TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method-I comprises separating the second sugar and at least one second sugar product from the product mixture. The first sugar comprises glucose and the selectively reacting step comprises fermenting. The method comprises reacting the second sugar to form a second sugar product. The method-I comprises reacting the second sugar precursor to form the second sugar product. The separating step comprises at least one of distillation, membrane filtration, solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. The method-II comprises: separating the second sugar precursor from the product mixture; selectively reacting the second sugar precursor to form the second sugar occurs after separating the product of the first sugar; and separating the product of the first sugar from the second sugar including separating each of the product of the first sugar and the second sugar from the product mixture. The step of separating the product of the first sugar is followed by separating the second sugar precursor. The step of separating the product of the first sugar is followed by selectively reacting the precursor to form the second sugar. The step of selectively reacting: the second sugar precursor comprises acid catalysis and enzymatic catalysis; the first sugar comprises fermentation; the second sugar precursor comprises hydrolysis; the second sugar precursor comprises transglucosidation; the second sugar precursor, comprises oligomerization. The method-II comprises reacting the second sugar to form a second sugar product. The methods comprise preparing the mixture. The step of preparing comprises providing a lignocellulosic material feed, hydrolyzing the lignocellulosic material feed to form a hydrolyzate comprising at least one first sugar and at least one of at least one second sugar and at least one second sugar precursor. The methods comprise de-acidifying the hydrolyzate. The step of hydrolyzing is performed in a countercurrent mode. The step of hydrolyzing employs a hydrolysis medium with a wt./wt. ratio of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to (HCl+water) of at least 0.35. The de-acidifying step comprises selective extraction of HCl with an alcohol. In the methods, an amount of at least one of the second sugars in the mixture, optionally present as a precursor, is at least 85% of a theoretical yield of the same second sugar in the lignocellulosic material feed. The method-III and IV comprises processing the conversion product to produce a consumer product containing detergent, polyethylene-based products, polypropylene-based products, polyolefin-based products, polylactic acid (polylactide)-based products, polyhydroxyalkanoate-based products or polyacrylic-based products. The method-III and (IV) comprises processing the conversion product to produce at least one product. In the method-VI, the initial mixture comprises a second sugar. The method-VI comprises separating the second sugar. The method-V and VI comprises separating the product of the first sugar from the product mixture. The method-V comprises separating at least one monomeric sugar from the product mixture. The selectively reacting step produces an alcohol. The initial mixture comprises a second sugar. The method-V and VI comprises using alcohol to aid in crystallization of the second sugar. The method-V and VI comprises: distilling the alcohol from the product mixture and reintroducing the alcohol during the crystallization; crystallizing the second sugar and distilling the alcohol from the product mixture; producing an oligomer rich sugar fraction includes crystallization of at least one of the oligosaccharide from the product mixture; and selectively reacting the first sugar produces an alcohol. The step of crystallization of at least one non-glucose sugar produces crystals comprising primarily at least one of the additional monomeric sugar and an oligosaccharide enriched mother liquor. The method-VII comprises: hydrolyzing the oligosaccharide enriched mother liquor to produce additional monomeric sugars; crystallizing at least one monomeric sugar from the monomeric sugar enriched mother liquor; and using ethanol to aid in crystallization of the monomeric sugar. The step of crystallization of at least one non-glucose sugar produces crystals comprising primarily at least one of the oligosaccharide and a monomeric sugar enriched mother liquor. The method-II and III comprises incorporating the xylitol into an edible product and incorporating the rumen bypass protein into a livestock feed. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: at least 40% total sugars; less than 90 wt.% of xylose; at least 0.001 wt.% of arabinose of total sugars; and at least 0.001 wt.% of nonvolatile fermentation product. The composition is in the form of solution. The composition comprises: at least two marker molecules, preferably at least three marker molecules; at least one fermentation residue, preferably at least two fermentation residues; at least 60%, preferably at least 40 wt.