitrogen, sulfur or fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of manganese raw material with respect to copper raw material is 1-5. The copper raw material is copper sulfate pentahydrate and the manganese raw material is manganese acetate tetrahydrate. Preferred Condition: The mixed solution is stirred for 24 hours or more for coprecipitation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Garnet-type lithium ion-conducting oxide contains 0.07-0.25 mol Al with respect to 3 mol Ln(s). Alumina is used as Al-containing compound. Preferred Processes: Al element is added to mixed powder before sintering. Preferred Definitions:    Ln=La;    M1=Zr;    M2=Nb; and    x=5-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A channel is provided, whose one end opens in the distribution channel and other end is connected with an electrolytic liquid supply or electrolytic liquid discharge, where the ratio of length and cross-section of the channel is 2-200, preferably 15-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is nickel metal obtained from nickel-hydrogen battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high capacity active material consists of silicon, tin, and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium intercalation compound is silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum, titanium, cadmium, and/or their alloys, oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, tellurides, or antimonides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum, titanium, cadmium, and salts or hydroxides of tin. The electrode active material includes lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, lithium mixed metal oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, a lithium transition metal phosphate, lithium mixed metal phosphate and/or lithiated metal sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon nanofiber precursor is prepared using an electro spinning method. The method further comprises stabilizing the carbon nanofiber precursor by heat-treatment at 200-300 degrees C under an oxygen-containing atmosphere for 1-2 hours prior to the hydrolyzing. The hydrolysis of the surface of the carbon nanofiber precursor is performed for 10 minutes to 10 hours. The sintering is performed in an inert atmosphere and at 500-1500 degrees C. Preferred Components: The concentration of the hydroxide solution is 0.05-0.5 M. The temperature of the hydroxide solution is 30-60 degrees C. The hydroxide compound is of formula (M1OH). The hydroxide solution is a solution comprising potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and/or sodium hydroxide. The concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution is 0.01-5 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbon nanofiber precursor comprises at least one polymer comprising a polyacrylonitrile-based polymers, acryl-based polymers, pitch-based polymers, or phenol- based polymers.M1 = Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, Group VIII, Group IB, Group IIB or Group IIIB element. EXAMPLE - Polyacrylonitrile was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent to prepare a solution (10 wt.%) and the solution was electrospun to obtain a carbon nanofiber precursor in a web form. The precursor was then stabilized in a furnace with a compressed air supply at 280 degrees C for 1 hour, and then immersed in potassium hydroxide solution (0.1 M) for 2 hours to hydrolyze the surface of the carbon nanofiber precursor. The hydrolyzed precursor was then washed with hydrochloric acid (3 M), and then with deionized water. Finally, the washed carbon nanofiber precursor was sintered in a furnace at 800 degrees C under argon gas atmosphere for 1 hour to obtain a carbon nanofiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fire-resistant additive is a gel or viscous fluid chosen from surfactant (6% or more, preferably 10% or more), ester oil (23% or more, preferably 40% or more), water (43% or more), fatty acid ester and polymer (28% or more, preferable 50% or more) chosen from acrylamide copolymer and sodium acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The lithium salt is contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte in a concentration of 0.5-2 mol/L. The negative electrode material contains lithium titanate having a spinel structure. The separator includes fine particles of metal oxide. Preferred Components: The lithium salt contains LiBF4. The lithium salt contains LiPF6 with a concentration of less than or equal to 33.3% (preferably less than or equal to 20%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pyrolysis is performed at a temperature of 600-1000 degrees C and a pressure of spray gas of 2-4 atm, and the spray gas is air. Preferred Components: The metal precursor is at least one nitrate, sulfate, alkoxide and/or carbonate form of metal. Preferred Composition: The catalyst composition has an apparent density of is 0.03-0.40 g/ml. The carbon nanotube has a diameter of 5-20 nm and an aspect ratio of 100-10000 in the form of multi walled carbon nanotube. EXAMPLE - Iron (3472 g), aluminum, (6674 g) and magnesium (2531 g) were added to de-ionized water (10 l) and stirring the mixture for 2 hours at room temperature to give catalytic metal precursor solution. The catalytic metal precursor solution was transferred by amount of (3 l)/hour and sprayed into reactor by gas atomization method. Then the pyrolysis of sprayed catalytic metal precursor solution for 120 minutes continuously in the pyrolysis reactor. The pressure of air was 3 atm and the temperature of inner part of reactor was 750 degrees C to obtained catalyst composition (576 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of metal ion contained in support substance after solid-liquid separation process is 0.001-2 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of support substance. The amount of metal particles with respect to total amount of metal ion and metal particles is 0.0001-1. The group IV transition metal element titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or copper. The group V transition metal element is zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, palladium and/or silver. The support substance is inorganic-type support substance or organic-type support substance. The inorganic-type support substance contains silicon, aluminum, carbon, titanium, zirconium and/or cerium, or tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, tin-oxide dope indium oxide, antimony pentoxide, tungstosilicic acid, phosphorus-doped tin oxide and/or aluminum-doped zinc oxide. Preferred Condition: The drying process is performed under inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface of the upper latch is made of a material coated with sulfamate nickel coated aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The heat-processing temperature is 250-700 degrees C. The addition amount of electroconductive carbon-material source is 0.1-20 %mass by carbon atom conversion with respect to lithium-vanadium phosphate. The average particle diameter of the pulverized material is 1 mu m or less. The mixing of carbon material and pulverized material is carried out solvent containing ethanol. Preferred Components: The electroconductive carbon-material source is carbon material chosen from carbon black and Ketchen Black (RTM: electroconductive carbon). The phosphorus source is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive carbon-material source is 0.1-20 %mass with respect to vanadium-lithium phosphate. The electroconductive carbon-material source comprises carbon material. The carbon material comprises carbon black and/or Ketchen black (RTM: carbon black). Preferred Process: The dispersion of carbon material is carried out in presence of alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The heat-processing step is carried out by primary heat-processing at 100-300 degrees C and secondary heat-processing at 300-700 degrees C. The addition amount of electroconductive carbon-material source is 0.1-20 %mass by carbon atom conversion, with respect to lithium-vanadium phosphate. The average particle diameter of pulverized material is 1 mu m or less. The slurry is obtained by adding electroconductive carbon-material source to a slurry containing the pulverized material, and mixing. Preferred Components: The electroconductive carbon-material source is a carbon material chosen from carbon black and Ketchen Black (RTM: electroconductive carbon). The mixing of slurry of pulverized material and carbon material is carried out in a solvent containing ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from a group consisting of copolymer, acrylamide copolymer or sodium acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The frame part consists of 95 mass percentage of nickel or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive auxiliary current collector comprises alloy of aluminum, nickel, titanium and plastic carbon. The negative auxiliary current collector comprises an alloy of copper, stainless steel, aluminum and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Battery is lithium-ion battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent has a boiling point of 150 degrees C or more, and is chosen from cyclic carbonate, lactone, and sulfolane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic material in the slurry is 0.05-5 weight%. The inorganic material is chosen from cobalt oxide, ferric oxide, lithium manganate, oxide of formula: MOx (where M is chosen from iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese and aluminum and x is electrically neutral value), hydroxy compound of formula: MOOH, inorganic compound of formula: AaM'mXx'OoSsNnFf (where, A is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, M' is chosen from boron, aluminum gallium or indium, X is phosphorus, arsenic, silicon, germanium, selenium, tellurium and carbon and a, m, x', o, s and n are 0 or more), preferably lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles are chosen from calcium carbonate, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, silica, barium titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, talc, clay, titanium oxide and their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polymer resin is chosen from polyphenyl sulfone, polysulfone, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyarylamide, polyarylate, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and their copolymer, and has melting point of 150 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder further contains nonionic-conductive binder. The content of nonionic-electroconductive binder is 90 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average thickness of the film is 5-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The endothermic peak temperature of precursor in differential thermal analysis, is 550 degrees C or less, when temperature of precursor is increased from 300 degrees C to 800 degrees C. The precursor has specific surface area of 0.5-6.0 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel hydroxide is in the form of particles. The compound containing thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium is dispersed in the nickel hydroxide particles. The cobalt-cerium compound covers the surface of the nickel hydroxide particles. The abundance rate of calcium is 0.1 %mass or more with respect to total content of nickel hydroxide, cobalt-cerium compound and calcium compound. The abundance rate of yttrium is 0.5 %mass or more with respect to total content of nickel hydroxide, cobalt-cerium compound and yttrium compound. The abundance rate of element is 0.1 %mass or more with respect to total content of compound containing calcium, yttrium, europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium, nickel hydroxide and cobalt-cerium compound. The content of cerium is 10-30 atomic% with respect to total content of cerium and cobalt. The cobalt-cerium compound contains cobalt oxyhydroxide phase and cerium-dioxide phase. The cerium in cerium-dioxide phase is substituted by cobalt. The content of cerium-dioxide phase is 13-88 %mass with respect to total content of oxyhydroxide phase and cerium-dioxide phase. Preferred Method: The nickel-hydroxide particles covered with the cobalt-cerium compound are formed by depositing the compound containing cobalt and cerium on the surface of the nickel-hydroxide particles in an aqueous solution containing cobalt ion and cerium ion, at 30-60 degrees C. The content of cerium ion is 5-40 atomic% with respect to total content of cobalt ion and cerium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A pore making material is mixed during preparation of granulated material. The binding material contains carbon precursor. The electroconductive powder contains graphite carbon. Preferred Process: The granulated material containing pore making material, electroconductive powder and binding material, is baked, and pore making material is decomposed and vaporized, during manufacture of conductive-support-agent particles. Preferred Property: The porosity of electroconductive powder is 15-60%, which is set as ratio of volume of voids of the cavity with respect to particle volume of electroconductive powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The minimal single chip system unit comprises a resetting circuit and a joint test action group (JTAG) interface that are utilized for downloading program.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The corrosion-resistant outer layer includes titanium metal or its alloy, carbon, silicon, silicon carbide, zirconium metal or its alloy, and iridium or its alloy, where a titanium suboxide is formed on the titanium outer layer. The titanium suboxide (TixOzx-1) is a coating, where x is a whole number of greater than or equal to 1. The conductive inner layer includes iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, copper, aluminum, nickel or their alloys. The conductive inner layer comprises conductive titanates such as lithium vanadium titanate (LiVTiO4 or LiVTiO3) or lanthanum titanate. The oxide is lanthanum manganese cobalt oxide (LaMnCoOx). The corrosion resistant material consists of titanium, zirconium, CNT, (TixOzx-1), titanates, iridium, rhenium or other corrosion resistant metals either as a powder or fine particle form. The catalytic membrane includes a catalyst consisting of metals, salts or compounds including manganese, cobalt, platinum, molybdenum and/or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The catalytic membrane includes dimethyl silicone, fluorosilicone, nitrile silicone, natural rubber, ethyl cellulose, or low density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In the step (a): the carboxymethyl cellulose is dispersed in the aqueous solution and then the conductive agent is added to it; and a bead mill method or a roll mill method is used. In the step (b), the positive electrode active material is dispersed and mixed in the conductive agent slurry and then the latex-based plastic is added to it. Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material: has an average particle size of less than or equal to 1 mu m; and is an olivine-type lithium iron phosphate. The carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of etherification of 0.5-1.5, preferably 0.65-0.75. The amount of the carboxymethyl cellulose is 0.2-1.5 mass% with respect to the total amount of the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, the carboxymethyl cellulose, and the latex-based plastic. The ratio of the mass of the conductive agent to the mass of the carboxymethyl cellulose is from 5-20. The amount of the latex-based plastic is 0.5-6 mass% with respect to the total amount of the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, the carboxymethyl cellulose, and the latex-based plastic. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of fibrous carbon in total electroconductive material of positive electrode is 20-60 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film has layer (II) comprising polymer blend (II) containing polyethylene (I) (55-75) having molecular weight distribution of 20 or less and a weight average molecular weight of 1x 105-0.9x 106, and polyethylene (II) (25-45) having a weight average molecular weight of 1x 106 or more, a molecular weight distribution of 20 or less, and a melting temperature of more than 134 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The film has a thickness of 50 mu m or less, a meltdown temperature of 170 degrees C or more, and a normal air permeability of 50 seconds/100 cm3/ mu m or less. Polypropylene has a weight average molecular weight of 0.9x 106-2x 106, a molecular weight distribution of 20 or less, and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or more. Polymethylpentene has a melt flow rate of 0.1-28 dg/minute and a melting temperature of 223-235 degrees C. The film has layer (III) having the same composition as layer (I). Layer (II) has a thickness of 10-25 mu m and 70-90% of total thickness of film. The thickness of layers (I,III) is 5-15% of total thickness of film. The film has a porosity of 20% or more, a normal puncture strength of 1x 102 mN/ mu m or more, and a heat shrink of 10% or less at 105 degrees C in at least 1 direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper and lower housing portions are made of plastic material e.g. polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer fiber contains the compound which has an amide group or imide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode collector contains material containing iron (1.2-1.7) and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder (b1) comprises copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The content of binder (b2) is 5-50 parts mass, preferably 5-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of binder (b1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The fluorine-doped crystalline titanium dioxide is in the form of crystalline titanium dioxide particles having an average particle size of less than 500 nm, preferably between 50 nm and 300 nm, and a fluorine content between 0.5 wt.% and 5 wt.%, preferably between 1 wt. and 4 wt.%. The particles contain hydroxy groups, ammonium cations, and nitrogen oxides. The particles have a nitrogen content between 0.2 wt.% and 8 wt.%, preferably between 2.5 wt.% and 7 wt.%, and/or a hydrogen content between 0.05 wt.% and 4 wt.%, preferably between 1.5 wt.% and 2.5 wt.%. At least 80% of fluorine, preferably at least 90% of fluorine, is present in the surface layer of the particles. Titanium dioxide is in the form of anatase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binding-improvement agent is half ester of polyhydric carboxylic acid or polyvalent amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material is scale-like graphite having average primary particle diameter of 10 mu m or more. The amount of scale-like graphite with respect to amount of active material in full charge state is 0.5-2.5 %mass. The active material further contains carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The bisphenol sulfonic acid polymer is formaldehyde condensate of bisphenol and amino benzene sulfonic acid, having structure of formula (I).R1,R2=H or group of formula (a);andn=not defined.N.B. n is not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte of the lithium ion secondary battery is a nonaqueous electrolyte in which lithium hexafluorophosphate is dissolved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of graphite is 70 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The raw material containing lithium sulfide, material having phosphorus-phosphorus bonding and material having sulfur are mixed to obtain sulfide solid electrolyte glass. Preferred Composition: The material having phosphorus-phosphorus bonding comprises phosphorus. The material having sulfur comprises elemental sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The positive electrode has electrode density of 1.6-2.2 g/cm3. Preferred Composition: The amount of positive electrode active material is 85-87 wt.%. The amount of electroconductive agent is 8 wt.% or less. The total amount of aggregated-type graphite and carbon black is 0.3-0.7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total amount of polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidene fluoride is 0.3-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Please include the TF from the claims 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode has an electrode density of 1.5-2.6 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Process for the manufacturing of lithium transition metal phosphate involves: providing a particulate lithium transition metal phosphate or its precursor compounds; deposition of a carbon containing coating on the lithium transition metal phosphate particles or the particles of a precursor compounds by exposing the particles to an atmosphere which comprises pyrolysis products of a carbon containing compound; and carbonizing of the carbon containing coating. In the process, as carbon containing compound, a carbohydrate or a polymer is used. The pyrolysis of the carbon containing compound is carried out at 300-850 degrees C. The deposition of the coating is carried out at 300-850 degrees C. The deposition of the coating on the particles of the lithium transition metal phosphate is carried out in a fluid bed. Preferred Compounds: The lithium transition metal phosphate is compound of formula LiM'y(M'b)xPO4 (I), or LiFex'Mn1-x'-y'My'PO4 (II). The lithium transition metal phosphate has particles having a spherical morphology. The particles have a length/width ratio of 0.7-1.3; and a Brunauer-Emmer-Teller (BET) surface of less than or equal to 11 m2/g. The particles of the lithium transition metal phosphate or its precursor compounds have a lower temperature as the atmosphere comprising the pyrolysis products.M'b=transition metal selected from Fe, Co, Ni or Mn;M'=metal selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Nb, Ti, Ru, Zr, B, Mg, Zn, Ca, Cu, or Cr;x and y=0-1;M=metal with valency +II of the group Sn, Pb, Zn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, Ti or Cd;x'=less than 1;y'=less than 0.3;orx'+y'=less than 1.Provided that M' is different from M'b. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The galvanic insulation layer includes silicon nitride or aluminium oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The galvanic insulation layer is formed by deposition of cured resin and includes polyimide or bisbenzocyclobutene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxide is lithium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide group oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is olivine type lithium containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrode is an insulating film which covers the surface of electroconductive film. The electroconductive film and insulating film have thickness of 1000-3000 nm and 10-100 nm, respectively. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive film comprises at least 1 of carbide of element(s) chosen from tungsten, zirconium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, chromium and molybdenum, nitride(s) of titanium, zirconium and niobium, and electroconductive valve metal(s) chosen from hafnium, aluminum and zirconium. The insulating film comprises oxide of aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and/or titanium, and/or nitride of silicon, chromium, boron and/or aluminum, and carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sub crystalline phase has: a thickness of 5-60 nm; a crystal structure which is either a tetragonal crystal or an orthorhombic crystal; a spinel structure; and a crystallinity which is detectable by diffractometry. In the cathode active material an intermediate phase is present at an interface between the main crystalline phase and the sub crystalline phase, where the intermediate phase includes a part of an element of the main crystalline phase and a part of an element of the sub crystalline phase. The cathode active material is of formula ((Li)1-x(M1)2-2x(M2)x(M3)2x(O)4-y) (I), where the overall composition of the cathode material includes the main crystalline phase and the sub crystalline phase. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide contains only manganese as a transition metal. The sub crystalline phase includes a representative element and manganese, preferably the sub crystalline phase includes zinc and manganese. The sub crystalline phase has a composition ratio manganese/zinc of greater than 2 and less than 4. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide has a lattice constant of 8.22-8.25 Angstrom .x = 0.01-0.1;M1 = manganese and/or transition metal element other than manganese;M2, M3 = representative metal element or transition metal element; andy = value which satisfies electrical neutrality with x.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The measurement values are digitized over a digital data bus of a controller area network. The battery system is operated in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 26262 Automotive Safety Integrity Level C (ASIL C) standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lip seal is made up of plastic. A corrosion protection seal made of silicone is provided at the outer periphery of the screw thread of the nut.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive electrode includes polyanion type lithium containing compound containing lithium and predetermined types of transition metal portion as a positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The swollen layer-like clay mineral is smectite-type layered clay mineral or mica-type layered clay mineral. The lithium-containing sulfide is lithium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The complex oxide has compositional formula: Li1+yMO2.y=-0.15 to 0.15;andM=Ni, Co or Mn.The amount of nickel is 25-90 mol%. The amount of cobalt is 5-35 mol%. The amount of manganese is 5-35 mol%. The total amount of cobalt and manganese is 10-70 mol%. The positive electrode active material further contains secondary complex oxide containing lithium and transition metal. The molar ratio of nickel with respect to lithium in the active material is 0.05-1. The positive mix layer has density of 3.2 g/cm3 or more, preferably 3.6 g/cm3 or more. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains halogen-substituted cyclic carbonate and vinylene carbonate. The negative electrode contains a collector and a negative mix layer formed on the collector. The negative mix layer contains negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material contains composite of material containing silicon and oxygen, carbon material and graphite carbon material. The amount of phosphono acetate compound is less than amount of cyclic carbonate. The material containing silicon and oxygen is of formula: SiOx, where x is 0.5-1.5. The amount of cyclic carbonate is 0.1-30 %mass. The amount of phosphono acetate compound is 0.1-10 %mass. The amount of vinylene carbonate is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has an exothermic peak at 300-700 degrees C and an exothermic peak at 700-1000 degrees C. The peak temperature difference with respect to peak at highest temperature and peak at lowest temperature is less than 300 degrees C. The carbon material has a nitrogen-adsorption specific surface area of 0.5-25 m2/g at 77 K, a carbon-dioxide adsorption amount of 0.1-5 cc/g at 273 K, a tap density of 0.3-2 g/cm3, and an R value (peak intensity ratio) of 0.1-1.5 obtained from Raman spectrum analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The silicon type-alloy negative electrode material further contains 30 at.% or less of carbon, tin, aluminum, antimony, zinc, bismuth, cadmium, lead, silver, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, indium, lanthanum, cerium, boron and/or nitrogen. The silicon-copper alloy phase contains copper silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic element is chosen from manganese, halogen, nickel, alkali metal, titanium, aluminum, zinc. The halogen is fluorine. The alkali metal is sodium, potassium and/or lithium. The positive-electrode material contains material containing manganese and nickel. The lithium-ion secondary battery has porous film layer containing inorganic-oxide filler. The filler is alumina and/or zirconia-phosphorus pentoxide. Preferred Properties: The positive-electrode film has thickness is 50-150 mu m. The thickness of separator is 6-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is carbon nanotubes or cup stacking-type carbon nanotubes, and has amine adsorption amount of 20-700 micromol/g. Preferred Property: The dispersion has amine titer value of 3-100 mg potassium hydroxide/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive active material of battery is made up of doping lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium-nickelmanganese- cobalt oxide and other lithium-containing metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode active material of battery is made up of reversible lithium-aluminium-based alloy, silicon alloy and tin based alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is provided with solvent dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethylene carbonate and carbonic allyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive adhesive of battery is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, acrylic resin glue of carbon material conductive agent, styrenebutadiene rubber and other conductive polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal (M') in lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide of positive electrode contains is titanium, silicon, iron and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The micro phase-separation of the silicone resin is provided with an average particle diameter of 5 micrometers or less. The epoxy modified polyamidoimide resin is used as matrix resin including epoxy modified polyamidoimide resin whose volume fraction is 50% than thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monoclinic beta -type titanium composite oxide has a shape of particle, and the fluorine is contained in a surface layer of the particle. The surface layer: comprises the surface of the particle and an outer layer having a depth of less than or equal to 20 nm from the surface of the particle; and has fluorine content higher than the fluorine content in a central part of the particle, and the central part of the particle has a depth of greater than or equal to 20 nm from the surface of the particle. The monoclinic beta -type titanium composite oxide has a fluorine content of 0.12-10 mass.%. The active material has a peak belonging to a titanium-fluorine bond of 800-850 cm-1 in an infrared diffuse reflection spectrum with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. The non-aqueous electrolyte battery further comprises a case made of a laminate film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon electroconductive agent is carbon black. The active material of the electrode comprises a lithium complex oxide containing nickel and manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nonionic surfactant contains a fatty acid ester surfactant, preferably polyglyceryl condensed ricinoleate ester, and a high-class alkyl ether type surfactant, preferably polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. The slurry further contains a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material is iron, steel, copper, silver, gold, brass or metallic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium compound used for manufacturing positive-electrode active material is titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capacitor uses mixed ethylene propylene either isobutylene isoprene rubber or terpolymer, isobutylene isoprene rubber, and an ethylene propylene terpolymer as sealing rubber, and dissolved ethyltrimethyl ammonium tetra fluoroborate salt in (gamma)-butyrolactone or propylene carbonate as electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler material is zirconia, titanium oxide, manganese oxide (Mn2O3, Mn5O8), ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, yttrium oxide, tungstic oxide, cerium oxide, oxide of rare-earth metal, cobalt aluminate, cobalt aluminate chromate, inverse spinel, complex oxide of cobalt, nickel, zinc, titanium and aluminum ((Co,Ni,Zn)2(Ti,Al)O4), inverse spinel, lanthanum nickelate, zinc ferrate, copper-iron-chromium oxide (Cu(FeCr)2O4), boron nitride, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, chromium carbide, tungsten carbide, and/or titanium carbonitride, preferably zirconium oxide and/or tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating comprises (in parts weight) fluorine-containing polymer (0.5-20, preferably 2-10), silver (30-90, preferably 30-70), and filler material (5-60, preferably 15-50).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The conductive material constituting surface of core material has stainless steel or stainless alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isothiazoline compound is benzoisothiazoline type compound and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one. The mass ratio of benzoisothiazoline type compound and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is 2/8-8/2. The content of polymerization unit of (meth)acrylate ester monomer, content of polymerization unit of vinyl monomer having acidic group, and content of polymerization unit of alpha , beta -unsaturated nitrile monomer, is 50-98 %mass, 1.0-3.0 %mass, and 1.0-50 %mass, respectively. The binder further includes a polymerization unit (0.01-2.0 %mass) having crosslinking property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate and ester. The ester is linear carbonate. The amount of symmetrical linear carbonate contained in nonaqueous solvent is 40-60 volume%. The cyclic carbonate has fluorine atom and/or carbon-carbon double bond. The cyclic carbonate having fluorine atom is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one or 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon double bond is vinylene carbonate and/or vinyl ethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of preparing an electrode further comprises treating the electrode with an acid. In the method of preparing an electrode, the drying is carried out at 60-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The acid is phosphoric acid and the concentration of the acid is 200-750 mol.% based on 100 mole of the proton conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic binder is polytetrafluoroethylene and fluorinated ethylene propylene. The concentration of the hydrophobic binder is 1-40 wt.