TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cell temperature that maintains a molten state of the electrolyte and/or a membrane in a hydrogen permeable state is 25-2000?C, 100-1000 degrees C, 200-750 degrees C and 250-500 degrees C. Reactions occurs during the electrochemical power system: hydrogen (H and H2) formed at the discharge anode from electrolysis of water (H2O), oxygen (O and O2) formed at the discharge cathode from electrolysis of H2O, the hydrogen catalyst formed by a reaction of the reaction mixture and hydrinos formed during discharge to produce one of electrical power and thermal power; and hydroxy group (OH-) oxidized and reacting with H to form nascent H2O that serves as a hydrino catalyst, OH- oxidized to oxygen ions and H, oxygen ions, oxygen and H2O reduced at the discharge cathode, H and nascent H2O catalyst to form hydrinos and hydrinos formed during discharge to produce one of electrical power and thermal power. The reaction of the oxidation of OH- and the reduction of one of oxygen ions, oxygen and H2O occur during cell discharge to produce a current over time that exceeds the current over time during the electrolysis phase of the intermittent electrolysis. An anode half-cell reaction is represented as OH- + 2H to H2O + e- + H(1/4), where the reaction of a first H with OH- to form H2O catalyst and e- is concerted with the H2O catalysis of a second H to hydrino. A discharge anode half-cell reaction has a voltage of: 1.2 volts thermodynamically corrected for the operating temperature relative to the standard hydrogen electrode; and a voltage of 1.5-0.75 V, 1.3-0.9 V and 1.25-1.1 V relative to a standard hydrogen electrode at 25 degrees C. The cathode half-cell reactions has a voltage of: 0 V thermodynamically corrected for the operating temperature; and a voltage of -0.5 V to +0.5 V, -0.2 V to +0.2 V and -0.1 V to +0.1 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 degrees C. The electrochemical power system further comprises a stack of cells, where the bipolar plate comprises a bimetallic junction separating the anode and cathode, and a water vapor generator to supply H2O to the system. The cell is supplied with H2O, where the H2O vapor is in the pressure of: 0.001 Torr to 100 atm; 0.001-0.1 Torr; 0.1-1 Torr; 1-10 Torr; 10-100 Torr; 100-1000 Torr; and 1000 Torr to 100 atm. The balance of pressure to achieve atmospheric pressure is provided by a supplied inert gas comprising a noble gas and/or nitrogen. The cell is intermittently switched between charge and discharge phases, where the charging phase comprises the electrolysis of water at electrodes of opposite voltage polarity and the discharge phase comprises the formation of H2O catalyst at one or both of the electrodes. Each electrode of each cell as the cathode or anode reverses in switching back and forth between the charge and discharge phases. The current polarity reverses in switching back and forth between the charge and discharge phases. The charging comprises one of the application of an applied current and voltage. One of the applied current and voltage has a waveform comprising: a duty cycle of 0.001-95%; a peak voltage per cell within the range of 0.1-10 V; a peak power density of 0.001-1000 W/cm2; and an average power of 0.0001-100 W/cm2. The applied current and voltage further comprises direct voltage, direct current, and/or alternating current and voltage waveforms, which comprises frequencies of 1-1000 Hz. The waveform of the intermittent cycle comprises constant current, power, voltage, resistance, variable current, power, voltage, and/or resistance for electrolysis and/or discharging phases of the intermittent cycle. The parameters for a phase of the cycle comprise: the frequency of the intermittent phase of 0.001 Hz to 10 MHz, 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz and 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz; the voltage per cell of 0.1-100 V, 0.3-5 V, 0.5-2 V and 0.5-1.5 V; the current per electrode area active to form hydrinos of 1 microamp cm-2 to 10 A cm-2, 0.1 milliamp cm-2 to 5 A cm-2, 1 milliamp cm-2 to 1 A cm-2; the power per electrode area active to form hydrinos of 1 microW cm-2 to 10 W cm-2, 0.1 milliW cm-2 to 5 W cm-2 and 1 milliW cm-2 to 1 W cm-2; the constant current per electrode area active to form hydrinos of 1 microamp cm-2 to 1 A cm-2; the constant power per electrode area active to form hydrinos in the range of 1 milliW cm-2 to 1 W cm-2; the time interval of 10-4 s to 10000 s, 10-3 s to 1000 s, 10-2 s to 100 s, and 10-1 s to 10 s; the resistance per cell of 1 milliohm to 100 Mohm, 1 ohm to 1 Mohm and 10 ohm to 1 kohm; conductivity of a suitable load per electrode area active to form hydrinos in range of 10-5 to 1000 ohm-1 cm-2, 10-4 to 100 ohm-1 cm-2, 10-3 to 10 ohm-1 cm-2, and 10-2 to 1 ohm-1 cm-2; and discharge current, voltage, power and/or time interval larger than that of the electrolysis phase to give rise to power and/or energy gain over the cycle. The voltage during discharge is maintained above that which prevents the anode from excessively corroding. The catalyst-forming reaction is represented by O2 + 5H+ + 5e- to 2H2O + H(1/p). The counter half-cell reaction is represented by H2 to 2H+ + 2e-. The overall reaction is represented by 3/2H2 + 1/2O2 to H2O. One of the products is formed from hydrogen: a hydrogen product with a Raman peak at integer multiple of 0.23-0.25 cm-1 plus a matrix shift of 0-2000 cm-1; a hydrogen product with a infrared peak at integer multiple of 0.23-0.25 cm-1 plus a matrix shift of 0-2000 cm-1; a hydrogen product with a X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy peak at an energy of 500-525 eV plus a matrix shift of 0-10 eV; a hydrogen product that causes an upfield magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) matrix shift; a hydrogen product that has an upfield MAS NMR or liquid NMR shift of greater than -5 ppm relative to Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); a