% of total sugars; at least 3 wt.% of mannose relative to total monosaccharides; at least 5 wt.% of galactose relative to total monosaccharides; and at least 2 wt.% of arabinose relative to total monosaccharides. The sugar composition comprises at least one of alpha-bonded di-glucose, beta-bonded di-glucose and arabinose, 0.01-20 wt.% of xylose and at least 100 ppb of a marker molecule. Preferred Components: The second sugar or second sugar precursor comprises a pentose and a disaccharide. The pentose is xylose, xylulose, lyxose, ribulose or arabinose. The disaccharide is trehalose, gentiobiose, kojibiose, nigerose, sophorose or laminarobiose. The second sugar is xylose. The second sugar is xylose and the second sugar product is xylitol or a rumen bypass protein. The weight ratio between the second sugar or second sugar precursor to the first sugar prior to the selectively reacting is R1, the weight ratio between the second sugar or second sugar precursor to the first sugar in the product mixture is R2 and the ratio of R2 to R1 is greater than 5. The total weight of the second sugar or second sugar precursor comprises at least 50% of the total sugars in the product mixture. The product of the first sugar is ethanol, higher alcohols, organic acids and organic acid ester of 3-22C atoms, amino acids, yeast or proteins. The product of the first sugar has an atmospheric-pressure boiling point of less than 100 degrees C. The product of the first sugar forms an azeotrope with water. The lignocellulosic material feed comprises at least 5% hemicellulose. The combined concentration of the second sugar and the second sugar precursor in the mixture is chlorine, the combined concentration of the second sugar and the second sugar precursor in the product mixture after removal of the first sugar product is 2C and 2C/1C is greater than 1.5. The conversion product includes alcohols, carboxylic acids, amino acids, monomers for the polymer industry and/or proteins. The detergent comprises a sugar-based surfactant, a fatty acid-based surfactant, a fatty alcohol-based surfactant, or a cell-culture derived enzyme. The conversion product includes ethanol, butanol, isobutanol, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a fatty alcohol and/or biodiesel. The consumer product has a ratio of 14-12C of at least 2x 10-13. The ingredient and the additional ingredient produced from a raw material other than a lignocellulosic material are essentially of the same chemical composition. The consumer product comprises a marker molecule at a concentration of at least 100 ppb. The marker molecule is furfural, hydroxy-methyl furfural, products of furfural or hydroxymethylfurfural condensation, color compounds formed on heating a sugar, levulinic acid, acetic acid, methanol, galacturonic acid, an alcohol of more than four carbon atoms betaine, amino acids, proteins phosphate or glycerol. The first sugar is a monomeric sugar. The initial mixture includes at least one additional monomeric sugar. The conversion product includes xylitol. The alpha-bonded di-glucose includes maltose, isomaltose and/or trehalose. The beta-bonded di-glucose includes gentiobiose, sophorose and/or cellobiose. The marker molecule is furfural, hydroxy-methyl furfural, products of furfural or hydroxymethylfurfural condensation, color compounds formed on heating a sugar, levulinic acid, acetic acid, methanol, galacturonic acid, an alcohol of more than four carbon atoms, betaine, amino acids, proteins phosphate or glycerol. At least one fermentation residue is a component of an ingredient comprising sugar molasses, yeast extract and corn steep liquor. The glucose comprises 0.001-5 wt.% of total sugars. The concentration of the marker molecule does not exceed 0.5%. The sugar is mannose or galactose. Preferred Components: The system comprises: a secondary crystallization module adapted to receive at least a portion of the alcohol from the distillation unit and crystallize at least one additional sugar from the mother liquor to produce a spent mother liquor; an alcohol recovery module adapted to distill the alcohol from the mother liquor and the spent mother liquor; a hydrolysis module adapted to receive a material comprising crystals produced by the primary crystallization module, mother liquor, crystals produced by the secondary crystallization module and the spent mother liquor and hydrolyze the received material to produce additional monomeric sugars; a recycling module adapted to deliver the additional monomeric sugars to the fermentor; at least one pump to control flows among and between components of the system; a controller adapted to control at least one pumps; and at least one detector configured to provide data pertaining to system parameter to the controller, where the controller is responsive to the data. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.