%, based on the total weight of the metal catalyst. EXAMPLE - Carbon supported platinum (1 g), polybenzimidazole (PBI) (0.05 g) and N-methylpyrrolidone (1.45 ml) were mixed and stirred at 250 rpm at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was cast onto a Teflon (RTM: Polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet and dried in vacuum at 120 degrees C for 1 hour. The resulting dried mixture was pulverized and sieved to obtain PBI coated carbon supported platinum catalyst with a particle size of 50-70 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cobalt compound comprises cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide, and/or cobalt oxyhydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide has distortion of 0.0400 or less and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.1-0.4 m2/g. The crystallite size value to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of the lithium transition metal oxide is 1500-3000 nm/(m2/g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The slurry has a solid content of 20-60% and a pH of 6-10. The porous material is porous carbon black, activated carbon, conductive carbon black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, activated carbon fiber, carbon cloth, carbon nanotube, hard carbon, carbon aerogel, and/or graphene. The conductive agent is conductive carbon black, conductive graphite, Ketchen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), and/or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The current collector is stainless steel foil, stainless steel, aluminum foil, aluminum net, nickel foil, and/or foam nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic electrolyte comprises tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, ethyltrimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, diethyldimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetrapropylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, trimethylethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, triethylmethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and/or diethyldimethylammonium hexafluorophosphate. The solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, ethyl acetate, and/or acetonitrile. The concentration of electrolyte is 0.3-4 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of polyimide membrane is 5-70 mu m and the porosity is 50-95%. The packing is plastic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microparticles are inorganic fine particle or organic particulate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator further contains a multilayer porous membrane containing polyolefin as main constituent, and microparticles. Preferred property: The separator has a shutdown characteristic at 80 degrees C -150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The melting point of the additive is 1000 degrees C or less. (I) has volume density of 1.3 g/cc or more. Preferred Composition: The additive comprises element chosen from boron, phosphorus, vanadium, lead, antimony and bismuth. The content of elements contained in the additive is 0.001-10 mol% with respect to total content of lithium transition-metal-type compound raw material. The atomic ratio of total content of element capable of accelerating sintering with respect to total content of metallic elements other than elements in the surface portion of the secondary particles, and additive, is one time or more with respect to atomic ratio of secondary particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal element is aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), barium (Ba), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y). The metal compound is oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and carbon (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium sulfide is preferably 1 mol% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of olivine type compound in the positive-electrode active material is 50 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon layer contains graphite. The titanium carbide has an average particle diameter of 5 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves adding neutralizing agent to rare earth-free fluid, adjusting pH to 2-2.5, adding sulfurizing agent to rare earth-free fluid, and separating zinc in the fluid. The pH of rare earth-free fluid at the time of addition of sulfurizing agent is maintained at 2.5-4.5. Preferred Composition: The alkali metal sulfate is chosen from sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate. The sulfurizing agent is chosen from hydrogen-sulfide gas, sodium sulfhydrate and sodium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The step (b) comprises either: washing the mixture, and drying the mixture; or filtering the mixture and washing the filtered mixture. The step (a) is performed at 20-60 degrees C, preferably at 60 degrees C for 0.1-3 hours, preferably 3 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal hydroxide solution is sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution or lithium hydroxide solution. The strong oxidizing agent is persulfate, perchlorate, ozone or a permanganate, preferably an alkali metal persulfate including sodium persulfate or potassium persulfate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one portion of the surface of metallic lithium silicate particles is coated with an electroconductive carbonaceous material produced by thermal decomposition of carbohydrate. The sodium content of metal silicate is 1 %mass or less. The solution containing silicate ion is sodium silicate or its aqueous solution. The pH is controlled using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and/or ammonia. Preferred Conditions: Crystallization of coprecipitate is carried out in an inert atmosphere. The carbon source is obtained by heat-processing carbohydrate having a melting point of 250 degrees C or less, in a non-oxidizing atmosphere after mixing, at a temperature greater than the melting point of carbohydrate and 300 degrees C or less. The precursor is pulverized before baking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbohydrate is monosaccharide and/or disaccharide, preferably sucrose and/or glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium containing metal oxide has volume change of 5% or less, during lithium insertion and desorption process. The ratio of peak intensity (A) of metal oxide (II) in positive electrode active material observed at 30.4 degrees , with respect to peak intensity (B) of lithium-containing metal oxide observed at 25.5 degrees is 0.03-0.2, measured by X-ray diffraction using copper-K ( alpha )ray. Preferred Composition: The content of metal oxide (II) in positive electrode active material is 0.03-0.3 mol with respect to 1 mol of lithium-containing metal oxide. The surface of positive electrode active material is coated with carbon. Preferred Definitions:    M=zirconium;    x=0.05-0.25;and    y=0.1-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of halogen in the positive electrode active material is 0.1-10 atomic%. The number-of-moles of silicon in the positive electrode active material is 5-40 mol% with respect to content of halogen. Preferred Definitions:    z=0.001-0.05;and    M=iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quaternary ammonium salt is of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal powder is titanium, copper or aluminum. Preferred Property: The metal porous thin plate has thickness of 0.1-0.5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: uniformly mixing the reaction solution with a carbon conductive material after washing and drying the reaction solution; and post-heat treating the resulting solution at 200- 500 degrees C. Preferred Components: The precursor of the lithium oxide is lithium phosphate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium acetate, lithium sulfate, lithium sulfite, lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide and/or lithium iodide. The precursor of the manganese oxide is manganese metal, manganese oxide, manganese oxalate, manganese acetate and/or manganese nitrate. The precursor of the phosphorus is lithium phosphate, sodium phosphate and/or potassium phosphate. The magnesium, titanium, cobalt, nickel or iron substituent is magnesium acetate, titanium tetrachloride, cobalt sulfate, nickel nitrate, or iron acetate. The arsenic substituent is ammonium arsenate and/or arsenic trioxide. Preferred Definitions:    x, y = 0.01-0.02; and    M = Mg.    EXAMPLE - Manganese acetate solution (0.06 M, 30 ml) and 250 ml of diethylene glycol as a chelating agent were added to 30 ml of 0.06 M lithium phosphate solution and the resulting solution was fed into a hydrothermal synthesis apparatus to react with each other at 180 degrees C for 5 hours. Then, 0.3 ml of 0.06 M magnesium solution acetate and 0.3 ml of 0.06 M ammonium arsenate solution as substituents were added to the hydrothermal synthesis apparatus to obtain a light pink powder suspension. The powder suspension was washed and dried and the resulting material was uniformly mixed with Super-P (RTM: Carbon black) at a ratio of 80:20 using a ball mill, and the mixture was heat-treated to give a positive electrode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The titanium oxide nanotube array film is prepared using hydrofluoric acid, dimethyl sulfoxide solution, sulfur, cadmium chloride, silver/silver chloride, sodium acetate and copper acetate. The nanotube array film is modified by cadmium sulfide or copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystal orientation is: (110) or (211); and the same as the extension direction when an angle formed by the crystal orientation and the extension direction is 0-20 degrees . The silicon crystal body is cylindrical, prismatic, conical or pyramidal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises an ionic liquid and a hydrolyzable compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 Compounds (A) are specifically disclosed e.g. N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-naphthalene-1,8-diamine of formula (I-1), 1,12-diaza-benzo(c)phenanthrene, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-dibenzofuran-1,9-diamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-dibenzothiophene-1,9-diamine and 4-ethyl-2,7-dimethoxy-Nasterisk1asterisk,Nasterisk1asterisk,Nasterisk8asterisk,Nasterisk8asterisk-tetramethyl-naphthalene-1,8-diamine.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The dissolution process is performed in inert gas atmosphere or vacuum atmosphere. The alloy raw material (X) contains tin and/or copper. The carbon-type susceptor is cylindrical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The contact angle of water-repellent coat with respect to water is 70 degrees or more. Preferred Composition: The sulfide-type solid electrolyte contains lithium sulfide-silicon sulfide compound, lithium sulfide-phosphorus sulfide compound, lithium sulfide-germanium sulfide compound and/or lithium sulfide-bismuth sulfide compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water repellent is fluororesin-containing water repellent, fluoroalkyl group-containing silane compound and/or dimethyl silicone-type water repellent.
Preferred Definitions:    A- = univalent anion including ((CnF2n+1SO2)2N-), ((CmF2m+1SO3)-) or (CF2 (CF2SO2)2N-) (sic);    n = 0-4; and    m = 0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The primary particles of electrode active substance particles have average particle diameter of 0.5 nm-1 mu m. The electrode-material mixture has viscosity of 5000-20000 mPa.second. Preferred Composition: The electrode active substance particles contain lithium-iron phosphate (LiFePO4).The content of electrode active substance particles in the electrode-material mixture is 75-95 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The dispersion solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition of SixCuy is SiCu3. Preferred Properties: The initial stage discharge capacity of the negative electrode material is 1000 mAh/g or more and the discharge capacity at 100th cycle is 372 mAh/g or more. The negative electrode material comprises copper (10-50 at%, preferably 18-36 at%), carbon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum and/or phosphorus (0-10 at%, preferably 0-3 at%), and silicon and unavoidable impurity (remainder).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Raw-material composition further contains magnesium, and electroconductive material and/or metal catalyst. Preferred Process: Obtained mechanically-milled fine material containing magnesium or magnesium hydride is subjected to hydrogen storage-discharge process by occlusion and discharge of hydrogen in gaseous phase. Preferred Property: Particles of magnesium hydride (after performing hydrogen storage-discharge process) have average particle diameter of 50-150 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode is made of manganese dioxide material. The dissolving liquid contains hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, stearic acid, formic acid, citric acid, aqueous ammonia, sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, benzene, aniline, toluene, cyclohexanone, carbon tetrachloride, trichloro ethylene, castor oil, or synthetic detergent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin film is made of zinc, lithium, iron, carbon, sodium, beryllium, aluminum, cadmium, sulfur, or lead material. The electrode is made of copper, carbon, aluminum, gold, silver, beryllium, or magnesium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A positive electrode active material is lithium-nickel-manganese cobalt oxide (LixNiyMnzCo(1-y-z-w)AwO2), where x is 1-1.2, y+z+w is less than 1, y is greater than or equal to z, w is 0-0.01 and A is chosen from lithium, aluminum, chromium, magnesium, titanium, boron, fluorine and tungsten. The specific surface area of crystalline carbon is 3-8 m2/g. The specific surface area of amorphous carbon is 1-5 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode mixture layer contains graphite, carbon black or fibrous carbon as conductive support agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode mixture layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoroethylene or poly tetrafluoroethylene as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The internal pressure of the chamber is adjusted to 20-80 Pa. The flow volume of aerosol is 200-500 ml/minute. The relative-displacement rate of the substrate is 0.5-1 mm/second. Preferred Property: The diameter of the nozzle is 0.15-0.25 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains saturated solution of potassium hydroxide or saturated solution of sodium hydroxide (29.8-70%, preferably 30%), potassium permanganate (29.8-70%, preferably 69%) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (0.1-1%, preferably 1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains saturated solution of potassium hydroxide or saturated solution of sodium hydroxide (19.5%), saturated solution of lithium hydroxide (40%), potassium permanganate (40%) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (0.5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer (c1) and catalyst layer (c2) comprise catalysts containing precious metals and optionally ion-conducting materials, or comprises catalyst of iridium or ruthenium. The membrane-electrode assembly further has a gas diffusion layer (g2) comprising non-carbon based material on rear side (5). The non-carbon based material is porous metallic structure chosen from woven metal mesh, metal nonwoven component, gauze, metal staple fiber or metal multifilament. Preferred Process: The margin of gas diffusion layer and free surface of ion-conducting membrane are surrounded by sealing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ion-conducting membrane comprises organic polymer chosen from proton-conducting perfluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid compound, doped polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polysulfone and ion-conducting ceramic material and having thickness of 10-200 mu m. The sealing material comprises thermoplastic polymer chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyester, polyamide, polyimide and polyurethane, or elastomer chosen from silicone rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer, fluoroelastomer, perfluoroelastomer, chloroprene elastomer and fluorosilicone elastomer or thermoset polymer chosen from epoxy resin and cyanoacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The laminated material has a breaking strength of 150-250 MPa and a breaking elongation of 100-150%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material includes magnetic clusters (5-7 %mass) containing 5 %mass or more of metallic nickel. The positive electrode is sintering -type positive electrode containing porous sintering substrate filled with nickel hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-storing alloy contains 20-70 %mass of nickel, mixture of rare-earth elements, cobalt, manganese and aluminum and has calcium-copper (CaCu5)-type crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The mineral salt is chosen from sulfate, nitrate, tungstate, vanadic-acid salt, molybdate, niobate and borate. The cation contained in mineral salt is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. The alkali metal is chosen from lithium and sodium. The transition metal element of transition metal compound is chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. The complex oxide has crystalline structure. The oxidation number of transition metal element in complex oxide is more than that of transition metal compound. The battery further has a separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mineral salt is borate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, vanadic-acid salt, tungstate, molybdate, niobate and/or halide chosen from at least one of chloride, bromide, fluoride, and iodide. The mineral salt comprises cation chosen from at least one of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. The alkali metal salt is carbonate, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and/or halide chosen from at least one of chloride, bromide, fluoride, and iodide. The alkali metal in alkali metal salt is lithium, sodium and/or potassium. The transition metal element in transition metal compound is manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel. Preferred Structure: The alkali-metal-transition-metal complex oxide has layered structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The apatite component is contained in the ratio of 5 %mass or less with respect to dry mass of the electrolytic membrane. The protective layer further contains ionic conduction component. The ionic conduction component has larger ion exchange capacity than the ion conductor contained in the electrolytic membrane. The content region of the apatite component (A in mu m) is 1-100 mu m and the maximum film thickness of the electrolytic membrane is 1-100 mu m or 100-500 mu m (excluding 100), and satisfy the relations: 1 less than or equal to A less than or equal to B.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) or iron sulfide (FeS2). The solid electrolyte layer contains lithium, sulfur and phosphorus, and is formed only in the positive electrode component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The intervening layer contains polymer capable of dissolving lithium salt. The polymer is polyether polyester copolymer or polyether polysiloxane copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of thicker electrode terminal is 80-120 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The handling portion is made from an olefin type thermoplastic resin, while the leak preventing portion is made from an olefin type thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The collector electrode layer is metal foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The fully aromatic polyamide fiber is manufactured by electrospinning. The electroconductive sheet consists of an electrode layer and a collector electrode layer. The electrode layer contains an active material and an organic polymer binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Molybdenum is added in an amount of 0.1-10 mol% by element ratio with respect to iron and element (M1). Preferred Condition: The heat-processing temperature is 500-800 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    M2=molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises at least one positive electrode active material selected from lithium nickel composite oxides and lithium manganese composite oxides. Preferred Battery: The battery further comprises a container formed by a laminated film. Preferred Battery Pack: The battery pack comprises several nonaqueous electrolyte batteries connected electrically, and a protective circuit capable of detecting the voltage of each of the nonaqueous electrolyte batteries.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monoclinic beta -type titanium composite oxide comprises at least one element selected from elements included in Groups 5 and 13 of the Periodic Table in an amount of 0.03-15 mass%. The element is substituted for a part of Ti sites of the monoclinic beta -type titanium composite oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), sodium manganate (NaMn2O4), lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4), sodium manganese phosphate (NaMnPO4), nickel lithium manganate (LiNixMnyO4), nickel sodium manganate (NaNixMnyO4), iron lithium manganate (LiFexMnyO4), iron sodium manganate (NaFexMnyO4), lithium manganese titanate (LixMnyTi(1-y)O2), sodium manganese titanate (NaxMnyTi(1-y)O2), lithium manganese silicate (Li2MnSiO4), sodium manganese silicate (Na2MnSiO4), or fluorine compound. A phosphorus element containing particulate solid material is added in the electrolyte solution. The negative electrode material further contains a ceramic material. The ceramic material contains barium titanate, alumina, lithium fluoride or silicon element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material with the nitrile group is succinonitrile or fluorinated phosphonitrile trimer. The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is fluoroethylene carbonate or fluoropropylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The separator has thermal contraction rate of 5% or less at 150 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The microparticles are inorganic oxide microparticles. The heat-resistant porous film further contains microparticles which are capable of melting at 80-150 degrees C, and microparticles which absorb and smell a nonaqueous electrolyte at 80-150 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic binder has amide bond in a molecule, and contains a structural unit derived from ether-type monomer of formula: H2C-C(-R1)(-NR3-C(=O)-R2) (I).R1=H or methyl;R2=H or 1-6C alkyl;R3=H or 1-4C alkyl;andR2+R3=ring.The total number of carbon in the ring formed by coupling R2 and R3 is 2-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous base material is polyolefin microporous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The undercoat layer contains insulating inorganic agent (73) having larger diameter than the diameter of the particles of the conductive support agent. The addition amount of the organic binder is 20-80 %mass with respect to all the raw materials of the undercoat layer. The addition amount of the conductive support agent is 5-50 %mass with respect to all the raw materials of the undercoat layer. The active material layer in the positive electrode is compound of formula: Li1-aMO2, preferably Li1-aNixM1yM2zO2 or LiNixMnyCozO2, or LiM'PO4, preferably lithium iron phosphate where a is 0-1, M is nickel, manganese, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, aluminum, germanium, tin, magnesium, molybdenum or zirconium, M1,M2 are manganese, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, aluminum, germanium, tin, magnesium, molybdenum or zirconium, M1 and M2 are not same, x+y+z is 1, x is 1 or less, y and z are less than 1 and M' is iron, manganese or cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The organic binder is chitin chitosan derivative, fluorinated resin, synthetic rubber, polyamide, polyimide, polyolefin or polyacryl type binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel sheet is made of cold-rolled sheet steel prescribed by JIS G3141:2009, and has a chemical composition of austenite or ferrite type prescribed by JIS G4305:2005. The steel sheet comprises (in %mass) carbon (0.001-0.15), silicon (0.001-0.1), manganese (0.005-0.6), phosphorus (0.001-0.05), sulfur (0.001-0.5), aluminum (0.001-0.5), nickel (0.001-1), chromium (0.001-1), copper (0-0.1), titanium (0-0.5), niobium (0-0.5), nitrogen (0-0.05), and iron and unavoidable impurities (remainder), or carbon (0.0001-0.15), silicon (0.001-4), manganese (0.001-2.5), phosphorus (0.001-0.045), sulfur (0.0005-0.03), nickel (6-28), chromium (15-26), molybdenum (0-7), copper (0-3.5), niobium (0-1), titanium (0-1), aluminum (0-0.1), nitrogen (0-0.3), boron (0-0.01), vanadium (0-0.5), tungsten (0-0.3), calcium, magnesium, yttrium and rare-earth elements (0-0.1, in total), and iron and unavoidable impurities (remainder). The copper-clad steel foil has a tensile strength of 600-900 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen peroxide decomposition agent is metal complex, preferably metal complex of phthalocyanine compound. The metallic element of metal complex is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or manganese. The content of hydrogen peroxide decomposition agent is 0.075-1.5 mol% with respect to platinum or platinum group alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula: LixMO2.M=nickel, cobalt or manganese;andx=more than 0 and less than 1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic-group-containing glycoside compound is salicin. The content of glycoside compound is 0.01-20 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material particles contain lithium-nickel complex oxide of formula: Li1+x(NiyCozMn1-y-z-cMc)O2.x=0-0.2;y=0.3-1, preferably 0.5-1;z=0-0.5;c=0-0.2;y+z+c=0.3-1, preferably 0.5-1;andM=F, B, Al, W, Mo, Cr, Ta, Nb, V, Zr, Ti or Y.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic resin is polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of active material particles is 4-8 mu m. The mass ratio of hydrophobic resin and active material particles is 0.01-0.04. The crystallinity degree of hydrophobic resin is 40-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wet-oxidation process is performed using nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The amount of alkaline-earth metal compound is 40-800 parts weight. The alkaline-earth metal compound is chosen from magnesium compound, calcium compound and barium compound. The amount of alkali-metal carbonate is 100-1000 parts weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The raw material pitch is obtained by polymerizing condensation-polycyclic hydrocarbon in presence of hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel complex oxide is of formula: Lia(NixCoyMnz)O2. The surface portion comprises lithium-nickel complex oxide of formula: Lia1(NixCoyMnz)O2. The core portion comprises lithium-nickel complex oxide of formula: Lia2(NixCoyMnz)O2. The molar ratio of lithium and nickel in the surface portion is 1.02-1.8 times of the molar ratio of lithium and nickel in the core portion. The molar ratio of lithium and nickel, molar ratio of lithium and cobalt, and molar ratio of lithium and manganese, in the surface portion is 1.83-2.4, 3.6-6.0, and 3.6-6.0, respectively. The molar ratio of lithium and nickel, molar ratio of lithium and cobalt, and molar ratio of lithium and manganese, in the core portion is 1.3-1.8, 2.6-4.5, and 2.6-4.5, respectively. The concentration of nickel complex oxide precursor is 0.2-4 M.a=0.8-1.2;x=0.5-0.6;y,z=0.2-0.3;x+y+z=1;a2=0.8-0.9 or 0;anda1=1.1-1.2.Preferred Process: The base is added to the mixture (A) to form core portion of nickel complex oxide precursor within 15 minutes-3 hours, and the surface portion is formed on the core portion. Mixture (B) of nickel salt, cobalt salt, and manganese salt is prepared by preferably mixing nickel salt solution, cobalt salt solution and manganese salt solution, core portion of nickel complex oxide precursor is added to mixture (B), and base is added to form surface portion on the core portion within 5-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dinuclear complex (I) is preferably of formulae (II) or (III).R3,R4=H, halo, hydroxy, carboxy, mercapto, sulfonic acid, amino, nitro, silyl substituted by phosphonic acid and 1-4C alkyl, 1-50C linear or branched alkyl, 3-50C cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, 6-60C aryl, 7-50C aralkyl or monovalent heterocyclic.Preferred Process: The redox catalyst is obtained by heating composition and electroconductive support at 200-1400 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Y1=oxygen;    M1=palladium, palladium ion, platinum or platinum ion;and    M2=vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or their ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The alignment assembly comprises: many locating rods (206); and many push rods (208), where each of the push rods are movable relative to the base. At least one of the locating rods and at least one of the push rods define projection configured to be engaged with a notch provided in a fuel cell. At least one of the locating rods and at least one of the push rods are capable of receiving a spacer. The compression assembly includes a top frame and a knob, where the knob is in threaded arrangement with the top frame. The top frame is slidable on the alignment assembly. The apparatus further comprises of a hydraulic table top and many ejection rods. Each of the ejection rods is provided near the hydraulic table top. Each of the ejection rods is received inside the base. Each of the ejection rods is configured to move in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the push rods.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The different types of network adapters are cable modems and Ethernet cards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: supplying an off-gas from the stack to the burner, after supplying the reformed gas to the stack; and conveying the heated water to warm water storage, until the temperature of the remover unit reaches the second temperature. The first temperature is 500 degrees C, the second temperature is 80 degrees C and the set amount of the carbon monoxide is 1 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low melting temperature metal fuel comprises gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ionic conductor comprises particles of a spray-dried ion conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The female hose connector is made of aluminum/aluminum alloy or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material has a crystal structure belongs to space group P121/nl and a crystal structure belongs to the space group Pmn21. The baking is performed at 800-1100 degrees C for 10-15 hours. The positive electrode active material has compositional formula: Li(2-x)(FesMnt)yM2zSiO4, Li(2-x)(FesNiu)yM2zSiO4 or Li(2-x)(FesMntNiu)yM2zSiO4.s,t,u=0-1;s+t=1;s+u=1;ands+t+u=1. Preferred Definitions:    y+z=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw coal composition contains microcrystal carbon of graphite analogue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The average pore size of lithium-titanium composite oxide porous particles is 100-500 A. The lithium-titanium composite oxide porous particles have pores having a size not larger than 10 A, and specific volume of pores is not smaller than 0.001 (preferably 0.001-0.01) mL/g. The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises lithium borofluoride. The positive electrode comprises compound of LiaCNibCOcMndO2. The negative electrode comprises negative electrode current collector formed of an aluminum foil or an aluminum alloy foil.a=0-1.1;b=0.1-0.5c=0-0.9; andd=0.1-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and/or gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The urethane resin in urethane-resin layer has fracture elongation rate of 50-600%, and breaking strength of 60-1000 kgf/cm2. The average particle diameter of polyethylene-resin particles is 0.1-5 mu m. The thickness of urethane-resin layer is 0.2-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The acid-modified polyolefin-based resin is acid-modified polypropylene resin. The heat-fusible polyolefin resin is polypropylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Galvanic cell is battery, flow cell, or fuel cell. Fluid in the gap between one of the current collectors and the filter is a catholyte. Fluid electrolyte in the gap between other current collectors and the filter is an anolyte. Fluid electrolyte contains carbon particles decorated with faradaic and catalytic material flakes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium core is made of titanium alloy containing 0.2-0.02% of metal chosen from palladium, ruthenium and palladium. The thickness of titanium core, without lead coating, is less than 0.4 mm and more than 0.2 mm. The metal sheet is made of copper. At least one carbon electrode assembly comprises two electrodes of activated carbon and polytetrafluoroethylene. At least one carbon electrode assembly comprises carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector of negative electrode consists of a material selected from a group including copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Silicon layer contains whiskers of crystalline silicon. Negative electrode active material contains whiskers of crystalline silicon. Conductive layer contains copper, nickel, titanium, manganese, cobalt, aluminum, magnesium, and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powdered material comprises LiVO2, Li4Ti5O12, TiO2, WO2, or MoO2 (preferably LiVO2). EXAMPLE - An electrode composition comprising (g): Li1.1V0.85Mo0.50O2 (2.4), super S carbon black (SS) (0.36), and poly(acrylic acid) (100% Li salt) solution (2.18) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous metal material comprises copper, silver, platinum, gold, chromium, iron, lead, nickel, or molybdenum. A negative electrode active material layer comprises a carbon material, a silicon material, and/or a silicon alloy material. The negative electrode active material layer comprises protruded crystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The breakdown comprises decomposition and precipitation. The method comprises: mixing the oxygenated element with a solvent to control the rate of breakdown; using the solvent to slow a rate of at least one of decomposition or precipitation; combining the oxygenated element and the solvent to establish a solution and impregnating the material with at least some of the solution; subjecting the material in the solution to vacuum impregnation; and subsequently drying the article and subsequently placing the dried article into a second solution comprising water and a solvent and subsequently heating the article. The second solution comprises deionized water and denatured ethanol. The method comprises: heating the article at a temperature greater than 100 degrees C; heating a mixture of the oxygenated element, the material and the solvent to a first temperature, subsequently heating the heated mixture to a second, higher temperature and subsequently allowing the mixture to cool to room temperature; increasing a temperature of a device used to heat the mixture at a controlled rate to reach the first temperature and increasing the temperature from the first temperature to the second, higher temperature at approximately the same controlled rate; maintaining the heated mixture at the first temperature for a first amount of time and maintaining the heated mixture at the second temperature for a second amount of time that is approximately half as long as the first amount of time; and subsequently allowing the mixture to cool to room temperature and forming an electrically conductive fuel cell component from the material. The second, higher temperature is greater than 300 degrees C. Preferred Components: The material comprises graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises at least one of an ethyl solution, an ethanol solution or a denatured ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery contains electrolyte solution containing nonaqueous solvent including fluorine in the nonaqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon active material coating film contains phosphorus and/or oxygen, and hydrogen. The negative electrode further has heat-resistant layer (2) containing 0.003-0.05 g/m2 of zinc or 0.01-0.2 g/m2 of nickel on the surface of silicon active material coating film, and rustproof layer (2) and/or silane-coupling process layer (2) formed on the upper layer of the heat-resistant layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The porous support is cylindrical component. Preferred Process: The anode laminates in a cylinder shape in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical component, and the solid electrolyte and the cathode are laminated on the anode in cylinder shape. Preferred Composition: The metal having catalytic action contains nickel and nickel-iron system, nickel-cobalt-type system, nickel-copper-type system, nickel-chromium-type system and/or nickel-tungsten-type system. The anode optionally contains ion-conducting ceramics. Preferred Properties: The membrane electrode assembly has thickness of 1 mu m to 1 mm. The thickness of anode is 50 mu m or less. The thickness of solid electrolyte is 0.7-20 mu m. The solid electrolyte has oxygen ion electroconductivity or proton electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The linked component is formed by connecting particles having a diameter of 0.5 mu m or less. Preferably, the linked component is a dendritic linked component which is branched and entangled. Preferred Composition: The alloy comprises 0.5 wt.% or less of titanium. The catalyst is a woven fabric comprising fibers of the alloy, or woven fabric of metal fibers having a plating layer of the alloy. The catalyst is a metal-plated porous component of the alloy, or a metal-plated porous component in which a plating layer of the alloy is formed. The catalysts are particles of the alloy with a mean diameter of 100 mu m or less. The catalyst exists with a solid electrolyte, and is located in the form of a membrane or precipitate of the alloy so that the surface of solid electrolyte is covered. Oxygen is coupled with the surface of alloy, or the alloy is coated with the oxide layer. Silver particles are dispersed in the electrode. The linked component is subjected to surface oxidation treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material has a volume change accompanying intercalation-desorption of 8% or less of lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ether compound is of formula (II). The nonaqueous electrolyte solution contains organic solvent and electrolyte which is dissolved in organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains acrylic polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1=(R2-Y')a(CH2)b-;    a=0 or 1;    Y'=-O-, -S-, -C(=O)-O- or -O-C(=O)-;    R2=bivalent linear 1-16C hydrocarbyl coupled through -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-O- or -O-C(=O)-;and    b=0-11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The functional powder contains carbon black and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The release film has peel-adhesive strength of 0.005-0.025 N/cm, at 180 degrees measured based on JIS K6854-2:1999, when peeling the release film from the composite sheet. Preferred Condition: The hot-pressing process is carried out at 100-140 degrees C. Preferred Sheet: The composite sheet is porous component. Preferred Process: After peeling the release film from the composite sheet, at least one portion of composite sheet is not transferred by the release film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier consists of metal porous material containing metal oxide supported in the pores. Preferred Metal: The metal which supplies the metal ion is lithium, sodium, calcium, magnesium or zinc. The oxide of manganese, silicon, copper, tin, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium or silver is supported as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide is 70:30-80:20. The lithium sulfide residual volume of the crystallized sulfide solid electrolyte material is 1 mol% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is styrene butadiene rubber. The porosity of negative electrode active material layer is 35% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is iron powder. The molar amount of cobalt sulfide added with respect to nickel in the solution is 0.2-0.8 times. The molar amount of sulfidizing agent added with respect to nickel in the solution is 1-10 times. The raw material solution is obtained by dissolving positive electrode material of waste lithium ion battery. The cobalt nickel raw material solution is obtained by dissolving composition containing nickel, manganese and cobalt in an acid, obtaining cobalt manganese nickel raw material solution, adding oxidizing agent, and carrying out precipitation removal of manganese element as oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium-containing alloy further contains aluminum, copper, zinc, gallium, tin and/or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises a lithium salt consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, and lithium perchlorate. The nanocomposite comprises a material consisting of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. The pyrolyzed silicon-based polymer is made of a material comprising three elements consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of cathode active material comprises making slurry by mixing oxides containing one or more kinds of elements of nickel, manganese, cobalt, M1 and M2, and pure water, pulverizing the slurry with a zirconia bead mill till to obtain an average particle size of 0.2 mu m, adding a solution of polyvinyl alcohol in 1 wt.