hydrogen product with two electron-beam emission spectral peaks of 200-300 nm having a spacing at an integer multiple of 0.23-0.3 cm-1 plus a matrix shift of 0-5000 cm-1; and a hydrogen product with two UV fluorescence emission spectral peaks in the range of 200-300 nm having a spacing at an integer multiple of 0.23-0.3 cm-1 plus a matrix shift of 0-5000 cm-1. A membrane thickness is 0.0001-0.25 cm, 0.001-0.1 cm and 0.005-0.05 cm. The hydrogen pressure is maintained at 1 Torr to 500 atm, 10 Torr to 100 atm and 100 Torr to 5 atm. The hydrogen permeation rate is: 1x 1013 to 1x 10-4 mole s-1 cm-2; 1x 1012 to 1x 105 mole s-1 cm-2; 1x 1011 to 1x 106 mole s-1 cm-2, 1x 1010 to 1x 107 mole s-1 cm-2, and 1x 109 to 1x 108 mole s-1 cm-2. The rate of reaction at the counter electrode matches or exceeds that at the electrode at which hydrogen reacts. The reduction rate of H2O and O2 is sufficient to maintain the reaction rate of H or H2. The counter electrode has a surface area and a material sufficient to support the sufficient rate. The electrolyte comprises: molten hydroxide; eutectic salt mixture; a mixture of molten hydroxide and other compound; a mixture of molten hydroxide and salt; a mixture of molten hydroxide and halide salt; a mixture of alkaline hydroxide and alkaline halide; lithium hydroxide (LIOH)-lithium bromide, LiOH-lithium halide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-sodium bromide, NaOH-sodium halide and potassium hydroxide (KOH)-potassium halide; a matrix; and an additive. The matrix comprises: oxyanion compounds, aluminate, tungstate, zirconate, titanate, sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, nitrate, chromate, manganate, oxides, nitrides, borides, chalcogenides, silicides, phosphides, carbides, metals, metal oxides, nonmetals and nonmetal oxides; oxides of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, inner transition and earth metals, of aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, lead, sulfur, tellurium, selenium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, copper, silicon, germanium and boron, and of other elements that form oxides or oxyanions; oxide such as an alkaline, alkaline earth, transition, inner transition and/or rare earth metal, aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, lead, sulfur, tellurium, selenium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, copper, silicon, germanium and boron and other elements that form oxides and one oxyanion; and a cation consisting of alkaline, alkaline earth, transition, inner transition and rare earth metals, and aluminum, gallium, indium, tin and lead cations; lithium aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, lithium titanate or strontium titanate; an oxide of the anode materials and a compound of the electrolyte; a cation and/or an oxide of the electrolyte; an oxide of the electrolyte MOH, where M is alkali; an oxide of the electrolyte comprising an element, metal, alloy or mixture of the group of molybdenum, titatnium, zirconium, silicon, aluminum, nickel, iron, tantalum, vanadium, boron, niobium, selenium, tellurium, tungsten, chromium, manganese, hafnium, cobalt, and M', which is an alkaline earth metal; molybdenum dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide or ferric oxide, tantalum oxide, tantalum pentoxide, vanadium oxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, bismuth oxide, niobium oxide, niobium dioxide, niobium pentoxide, selenium oxide, selenium trioxide, tellurium dioxide, tellurium trioxide, tungsten dioxide, tungsten trioxide, chromium oxide (Cr2O4, Cr2O3 and CrO2), chromium trioxide, manganese oxide (MnO, Mn3O4, Mn2O3, MnO2 and Mn2O7), hafnium oxide, cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide (CoO, Co3O4 and Co2O3) and magnesium oxide; an oxide of the cathode material and optionally an oxide of the electrolyte; lithium molybdate (Li2Mo03 or Li2MoO4), lithium titanate, lithium zirconate, lithium silicate, lithium aluminate, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron oxide, lithium tantalum oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, lithium boron oxide, lithium niobium oxied, lithium selenium oxide (Li2SeO3 and Li2Se04), lithium tellurium oxide (Li2Te03 and Li2TeO4), lithium orthotungstate, lithium chromate, dichromate ion, lithium manganese oxide, lithium hafnium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, M'O, which is an alkaline earth metal, and magnesium oxide; an oxide of an element of the anode or an element of the same group; and lithium molybdate, molybdenum oxide, lithium tungstate, lithium chromate and lithium chromium oxide with a molybdenum anode. The additive comprises sulfur, lithium sulfide, oxides, molybdenum oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, nickel oxide, ion oxide or ferric oxide, tantalum oxide, tantalum pentoxide, vanadium oxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, bismuth oxide, niobium oxide, niobium dioxide, niobium pentoxide, selenium oxide, selenium trioxide, tellurium dioxide, tellurium trioxide, tungsten dioxide, tungsten trioxide, chromium oxide (Cr2O3 and Cr2O4), chromium dioxide, chromium trioxide, magnesium oxide, lithium titanate, lithium aluminum oxide, Li2Mo03 or Li2MoO4, lithium zirconate, lithium silicate, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron oxide, lithium tantalate, lithium vanadium oxide, lithium boron oxide, lithium niobium oxide, lithium selenium oxide (Li2SeO3 and Li2SeO4), lithium tellurium oxide (Li2Te03 and Li2Te04), lithium tungsten oxide, lithium chromium oxide (Li2Cr04 and Li2Cr207), lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and cerium oxide. The cathode comprises nickel oxide. The anode comprises nickel, molybdenum, H242 alloy and carbon. The bimetallic junction comprises Hastelloy (RTM: Nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy), nickel, molybdenum and H242 that is a different metal than that of the anode.