% into this slurry, mixing the slurry for further 1 hour, granulating and drying the slurry with a spray dryer and baking it at 600 degrees C for 20 hours. adding an oxide of M2 to the obtained particles, adding lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate to the particles so as to attain a ratio of lithium: (nickel, manganese, cobalt, M1 and M2), (that is, a ratio of lithium against nickel, manganese, cobalt, M1, and M2) of 1.05:1, and baking the obtained particles at 850 degrees C for 20 hours to obtain corresponding cathode active material. Preferred Components: The concentration of M2 contained in the particles satisfies 1.09 less than or equal to (content of M2 at the surface part)/(content of M2 at the inside). The concentration of M2 contained in the particles further satisfies (content of M2 at the surface part)/(content of M2 at the inside) less than or equal to 1.42. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fibrous material is chosen from ceramic material, organic material and metal material. Preferred Property: The fibrous material(s) have insulation property, electron conductivity, ion conductivity and/or electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mixture (10 vol.%) has distillation temperature of 240-400 degrees C in distillation curve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemical cell contains lithium salt of nonaqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The anode electrode active material has gross calorific value of 0.1-10 kJ/g measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon material is graphitizable carbon or hard carbon material. The raw material precursor of graphitizable carbon is petroleum coke, coal coke, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, mesophase pitch, mesocarbon microbead and/or vinylchloride resin. The doping element comprises manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or zinc. The content of doping element is 0.1-20 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Element (M') is preferably zirconium and element (M") is tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of tungsten and the addition amount of zirconium are such that the quantity the ratio of number-of-moles of tungsten is 30-100% with respect to the sum total number-of-moles of tungsten and zirconium. The complex oxide is an oxide containing nickel, cobalt and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volume concentration of fluorinated ether (I) in nonaqueous electrolyte is 10-60 vol.%. The specific surface area of positive-electrode active material is 0.2-1.2 m2/g. The volume concentration (T') (vol.%) of fluorinated ether (I) in nonaqueous electrolyte and specific surface area (T") (m2/g) of positive-electrode active material satisfies the relation: 200T"-3T' is -80 t o 150.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material contains lithium manganese complex oxide of formula: Lia(MxMn2-x-yY'y)(O4-wZw).x=0.5-1.2;y=0 or less;x+y=less than 2;a=0-1.2;w=0-1;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr or Cu;Y'=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K or Ca;andZ=F or Cl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate in volume ratio of 1:0.56-1:6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An aqueous solution which contains nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt and element (M')-containing salt having pH of 11-14 and an aqueous solution which contains tungsten-containing salt are added mixed at predetermined rate, to obtain reaction liquid mixture. Then, precursor of formula: NiaCobMncM'dW'e(OH)2+h (where, h is 0-0.5) and lithium precursor, to obtain positive electrode active material of formula: LixNiaCobMncM'dW'eO2, where x is 1-1.25, sum of a, b, c, d and e is 1, sum of d and e is 0.001-0.02 and d/e is 2:1-1:10. The element (M') is zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The rubber material comprises natural rubber. The polymer material comprises polyethylene. The first layer comprises a backweb having two sides, where the first side is flat and the second side has ridges. The separator further comprises a reinforcing layer. The first layer comprises foamed rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium ion solution contains lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate and lithium chloride. The manganese ion solution contains potassium permanganate and sodium permanganate. The lithium manganate is formed on the surface of the carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material has a specific surface area of 0.01-3 m2/g. A cathode (1) comprises 70-98.5 wt.% of the cathode active material, 0.5-30 wt.% of a conductivity-endowing material and 1-10 wt.% of a binder. An anode collector (4) contains the anode active material deposited on it. The cathode containing the cathode active material and an anode (2) containing the anode active material are separated by a separator (5) and immersed in a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    y1 = greater than 0, preferably 0.02-0.2;    M1 = Ti;    a2 = 0.5-2.5;    y2 = greater than 0, preferably 0.1-0.2; and    M3 = Fe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is isopropyl ethyl sulfate, diisopropyl sulfate, or di-tert-butyl sulfate. The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises less than or equal to 3 wt.% of lithium phosphate compound containing fluorine and oxygen. The lithium phosphate compound comprises at least one of lithium monofluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, or (5,5-difluoro-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-phospho-spiro(4,4)nonane-2,3,7,8-tetraone) lithium salt. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 3:2:5 in a concentration of 1 mol/l, and isopropyl ethyl sulfate (0.01 wt.%) was added to form non-aqueous electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte was injected into a battery box through an injection port disposed at a side of the battery box, and the injection port was sealed with a plug to give the secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal oxide is scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, cadmium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold or mercury. The core and the surrounding stoichiometric oxide optionally consist of oxide of alloy of two or more transition metals. The electrode material contains carbon as conductive material. The porous agglomerate is bonded to carrier foil, consisting of copper or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte E consists of stabilized beta -aluminum oxide or beta '-aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode assembly includes a first adhesive tape that is attached to the positive protruding portions to fix the positive protruding portions and a second adhesive tape that is attached to the negative protruding portions to fix the negative protruding portions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biofuel comprises (in wt.%): methanol (10-20), liquid by-product (77-88), and dispersing agent (2-3). Preferred Components: The biofuel further comprises anti-freezing solution or emulsifier. The biofuel further comprises palm oil. The alcohol is one or more component chosen from methanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol. The emulsifier is one or more component chosen from sorbitan sesquioleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, methyl glucose sesquistearate, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4 dilaurate. The anti-freezing solution is ethylene glycol or methanol. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution containing 10% sodium alginate has viscosity of 300-700 cP. The calcium carbonate is food grade heavy calcium carbonate. The carbomer is 934P grade.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The bulk density of the composition is 0.4-0.5 g/ml. The composition is gastric acid-related diseases therapeutic agent. The composition further comprises sodium hydrogen carbonate and calcium carbonate. The composition further comprises one or compound chosen from carbomer, lactose, xylitol and mannitol. The composition comprises (in wt.%): sodium alginate (15-40), sodium hydrogen carbonate (10-15), calcium carbonate (5-10), carbomer (1-5), lactose (10-20), xylitol (15-30), and mannitol (5-10). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves purifying the product using mixture comprising isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate in a ratio of 1-5:10, and subjecting to re-crystallization. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mixture of native microorganisms comprises: Streptomyces thermovulgaris/S. thermonitificans VSY-AE 198710; Bacillus cereus VSY-AE38606, ATCC-5; B. pumilus VSY-AE 798606, ATCC-5; Myceliophthora thermophila C-NAP-AE-38306; Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea C-TOR-AE 98306; Thermoascus aurantiacus C-AE-88306; and Trichoderma hamatum NSY-AE-58612, registered under 124/2010 with the National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms Budapest Corvinus Egyetem. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The primary and secondary pulp layer has same or different pulp suspensions. The method involves laminating primary and secondary pulp layer using mulching film wholly or partially. The seed is mixed with fertilizer before sowing. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The surfactant is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium bromide in a molar ratio of 1:0.5-1.5. The silica source is tetraethylorthosilicate, N-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, and/or tetramethylvinylsilane. The molar ratio of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetraethylorthosilicate, sodium hydroxide, and water is 0.1:0.8-1:0.05-0.15:80-120.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl and 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin has ratio 1:0.4-0.6. ACTIVITY - Antiparkinsonian.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is selected from one of calcium powder, gypsum powder and clay. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus comprises actuating unit equipped with one side of sliding door with pinion gear engaged with rack gear and drive material for driving the pinion gear to forward and reverse rotation operation. The apparatus comprises moist defoger for controlling moisture from food waste. The apparatus comprises pulverizing device for pulverizing food waste into predetermined size, transfer conveyor system including the multiple support rollers drive conveyer belt for transferring food waste passing through the pulverizing device, and multiple pressure roller for eliminating waters for pressurizing the food waste which is transferred by the conveyer belt. The apparatus comprises upper combustibility garbage inlet with fixed blade installed at lower portion of housing, where the rotary blade is installed at the drum which rotates in order to cross each other to the fixed blade and combustible waste includes paper, timber, vinyl product, rubber or plastic. The apparatus comprises hot-air generator for supplying hot air to the inside of the drum. The temporary storage tank is supplied with additives including rice hulls, wood flour or combustible additives with respect to raw food waste. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The E.tasmaniensis strain LJH3 comprises a 1469 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) fully defined in the specification. The C.lusitaniae strain LJH4 comprises a 826 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) fully defined in the specification. The fucoxanthin is derived from kelp.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The formic acid is mixed with ethanol. The medicinal package comprises volatile solvents, emulsifiers, and distilled water in specific ratios. ACTIVITY - Acaricide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Organism: The microorganism are mixed bacteria chosen from Azotobacter vinelandii, Clostridium pasteurianum, Rhodopseudomonas capsulate, Lactobacillus plantarum, Nitrosomonas europaea, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas maltophilia and Aspergillus oryzae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alginic acid or its salt is obtained from kelp. The amino acid obtained as fermentation product is glutamate or lysine. The glucose is obtained from maple syrup. INORGANIC CHEMISTRTY- Preferred Component: The micro elements are chosen from manganese (0.1-0.5), boron (0.05-0.5), iron (0.1-0.5), molybdenum (0.0005-0.01), zinc (0.05-0.2), and copper (0.05-0.15), where the micro elements are water soluble. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves using microorganism chosen from Sulfolobus, Picrophilus, Ferroplasma, Acontium, Cyanidum caldarium, Escherichia, Euglena, Paramecium, Bacillus alcalophilus and Natronobacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The content of firming agent and water is 40-600 parts weight and 100 parts weight respectively. The additive material is chosen from colloidal silica, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminate, sodium alginate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cement, gypsum, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, fly ash, blast furnace slag, metakaolin, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, diatomite, kaolin, zeolite, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate. The method further involves solidification process in which the firming agent and additive material are hardened in flasking paper, and aging the mixture for 10-30 minutes. The method further involves using waterproof agent chosen from epoxy series waterproof agent, asphalt mixed bentonite waterproof agent, organic biocide chosen from lactam group, aminoglycoside group, glycopeptide group, quinolone group, tetracycline group, sulfonamide group, metronidazole group and oxazolidinone group, and absorber chosen from porous inorganic material, activated charcoal, active carbon fiber, silica gel, active alumina, zeolite, bone black and metal oxide. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves crushing organic waste, sludge, food waste, and livestock waste. The method involves screening the organic waste by removing dirt to obtain coarse organic waste, treating the product with organic solvent by reducing the amount of water in the solvent, and transferring the product to separation unit to isolate fat from the product. The method involves performing chemical reaction by processing the isolated fat with the lipid methanol and sulfuric acid, then treating the product with chloroform and formaldehyde, heat treating the obtained product, cooling the product, crystallizing the product, and filtering the obtained product. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The longitudinal cutting of fruiting body is performed using surgical knife. Preferred Medium: The separating culture medium is composed of raw materials (in g): potato (350-450), rotten cow manure (90-110), glucose (15-25), diammonium phosphate (0.5-1.2), potassium hydrogen phthalate (0.2-1.8), sulfuric acid magnesium (45-55), yeast extract paste (15-25), agar (15-25), water (1000), streptomycin (50 U/m), and penicillin (50 U/ml) having pH of 6.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbonate is sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, preferably anhydrous potassium carbonate. The oxidant is hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite, preferably 30% hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aprotic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide, preferably N,N-dimethylformamide. The small molecules contain methyl formate or ethyl formate. The alcohol used for dissolving intermediate (I) is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is amorphous zirconium phosphate or amorphous of layered alpha-zirconium phosphate as acidic catalyst, zirconium salt, hydrate of sulfate and zirconium oxychloride, silica gel, graphite, activated carbon and carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon atoms of the aldehyde or ketone are aliphatic saturated 1-18C, unsaturated aldehyde or ketone, acyclic aldehyde or ketone, heterocyclic aldehyde or ketone and aromatic aldehyde or ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves: preparing kukoline hydrochloride crude extract which involves to thick powder of Caulis sinomenii (400 parts) adding 0.3 mol/L HCl (320 parts by volume), wetting for 3.5 hours, adding to percolation cylinder, then adding 0.3 mol/L HCl to make liquid level covering to 4 cm, impregnating for 6 hours, starting percolating at speed of 6 ml/minute for 8 hours, and stopping percolating to obtain decoction liquid for further use; extracting which involves adding to liquid obtained lime milk to adjust pH to 11.3, filtering, adding hydrochloric acid to adjust pH to 8.5, using chloroform to extract for 2 times, combining chloroform layers, washing by neutral water, adding anhydrous Na2SO4 (5%), decompressing, concentrating and recycling chloroform; crystallizing which involves adding to molten or mixed medicine solution obtained 6 mol/L HCl to adjust pH to 4, stirring to disperse floating solid, refrigerating, filtering, removing filtrate, drying filter cake at 62 degrees C to obtain yellow acid product; acid refining that involves taking acid crude product (10 pts. wt.), adding 95% ethanol or purified water (120 parts by volume) until it is completely dissolved, heating and refluxing, adding active carbon (4%), preserving temperature and refluxing for 25 minutes, filtering when it is hot, concentrating filtrate, cooling, crystallizing, filtering, and using 95% alcohol to wash filter cake until filtrate is colorless to obtain kukoline hydrochloride. ACTIVITY - Analgesic; Antiinflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antirheumatic; Antiarrhythmic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogenation reaction conditions comprise: the reaction temperature at 50-350 degrees C, preferably 150-300 degrees C, the reaction pressure as 1-10 MPa, preferably 1-5 MPa, the volume space velocity of the mixed material as 0.1-20/hour, preferably 1-15/hour, and the volume ratio of hydrogen and biological oil as 50-2000 Nm3/m3, preferably 50-1500 Nm3/m3. The catalytic cracking conditions comprise: the reaction temperature at 400-800 degrees C, preferably 460-700 degrees C, the reaction pressure as 0.1-0.4 MPa, preferably 0.15-0.3 MPa, the volume space velocity of the catalytic cracking raw material as 0.1-50/hour, preferably 0.2-40/hour, and the weight ratio of catalyst to oil as (0.1-30): 1, preferably (0.5-20): 1. The method further comprises returning the heavy oil (50-100 wt.%) as a part of the catalytic cracking raw material into the catalytic cracking reactor for catalytic cracking reaction. Preferred Components: The total content of unsaturated fatty acid ester and unsaturated fatty acid in the biological oil is 10-100 wt.%. The hydrogenation catalyst comprises a carrier and an active component loaded on the carrier. The carrier is alumina, silicon dioxide, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, zeolite or amorphous carbon. The active component is a metal oxide of VI-B group and VIII group metal in chemical periodic table or sulfides. The content of the active component and the carrier in the hydrogenation catalyst is 5-35 wt.% and 65-95 wt.% based on the total weight of the catalyst. The carrier is alumina, silicon dioxide or amorphous carbon. The active component is oxides of nickel, tungsten, molybdenum or cobalt. The catalytic cracking catalyst comprises (in wt.%) zeolite (1-50), inorganic oxide (5-99) and clay (0-70). The zeolite comprises five membered ring structure of high silica zeolites, high silicon Y zeolites, rare earth Y zeolite and beta zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: (I) is prepared by reacting estra-4,9-dien-3,17-dione with carbonyl group protecting agent in an organic solvent to obtain 3-keto-protected estra-5(10),9(11)-dien-17-one, where the carbonyl group protecting agent is ethylene glycol, propane-1,3-diol, ethane-1,2-dithiol, propane-1,3-dithiol, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3-mercaptopropanol, alcohol (R'OH) or thiol (R'SH). (I) is prepared by reacting estra-4,9-dien-3,17-dione with ethylene glycol in an organic solvent to obtain 3-keto-protected estra-5(10),9(11)-dien-17-one. The step (ii) comprises reacting (II) with an acid or a salt in an organic solvent and removing protecting group (R), and then refining obtained product. The refining is carried out by recrystallization, where the recrystallization solvent is ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol, methanol and/or water. The molar ratio between non-nucleophilic alkylamino alkali catalyst and (I) is 1-6:1. Preferred Components: The non-nucleophilic alkylamino alkali catalyst is lithium diisopropylamide or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. The organic solvent is dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, toluene, methanol and/or ethanol. The step (ii): the organic solvent is acetic acid, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, isopropyl ether, acetonitrile, chloroform and/or dichloromethane; the acid is perchloric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, acetic acid and/or trifluoroacetic acid; and the salt is mercuric chloride. Preferred Definitions:    R = 1,3-dioxolane-2,2-di-yl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The method in the first step and in the third step involves adding 4 times of active carbon, and refluxing with ethanol, where the ethanol concentration is 40%, 55%, 60%, 75% or 80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The strong cation exchange resin is macroporous absorption resin with diameter-height ratio of 10. ACTIVITY - Antirheumatic; Muscular-Gen.; Neuroprotective; Antipruritic; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Component: The forest floor is sawdust. Preferred Method: The fermentation in step (b) is performed in microorganism fermentation accelerator. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sodium bicarbonate is mixed with the palm oil process waste water (POME) effluent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier is made of polyethylene or polypropylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is yeast, Lactobacillus, Aspergillus, photosynthetic bacteria or fungi. Preferred Component: The emulsifier is propylene glycol alginate. Preferred Method: The method involves mixing (in parts weight) the organic waste (100) with microorganism (5-15) in mixer for 30-90 minutes, adding hydrotropic agent and emulsifier (0.01-0.1) to the mixture and adding calcium oxide (25-35) to the mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The emulsifier comprises a mixture of polyoxyalkylene and fatty acid alcohol ether in a ratio of 1:1.Preferred Method: The addition of distilled water in step (b) is stopped till the mixture turns white. The duration between first cooling step and second cooling is 85-90 minutes. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The oil palm lignocellulosic biomass comprises oil palms trunks, bundles and leaves. The concentration of ammonia solution is 7 weight/weight%. Preferred Method: The pretreatment process is performed at 60-80 degrees C for 8-20 hours. The enzymatic hydrolysis is performed using at least one enzyme chosen from cellulase, xylanase and beta -glucosidase. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface treating agent is chosen from silane coupling agent, surfactant, titanate coupling agent and aluminum coupling agent. Preferred Property: The grain diameter of barium sulfate powder in surface-treated barium sulfate is 0.1-0.6 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular weight regulator is 2-18C straight-chain alkyl, 4-8C cycloalkyl, 6-24C aromatic dicarboxylic acid, 4-20C straight-chain alkyl, 4-8C cycloalkyl or 6-24C aromatic diamine. The light stabilizer is 4-carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine or 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The propane gas, nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide are mixed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A surfactant is added to composite of micelle and chromium precursor. The chromium precursor and aluminum precursor are dissolved in solvent (s1). The composite is plasticized at 600-800 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The solvent (s1) is 2-butanol. The molar ratio of chromium precursor and aluminum precursor is 1:10-1:5. The alumina catalyst contains chromium oxide (10-20 parts weight) with respect to 100 parts weight of aluminum oxide. Preferred Properties: The alumina catalyst has specific surface area of 230-275 m2/g, and average pore size of 2.7-3.2 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane module comprises film having pore size of 5-35 MWCO. The glyceride is vegetable oil or animal fat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film of membrane module is regenerative cellulose. The lipase is candy lipase or candida antarctica lipase. The molar ratio of glyceride and 1-5C alcohol is 1:0.1-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The suitable organisms are chosen from Aerobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Leptospira, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Aerobacter, Paracolobactrum, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Aerobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Sarcina, Serratia, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces. The methanogenic organisms are chosen from Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanosarcina barkerii, Methanobacterium omelianskii, Methanococcus vannielii, Methanobacterium sohngenii, Methanosarcina methanica, Methanococcus mazei, Methanobacterium suboxydans, and/or Methanobacterium propionicum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fibrous material is bagasse, bagacillo and/or sawdust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation of near-infrared heptamethine cyanine dye comprises:(A) synthesizing type 1 intermediate heterocyclic ring 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-benzazole and its derivative;(B) synthesizing type-2 intermediate heterocyclic ring hyamine;(C) obtaining type-3 dye by condensation value of heterocyclic ring hyamine and condensing agent; and(D) preparing near-infrared heptamethine cyanine dye by heating and stirring for 1-5 hours the type-3 dye and the corresponding hexa-heterocyclic ring with nitrogen in organic solvent, decompressing and steaming the solvent, and recrystallizing.Preferred Materials: The organic solvent is absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, chloroform, N,N-dimethyl formamide or N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide. The weak polar solvent comprises methyl benzene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene, 1,4-dioxane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, diethyl ether, and petroleum ether. The polar solvent comprises methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methylene dichloride or 1,2-ethylene dichloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant is sodium pyrosulfite and/or sodium bisulfite. The antioxidant aqueous solution has a concentration of 0.1-2 (preferably 0.5-1) wt.%. The alkaline aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, aqueous ammonia and/or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrochloride cefotiam ester is prepared by mixing cefotiam hydrochloride and potassium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate at a mole ratio of 1:4-6, adding a reaction solvent, reacting at 0-50 (preferably 25-35) degrees C, decompressing at a pressure of 1-100, preferably 5-50 mm mercury, adding sodium carbonate-1-ethyl iodide or cyclohexyl ester, esterifying at - 30 to 0 (preferably - 10 to 20) degrees for 5-30 (preferably 10-30) hours, adding organic solvent, washing with antioxidant aqueous solution, separating formed organic layer by adding hydrochloric acid aqueous solution, collecting water layer, washing the separated water layer with alkaline aqueous solution, adding an extraction solvent, decompressing and concentrating the extract at 0-60 (preferably 30-40) degrees C and pressure of 5-80 (preferably 5-20) mm mercury, adding a crystallizing agent, freeze-drying for a night to obtain suspension, filtering, washing the filter cake with hydrochloric acid or organic solvent, decompressing, and drying at low temperature of less than 35 degrees C in the presence of nitrogen. Preferred Components: The reaction solvent is water, acetone and/or acetonitrile. The extraction solvent is ethyl acetate, methylene dichloride or trichloromethane. The organic solvent is ethyl acetate or methylene chloride. The crystallizing agent is isopropyl ether, isopropyl alcohol and/or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The physical foaming agent comprises dichloromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, fluorodichloroethane, butane, isobutane, pentane or cyclopentane. The amine catalyst comprises diethylene triamine, triethylene diamine, bis(2,2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether or tetramethyl diethylene triamine. The tin catalyst comprises dibutyltin diacetate, stannous octoate or dibutyltin dilaurate. The isocyanate component comprises toluene diisocynate or 4,4'-methylene diphenylene diisocyanate. The toluene diisocynate comprises a mixture obtained by taking 2,4-toluene diisocynate and 2,6-toluene diisocynate in weight ratio of 80:20 or 65:35. Preferred Method: The organic silicon surfactant comprises a colorless oily thick transparent liquid obtained by hydrolyzing by using chlorosilane to obtain polysiloxane, and condensing with polyether. The foam regulator comprises a substance comprising glycerine as an initiator, and a molecular chain having hydroxy ion end group containing an ether bond, formed by ring-opening polymerization of epoxypropane, where the molecular weight is 400-5000, the hydroxy value is 30-400 mgpotassium hydroxide/g and the functional group is 2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Reactor: The reactor comprises support and catalyst layer, where the support comprises several cells that are charged into the catalyst layer. The reactor comprises metal mesh or porous material between the support and the metal ring to increase the contact area for heat transfer to the reactor, where the support is formed of ceramic material, and the metal mesh or porous material adhere to the support by ceramic bonding. In the reactor, the reactant is supplied to the catalyst to cause exothermic reaction. Preferred Units: The electric heater is arranged in order to cover at least a part of the metal ring such that the metal ring can be rapidly heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The average size of coal particle is 10 mm. The method involves mixing 0.5-30 wt.% of pulverized coal with palm residue. The step (b) involves cutting palm residue to slice shape, and mixing palm residue with pulverized coal. The step (c) involves drying mixed coal at 100-115 degrees C for 20-70 minutes by indirect heat transfer type drying-stabilizer, and drying moisture of the dried coal 5-20 wt.%. The method further involves collecting waste heat of vapor generated in drying-stabilization step and reused. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ratio of the adding quantity and the total solid of sodium hypochlorite is 1-10 mg/g-total suspended solids. Preferred Method: The medium-temperature anaerobic reactor temperature is 33-37 degrees C, the sludge feeding is 20%-50%, the initial organic load is 100-200 mg soluble chemical oxygen demand/g-volatile suspended solids, using the sludge stirrer, and solid retention time is 1-13 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The buffer solution is citric acid buffer solution having pH of 6.0-6.6, phosphate buffer solution having pH of 6.5-7.8, or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer solution having pH of 7.4-9.0. The initial concentration of the substrate in the buffer solution is 0.8-30, preferably 1-20 g/L. The amount of enzyme-containing bacteria cell added in the buffer solution is 10-50 g/L (wet weight). The method comprises using hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH of conversion liquid at 1.0 after the conversion reaction; using ethyl acetate for extracting; decompressing and evaporating; dissolving the solid in benzene or ethyl acetate; conducting recrystallization; separating the crystal by filtering; and drying in an evaporation pan to obtain the optically pure alpha -hydroxy acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite additive comprises 12 parts by weight (pbw) of ethylene glycol dinitrate, 16 pbw of methoxyethanol, 12 pbw of 2-ethylhexanol, 14 pbw of diphenylamine, 22 pbw of polyoxyethylene hexadecyl phenol ether, 3 pbw of succinimide, 13 pbw of shielding phenol antioxidant, 5 pbw of cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and 2 pbw of polyoxyethylene cetyl alkylphenol ether. Preferred Method: The shielding phenol antioxidant is prepared by alkylating phenol to obtain 2,6-ditert-butylphenol under the function of an alumina catalyst, alkylating and esterifying the obtained 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol with methyl acrylate to give 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid methyl ester, and performing transesterification of the obtained 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid methyl ester with ethanol. The additive is prepared by: (a) adding ethylene glycol dinitrate, methoxyethanol, 2-ethylhexanol and diphenylamine into a raw material mixture tank, and uniformly mixing and naturally stewing the mixture for 20-40 minutes; (b) adding polyoxyethylene hexadecyl phenol ether and succinimide into obtained mixture in step (a), and mixing for 15-30 minutes under normal temperature and pressure; and (c) adding shielding phenol antioxidant, cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and polyoxyethylene cetyl alkylphenol ether uniformly mixing under normal temperature and pressure, and naturally stewing the mixture for 20-30 minutes to obtain the additive for engine fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst carrier is prepared by:(A) drying raw material alpha -gibbsite, crushing to 325 meshes in crushing procedure, staying fine alpha -gibbsite in a high-temperature quick dehydration device together with hot air at 600-900 degrees C in height turbulence hot air current for 0.1-1 second, roasting at flash speed, and obtaining transition state alumina;(B) adding separated fine powder to deionized water and obtain adhesive via cyclone separator, and making into plain balls of needed sizes in disc-type granulation molding machine;(C) heating and washing using deionized water until plain ball sodium oxide content is less than 0.1%, soaking in zinc nitrate aqueous solution with mass concentration percentage of 80% to hydrate, and roasting activating procedure at 600-900 degrees C; and(D) preparing spherical zinc aluminum spinel catalyst carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Catalyst: The enzymatic catalytic reaction comprises catalyst, preferably Novozyme 435 (RTM: lipase acrylic resin) obtained by adsorption-fixing of Candida antarctica lipase B on macroporous polypropylene resin, and organic solvent chosen from ether, methylbenzene and tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic diamine is chosen from ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane and 1,6-hexanediamine. The acrylic ester is chosen from methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and acrylic vinyl ester. The polyethylene glycol has average molecular weight of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 or 2000. The Michael addition reaction optionally comprises catalyst chosen from alkali, alkoxide, triethylamine and pyridine, and organic solvent chosen from methanol, ethanol, ether, methylbenzene and tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyethylene glycol dendritic polymer has core branch number (Nc) of 4 and branching-connection branch number (Nb) of 2. The inlayer repetitive unit number (Nr) is calculated using Nc and Nb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The biological culture solution contains 1-2 %mass aluminum potassium sulfate or aluminum ammonium sulfate, 2-5 %mass urea, 4-5 %mass monopotassium phosphate and 5-8 %mass water. The biological culture solution further comprises 1-5 %mass mixed auxiliary agent chosen from methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and span (RTM: Sorbitan fatty acid esters). Preferred Method: The method involves mixing soil water-retaining agent with 1-4 wt.% B.natto solution. The B.natto solution is obtained by adding B.natto strain into a biological culture solution, and fermenting the solution for 4-72 hours after stirring uniformly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soil water-retaining agent is at least one chosen from polyacrylic acid-potassium acrylate crosslinking resin with high water absorption property, acrylic acid-potassium acrylate/polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate copolymerized crosslinking resin with high water absorption property, and acrylic acid-potassium acrylate/acrylamide copolymerized crosslinking resin with high water absorption property. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant; Virucide; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducer is sodium hydrosulfite. The dosage of hydrochloric acid is 30 mass%. The sodium hydroxide solution contains 50 mass% sodium hydroxide. The mixed acid is prepared by mixing 70 mass% sulfuric acid and 70 mass% nitric acid. The volume ratio of sulfuric acid and nitric acid is 1:1-2.5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pH is adjusted using sodium hydroxide solution. The organic phase obtained by the extraction is washed by water and concentrated. Nitrifying is carried out using 40-70 mass% nitric acid and 40-70 mass% sulfuric acid. Preferred Component: The mass ratio of (II) to the reducer is 1:3-1:5. The mass ratio of the sodium formate to the formic acid is (1-3):1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises injecting trioxide into a three-phase reactor, where the molar flow rate of trioxide is equal to sulfur dioxide flow rate, and injecting trioxide during tail gas washing process, where the molar flow rate of trioxide is 2 times the molar flow rate of residual nitrogen oxide obtained after flue gas desulfurization, denitration and decarburization process. The method comprises cooling to less than 20 degrees C by liquid ammonia raw material vaporization process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass derived material is glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose or lactose, starch or lignocellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The fertilizer comprises coal powder, nitric acid, potassium carbonate, diflubenzuron, chlorbenzuron, daminozide, paclobutrazol, and water at a weight ratio of 100-120:5-6:3-4:0.04-0.05:0.02-0.04:0.06-0.07:0.04-0.07:270-320, preferably 118:5:3:0.04:0.03:0.06:0.06:300. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant growth stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon gas atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aldehyde compound is benzaldehyde, o-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, m-chlorobenzaldehyde, o-bromobenzaldehyde, p-fluorobenzaldehyde, toluenesulfonic benzaldehyde, methoxybenzaldehyde, naphthaldehyde, furfural, cinnamaldehyde, 2, 4-dichlorobenzaldehyde, thiophenealdehyde, cyclohexyl formaldehyde, or octanal. The solvent of the reaction is toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, isopropanol, water, or dumethylformamide. The mole part ratio of the propargylamine and the aldehyde compound is (1-100):1. The mole part ratio of the catalyst and the aldehyde compound is (0.01-0.2): 1. Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at 25-140 degrees C for 6-72 hours in a sealed reaction device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mud mixture is alkaline without lime slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant is: phenolic antioxidants comprising butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, pyrogallol, T501 or T26; or amine-type antioxidants comprising dialkyl diphenylamine, tetraethylenepentamine or spermine. The flame promoter is hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, potassium peroxide, calcium oxide, long chain fatty acids and/or long chain fatty acid ester. The lubricant is polyalkylene glycols, phosphate esters, polyhydric alcohol esters and/or alkylated aromatic compound. The heat stabilizer is aminophenol, o-aminophenol, m-aminophenol, o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine and/or p-phenylenediamine. The solvent oil is benzene, toluene, ethyl acetate, xylene, cyclohexane and/or cyclopentane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The bio-organic fertilizer comprises 17.8-27.7 wt.% animal excrement, 5-20 wt.% poultry excrement, 19-20 wt.% organic substance, 0-5 wt.% domestic waste, 0-5 wt.% oil cake, 5-10 wt.% leaves, 0-5 wt.% rice husk, straw and weeds, 5 wt.% crop straw, 2 wt.% fireplace ash, 5 wt.% nitrogenous fertilizer, 5-12 wt.% phosphate fertilizer, 3-8 wt.% potash fertilizer, 0.1-0.15 wt.% microelement, 0.0001 wt.% complex microbial inoculum 1 and 0.15615-0.1624 wt.% complex microbial inoculum 2. The animal excrement is cattle, sheep, horse and pig excrement. The poultry excrement is chicken, duck, goose and pigeon excrement. The organic substance is weathered coal or lignite. The complex microbial inoculum 1 comprises 20 wt.% fungi, 15 wt.% bacteria, 35 wt.% actinomycetes, 8.8 wt.% salt, 8.7 wt.% rice vinegar, 10 wt.% millet and 2.5 wt.% sugar, where the complex microbial inoculum 1 is prepared by severe decomposition, compost maturity and differentiation function. The complex microbial inoculum 2 is prepared by 19.85 wt.% nitrogen fixing bacteria, 19.85 wt.% phosphate solubilizing bacteria, 19.85 wt.% potassium solubilizing bacteria, 20 wt.% antibiotic resistant bacteria and 20.45 wt.% moss bacteria, and preparing into the fermentation product by using 35 wt.% moss bacteria in river and fish pond, 25 wt.% human excrement, 10 wt.% chicken excrement, 8 wt.% sheep excrement, 8 wt.% pig excrement, 6 wt.% cow dung and 8 wt.% ammonium-nitrogen fertilizer, and fermenting in a fermentation tank for 100 days to obtain product with a moisture content of 15%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves obtaining middle silk gland from five years silkworm, freeze-drying until the water content is 70-75%, adding the obtained product into a 50 kg reaction kettle, fermenting for 6-8 days at normal temperature, and freeze-drying to obtain the biological antibacterial organic fertilizer. The method involves drying and pulverizing the middle silk gland, and inoculating Bacillus subtilis in the obtained product, fermenting using biological active agent, and obtaining sericin. The biological active agent is high activity biological spirit. The method involves drying silk gland for 2-4 hours, reducing the temperature from normal temperature to pre-freezing temperature (-20 degrees C), maintaining temperature at -20 degrees C for 1.5-3 hours, increasing temperature to -5 degrees C to 8 degrees C degrees from -20 degrees C, maintaining the temperature for 2-4 hours, and drying the gland using a vacuum pump. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction solvent is dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, benzene, methylbenzene, cyclohexane and/or n-hexane, preferably dichloromethane and/or cyclohexane. The volume ratio of the reaction solvent to weight of the lovas-amide is 1-2 ml:1 g. The silanizing reagent is tert-butyl dimethyl chlorosilane. The catalyst is potassium iodide, dimethylamino-pyridine and/or N,N-dimethyl aniline, preferably potassium iodide and/or dimethylamino-pyridine. The acid binding agent is organic alkali. The organic alkali is imidazole, triethylamine, pyridine, benzotriazole and/or N-methyl imidazole. The acid binding agent is imidazole. The primary amine is n-butylamine. Preferred Processes: The reaction is performed in the presence of the catalyst. The reaction temperature is 40-110 (preferably 60-90) degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out at a temperature of 250-280 degrees C and at a pressure of 8-18 MPa. The process comprises: hydrolyzing the reaction product by an oil-water separator to obtain the second step reaction esterification reaction of fatty acid, providing the small amount of fatty acid to a hydrolysis reactor under the catalysis sub-critical conditions; esterification reaction of raw material and pre-heating in a pipe-type reactor, where the volume ratio of the fatty acid and methanol is 1:1-1:2, at 240-280 degrees C and a pressure of 10-20 MPa. The esterification reaction product is decompressed. Preferred Components: The grease is soybean oil or colza oil. The volume ratio of the oil and water is 1:1-1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Product: The particulate product has size of 0-10 preferably 1-5 mm. The particulate product is a blend of particles. The particulate product comprises one or more of mixture of vegetable oils, waxes, saccharides and polysaccharides. The particulate product is flowable at room temperature, and has viscosity of not greater than 30000 cP at 25 degrees C. Preferred Components: The polymer formulation is a polymeric coating formulation. The beneficial powder is coated over surface of the particulate product by the polymer formulation. The beneficial powder is trace element, micronutrient, chelate, macronutrient, yeast, fungus or innoculant, humate, fulvate, pesticide, fungicide, dyes or colorants. The beneficial powders have particle size of 200 mu m or less, preferably 50-150 mu m. The beneficial powder is a blend of powders. The polymer formulation is a biodegradable emulsion polymer or emulsion polymer. The particles are coated with powders in an amount of 20 wt.% using the emulsion polymer. The polymer is applied in an amount of 3-25 kg/mt of particles. The attachment of the powders to the particles is achieved in single or multiple steps. Preferred Method: The quantity of the particles is a batch of particles which is to be processed either batch-wise or continuously. The method further involves applying same or another fluid polymer formulation to the particle bearing the beneficial powder to provide an exterior coat for strengthening initial bonding of the powder to the particles. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide; Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The single solvent water is tap water, drinking water, deionized water, reverse osmosis water, electrodialysis water, distilled water and/or sterile water. The amount of solvent water is 5-50, preferably 15-25 times, by weight. The alkali is inorganic alkali and/or organic alkali, at amount of 0.5-5 (preferably 2-4) molar equivalents. The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or disodium hydrogen phosphate; and the organic alkali is triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethyl pyridine, diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine or ammonia water. The catalyst is palladium carbon or platinum carbon, preferably 5-10% palladium carbon. The amount of the catalyst is 5-80 (preferably 10-50)%, by weight of the composition. Preferred Process: The method is carried out in hydrogen atmosphere, preferably under 0. 4-2.5 (preferably 1-2) MPa. The reaction temperature is - 10 to 40 (preferably 10-30) degrees C. The method comprises post processing product, and adding organic solvent to crystallize in filter solution to obtain meropenem or its hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The single solvent water is tap water, drinking water, deionized water, reverse osmosis water, electrodialysis water, water, distilled water and/or sterile water. The weight ratio of solvent water and doripenem intermediate (II) is 5-80:1 (preferably 20-40:1). The alkali is inorganic alkali or organic alkali. The amount of alkali is 0.5-5 (preferably 1-3) molar equivalents. The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or disodium hydrogen phosphate; organic alkali is diethylamine, triethylamine, ammonia water, diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, N-methyl morpholine, tetramethyl guanidine, optionally substituted aniline, optionally substituted pyridine, with substituents comprising 1-4C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy or halo. The catalyst is palladium carbon or platinum carbon, preferably 5-10%palladium carbon. The weight ratio of catalyst and doripenem intermediate (II) is 0.05-0.8:1, preferably 0.1-0.5:1. Preferred Process: The pressure of hydrogen is 0.5-2.5 (preferably 1-2) MPa. The reaction temperature is - 10 to 40(preferably 10-30) degrees C. The method comprises post processing on product, and adding organic solvent to crystallize in filter liquid, with organic solvent comprising methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol and/or isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The strong alkaline weak acid salt is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass percentage of the propyl alcohol, butanol and n-amyl alcohol in the alcohol mixture is 20-30%:40-60%: 20-30%, preferably 25%:5%:25% The mass percentage of the methylal or 1,2-dimethoxyethane and glycol ether in the ether mixture is 75-85%:15-25%, preferably 80%:20% The mass percentage of the oleic acid or dicarboxylic acid and 1-3C alicyclic amine is 75-85%:15-25%, preferably 80%:20%. The propyl alcohol is isopropyl alcohol (preferred) or normal propyl alcohol. The butanol is normal butanol (preferred), isobutyl alcohol, secbutanol or tertiary butanol. The amyl alcohol is isopentanol (preferred) or n-amyl alcohol. The glycol ether is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, glycol ether, propylene glycol ether or butyl cellosolve. The alicyclic amine is methylamines, dimethylamines (preferred), trimethylamine or quadrol. The ether mixture is 1, 2-dimethoxyethane and glycol ether. The methanol gasoline additive comprises 28% of alcohol mixture; 31% of ether mixture, 12% of oleic acid or dicarboxylic acid and 1-3C alicyclic amine; 24% of methylbenzene or isopropylbenzene; 3.5% of 2,6-butylated hydroxytoluene; and 1.5% of OP-15. The methanol gasoline is based on the gross volume of the M60-M85 methanol gasoline added the additive, where the content of the additive is 3-6 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The solid culture medium comprises 1000 ml or 20 % potato juice, 18 g glucose, 15 g beef extract, 1 g diammonium hydrogen phosphate, 1.2 g magnesium sulfate, 20 g agar and 0.01 g vitamin B1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The amount of catalyst is monitored and calculated from batch to batch if volume is given, or from time to time if fuel flow is given. The dispensing of catalyst is carried out using a computerized system for downloading the results of several fuel-catalyst mixtures, or several sequential additions of catalyst, to establish an optimal addition of catalyst per unit volume and/or rate of flow. A controller device, preferably hand-held is used to enter the volume or rate of flow of fuel at any given time or operation into the computer, to determine the exact amount of catalyst to-be-added. The specified amount of catalyst is automatically dispensed from a bottle or other container through a pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The single solvent water is any less impurity of water, such as tap water, drinking water, deionized water, reverse osmosis water, electrodialysis water, water, distilled water, and/or sterile water. The alkali is inorganic alkali. The dosage of the alkali is 0.5-5 molar equivalents, preferably 2-4 molar equivalents. The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or disodium hydrogen phosphate. The catalyst is palladium carbon or platinum carbon, preferably 5-10% palladium carbon. The dosage of the catalyst is 5-80, preferably 10-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali is organic alkali including triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethyl pyridine, 3,5-dimethyl pyridine, diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, or ammonia water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water soluble organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetone, methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropanol, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide and/or acetonitrile. The organic alkali is triethylamine, tributylamine, cyclohexanediamine and/or pyridine. The extracting agent is ethyl acetate, ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate and/or propyl acetate. The mixed alkali is ammonium salt and alkali metal weak alkali; ammonium salt is inorganic acid ammonium salt or organic acid ammonium salt. The inorganic acid ammonium salt is ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium nitrate, ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide; and organic acid ammonium salt is ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, benzoic acid ammonium, ammonium oxalate, ammonium tartrate, ammonium citrate and picric acid ammonium. The alkali metal weak alkali is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potash, potassium bicarbonate, sodium formate and sodium acetate, potassium formic acid and potassium acetate. The mol ratio of ammonium salt and 7-AVCA is 1-5:1; and the mol ratio of alkali metal weak alkali and 7-AVCA is 1-2.5:1. The cefdinir compound salt is cefdinir potassium salt or sodium salt including cefdinir ammonium; and the mol fraction of cefdinir potassium salt or sodium salt is greater than 50%. Preferred Process: The condensation temperature is 5-20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The water retention agent is DF11-GXSS super-absorbent resin water-retaining agent or HB drought-resisting and water retaining agent. The lactic acid bacteria in liquid state, hence bacteria can be used by spraying. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The strong cation exchange resin is 0.01asterisk2.5 and 0.001asterisk4 type resin, and the macroporous resin is type 152. The diameter-height ratio of the resin is 1:10. The active carbon is added in an amount of 4 wt.%. The ethanol concentration is 40%, 55%, 60%, 75% or 80% when heating reflux. The sampling speed is 3 times column volume/hour, and the resin is immersed using 10% of ammonia solution or 5% of hydrochloric solution. The aqua ammonia-ethanol solution with a pH of 8-11 is used as the eluent solution of the cation exchange resin. The eluent is neutralized to the pH of 6-8 using HCl. 5% of HCl solution is used as the eluting solution of type 152 macroporous resin. The sinomenine hydrochloride capsule is prepared by taking 10 pbw, 20 pbw or 40 pbw of sinomenine hydrochloride, 20 pbw, 45 pbw or 60 pbw of sugar, 3 pbw, 30 pbw or 40 pbw of starch, 20 pbw, 27 pbw or 40 pbw of microcrystalline cellulose, 0.6 pbw, 0.9 pbw or 1.4 pbw of magnesium stearate and 30 volume parts, 40 volume parts or 50 volume parts of 5% povidone water solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding 5C sidetrack on the stripper rectifying section if the mixed material contains small amount of 5C, and selecting out the solvent from the stripper kettle and then entering into middle reboiler of the butane tower, the isobutene tower, decarbonization 3C tower, decarbonization 5C tower and preheater to recover energy. Preferred Components: The solvent is ketone and mixed solvent of nitrogen and para morpholine, where mass content of the ketone in the mixed solvent is 10-90% or the solvent is ketone and mixed solvent of nitrogen and methyl pyrrolidone, where the mass content of the ketone in the mixed solvent is 10-90%. The solvent is N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile or 4-pyridinyl. The accumulated 5C elements is selected from a sidetrack mining export set at a stripper rectifying section if the mixed 4C raw material contains 5C components. The solvent is the mixed solvent of acetonitrile and water, where the mass content of the acetonitrile in the mixed solvent is 90-99.9%. The solvent is a mixed solvent of morpholine and N-formyl morpholine, where the mass content of the morpholine in the mixed solvent is 5-99.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The indium alkoxide derivative is indium isopropoxide. The amount of indium alkoxide derivative with respect to aldehyde derivative is 5-20 mol%. The reaction is performed in the presence of solvent chosen from toluene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, pentane and isopropanol. Preferred Definitions:    R=phenyl, 2-methyl phenyl, 4-methyl phenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2-methoxy phenyl, 3-methoxy phenyl, 4-methoxy phenyl, 3,5-dimethoxy phenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxy phenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 3-cyano phenyl, 2-iodophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, 4-acetoxyphenyl, methoxycarbonylphenyl, 3,4-(methylene dioxy)phenyl, pyridyl, 5-bromo thiophenyl, 2-phenylethenyl, 2-phenyl bromo ethenyl, cyclohexyl, 9-decenyl or 1,5-dimethyl-4- hexenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The potassium fluosilicate obtained in step (A) has sand particle shape. One part of the crude product i.e. potassium fluoride obtained in step (C) is used as inert additive and returned back to a rotary furnace kiln head to mix with potassium fluosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dosage of titanium tetrachloride solution is 0.9-1.2 mass% of tetraacetylribofuranose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silanization reaction is performed at 110-130 preferably 120 degrees C under protection of nitrogen or inert gas. It is catalyzed by ammonium sulfate catalyst at adding amount of 1-2 wt.% of cytimidine. The glucoside reaction is performed with stirring. The ammonolysis reaction is performed with stirring. Preferred Component: The mol ratio of cytimidine to tert-butyl dimethyl chlorosilane is 1:(2-3). The mol ratio of N-(tert-butyl dimethylsilyl)-2-(tert-butyl dimethyl silyloxy)-4-pyrilamine to tetraacetylribofuranose is 1:(1-1.5). The mol ratio of cytosine ribofuranose to ammonium is 1:(3-4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The organic material is smoke powder, bacteria, plant straw, rapeseed cake, sesame shell, marigold slag or chicken manure. The organic material is crushed to not less than 60 meshes. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coke-oven gas contains hydrogen content of 68-73%, methane content of 24-29%, hydrocarbon (CmHn, where m and n are not defined) content of 2-4.5%, carbon monoxide content of less than 0.3%, carbon dioxide content of less than 0.3%, total sulfur content of 0.1-12 g/Nm3. The mixed raw material gas contains hydrogen content of 78-96 vol.% and methane content of 3.5-18 vol.%. The reaction-generating gas contains methane content of 29-38 vol.%. The recycle gas has hydrogen content of more than 99 vol.%. The product gas has methane content of 93 vol.% or more, carbon monoxide content of less than 0.8 vol.%, carbon dioxide content of less than 1.5 vol.% and olefin content of greater than 1.8 vol.%. Preferred Property: The product gas has heat value of more than 35.6 MJ/Nm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves adding desulfurizing agent, stirring and filtering. The desulfurizing treatment further involves adding activated carbon. After performing hydrogenation reduction reaction, the platinum-carbon catalyst is heat-refluxed using an acidic aqueous solution after using 1-8 times of the catalyst, preferably 4-8 times, the obtained platinum-carbon catalyst is acid-washed and added with alkaline solution, and hydrogen is fed for performing reduction treatment for further process.Preferred Composition: The content of platinum in the platinum-carbon catalyst is 1-10 %mass. The content of activated carbon is 0.3-3 %mass with respect to total content of 6,9-imino ether. The alkaline solution comprises sodium hydroxide solution, sodium bicarbonate solution and/or sodium carbonate solution. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution is 1-30 %mass. The concentration of sodium bicarbonate solution and/or sodium carbonate solution is 1-10 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction raw material comprises 6,9-imino ether. The mass ratio of the desulfurizing agent and the 6,9-imino ether is 0.05:1-2:1. The desulfurizing agent comprises ethanol, acetone, and/or butanone. The acidic aqueous solution comprises formic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises weighing biological grease and short-chain alcohol to a mole ratio of 1:1-1:20, weighing the ionic liquid catalyst to a mole ratio of biological grease to strongly-acidic ionic liquid catalyst of 600:1-1:1 and uniformly mixing weighed reactants, performing transesterification reaction at temperature of 20-280 degrees C and pressure of 0.1-5 Mpa for 20 minutes to 8 hours, and stewing and layering the reaction mixture solution after reaction, separating biological diesel oil phase, and distilling and then purifying to obtain biodiesel. Preferred Components: The short-chain alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The mixture is heated by water bath, oil bath, ultrasonic heating, microwave heating and waste heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises weighing biodiesel grease and short chain alcohol in accordance with a mol ratio of 1:1-20, weighing the ion liquid catalyst in accordance with a mole ratio of biodiesel grease and strongly acidic ionic liquid catalyst 600-1:1, mixing the reaction substance and stirring the mixture, performing resin exchange at a temperature of 20-280 degrees C and a pressure of 0.1-5 Mpa for 20 minutes to 8 hours, standing the liquid to realize stratification, and separating out biodiesel phrase and distillation purifying to obtain the biodiesel. Preferred Components: The short-chain alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The mixture is heated by water bath, oil bath, ultrasonic heating, microwave heating and residual heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - The basic manure comprises: urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, mono-ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate and potassium chloride. The manure of molybdenum is composed of: borax, boric acid, boric sludge, manure of boron and magnesium, manure of boron, magnesium and phosphorus, boric glass manure, boric mineral and boric clay. The manure of manganese is composed of: manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese carbonate, manganic glass, manganese oxide, boric calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate and manganese slag. The manure of zinc is composed of: zinc sulfate heptahydrate, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, chelated zinc, zinc carbonate, zinc sulfide and zinc ammonium phosphate. The manure of copper is composed of: copper sulfate monohydrate, chelated copper, copper slag, copper carbonate, copper oxide, cuprous oxide, copper sulfide, and copper ammonium phosphorus. The manure of iron is composed of: ferrous sulfate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, chelated iron, ferric sulfate, and ferric ammonium phosphorus. The manure of chlorine is composed of: calcium chloride, ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst carrier is CP-HMS CP-MCM-41. The supported component is triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, or tri-n-butylamine. The grease is fatty acid glyceride of animal oil, plant oil, microalgae plant grease, or recovered waste oil. The alcohol substance is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of triethyl phosphite and dibromomethane is 5:1. The phase transfer catalyst is benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, tetrabutyl ammonium, trioctylphosphine methyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and/or tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. The addition amount of phase transfer catalyst is 0.5-3 wt.% with respect to content of oily liquid (I). The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 10-36.5 wt.%. The addition amount of hydrochloric acid is 2-4 times with respect to content of oily liquid (II). A polar organic solvent and activated carbon are further used during preparation of sodium phosphonate. The polar organic solvent is chloroform, methylene dichloride, ethyl ether, petroleum ether, dimethyl formamide, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, and/or n-hexane. The addition amount of polar organic solvent is 1-6 times with respect to content of phosphoric acid aqueous solution. The addition amount of activated carbon is 3-5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Kit: The solvent is methanol or acetonitrile. The standard solution of 0.1-5 mg/L (1-5 ml), methanol solution (5-20 ml) and ammoniated methanol of 2-25% (5-20 ml) are stored in ampoule bottles. The column capacity is 3-6 cc. Preferred Method: The detection is performed using liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of an alcoholic solvent. The acylation reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid binding agent and a solvent (s). The intermediate (b) and o-formyl chloride are acylated in the presence of a catalyst. Preferred Composition: The acid binding agent is triethylamine, pyridine or ethylene diamine. The solvent (s) is methylene dichloride, acetonitrile, toluene or ethyl acetate. The catalyst is 4-dimethylamino pyridine or N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. The reducing agent is lithium 4,4'-tert-butylbiphenyl compound, lithium 1-(dimethylamino)-naphthalenide, lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine or lithium diisopropylamide. The alcoholic solvent is acetonitrile, toluene, xylene, N-methyl pyrrolidone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran or their mixture. The molar ratio of bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-trans-2,3-diol and cyclopropylformyl chloride is 1:1-1.2. The molar ratio of trans-2-hydroxy-3-O-(1-cyclopropyl)formyloxy bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane and o-formyl chloride is 1:1-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coal is peat, lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal or anthracite coal. The moisture content of coal is 5-70 weight%. Preferred Property: The calorific value of higher calorific power hybrid coal is 4000 kcal/kg or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic surface is fixed carbon and volatile component surface of coal having carboxyl group, amine group, and hydroxyl functional group. The biomass-derived material is lignocellulosic starch or starch-based sugar. The monosaccharide is glucose, fructose or galactose. The polysaccharide is starch or lignocellulose. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol or propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The ion decomposition device includes organic compound heating unit which heats the organic compound, and heat exchanger which cools the ion-decomposed organic compound. The heat exchanger includes pressure pump which pressurizes the organic compound passing through the heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert gas is nitrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, and/or isoamylol. The acid catalyst is acidic ionic liquid, organic acid, inorganic acid, acidic ion exchange resin, acid zeolite molecular sieve, supported heteropolyacid, solid super acid, and/or different supported acidic catalyst. The water absorbent is allochroic silica gel, active carbon, water absorbing resin, active alumina and/or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The glycerin ether is glycerin triether obtained by etherifying glycerin with low carbon alcohol and isomeride. The hydroxyl-free glycerin derivative is glycerin ether ester obtained by etherifying and acylating isomerides and glyceryl triacetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The acidolysis reactor is internally arranged with mixer and heater. Preferred Components: The membrane separation esterification reactor comprises hydrophilic separation membrane, reactor inner cavity, and reactor outer cavity, in order. The unit further comprises heat exchanger between the mixer and methanol recovery tower.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst obtained in the separating process in the lower layer is reused as acid catalyst in esterification reaction. The acid catalyst in esterification process is sulfuric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, or hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high acid value oil is waste cooking oil, acidified oil, or alkali refining soapstock. The acidic solution in the process has mass concentration of 10-30%. Preferred Process: The methanol recovered in the methanol recovery process is reused in the esterification reaction process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refuse-derived fuel component comprises (in wt.%) garbage combustible component (65-74), bituminous coal (21.5-30), calcium oxide (1-2.5), corn starch (1.5-2.5) and sodium humate (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wood plastic composite comprises (in wt.%) polyethylene (30-47), polypropylene (5-8), polyvinyl chloride (10-15), wood powder fiber (30-35), compatilizer (3-8), coupling agent (0.3-2.4), light stabilizer (0.3-0.5), antioxidant (0.3-0.5), lubricant (2-4), coloring agent (1-3), antistatic agent (0.2-0.4), sterilizing-preservative (0.2-0.3), The wood powder fiber is poplar wood fiber, myrtle wood fiber and cedar wood powder fiber. The compatilizer is HD900E ester-type compatilizer, coupling agent is JTW-130 titanate coupling agent, light stabilizer is bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, antioxidant is 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol, lubricant is wax, coloring agent is quinacridone coloring agent, antistatic agent is dimethyl octadecyl hydroxy ethyl ammonium nitrate, sterilizing-preservative is SW100-type sterilizing agent and YTTERTM-type sterilizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction solvent is 1,2-dichloroethane, methylene dichloride or tetrahydrofuran. The ratio of N-protecting group-L-lysine or N-protecting group-L-lysine-L-proline, alpha -oxobenzene ethyl butyrate, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and glacial acetic acid is (0.75-1.1):1:(0.75-1.5):(0.4-1), preferably (0.90-1.05):1:(1.05-1.2):(0.75-0.85).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises mixing the filtrate with 3 times of water, keeping the mixture to be idle for 1 day, filtering the supernatant from the mixture solution to obtain solid, washing the solid using a little water, and leaching, stoving and spreading the washed solid to cis-glycyrrhizic acid crude product. Preferred Components: The protonic acid is methyl benzenesulfonic acid or concentrated sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound enzyme liquid comprises lignin peroxidase (15-20 U/l) and manganese peroxidase (213-250 U/l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic solvent is sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate and/or potassium sulfate. The time for processing homogenate via ultrasonication is 10-90 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali is potassium butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate. The acid is hydrogen chloride gas or its alcoholic solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent used along with the auxiliary agent is toluene, xylene, n-heptane or n-hexane. The ether solvent is tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether or t-butyl methyl ether. The alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or ethanediol. The resolving agent is D/L tartaric acid, D/L camphor sulfuric acid, D/L mandelic acid, D/L dibenzoyl tartaric acid or D/L malic acid. The halohydrocarbon is 3-allyl bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic ketone is one or two nitroacetophenone, cyclopentanone and butanone. The organic ester is one or two ethyl nicotinate, glyceryl triacetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate. The optimal pH of the biological absorbent for absorbing lead is 5.5-7.5. The concentration of lead ion in the lead-containing waste water is not more than 80 mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises (wt.%): nickel oxide (NiO) (5-25, preferably 8-22), oxide of rare earth metal (0.3-15, preferably 0.5-12), alkaline earth metal oxide (4-50, preferably 4-50), magnesium oxide (4-40, preferably 12-35) and carrier (balance). Preferred Components: Carrier comprises cement (10-30) and kaliophilite (5-20). Carrier is prepared by mixing aluminous oxide, magnesium oxide, artificially synthesized kaliophilite, pore-forming agent, lubricant and binding agent (cement), at mass ratio of 100: 25-200:20-100:1-5:1-5:30-120; and ball milling, kneading, pelleting, extrusion molding, drying and baking for 2-6 hours at 1100-1360 degrees C. Co-dipping process or respective-dipping process to load active component and rare earth on carrier is carried out for 0.5-6 hours. After drying, active component is degraded for 1-6 hours at 400-700 degrees C and is dipped and degraded once again. Aluminous oxide is high temperature sintering aluminous oxide and/or pseudoboehmite. Magnesium oxide is mixture of light and heavy magnesium oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Pore-forming agent is graphite, stearic acid, stearate, nitric acid, gamma -aluminum oxide, cellulose or plant cellulose. Lubricant is graphite, stearic acid or stearate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oil material is the fatty acid, acid fat or neutral fat. The low-carbon alcohol is methyl alcohol or ethanol. The catalyst is solid acid or solid base catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: In step (A), the electrolyte solution is potassium hydroxide solution having density of 1.2-1.4 kg/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The rice bran is previously mixed with the fermenting bacteria before mixing with other materials. The water bath has temperature of 50-70 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In extracting and preparing high-purity silibinin from Polygonum capitatum herb, in the process of preparing the crude silibinin, the chromatograph silica gel of the column is of 100-200 meshes, and the amount of the silica gel is 7-10 times of the mass of the sample; or the chromatograph silica gel of the column is of 100-200 meshes or 200-300 meshes, and the amount of the silica gel is 3-5 times of the mass of the sample. In the process of preparing the crude silibinin and the high-purity silibinin, the volume of the elution solution of the petroleum ether and the ethyl acetate is not less than 6 times of the amount of the silica gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i), the concentration of ammonium sulfate is 18% (wt./wt.), the concentration of ethanol is 33% (wt./vol.), and the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate is 0.0045 mg/ml. In the step (ii), the amount of yam powder added is 0.058 g/ml according to material-liquid ratio. Preferred Method: In the step (iii), the extraction process is carried out at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes, under ultrasonic power of 250 W, and ultrasonic frequency of 75 Hz. The method further comprises continuously processing the dioscin crude product of the step (iv), by (v) dissolving material-liquid (0.1-0.3 g/ml) in sulfuric acid solution (1 mol/l), boiling in water bath, heating under reflux conditions, cracking for 3-4 hours, filtering, washing the filter residue by using 1% sodium bicarbonate, then washing by distilled water until the solution is neutralized, and then drying at 60-100 degrees C to obtain saponin crude product; (vi) dissolving saponin crude product in absolute ethanol at 65-75 degrees C, where the material-liquid ratio is 0.02-0.08 g/ml, removing pigments by adding activated carbon powder, and filtering to remove activated carbon; and (vii) carrying out vacuum drying, and distilling to recycle ethanol, then cooling, and separating dioscin, filtering, and obtaining saponin precipitate, and drying ethanol to obtain refined saponin at 50-90 degrees C. In the step (v), the material-liquid ratio is 0.2 g/ml, and performing pyrolysis for 3 hours, and drying at 80 degrees C. The saponin crude product obtained in the step (vi), is dissolved in absolute ethanol at 70 degrees C, where the material-liquid ratio is 0.05 g/ml. In the step (vii), ethanol is volatized at 60 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The algae powder is obtained by dewatering and drying the microalgae liquid. The method further comprises: (c) distilling the liquid phase to obtain the liquid phase without methanol; and (d) standing and layering the obtained liquid phase without the methanol to separate the glycerine on a lower layer and the crude biodiesel on an upper layer. The step (a) is carried out at a temperature of 260-350 degrees C, preferably 280-320 degrees C for 10-40 (preferably 20-30) minutes. Preferred Components: The solid catalyst is titanium sulfate, hydrotalcite or mesoporous calcium oxide. The mesoporous calcium oxide has a grain size of 2-6 mm and an aperture of 5-10 nm. The weight ratio of the algae powder and methanol is 1:1-1:5. The weight ratio of the algae powder and the solid catalyst is 100:1-20:1 (preferably 50:1-25:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves spraying (in wt.%) phytoncide (5-15) on the natural mineral powder (100). The method involves spraying diluted solution of forage (15-30), pyroligneous liquor (0.3-5) and water (100) on the charcoal powder (100). ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant; Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M2) involves diluting calcium carbonate in water and adding the mixture to the slurry. Preferred Components: The fermentation additive containing calcium carbonate further comprises components chosen from potassium silicate, potassium carbonate, potassium citrate, sulfuric acid, activated carbon and zeolite. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel content is 10-40 (preferably 15-40)wt.%, manganese content is 0.5-10 (preferably 0.5-5)wt.%, and metal content is 0.5-15 (preferably 0.5-10)wt.%. The component C comprises 0.5-5 wt.% of lanthanum and/or oxide of cerium and/or at least one of 0.1-5 wt.% of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium oxide. The ratio of the carboxyl in organic carboxylic acid and metal ion mol total charge is 0.2-2:1 (preferably 0.5-1.5:1). The organic acid is citric acid, succinic acid or tartaric acid. The manganese salt is manganese nitrate, the nickel salt is nickel nitrate, and salt is nitrate. Preferred Processes: The preparation comprises dissolving nickel salt and/or manganese salt with organic acid, preparing salt of component into aqueous solution, dipping component nickel and manganese, independently loading beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium oxide, drying, roasting and decomposing each secondary load, with organic acid of organic carboxylic acid. The roasting decomposition process temperature is 300-600 degrees C, and the processing time is 2-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel content is 15-45 (preferably 15-40) wt.%; and manganese content is 0.5-10 (preferably 0.5-5) wt.%. The organic acid is citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid or ascorbic acid. The nickel salt is nickel nitrate, and manganese salt is manganous nitrate. The mol ratio of carboxyl and metal ion total charge in organic carboxylic acid is 0.5-2:1. Preferred Process: The method comprises dissolving nickel salt and manganese salt in organic acid, soaking mixed solution on the carrier, drying and having thermal decomposition, with organic acid comprising organic carboxylic acid or organic acid with reducibility, the mol ratio of the carboxyl and the metal ion total charge in the organic carboxylic acid at 0.5-3:1, and the mol ratio of the organic acid with reducibility and metal ion of 0.2-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In preparing homogeneous mesoporous rhodium oxide/aluminum oxide composite catalytic material, the template agent in step (1) is one or several of F127, P123 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). In step (1), the aluminum salt is aluminum nitrate and the hydrate or aluminum chloride and hydrate. The rhodium salt in step (2) is rhodium chloride and the hydrate or rhodium nitrate and hydrate or other soluble rhodium salt. Preferred Material: The homogeneous mesoporous rhodium oxide/aluminum oxide composite catalytic material is also used for making a detection element, namely a black element of the methane catalytic combustion sensor. The production of the black element comprises: (1) coating the rhodium oxide/aluminum oxide composite sol to the surface of the heating area of a micro heater; and (2) processing the micro heater at the high temperature of 400-600 degrees C, and covering the mesoporous uniform rhodium oxide/aluminum oxide mesoporous thin film on the surface of the heating area of the micro heater, then obtaining the black element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Basic inorganic compound is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and/or sodium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent is toluene, xylene, methanol, glycol, acetone, cyclic alkyl, dimethyl sulfoxide, and/or cyclohexanone. Anti-freezing agent is glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, poly-glycol, and/or sorbitol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: Fomesafen is fomesafen raw medicine. Quizalofop is quizalofop raw medicine. Organic amine is 1,2-diamine, 2,2-diamine, 3,2-diamine, 1,2-hydramine, 2,2-hydramine, and/or 3,2-hydramine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The emulsifying agent is at least one of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, a fatty alcohol sulfate, a salt of a sulfonated fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide adduct, styrylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, dibenzyl dimethylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol formaldehyde condensate polyoxyethylene ether or ethylene oxide-nonylphenol condensate. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coal is raw coal or coal ash. The anode electrode used is coal, preferably components chosen from iron, graphite, lead-silver alloy, copper, nickel, titanium, lead oxide, molybdenum and steel. The crushed coal has size of 200 microns, preferably less than 100 microns. The concentration of coal slurry is 2-1000 g/L, preferably 10-500 g/L. The electrolyte is water soluble alkali compound, preferably alkali metal hydroxide. The concentration of electrolyte is 0.1-50 mol/L, preferably 1-10 mol/L. The catalyst is variable-valence metal ion. The concentration of catalyst is more than 0.05 mol/L, preferably 0.1-1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic ionic liquid is added as external field. The organic ion liquid is water-soluble solid at normal temperature and contains coal structural unit similar to organic elements. The organic portion of ionic liquid is pyridine and/or imidazole. The organic ionic liquid contains halogen as anion portion of the ionic liquid. The organic ion liquid is N-butyl-pyridinium bromide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate or mixture of at least 2. The concentration of the organic ion liquid is more than 0.05 mol/L, preferably 0.1-1 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrodeoxygenation catalyst is load type catalyst, comprising load part and carrier part loading part is cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, platinum and/or palladium chloride of carrier material selected from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, boron oxide, magnesium-type zeolite, calcium zeolite, aluminosilicate molecular sieve, or aluminophosphate molecular sieve carrier material. The isomerization catalyst is load type catalyst, comprising a loading part and a carrier material. Load comprises coral group metal element compound. Carrier material comprises amorphous silicon oxide-aluminum oxide, silicon aluminum phosphate molecular sieve, yttrium aluminum oxide or magnesium alkaline zeolite. Coral group metal element compound is chloride of platinum or palladium.
ADMINISTRATION - The nutrient set is applied by filling the nutrition substrate in a culture container with a thickness of 15-20 cm; seeding or planting tomato seedlings; preparing nutrition fertilizer A into aqueous solution by diluting to 600-1000 times and applying by watering before the first harvest of tomato; and preparing nutrition fertilizer B into aqueous solution by diluting to 800-1200 and applying by watering from the first harvesting of tomato to the uproot plants after their edible portions have been harvested (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises (in parts weight): magnetic mineral powder (0.15), polyglutamic acid liquid (15), molasses fermentation liquid (400), vermiculite extract (50), medical stone extract (300), urea (90), monopotassium phosphate (80), and potassium nitrate or potassium sulfate (180). The magnetic mineral powder has particle size of 80-120 meshes. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The operating temperature of the fractioning and extracting process is 20-60 degrees C. In the method, the flow ratio of the extracting agent, the washing agent and the raw material solution is 2-6:1-10:1. Preferred Components: The cation M+ is imidazolium cation, pyridinium cation, quinolinium cation, isoquinolinium cation or benzimidazolium cation (all optionally substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, cyano, thiocyano, sulfone or carbonyl, preferably 1-4C alkenyl, 1-5C cyano, 1-4C thiocyano, 1-4C carbonyl, 1-4C sulfone or 1-8C alkyl). The anion L- is p-toluenesulfonate, thiocyanate, dicyanamide, tricyanomethanide, tetracyanoborate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, sulfate, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphorate, acetate, chloride or bromide. The polar solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, sulfolane, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetonitrile or propylene carbonate. The detergent as the raw material solvent includes n-hexane, octane, petroleum ether of 60-90 degrees C boiling range, or petroleum ether of 90-120 degrees C boiling range. The volume fraction of the ionic liquid in the binary mixed solvent is greater than or equal to 5% and less than 100%. The total concentration of 24-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol in the raw material solution is 0.5-20 g/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic solvent (C) is ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, or propyl formate. The organic solvent (D) is petroleum ether, cyclohexane, or heptane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The weight ratio of triethyl orthoformate, morpholine, acetonitrile and cyano acetamide is 0.5-3.5: 0.2-1.2: 0.15-0.75:1. Weight ratio of raw materials of condensed to hydrazine hydrate is 1:0.15-0.65. Weight ratio of semisulfate to methanamide is 1:0.85-4.85. Weight ratio of allopurinol crude product to active carbon is 1:0.05-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: A mixture of NAM, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is used.The available nitrogen content in the nitrogen fertilizer, the available phosphate content in the phosphate fertilizer and the available potassium content in the potassium fertilizer is 16-20: 6-9: 20-26. The amount of NAM added is 6-8, preferably 8-10 wt.% of the total weight of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer.The nitrogen fertilizer is ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea, monoammonium phosphate and/or diammonium phosphate. The phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate, fused calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate and/or diammonium phosphate. The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate or potassium chloride.The mixture of NAM, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is applied as the fertilizer after paddy fields are dried in the sunshine. During the whole growth period, no more fertilizer is needed. The use amount of slow release fertilizers for early rice is 45-50 kg/mu and that for late rice is 55-60 kg/mu (mu: a Chinese unit of area). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lower alcohol is one of methanol and/or ethanol. The middle polar solvent is one of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, dichloroethane, and/or ethyl acetate. The low polar solvent is one of petroleum ether, n-hexane, cyclohexane and/or n-heptane. ACTIVITY - Hepatotropic; Muscular-Gen.; Hypotensive; Antiarteriosclerotic; Cytostatic; Anti-HIV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The ecological brick comprises (in parts) silicate cement (20), sludge slag coagulating material (50), organic fertilizer (50), inorganic fertilizer (50), microbial fertilizer (15), water (30), and the ratio of the sludge and slag in the sludge slag coagulating material is 3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The storage tank has a sealed structure, and is connected with a deodorization system by a pipeline. The combined separator is provided with a buffer area. The buffer area is provided with a stirring and heating function. The stirring speed is 60-80 revolutions per minute and the heating temperature is 95-145 degrees C. The combined separator has a solid-liquid separation function and oil-water separation function, and is connected with the deodorizing system through a pipeline. The garbage has grease content of 2%, impurity content of 0.5 and acid content of 30 mg potassium hydroxide/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aprotic polar solvent is acetone, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, acetonitrile, methylpyridine, 1,4-dioxocyclohexane, hexamethyl phosphamide and/or dimethyl acetamide. The alkali is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium tert-butoxide and/or potassium tert-butoxide. The alkali amount is 1-5 times of the molar weight of the compound (II) and (III). The compound (IV) is sodium chlorodifluoroacetate or ethyl chlorodifluoroacetate. The oxidant is potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and/or sodium chlorite. The oxidant is sodium chlorite and/or hydrogen peroxide. Preferred Process: The heating condition is 50-150 (preferably 70-110) degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solvent is liquid paraffin, solid paraffin, solid paraffin, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether or octadecanol. The preparation of slurry bed methanation catalyst comprises providing nickel nitrate and preparing into immersion solution, processing isopyknic immersion on gamma -aluminum oxide carrier crushed to 20-40 meshes in advance, standing for 5-10 hours, drying at 100-150 degrees C for 8-20 hours in drying oven, roasting in muffle furnace at 350-550 degrees C for 3-6 hours, namely obtaining gamma -nickel oxide/ gamma -aluminum oxide slurry bed catalyst with ~-nickel oxide content of 8-25 wt.%. The preparation method of fixed bed methanation catalyst comprises:(A) dissolving nickel acetate in ethylene glycol, using sodium carbonate solution as precipitator, and processing precipitin reaction at 110-150 degrees C for 0.5-3 hours;(B) after reaction, keeping aging for 1-3 hours, washing to neutral, processing suction filtration, drying filter cake at 100-150 degrees C for 8-20 hours in oven, roasting in muffle furnace at 500-600 degrees C for 3-6 hours, and obtaining alpha -nickel oxide precursor; and(C) providing gamma -aluminum oxide carrier according to percentages of 10-20 wt.% alpha -nickel oxide content, grinding with alpha -nickel oxide into powder and uniformly mixing, extruding and obtaining 10-20 wt.% alpha -nickel oxide/ gamma -aluminum oxide catalyst, crushing into 20-40 meshes, and reserving.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The 1st group material is methane with molar concentration of not greater than 25%. Molar concentration of ethane, ethene, and/or monofluoromethane in refrigerant is not greater than 25%. Molar concentration of difluoromethane, trifluoroethane, propane, propylene, and/or 1,1-difluoroethane in refrigerant is not greater than 20%. Total molar concentration of 1st group material and 4th group material is not greater than 25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The natural fermentation of plant carbohydrate involves the addition of cellulolytic enzyme and is carried out for 1-6 months. Preferred Components: The plant straw comprises bagasse, chaff, straw, corn straw, sugarcane leaves, wheat straw, cassava slag and grass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The recycling of heavy and noble metals utilizes an extraction flotation process comprising adding (g/ton of slag ratio) a dispersing agent (150), an inhibitor (300) and a collecting agent comprising butyl xanthate and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate (each 170). The recycling manganese and iron by magnetic separation method comprises grading the tailing ore slurry after recycling heavy and noble metals by pumping into a hydrocyclone classifier, magnetic separating the coarse particles by conveying into a high gradient magnetic separator and passing the fine particles of slurry into a tail ore slurry stirring mixing reactor, where the magnetic separation is based on the existing iron ore and manganese ore magnetic separation technology, and the coarse mineral particles separated out by the grader are passed to a high gradient magnetic separator to select out ferromanganese ore and quartz sand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is sodium hexametaphosphate or potassium hexametaphosphate. The inhibitor is sodium silicate or water glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mol ratio of divalent metal salt and trivalent metal salt is 2:1 (M2+/M3+). The concentration of alkaline solution is 10.5 mol/L. The divalent metal salt is magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO3)2.6H2O). The trivalent metal salt is aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3.9H2O). The alkaline solution is one or two of ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. The grinding time in step (C) is 40-80 minutes. Peptization is conducted at 80-120 degrees C for 12-48 hours. The water in step (D) is deionized water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In step (D), the lining of the reaction kettle is PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The raw material penicillin salt is penicillin G potassium salt, sodium salt or penicillin V potassium salt, or crude product or mother liquor recycled during fermentation and extraction of penicillin. The method is performed using organic solvents selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Molar ratio of 4-(1-piperidinyl)piperidine to dimethyl carbonate is 1:1-2. Dipolar aprotic solvent is dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, acetone, pyridine, dioxane, or hexamethylphosphoramide. The reaction temperature in step (A) is 60-80 degrees C, and reaction time is 2-4 hours. Molar ratio of 4-(1-piperidinyl)piperidine dimethyl carbonate to 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin is 1-2:1. Non-polar solvent is dichloromethane, petroleum ether, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, ether, or carbon tetrachloride. Reaction temperature in step (B) is 40-60 degrees C, and reaction time is 6-8 hours. Temperature in regulating pH value in step (C) is controlled at 20-25 degrees C. Drying temperature in step (C) is 40-45 degrees C, and drying time is 5-6 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalytic oxidation is performed at working voltage of 1.5-5.0 V and current density of 0.5-6.0 mA/cm2. The separation step is performed under membrane permeation flux of 0.5-5.0 l/m2-hour. Preferred Component: The mol ratio of tetrafluoropropanol to sodium salt in feed liquid is 1:1. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In rectifying for preparing high pure gas, in step (2), the compressed gas further separating the third part, the third part compression gas is condensed into liquid to form the first and second partially compressed gas condensed liquid. The target gas to be liquefied gas at a pressure less than 10 MPa and the temperature is -50 to 50 degrees C. The target gas raw material of purity is higher than 90%, preferably higher than 95%, more preferably higher than 99%. The high pure gas is electronic industrial ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane, silicon tetrachloride, hydrogen fluoride, boron trifluoride, phosphine, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, boron chloride, sulfur hexafluoride, boron chloride, phosphorane, silane (SiH4) or carbon dioxide, or welding and cutting gas propylene, propane or welding with carbon dioxide, or industrial gas carbon dioxide, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, isobutene, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, or isobutene (HC-600a). The method does not have target gas raw material. Preferred System: The system further comprises a condenser, used for making the third part of the compressed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: Compound (IV) is prepared by dissolving compound of formula (VI) in acid of formula HR" and absolute ethyl alcohol, stirring at normal temperature for 4-6 hours, vaporizing the solvent, filtering the residue, and obtaining filter cake.n=1 or 2;R=H, Me or Et; andR"=Cl, Br, SO4H, TsO, PO4H2 or MeSO3.Preferred Materials: The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, trichloromethane, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane or N,N-dimethyl formamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen halide is hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, or hydrogen iodide. The hydrohalide is one of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, lithium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or lithium iodide. The acid in hydrohalide-acid is sulfuric acid. The catalyst comprises Raney Ni, palladium-carbon, and palladium-calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The orthoester is trimethyl orthoformate or triethyl orthoformate. The aprotic solvent (s1) comprises one of benzene, toluene, dichlormethane, chloroform, dimethylformamide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. The acid in the acid catalysis is protonic acid or Lewis acid, comprising sulfuric acid, hydrogen halide, p-toluene sulphonic acid, ptoluene sulphonic acid pyridinium, and anhydrous zinc chloride. The solvent (s2) (2) is organic solvent selected from acetic anhydride, xylene, dimethylformamide, and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. The peroxide comprises peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxybenzoic acid, or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The acid in hydrohalide-acid is one of acetic acid, formic acid, and/or propionic acid. The solvent (s3) comprises tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol, and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The preparation comprises chlorophyll iron sodium salt and chromium chloride hexahydrate as raw materials. The method comprises at mass ratio of chlorophyll iron sodium salt to chromium chloride hexahydrate of 1:1, dissolving chlorophyll iron sodium salt into water, and dissolving chromium chloride hexahydrate into buffer solution of pH 7; slowly adding chromium salt solution with pH 6-7 into chlorophyll iron sodium salt, and adjusting pH of reaction solution at 7.5-9; stirring at 1000 revolutions/minute, fully reacting at room temperature, aging at 40-70 degrees C for 3-7 hours, separating, drying at 50-80 degrees C, and obtaining black or deep dark green chlorophyll chromium-iron lignosulfonate; and analyzing with spectrophotometry to analyze product iron and aluminum amount, with yield rate of 90-97%, and processing UV spectra and infrared (IR) spectra analysis. The preparation comprises centrifugal separating, filtering, washing with distilled water until free of chloride ions, and drying at less than 60 degrees C.Preferred Component: The solution concentration of the chlorophyllin iron sodium is 0.67 g/100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A coumarin derivative of formula (II), an aldehyde compound of formula: R1CHO (III) and an aromatic amine compound of formula (IV) in a molar ratio of 1:0.9-1:1-1.1 are dissolved in an organic solvent, the reaction mixture is refluxed in the presence of catalytic agent (V), the deposited substance is separated and purified, to obtain derivative (I). Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, water, glacial acetic acid, tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile. Preferred Process: The separation and purification method involves cooling the reaction liquid, filtering, and recrystallizing with a mixed solvent of glacial acetic acid and 1,2-dichloroethane in a volume ratio of 1:3. Preferred Definitions:    R1=isobutyl, phenyl, or fluorophenyl, chlorophenyl, methyl phenyl, p-methoxy phenyl, 2,4-methylphenyl or methoxyl phenyl;and    R2=9-methyl, 9-chloro, 9-bromo, 9-methoxy, 9-ethoxy or 10-methyl.    ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 7,12-Dihydro-6H-chromene(4,3-b)quinoline coumarin derivatives are claimed e.g. 2-methyl-12-phenyl-11,12-dihydro-5H-10-oxa-5-azatetraphen-11-one of formula (IA), 2-methyl-12-(4-methylphenyl)-11,12-dihydro-5H-10-oxa-5-azatetraphen-11-one, 12-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-11,12-dihydro-5H-10-oxa-5-azatetraphen-11-one, 12-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-11,12-dihydro-5H-10-oxa-5-azatetraphen-11-one and 12-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-11,12-dihydro-5H-10-oxa-5-azatetraphen-11-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxyl protecting group and hydroxy protecting group are benzyl or allyl optionally substituted with nitro, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, 1-6Calkyl or 1-6C alkoxy, with carboxyl protecting group preferably p-nitrobenzyl. When R3 charge balancing group is H+ or salt-forming cation, preferably salt-forming cation comprising monovalent metal ion, the proportion of bivalent metal ion or quaternary ammonium ion, preferably monovalent metal ion of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), the proportion of the bivalent metal ion is calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) comprising organic quaternary ammonium ion and a quaternary ammonium ion. The single solvent water is tap water, drinking water, deionized water, reverse osmosis water, electrodialysis water, distilled water and/or sterile water, at 5-80 (preferably 10-40) times by weight. The alkali is inorganic alkali and/or organic alkali; the inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or disodium hydrogen phosphate; and organic base comprising trimethyl gallium, trimethylol propane, 1,8-diazobicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-ene, diisopropylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, diisopropylethylamine, dicyclohexylamine or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, with amount of the alkali of ertapenem intermediate at 0.5-5 (preferably 1-3) molar equivalents. The catalyst is palladium carbon or platinum carbon, preferably 5-10% palladium carbon. Preferred Process: The method is carried out in hydrogen atmosphere, preferably pressure of hydrogen under 0.4-2.5 (preferably 1-2) MPa. The reaction temperature is - 10 to 40 (preferably 10-300) degrees C. The post processing on product after hydrogenation reaction comprises purifying, concentrating, crystallizing and/or freeze-drying, to obtain ertapenem or its sodium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aqueous high-molecular gel matrix comprises (pts. wt.): carbomer (5-10), glycerol (40-90), triethanolamine (10-20), purified water (100-200), and aqueous high-molecular gel substrate (155-320). ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The purity of the purification hydrogen is 95-99.5 (preferably 99-99.5)%. The hydrogen and converter gas is mixed to hydrogen-carbon ratio of 2-2.2, preferably 2.05-2.1. Preferred Process: The carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfides are removed using pressure-swing adsorption, extracting methane using pressure-swing adsorption method, obtaining SNG, and compressing to obtain CNG product. The acidic gas of the desorption gas is removed by 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine method, drying and removing benzene, performing cryogenic separation, and obtaining LNG product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises extracting Gorgonacea samples using ethanol, decompression concentrating the solution, extracting by ethyl acetate, concentrating the extract solution, conducting chromatographic separation, and concentrating the eluent. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare earth bisperovskite composite oxide is of formula La2CoMnO6. The mass ratio of biomass, coal and rare earth catalyst is 1:0.2-0.6:0.1-0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crude synthesis gas comprises (vol.%) CO (30.6-31.4), H2 (63.5-64.5), CO2 (2.8-3.2), CH4 (0.4-0.5), and oxygen and hydrogen sulfide. The CO2 has a purity of greater than 90%. The content of CO, CO2, and H2 in the synthetic is more than 99%. The H2 has a purity of 95-99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The natural gas comprises (vol.%) methane (97-99), ethane (0.06-0.09), propane (0.01-0.07), nitrogen (0.06-2.1), less than 1 mg/m3 hydrogen sulfide, and water. The particle size of the petroleum coke is less than 12 mm. The olefin comprises ethylene, propylene, and a mixture containing 4-6C olefin. Preferred Method: The cracking dry gas is at 44-46 degrees C. The pressure is 6-6.2 MPa, and the osmotic pressure is 0.18-2.2 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen gas is prepared by carrying out water electrolysis method, chemical method, fermentation method, or releasing by hydrogen gas cylinder. The irrigating and spraying processes are carried out for 1-90 days, and the time of soaking or seed soaking treatment is 1-10 days. The plant includes: monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants; seeds, plant, inflorescence or fruit of gymnosperms; or tissue culture materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent further added with calcium salt, salicylic acid, salicylate, salicylic acid derivatives, humic acid or humic acid salt whose final concentration accounts to 0-1000 mu mol/l. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diesel is No.0 diesel, No.10 diesel or No.20 diesel. The water is common tap water. The fatty acid is oleic acid chosen from animal oleic acid and plant oleic acid. Preferred Properties: Oleic acid has acid value of more than 190. The methanol has purity of 99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In the step (a), the fertilizer stack avoids sunshine and rain. In the step (b), the turning step involves turning out the middle tea bran, tea powder and traditional Chinese medicinal dregs, and turning the surrounding tea bran, tea powder and traditional Chinese medicinal dregs to the middle, where the stack is kept at water content of 50%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The organic component is at least one chosen from rice hull, crop straw, cottonseed and humic acid. The inorganic component is at least one chosen from potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium sulfate, potassium borate, soda lime and phosphate. The Chinese medicinal residue comprises 70-80% water. Preferred Method: The method involves mixing the above-mentioned components to obtain fermentation substrate with water content of 35-64%, adding the substrate in mechanical stirrer attached fermentation tank, performing fermentation for 3-5 days at 27-35 degrees C and pH 5.5-6.5 by adding alkali, and completing fermentation when rotten smell of raw material is eliminated, drying the fermented product at low temperature, extruding and granulating the product, sieving the granules, weighing and packaging the fermented granules. Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises organic matter (20% or more), nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide (15% or more) and water content (12% or more). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The vegetable oil is soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil, corn oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, Jatropha seed oil, Pistacia seed oil, tung seed oil or Sorbifolia oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is supported chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel oxide and/or sulfide oxide. The biodiesel preparing method utilizes catalyst carrier selected from aluminum silicate, alumina, activated carbon and diatomaceous earth. The hydrophilic acidic ionic liquid comprises a cation having 3H-imidazol-1-ium compound of formula (I) and anion comprising chlorine ion, bromine ion, borofluoride ion, acetate ion, iodine ion, formate ion, hydrogen sulfate ion or methane sulfonate ion.R1,R2=H or straight chain or branched 1-15C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the catalyst and the vegetable oil is 1:(5-20). The volume ratio of the cooled mixture and water is 1:(1-20). The concentration of the catalyst is 1-10 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The main fuel comprises carbinol and/or ethanol; low temperature igniting additive comprising petroleum ether, 5C, light dydrocarbon oil and/or acetone; fuel value reinforcing agent comprising nitrobenzene, nitro methane, methylbenzene, methyl tertiary ether and/or dinitroluene; dispersing agent comprising methylal, isopropanol and/or dipentene; smoke abatement combustion improver comprising ferrocene; igniting accelerator comprising cerous nitrate and/or di-tert-butyl peroxide; antioxidant comprising butylated hydroxytoluene and/or tert-butyl hydroquinone; emulsifying dispersing agent comprising Tween 80 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), alkypenol polyoxyethylene ether and/or coco oil acyl diethanol amine; air-resistance regulator comprising phthalate, phthalic acid dimethyl ester and/or phthalic acid ethyl ester; and fuel lubricant comprising unsaturated fatty acid and its derivative; and methyl formic acid neutralizer comprising urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of (vi) comprises filtering the obtained mixture and providing into the drying device to obtain a reaction mixture containing silicic acid and sodium hydroxide powder, and crushing the obtained mixture at 80-120 meshes screen packaging to obtain the end product. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of ammonia nitrogen is 1000-50000 mg/l, and COD is 1000-150000 mg/l. The washing water is completely-closed circulating washing water. Preferred Method: The method comprises washing water coal gas, performing back washing and precipitation treatment by polycondensation, and then purifying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solvent process in the step (a) comprises extracting with petroleum ether to produce a suspension which is colorless. The ethyl acetate layer extract with 100-200 meshes of silica gel is in a mass ratio of 1:1 and is loaded into the column where the amount loaded is 10 times the amount of the extract. The collected component Rf and color spot are the same as the standard substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The purifying material of filter (I) comprises clay (75) and trisodium phosphate (25). The purifying material of filter (II) comprises activated carbon (85), clay (10), and trisodium phosphate (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed emulsifying agent comprises (wt.%): water (10), potassium hydroxide (2.5-10), sodium hydroxide (2.5-20), ethyl acetate (30) and ethanol (40-55). Preferred Method: The method comprises uniformly stirring the ethyl acetate with the ethanol for 5-10 minutes to obtain a first mixture; adding potassium hydroxide into the first mixture, uniformly stirring for 5-10 minutes to obtain the second mixture; adding the sodium hydroxide into the second mixture, uniformly stirring for 10-30 minutes to obtain a third mixture; and standing the third mixture for 2 hours to obtain the emulsifier. The stirring speed is 300 revolutions/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ester solvent (2-10 times quantity of 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-3-carbonitrile) is ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate (preferably), methyl propionate and/or ethyl propionate. The alkali metal carbonate or acid-binding agent is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate and/or triethylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methyl diamine aqueous solution comprises methyl diamine and water having a mole ratio of 1:3-5. The mole ratio of dimethyl formamide and a dimethyl sulfate is 2-3:2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic solvent in the steps (i), (iii), (iv) and (vi) is ethyl acetate or ethanol, where the volume % concentration of organic solvent in the organic solvent aqueous solution is 85-99%. The amount of organic solvent aqueous solution in the steps (i) and (iv) is 4-6 l/kg of wt. of the cholesterol crude product. The use amount of the medicinal active carbon in the step (i) is 3-5 g/100ml of wt. of organic solvent aqueous solution. The temperature for suction filtration and ultrafiltration in the steps (ii) and (v) is 65-75 degrees C. The blending operation in the steps (i), (iii), (iv) and (vi) are realized by the machine, and the rotation speed of the machine is 100-400 revolutions/minute. The aperture of the ceramic film in the step (v) is 0.02-0.1 mu m, the trans-membrane pressure for ultrafiltration is 0.1-0.3 MPa, and the film surface flow speed is 4-5 m/s. The temperature of the vacuum drying box in the step (vii) is 60-80 degrees C, the vacuum degree is -0.075 to -0.01 MPa and the drying time is 12-24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (c) is carried out in a desulfurization equipment i.e. tank reactor by dispersing the desulfurizing bacteria in water, making methane to enter from a bottom part of the agitated reactor, passing a distributor, and processing a gas-liquid contact reaction in a form of bubbles. The deoxidizing catalyst is a supported catalyst comprising aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, molecular sieve or active carbon as carrier, and palladium, platinum, silver, copper, cobalt or molybdenum as catalyst active ingredient.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The pregnant solution recovery pipe of the packed tower is successively connected with a hydraulic turbine for recovering energy and a flash evaporating tank; the flash evaporating pipe of the flash evaporating tank is connected with the first compressor. The liquid outlet pipe of the flash evaporating tank is connected with a desorbing tower. The barren liquor outlet pipe of the desorbing tower is successively connected with a buffer tank, a centrifugal pump, a second filter, a cooler and the packed tower. The fixed bed dewatering device contains two fixed beds filled with molecular sieve or aluminum oxide, where one of the fixed beds is used for absorbing purposes and the other fixed bed is used for regenerating purposes by decreasing a methane dew-point to lower than -15 degrees C and absorbing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, methyl t-butyl ether, chloroform, methylene dichloride, ether, propyl ether, butyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, n-hexane, or n-heptane. The molar ratio of compound (I) and organic solvent is 1:0.5-1:100. The molar ratio of compound (I) and extracting solvent is 1:1-1:100. The organic solvent is a single solvent or a mixed solvent. The molar ratio of compound (I) and m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid is 1:1-1:10. The molar ratio of compound (I) and morpholine-4-carboxylate is 1:1-1:10. The molar ratio of compound (I) and sodium hydroxide is 1:0.5-1:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur removal poor liquid is alkali liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon removal liquid contains polyethylene glycol methyl ether solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The residue is soybean oil, peanut oil, cotton seed oil and/or rapeseed oil dreg.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol-based fuel comprises (wt.%) methanol (45), diglutaric dilute iron (5), n-butanol (3), biological oil (3), benzene toluene (4), and water (40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The environmental-friendly gasoline comprises (%) number 90 gasoline (40), MTBE (10), naphtha (20), and modified mixed alcohol (30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive comprises chloride fixing agent and/or sulfur fixing agent, which white clay, lime, and/or calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The combustion promoter is fuel coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The emulsifier is a mixture of (in %mass) ethyl acetate (35), anhydrous ethanol (50), glycerol (1), ferrocene (3) and xylene (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zirconium oxide nanotube array-carrying phosphotungstic acid catalyst is obtained by:(A) preparing a mixed solution of formamide and glycerol (volume ratio of 1:1), then adding ammonium fluoride (NH4F) and H2O into the mixture to obtain a mixed solution comprising 1% of NH4F and 1% of H2O;(B) taking the mixed solution as electrolyte, a zirconium slice as anode, and molybdenum slice as cathode, keeping electrode distance of 2 cm, and then anodizing for 3 hours at room temperature at voltage of 50 V to form an oxide on zirconium surface;(C) after reaction, stripping the oxide from the zirconium slice and rinsing with water ,drying and annealing for 4 hours at 400 degrees C to obtain a zirconium oxide nanotube array carrier; and(D) dissolving phosphotungstic acid into ethanol solution containing 2.5% of interfacial agent, and then adding above carrier, ultrasonically immersing for 1 hour before drying and roasting for 4 hours at 200 degrees C to obtain a catalyst, where ratio of phosphotungstic acid to ethanol solution to zirconium nanotube array carrier is 0.7-0.9:6:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The interfacial agent is acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The compressor is compressed screw compressor. The ice machine comprises ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heavy component impurities comprise high carbon hydrocarbon, naphthalene and benzene. Preferred Method: In step (c), the removed tar oil is coke, and the oil removing tower is filler. The step of removing tar oil comprises freezing and separating the tar in the gas raw material 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coal-liquefied residue is gas coal, long flame coal, or lignite liquefied residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multi-component regenerative fuel comprises (%) domestic garbage flammable component (69), coal-liquefied residue (15), agricultural solid waste (10), and calcium oxide (6). The agricultural solid waste is wheat rod, maize straw, and/or cotton stalk. The agricultural solid waste has a grain diameter of 3-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The domestic garbage combustible component is plastic and textile fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor aluminum salt having a concentration of 1-4 mol/l is selected from aluminum nitrate, aluminum isopropoxide and/or aluminum chloride. The alkaline earth metal salt precursor having a concentration of 0.1-0.4 mol/l is selected from barium carbonate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate. The nickel containing solution having a concentration of 0.01-0.2 mol/l is selected from nickel nitrate, nickel acetate and/or nickel chloride. The mass ratio of hexaaluminate to nickel containing solution is 1:10-15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface active agent is polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene copolymer, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, trimethyl ammonium bromide, trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and/or dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt. The ethanol solution has a concentration of 0.1-0.5 mol/l. The mole ratio of alkaline earth metal salt precursor and acetic acid aqueous solution is 1:1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises (pts.wt.) modifier (17.9), oxidant (10), activator (10), anti-knock (16), detergent (1.56), catalyst (37.5), corrosion inhibitor (7) and antifriction lubricant (0.04). The modifier comprises (pts.wt.) di-tertbutyl peroxide (5), pure benzene (5), propyl alcohol (2.9) and xylol (5); anti-knock comprising hydroquinone (8 pts.wt.) and isopropyl alcohol (8 pts.wt.); detergent preferably (pts.wt.) propyl alcohol (1) and dicyclopentadiene (0.56); catalyst comprising (pts.wt.) solvent oil (20), acetone or acetylacetone (15) and diisopropylamine (2.5); antifriction lubricant comprising (pts.wt.) potassium permanganate (0.01) and potassium chloride (0.03); oxidant comprising tert-butyl methyl ether (10 pts.wt.); activator comprising naphtha (10 pts.wt.); and corrosion inhibitor comprising methylbenzotriazole (7 pts.wt.). The methanol gasoline comprises (%) methanol fuel additive (20-10, preferably 10) and methanol (80-90, preferably 80), and No.93 gasoline (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vehicle M85 methanol gasoline additive comprises 7-8 fatty alkyl ether (13 wt. parts), 3-6C monocyclic compound (34 wt. parts), and 6-9C fatty alcohol (24 wt. parts). The 7-8C alkyl aniline is one or more of N-methyl aniline, N,N-dimethyl aniline, and N-methyl toluidine. The 3-6C fatty ether is ethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. The 6-9C monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is any one or more benzene, ethylbenzene, xylene and isopropyl benzene. Fatty alcohol is any one or more of 3-6C of normal propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, n-amyl and isoamyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molar ratio of the 3, 5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and triphosgene is 1:0.1-3:0.34-3 or 1:0.5-2:0.35-0.5. The molar ratio of the trimethyl phosphate and 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is 1-3:1. The molar ratio of sodium methoxide, anisic aldehyde, and 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is 1-2:1-1.05:1 or 1.1-1.5: 1-1.05:1. Preferred Method: Washing comprises washing by ice water, and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The bottom layer is formed by separating methylbenzene phase, adding into solid sodium carbonate to neutralize, filtering, and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The aromatic compounds solvent is chlorobenzene, dimethylbenzene or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic aqueous solution comprises (wt.%) hydrochloric acid (30-37), sulfuric acid waster solution (5-15), or phosphoric acid aqueous solution (15-35).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline environment uses alkali consisting of inorganic alkali or organic alkali, in which alkali and mole BBTT is 1-8 times of acetylacetic ether quality. The method also comprises refining valsartan by recrystallizing valsartan using mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane, in which mass to volume ratio of valsartan to mixed solvent is 1:(1-3). The method is performed in one-pot boiling involving distilling of alcohol and solvent, evaporating, acylation reaction, and concentrating using acid aqueous solution. Preferred Component: The mol ratio of thionyl chloride to L-valine is greater than or equal to 1. The first organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, or methylene dichloride. The alkali is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, diisopropyl ethyl amine, or triethylamine. The second organic solvent is methylene dichloride, ethyl acetate, or methane. The acid-binder is triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium carbonate. The mol ratio of acid-binder to compound (III) is (1-5):1. The mass to volume ratio of compound (IV) to acidic aqueous solution is 1:(5-20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Halogenating agent used in the reaction is bromine (preferred), chlorine, N-bromo-succinimide or N-chlorosuccinimide. Solvent is dichloromethane (preferred), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or acetonitrile. Halogenation process is carried out at 30-35 degrees C. Molar ratio of compound (II) to 1,8-diazabicyclo (5.4.0) undec-7-ene is 1: 1-1:3, preferably 1:2.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In step, the diameter-to-height ratio of the resin column is preferably 1:10; the percolated liquid is introduced into the resin column at a loading speed of 3 times the column volume/hour; the soaking process for the resin is performed using 10 % ammonia solution or 5 % HCl solution; and the elution process uses ammonia water-ethanol solution as eluent when the column employs cation exchange resin, or uses 5 % HCl solution as eluent when the column employs type 152 macroporous adsorption resin. In step, the activated carbon is preferably utilized at 4 wt.%; and the concentration of the ethanol used in heating and refluxing operation is preferably 40 %, 55 %, 60 %, 75 % or 80 %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin used in step preferably consists of type 001x2.5 or 001x4 strong cation exchange resin, or type 152 macroporous adsorption resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rhodium is present at 1-3 wt.%. A is present at 1-5 wt.%. B1 is present at 0.5-2 wt.%. C is present at 0.05-0.5 wt.%. D is present at 60-75 wt.%. The low carbon mixed alcohol has n number of carbon atoms, where n is 1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparing the catalyst comprises (a) roasting the carrier component C for purification at 400-700 degrees C for 1-10 hours to the proportion of components and then cooling, (b) soaking obtained sample for 2-12 hours with water solution of same volume containing metal ions of rhodium, component A, component B and component C and (c) drying the soaked sample by distillation at 60-90 degrees C, drying at 100-150 degrees C and roasting at 400-800 degrees C for 1-20 hours. Preferred Components: The low carbon mixed alcohol is carbinol, ethanol, butanol or isobutanol. Preferred Method: The hydrogen diluted by inert gas or synthesis gas is used to deoxidate the catalyst before it reacts to perform conducting reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the passive film is 3-30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The refinery 4C component material hydrocarbon is at least one of 4C component of refinery catalytic cracking unit, 4C component of ethylene splitting device, 4C component after methyl tertiary butyl ether. The mass ratio of acetonitrile and water in extractant is 1:0.02-1:0.18. The mass ratio of acetonitrile and refinery 4C component material hydrocarbon is 1:0.05-1:0.1. Preferred Process: The temperature of extracting tower is controlled at 55-95 degrees C; extractant feeding temperature is 55-75 degrees C; the pressure of tower top is 0.45-0.6 MPa; the temperature of tower top is 45-60 degrees C; the temperature of tower bottom is 125-132 degrees C; the pressure at bottom of the tower is 0.6-0.62 MPa; and the reflux ratio of tower is not less than 1.8. The feeding temperature of bath tower is controlled at 40-45 degrees C; the ratio of water and hydrocarbon is 0.5:1-2:1; the water feeding temperature is 30-35 degrees C; the pressure at top of the tower is 0.4-0.55 MPa; the temperature of tower top is 33-40 degrees C; the pressure of tower bottom is 0.5-0.55 MPa; and the temperature of tower bottom is 33-37 degrees C. The temperature of deisobutanizer is control at 30-40 degrees C; the pressure of tower top is 0.55-0.7 MPa; the temperature is not less than 48 degrees C; the pressure of tower bottom is 0.72-0.75 MPa; the temperature of tower bottom is 65-75 degrees C; and the reflux ratio of the tower is not less than 7.2. The temperature of n-butane refining tower is controlled at 60-70 degrees C; the pressure of tower top is 0.42-0.47 MPa; the temperature of tower top is 40-45 degrees C; the pressure of tower bottom is 0.48-0.5 MPa; the temperature of tower bottom is 78-83 degrees C; and the reflux ratio of tower is not less than 2.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The selenium is chosen from potassium selenite, potassium selenate, sodium selenite, sodium selenate, calcium selenite, calcium selenate, selenite, diammonium selenate and diammonium selenite. The fertilizer comprises soil microbial agent. Preferred Method: The cultivation method is seed cultivation. ADMINISTRATION - The fertilizer is liquid fertilizer which is applied as basal dressing and additional fertilizer by foliar spraying to spinach five times at a regular interval of 2 weeks (claimed). No dosage details given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The ratio of raw material mixture to organic acid is 1:0.5-1.5. The slurry type inorganic natural fertilizer further comprises zeolite. Preferred Components: The organic acid is chosen from ascorbic acid (vitamin C), amino acid, succinic acid, malic acid, asparaginic acid and their mixtures. The zeolite has cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 10 or more. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass raw material is corn straw, wheat straw, silvergrass, algae, hardwood, soft wood and/or energy source plants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant protein material is pulp of the plant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicate is sodium silicate or potassium silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The animal protein material is animal keratin protein. The humic acid is peat humic acid or weathered coal humic acid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The provision of garbage involves adjusting garbage, removing salt, sugar and oil in waste, and drying. Water is used to remove the salt, sugar and oil in the waste. Adding amount of fresh orange peel, orange peel or shaddock peel is 10-15 mass%. The method is carried out at 20-30 degrees C, humidity at 60-70%, and pH value of 7.5-8.5. Light is used for separating earthworms and wormcast. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is chosen from aluminosilicophosphate molecular sieve catalyst, and ZSM-5 catalyst with different silicon aluminum ratio modified by alkali metal. Preferred Process: The method further involves purifying the obtained polyhydric raw material before subjecting in the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The sending unit has several transferring blades (420) installed on conveyor belt (410) connected to the stirring unit located in upper portion of the main portion for transferring the food waste from the food waste outlet to the inlet port. The sending unit has transfer screw for transferring the food waste from the food waste outlet to the inlet port, where the sending unit is present at lower portion of the main portion. The tilt angle ( theta ) is 11-19 degrees . The deodorization unit has cooling fan (340) installed at an interior portion of the main portion for condensing water vapor through influx of outside air to inside of the main portion, and condensate drainage pipe (330), and induction pipe (310) for collecting influx of steam generated during fermentation of food waste from one side and ejecting the steam to another side, suction fan (320), condenser installed within the induction pipe in order to be positioned in rear end of the cooling device for condensing steam at low temperature and low pressure coming through expansion valve installed within the condensate drainage pipe, and compressor. The fermentor further has heating unit (140) for emitting heat such that internal temperature of the main portion is raised to the temperature which is advantageous for carrying out fermentation of the food waste, where the heating unit has heating wire at bottom surface of the main portion. The fermentor further has electronic balance (170) positioned at lower portion of the collecting container for measuring fermented product stored in the collecting container, observation door for observing fermentation stage of the food waste inside the main portion, and control unit installed on weighing hopper for quantifying amount of the food waste at the inlet port, and transmitting information regarding quantified amount of the food waste to the computer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fatty acid is chosen from oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and arakidonic acid, preferably oleic acid. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diesel is No.0 diesel, No.10 diesel or No.20 diesel. The water is common tap water. The fatty acid is oleic acid chosen from animal oleic acid and plant oleic acid. Oleic acid has acid value of more than 190. Methanol has purity of 99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of template and tin chloride is 2:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic carrier is chosen from silica gel, alumina, diatomite and anhydrous sodium sulfate. The base is alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal acetate and/or tertiary amine, preferably sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium acetate, diamine, diisopropylamine and/or pyridine, and more preferably sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of aqueous solution and (S)-2-aminobutanamide hydrochloride is 2-5:1. The molar ratio of alkali and (S)-2-aminobutanamide hydrochloride is 2-5:1. The molar ratio of alkali and (2S)-2-(4-chlorobutanamido)butanamide is 1-3:1. The weight ratio of inorganic carrier and (2S)-2-(4-chlorobutanamido)butanamide is 2-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal catalyst is palladium chloride, rhodium chloride, ruthenium(III) chloride. The inorganic alkali is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, strontium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The 4-chloroacetoacetate is ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate or methyl 4-chloroacetoacetate. The non-chiral phosphine ligand is (-)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (DIOP), ethane-1,2-diylbis((2-methoxyphenyl)phenylphosphane) (DIPAMP), 2,2'-bis-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINAP), or 4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole-5,5'-diylbis(diphenylphosphane) (SEGPHOS). The reaction solvent is ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, n-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether, or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coarse biogas is aerated into low temperature transformation reactor filled with copper-zinc-aluminum-precious metal rare-earth composite catalyst using active carbon and 5A-molecular sieve. The copper-zinc-aluminum-precious metal rare earth composite catalyst comprises copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, precious metal oxide and rare earth oxide. The content of copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, precious metal oxide and rare earth oxide is 50-60 %mass, 25-35 %mass, and 5-15 %mass, 0.05-0.1 %mass and 0.5-1 %mass, respectively. The precious metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium. The rare earth is chosen from lanthanum and cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of primary catalyst and biomass pulverized powder used in preparation of hydrogen is 1.0-1.5:100. The primary catalyst comprises carbonate and rare-earth nitrate. The molar ratio of carbonate to rare-earth nitrate in primary catalyst is 10-20:1. The secondary catalyst comprises carbonate, nickel nitrate and rare earth nitrate. The molar ratio of carbonate, nickel and rare-earth nitrate in secondary catalyst is (10-20):(8-20):1. The carbonate is chosen from alkali metal carbonate or alkaline-earth metal carbonate. The water ratio of semi-fluid pulp is 60-80%. Preferred Property: The biomass pulverized powder has particle size of 20-40 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel contains sodium hydroxide (1-5%), oxysalt (0.2-3%) and remainder of water. The solid fuel contains aluminum powder (70-90%), sodium hydroxide (15-5%) and oxysalt (15-5%). The alkali is sodium hydroxide. The oxysalt is sodium stannate, sodium antimonite, sodium bismuthate or copper sulfate. Preferred Properties: The grain diameter of solid fuel is 1-1000 mu m. The grain diameter of aluminum powder in solid fuel is 10-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is cobalt-palladium/alumina, nickel-platinum/activated carbon, iron-palladium/magnesium oxide, or iron-platinum/alumina. The liquid water content is less than 100 mg/l. The content of ammoniacal nitrogen is less than 15 mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The fiber is metal wire with diameter of 0.1 mm; and the circulation liquor is alkaline liquor with concentration of 3.7 sodium hydroxide/100 ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst used by oxidizing sodium mercaptide is polyphthalocyanine cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: Temperature and humidity of decomposited waste mass are higher than 60 degrees C and below 50% (preferably 45%), respectively. Liquid form of slurry is added into the waste mass, which is enriched with microorganisms, where pH of the liquid is maintained. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises (wt.%) iron naphthenate (8-11, preferably 9-10), methyl tert-butyl ether (6-9, preferably 6-8), n-hexane (11-15, preferably 11-14), 2,2-di(ethyl ferrocene)propane (2-4, preferably 2-3), methanol (9-12, preferably 10-12), isooctyl nitrate (4-10, preferably 4-9), isopropyl-ketone (13-25, preferably 13-20) and No.200 solvent oil (25-40, preferably 30-40). The amount of the additive in cutting fuel gas of petroleum gas is 0.2-2 (preferably 0.5-1.5)% of the mass of cutting fuel gas of petroleum gas or 5-15 (preferably 6-12) ml/m3 of cutting fuel gas of petroleum gas. The cutting fuel gas of petroleum gas is natural gas, propane, propylene, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline or diesel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The co-solvent is isopropanol or isoamyl alcohol. The tert-butanol is anhydrous tert-butanol. The antioxidant anti-glue agent is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. The anticorrosive swelling inhibitor is alkaline zinc dioctyl thiophosphate. Preferred Composition: The methanol gasoline further comprises (in parts by wt.) diethylene glycol diethyl ether (1-3.2) and glycerol (0.1-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises adding methanol (65 (preferably 70) wt.%) and methyl tertiary butyl ether (5 (preferably 4) wt.%) in the reaction kettle at a mass ratio of 65:5 (preferably 70:4) and then mixing, adding eicosapentaenoic acid (15 (preferably 12) wt.%), sulfonated oil (5 (preferably 4) wt.%), heavy aromatics (9 (preferably) wt.%) and methanol according to a mass ratio of 15:5:9:65, preferably 15:5:9:70 adding ethanol (0.5 wt.%), antiswelling agent (0.5 wt.%) and methanol to the mixture at a ratio of 0.5:0.5:65, preferably 0.5:0.5:70 and then mixing using a high speed dispersing machine and repeatedly pumping the mixture into a high shear cycle using high shearing emulsifying pump. Preferred Components: The low carbon alcohol comprises at least one of methanol and ethanol. The corrosion inhibitor comprises ethanolamine. The antiswelling agent is isobutyl alcohol and/or petroleum sulfonic acid at a ratio of 3:1. The organic fuel does not contain gasoline product. The lower heating value of the organic fuel is more than 35500 KJ/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetic TiO2-Fe3O4 is made by mixing iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate and iron chloride hexahydrate at a mass ratio of (1: 2 (III). 5)-(10: 1) to prepare mixed solution and adding to three-mouth flask, putting in constant temperature water bath of 65 degrees C, slowly stirring at the same time of dripping 0.1 mol/L of sodium hydroxide solution until the pH value of the solution is 12, keep stirring at room temperature and aging, and then taking out three-opening flask and cooling to the room temperature, using magnetic field for separating magnetic substrate and upper layer clear solution, then repeatedly washing to neutral for magnetic matrix, storing for further use in the state of suspending; and measuring titanium chloride (TiCl4), slowly dropping ice water for cooling, preparing magnetic matrix suspension, continuously stirring and slowly dripping ammonia water to the pH value of the non-frozen solution to 8, separating by magnetic field, removing supernatant fluid, washing with de-ionized water until there is no chlorine ion, and then filtering, drying and roasting to obtain the TiO2-Fe3O4 magnetic titanium-based catalyst containing 50-90 wt.% TiO2. The aging time is 10-120 minutes. The drying is carried out at 60-120 degrees C for 2-24 hours. Roasting temperature is 350-600 degrees C, speed is 0.5-10 degrees C/minute, and heat preservation time is 4 hours. The magnetic Pd-TiO2-Fe3O4 is prepared by taking palladium nitrate solution, adding TiO2-Fe3O4 powder, slowly dripping ammonia water, stirring until pH value of 9, continuously filtering and drying at room temperature for 12 hours, and drying at reducing hydrogen and nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the Pd-TiO2-Fe3O4 magnetic titanium-based catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass is lignocellulose biomass. Preferred Method: The pyrolysis reaction is not more than 20 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Volume content of water or phosphate buffering solution is 5-95%. The pH value of phosphate buffering solution is 6-8. Phosphate is propionic acid sodium hydrogen and/or potassium hydrogen phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water soluble organic solvent is composition of acetone, ethanol, glycerol, dioxane, acetic acid, acetonitrile, ethanol, propyl alcohol, glycose and/or isopropanol. Pinoresinol substrate is coniferyl alcohol and/or isoeugenol. Concentration of the pinoresinol substrate in mixed solution is 0.01-0.1 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is lithium or sodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chiral ligand is (R)-1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanol compound of formula (I). The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-heptane, toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether, diethyl ether or petroleum ether, preferably tetrahydrofuran.R1 = CH3 or C2H5; andR2 = CH3 or H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The stirring speed of the (I) is 30-60 revolutions per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The water storage tank is made of stainless steel cylindrical device. The pressure pump is high performance liquid chromatography pump, which can regulate and display the pressure size with a pressure range of 0-25 MPa. The extraction kettle and the collecting tank are high temperature resistant, high pressure stainless steel cylindrical device. The cooler is a coil pipe type cooler to continuously inject cold water to cool. The pipelines are high temperature resistant, high pressure stainless steel pipeline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of oil resin, lower fatty alcohol and catalyst is 1:0.2-0.5:0.01-0.05. The waste grease is hogwash oil, trench oil or frying oil. The low-grade fatty alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol. Preferred Process: The furfural and sulfoacid are mixed in the molar ratio of 1:1-1:5, stirred and mixed uniformly, ethanol aqueous solution (5%) is added into high pressure kettle, heated at 150-220 degrees C for carbonization reaction for 4-8 hours, filtered, washed and dried, to obtain carbon-based solid acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mol ratio of ceftazidime side chain acid and N-hydroxysuccinimide is (0.5-1.5):1. The mol ratio of active ester and aztreonam is (0.5-1.5):1. Preferred Method: The reaction between ceftazidime side chain acid and N-hydroxysuccinimide is performed at pH of 7.5-8.5. The reaction is performed using solvent consisting of 40-60 wt.% methanol. The reaction between active ester and aztreonam nucleus is performed at pH of 1-2. The pH is regulated using triethylamine or hydrochloric acid. The refining step comprises dissolving aztreonam crude product in methanol; dissolving by heating at 50-60 degrees C; cooling at room temperature to obtain second crude product; dissolving second aztreonam crude product into methanol by heating at 15-20 degrees C; cooling at 0-5 degrees C; crystallization; filtering; and drying at 45-55 degrees C to obtain aztreonam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The slurry waste disposal system comprises at least one concave heating unit towards inner side of the system. The system comprises insulation layer which blocks the heat generated from the oil to the outside tank. The vapor liquefaction unit comprises discharging pipe connected with the exhaust portion and comprising porous material connected with water supply. The liquefied product is supplied to reservoir tank connected to the storage tank. The vapor liquefaction unit is provided with cooling unit for cooling the liquefied product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfo functional benzene sulfonic acid quaternary ammonium salt ionic liquid is (A+) and (B-), where anode has (A+) having a structure of formula ((R)3-N+-(CH2)3-SO3H) or ((R)2(H)-N+-(CH2)3-SO3H), the anion (B-) is toluene. In the method, the reactant is standing for layering after reaction, where the upper layer is bio-diesel phase and the lower layer comprises glycerol, methanol and ion liquid. The ion liquid is used repeatedly after separating the methanol and glycerol through decompression distilling.R = 2-8C alkyl.Preferred Components: The animal and plant oil comprises soybean oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, maize oil, castor oil, palm oil, olive oil, cottonseed oil, tea seed oil, lard beef, tallow, fish oil, algae grease and food beverage and industrial waste oil. The mole ratio of the animal and plant oil to methanol is 9:15. An amount of the sulfo-functional benzenesulfonic acid quaternary ammonium salt ion liquid is 0.06-0.15. The transesterification/esterification reaction is carried out at a temperature of 60-140 degrees C for 2-24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ion liquid catalyzes the glyceride with methanol to perform transesterification reaction, and catalyzes by an esterification reaction of fatty acids with methanol to produce biodiesel. The transesterification and the esterification reaction are performed in the same reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The manure mixture comprises chicken manure, pig manure, cow dung and sheep manure in the ratio of 1:1:2:1. The bovine blood is obtained after slaughtering bovine. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic amine compound is 2,2-bis (3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorine and/or 2,2-(4-(4) phenyl) hexafluoropropane. The polar solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, phenol, cresol or chlorophenol. Preferred Method: The step of polymerization reaction is carried out at -20 to 23 degrees C in an inert atmosphere for 1-20 hours. The method involves using the polar solvent to prepare the polyamic acid of 1-15%, followed by putting the solution casting film on the glass board after forming the thermal imidization for filling in the oven to obtain the polyimide film by demolding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The multi-hole nickel catalyst is prepared by aluminum nickel alloy, with weight ratio of aluminum to nickel in the aluminum nickel alloy of 1:1-2. The preparation of multi-hole nickel catalyst comprises dissolving aluminum in aluminum nickel alloy by sodium hydroxide solution; filtering after dissolving; drying solid in oven to obtain multi-hole nickel catalyst. Preferred Components: The H2 is pure H2 or H2 reduced from water after oxidizing iron, aluminum, zinc or manganese in hydrothermal condition. The CO2 or CO is pure CO2 or CO, waste gas-containing oxycarbide discharged from coal chemical industries, coal-fired power plants, coking plants, steel works and other high energy consumption plants or raw material gas of city untreated gas and synthesis ammonia. The reaction product comprises micro formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal-organic framework material is chosen from zeolitic metal-organic frameworks (ZIF-8, ZIF-10, ZIF-11, ZIF-70, ZIF-65 and ZIF-67) or chromium terephthalate metal-organic framework (MIL-101). The mixed gas containing carbon-dioxide is binary or polybasic mixed gas made by nitrogen, hydrogen, methane, ethylene and/or ethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carrier is alumina, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide. The nickel salt, optionally non-aluminum carrier metal salt and the optionally manganese salt are nitrate, hydrochloric acid, sulfate or oxalate, preferably nitrate. The precipitating agent is sodium carbonate, ammonia water, ammonium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, ammonium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The rare earth metal oxide is scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, preferably lanthanum and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises neutralizing at 40-80 degrees C, where the pH of the neutralization final point is 8-10.5. The pressure of a nozzle of the pressure spray dryer is 0.5-5 MPa, the inlet temperature is 200-500 degrees C, and the outlet temperature is 80-200 degrees C. The method comprises pre-calcining the granulated product at 400-550 degrees C for 40-240 minutes. The method comprises performing high temperature calcination at 750-1200 degrees C for 2-12 hours. Preferred Components: The high-temperature methane synthesis catalyst comprises (in wt.%) aluminum oxide (40-80), nickel (10-30), magnesium oxide (5-25), calcium oxide (0-25), lanthanum oxide (1-4) and cerium oxide (0-4). The particle size of the granulated product is 70-200 mu m, the shape is similar to spherical shape, and the flow angle is 15-30 degrees . The nickel salt is nickel nitrate. The rare earth metal salt is rare-earth metal nitrate. The aluminum source comprises pseudoboehmite and aluminum hydroxide. The precipitator comprises sodium meta-aluminate, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The solid content of the slurry is 8-35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precipitator is ammonia water, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate. The yttrium-stabilized zirconium can be replaced by zirconium oxide doped with other elements including strontium, magnesium, calcium, or cerium. Preferred Method: The filter cakes are rinsed until there is no chloride in the filtrate detected by silver nitrate, and the filter cakes are dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst has a shape of bar, ball, trefoil and four-leaf clover. The reactor is optionally a fixed bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor and a movable bed reactor. The molecular sieve is mordenite framework inverted (MFI)-type ZSM-5 molecular sieve having molecular ratio of silicon to aluminum of 10-150. The binder is at least one of pseudoboehmite, kaolin, amorphous silicon and aluminum. The selective molecular sieve catalyst comprises modification elements including 0.5-3.0 wt.% of phosphorus and zinc, ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid, where the zinc is incorporated with nitrate, carbonate, chloride or acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of the mesosulfuronmethyl to agroxone is 1:28-40, (preferably 1:35). The weight percentage of (II) to the herbicide is 20-70 (preferably 35-50). The herbicide is wetting powder, water dispersing granules, suspension, or emulsifier solution. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised: mesosulfuronmethyl (93%); 2,4-chlorine (97%); methyl-ethyl (7.7 kg); and auxiliary agent (65 kg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or disodium hydrogen phosphate; and the organic alkali is triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethyl pyridine, 3,5-pyridine uracil mustard, diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine or ammonia water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The single solvent water is water, drinking water, deionized water, reverse osmosis water, electrodialysis water, distilled water and/or sterile water. The solvent water is 5-50 (preferably 15-25) times of taibipeinan intermediate (I) times. The alkali is inorganic alkali and/or organic alkali, at ratio of 0.5-5:2-4 molar equivalents. The catalyst is palladium carbon or platinum carbon, preferably 5-10% palladium carbon. The amount of the catalyst is 5-80 (preferably 10-50)%. Preferred Process: The pressure of the hydrogen is 0.4-2.5 (preferably 1-2) MPa. The reaction temperature is - 10 to 40 (preferably 10-20) degrees C. The method comprises adding organic solvent to crystallize in filter liquid, with organic solvent comprising acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropanol or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The crushing process comprises using biological anaerobic generator for biological anaerobic treatment, where and methane is sent to high temperature dryer to provide heat energy, and rest part as civil heat supply energy. Water absorption grating device can be further separated from metal, plastic, glass, sand and anaerobic sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble organic solvent is acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or N,N-dimethylformamide. The alkaline catalyst is pyridine or N,N-dimethylaminopyridine. The mass ratio of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and pyridine is 1:100-500. The second water-soluble organic solvent is at least one of acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mole ratio of sucrose to trimethyl orthoacetate is 8-12:12-16, preferably 10:14. The catalyst is p-toluenesulfonic acid with a using amount of 1-20 (preferably 5-15)% of the sucrose mass. The using amount of deionized water is 1-20 (preferably 5-10)% of the sucrose mass. The using amount of the tri-tert-butylamine is 2-5:1 (preferably 2-3:1) of its mole ratio of tri-tert-butylamine to sucrose. The using amount of the benzyl chloride is 2-5:1 (preferably 2-3:1) of the mol ratio of benzyl chloride to sucrose. Preferred Method: Stirring is carried out at 35-45 (preferably 40-50) degrees C for 4-6 (preferably 5) hours. Stirring is carried out at room temperature for 1-3 (preferably 2) hours. The reaction is carried out at 90-120 (preferably 100-110) degrees C for 1-10 (preferably 3-6) hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst is alkaline ionic liquid of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves adding an initiator and lauryl mercaptan into the reactor. Preferred Composition: The monomer (A) is trimethylolpropane triacrylate (when n in formula (I) is 1). The monomer (C) is methyl methacrylate (when R2 in formula (III) is methyl). The solvent is chosen from organic solvent or water. The organic solvent is chosen from toluene, benzene, xylene, normal hexane, petroleum ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, alcohol or natural fat. The addition amount of lauryl mercaptan is 1-2% of the total mass of the monomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The compost fermenter comprises pipe panel, internal panel and insulating pipe which are combined together forming square flat bed panel, where the insulating panel covers pipe panel and keeps the pipe panel at warm condition. The support plate of compost fermenter is present as side to side intersect from top to bottom in housing such that area and slope increases, where the bottom support plate is configured to be a biggest load supporter. The support plate of compost fermenter further comprises a pillar fixed in one side for reinforcing load bearing capacity. The support plate of compost fermenter comprises flat board of square shape positioned at an edge in which two panels unite, such that two panels are rigidly fixed and connectivity increases between panel. The housing comprises ventilation window and ventilation panel which discharge heated air. The housing of compost fermenter comprises through-hole on one side, and ventilation connected to through-hole, where the through-hole supplies air and water to inside of housing and ventilation is installed at interior of housing. The compost fermenter comprises through-hole opening and closing cover which can adjust air flow and can be rotated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, sodium methoxide and/or sodium ethoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The o-hydrobenzaldehyde is salicylic aldehyde or salicylic aldehyde having substituent. The o-hydroxy phenylone is o-hydroxy acetophenone, propiophenone having substituent on a benzene ring or phylalkylone having a substituent on a fatty chain. The acidized decarboxylation is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and/or methane sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation comprises preparing first metal as composite oxide, putting into container, adding in reducing agent, reducing composite oxide lattice or lattice doped to first type metal ion in reducing atmosphere to obtain metal nano metal particle, and soaking into second type metal ion in salt solution to obtain nano-composite catalyst. The reduction temperature is 500-1000 degrees C, and the reduction time is 0.5-1 hour. The soaking time is 0.5-24 hours. Preferred Components: The composite oxide is stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric composite oxide having spinel, perovskite, sodium aluminate, hydrotalcite or pyrochlore structure. The composite oxide is load type or non-load type composite oxide. The reducing agent is hydrogen or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is Co, Ni and/or Cu, and the second metal is Pt and/or Pd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The amidation reaction is directly carried out without separating (I). The reaction is carried out in the presence of and organic alkali. The method further comprises processing recrystallization and purification. The recrystallization process is carried out using a solvent at 0-10 degrees C. The reaction is carried out at 0-100, preferably 30-60 degrees C. The amidation reaction is carried out at 0-10 degrees C. Preferred Component: The mole ratio of carbonyldiimidazole (I) to D-tert-butylglycine or its salt to 9-amino minocycline or its salt is 1:1-2: 0.1-1, preferably 1:1-1.2: 0.3-0.4. The solvent is methylbenzene, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and/or acetone, preferably dichloromethane and/or acetonitrile. The organic alkali comprises triethylamine, pyridine, and diisopropylethylamine. The recrystallization solvent comprises methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, and/or preferably methylene dichloride and carbinol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: (a) dissolving manganese-rhenium binuclear metal compounds of formula (MnRe(CO)6( mu -S2CP(cyclohexyl)3)) (II) in an organic solvent comprising anhydrous tetrahydrofuran; and (b) dripping n-butyl lithium into the above solution, reacting the solution for half an hour, adding ammonium hexafluorophosphate to the above solution and adding ligands for continuously reacting for 1 hour, where the reaction is carried out at -78 degrees C to 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further adds external hydrogen source to supplement the small amount of hydrogen gas escaping the imbalance of the loss caused by the lack of hydrogen. The hydraulic difference of the hydrogen air chamber and the electrolyte is controlled to 1-30 kPa, and temperature of the electrolyte is 25-95 degrees C. The hydrogen gas is collected at the cathode through the hydrogen collecting and processing devices by separating the electrolyte with the gas-liquid difference in specific gravity before the hydrogen is transported to the anode chamber through a dust-extraction unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The anode comprises a hydrophobic diffusion layer, a metal collector and an active catalytic layer including an electric catalyst and an electric catalyst carrier, where the electric catalyst comprises alloy as nickel, platinum, palladium, nickel-platinum, nickel-palladium and/or platinum-palladium. The electric catalyst carrier comprises active carbon, conductive carbon black and/or carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution is 10 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: When (I) is N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionamide, the organic solvent is organic solvent A. The organic solvent A is acetone. When (I) is N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)benzamide, N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-4-methylbenzamide, N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-methoxybenzamide, 4-fluoro-N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)benzamide or N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-4-nitrobenzamide, the organic solvent is organic solvent B. The organic solvent B is dichloromethane, chloroform or toluene, preferably dichloromethane. (I) is 4-acetylamino cyclohexanol, prepared by reacting 4-amino cyclohexanol and acetyl chloride or anhydride or direct catalytic hydrogenation of 4-acetylamino phenol. The amount of the organic solvent is 4-40 times the mass of (I). The mol ratio of (I), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-N-oxide catalyst, sodium bromide, and the added sodium hypochlorite in the sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution is 1:0.05:0.05:2.3. Preferred Method: The dripping temperature of the sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution is maintained at 0-10 degrees C. The separating and purifying process comprises either distilling and recycling the organic solvent A after finishing the reaction, distilling off more than half of the water, extracting by using dichloromethane or chloroform, taking the extracting agent layer, washing with water, washing with saturated salt solution, drying by using anhydrous sodium sulfate, vacuum distilling and recycling the solvent, and recrystallizing by using ethyl acetate or taking the reacting solution after finishing the reaction, extracting with dichloromethane or chloroform, taking the organic layer, washing with water, washing with saturated salt solution, drying by using anhydrous sodium sulfate, vacuum distilling and recycling the solvent, and recrystallizing by using ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The oil phrase is distilled according to three-level, vacuum degree of first-level molecular distillation is 200-350 Pa with distillation temperature of 150-300 degrees C; the vacuum degree of second-level molecular distillation is 100-180 Pa with distillation temperature of 180-2500 degrees C; and the vacuum degree of the third-level molecular distillation is 3-8 Pa with distillation temperature of 200-280 degrees C. The dimerization reaction of the fatty acid methyl ester is continuously conducted in tubular microwave reactor under normal pressure, and using 2451-915 MHz microwave source. Preferred Components: The raw material oil comprises rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, maize oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, flax oil, castor oil, small tung seed oil, Jatropha curcas oil, tea seed oil, seaweed oil, lard, sheep oil, beef tallow, oil foots and/or abandoned oil of catering. The quaternary ammonium salt ionic liquid catalyst is Lewis-Bronsted bifunctional ionic liquid catalysts formed by quaternary ammonium salt of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride and Lewis acid of tin chloride, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, boron chloride, antimony chloride, copper chloride, zinc bromide and Bronsted acid of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid and/or amino acid. The diameter of tubular microwave reactor is 50 mm with length of 30 m, comprising PTFE, polypropylene and/or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The obtained reaction mixture is transferred into a separating funnel for developing neutralization by using hydrochloric acid of 5% concentration. The obtained product is washed with water and then extracted with ethyl acetate, where the products are subjected to solvent evaporation and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The obtained products are purified in a chromatographic column by using silica gel as adsorbent and mixtures of hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sorting step comprises recycling the impurity or sanitary landfill. The method comprises separating liquid phase of waste by oil-water separation to obtain thick and process oil, filter pressing the biogas slurry and biogas residue after anaerobic fermentation to confluence then to water treatment, and collecting the crushed waste and then discharging when it is reached standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I), comprises (i) carrying out acylation reaction of natural or non-natural monosaccharide with an acylation reagent to obtain 1-bromo-tetra-acyl-monosaccharide compounds of formula (II), then (ii) reacting (II) with potassium thiocyanate or lead thiocyanate to obtain 1-isothiocyanato-monosaccharide compounds of formula (III), and (iii) reacting (III) with natural or non-natural amino acid ester of formula (H2N-CH(R1)-COOR2) or amino alcohol of formula (H2N-CH(R1)-CH2OH). The pesticide composition is in the form of powder, suspension, emulsifiable concentrate and effervescent tablet. Preferred Components: The acylation reagent in the step (i) is acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride, propionyl chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride or p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. Preferred Definitions:    R = acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl, mesyl, benzenesulfonyl or p-toluenesulfonyl; and    R1 = H, methyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, phenyl or benzyl.    ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Acaricide; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme is Novozym 435, bacillus licheniformis alkali protease, subtilisin, Lipase G Amano 50, LipaseAY Amano 30 G, Lipase LS-10,Lipase porcine pancreas, Lipozyme TL IM, Lipase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of troxerutin derivative (I) involves reacting troxerutin and fatty acid ethylene ester under 40-60 degrees C in presence of organic solvent and enzyme catalyst, separating by column to obtain troxerutin vinyl ester; reacting troxerutin vinyl ester with metformin in presence of organic solvent and enzyme catalyst under 50 degrees C, decompressing after finishing reaction to remove the solvent, and separating to obtain troxerutin derivative (I). Preparation of troxerutin derivative (II) involves reacting troxerutin and fatty acid ethylene ester under 40-60 degrees c in presence of organic solvent and enzyme catalyst, separating by column to obtain troxerutin vinyl ester; reacting troxerutin vinyl ester with piperazine compound under 50 degrees C in presence of enzyme catalyst, decompressing after finishing reaction to remove the solvent, separating to obtain the troxerutin derivative (II). Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is pyridine dimethyl formamide, tertiary butyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The mass ratio of rimsulfuron to haloxyfop-R-methyl is 2:1.2. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The multifunctional straw soilless nutrient medium further comprises (pts.wt.) water retaining agent (0.5-1), and root-promoting powder (0.001-0.005).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Fermentation comprises:(A) selecting fresh straw without mildew;(B) preparing straw micro-storage into a bacterial liquid by activating strain by adding 50 g straw micro-storage material in 2000 mL of 1% white sugar solution at 30-40 degrees C, completely dissolving, and standing for 1-2 hours at room temperature;(C) adding activated bacterial liquid to water solution with 0.7-1% salt;(D) crushing the straw for spraying each layer with a thickness of 20-30 cm, and pressing; and(E) piling the straw, covering with plastic film, sealing, covering a layer of cured hay on the plastic film for insulation, and fermenting at 10-40 degrees C for 10-15 days. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The quantity of bacteria in probiotics is not less than 1 billion/g. The viable count of probiotics is not less than 200 billions/g. The viable count of biochar based soil conditioner is not less than 2 billions/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The agricultural waste comprises salix mongolica stubble, corn, soybean, wheat, rice, or straw. The wt.% ratio of biomass carbon black and concentrated probiotics is 98.5:1.50. Preferred Method: The method also comprises activating selected strain by inoculating in liquid medium; culturing activated strain with liquid shake table; propagating strain via seed tank to obtain fermentation broth; processing fermentation broth with solid-liquid separation; and expansion drying to obtain the probiotics. The adhesive is attapulgite adhesive or oxidized starch adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In the method (M3), charcoal dust (1-10 wt.%) and limestone (1-10 wt.%) are added during the cultivation process for controlling pests. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The slow release fertilizer comprises (kg/ton) biomass carbon particles (200-300), urea (170-200), ammonium sulfate (100-120), monoammonium phosphate (110-130), calcium superphosphate (90-120), potassium sulfate (180-220), zinc sulfate (8-10) and borax (18-22). The particle size of biomass carbon particles is 80-100 meshes. The nitrogen content of urea is 46%, ammonium sulfate is 21.2%, monoammonium phosphate is 11%. The phosphorus pentoxide content of monoammonium phosphate is 46%. The phosphorus pentoxide content of calcium superphosphate is 16%. The content of potassium oxide in potassium sulfate is 50%. The zinc content of zinc sulfate is 20-23%. The boron content of borax is 11%. The slow release fertilizer further comprises other microelement fertilizer (0.5-1 wt.%), which is manganese sulfate, ammonium molybdate, ferrous sulfate and/or copper sulfate. Preferred Method: The fertilizer is prepared by mixing various components, granulating to a particle size of 3.35-5 mm and pelletizing. The fertilizer (80-100 kg/acres) is applied into planting ridge of 12-15 cm deep or two ridges of 5- 10 cm before transplanting the seedlings. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The supercritical extraction parameters include extraction temperature of 25-38 degrees C, the extracting pressure of 14-33 MPa, the CO2 flow rate of 15-18 L/hour and the extracting time is 2-6 hours. The extraction is performed for 1-2 times for 0.5-1.5 hours using 3-6 times of acetone with respect to the weight of the extract and detecting the extract by UV of wavelength 235 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves mixing (in parts weight): water (70-80) and surfactant (20-30) to obtain mixed solution. The water is purified water or sterilized water. The surfactant comprises N,N-didecyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride (70-90), ethanol (5-15) and purified water (5-15). The step (a) involves further adding pyroligneous liquor (1-5) to the mixed solution. The step (b) involves adding ethyl alcohol (5-10) to the mixed solution (100), and mixing and stirring the solution at 15-25 degrees C for 2 hours. The step (c) involves adding sulfur (5-10) to obtained solution and stirring for 1 hour. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant source comprises (in parts by wt.) Codonopsis pilosula (3), radix stemonae (2), rhizoma gastrodiae (4), fructus Forsythia (2), rhizoma rehmanniae (3), Platycodon grandiflorum (2.5) and etridiazole (9). The organic raw material comprises (in parts by wt.) chinaberry fruit (5), Capsicum straw (17), decomposed cow or pig manure (35) and saccharomycetes (0.1). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The honeycomb cordierite carrier comprises Al2O3, magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the container bio-utilizator, a crane is attached to the bottom region of container bio-utilizator to discharge of liquid bioactive fraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Organism: TheLactobacillus sp. is at least one chosen from L.casei, L.bulgaricus and L.brevis. The Bacillus sp. is at least one chosen from B.subtilis and B.subtilis natto. The Rhizopus is at least one chosen from R.oryzae and R.nipper. The Aspergillus is at least one chosen from A.niger, A.ochraceus and A.fumigatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermentation step is periodically repeated for 30 minutes to 1 hour, and generated gas during process is ejected.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microporous material is at least one chosen from perlite, sericite, illite, zeolite, puffed rice hulls and coconut peat. The microporous material has a particle diameter of 10-50 mu m. The microporous material is circular shape or conical shape. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active component is cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper or lead. The carrier is aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, carbon nanotube or graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The adsorption bed for purifying methane by pressure swing adsorption comprises at least two or more absorbent of the 3A molecular sieve, 4A molecular sieve, activated aluminum oxide, zeolite molecular sieve, activated carbon and silica gel, and separating the carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the mixed gas under 0.5-1.5 MPa. Preferred Components: The methanation reaction is done using two-stage of different types of reactors, where the first stage is an isothermal reactor, and the second stage is an adiabatic reactor. The methanation reaction is done using a reactor. The nickel catalyst comprises carrier, active component and addition agent, where the carrier is aluminum oxide (30-50 mass%) and magnesium oxide (12-20 mass%), the active component is nickel oxide (30-50 mass%), the addition agent is lanthanum oxide (1-5%) and graphite (1-3 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst is a bi-component of platinum and palladium, where the mass ratio of platinum to palladium is 1:5-5:1. The concentration of palladium chloride in ethylene glycol solution is 0.5-4 mg/ml, and the concentration of chloroplatinic acid is 1-8 mg/ml. The pH value of the reaction solution under alkaline conditions is not less than 12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vehicle methanol diesel fuel comprises (in wt. ratio) methanol (15-25), diesel oil (75-85), the stabilizer (1-2), the modifier (0.5-1) and the cosolvent (5-10). The stabilizer comprises (in wt. ratio) methanol (65-75), long chain alcohol (45-55), aliphatic amine (25-35) and the emulsifier (13-17). The modifier comprises (in wt. ratio) ethanol (60-70), cetane number improver (0.5-1), flash point improver (5-10), corrosion inhibitor (0.5-1) and anti-swelling agent (0.5-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-absorbing particle is high water absorbing resin particle. The resin is acrylic resin (2). The solid matrix is urea-formaldehyde foam plastic (1). The urea-formaldehyde foam plastic has a density of 0.010-0.020 g/cm3. The acrylic resin is obtained by copolymerization reaction, comprises acrylic ester and methyl acrylic ester monomer, and is present in an amount of 3-5 Kg per cubic meter. The crosslinked particle of the absorbent resin particles grafted acrylate copolymer is starch or poly acrylate copolymer. The high water-absorbing resin particle is present in an amount of 2-3 kg per cubic meter. The high water-absorbing resin particle is sieved using 200-800 meshes sieve. Preferred Method: The urea-formaldehyde resin solution is prepared by performing polycondensation reaction and then mixing, foaming and solidifying. The method further comprises cutting the medium raw material according to size and shape of the need.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Drying is carried out at 50-70 degrees C for 5-7 hours. Crushing is carried out to a granularity of 40-60 meshes. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Step (1) is performed based on (0.1-0.5):(0.1-0.5):(0.005-0.5):100 weight ratio of gold corrosion inhibitor, homogenizing agent, cosolvent and butanol. Step (2) is performed based on (0.1-0.25):(0.1-0.25):100 weight ratio of low-temperature starting agent, degumming desulfurizing agent and butanol. Step (3) is performed based on (0.05-0.8):100 weight ratio of energy booster and butanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The degumming desulfurizing agent is baked sodium vitriol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gold corrosion inhibitor is methyl phosphate. The cosolvent is benzoic acid. The energy booster is acetylcholine. The low-temperature starting agent is maleic anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The homogenizing agent is polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycerin ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The preparation further comprises 0.1-1 wt.% of vitamin E, tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant, and 0.1-1 wt.% of benzophenone, benzotriazole or hindered amine compounds and a complexing agent as light stabilizer. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The step of squeezing and dehydrating material comprises dehydrating according to water content of 30-35%; adding nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), rice bran, wheat bran, and other organic material; mixing Trichoderma fungi (3.20) and (5406) at respectively 0.02 wt.% of the total weight of the material; stirring uniformly; adjusting carbon (C):N and C:P at 25:1; and adjusting the pH at 6.5-7.5. The high temperature mineral reaction fermentation comprises from room temperature of greater than 38 degrees C, increasing the temperature of the material to 62-72 degrees C; fermenting for 2 days; heating; opening air exchange device for cooling while turning stack after heating by a hook mechanism; closing the air exchange device; and finishing fermentation when fermentation uniformity is not less than 80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The dehumidifying step uses calcined lime i.e. calcium oxide (2-5 wt.% of the total weight of solid waste according to garbage water content entering the factory). Pulping refining material process comprises adding water, which is 1-1.3 times by weight (according to garbage water content) of the garbage, where slurry water content is 80-85%. The step of removing heavy metal ion and biological anaerobic fermentation comprises (wt.% of the total weight of the slurry) stirring slurry; adding sodium humate (1.0); stirring the foaming slurry; adding sodium silicate (0.01); adding yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and Aspergillus niger (0.01); stirring for 3 hours; standing for 12 hours; stirring; adding polyacrylamide (0.02); stirring for 3 hours; standing for 12 hours; and sealed circulating for 3 days. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred System: The plasma generating unit comprises core electrode to which current is applied, insulated pipe forming fluid path of air, and peripheral electrode. The greenhouse system further comprises air supplying unit which forcibly supplies outside air to the leading end of the core electrode through the fluid path. The end portion of the core electrode is needle-shaped, the peripheral electrode is in disc form with a hole in center, and plasma is generated between end of the core electrode and electrode surface of the peripheral electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Preferably, n is 1, and monomer a is trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The solvent is selected from organic solvent or water. It is selected from toluene, benzene, xylene, normal hexane, petroleum ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, adipic acid, di (2-ethyl) ester, alcohol or natural fat. Preferred Composition: The initiator comprising lauryl mercaptan is 1-2% of the total mass of the total weight of the monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The flue wall body is mounted under the kiln bottom. The vertical flue wall body smoke discharge passage is mounted between the adjacent flue wall bodies along the longitudinal direction. The flue wall body is provided with a flue serial hole (12) along the transverse direction, and there are 10-14 rows of the vertical flue wall body smoke discharge passage. The flue wall body is 10 in number, and the wall body size is length 2200 cmx width 8 cmx height 12 cm. The interval between the transverse kiln bottom smoke discharge grooves (8) is 12 cm per passage according to the kiln length. The vertical flue wall body smoke discharge passage is 10 in number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises grading the carbonized and discharged charcoal of the step B, and providing the raw charcoal stick with diameter greater than 3 cm, crushing the amorphous charcoal into 10 mm in a crushing equipment, and sieving and separating the granular charcoal with the same size through a vibrating fine sieve; adding an adhesive and a specific agent into the carbon powder with micro-particle less than 1 mm, stirring, mechanically extruding and molding, and drying to produce different sizes of red willow carbon products; where the adhesive includes corn starch glue and caustic soda flake; the specific agent is heavy calcium carbonate; the combustion improver and ash whitening agent are light calcium carbonate; and the carbon powder with micro-particle comprises the adhesive (70%), the specific agent (3-8%), the combustion improver (2%), and the ash whitening agent (5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver is ethanol (0.5-2, preferably 1-5 wt.%), isobutanol (0.5-3 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the catalyst comprises: taking the silicon oxide-aluminum oxide compound as the carrier, nickel and nitrate aqueous solution of auxiliaries as the maceration solution, steeping the active component and nitrate aqueous solution of auxiliaries to the carrier by equal-volume method and then drying and roasting the mixture at 500-600 degrees C for 3-5 hours under the air or nitrogen atmosphere. Preferred Process: The catalyst is used for catalyzing methanol for cracking reaction, which is carried out at 320-550 degrees C, preferably 350-450 degrees C, an airspeed of 0.1-2.5 per hour, preferably 0.1-0.2 per hour and a pressure of 0.01-0.2 MPa, preferably 0.01-0.1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves (a) magnetically selecting the metal of the home refuse by strong magnetic extractor, then sending home refuse (71), bleaching powder (in wt.%) (2), sodium hydroxide (2), sodium permanganate (3), calcium carbonate (4) and urea (2) to pulverizer according to the percentage, stewing and reacting the scattered mixed granular refuse under normal temperature to obtain refuse granular materials, and reserving, (b) dissolving the anhydrous sodium sulfate (4) in the clear water at the normal pressure to the saturated condition, adding sodium chloride (3), graphite powder (2), ammonium nitrite (2), zinc oxide (2) and sodium permanganate to process reaction under normal temperature for 24 hours to obtain crystalline high catalytic thermal energy polymer, and reserving, (c) adding sodium permanganate, used oil (2), paraffin (3), carbon powder (1) and sodium chloride (2) in the iron saucepan, adding clear water and heating to the temperature of 75 degrees C, and dissolving to the viscidity light type liquid state mixture materials with high combustion supporting property, and reserving, and (d) sending the obtained products to the blender, stirring until smooth, then sending to molder to mold. Preferred Coal: The environmentally-friendly home refuse regenerated coal is of strip shape, massive shape, water chestnut shape, egg shape, honeycomb shape, briquette shape, or globular shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalytic methanol cracking reaction using the catalyst is carried out at 350-420 degrees C with a weight hourly space velocity of 0.1-2/hour and under the pressure of 0.01-1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The mixed gas in the methanation device is separated via the primary pressure swing adsorption device to obtain synthetic natural gas and hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas containing methane, and the hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas by secondary pressure swing adsorption apparatus or a membrane separation device, and hydrogen-containing synthesized gas is separated out as methane, and liquefied at low temperature to obtain liquefied synthetic natural gas. The methanol synthesis tower uses copper-zinc type synthetic methanol catalyst. The gas can be recycled after washing, and the carbon monoxide content in the alcohol is 0.5-3%. The methanation reaction furnace uses methanation catalyst containing nickel. The reaction outlet temperature is 220-500 degrees C. The total content of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the mixed gas of methanation device is controlled to 1-500 ppm. The mixed gas enters the pressure swing adsorption device or film separating device for gas separation. The volume percentage of pure hydrogen and methane-nitrogen mixed gas is more than 99. The content of synthesis natural gas and mixed gas of hydrogen-nitrogen of methane is more than 90%. The content of pure hydrogen is more than 99% and the content of synthesis gas of methane is more than 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide in the component B is gamma - aluminum oxide, the specific surface area is 200-500m2/g. The pore size distribution is 3-5 nm. The pore volume is 0.1-0.3 m3/g. The halogen in the component B is preferably chlorine. The catalyst is mixture of component A and component B, which are mixed, pressed, extruded and molded. Preferred Method: The volume ratio of molecular sieve to the soaking solution in the method for preparing the component A is 1-5. The soaking is carried out at 20-90 degrees C for 1-10 hours under continuous mixing condition. The component B of step (i) is soaked at 20-90 degrees C for 1-10 hours, and the solution is evaporated and dried. In the step (ii) of preparing component B, the molar ratio of water to hydrogen chloride is 1.0-150:1. The hydrogen chloride steam is introduced in the processed material by the air. The volume/time air space velocity of air is 1-6/hour. The methanol is used as the raw material. In the fixed bed or slurry bed reactor containing the catalyst, the operation pressure is 0.1-5 MPa, the operation temperature is 350-600/oC, and the time-space velocity of raw material solution is 0.1-6/hour. The methanol is converted into benzene, toluene and xylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organism substrate is sodium acetate, acetic acid, glucose, ethanol and/or formic acid. The organic waste water is domestic sewage, beer waste water, food making waste water or animal husbandry waste water. The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution of 1M concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the condition for processing enzymolysis at step (a) comprises: the biological enzyme can be selected from a mixed enzyme of cellulose, amylase and pectinase, dissolving with acidic water with pH value of 3-5 and wetting the raw material, processing enzymolysis for 12-36 hours at normal temperature. The ultrafiltration membrane at step (b) is tubular composite membrane with molecular cut off of 6000-10000. The alumina used in the alumina-activated carbon column at step (d) is neutral alumina of 100-200 meshes, the activated carbon is officinal activated carbon for injection, and the mixing ratio is 6:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of ingredient A to active ingredient B is 1:60-40:1. The weight ratio of chlorantraniliprole to nitenpyram is 1:25-25:1. The weight ratio of chlorantraniliprole to pymetrozine is 1:25-5:1. The weight ratio of chlorantraniliprole to pyriproxyfen is 1:30-10:1. The weight ratio of chlorantraniliprole to spirotetramat is 1:25-5:1. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Antiparasitic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The feed comprises 15 pbw shrimp powder, 28 pbw of fish meal, 4 pbw of brewers yeast powder, 4 pbw of soybean lecithin, 12 pbw of bean pulp, 10 pbw of sugar powder, 2.5 pbw of blood meal, 1.5 pbw of Epimedium powder, 2.5 pbw of Coptis chinensis, 5 pbw of kelp powder, 6 pbw of earthworm powder, 6 pbw of wheat gluten powder, 1.5 pbw of fish oil, 0.5 pbw of calcium lactate, 2.5 pbw of monocalcium phosphate and 0.03 pbw of yellow powder. The feed further includes montmorillonite 1-2 pbw. ACTIVITY - Anabolic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The I composite bacteria is composed of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Cellulomonas flavigena and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The II composite bacteria is composed of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The III composite bacteria is composed of Streptomycesgriseorubens and Thermoactinomyces. The assistant bacteria is composed of purple Streptomyces variabilis, Coral nocardia, Azotobacter chroococcum and Candida utilis. A bacterial colony forming unit ratio of the Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Cellulomonas flavigena and Pseudomonas fluorescens in the I composite bacteria is 1:1:1:1. A bacterial colony forming unit ratio of the Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the II composite bacteria is 4:2:1:4. A bacterial colony forming unit ratio of the Streptomycesgriseorubens and thermoactinomyces in the III composite bacteria is 2:1. A bacterial colony forming unit ratio of the purple Streptomyces variabilis, Coral nocardia, Azotobacter chroococcum and Candida utilis in the assistant bacteria is 2:2:1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The derived fuel component preferably comprises (in wt.%) domestic waste (70), bituminous coal (25), calcium oxide (2) and binder (3). The domestic waste is paper waste and textile waste. The binder is a mixture of corn starch (1.5-2.5) and sodium humate (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The wooden meal grain diameter is less than 3 mm. The rotten compost grain diameter is less than 5 mm. The rotten compost is domestic garbage fertilizer, pig manure compost, and/or sludge compost. Preferred Method: The rotten compost water content is 30-50%. The deodorization material has a thickness of 30-100 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, active carbon, calcium superphosphate, zeolite, and bentonite are in powder or granular form having grain diameter of less than 1 mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tea cake saponin and the tea cake dry protein powder are prepared by:(A) crushing tea cake to obtain tea cake powder;(B) putting cake powder in an extracting tank, adding 6-8 times of 80-95% ethanol to extract at 70-90 degrees C for 0.5-1.5 hours, filtering the extract and collecting the filtrate, and reserving filter residue;(C) concentrating extraction liquid to 1/3 of the original volume at 60-90 degrees C to obtain concentrated liquid;(D) adding concentrated liquid into the extracting tank, adding 40-80 degrees C warm water of same weight, uniformly stirring, then adsorbing through weak-polarity macroporous absorbent resin, and eluting with 70-85% ethanol, and collecting ethanol eluent;(E) concentrating the ethanol eluent at 50-80 degrees C to obtain ethanol concentrated solution;(F) spray-drying the ethanol concentrated solution to obtain tea cake saponin;(G) adding filter residue from first extraction with 4-5 times water, boiling and extracting for 1.5-2 hours, filtering the extract, then adding dregs with same amount of water, boiling and extracting for 1-1.5 hours, filtering, and combining the two filtrates to obtain water extract;(H) adsorbing the water extract through weak-polarity macroporous resin at 50-60 degrees C, controlling flow rate to 10-30 L/minute, collecting the first time column liquid;(I) adsorbing the column liquid through a polyamide column at 50-60 degrees C, controlling flow rate to 5-10 L/minute, and collecting upper column liquid;(J) concentrating the upper column liquid at 70-90 degrees C to obtain secondary column concentrated solution; and(K) spray-drying secondary column concentrated solution to obtain tea cake dry protein powder. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves cutting the Derris root into thin slices having thickness of 2 mm, and processing the Derris root powder after crushing process. The Derris root powder obtained in step (a) has particles of size 80-100 meshes and effective content of 5-8%. The step (c) involves using fermented organic fertilizer chosen from pigeon dung and rabbit manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel salt is nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and/or nickel acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The catalytic reactor is a fixed bed reactor or a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The volume space velocity of the high temperature pyrolysis gas in the catalytic reactor is 5000-2000 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation method comprises using an equal-volume dipping method, adding the carbon nanotube carrier into nickel salt aqueous solution, processing ultrasonic treatment, allowing to stand, drying the material, and reducing under nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the nickel-carrying carbon nanotube catalyst, where the mass percentage of nickel is 0.5-30%. The ultrasonic treatment is processed for 1-3 hours. The holding time is 2-24 hours. The drying process is carried out in a drying oven at 80-120 degrees C for 2-24 hours. The reducing temperature is 350-500 degrees C for 4 hours with a temperature program rate of 0.5-10 degrees C/minute. The anaerobic condition is used to maintain the reaction system in an inert oxygen-free protective gas environment. Preferred Components: The biomass is lignocellulose biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anticorrosion inhibitor is sulfur-phosphorus dioctyl alkaline zinc salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises 0.5-3.5 pbw of cyclohexylamine and 0.0.5-0.5 pbw of ferrocene. Preferred Components: The antioxidant antigum inhibitor is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressure of the deethanization tower is a high pressure of 32-36 Bar(a). The pressure of the deethanization tower is a low pressure of 22-26 Bar(a). The technical material flow of - 47 to - 52 degrees C is a fed material of a low-temperature device on the downstream. Before added into the low-temperature device, the material flow flows through the second set of cooling condenser for providing cold energy for the cooling and the condensation of the tower top gas of the deethanization tower. The gaseous-phase material of the return tank of the deethanization tower is fed to the last compression section of a feed compressor on the upstream so as to be compressed, fed, and recovered once again. Preferred Component: The cooling condenser includes a refrigerant comprising propylene of - 38 to - 42 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The generation speed of hydrogen is 16-36 mLmin-1g-1. Preferred Process: The catalyst is more added to the alcoholization reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is sodium methoxide, lithium alanate or sodium alanate. The acid catalyst is sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, acetic acid, carboxylic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, methanesulfonic acid, dehydrated ruthenium chloride, dichlorotris(triphenylphosphan)-ruthenium, bis(methoxyethyldimethylphosphine)ruthenium, triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, dihydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium, benzene ruthenium chloride, or (cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimmer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The generated carbon dioxide gas in the reaction process is adsorbed and removed by alkali liquor. Preferred Materials: The alkali liquor is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The catalyst is a composite catalyst comprising carrier, preferably zirconia, titania, alumina, silica and titanium dioxide-zirconia and alumina-zirconia or alumina-silica-zirconia.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - No information available.    EXAMPLE - No information available.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further involves capsulating the absorbed particles, and adding functional materials to the capsule. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The EU-1 molecular sieve is hydrogen EU-1 molecular sieve. The inorganic refractory oxide is aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, boron oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide and/or clay. The specific surface area of catalyst is 80-150 m2/g, and pore volume is 0.25-0.6 ml/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogenation metal is platinum and/or palladium, and weight content of the hydrogenation metal in the catalyst is 0.1-5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Molar ratio of pentaerythritol, ammonium ceric nitrate and acrylamide, i.e., n(OH): n(Ce4+): n(AM), is 1: 1: 117-3: 1: 105. Ratio of n(AM): n (NaOH): n (NaClO) is 1: 1: 2. Starch and AM mass ratio is 1:1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high silicon zeolite is ZSM-5, ZSM-8, ZSM-11, MCM-22, MCM-49, MCM-56, ITQ-2, ZSM-12, beta -zeolite, mordenite, TS-1, or pure silicon zeolite. The gold precursor is 5-50 mmol/L chloroauric acid. The volume ratio of gold precursor to carrier is 1:1-10:1. The pH value of the solution is 4-9. The metal is zinc, iron, molybdenum, nickel, gallium, cobalt, platinum, palladium, silver, or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pH value of the solution is regulated to 4-9 by the precipitator. A metal is soaked at negative pressure by the gold-loaded catalyst. The negative pressure degassing treatment is carried out at 20-90 degrees C and - 0.01 to - 0.1 MPa for 0.5-2 hours. The temperature and the negative pressure condition are kept to soak the metal while stirring. The metal is introduced by 0.12 mol/L nitrate or hydrochloride. The volume ratio of the gold precursor solution to the carrier is 1:1-10:1. Soaking is carried out for 0.5-24 hours. The after-treatment of the solid matter loaded with the metal comprises solid-liquid separating, drying at 50-200 degrees C for 3-20 hours, and calcining at 300-700 degrees C for 3-20 hours. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a carrier gas. Preferred Component: The precipitator is urea. The reaction raw material comprises n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, and octane; or 4C fraction after oil gas production, 5-10C fractions, 4C fraction of a byproduct of a refining enterprise, and 5-8C fractions with low octane number. The carrier gas is hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and/or ethane, where the volume ratio of the carrier gas to the hydrocarbon is 0-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (i), alpha -cyanoacrylate ethyl ester and gaseous phase silicon dioxide are stirred uniformly at room temperature or they are mixed in a closed container. In step (ii), the soaking and swelling time is 60 hours. In step (iii), the heating temperature is 50 degrees C. The step (iv) is performed at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The mixed microbial inoculum further comprises a solid dosage form. Preferred Components: The mixed microbial inoculum comprises (in parts by wt.) fermentation bacterial liquid mixture of Trichoderma viride (1.4-1.8), Bacillus subtilis (1.8-2.3), Pseudomonas putida (4.1-6.5), Bacillus licheniformis (1.1-1.5) and Alcaligenes (0.1-0.2) fermentation bacterial liquid mixture. The number of viable cells in the bacterial liquid is more than 10 billion/ml. The adsorbent is grass peat or wheat bran. The weight ratio of adsorbent and mixed liquid microbial inoculum is (4-9):1. The protecting agent is skimmed milk powder, where the addition amount is 3-7% of the total weight of five kinds of bacterial dry material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method preferably comprises cutting straw into more than 5 meshes particle size, and drying straw, in which straw breaking cut is less than 2 cm/segment; uniformly mixing processed straw with liquor distillation waste liquid; further mixing with mixture of carbon and nitrogen at mass ratio of (20-30):1; adjusting water content at 70-75% and pH of solution at 7; uniformly mixing at normal temperature; piling up for 6-8 days during summer and 9-11 days during winter; further adjusting pH of solution at 7.2; adding water to adjust water content to 80-85%; adding methane gas fermentation inoculum; uniformly mixing; feeding inoculating mixture into pool; and fermenting at 25-35 degrees C for 55-65 days. Preferred Component: The straw is crop straw from rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, canola, barley, cotton or soybean. The number of microorganism in methane gas fermentation inoculum is more than 1x 106/g and inoculum quantity is 25-35 mass% of mixed material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The activated carbon has surface area of 500 m2/g. Preferred Product: The accelerator comprises ferrous sulfate (1.1-1.9, preferably 1.5), cobalt chloride (0.2-0.9, preferably 0.5), nickel chloride (0.6-1.8, preferably 1), organic substance (4.1-4.9, preferably 4.5), adsorbent (1.1-2.9, preferably 2), and filler (81-99, preferably 90). Preferred Method: The oven is maintained at 80 degrees C. The powder is crushed to 120 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises recirculating wastewater using phosphorus chemical production system from phosphogypsum residue field and washing water or chemical production system of industry waste water. The step of removing inorganic fluorine ions in wastewater by a first-class quicklime method comprises adjusting pH value of phosphorus chemical wastewater to 4-6 by quicklime, where the additive of quicklime is 0.5-3%. Preferred Components: The fluorine is present in an amount of 500-5000 parts per million (ppm). The phosphorus is present in an amount of 500-10000 ppm. The struvite reactor is a fluidized bed reactor. The alkali liquor is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution. The magnesium source is the magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide. The nitrogen source is ammonia water or ammonium chloride solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In reflux extraction step, the ethanol of 40-50%(v/v) is present in 6-10 folds of the weight of the Rutaceae citrus drug powder, the extracting temperature is 50-60 degrees centigrade, and the extracting time is 1-2 hours. In step (2), the macroporous resin is HPD-722 type, the extracting solution is prepared into a sample solution with concentration of 3.5-5.5 mg/ml before loading the sample, the pH value is controlled to 6-7, and the sample solution is loaded at a flow rate of 1.0-2.0 BV/hour. The adsorption step comprises standing the sample for adsorbing the sample for more than 30 minutes and then cleaning by an aqueous solution of 1 BV after loading the sample. The eluting step comprises eluting using 6-7 BV of an ethanol solution with pH value of 7-8 and concentration of 80-90%(v/v) for eluting at a flow rate of 1.5-2.0 BV/hour after cleaning. Preferred Components: The Rutaceae Citrus drug materials are: semen citri reticulatae, Citrus sinensis seeds or Citrus maxima seeds, when the Rutaceae Citrus drug materials are seeds; fructus aurantii immaturus, pericarpium citri reticulatae or fructus aurantii, when the Rutaceae Citrus drug materials are fruit peels or fruits.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bromo polyphosphazene is polyphosphazene with branched tail end loaded benzyl bromide or alkyl bromide. The organic solvent of soluble quaternary phosphonium polyphosphazene is mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide and/or N-methyl pyrrolidone. The quaternary phosphonium reagent is of formula: P(-L1)(-L2)(-L3), preferably trialkylphosphine or triaryl phosphine. The crosslinking agent is sodium-containing compound of formula: NaO-(CH2-CH2-O)p-Na, and/or nitrogen-containing compound of formula (I)-(III). The polyalcohol is hydroxyl group-containing compounds of formula: (-CH2-C(-OH)H-)x having molecular weight of 2.5-30, or HO-(CH2-CH2-O)y-H having molecular weight of 60-6000.L1-L3=CmH2m+1 or groups chosen from groups of formula (i) and (ii);n=1-8;m=1-10;X=C, N, O or S;Y'=C or N;q=1-10;r=2-5;andx,y=not defined.Preferred Process: The quaternary phosphonium agent and crosslinking agent are blended, reacted with bromo-polyphosphazene, to obtain crosslinked quaternary phosphonium polyphosphazene. The obtained compound is cast, to obtain polyphosphazene crosslinked alkaline film. The polyalcohol is added in the organic solution of quaternary phosphonium polyphosphazene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aluminum salt is aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, and/or aluminum nitrate. The nickel content in nickel nitrate is 10-20% of the total weight of catalyst. The additive is cerium, lanthanum, copper and/or iron. The content of additive is 1-10% of the total weight of catalyst. Preferred Properties: The methanation catalyst has a specific surface area of 200-400 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.2-0.5 cm3/g, and an average pore diameter distribution of 3-8 nm. The specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of the catalyst carrier are controlled by adjusting the raw material ratio and reaction conditions. The anchor location is limited by controlling the pore diameter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The triblock copolymer is Pluronic F127 (RTM: triblock copolymer) or Pluronic P123 (RTM: triblock copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The weight ratio of 7-ACA and thiadiazole is 1:1. Preferred Method: The temperature in the reaction container is 5 or 45 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method comprises weighing and dissolving difunctional block copolymer surfactant EO20PO70EO20 (P123) in absolute ethyl alcohol or tetrahydrofuran for 20 times in mass, then weighing isopropyl titanate and titanium tetrachloride and slowly dripping into the mixed solution, where the mol ratio of titanium tetrachloride and isopropyl titanate is 1:2 to 1:40, and the mass ratio of P123 and titanium tetrachloride 1:1 to 2:1; stirring the mixture for 2 hours at room temperature, and then transferring the mixture and standing for 1 day to form solid gel in air at 350 degrees C for 2 hours, roasting the product at 40 degrees C in air atmosphere to obtain culture dish. The loading preparation method of ordered mesoporous TiO2 comprises dissolving palladium nitrate in deionized water, adding ordered mesoporous TiO2 powder in the solution, slowly stirring, slowly dripping ammonia water until the pH value reaches 9, continuously stirring for 12 hours at room temperature, filtering and drying for 3 hours at 10 degrees C, finally drying under the protection of hydrogen and nitrogen at 280 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain the Pd loading of ordered mesoporous TiO2, where the content of the Pd is 0.1-3%. The oxygen-free condition is to maintain the reaction system in an inert oxygen-free protective gas environment. The high temperature pyrolysis gas is 5000-2000 in volume space velocity in the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass is lignocellulose biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first step is carried out with chloromethane, bromomethane, chloroethane or ethyl bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The working gas used in the method is argon, krypton or neon. The cracker has working electrode including anode material which is copper or graphite, and cathode material which is stainless steel, copper, tantalum, nickel, tungsten or alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The emulsion is cation emulsion, anion emulsion, nonionic emulsion or composite emulsion. The cation emulsion is dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyldimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and/or octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The anion emulsion is dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, lauryl sodium sulfate, hexadecylalcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate and/or sodium butyl oleate sulfate. The nonionic emulsion is Span-60 (RTM: sorbitan monostearate), OS-15 (RTM: fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene), TX-10 (RTM: nonyl phenol polyethenoxy ether), or Tween65 (RTM: polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan tristearate). The composite emulsion is N-dodecyl glycinate, and/or N,N-dialkyl-N,N-dipolyoxyethylene glycine quaternary ammonium. The amino silane coupling agent is amino silane coupling agent, preferably gamma -3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, gamma -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N- beta -(aminoethyl)- gamma -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N- beta -(aminoethyl)aminopropyldimethoxysilane, N- beta -(aminoethyl)- gamma -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N- beta -(aminoethyl)- gamma -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, phenylaminomethyltriethoxysilane and/or phenylaminomethyltrimethoxysilane. The crosslinking agent is silane crosslinking agent, preferably tetraethoxysilane and silica sol. The vulcanization accelerant is organic amine, preferably n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine, di-n-hexylamine, di-n-butylamine or diethylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The modified selective molecular sieve catalyst is composed of 15-95 wt.% molecular sieve, and 5-85 wt.% adhesive. The modified shape selective molecular sieve is modified selective ZSM-5 molecular sieve, or modified element consisting of phosphorus or phosphorus and zinc. The zeolite molecular sieve catalyst is prepared by modifying and mixing selective molecular sieve with water; molding and bonding selective molecular sieve and adhesive; dipping molecular sieve in modifying substance solution for 1-3 hours; drying at 100-130 degrees C for 10-24 hours; and roasting at 550 degrees C for 4-6 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The propane is in the form of tubular steam for producing ethylene cracking raw material. The extracting agent is acetonitrile, morpholine, N-formyl morpholine and/or N-methyl pyrrolidone at weight ratio of 50:50. Preferred Method: The catalytic reaction is performed in catalytic reactor, which is fixed bed, moving bed, or lifting pipe reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cation exchange resin is macroporous cation exchange resin with pore volume of 0.35-5 ml/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The basic oil of bio-diesel is obtained through distilling the material obtained after ester exchange reaction. The ester exchange reaction is performed at 100-350 degrees C (preferably 120-320 degrees C), and the pressure of 0.2-16 (preferably 1-10) MPa. Preferred Components: The additive is present at 0.001-1 parts by weight. (I) is ethyl valerate, ethyl isovalerate, valeric acid chlorophyll ester, acetic acid leaf alcohol ester, verdyl acetate, hexyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isoamyl butyrate, isopropyl isobutyrate, butyl isobutyrate, 2-isobutyl maleate, isobutyl salicylate or ethyl pelargonate. The distillation temperature is 110-350 degrees C, preferably 170-280 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Triglyceride (72 wt.%), non-refined vegetable oil (52 mg of potassium hydroxide/g) and methanol (600 g) were mixed and pre-heated at 200 degrees C. The pre-heated material was added to the pipe type reactor at 270 degrees C and the pressure of 7 MPa. The crude product was entered into the flash at 150 degrees C, removing and recycling the methanol. The material was carried to fiber beam splitter to separate the mixed ester phase, and then entered into the decompression rectifying tower for distillation tower kettle at pressure of 0.001 MPa and temperature of 289 degrees C and worked upto give bio-diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic raw material comprises fly ash, and/or material containing nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. The nitrogen-containing material comprises ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate. The phosphorus-containing material comprises ammonium phosphate and/or calcium magnesium phosphate. The potassium-containing material comprises potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, diammonium phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate and/or calcium nitrate. The filler comprises clay, attapulgite, zeolite powder and/or dolomite powder.The material includes microelement and/or synergist and is in the form of a sustained release material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic raw material comprises organic soil, peat, and/or grass peat. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The papermaking black liquor can be any relevant production process resulting waste liquid with alkali lignin as main component, where the mass % of alkali lignin is not less than 20%, and preferable range is more than 40%. The pH of acetic acid precipitated papermaking black liquor is 2-5. The mass ratio of crude lignin and concentrated ammonia water is (1:0.01)-(1:0.5), and the optimization range is (1:0.05)-(1:0.1). The mass ratio of crude lignin and hydrogen peroxide solution is (1:0.01)-(1:0.5), and the optimization range is (1:0.02)-(1:0.04). Preferred Method: The reaction temperature is 60-90 degrees C, and the reaction time is 30-90 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crystallization temperature is 45 degrees C. The drying temperature is 65 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The solid high temperature fermentation microbial inoculum also comprises Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus laterosporus, or Bacillus thuringiensis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic raw material contains breeding livestock manure, domestic sludge, tea leaf, mushroom dregs, or straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The colony forming unit (CFU) ratio of Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis is (0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5), preferably 1:1:1. The ratio of the microorganism mixed microbial inoculum and sludge compost is 106-109 CFU total bacteria/g of sludge compost. The CFU ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Aspergillus niger, Sporotrichum thermophile and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 1:(0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5). The ratio of the sludge fermenting agent and the sludge is 1x 107 CFU total bacteria/g of sludge. The mass ratio of the auxiliary material and the sludge is 1:0.6-1.2. The auxiliary material is shale, grass peat, sawdust, coconut peat and/or manioc waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of preparing maize straw hydrolyzate comprises cleaning the maize straw, drying, crushing, sieving by 40 meshes sieve, adding diluted acid solution (2 mass%), where the solid-to-liquid ratio of straw powder and diluted acid solution is 1:8-11, hydrolyzing at 121 degrees C, and at high pressure for 20 minutes and then centrifuging at 3800 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 15 minutes. The step (c) comprises adding maize straw hydrolyzate ammonium sulfate with the solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.2% of ammonium sulfate, 0.05% of yeast powder, 0.1% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.03% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. In step (c), the inoculation quantity is 15 vol.% of the culture medium and the fermenting time is 120 hours. The step of extracting the microbial oil comprises crushing thalli cells i.e. per gram of bacterial cells (10 ml) by 4 mole/l of hydrochloric acid using acid thermal coupling ultrasonic method, uniformly oscillating and mixing the mixture, allowing to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes after boiling in water bath for 3 minutes and then quick-freezing at -20 degrees C, taking out after ultrasonically crushing thallus cell, adding the crushed thallus cell into the mixed solution of ether and petroleum ether with a volume ratio of 1: 1 according to solid-liquid ratio of 1:2-5, extracting the petroleum ether mixture after fully oscillating, ultrasonically processing for 10 minutes, filtering, taking the filtrate and then rotating and evaporating to remove organic solvent to obtain the microbial oil. Preferred Components: The calcium hydroxide is calcium hydroxide powder. The acid used for adjusting the pH of the fermentation culture medium is hydrochloric acid. The oil-producing microorganism is Rhodosporidium toruloides (As2. 1389). The solid-to-liquid ratio of crushed thallus cell and the mixed solution of ether and petroleum ether are 1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermentation is performed at 34-37 degrees C for 40-55 hours. The method is carried out in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) fermentor. The step (c) involves injecting methanogens (25-35%) to the fermentor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The mutant S.dimorphus strain 6G is produced by culturing the S.dimorphus, irradiating the cultured S.dimorphus, and selecting the viable S.dimorphus. Preferred Radiation: The radiation is chosen from gamma ray, electron beam and X-ray. The dose of radiation is less than 10, preferably 0.1-10 kGy. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The organic waste is food waste. The crushing process is performed at 34-37 degrees C, preferably 35 degrees C and pH of 5-6.5, preferably 5.5 for 30 hours. The method involves filtering the liquid material by centrifuging the liquid material. The method further involves adding nitrogen source (glutamate) and micronutrient (trace elements) before the second fermentation process. The lactic acid bacteria are Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides KD131. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compost has water content of 50-60% during fermentation period. The alcohol dregs are concentrated residuals derived from molasses after yeast fermentation and alcohol production. The molasses is residual of cane sugar juice crystals converted into sugar. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorption material is a high water absorbing material. The quick-drying material is high water absorbing quick-drying material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The concentration of potassium fluoride aqueous solution is 30-60%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The total content of ciprofloxacin condensation mother solution and piperazine is 20-40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic salt is sodium salt, potassium salt, or ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of grease, lower fatty alcohol and catalyst is 1:0.2-0.5:0.01-0.05. The waste grease is hogwash oil, trench oil and/or frying oil during production of catering industry. The low-grade fatty alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol. Preferred Process: The polymerizable ion liquid catalyst preparation comprises stirring ethylene imidazole and sultone for 72 hours at room temperature to obtain solid salt, filtering, washing with more than 99% ether or ethyl acetate for 3 times, vacuum drying at 60 degrees C to obtain onium salt, dissolving salt in ethanol, adding material and onium salt of sulfuric acid, stirring, mixing at room temperature for 4 hours, and obtaining ion liquid solution; adding azo isobutyl nitrile initiator (0.5 wt.%), stirring at 70 degrees C for 4 hours to form ionic liquid oligomer solution to ionic liquid polymer solution with ion liquid monomer, with mol ratio of divinyl benzene, and azo isobutyl nitrile initiator at 1:0.5-2, and initiator of 0.5 wt.%; and heating at 70 degrees C, stirring for 2-12 hours, increasing temperature to 80 degrees C for 12-36 hours to obtain white solid, and drying in oven at 80 degrees C for 12 hours to obtain polymeric ionic liquid catalyst. The separated catalyst is used for ester exchange reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The primary catalyst is chosen from Amberlyst 15, Amberlyst BD20, tungsten oxide/zirconia, tungsten oxide/alumina, tungsten oxide/silica, sulfur oxide/zirconia, sulfur oxide/alumina, sulfur oxide/silica, sulfuric acid and zeolite. The amount of primary catalyst and secondary catalyst is each more than 1 wt.%. The secondary catalyst is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, sodium methoxide, and potassium methoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, n-decanol, n-dodecanol, n-tetradecanol, n-hexadecanol, and n-octadecanol. The ratio of alcohol and oil is 50 g:100 ml to 50 g:200 ml. The esterified compound is chosen from methyl caprylate, methyl decanoate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl eicosatetraenoate, methyl docosahexaenoate and methyl-10-hydroxy octadecanoate. The transesterified compound is chosen from 22 claimed compounds e.g. methyl octanoate, methyl decanoate, methyl dodecanoate, 12-methyl-tridecanoate, 4,8,12-trimethyl-tridecanoate, methyl pentadecanoate, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl 7-hexadecenoate, methyl heptadecanoate and methyl 11-octadecenoate. The fatty acid methyl ester has purity of more than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zeolite is natural zeolite, the sieved particle grain size is less than 4 mm, the vermiculite is taken from Japan company Hongyangyuan, Co., Ltd., the particle diameter is less than 4 mm, the saw dust is from processing plant waste material, the sawdust heavy metal is cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, zinc, and the background value are respectively 0.11, 3.34, 2.87, 5.33, 11.85, 8.15 mu g/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalytic selective oxidation utilizes catalyst comprising an oxygen source, a catalyst, an inorganic/oganic salt and an amine ligand. The oxygen source is air, oxygen, water and/or hydrogen peroxide, preferably oxygen and hydrogen peroxide having a mole ratio of 1:0.5-8 (preferably 1:1-2). The inorganic/organic salt is copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper trifluoromethanesulfonate, copper acetate, copper bromide, cuprous bromide, cupric iodide, cuprous iodide, copper chloride and/or cuprous chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalytic selective oxidation is done at 0-55 (preferably 10-30) degrees C at atmospheric pressure of 1-5 atm. The method further comprises adding ethoxyaniline to the product of selective oxidation to obtain a phenyl derivative of formula (I). Preferred Component: The catalyst is (4-aminophenylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl; (4-acetylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl); or 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine. The amine ligand is 1,2-ethylene diamine, tert-butylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tri-isobutyl amine, n-butylamine, 1,4-azabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, morpholine, pyridine, 2-amino pyridine, 4 pyridine, 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridine, ammonia aqueous solution, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, 2,2'-pyridine, 4-isopropylpyridine, and/or 4-pyridine. The mole ratio of pyridoxine or pyridoxine hydrochloride, catalyst, inorganic/organic salt and amine ligand is 1:0.01-5:0.01-3:0.01-5 (preferably 1:0.05-3:0.01-1:0.01-1).